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"2026-09-13T19:27:34.741413+00:00", "index_texts": null, "output": "mercury", "pwd": "/data/archive/1789300816.486477", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-09-13T19:27:31.523594+00:00", "status": "succeeded" } ], "pdf": [], "readability": [ { "cmd": [ "/app/node_modules/readability-extractor/readability-extractor", "/tmp/tmp_6deehit", "https://www.the-sun.com/news/16997683" ], "cmd_version": "0.0.11", "end_ts": "2026-09-13T16:44:48.109745+00:00", "index_texts": [ "A DEADLY shadow war has made its way from the battlefields of Ukraine and onto the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nThe Kremlin\u2019s top brass are now in the crosshairs of Ukraine\u2019s hit squads \u2013 and Moscow seems unable to protect its own.\n\n\nA bombing hit the birthday party of Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander of the Russian Aerospace Forces Credit: East2West\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a car bombing in Moscow Credit: East2West\n\nA view of the blast scene which killed commander of Russian armed forces\u2019 chemical, biological and radiation defence troops, Igor Kirillov Credit: AFP\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a St Petersburg car bombing Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs Major General Nikolai Varpakhovich was leaving a supermarket near an airbase in Russia\u2019s Saratov region, a motorcyclist stopped in his path and shot him twice at close range, once in the chest and once in the head.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDays before the assassination, the commander had been charged by Ukrainian prosecutors over a missile strike on a children\u2019s hospital in Kyiv in July 2024, which killed two people and wounded more than 30.\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSign up for The US Sun newsletter\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThank you!\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the past two years, a string of senior Russian military figures have been killed in bomb blasts, shootings, and by booby traps \u2013 not in the trenches of Donbas or the command bunkers at Alabuga, but in the suburbs and eateries of Moscow, St Petersburg, and beyond.\n\n\n\nThe hits being carried out by operatives known or assumed to be either agents of Ukraine\u2019s security services or assassins working on their behalf have been following patterns that are, if not predictable, then certainly noticeable.\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\n\nKyiv is killing those it deems responsible for some of the war\u2019s most inhuman and despicable crimes, and revenge is a dish best served on the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nDr Kamil Zwolski, associate professor and Jean Monnet Chair of European Security at the University of Southampton, told The Sun: \u201cUkraine probably has one of the best-developed, most experienced, and efficient security services in Europe right now.\n\n\n\n\u201cThey are battle tested, they are funded, they are well staffed, and they are good.\u201d\u00a0\n\n\n\nAnd August was one of the deadliest months on record for the Kremlin.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMost read in The US Sun\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\nMajor General Nikolai Varpakhovich was shot twice at close range Credit: East2West\n\nAleksandr Chayko\u2019s birthday party in Moscow was bombed Credit: East2West\n\nMajor-General Valeri Plokhotnyuk was killed in the bombing at the Moscow restaurant Credit: East2West\n\nThe funeral for Plokhotnyuk, former deputy commander of the 49th Army Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs many as seven targets were taken out by operatives thought to be working for Kyiv \u2013 with the hitmen appearing to be returning to firearms for their missions.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski explained: \u201cUkraine seems to be changing tactics. They used to use bombs on a broader scale. \n\n\n\n\u201cNow, they seem to be pivoting towards shooting, so perhaps Russia has become more effective at detecting those explosives. \n\n\n\n\u201cMaybe it\u2019s become more difficult to plant them. Or maybe it\u2019s cheaper and more efficient just to try and use freelance shooters. But that\u2019s the kind of dynamic we see at the moment.\u201d\n\n\n\nIn one attack alone, five people were killed when an upscale restaurant in Moscow bombed during a birthday party for Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander-in-chief of Russia\u2019s Aerospace Forces.\n\n\n\nChayko survived, but several members of his family died.\n\n\n\nMajor General Valery Plokhotnyuk was killed instantly, with another general, Igor Yerusalimov, also reported killed. \n\n\n\nUkraine alleged that Chayko had ordered attacks on the village of Teterivske near Kyiv in March of 2022 using aerial bombs, rocket launchers and missiles, destroying dozens of houses and killing at least two civilians.\n\n\nThe aftermath of the attack on Sechkov, who served in the 332nd Separate Guards Red Banner Helicopter Regiment Credit: East2West\n\nThe car in which senior Russian military officer General Yaroslav Moskalik was killed in April last year Credit: Getty\n\n\nHe was further thought to have been one of the commanders responsible for the Bucha massacre, in which as many as 650 civilians were murdered by Russian soldiers, including nine children, many of them tortured.\n\n\n\nIt also appears that Ukrainian agents have long memories when it comes to traitors. \n\n\n\nJust 10 days later, on the August 13, in Sevastopol, a bomb hidden in a rubbish bin killed a Russian naval officer, Captain Robert Shageyev, a former Ukrainian submarine commander who had defected to Russia in 2014.\n\n\n\nThen, on August 27 in St Petersburg, a car bomb killed Major Sergei Sechkov, a Russian Aerospace Forces officer whose unit was accused by Kyiv of deliberately and repeatedly hitting civilian targets in the\u00a0Slobozhanske region.\n\n\n\nBut it was the killing of General Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, that set the stage for the current campaign. \n\n\n\nKirillov was infamously killed in an explosion after a bomb was hidden in an e-scooter outside his Moscow flat in December 2024. \n\n\n\nUkraine\u2019s security service claimed responsibility for the mission deep behind enemy lines, beginning a new and audacious phase.\n\n\n\nBoth the killing and the admission surprised even seasoned experts.\n\n\nGeneral Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, was killed outside his Moscow flat Credit: AP\n\nThe aftermath of the bombing outside Kirillov\u2019s apartment building Credit: EPA\n\n\nDr Zwolski,\u00a0a leading expert on Russian state security policy,\u00a0said: \u201cOne interesting thing is this kind of admittance and attribution. \n\n\n\n\u201cOver time, I would say after 2024, Ukraine has become more confident admitting involvement in certain assassinations or attempted assassinations. \n\n\n\n\u201cAlso how the scale and the scope and the bravery here has increased.\u201d\n\n\n\nSince Kirillov, the list of victims has been long and bloody, with Kyiv openly claiming responsibility for a slew of killings. \n\n\n\nHowever, before Kirillov, Kyiv had almost universally denied responsibility for hits on Russian soil.\n\n\n\nWhen Black Sea Fleet submarine commander Stanislav Rzhitsky was shot dead while jogging in a park, Kyiv responded by releasing detailed information, likely only known by the planners and perpetrator, without admitting guilt.\u00a0\n\n\n\nBefore 2024, it is likely the Kyiv government was adhering to \u201cinstructions\u201d from the US and allies that they should not undertake military actions inside Russia\u2019s borders.\n\n\n\nNow, however, the gloves appear to be firmly off.\u00a0\n\n\nVladimir Putin during a meeting at the Grand Kremlin Palace Credit: Getty\n\nA fire burning at a logistics warehouse on the outskirts of Kyiv after a Russian ballistic missile attack on the capital Credit: Getty\n\n\nIn one of the most notorious slayings, military blogger Maxim Fomin was killed by a bomb hidden in a statuette modelled on himself at an \u201cawards ceremony\u201d held in a St Petersburg caf\u00e9.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski continued: \u201cWhat is interesting is that the cases where Ukraine takes open responsibility for executions, where those people are not just Russian military leaders, or where they are not just random high profile Russian security officials, but those are the people that Ukraine accuses of gross human rights violations. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, the people involved in things like bombing hospitals in Ukraine. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, in Ukraine\u2019s perception, that raises the legitimacy of those killings. It\u2019s a moral consequence rather than simply an act of war.\u201d\n\n\nRussian military blogger Vladlen Tatarsky, real name Maxim Fomin, was killed in a bomb blast in St Petersburg Credit: AFP\n\nDaria Trepova was held by Putin\u2019s FSB after being accused of killing the Russian blogger Credit: Reuters\n\n\nWith the Kremlin turning to organised crime groups to do their bidding in Europe, Ukraine\u2019s agencies are thought to be mirroring the actions of Moscow \u2013 turning to independent contractors to undertake the missions in Russia where and when Kyiv\u2019s agents cannot get to their targets.\u00a0\n\n\n\nAlthough some arrested after killings in both Ukraine and Russia have been innocent dupes, hired to deliver an apparently innocuous package, the bombs themselves require tradecraft and skill. \n\n\n\nThese shadowy hitmen, known as \u201ctorpedoes\u201d or \u201cMokrushniki\u201d in Russia, will often be former operatives for the security services in the old Soviet sphere, offering their expertise to mobsters, corporations, and foreign governments alike.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cThere is some use of freelancers, that\u2019s for sure. How much are they being paid?\n\n\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s hard to say. Of course, they work with Ukrainian security services, but that increases this kind of deniability, right? \n\n\n\n\u201cThat makes it easier to deny direct connection to Ukraine\u2026 they are paid somewhere between $18,000 and $100,000 to actually plant devices that are then remotely detonated from Ukraine.\n\n\n\n\u201cThat creates this kind of insulation between Ukraine and the actual perpetrators.\u201d\n\n\n\nWhat is even more problematic for the Kremlin is keeping a lid on reporting of the killings, with the prevalence of the assassinations on Russian territory seeping into the consciousness of the general public. \n\n\n\nIt risks undermining confidence in Putin\u2019s ability to win the war against his smaller and comparatively under-funded neighbour.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cIt\u2019s difficult for Russia because each case is individual, and freelance contractors are employed, so my prediction is that those kinds of attacks will continue.\n\n\n\n\u201cMany of them will fail, some of them will be successful, but it\u2019s really hard to say how fast Russia is catching up.\u201d\n\n\n\nHe added: \u201cThey are not the same services that Ukraine had in 2014 or even 2022. They have learned a lot. They have been training, they have learned tactics, they have learned from the experience. \n\n\n\n\u201cThey are one of the most capable services in Europe at the moment when it comes to wartime intelligence services.\u201d\n\n\n\nWith both sides trading blows in the shadows, the assassination games show no sign of abating, and the streets of Russia\u2019s biggest cities have become the latest front as Ukraine tries to balance the books in a brutal and rapidly escalating war for its very existence.\n\n\t\n\n1 comment1" ], "output": "readability", "pwd": "/data/archive/1789300816.486477", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-09-13T16:44:44.911344+00:00", "status": "succeeded" }, { "cmd": [ "/app/node_modules/readability-extractor/readability-extractor", "/tmp/tmpv173nw2f", "https://www.the-sun.com/news/16997683" ], "cmd_version": "0.0.11", "end_ts": "2026-09-13T13:24:17.195268+00:00", "index_texts": [ "A DEADLY shadow war has made its way from the battlefields of Ukraine and onto the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nThe Kremlin\u2019s top brass are now in the crosshairs of Ukraine\u2019s hit squads \u2013 and Moscow seems unable to protect its own.\n\n\nA bombing hit the birthday party of Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander of the Russian Aerospace Forces Credit: East2West\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a car bombing in Moscow Credit: East2West\n\nA view of the blast scene which killed commander of Russian armed forces\u2019 chemical, biological and radiation defence troops, Igor Kirillov Credit: AFP\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a St Petersburg car bombing Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs Major General Nikolai Varpakhovich was leaving a supermarket near an airbase in Russia\u2019s Saratov region, a motorcyclist stopped in his path and shot him twice at close range, once in the chest and once in the head.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDays before the assassination, the commander had been charged by Ukrainian prosecutors over a missile strike on a children\u2019s hospital in Kyiv in July 2024, which killed two people and wounded more than 30.\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSign up for The US Sun newsletter\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThank you!\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\nIn the past two years, a string of senior Russian military figures have been killed in bomb blasts, shootings, and by booby traps \u2013 not in the trenches of Donbas or the command bunkers at Alabuga, but in the suburbs and eateries of Moscow, St Petersburg, and beyond.\n\n\n\nThe hits being carried out by operatives known or assumed to be either agents of Ukraine\u2019s security services or assassins working on their behalf have been following patterns that are, if not predictable, then certainly noticeable.\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\n\nKyiv is killing those it deems responsible for some of the war\u2019s most inhuman and despicable crimes, and revenge is a dish best served on the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nDr Kamil Zwolski, associate professor and Jean Monnet Chair of European Security at the University of Southampton, told The Sun: \u201cUkraine probably has one of the best-developed, most experienced, and efficient security services in Europe right now.\n\n\n\n\u201cThey are battle tested, they are funded, they are well staffed, and they are good.\u201d\u00a0\n\n\n\nAnd August was one of the deadliest months on record for the Kremlin.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMost read in The US Sun\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\nMajor General Nikolai Varpakhovich was shot twice at close range Credit: East2West\n\nAleksandr Chayko\u2019s birthday party in Moscow was bombed Credit: East2West\n\nMajor-General Valeri Plokhotnyuk was killed in the bombing at the Moscow restaurant Credit: East2West\n\nThe funeral for Plokhotnyuk, former deputy commander of the 49th Army Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs many as seven targets were taken out by operatives thought to be working for Kyiv \u2013 with the hitmen appearing to be returning to firearms for their missions.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski explained: \u201cUkraine seems to be changing tactics. They used to use bombs on a broader scale. \n\n\n\n\u201cNow, they seem to be pivoting towards shooting, so perhaps Russia has become more effective at detecting those explosives. \n\n\n\n\u201cMaybe it\u2019s become more difficult to plant them. Or maybe it\u2019s cheaper and more efficient just to try and use freelance shooters. But that\u2019s the kind of dynamic we see at the moment.\u201d\n\n\n\nIn one attack alone, five people were killed when an upscale restaurant in Moscow bombed during a birthday party for Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander-in-chief of Russia\u2019s Aerospace Forces.\n\n\n\nChayko survived, but several members of his family died.\n\n\n\nMajor General Valery Plokhotnyuk was killed instantly, with another general, Igor Yerusalimov, also reported killed. \n\n\n\nUkraine alleged that Chayko had ordered attacks on the village of Teterivske near Kyiv in March of 2022 using aerial bombs, rocket launchers and missiles, destroying dozens of houses and killing at least two civilians.\n\n\nThe aftermath of the attack on Sechkov, who served in the 332nd Separate Guards Red Banner Helicopter Regiment Credit: East2West\n\nThe car in which senior Russian military officer General Yaroslav Moskalik was killed in April last year Credit: Getty\n\n\nHe was further thought to have been one of the commanders responsible for the Bucha massacre, in which as many as 650 civilians were murdered by Russian soldiers, including nine children, many of them tortured.\n\n\n\nIt also appears that Ukrainian agents have long memories when it comes to traitors. \n\n\n\nJust 10 days later, on the August 13, in Sevastopol, a bomb hidden in a rubbish bin killed a Russian naval officer, Captain Robert Shageyev, a former Ukrainian submarine commander who had defected to Russia in 2014.\n\n\n\nThen, on August 27 in St Petersburg, a car bomb killed Major Sergei Sechkov, a Russian Aerospace Forces officer whose unit was accused by Kyiv of deliberately and repeatedly hitting civilian targets in the\u00a0Slobozhanske region.\n\n\n\nBut it was the killing of General Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, that set the stage for the current campaign. \n\n\n\nKirillov was infamously killed in an explosion after a bomb was hidden in an e-scooter outside his Moscow flat in December 2024. \n\n\n\nUkraine\u2019s security service claimed responsibility for the mission deep behind enemy lines, beginning a new and audacious phase.\n\n\n\nBoth the killing and the admission surprised even seasoned experts.\n\n\nGeneral Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, was killed outside his Moscow flat Credit: AP\n\nThe aftermath of the bombing outside Kirillov\u2019s apartment building Credit: EPA\n\n\nDr Zwolski,\u00a0a leading expert on Russian state security policy,\u00a0said: \u201cOne interesting thing is this kind of admittance and attribution. \n\n\n\n\u201cOver time, I would say after 2024, Ukraine has become more confident admitting involvement in certain assassinations or attempted assassinations. \n\n\n\n\u201cAlso how the scale and the scope and the bravery here has increased.\u201d\n\n\n\nSince Kirillov, the list of victims has been long and bloody, with Kyiv openly claiming responsibility for a slew of killings. \n\n\n\nHowever, before Kirillov, Kyiv had almost universally denied responsibility for hits on Russian soil.\n\n\n\nWhen Black Sea Fleet submarine commander Stanislav Rzhitsky was shot dead while jogging in a park, Kyiv responded by releasing detailed information, likely only known by the planners and perpetrator, without admitting guilt.\u00a0\n\n\n\nBefore 2024, it is likely the Kyiv government was adhering to \u201cinstructions\u201d from the US and allies that they should not undertake military actions inside Russia\u2019s borders.\n\n\n\nNow, however, the gloves appear to be firmly off.\u00a0\n\n\nVladimir Putin during a meeting at the Grand Kremlin Palace Credit: Getty\n\nA fire burning at a logistics warehouse on the outskirts of Kyiv after a Russian ballistic missile attack on the capital Credit: Getty\n\n\nIn one of the most notorious slayings, military blogger Maxim Fomin was killed by a bomb hidden in a statuette modelled on himself at an \u201cawards ceremony\u201d held in a St Petersburg caf\u00e9.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski continued: \u201cWhat is interesting is that the cases where Ukraine takes open responsibility for executions, where those people are not just Russian military leaders, or where they are not just random high profile Russian security officials, but those are the people that Ukraine accuses of gross human rights violations. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, the people involved in things like bombing hospitals in Ukraine. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, in Ukraine\u2019s perception, that raises the legitimacy of those killings. It\u2019s a moral consequence rather than simply an act of war.\u201d\n\n\nRussian military blogger Vladlen Tatarsky, real name Maxim Fomin, was killed in a bomb blast in St Petersburg Credit: AFP\n\nDaria Trepova was held by Putin\u2019s FSB after being accused of killing the Russian blogger Credit: Reuters\n\n\nWith the Kremlin turning to organised crime groups to do their bidding in Europe, Ukraine\u2019s agencies are thought to be mirroring the actions of Moscow \u2013 turning to independent contractors to undertake the missions in Russia where and when Kyiv\u2019s agents cannot get to their targets.\u00a0\n\n\n\nAlthough some arrested after killings in both Ukraine and Russia have been innocent dupes, hired to deliver an apparently innocuous package, the bombs themselves require tradecraft and skill. \n\n\n\nThese shadowy hitmen, known as \u201ctorpedoes\u201d or \u201cMokrushniki\u201d in Russia, will often be former operatives for the security services in the old Soviet sphere, offering their expertise to mobsters, corporations, and foreign governments alike.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cThere is some use of freelancers, that\u2019s for sure. How much are they being paid?\n\n\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s hard to say. Of course, they work with Ukrainian security services, but that increases this kind of deniability, right? \n\n\n\n\u201cThat makes it easier to deny direct connection to Ukraine\u2026 they are paid somewhere between $18,000 and $100,000 to actually plant devices that are then remotely detonated from Ukraine.\n\n\n\n\u201cThat creates this kind of insulation between Ukraine and the actual perpetrators.\u201d\n\n\n\nWhat is even more problematic for the Kremlin is keeping a lid on reporting of the killings, with the prevalence of the assassinations on Russian territory seeping into the consciousness of the general public. \n\n\n\nIt risks undermining confidence in Putin\u2019s ability to win the war against his smaller and comparatively under-funded neighbour.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cIt\u2019s difficult for Russia because each case is individual, and freelance contractors are employed, so my prediction is that those kinds of attacks will continue.\n\n\n\n\u201cMany of them will fail, some of them will be successful, but it\u2019s really hard to say how fast Russia is catching up.\u201d\n\n\n\nHe added: \u201cThey are not the same services that Ukraine had in 2014 or even 2022. They have learned a lot. They have been training, they have learned tactics, they have learned from the experience. \n\n\n\n\u201cThey are one of the most capable services in Europe at the moment when it comes to wartime intelligence services.\u201d\n\n\n\nWith both sides trading blows in the shadows, the assassination games show no sign of abating, and the streets of Russia\u2019s biggest cities have become the latest front as Ukraine tries to balance the books in a brutal and rapidly escalating war for its very existence.\n\n\t\n\nComment now" ], "output": "readability", "pwd": "/data/archive/1789300816.486477", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-09-13T13:24:13.218325+00:00", "status": "succeeded" }, { "cmd": [ "/app/node_modules/readability-extractor/readability-extractor", "/tmp/tmpsm_4qq_o", "https://www.the-sun.com/news/16997683" ], "cmd_version": "0.0.11", "end_ts": "2026-09-13T19:27:31.510299+00:00", "index_texts": [ "A DEADLY shadow war has made its way from the battlefields of Ukraine and onto the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nThe Kremlin\u2019s top brass are now in the crosshairs of Ukraine\u2019s hit squads \u2013 and Moscow seems unable to protect its own.\n\n\nA bombing hit the birthday party of Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander of the Russian Aerospace Forces Credit: East2West\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a car bombing in Moscow Credit: East2West\n\nA view of the blast scene which killed commander of Russian armed forces\u2019 chemical, biological and radiation defence troops, Igor Kirillov Credit: AFP\n\nLieutenant-Colonel Sergei Sechkov, 43, was killed in a St Petersburg car bombing Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs Major General Nikolai Varpakhovich was leaving a supermarket near an airbase in Russia\u2019s Saratov region, a motorcyclist stopped in his path and shot him twice at close range, once in the chest and once in the head.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDays before the assassination, the commander had been charged by Ukrainian prosecutors over a missile strike on a children\u2019s hospital in Kyiv in July 2024, which killed two people and wounded more than 30.\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSign up for The US Sun newsletter\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThank you!\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the past two years, a string of senior Russian military figures have been killed in bomb blasts, shootings, and by booby traps \u2013 not in the trenches of Donbas or the command bunkers at Alabuga, but in the suburbs and eateries of Moscow, St Petersburg, and beyond.\n\n\n\nThe hits being carried out by operatives known or assumed to be either agents of Ukraine\u2019s security services or assassins working on their behalf have been following patterns that are, if not predictable, then certainly noticeable.\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\n\nKyiv is killing those it deems responsible for some of the war\u2019s most inhuman and despicable crimes, and revenge is a dish best served on the streets of Russia.\n\n\n\nDr Kamil Zwolski, associate professor and Jean Monnet Chair of European Security at the University of Southampton, told The Sun: \u201cUkraine probably has one of the best-developed, most experienced, and efficient security services in Europe right now.\n\n\n\n\u201cThey are battle tested, they are funded, they are well staffed, and they are good.\u201d\u00a0\n\n\n\nAnd August was one of the deadliest months on record for the Kremlin.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMost read in The US Sun\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\nMajor General Nikolai Varpakhovich was shot twice at close range Credit: East2West\n\nAleksandr Chayko\u2019s birthday party in Moscow was bombed Credit: East2West\n\nMajor-General Valeri Plokhotnyuk was killed in the bombing at the Moscow restaurant Credit: East2West\n\nThe funeral for Plokhotnyuk, former deputy commander of the 49th Army Credit: East2West\n\n\nAs many as seven targets were taken out by operatives thought to be working for Kyiv \u2013 with the hitmen appearing to be returning to firearms for their missions.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski explained: \u201cUkraine seems to be changing tactics. They used to use bombs on a broader scale. \n\n\n\n\u201cNow, they seem to be pivoting towards shooting, so perhaps Russia has become more effective at detecting those explosives. \n\n\n\n\u201cMaybe it\u2019s become more difficult to plant them. Or maybe it\u2019s cheaper and more efficient just to try and use freelance shooters. But that\u2019s the kind of dynamic we see at the moment.\u201d\n\n\n\nIn one attack alone, five people were killed when an upscale restaurant in Moscow bombed during a birthday party for Colonel\u2011General Aleksandr Chayko, the commander-in-chief of Russia\u2019s Aerospace Forces.\n\n\n\nChayko survived, but several members of his family died.\n\n\n\nMajor General Valery Plokhotnyuk was killed instantly, with another general, Igor Yerusalimov, also reported killed. \n\n\n\nUkraine alleged that Chayko had ordered attacks on the village of Teterivske near Kyiv in March of 2022 using aerial bombs, rocket launchers and missiles, destroying dozens of houses and killing at least two civilians.\n\n\nThe aftermath of the attack on Sechkov, who served in the 332nd Separate Guards Red Banner Helicopter Regiment Credit: East2West\n\nThe car in which senior Russian military officer General Yaroslav Moskalik was killed in April last year Credit: Getty\n\n\nHe was further thought to have been one of the commanders responsible for the Bucha massacre, in which as many as 650 civilians were murdered by Russian soldiers, including nine children, many of them tortured.\n\n\n\nIt also appears that Ukrainian agents have long memories when it comes to traitors. \n\n\n\nJust 10 days later, on the August 13, in Sevastopol, a bomb hidden in a rubbish bin killed a Russian naval officer, Captain Robert Shageyev, a former Ukrainian submarine commander who had defected to Russia in 2014.\n\n\n\nThen, on August 27 in St Petersburg, a car bomb killed Major Sergei Sechkov, a Russian Aerospace Forces officer whose unit was accused by Kyiv of deliberately and repeatedly hitting civilian targets in the\u00a0Slobozhanske region.\n\n\n\nBut it was the killing of General Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, that set the stage for the current campaign. \n\n\n\nKirillov was infamously killed in an explosion after a bomb was hidden in an e-scooter outside his Moscow flat in December 2024. \n\n\n\nUkraine\u2019s security service claimed responsibility for the mission deep behind enemy lines, beginning a new and audacious phase.\n\n\n\nBoth the killing and the admission surprised even seasoned experts.\n\n\nGeneral Igor Kirillov, head of Russia\u2019s chemical, biological and nuclear defence forces, was killed outside his Moscow flat Credit: AP\n\nThe aftermath of the bombing outside Kirillov\u2019s apartment building Credit: EPA\n\n\nDr Zwolski,\u00a0a leading expert on Russian state security policy,\u00a0said: \u201cOne interesting thing is this kind of admittance and attribution. \n\n\n\n\u201cOver time, I would say after 2024, Ukraine has become more confident admitting involvement in certain assassinations or attempted assassinations. \n\n\n\n\u201cAlso how the scale and the scope and the bravery here has increased.\u201d\n\n\n\nSince Kirillov, the list of victims has been long and bloody, with Kyiv openly claiming responsibility for a slew of killings. \n\n\n\nHowever, before Kirillov, Kyiv had almost universally denied responsibility for hits on Russian soil.\n\n\n\nWhen Black Sea Fleet submarine commander Stanislav Rzhitsky was shot dead while jogging in a park, Kyiv responded by releasing detailed information, likely only known by the planners and perpetrator, without admitting guilt.\u00a0\n\n\n\nBefore 2024, it is likely the Kyiv government was adhering to \u201cinstructions\u201d from the US and allies that they should not undertake military actions inside Russia\u2019s borders.\n\n\n\nNow, however, the gloves appear to be firmly off.\u00a0\n\n\nVladimir Putin during a meeting at the Grand Kremlin Palace Credit: Getty\n\nA fire burning at a logistics warehouse on the outskirts of Kyiv after a Russian ballistic missile attack on the capital Credit: Getty\n\n\nIn one of the most notorious slayings, military blogger Maxim Fomin was killed by a bomb hidden in a statuette modelled on himself at an \u201cawards ceremony\u201d held in a St Petersburg caf\u00e9.\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski continued: \u201cWhat is interesting is that the cases where Ukraine takes open responsibility for executions, where those people are not just Russian military leaders, or where they are not just random high profile Russian security officials, but those are the people that Ukraine accuses of gross human rights violations. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, the people involved in things like bombing hospitals in Ukraine. \n\n\n\n\u201cSo, in Ukraine\u2019s perception, that raises the legitimacy of those killings. It\u2019s a moral consequence rather than simply an act of war.\u201d\n\n\nRussian military blogger Vladlen Tatarsky, real name Maxim Fomin, was killed in a bomb blast in St Petersburg Credit: AFP\n\nDaria Trepova was held by Putin\u2019s FSB after being accused of killing the Russian blogger Credit: Reuters\n\n\nWith the Kremlin turning to organised crime groups to do their bidding in Europe, Ukraine\u2019s agencies are thought to be mirroring the actions of Moscow \u2013 turning to independent contractors to undertake the missions in Russia where and when Kyiv\u2019s agents cannot get to their targets.\u00a0\n\n\n\nAlthough some arrested after killings in both Ukraine and Russia have been innocent dupes, hired to deliver an apparently innocuous package, the bombs themselves require tradecraft and skill. \n\n\n\nThese shadowy hitmen, known as \u201ctorpedoes\u201d or \u201cMokrushniki\u201d in Russia, will often be former operatives for the security services in the old Soviet sphere, offering their expertise to mobsters, corporations, and foreign governments alike.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cThere is some use of freelancers, that\u2019s for sure. How much are they being paid?\n\n\n\n\u201cIt\u2019s hard to say. Of course, they work with Ukrainian security services, but that increases this kind of deniability, right? \n\n\n\n\u201cThat makes it easier to deny direct connection to Ukraine\u2026 they are paid somewhere between $18,000 and $100,000 to actually plant devices that are then remotely detonated from Ukraine.\n\n\n\n\u201cThat creates this kind of insulation between Ukraine and the actual perpetrators.\u201d\n\n\n\nWhat is even more problematic for the Kremlin is keeping a lid on reporting of the killings, with the prevalence of the assassinations on Russian territory seeping into the consciousness of the general public. \n\n\n\nIt risks undermining confidence in Putin\u2019s ability to win the war against his smaller and comparatively under-funded neighbour.\n\n\n\nDr Zwolski said: \u201cIt\u2019s difficult for Russia because each case is individual, and freelance contractors are employed, so my prediction is that those kinds of attacks will continue.\n\n\n\n\u201cMany of them will fail, some of them will be successful, but it\u2019s really hard to say how fast Russia is catching up.\u201d\n\n\n\nHe added: \u201cThey are not the same services that Ukraine had in 2014 or even 2022. They have learned a lot. 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