{ "archive_path": "archive/1788105927.699393", "base_url": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A", "basename": "A", "bookmarked_date": "2026-08-30 16:05", "canonical": { "archive_org_path": "https://web.archive.org/web/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A", "dom_path": "output.html", "favicon_path": "favicon.ico", "git_path": "git/", "google_favicon_path": "https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=en.wikipedia.org", "headers_path": "headers.json", "htmltotext_path": "htmltotext.txt", "index_path": "index.html", "media_path": "media/", "mercury_path": "mercury/content.html", "pdf_path": "output.pdf", "readability_path": "readability/content.html", "screenshot_path": "screenshot.png", "singlefile_path": "singlefile.html", "warc_path": "warc/", "wget_path": "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.html" }, "domain": "en.wikipedia.org", "extension": "", "hash": "FNZSNV4D8NHXKDB4G3PH", "history": { "archive_org": [], "dom": [], "favicon": [ { "cmd": [ "curl", "--silent", "--location", "--compressed", "--max-time", "120", "--output", "favicon.ico", "--user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 ArchiveBox/0.7.4 (+https://github.com/ArchiveBox/ArchiveBox/) curl/curl 8.14.1 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)", "https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?domain=en.wikipedia.org" ], "cmd_version": "curl 8.14.1 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)", "end_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:30.060713+00:00", "index_texts": null, "output": "favicon.ico", "pwd": "/data/archive/1788105927.699393", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:29.603917+00:00", "status": "succeeded" } ], "git": [], "headers": [ { "cmd": [ "curl", "--silent", "--location", "--compressed", "--head", "--max-time", "120", "--user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 ArchiveBox/0.7.4 (+https://github.com/ArchiveBox/ArchiveBox/) curl/curl 8.14.1 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" ], "cmd_version": "curl 8.14.1 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)", "end_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:30.375286+00:00", "index_texts": null, "output": "headers.json", "pwd": "/data/archive/1788105927.699393", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:30.069638+00:00", "status": "succeeded" } ], "htmltotext": [], "media": [], "mercury": [ { "cmd": [ "/app/node_modules/@postlight/parser/cli.js", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" ], "cmd_version": "1.0.0", "end_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:57.945651+00:00", "index_texts": null, "output": "mercury", "pwd": "/data/archive/1788105927.699393", "schema": "ArchiveResult", "start_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:51.373328+00:00", "status": "succeeded" } ], "pdf": [], "readability": [ { "cmd": [ "/app/node_modules/readability-extractor/readability-extractor", "/tmp/tmp1culi8d5", "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" ], "cmd_version": "0.0.11", "end_ts": "2026-08-30T16:05:51.357480+00:00", "index_texts": [ "AA aUsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage of originLatin languageSound values[a][\u0251][\u0252][\u00e6][\u0259][\u025b][o\u02d0][\u0254][e][\u0295][\u028c] [\u0250][e\u026a][\u025b\u026a][\u00e6\u026a][\u0250\u026a]In\u00a0UnicodeU+0041, U+0061Alphabetical position1HistoryDevelopment\ud80c\udcfe\u0391 \u03b1\ud800\udf00A aTime periodc.\u2009700 BCE\u00a0\u2013 presentDescendants\u00c6\u00c4\u00c2\u2c6d\u0245\u2c6f\u00aa\u00c5\u20b3@\u24b6 \u24d0 \u249c\ud83c\udd70Sisters\ud800\udf30\u0410\u04d8\u04d0\u05d0 \u0627 \u0710\u0800\ud800\udf80\u2135\u12a0\u0621\u0531 \u0561\u0a85\u0905\u0985\ud835\udc4eOtherAssociated graphsa(x), ae, eau, auWriting directionLeft-to-rightThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [\u00a0], /\u00a0/ and \u27e8\u00a0\u27e9, see IPA \u00a7\u00a0Brackets and transcription delimiters.\n\n\nA (minuscule: a) is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet,[1][2] used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced as in say), plural aes.[nb 1][2]\n\nIt is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives.[3] The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey |a| and single-storey |\u0251|. The latter form is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.\n\nName\nIn English, the name of the letter is the long A sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.\nPronunciation of the name of the letter \u27e8a\u27e9 in European languages. /a/ and /a\u02d0/ can differ phonetically between [a], [\u00e4], [\u00e6] and [\u0251] depending on the language.\n\nHistory\nThe earliest known ancestor of A is aleph\u2014the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet[4]\u2014where it represented a glottal stop [\u0294], as Phoenician only used consonantal letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[5] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended.\n\nWhen the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter representing a glottal stop\u2014so they adapted the sign to represent the vowel /a/, calling the letter by the similar name alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions dating to the 8th century\u00a0BC following the Greek Dark Ages, the letter rests upon its side. However, in the later Greek alphabet it generally resembles the modern capital form\u2014though many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.[6]\n\nThe Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to the Italian Peninsula, and they left the form of alpha unchanged. When the Romans adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write Latin, the resulting form used in the Latin script would come to be used to write many other languages, including English.\n\n\nEgyptian\nProto-Sinaitic\nProto-Canaanite\nPhoenician\nWestern Greek\nEtruscan\nLatin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTypographic variants\nDifferent glyphs of the lowercase letter \u27e8a\u27e9Allographs include a double-storey \u27e8a\u27e9 and single-storey \u27e8\u0251\u27e9.\nDuring Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter A. First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other more permanent media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the perishable nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semi-cursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial (c.\u20093rd century), the uncial (c.\u20094th\u20138th centuries), and the late semi-uncial (c.\u20096th\u20138th centuries).[7]\n\n\n\nAt the end of the Roman Empire (5th century\u00a0CE), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semi-cursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the ninth century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.[7]\n\nRoad sign in Ireland showing the \"Latin alpha\" form of \u27e8a\u27e9 in lower and upper case forms\n15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form \u27e8\u0251\u27e9, also called script a, is often used in handwriting; it consists of a circle with a vertical stroke on its right. In the hands of medieval Irish and English writers, this form gradually developed from a 5th-century form resembling the Greek letter tau \u27e8\u03c4\u27e9.[4] The Roman form \u27e8a\u27e9 is found in most printed material, and consists of a small loop with an arc over it.[7] Both derive from the majuscule form \u27e8A\u27e9. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as single-decker a and double decker a respectively.\n\nItalic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest set in Roman type. There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a \u27e8\u0251\u27e9, also called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin \u27e8a\u27e9, such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet.\n\nUse in writing systems\n\nIn English, \u27e8a\u27e9 is the indefinite article (with the alternative form an when followed by a vowel).\n\nPronunciation\n\nPronunciation of \u27e8a\u27e9 by language\nOrthography\nPhonemes\n\nCatalan\n/a/, /\u0259/, silent\n\nStandard Chinese (Pinyin)\n/a/\n\nEnglish\n/\u00e6/, /\u0251\u02d0/, /\u0252/, /\u0254\u02d0/, /\u025b\u02d0/, /e\u026a/, /\u0259/\n\nFrench\n/a/, /\u0251/\n\nGerman\n/a/, /a\u02d0/\n\nPortuguese\n/a/, /\u0250/\n\nSaanich\n/e/\n\nSpanish\n/a/\n\nTurkish\n/a/\n\n\n\nCross-linguistic variation of \u27e8a\u27e9 pronunciation\nPhoneOrthography\n\n[a]\nCatalan, Chuvash, Croatian, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Malay, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Stavangersk Norwegian, Swedish, Tagalog, Turkish, Utrecht Dutch\n\n[a\u02d0]\nDutch (doubled), German\n\n[a\u0320]\nAfrikaans, Bulgarian\n\n[a\u0320\u02d0]\nNew Zealand English, Lithuanian, Limburgish (doubled), Luxembourgish\n\n[\u00e4]\nCatalan, Czech, French, Northern England English, Terengganu Malay, Polish\n\n[\u00e4\u02d0]\nWest Frisian (doubled)\n\n[\u0251]\nBashkir, Catalan, Spanish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Kaingang, Limburgish, Norwegian, Russian, West Frisian\n\n[\u0251\u02d0]\nAfrikaans (doubled), Danish, German, Southern England English, Kurdish, Norwegian\n\n[\u0251\u031d]\nAzerbaijani, Kazakh, Luxembourgish\n\n[\u0252]\nSouthern England English, Hungarian, Kedah Malay, Valencian\n\n[\u0252\u02d0]\nHungarian\n\n[\u0252\u031c\u02d0]\nSwedish\n\n[\u0252\u031d\u02d0]\nMaastrichtian Limburgish, Ulster Irish\n\n[\u00e6]\nDanish, English, Russian, Valencian, Zeta\u2013Ra\u0161ka Serbian\n\n[\u0250]\nAustralian English, Bulgarian, Catalan (Barcelonan), Emilian, Galician, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Tagalog, Ukrainian\n\n[\u0250\u031d]\nMapudungun\n\n[\u025b]\nNew Zealand English, Perak Malay\n\n[\u025c]\nChemnitz German, Transylvanian Romanian\n\n[\u028c]\nChemnitz German\n\n[\u0254\u02d0]\nSouthern England English\n\n[\u0259]\nEnglish, Catalan\n\n[e]\nSaanich\n\n[e\u026a]\nEnglish\n\n\nEnglish\n\nIn English language education, the word apple is consistently associated with the letter A.[8]\nIn modern English orthography, the letter \u27e8a\u27e9 represents at least seven different vowel sounds, here represented using the vowels of Received Pronunciation, with effects of \u27e8r\u27e9 ignored and mergers in General American mentioned where relevant:\nthe near-open front unrounded vowel /\u00e6/ as in pad\nthe open back unrounded vowel /\u0251\u02d0/ as in father\u2014merged with /\u0252/ as /\u0251/ in General American\u2014which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound[5]\nthe open back rounded vowel /\u0252/ (merged with /\u0251\u02d0/ as /\u0251/ in General American) in was and what[4]\nthe open-mid back rounded vowel /\u0254\u02d0/ in water\nthe diphthong /e\u026a/ as in ace and major, usually when \u27e8a\u27e9 is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter\u2014this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift\na schwa /\u0259/ in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar\n\nThe double \u27e8aa\u27e9 sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.[9] However, \u27e8a\u27e9 occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly \u27e8ai\u27e9, \u27e8au\u27e9, \u27e8aw\u27e9, \u27e8ay\u27e9, \u27e8ea\u27e9 and \u27e8oa\u27e9.\n\n\u27e8a\u27e9 is the third-most-commonly used letter in English after \u27e8e\u27e9 and \u27e8t\u27e9, as well as in French; it is the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. \u27e8a\u27e9 represents approximately 8.2% of letters as used in English texts;[10] the figure is around 7.6% in French[11] 11.5% in Spanish,[12] and 14.6% in Portuguese.[13]\n\nOther languages\nIn most languages that use the Latin alphabet, \u27e8a\u27e9 denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as /a/, /\u00e4/, or /\u0251/. An exception is Saanich, in which \u27e8a\u27e9\u2014and the glyph \u27e8\u00c1\u27e9\u2014stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel /e/.\n\nOther systems\nIn the International Phonetic Alphabet, \u27e8a\u27e9 is used for the open front unrounded vowel, \u27e8\u00e4\u27e9 is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and \u27e8\u0251\u27e9 is used for the open back unrounded vowel.\nIn X-SAMPA, \u27e8a\u27e9 is used for the open front unrounded vowel and \u27e8A\u27e9 is used for the open back unrounded vowel.\n\nOther uses\n\n\nWhen using base-16 notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10.\nIn algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. In 1637, Ren\u00e9 Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\",[14] and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra.\nIn geometry, capital Latin letters are used to denote objects including line segments, lines, and rays[7] A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.[5]\nA is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A\u2212, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; \"A grade\" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, A1 at Lloyd's for shipping, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.[15]\nA is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,[5] or a small cup size in a brassiere.[16]\n\n\nLatin alphabet\n\u27e8\u00c6 \u00e6\u27e9: a ligature of \u27e8AE\u27e9 originally used in Latin\n\u27e8A\u27e9 with diacritics: \u00c5 \u00e5 \u01fa \u01fb \u1e00 \u1e01 \u1e9a \u0102 \u0103 \u1eb6 \u1eb7 \u1eae \u1eaf \u1eb0 \u1eb1 \u1eb2 \u1eb3 \u1eb4 \u1eb5 \u0202 \u0203 \u00c2 \u00e2 \u1eac \u1ead \u1ea4 \u1ea5 \u1ea6 \u1ea7 \u1eaa \u1eab \u1ea8 \u1ea9 \u1ea2 \u1ea3 \u01cd \u01ce \u023a \u2c65 \u0226 \u0227 \u01e0 \u01e1 \u1ea0 \u1ea1 \u00c4 \u00e4 \u01de \u01df \u00c0 \u00e0 \u0200 \u0201 \u00c1 \u00e1 \u0100 \u0101 \u0100\u0300 \u0101\u0300 \u00c3 \u00e3 \u0104 \u0105 \u0104\u0301 \u0105\u0301 \u0104\u0303 \u0105\u0303 A\u0332 a\u0332 \u1d8f[17]\nPhonetic alphabet symbols related to A\u2014the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems: \n\u27e8\u2c6d \u0251\u27e9: Latin alpha, represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPALatin alpha was also used for the Initial Teaching Alphabet[18]\n\u27e8\u1d90\u27e9: Latin small alpha with a retroflex hook[17]\n\u27e8\u2c6f \u0250\u27e9: Turned A, represents a near-open central vowel in the IPA\n\u27e8\u0245 \u028c\u27e9: Turned V, represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in IPA\n\u27e8\u2c70 \u0252\u27e9: Turned alpha or script A, represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPA\n\u27e8\u1d9b\u27e9: Modifier letter small turned alpha[17]\n\u27e8\u1d00\u27e9: Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)\n\u27e8\u1d2c \u1d43 \u1d44\u27e9: Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA),[19] sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts\n\u27e8\u2090\u27e9: Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies[20]\n\u27e8\uab31\u27e9: Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[21]\n\u27e8\ua7ba \ua7bb\u27e9: Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[22]\n\nDerived signs, symbols and abbreviations\n\u27e8\u00aa\u27e9: ordinal indicator\n\u27e8\u00c5\u27e9: \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m sign\n\u27e8\u2200\u27e9: turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification (\"for all\")\n\u27e8@\u27e9: At sign\n\u27e8\u20b3\u27e9: Argentine austral\n\u27e8\u24b6\u27e9: anarchy symbol\n\nAncestor and sibling letters\n\u27e8\ud802\udd00\u27e9: Phoenician aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive:[23]\n\u27e8\u0391 \u03b1\u27e9: Greek letter alpha, from which the following letters derive:[24]\n\u27e8\u0410 \u0430\u27e9: Cyrillic letter A[25]\n\u27e8\u2c80 \u2c81\u27e9: Coptic letter alpha[26]\n\u27e8\ud800\udf00\u27e9: Old Italic A, the ancestor of modern Latin A[27][28]\n\u27e8\u16a8\u27e9: Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A[29]\n\u27e8\ud800\udf30\u27e9: Gothic letter aza\n\u27e8\u0531 \u0561\u27e9: Armenian letter ayb\n\nOther representations\nComputing \nThe Latin letters \u27e8A\u27e9 and \u27e8a\u27e9 have Unicode encodings U+0041 A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A and U+0061 a LATIN SMALL LETTER A. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for \u27e8A\u27e9 and \u27e8a\u27e9 with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.\n\nVariant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, Latin alpha in linguistics, and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek homoglyphs of the Latin \u27e8A\u27e9 have separate encodings U+0410 \u0410 CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A and U+0391 \u0391 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA.\n\nOther\n\n\n\n\nNotes\n\u2191 Aes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered As, A's, as, or a's.\n\n\nReferences\n\u2191 \"Latin alphabet\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.\n1 2 Simpson & Weiner 1989, p.\u00a01.\n\u2191 McCarter 1974, p.\u00a054.\n1 2 3 Hoiberg 2010, p.\u00a01.\n1 2 3 4 Hall-Quest 1997, p.\u00a01.\n\u2191 Rabinowitz, Harold; Vogel, Suzanne (2009). The manual of scientific style: a guide for authors, editors, and researchers (1st\u00a0ed.). Amsterdam Burlington, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press. p.\u00a0363. ISBN\u00a0978-0-12-373980-3.\n1 2 3 4 Diringer 2000, p.\u00a01.\n\u2191 Mankin, Jennifer; Simner, Julia (30 May 2017). \"A Is for Apple: the Role of Letter-Word Associations in the Development of Grapheme-Colour Synaesthesia\" (PDF). Multisensory Research. 30 (3\u20135): 409\u2013446. doi:10.1163/22134808-00002554. ISSN\u00a02213-4794. PMID\u00a031287075. Retrieved 16 December 2023.\n\u2191 Gelb & Whiting 1998, p.\u00a045\n\u2191 \"Letter frequency (English)\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.\n\u2191 \"Corpus de Thomas Temp\u00e9\" (in French). Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007.\n\u2191 Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon. pp.\u00a0254\u2013255. OCLC\u00a0795065.\n\u2191 \"Frequ\u00eancia da ocorr\u00eancia de letras no Portugu\u00eas\" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.\n\u2191 Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Short Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.\n\u2191 Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp.\u00a099\u2013100.\n\u2191 Luciani, Jen\u00e9 (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas: Benbella. p.\u00a013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-933771-94-6.\n1 2 3 Constable, Peter (19 April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 \u2013 via www.unicode.org\n\u2191 Miller, Kirk (13 December 2024). \"Unicode request for Initial Teaching Alphabet\" (PDF).\n\u2191 Everson, Michael; et\u00a0al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 \u2013 via www.unicode.org\n\u2191 Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 \u2013 via www.unicode.org\n\u2191 Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode \"Teuthonista\" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 \u2013 via www.unicode.org\n\u2191 Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 \u2013 via www.unicode.org\n\u2191 Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: G. P. Putman's Sons.\n\u2191 \"Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter Aleph\". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 \u2013 via The Times of Israel.\n\u2191 \"Cyrillic Alphabet\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.\n\u2191 Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry G. Bohn. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\u2191 Frothingham, A. L. Jr. (1891). \"Italic Studies\". Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology. 7 (4): 534. JSTOR\u00a0496497. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\u2191 Steele, Philippa M., ed. (2017). Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN\u00a0978-1-78570-647-9. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\u2191 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (2nd\u00a0ed.). Wiley. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4443-5968-8. Retrieved 27 October 2020.\n\n\nBibliography\n\n\"English Letter Frequency\". Math Explorer's Club. Cornell University. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.\n\"Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words\". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015.\nCiani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2010). \"A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter Priming on Cognitive Performance\". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 80 (1): 99\u2013119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479. PMID\u00a019622200.\nDiringer, David (2000). \"A\". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol.\u00a0I. Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN\u00a0978-0-717-20133-4.\nGelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. M. (1998). \"A\". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol.\u00a0I. Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7172-2068-7.\nHall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). \"A\". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol.\u00a0I. New York: P. F. Collier.\nHoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). \"A\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol.\u00a01. Chicago. ISBN\u00a0978-1-59339-837-8.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nMcCarter, P. Kyle (1974). \"The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet\". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (3): 54\u201368. doi:10.2307/3210965. JSTOR\u00a03210965. S2CID\u00a0126182369.\nSimpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989). \"A\". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol.\u00a0I (2nd\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-861213-1.\n\n\nExternal links\n\nThis audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 26\u00a0June\u00a02023, and does not reflect subsequent edits.\nHistory of the Alphabet Archived 10 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine\n Texts on Wikisource:\n\"A\" in A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson\n\"A\"\u00a0. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol.\u00a0I (9th\u00a0ed.). 1878. p.\u00a01.\n\"A\". The American Cyclop\u00e6dia. 1879.\n \n\"A\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol.\u00a0I (11th\u00a0ed.). 1911. p.\u00a01.\n\"A\". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.\n\"A\". 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