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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (A.html#) (Top)   (A.html#Name) 1 Name     (A.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (A.html#Typographic_variants) 2.1 Typographic variants       (A.html#Use_in_writing_systems) 3 Use in writing systems     (A.html#Pronunciation) 4 Pronunciation    Toggle Pronunciation subsection  (A.html#English) 4.1 English     (A.html#Other_languages) 4.2 Other languages     (A.html#Other_systems) 4.3 Other systems       (A.html#Other_uses) 5 Other uses     (A.html#Related_characters) 6 Related characters    Toggle Related characters subsection  (A.html#Latin_alphabet) 6.1 Latin alphabet     (A.html#Derived_signs,_symbols_and_abbreviations) 6.2 Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations     (A.html#Ancestor_and_sibling_letters) 6.3 Ancestor and sibling letters       (A.html#Other_representations) 7 Other representations    Toggle Other representations subsection  (A.html#Computing) 7.1 Computing     (A.html#Other) 7.2 Other       (A.html#Notes) 8 Notes     (A.html#References) 9 References    Toggle References subsection  (A.html#Bibliography) 9.1 Bibliography       (A.html#External_links) 10 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      A    191 languages  (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Avaric) Авар   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5)) (A (латин хәрефе) – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)) (A (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)) (A (літара) – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bol.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Bole) Bòo pìkkà   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lizherenn)) (A (lizherenn) – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Catalan) Català   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Danish) Dansk   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – German) Deutsch   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AD) (އޭ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/TON) (TON – Fula) Fulfulde   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lettre)) (A (lettre) – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Arpitan) Arpetan   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(https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(latinica)) (A (latinica) – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lat%C4%B1n)) (A (latın) – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(zuzzwa_twang)) (A (zuzzwa twang) – Jju) Jju   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Komering) Kumoring   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Korean) 한국어   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(t%C3%AEp)) (A (tîp) – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Latin) Latina   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Buschtaf)) (A (Buschtaf) – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Ganda) Luganda   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Lombard) Lombard   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)) (A (латин тиште) – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)) (A (латиница) – Macedonian) Македонски   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(https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0)) (ਏ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Polish) Polski   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)) (A (латиница) – Russian) Русский   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Askkil)) (A (Askkil) – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(alifbeet)) (A (alifbeet) – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)) (A (слово латинице) – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tai Nuea) ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (good article) (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Thai) ไทย   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tswana) Setswana   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitelen_A) (sitelen A – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Twi) Twi   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)) (A (латиниця) – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(lotin)) (A (lotin) – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_A) (Lete A – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Waray) Winaray   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Wu) 吴语   (https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3) (A үзг – Kalmyk) Хальмг   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/A) (A – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9659#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (A.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:A) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (A.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/A) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/A) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&oldid=1371958751) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=A&id=1371958751&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FA) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=A&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/A) Wikimedia Commons   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9659) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected due to vandalism) (Page semi-protected)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-A-article.ogg) (Listen to this article) (Listen to this article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    First letter of the Latin alphabet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the Latin letter. For the similar Greek letter, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) Alpha . For the similar Cyrillic letter, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)) (A (Cyrillic)) A (Cyrillic) . For the indefinite article, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_articles#Indefinite_article:_a,_an) (English articles) English articles § Indefinite article: a , an  . For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(disambiguation)) (A (disambiguation)) A (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)) (Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)) technical reasons , "A#" redirects here. For A-sharp, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-sharp_(disambiguation)) (A-sharp (disambiguation)) A-sharp .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism#A)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019)    A  A a   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_letter_A.svg)      Usage  Writing system (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script) (Latin script) Latin script   Type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet) (Alphabet) Alphabetic   Language of origin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin language   Sound values  [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) ɒ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open front unrounded vowel) æ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel) (Mid central vowel) ə  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid front unrounded vowel) ɛ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel) (Close-mid back rounded vowel) oː  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) (Open-mid back rounded vowel) ɔ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Close-mid front unrounded vowel) e  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative) (Voiced pharyngeal fricative) ʕ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid back unrounded vowel) ʌ  ] [(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel) (Near-open central vowel) ɐ  ] (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [eɪ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ɛɪ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [æɪ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ɐɪ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)       In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode) (Unicode) Unicode  U+0041, U+0061   Alphabetical position 1  History  Development 𓃾  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg) (Proto-Sinaitic 'alp) (Proto-Sinaitic 'alp)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protoalef.svg) (Proto-Caananite aleph) (Proto-Caananite aleph)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg) (Phoenician aleph) (Phoenician aleph)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) Α α (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/𐌀) (𐌀) 𐌀 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek-uncial-1.jpg) (Greek classical uncial) (Greek classical uncial)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semitic-2.jpg) (Early Latin A) (Early Latin A)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin-uncial-1.jpg) (Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1) (Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1)    A a                  Time period (circa) c.  700 BCE  –  present  Descendants (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1291686121)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Æ) (Æ) Æ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ä) (Ä) Ä  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Â) (Â)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ɑ) (Ɑ) Ɑ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ʌ) (Ʌ) Ʌ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ɐ) (Ɐ) Ɐ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ª) (ª) ª  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Å) (Å) Å  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/₳) (₳) ₳  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@) (@) @  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_Alphanumerics) (Enclosed Alphanumerics) Ⓐ ⓐ ⒜   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/🅰) (🅰) 🅰      Sisters (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1291686121)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/𐌰) (𐌰) 𐌰  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/А) (А) А  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ә) (Ә) Ә  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ӑ) (Ӑ) Ӑ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph) (Aleph) א ا ܐ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ࠀ) (ࠀ) ࠀ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/𐎀) (𐎀) 𐎀  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ℵ) (ℵ) ℵ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/አ) (አ) አ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ء) (ء) ء  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ա) (Ա) Ա ա  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/અ) (અ) અ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/अ) (अ) अ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/অ) (অ) অ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols) (Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols) 𝑎      Other  Associated graphs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#A) (List of Latin-script digraphs) a(x) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ae_(digraph)) (Ae (digraph)) ae , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)) (Eau (trigraph)) eau , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_(digraph)) (Au (digraph)) au   Writing direction Left-to-right  This article contains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription) (Phonetic transcription) phonetic transcriptions in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (International Phonetic Alphabet) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) Help:IPA . For the distinction between (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) / / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  and ⟨ (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA))   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  ⟩ , see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters) (International Phonetic Alphabet) IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters .     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_Aa.svg) (A) (A)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet) (ISO basic Latin alphabet) ISO basic Latin alphabet   (A.html) Aa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B) (B) Bb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C) (C) Cc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D) (D) Dd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E) (E) Ee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F) (F) Ff  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G) (G) Gg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H) (H) Hh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I) (I) Ii  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J) (J) Jj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K) (K) Kk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L) (L) Ll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M) (M) Mm  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N) (N) Nn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O) (O) Oo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P) (P) Pp  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q) (Q) Qq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R) (R) Rr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S) (S) Ss  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T) (T) Tt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U) (U) Uu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V) (V) Vv  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W) (W) Ww  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X) (X) Xx  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y) (Y) Yy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z) (Z) Zz    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar) (Template:Latin alphabet sidebar) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_alphabet_sidebar) (Template talk:Latin alphabet sidebar) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_alphabet_sidebar) (Special:EditPage/Template:Latin alphabet sidebar) (Edit this template) e         A ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case) (Letter case) minuscule : a ) is the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)) (Letter (alphabet)) letter and the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_letter) (Vowel letter) vowel letter of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet) (Latin alphabet) Latin alphabet ,(A.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]    (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891-2) [ 2]    used in the modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet) (English alphabet) English alphabet , and others worldwide. Its name in English is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet#Letter_names) (English alphabet) a  (pronounced as in (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/say) (wikt:say) say  ), plural aes .(A.html#cite_note-3) [ nb 1]    (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891-2) [ 2]     It is similar in shape to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) (Ancient Greek) Ancient Greek letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) alpha , from which it derives.(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454-4) [ 3]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppercase) (Uppercase) uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey | a |  and single-storey | ɑ |  . The latter form is commonly used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting) (Handwriting) handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type) (Italic type) italic type .   Name  In English, the name of the letter is the long A sound, pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ (/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face') eɪ  /   . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation) (Pronunciation) pronunciation in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllable) (Open syllable) open syllables . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_⟨a⟩_in_European_languages.png)   Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨ a⟩  in European languages. (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /a/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  and (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /aː/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  can differ phonetically between (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a ]  , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) ä ]  , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open front unrounded vowel) æ ]  and (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ ]  depending on the language.   History  The earliest known ancestor of A is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph) (Aleph) aleph  —the first letter of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet) (Phoenician alphabet) Phoenician alphabet (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5) [ 4]    —where it represented a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop) (Glottal stop) glottal stop (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ʔ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  , as Phoenician only used (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant) (Consonant) consonantal letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogram) (Pictogram) pictogram of an ox head in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script) (Proto-Sinaitic script) proto-Sinaitic script (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6) [ 5]    influenced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs) (Egyptian hieroglyphs) Egyptian hieroglyphs , styled as a triangular head with two horns extended. When the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greeks) (Ancient Greeks) ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter representing a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop) (Glottal stop) glottal stop —so they adapted the sign to represent the vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , calling the letter by the similar name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) alpha  . In the earliest Greek inscriptions dating to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century) (8th century) 8th century  BC following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages) (Greek Dark Ages) Greek Dark Ages , the letter rests upon its side. However, in the later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet) (Greek alphabet) Greek alphabet it generally resembles the modern capital form—though many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.(A.html#cite_note-7) [ 6]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscans) (Etruscans) Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula) (Italian Peninsula) Italian Peninsula , and they left the form of alpha unchanged. When the Romans adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet) (Etruscan alphabet) Etruscan alphabet to write (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin , the resulting form used in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script) (Latin script) Latin script would come to be used to write many other languages, including English. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs) (Egyptian hieroglyphs) Egyptian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script) (Proto-Sinaitic script) Proto-Sinaitic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet) (Proto-Canaanite alphabet) Proto-Canaanite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet) (Phoenician alphabet) Phoenician  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Greek_alphabet) (Western Greek alphabet) Western Greek  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language) (Etruscan language) Etruscan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EgyptianA-01.svg) (Egyptian hieroglyphic ox head) (Egyptian hieroglyphic ox head)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg) (Boeotian) (Boeotian)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protoalef.svg) (Semitic A, version 1) (Semitic A, version 1)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhoenicianA-01.svg) (Phoenician aleph) (Phoenician aleph)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg) (Greek alpha, version 1) (Greek alpha, version 1)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EtruscanA.svg) (Etruscan A, version 1) (Etruscan A, version 1)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitalis_monumentalis_A.svg) (Latin A) (Latin A)        Typographic variants   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-small_glyphs.svg)     Different (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph) (Glyph) glyphs of the lowercase letter ⟨ a⟩     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LowercaseA.svg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allograph) (Allograph) Allographs include a double-storey ⟨ a⟩  and single-storey ⟨ ɑ⟩  .     During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter A. First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other more permanent media. There was also a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive) (Cursive) cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the perishable nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majuscule) (Majuscule) majuscule cursive, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule) (Minuscule) minuscule cursive, and semi-cursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-uncial) (Semi-uncial) semi-uncial ((circa) c.  3rd century ), the uncial ((circa) c.  4th–8th centuries ), and the late semi-uncial ((circa) c.  6th–8th centuries ).(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-8) [ 7]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackletterA-01.svg) (Blackletter) (Blackletter)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter) (Blackletter) Blackletter  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UncialA-01.svg) (Uncial A) (Uncial A)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial) (Uncial) Uncial   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernRomanA-01.svg) (Modern Roman A) (Modern Roman A)    Roman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Italic_A.svg) (Modern Italic A) (Modern Italic A)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type) (Italic type) Italic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_Script_A.svg) (Modern Script A) (Modern Script A)    Script    At the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire (5th century CE), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semi-cursive minuscule of Italy, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_script) (Merovingian script) Merovingian script in France, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_script) (Visigothic script) Visigothic script in Spain, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_script) (Insular script) Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the ninth century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_script) (Caroline script) Caroline script , which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-8) [ 7]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_sign_on_the_R639_north_of_Urlingford,_Ireland_-_20090502.jpg)   Road sign in Ireland showing the "Latin alpha" form of ⟨ a⟩  in lower and upper case forms  15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form ⟨ ɑ⟩  , also called script a , is often used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting) (Handwriting) handwriting ; it consists of a circle with a vertical stroke on its right. In the hands of medieval Irish and English writers, this form gradually developed from a 5th-century form resembling the Greek letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau) (Tau) tau ⟨ τ⟩  .(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5) [ 4]    The Roman form ⟨ a⟩  is found in most printed material, and consists of a small loop with an arc over it.(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-8) [ 7]    Both derive from the majuscule form ⟨ A⟩  . In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif) (Serif) serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as single-decker a and double decker a respectively. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type) (Italic type) Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest set in Roman type. There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a ⟨ ɑ⟩  , also called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alpha) (Latin alpha) Latin alpha  , is used in contrast with Latin ⟨ a⟩  , such as in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (International Phonetic Alphabet) International Phonetic Alphabet .   Use in writing systems  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_articles) (English articles) In English , ⟨ a⟩  is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_article) (Indefinite article) indefinite article (with the alternative form an when followed by a vowel).  Pronunciation  Pronunciation of ⟨ a⟩  by language (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography) (Orthography) Orthography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme) (Phoneme) Phonemes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_orthography) (Catalan orthography) Catalan  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel) (Mid central vowel) ə / , silent   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Chinese ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) Pinyin )  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography) (English orthography) English  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open front unrounded vowel) æ / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑː / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) ɒ / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) (Open-mid back rounded vowel) ɔː / , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid front unrounded vowel) /ɛː/  , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /eɪ/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel) (Mid central vowel) ə /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_orthography) (French orthography) French  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography) (German orthography) German  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) aː /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_orthography) (Portuguese orthography) Portuguese  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel) (Near-open central vowel) ɐ /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich_dialect) (Saanich dialect) Saanich  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Close-mid front unrounded vowel) e /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_orthography) (Spanish orthography) Spanish  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet) (Turkish alphabet) Turkish  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a /     Cross-linguistic variation of ⟨ a⟩  pronunciation Phone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography) (Orthography) Orthography   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language) (Catalan language) Catalan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language) (Chuvash language) Chuvash , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language) (Croatian language) Croatian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language) (German language) German , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language) (Indonesian language) Indonesian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language) (Italian language) Italian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language) (Malay language) Malay , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language) (Polish language) Polish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavangersk) (Stavangersk) Stavangersk Norwegian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language) (Swedish language) Swedish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language) (Tagalog language) Tagalog , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet) (Turkish alphabet) Turkish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_dialects) (Dutch dialects) Utrecht Dutch   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) aː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language) (Dutch language) Dutch (doubled), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language) (German language) German   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) a̠ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans) (Afrikaans) Afrikaans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language) (Bulgarian language) Bulgarian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) a̠ː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English) (New Zealand English) New Zealand English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language) (Lithuanian language) Lithuanian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish) (Limburgish) Limburgish (doubled), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish) (Luxembourgish) Luxembourgish   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) ä ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language) (Catalan language) Catalan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language) (Czech language) Czech , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England_English) (Northern England English) Northern England English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Malay) (Terengganu Malay) Terengganu Malay , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language) (Polish language) Polish   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) äː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language) (West Frisian language) West Frisian (doubled)  (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language) (Bashkir language) Bashkir , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language) (Catalan language) Catalan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language) (Dutch language) Dutch , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language) (Finnish language) Finnish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaingang_language) (Kaingang language) Kaingang , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish) (Limburgish) Limburgish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language) (Norwegian language) Norwegian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language) (West Frisian language) West Frisian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans) (Afrikaans) Afrikaans (doubled), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language) (Danish language) Danish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language) (German language) German , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England_English) (Southern England English) Southern England English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language) (Kurdish language) Kurdish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language) (Norwegian language) Norwegian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open back unrounded vowel) ɑ̝ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language) (Azerbaijani language) Azerbaijani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language) (Kazakh language) Kazakh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish) (Luxembourgish) Luxembourgish   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) ɒ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England_English) (Southern England English) Southern England English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language) (Hungarian language) Hungarian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Malay) (Kedah Malay) Kedah Malay , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language) (Valencian language) Valencian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) ɒː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language) (Hungarian language) Hungarian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_articulation#Less_rounded) (Relative articulation) ɒ̜ː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language) (Swedish language) Swedish   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_back_rounded_vowel) (Near-open back rounded vowel) ɒ̝ː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastrichtian_Limburgish) (Maastrichtian Limburgish) Maastrichtian Limburgish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Irish) (Ulster Irish) Ulster Irish   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open front unrounded vowel) æ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language) (Danish language) Danish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language) (Valencian language) Valencian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta–Raška_dialect) (Zeta–Raška dialect) Zeta–Raška Serbian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel) (Near-open central vowel) ɐ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English) (Australian English) Australian English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language) (Bulgarian language) Bulgarian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language) (Catalan language) Catalan (Barcelonan), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilian_dialects) (Emilian dialects) Emilian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language) (Galician language) Galician , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language) (Lithuanian language) Lithuanian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language) (Tagalog language) Tagalog , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language) (Ukrainian language) Ukrainian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered) (Relative articulation) ɐ̝ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapudungun) (Mapudungun) Mapudungun   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid front unrounded vowel) ɛ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English) (New Zealand English) New Zealand English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_Malay) (Perak Malay) Perak Malay   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid central unrounded vowel) ɜ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz_dialect) (Chemnitz dialect) Chemnitz German , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian) (Transylvanian varieties of Romanian) Transylvanian Romanian   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid back unrounded vowel) ʌ ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz_dialect) (Chemnitz dialect) Chemnitz German   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) (Open-mid back rounded vowel) ɔː ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England_English) (Southern England English) Southern England English   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel) (Mid central vowel) ə ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language) (Catalan language) Catalan   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Close-mid front unrounded vowel) e ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich_language) (Saanich language) Saanich   (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [eɪ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English     English  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_⟨a⟩) (Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩) Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_for_apple.jpg)   In English language education, the word apple is consistently associated with the letter A.(A.html#cite_note-9) [ 8]      In modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography) (English orthography) English orthography , the letter ⟨ a⟩  represents at least seven different vowel sounds, here represented using the vowels of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation) (Received Pronunciation) Received Pronunciation , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historical_/r/) (English-language vowel changes before historical /r/) effects of ⟨ r⟩   ignored and mergers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American) (General American) General American mentioned where relevant: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Near-open front unrounded vowel) near-open front unrounded vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /æ/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  as in pad  the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) open back unrounded vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /ɑː/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  as in father —merged with (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) ɒ / as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ / in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American) (General American) General American —which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6) [ 5]     the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) open back rounded vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /ɒ/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  (merged with (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /ɑː/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ / in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American) (General American) General American ) in was and what (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101-5) [ 4]     the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel) (Open-mid back rounded vowel) open-mid back rounded vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /ɔː/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  in water  the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong) (Diphthong) diphthong (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /eɪ/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  as in ace and major , usually when ⟨ a⟩  is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter—this results from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_lengthening) (Middle English lengthening) Middle English lengthening followed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift) (Great Vowel Shift) Great Vowel Shift  a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwa) (Schwa) schwa (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /ə/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  in many unstressed syllables, as in about , comma , solar   The double ⟨ aa⟩  sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark) (Aardvark) aardvark  .(A.html#cite_note-10) [ 9]    However, ⟨ a⟩  occurs in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs) (List of Latin-script digraphs) many common digraphs , all with their own sound or sounds, particularly ⟨ ai⟩  , ⟨ au⟩  , ⟨ aw⟩  , ⟨ ay⟩  , ⟨ ea⟩  and ⟨ oa⟩  . ⟨ a⟩  is the third-most-commonly used letter in English after ⟨ e⟩  and ⟨ t⟩  , as well as in French; it is the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. ⟨ a⟩  represents approximately 8.2% of letters as used in English texts;(A.html#cite_note-11) [ 10]    the figure is around 7.6% in French(A.html#cite_note-12) [ 11]    11.5% in Spanish,(A.html#cite_note-13) [ 12]    and 14.6% in Portuguese.(A.html#cite_note-14) [ 13]      Other languages  In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨ a⟩  denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) a / , (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) ä / , or (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) ɑ / . An exception is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich_dialect) (Saanich dialect) Saanich , in which ⟨ a⟩  —and the glyph ⟨ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Á) (Á) Á ⟩  —stands for a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel) (Close-mid front unrounded vowel) close-mid front unrounded vowel (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /e/ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  .  Other systems  In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (International Phonetic Alphabet) International Phonetic Alphabet , ⟨ (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  ⟩ is used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) open front unrounded vowel , ⟨ (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) ä (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  ⟩ is used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel) (Open central unrounded vowel) open central unrounded vowel , and ⟨ (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) ɑ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  ⟩ is used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) open back unrounded vowel . In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA) (X-SAMPA) X-SAMPA , ⟨ a⟩  is used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel) (Open front unrounded vowel) open front unrounded vowel and ⟨ A⟩  is used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) open back unrounded vowel .    Other uses  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(disambiguation)) (A (disambiguation)) A (disambiguation)  When using (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-16) (Base-16) base-16 notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra) (Algebra) algebra , the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)) (Variable (mathematics)) variable , with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. In 1637, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes) (René Descartes) René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",(A.html#cite_note-15) [ 14]    and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry) (Geometry) geometry , capital Latin letters are used to denote objects including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_segment) (Line segment) line segments , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)) (Line (geometry)) lines , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)#Ray) (Line (geometry)) rays (A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001-8) [ 7]    A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle) (Triangle) triangle , the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6) [ 5]     A is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A−, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for clean restaurants; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-list) (A-list) A-list celebrities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_at_Lloyd's) (A1 at Lloyd's) A1 at Lloyd's for shipping, etc. Such associations can have a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation) (Motivation) motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECianiSheldon201099–100-16) [ 15]     A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,(A.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971-6) [ 5]    or a small cup size in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassiere) (Brassiere) brassiere .(A.html#cite_note-17) [ 16]       Related characters  Latin alphabet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Æ) (Æ) ⟨ Æ æ⟩   : a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)) (Ligature (writing)) ligature of ⟨ AE⟩  originally used in Latin ⟨ A⟩  with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic) (Diacritic) diacritics : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Å) (Å) Å å (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǻ) (Ǻ) Ǻ ǻ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)) (Ring (diacritic)) Ḁ ḁ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aʾ) (Aʾ) ẚ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ă) (Ă) Ă ă (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ặ) (Ặ) Ặ ặ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ắ) (Ắ) Ắ ắ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ằ) (Ằ) Ằ ằ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẳ) (Ẳ) Ẳ ẳ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẵ) (Ẵ) Ẵ ẵ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ȃ) (Ȃ) Ȃ ȃ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Â) (Â)  â (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ậ) (Ậ) Ậ ậ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ấ) (Ấ) Ấ ấ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ầ) (Ầ) Ầ ầ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẫ) (Ẫ) Ẫ ẫ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẩ) (Ẩ) Ẩ ẩ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ả) (Ả) Ả ả (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron) (Caron) Ǎ ǎ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)) (Bar (diacritic)) Ⱥ ⱥ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)) (Dot (diacritic)) Ȧ ȧ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǡ) (Ǡ) Ǡ ǡ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)) (Dot (diacritic)) Ạ ạ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ä) (Ä) Ä ä (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǟ) (Ǟ) Ǟ ǟ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/À) (À) À à (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ȁ) (Ȁ) Ȁ ȁ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Á) (Á) Á á (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ā) (Ā) Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ã) (Ã) à ã (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ą) (Ą) Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ᶏ) (ᶏ) ᶏ (A.html#cite_note-L204132-18) [ 17]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription#Alphabetic) (Phonetic transcription) Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (International Phonetic Alphabet) International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems: ⟨ Ɑ ɑ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alpha) (Latin alpha) Latin alpha , represents an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open back unrounded vowel) open back unrounded vowel in the IPA Latin alpha was also used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_Teaching_Alphabet) (Initial Teaching Alphabet) Initial Teaching Alphabet (A.html#cite_note-19) [ 18]     ⟨ ᶐ⟩  : Latin small alpha with a retroflex hook(A.html#cite_note-L204132-18) [ 17]     ⟨ Ɐ ɐ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turned_A) (Turned A) Turned A , represents a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel) (Near-open central vowel) near-open central vowel in the IPA ⟨ Ʌ ʌ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turned_V) (Turned V) Turned V , represents an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel) (Open-mid back unrounded vowel) open-mid back unrounded vowel in IPA ⟨ Ɒ ɒ⟩  : Turned alpha or script A, represents an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel) (Open back rounded vowel) open back rounded vowel in the IPA ⟨ ᶛ⟩  : Modifier letter small turned alpha(A.html#cite_note-L204132-18) [ 17]     ⟨ ᴀ⟩  : Small capital A, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet) obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels) ⟨ ᴬ ᵃ ᵄ⟩  : Modifier letters are used in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet) (Uralic Phonetic Alphabet) Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA),(A.html#cite_note-20) [ 19]    sometimes encoded with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts) (Unicode subscripts and superscripts) Unicode subscripts and superscripts  ⟨ ₐ⟩  : Subscript small a is used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studies) (Indo-European studies) Indo-European studies (A.html#cite_note-21) [ 20]     ⟨ ꬱ⟩  : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuthonista) (Teuthonista) Teuthonista phonetic transcription system(A.html#cite_note-22) [ 21]     ⟨ Ꞻ ꞻ⟩  : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic) (Ugaritic) Ugaritic (A.html#cite_note-23) [ 22]          Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations  ⟨ ª⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_indicator) (Ordinal indicator) ordinal indicator  ⟨ Å⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ångström) (Ångström) Ångström sign ⟨ ∀⟩  : turned capital letter A, used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic) (Predicate logic) predicate logic to specify (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification) (Universal quantification) universal quantification ("for all") ⟨ @⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign) (At sign) At sign  ⟨ ₳⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_austral) (Argentine austral) Argentine austral  ⟨ Ⓐ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle-A) (Circle-A) anarchy symbol    Ancestor and sibling letters  ⟨ (Phoenician-language text) 𐤀  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Phoenician-language_text)  ⟩  : Phoenician (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph) (Aleph) aleph , from which the following symbols originally derive:(A.html#cite_note-24) [ 23]    ⟨ (Greek-language text) Α α  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text)  ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet) (Greek alphabet) Greek letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) alpha , from which the following letters derive:(A.html#cite_note-25) [ 24]    ⟨ (undetermined-language text) А а  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_undetermined-language_text)  ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic) (Cyrillic) Cyrillic letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)) (A (Cyrillic)) A (A.html#cite_note-26) [ 25]     ⟨ (Coptic) Ⲁ ⲁ ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet) (Coptic alphabet) Coptic letter alpha(A.html#cite_note-27) [ 26]     ⟨ 𐌀⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Italic_script) (Old Italic script) Old Italic A, the ancestor of modern Latin A(A.html#cite_note-28) [ 27]    (A.html#cite_note-29) [ 28]    ⟨ ᚨ ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic) (Runic) Runic letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)) (Ansuz (rune)) ansuz , which probably derives from old Italic A(A.html#cite_note-30) [ 29]       ⟨ 𐌰 ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_alphabet) (Gothic alphabet) Gothic letter aza     ⟨ (Amharic-language text) Ա ա  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  ⟩  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_alphabet) (Armenian alphabet) Armenian letter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayb_(letter)) (Ayb (letter)) ayb     Other representations  Computing    The Latin letters ⟨ A⟩  and ⟨ a⟩  have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode) (Unicode) Unicode (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code) (Code) encodings U+0041   A   LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A and (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734)  U+0061   a   LATIN SMALL LETTER A . These are the same (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_point) (Code point) code points as those used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII) (ASCII) ASCII and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859) (ISO 8859) ISO 8859 . There are also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precomposed_character) (Precomposed character) precomposed character encodings for ⟨ A⟩  and ⟨ a⟩  with diacritics, for most of those listed (A.html#Related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet) above ; the remainder are produced using (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_diacritic) (Combining diacritic) combining diacritics . Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols) (Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols) alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alpha) (Latin alpha) Latin alpha in linguistics, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms) (Halfwidth and fullwidth forms) halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters) (CJK characters) CJK font compatibility. The Cyrillic and Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoglyph) (Homoglyph) homoglyphs of the Latin ⟨ A⟩  have separate encodings (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734)  U+0410   А   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)) (A (Cyrillic)) CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A  and (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734)  U+0391   Α   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha) (Alpha) GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA  .  Other  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet) (NATO spelling alphabet) NATO phonetic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code) (Morse code) Morse code   Alfa   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/A_morse_code.ogg/A_morse_code.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)  ▄ ▄▄▄      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_morse_code.ogg) (File:A morse code.ogg) ⓘ        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Alfa.svg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semaphore_Alfa.svg)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sign_language_A.svg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSL_letter_A.svg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg) (⠁) (⠁)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags) (International maritime signal flags) Signal flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_semaphore) (Flag semaphore) Flag semaphore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_manual_alphabet) (American manual alphabet) American manual alphabet ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language) (American Sign Language) ASL (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerspelling) (Fingerspelling) fingerspelling ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_manual_alphabet) (British manual alphabet) British manual alphabet ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language) (British Sign Language) BSL (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerspelling) (Fingerspelling) fingerspelling ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-1) (Braille pattern dots-1) Braille dots-1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_English_Braille) (Unified English Braille) Unified English Braille         Notes   (A.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   Aes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered A s, A's, a s, or a's.      References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (A.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet) "Latin alphabet" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210309055637/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet) Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLatin-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-0) 1  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonWeiner19891_2-1) 2   (A.html#CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989) Simpson & Weiner 1989 , p. 1.  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarter197454_4-0) ↑   (A.html#CITEREFMcCarter1974) McCarter 1974 , p. 54.  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-0) 1  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-1) 2  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoiberg20101_5-2) 3   (A.html#CITEREFHoiberg2010) Hoiberg 2010 , p. 1.  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-0) 1  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-1) 2  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-2) 3  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall-Quest19971_6-3) 4   (A.html#CITEREFHall-Quest1997) Hall-Quest 1997 , p. 1.  (A.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rabinowitz, Harold; Vogel, Suzanne (2009). The manual of scientific style: a guide for authors, editors, and researchers (1st ed.). Amsterdam Burlington, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 363. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373980-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373980-3) 978-0-12-373980-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+manual+of+scientific+style%3A+a+guide+for+authors%2C+editors%2C+and+researchers&rft.place=Amsterdam+Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=363&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FAcademic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373980-3&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_8-0) 1  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_8-1) 2  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_8-2) 3  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiringer20001_8-3) 4   (A.html#CITEREFDiringer2000) Diringer 2000 , p. 1.  (A.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mankin, Jennifer; Simner, Julia (30 May 2017). (https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_is_for_apple_the_role_of_letter-word_associations_in_the_development_of_grapheme-colour_synaesthesia/23444111/1/files/41154893.pdf) "A Is for Apple: the Role of Letter-Word Associations in the Development of Grapheme-Colour Synaesthesia" (PDF) . Multisensory Research . 30 (3– 5): 409– 446. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134808-00002554) 10.1163/22134808-00002554 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2213-4794) 2213-4794 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287075) 31287075 . Retrieved 16 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multisensory+Research&rft.atitle=A+Is+for+Apple%3A+the+Role+of+Letter-Word+Associations+in+the+Development+of+Grapheme-Colour+Synaesthesia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=409-446&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.issn=2213-4794&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31287075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134808-00002554&rft.aulast=Mankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Simner%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsussex.figshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FA_is_for_apple_the_role_of_letter-word_associations_in_the_development_of_grapheme-colour_synaesthesia%2F23444111%2F1%2Ffiles%2F41154893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   (A.html#CITEREFGelbWhiting1998) Gelb & Whiting 1998 , p.  45   (A.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English) "Letter frequency (English)" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152631/http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English) Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+frequency+%28English%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.algoritmy.net%2Farticle%2F40379%2FLetter-frequency-English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070930194046/http://gpl.insa-lyon.fr/Dvorak-Fr/CorpusDeThomasTemp%C3%A9) "Corpus de Thomas Tempé" (in French). Archived from (http://gpl.insa-lyon.fr/Dvorak-Fr/CorpusDeThomasTemp%C3%A9) the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpus+de+Thomas+Temp%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpl.insa-lyon.fr%2FDvorak-Fr%2FCorpusDeThomasTemp%25C3%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (A.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers . Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon. pp. 254– 255. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795065) 795065 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+and+Urgent%3A+The+story+of+codes+and+ciphers&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=Blue+Ribbon&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795065&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090803182254/http://www.numaboa.com/criptografia/criptoanalise/310-Frequencia-no-Portugues) "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português" (in Portuguese). Archived from (http://www.numaboa.com/criptografia/criptoanalise/310-Frequencia-no-Portugues) the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequ%C3%AAncia+da+ocorr%C3%AAncia+de+letras+no+Portugu%C3%AAs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numaboa.com%2Fcriptografia%2Fcriptoanalise%2F310-Frequencia-no-Portugues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt))    (A.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Short Introduction , (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.  (A.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECianiSheldon201099–100_16-0) ↑   (A.html#CITEREFCianiSheldon2010) Ciani & Sheldon 2010 , pp. 99–100.  (A.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra . Dallas: Benbella. p. 13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-933771-94-6) 978-1-933771-94-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bra+Book%3A+The+Fashion+Formula+to+Finding+the+Perfect+Bra&rft.place=Dallas&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Benbella&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933771-94-6&rft.aulast=Luciani&rft.aufirst=Jen%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-L204132_18-0) 1  (A.html#cite_ref-L204132_18-1) 2  (A.html#cite_ref-L204132_18-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Constable, Peter (19 April 2004), (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS  (PDF) , (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-132+Proposal+to+Add+Additional+Phonetic+Characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-19) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, Kirk (13 December 2024). (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24273-initial-teaching-alphabet.pdf) "Unicode request for Initial Teaching Alphabet" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+request+for+Initial+Teaching+Alphabet&rft.date=2024-12-13&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24273-initial-teaching-alphabet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson) (Michael Everson) Everson, Michael ; et al. (20 March 2002), (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS  (PDF) , (https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2%2F02-141%3A+Uralic+Phonetic+Alphabet+Characters+for+the+UCS&rft.date=2002-03-20&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2002%2F02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf) L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS  (PDF) , (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014402/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-191%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+Six+Indo-Europeanist+Phonetic+Characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Everson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf) L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS  (PDF) , (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2%2F11-202%3A+Revised+Proposal+to+Encode+%22Teuthonista%22+Phonetic+Characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), (https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17076r2-n4792r2-egyptological-yod.pdf) L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters  (PDF) , (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330043926/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17076r2-n4792r2-egyptological-yod.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L2%2F17-076R2%3A+Revised+Proposal+for+the+Encoding+of+an+Egyptological+YOD+and+Ugaritic+Characters&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft.aulast=Suignard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2017%2F17076r2-n4792r2-egyptological-yod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script . New York: G. P. Putman's Sons. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign%2C+Symbol%2C+and+Script&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putman%27s+Sons&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timesofisrael.com/spotlight/hebrew-lesson-of-the-week-letter-aleph/) "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter Aleph" . 17 February 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180526113655/https://www.timesofisrael.com/spotlight/hebrew-lesson-of-the-week-letter-aleph/) Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) (The Times of Israel) The Times of Israel . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Lesson+of+the+Week%3A+The+Letter+Aleph&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fspotlight%2Fhebrew-lesson-of-the-week-letter-aleph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cyrillic-alphabet) "Cyrillic Alphabet" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180526114423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cyrillic-alphabet) Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrillic+Alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCyrillic-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). (https://books.google.com/books?id=n2QWAAAAYAAJ&q=coptic+alphabet&pg=PA123) Universal Palaeography  . Translated by Madden, Frederic. London: Henry G. Bohn. Retrieved 27 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Palaeography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Silvestre&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2QWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcoptic%2Balphabet%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frothingham, A. L. Jr. (1891). (https://books.google.com/books?id=fwAoAQAAIAAJ&q=old+italic+greek+alphabet&pg=PA534) "Italic Studies" . Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology . 7 (4): 534. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (Freely accessible) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/496497) 496497  . Retrieved 27 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Italic+Studies&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=534&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F496497%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwAoAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dold%2Bitalic%2Bgreek%2Balphabet%26pg%3DPA534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Steele, Philippa M., ed. (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv4sDwAAQBAJ&q=old+italic+script+greek&pg=PA96) Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems  . Oxford: Oxbow. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-647-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-647-9) 978-1-78570-647-9  . Retrieved 27 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Relations+Between+Scripts%3A+The+Aegean+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-647-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLv4sDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dold%2Bitalic%2Bscript%2Bgreek%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)    (A.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC&q=Runic+developed+from+old+italic&pg=PA349) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction  (2nd ed.). Wiley. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5968-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5968-8) 978-1-4443-5968-8  . Retrieved 27 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSxHgej4tKMC%26q%3DRunic%2Bdeveloped%2Bfrom%2Bold%2Bitalic%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)       Bibliography   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html) "English Letter Frequency" . Math Explorer's Club . Cornell University. 2004. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140422040328/https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html) Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Math+Explorer%27s+Club&rft.atitle=English+Letter+Frequency&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpi.math.cornell.edu%2F~mec%2F2003-2004%2Fcryptography%2Fsubs%2Ffrequencies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070125220315/http://starbase.trincoll.edu/~crypto/resources/LetFreq.html) "Percentages of Letter Frequencies per Thousand Words" . Trinity College . 2006. Archived from (http://starbase.trincoll.edu/~crypto/resources/LetFreq.html) the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinity+College&rft.atitle=Percentages+of+Letter+Frequencies+per+Thousand+Words&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarbase.trincoll.edu%2F~crypto%2Fresources%2FLetFreq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Journal of Educational Psychology . 80 (1): 99– 119. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000709909X466479) 10.1348/000709909X466479 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19622200) 19622200 . 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The Biblical Archaeologist . 37 (3): 54– 68. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210965) 10.2307/3210965 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210965) 3210965 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126182369) 126182369 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Early+Diffusion+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=54-68&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126182369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210965&rft.aulast=McCarter&rft.aufirst=P.+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C., eds. (1989). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic01oxfo) "A"  . Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. I (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861213-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861213-1) 978-0-19-861213-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861213-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic01oxfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)       External links  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    Media related to  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/A) (commons:A) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata)  at Wikimedia Commons  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    The dictionary definition of  (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/A) (wiktionary:A) A  at Wiktionary  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    The dictionary definition of  (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a) (wiktionary:a) a  at Wiktionary    Listen to this article (14 minutes )        (Spoken Wikipedia) (Spoken Wikipedia icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-A-article.ogg) (File:En-A-article.ogg) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 26 June 2023 (2023-06-26 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) (Wikipedia:Media help) Audio help  · (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles) (Wikipedia:Spoken articles) More spoken articles )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles)   (http://members.peak.org/~jeremy/dictionaryclassic/chapters/pix/alphabet.gif) History of the Alphabet (https://web.archive.org/web/20210410005914/http://members.peak.org/~jeremy/dictionaryclassic/chapters/pix/alphabet.gif) Archived 10 April 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    Texts on Wikisource:  "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20English%20Language/A) (s:A Dictionary of the English Language/A) A " in (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20English%20Language) (s:A Dictionary of the English Language) A Dictionary of the English Language  by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson) (Samuel Johnson) Samuel Johnson  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/A) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/A) "A"   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 1. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The%20American%20Cyclopædia%20(1879)/A) (s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/A) A ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclopædia) (The American Cyclopædia) The American Cyclopædia  . 1879. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia_with_a_Wikisource_reference)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911%20Encyclopædia%20Britannica/A) (s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/A) A ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. I (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The%20New%20Student's%20Reference%20Work/A) (s:The New Student's Reference Work/A) A ". (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The%20New%20Student's%20Reference%20Work) (s:The New Student's Reference Work) The New Student's Reference Work  . 1914. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier's%20New%20Encyclopedia%20(1921)/A) (s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/A) A ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier's_Encyclopedia) (Collier's Encyclopedia) Collier's New Encyclopedia  . 1921. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier's_Encyclopedia)      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main) (Template:Latin script/main) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main) (Template talk:Latin script/main) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main) (Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script) (Latin script) Latin script    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script) (History of the Latin script) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script) (Spread of the Latin script) Spread  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization) (Romanization) Romanization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals) (Roman numerals) Roman numerals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet) (Ligature (writing)) Ligatures      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet) (Latin-script alphabet) Alphabets ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets) (List of Latin-script alphabets) list ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet) (Classical Latin alphabet) Classical Latin alphabet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet) (ISO basic Latin alphabet) ISO basic Latin alphabet  Phonetic alphabets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) (International Phonetic Alphabet) International Phonetic Alphabet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA) (X-SAMPA) X-SAMPA    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_alphabet) (Spelling alphabet) Spelling alphabet      Letters ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters) (List of Latin-script letters) list ) Letters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet) (ISO basic Latin alphabet) ISO basic Latin alphabet    (A.html) Aa   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B) (B) Bb   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C) (C) Cc   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D) (D) Dd   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E) (E) Ee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F) (F) Ff   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G) (G) Gg   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H) (H) Hh   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I) (I) Ii   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J) (J) Jj   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K) (K) Kk   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L) (L) Ll   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M) (M) Mm    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N) (N) Nn   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O) (O) Oo   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P) (P) Pp   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q) (Q) Qq   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R) (R) Rr   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S) (S) Ss   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T) (T) Tt   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U) (U) Uu   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V) (V) Vv   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W) (W) Ww   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X) (X) Xx   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y) (Y) Yy   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z) (Z) Zz     Additional Latin letters   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Æ) (Æ) Æ æ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alpha) (Latin alpha) Ɑ ɑ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turned_v) (Turned v) Ʌ ʌ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_beta) (Latin beta) Ꞵ ꞵ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eth) (Eth) Ð ð   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_delta) (Latin delta) ẟ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_epsilon) (Latin epsilon) Ɛ ɛ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ə) (Ə) Ə ə   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǝ) (Ǝ) Ǝ ə   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_gamma) (Latin gamma) Ɣ ɣ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gha) (Gha) Ƣ ƣ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_iota) (Latin iota) Ɩ ɩ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turned_h) (Turned h) Ɥ ɥ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_(Latin_letter)) (Lambda (Latin letter)) Ꟛ ꟛ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_(letter)) (Eng (letter)) Ŋ ŋ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Œ) (Œ) Œ œ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_O) (Open O) Ɔ ɔ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ɤ) (ɤ) Ɤ ɤ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_(letter)) (Kra (letter)) Kʼ ĸ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ʀ) (Ʀ) Ʀ ʀ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ß) (ß) ẞ ß   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh_(letter)) (Esh (letter)) Ʃ ʃ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ɯ) (Ɯ) Ɯ ɯ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ʊ) (Ʊ) Ʊ ʊ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_omega) (Latin omega) Ꞷ ꞷ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ʋ) (Ʋ) Ʋ ʋ     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn) (Wynn) Ƿ ƿ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogh) (Yogh) Ȝ ȝ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_theta) (Latin theta) ϴ θ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezh) (Ezh) Ʒ ʒ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ƹ) (Ƹ) Ƹ ƹ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(letter)) (Thorn (letter)) Þ þ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_(ligature)) (Ou (ligature)) Ȣ ȣ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_(letter)) (Chi (letter)) Ꭓ ꭓ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)) (Glottal stop (letter)) Ɂ ʔ ɂ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/꟎) (꟎) ꟎ ʕ ꟏   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ǀ) (ǀ) ǀ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ǁ) (ǁ) ǁ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ǂ) (ǂ) ǂ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ǃ) (ǃ) ǃ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ʘ) (ʘ) ʘ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ʻOkina) (ʻOkina) ʻ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe) (Modifier letter apostrophe) ʼ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltillo_(linguistics)) (Saltillo (linguistics)) Ꞌ ꞌ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_two) (Tone two) Ƨ ƨ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresillo_(letter)) (Tresillo (letter)) Ꜫ ꜫ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatrillo) (Cuatrillo) Ꜭ ꜭ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_five) (Tone five) Ƽ ƽ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_six) (Tone six) Ƅ ƅ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(letter)) (7 (letter)) 7        Letter A with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic) (Diacritic) diacritics    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Á) (Á) Áá   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/À) (À) Àà   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ă) (Ă) Ăă   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ắ) (Ắ) Ắắ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ằ) (Ằ) Ằằ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẵ) (Ẵ) Ẵẵ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẳ) (Ẳ) Ẳẳ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Â) (Â) Ââ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ấ) (Ấ) Ấấ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ầ) (Ầ) Ầầ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẫ) (Ẫ) Ẫẫ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ẩ) (Ẩ) Ẩẩ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǎ) (Ǎ) Ǎǎ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Å) (Å) Åå   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǻ) (Ǻ) Ǻǻ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ä) (Ä) Ää   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǟ) (Ǟ) Ǟǟ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ã) (Ã) Ãã   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ȧ) (Ȧ) Ȧȧ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ǡ) (Ǡ) Ǡǡ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ą) (Ą) Ąą   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ą́) (Ą́) Ą́ą́   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ą̃) (Ą̃) Ą̃ą̃   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ā) (Ā) Āā   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ā̀) (Ā̀) Ā̀ā̀   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ả) (Ả) Ảả    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ȁ) (Ȁ) Ȁȁ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A̋) (A̋) A̋a̋   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ȃ) (Ȃ) Ȃȃ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ạ) (Ạ) Ạạ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ặ) (Ặ) Ặặ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ậ) (Ậ) Ậậ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ḁ) (Ḁ) Ḁḁ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ⱥ) (Ⱥ) Ⱥⱥ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ꞻ) (Ꞻ) Ꞻꞻ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ᶏ) (ᶏ) ᶏ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aʾ) (Aʾ) ẚ                                       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph) (Latin-script multigraph) Multigraphs   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs) (List of Latin-script digraphs) Digraphs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch_(digraph)) (Ch (digraph)) Ch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz_(digraph)) (Dz (digraph)) Dz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dž) (Dž) Dž  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh_(digraph)) (Gh (digraph)) Gh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJ_(digraph)) (IJ (digraph)) IJ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj_(digraph)) (Lj (digraph)) Lj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ll) (Ll) Ll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_ly) (Hungarian ly) Ly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh_(digraph)) (Nh (digraph)) Nh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj_(digraph)) (Nj (digraph)) Nj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_(digraph)) (Ny (digraph)) Ny  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh_(digraph)) (Sh (digraph)) Sh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz_(digraph)) (Sz (digraph)) Sz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th_(digraph)) (Th (digraph)) Th      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs) (List of Latin-script trigraphs) Trigraphs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_dzs) (Hungarian dzs) dzs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)) (Eau (trigraph)) eau      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs) (List of Latin-script tetragraphs) Tetragraphs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ough_(orthography)) (Ough (orthography)) ough           Keyboard layouts ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts) (List of Latin-script keyboard layouts) list ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY) (QWERTY) QWERTY  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTZ) (QWERTZ) QWERTZ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZERTY) (AZERTY) AZERTY  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout) (Dvorak keyboard layout) Dvorak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colemak) (Colemak) Colemak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BÉPO) (BÉPO) BÉPO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)) (Neo (keyboard layout)) Neo      Historical standards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_646) (ISO/IEC 646) ISO/IEC 646  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets) (Western Latin character sets) Western Latin character sets      Current standards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode) (Latin script in Unicode) Unicode  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_91379) (DIN 91379) DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe      Lists (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode) (List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode) Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering) (Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering) Letters used in mathematics, science, and 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