Wax motor - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%257Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%257Cskins.vector.icons,stylesi.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://thumb.wikimedia.org/) (Edit this page) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Wax_motor.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Wax_motor.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Wax+motor) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wax+motor) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Wax_motor.html#) (Top)   (Wax_motor.html#Design) 1 Design     (Wax_motor.html#Applications) 2 Applications    Toggle Applications subsection  (Wax_motor.html#Aerospace_Controls) 2.1 Aerospace Controls     (Wax_motor.html#Mixing_Valves_-_HVAC) 2.2 Mixing Valves - HVAC     (Wax_motor.html#Laundry_washing_machines) 2.3 Laundry washing machines     (Wax_motor.html#Water_heating_systems) 2.4 Water heating systems     (Wax_motor.html#Dishwashers) 2.5 Dishwashers     (Wax_motor.html#Greenhouse_vents) 2.6 Greenhouse vents     (Wax_motor.html#Paraffin_microactuator) 2.7 Paraffin microactuator       (Wax_motor.html#See_also) 3 See also     (Wax_motor.html#References) 4 References     (Wax_motor.html#External_links) 5 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Wax motor    1 language  (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxtermostat) (Vaxtermostat – Swedish) Svenska    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7975689#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Wax_motor.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wax_motor) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Wax_motor.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit) (Edit this page [e]) Edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (Wax_motor.html)  Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit) (Edit this page [e])  Edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Wax_motor) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wax_motor) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&oldid=1372579147) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Wax_motor&id=1372579147&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWax_motor) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Wax_motor&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7975689) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Wax-based linear actuator device (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISwell_Thermoactuator.jpg) (A photo of iSwell Thermoactuator P21.6T)   A wax motor manufactured by iSwell  A wax motor is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_actuator) (Linear actuator) linear actuator device that converts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy) (Thermal energy) thermal energy into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy) (Mechanical energy) mechanical energy by exploiting the phase-change behaviour of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax) (Wax) waxes .(Wax_motor.html#cite_note-Setright,_Anatomy_of_the_Motor_Car,_Cooling-1) [ 1]    During melting, wax typically expands in volume by 5–20% ( (Wax_motor.html#CITEREFFreundCsikosKeszthelyiMozes1982) Freund et al. 1982 ) . A wide range of waxes can be used in wax motors, ranging from highly refined hydrocarbons to waxes extracted from vegetable matter. Specific examples include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin_wax) (Paraffin wax) paraffin waxes in the straight-chain n-alkanes series. These melt and solidify over a well-defined and narrow temperature range.   Design [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=1) (Edit section: Design) edit  ]   The principal components of a wax motor are: An enclosed volume of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax) (Wax) wax  A plunger or stroke-rod to convert the thermo-hydraulic force from the wax into a useful mechanical output A source of heat such as: Electric current; typically a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor) (Thermistor) PTC thermistor , that heats the wax Solar radiation; e.g. greenhouse vents Combustion heat; e.g. excess heat from internal combustion engines Ambient heat   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_sink) (Heat sink) sink to reject heat energy such as: Convection to cooler ambient air (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltier_effect) (Peltier effect) Peltier effect device arranged to transfer heat energy away    When the heat source is energized, the wax block is heated and it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion) (Thermal expansion) expands , driving the plunger outwards by volume displacement. When the heat source is removed, the wax block contracts as it cools and the wax solidifies. For the plunger to withdraw, a biasing force is usually required to overcome the mechanical resistance of seals that contain the liquid wax. The biasing force is typically 20% to 30% of the operating force and often provided by a mechanical spring or gravity-fed dead weight applied externally into the wax motor ( (Wax_motor.html#CITEREFDuerig1990) Duerig 1990 , p.  214) . Depending on the particular application, wax motors potentially have advantages over magnetic solenoids: They provide a large hydraulic force from the expansion of the wax in the order of 4000 N (corresponding to roughly 400 kg or 900 lb at standard gravity) ( (Wax_motor.html#CITEREFTibbitts1988) Tibbitts 1988 , p.  13) . Both the application and the release of the wax motor is not instantaneous, but rather, smooth and gentle. Because the wax motor is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor) (Resistor) resistive load rather than an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor) (Inductor) inductive load, wax motors controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIAC) (TRIAC) TRIACs do not require (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubber) (Snubber) snubber circuits. Wax motors can be operated entirely passively by exploiting ambient sources of energy. Given that a variety of melting-points are possible for the wax used inside the motor, one can be selected to match the range of ambient operating temperatures in a given application. In this way the wax can be melted and solidified within this range by the transfer of thermal energy. When co-located with the heat source, wax motors can be operated without the need for an additional external power source.   Applications [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=2) (Edit section: Applications) edit  ]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This section does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) cite any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) sources  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wax_motor) (Special:EditPage/Wax motor) improve this section by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . (January 2014 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)   Aerospace Controls [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=3) (Edit section: Aerospace Controls) edit  ]   Wax motors are used heavily in the aerospace industry where they are utilized to control fuel, hydraulic, and other oils critical to safe flight today in modern airplanes.(Wax_motor.html#cite_note-2) [ 2]      Mixing Valves - HVAC [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=4) (Edit section: Mixing Valves - HVAC) edit  ]   Wax motors are contained inside "self actuating" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve) (Thermostatic mixing valve) thermostatic mixing valves , where the wax motor senses thermal change and responds accordingly to yield a desired mixed fluid temperature.  Laundry washing machines [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=5) (Edit section: Laundry washing machines) edit  ]   Some front load (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machine) (Washing machine) washing machines use wax motors to engage the door lock assembly. When a cycle is started, a wax motor is actuated pushing a pin outward and locking the door. This design has cost, reliability and safety advantages. In moist conditions a wax motor costs less for equivalent reliability than an electromagnetic solenoid or motor latch. It has a predictable passive release delay. If power is lost the door remains briefly locked, designed to be longer than the high speed spin cycle coast-down time, then reliably unlocks as the wax cools.  Water heating systems [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=6) (Edit section: Water heating systems) edit  ]   Wax motors are also commonly used to drive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_valve) (Zone valve) zone valves in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronics) (Hydronics) hydronic (hot water) heating systems. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermische_Stellantriebe,_Thermische_Antriebe,_Fussbodenheizung,_thermal_actuator,_actuateur_thermique.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve) (Thermostatic radiator valve) Thermostatic radiator valves    Dishwashers [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=7) (Edit section: Dishwashers) edit  ]   They are used in many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishwasher) (Dishwasher) dishwashers to release the detergent dispenser door latch. The wax motor acts like a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid) (Solenoid) solenoid when activated by the dishwasher's timer or control, and the piston operates the mechanism which then releases the catch for the dispenser door. They are also used to control the exhaust vent for the drying cycle.  Greenhouse vents [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=8) (Edit section: Greenhouse vents) edit  ]   Wax motors are widely used to operate the temperature regulating vents of greenhouses. In this application, as the ambient temperature within the greenhouse increases, the wax melts, activating the plunger and opening the vents. When the greenhouse temperature has cooled sufficiently, the wax cools and solidifies, allowing the vents to close again.  Paraffin microactuator [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=9) (Edit section: Paraffin microactuator) edit  ]   A paraffin microactuator is a type of wax motor, often fabricated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems) (Microelectromechanical systems) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology or sometimes precision mechanics.(Wax_motor.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]       See also [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=10) (Edit section: See also) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_thermostatic_element) (Wax thermostatic element) Wax thermostatic element  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve) (Thermostatic radiator valve) Thermostatic radiator valve    References [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_motor&action=edit&section=11) (Edit section: References) edit  ]    (Wax_motor.html#cite_ref-Setright,_Anatomy_of_the_Motor_Car,_Cooling_1-0) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._J._K._Setright) (L. J. K. Setright) Setright, L. J. K. (1976). "Cooling". In Ian Ward (ed.). Anatomy of the Motor Car . Orbis. pp. 61– 62. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85613-230-6) (Special:BookSources/0-85613-230-6) 0-85613-230-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cooling&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Motor+Car&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-85613-230-6&rft.aulast=Setright&rft.aufirst=L.+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax+motor)    (Wax_motor.html#cite_ref-2) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Group, Techbriefs Media (October 2018). (https://www.aerodefensetech.com/component/content/article/adt/features/articles/33020) "Thermostatic Solutions for Temperature Control Applications" . www.aerodefensetech.com . Retrieved 2021-03-15  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aerodefensetech.com&rft.atitle=Thermostatic+Solutions+for+Temperature+Control+Applications&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Group&rft.aufirst=Techbriefs+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerodefensetech.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fadt%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2F33020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax+motor)   {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  | last= has generic name ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) (Help:CS1 errors) help ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name)    (Wax_motor.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ogden, Sam; Klintberg, Lena; Thornell, Greger; Hjort, Klas; Bodén, Roger (30 November 2013). (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208904) "Review on miniaturized paraffin phase change actuators, valves, and pumps" . Microfluidics and Nanofluidics . 17 : 53– 71. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10404-013-1289-3) 10.1007/s10404-013-1289-3 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85525659) 85525659 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microfluidics+and+Nanofluidics&rft.atitle=Review+on+miniaturized+paraffin+phase+change+actuators%2C+valves%2C+and+pumps&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=53-71&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10404-013-1289-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85525659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Klintberg%2C+Lena&rft.au=Thornell%2C+Greger&rft.au=Hjort%2C+Klas&rft.au=Bod%C3%A9n%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Auu%3Adiva-208904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax+motor)       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Freund, M.; Csikos, R; Keszthelyi, S; Mozes, Gy (1982). Paraffin products: properties, technologies and applications . Budapest, Hungary: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_academy_of_sciences) (Hungarian academy of sciences) Hungarian academy of sciences . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-2680-8) (Special:BookSources/963-05-2680-8) 963-05-2680-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paraffin+products%3A+properties%2C+technologies+and+applications&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pub=Hungarian+academy+of+sciences&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=963-05-2680-8&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Csikos%2C+R&rft.au=Keszthelyi%2C+S&rft.au=Mozes%2C+Gy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax+motor)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Duerig, T.W. (1990). Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys . Oxford: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann) (Butterworth-Heinemann) Butterworth-Heinemann . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-1009-3) (Special:BookSources/0-7506-1009-3) 0-7506-1009-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+aspects+of+shape+memory+alloys&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7506-1009-3&rft.aulast=Duerig&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax+motor)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tibbitts, Scott (1988). (https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880012086) "High output paraffin actuators: Utilization in aerospace mechanism" . NASA Technical Reports Server . Hanover, MD: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI). Retrieved May 31, 2019 . 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