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                    "What you need to know about plague\n\n\n\tThere are three forms of plague, all caused by the bacterium\u00a0Yersinia pestis.\u00a0\n\tThe three forms of plague are bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic.\n\tBubonic plague is the most common form,\u00a0it does not spread from person to person. If untreated, the bacteria can move through the body and bloodstream, causing septicemic plague, which causes internal bleeding and organ failure.\n\tIf the the bacteria reach the lungs, they cause pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague is highly contagious as it can pass from person to person through the air, via coughing, for example.\n\tIf\u00a0untreated, bubonic plague kills between 30-60% of patients. The septicemic and pneumonic forms are always fatal without treatment.\u00a0\n\n\nSpeculation over the death in a Russian plague laboratory\n\nFollowing the death of a Russian laboratory worker, there is speculation about an outbreak of pneumonic plague, a\u00a0highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs.\u00a0Russia denies there is a broader risk to the community.\n\nRussian officials have said\u00a0the laboratory worker's death was not caused by a plague pathogen. The 28-year-old died of \"pneumonia of unknown origin,\" according to Russia's Interfax news agency, citing Rospotrebnadzor, Russia's disease-control agency. According to that agency, samples taken from the woman showed no microorganisms \"related to her professional activities.\" This contradicts earlier information.\u00a0\n\nLocal media had previously reported that the woman, who worked at an institute dedicated to fighting plague, had dropped a test tube.\n\nShe reportedly died on Friday, October 2, 2026,\u00a0at the district hospital in Shelekhov, a town near Irkutsk in Siberia.\u00a0\n\nAccording to official Russian figures, two hospitals and a children's clinic were placed under quarantine. Local reports said staff at the institute were being quarantined at their workplace. The US news site Axios has\u00a0reported that around 200 people\u00a0who had been in contact with the woman had been placed under observation. There were\u00a0no further reported infections.The 28-year-old lab worker died in a hospital near IrkutskImage: Kirill Kukhmar/TASS/picture alliance\n\nEven so, distrust of how Russia handles information persists. On one of DW's Russian-language social media channels, a user wrote: \"It wouldn't surprise me if this turns into a disaster now, both in terms of the spread and the quarantine measures.\"\n\nPneumonic plague: a fast-moving lung infection\u00a0\n\nAll that is known for certain, at time of writing and first publication (October 5, 2026), is that pneumonic plague is highly contagious.\u00a0\n\nPneumonic plague is a form of plague that infects the lungs. Like every form of the disease, it is caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium usually found in small mammals, such as rodents and in the fleas that feed on them.\u00a0\n\nThe World Health Organization\u00a0describes the pneumonic form as the most virulent type of plague.\n\nIts incubation period can be as short as 24 hours, and it is the only form that passes easily from person to person\u00a0through respiratory particles released when a sick patient coughs. This is why, according to the WHO, it can trigger severe epidemics.\u00a0\n\nSymptoms appear quickly: high fever, headache and weakness, followed by a rapidly worsening pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain and a cough that often brings up blood.\n\nA person can catch pneumonic plague by breathing in the bacteria directly, or by\u00a0developing it when bubonic and/or\u00a0septicemic plague go untreated and spread\u00a0to the lungs.\u00a0What is the difference between bubonic and pneumonic plague?\n\nPneumonic plague is not a separate disease. It is one of three forms of plague: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic.\n\nAll are caused by the same bacterium.\n\nWhat sets them apart is where the infection settles in the body, and that shapes how the disease spreads and how deadly it is.\u00a0\n\nBubonic plague is the most common form and the one most people think of when they hear the word \"plague.\" It usually follows a flea bite. The bacteria travel to the nearest lymph node, which swells into a painful lump known as a bubo. According to the WHO, it rarely spreads between people.\u00a0The bacteria Yersenia pestis is responsible for the plagueImage: James Cavallini/BSIP/picture alliance\n\nIf bubonic plague goes untreated, the bacteria can move further through the body. If they spread into the bloodstream, the disease can become\u00a0septicemic plague, which causes bleeding under the skin, tissue death in the fingers and toes, and organ failure. If the bacteria reach the lungs, the illness becomes pneumonic plague, the form that can pass from person to person through the air. Both septicemic and pneumonic plague can also develop directly, without a bubo appearing first.\u00a0\n\nLeft untreated, bubonic plague kills between 30-60% of patients. The septicemic and pneumonic forms are always fatal without treatment.\u00a0\n\nPneumonic plague treatment: antibiotics within the first 24 hours\u00a0\n\nPneumonic plague is curable, but only if treatment starts quickly. The WHO warns that without treatment it can kill within 18 to 24 hours of the first symptoms.\n\nCommon antibiotics can cure the infection, and recovery rates are high when patients are treated within about a day of falling ill.\u00a0\n\nSpeed is what decides the outcome. Doctors are advised not to wait for laboratory confirmation and to start antibiotics as soon as plague is suspected, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\u00a0\n\nThe drugs themselves are not rare or specialized. They are standard, widely used antibiotics, and patients usually need a course of up to two weeks. To stop the infection spreading, patients are kept in isolation, and wearing masks helps protect those around them, the WHO says.\u00a0\n\nPreventive antibiotics and isolation for close contacts\u00a0\n\nPeople\u00a0close to a patient are treated as well, even if they have no symptoms. Both the WHO and the CDC recommend a seven-day course of preventive antibiotics for close contacts of anyone with pneumonic plague. \u00a0\n\nThe WHO does not recommend a plague vaccine for the public. It reserves vaccination for high-risk groups, such as laboratory staff who work with the bacterium and health workers.\u00a0\n\nEdited by: Zulfikar Abbany"
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