Asma al-Assad - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%257Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%257Cmediawiki.skinning.content.pars.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (Edit this page) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Asma_al-Assad.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Asma_al-Assad.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Asma+al-Assad) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Asma+al-Assad) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Asma_al-Assad.html#) (Top)   (Asma_al-Assad.html#Early_life_and_education) 1 Early life and education     (Asma_al-Assad.html#Finance_career) 2 Finance career     (Asma_al-Assad.html#First_Lady_of_Syria_(2000–2024)) 3 First Lady of Syria (2000–2024)    Toggle First Lady of Syria (2000–2024) subsection  (Asma_al-Assad.html#"A_Rose_in_the_Desert"_controversy_and_retraction) 3.1 "A Rose in the Desert" controversy and retraction     (Asma_al-Assad.html#Syrian_civil_war) 3.2 Syrian civil war       (Asma_al-Assad.html#Personal_life) 4 Personal life    Toggle Personal life subsection  (Asma_al-Assad.html#Marriage_and_family) 4.1 Marriage and family     (Asma_al-Assad.html#Health) 4.2 Health     (Asma_al-Assad.html#Interests) 4.3 Interests       (Asma_al-Assad.html#References) 5 References     (Asma_al-Assad.html#External_links) 6 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Asma al-Assad    42 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Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asma_al-Assad) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Asma_al-Assad) Wikiquote   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q231637) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    First Lady of Syria from 2000 to 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    In this (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name) (Arabic name) Arabic name , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname) (Surname) surname is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family) (Al-Assad family) Assad  .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English)    Asma al-Assad   أسماء الأسد    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asma_Al-Assad_in_2008.jpg)    Assad in 2008   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Syria) (First Lady of Syria) First Lady of Syria   In role   13 December 2000 – 8 December 2024 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisa_Makhlouf) (Anisa Makhlouf) Anisa Makhlouf   Succeeded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_al-Droubi) (Latifa al-Droubi) Latifa al-Droubi (Asma_al-Assad.html#endnote_aaa) [a]      Personal details  Born Asma Fawaz Akhras  (1975-08-11 )  11 August 1975(age 51)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) (London) London , England   Spouse  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad   ​  ( (married) m.  2000)  ​    Children 3, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Bashar_al-Assad) (Hafez Bashar al-Assad) Hafez   Parents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawaz_Akhras) (Fawaz Akhras) Fawaz Akhras (father) Sahar Otri (mother)     Relatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad_family) (Assad family) Assad family (by marriage)  Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_College_London) (King's College London) King's College London ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) (Bachelor of Science) BSc )  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562)  (Asma_al-Assad.html#ref_aaa) ^   Role vacant until 29 January 2025.        Asma Fawaz al-Assad ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  أسماء فواز الأسد (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; (Name at birth) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) (Birth name) née  Akhras ; born 11 August 1975) is the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Syria) (First Lady of Syria) first lady of Syria , married to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad . Her husband was president from 2000 until (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) he was overthrown on 8 December 2024. Born and raised in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) (London) London , to Syrian parents, she holds dual British and Syrian citizenship. She became first lady when she married al-Assad on 13 December 2000, shortly after he became president.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Ramdani1-2) [ 2]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]     Asma Fawaz Akhras graduated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_College_London) (King's College London) King's College London in 1996 with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor's_degree) (Bachelor's degree) bachelor's degree in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science) (Computer science) computer science and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature) (French literature) French literature . She had a career in investment banking and was planning to begin an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) (Master of Business Administration) MBA at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) (Harvard University) Harvard University when she married Bashar al-Assad in December 2000. She resigned from her job in investment banking following the wedding and remained in Syria, where their three children were born. As first lady, she played a major role in supporting government organisations involved with social and economic development as part of a reform initiative halted due to the outbreak of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-ruiz-4) [ 4]     Along with her husband, Assad was considered to be one of the "main economic players" in Syria, controlling large parts of Syrian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_sector) (Business sector) business sectors , banking, telecommunications, real estate and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_transport) (Maritime transport) maritime industries .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-5) [ 5]    As a result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war , Assad was subject to economic sanctions relating to high-level Syrian government officials, making it illegal in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union (EU) to provide her with material and financial assistance, for her to obtain certain products, and curtailing her ability to travel within the EU.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-6) [ 6]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-RobinsonNorman2012-7) [ 7]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-8) [ 8]    In the UK, she was a part of a preliminary inquiry within the War Crimes unit of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police) (Metropolitan Police) Metropolitan Police with allegations involving the "systematic approach to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_in_Syria) (Torture in Syria) torture and murder of civilians, including with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war) use of chemical weapons " and incitement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism) (Terrorism) terrorist acts.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Sky20210314-9) [ 9]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-10) [ 10]       Early life and education [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=1) (Edit section: Early life and education) edit  ]   Asma Fawaz Akhras was born on 11 August 1975(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-11) [ 11]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-12) [ 12]    in London to Syrian parents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawaz_Akhras) (Fawaz Akhras) Fawaz Akhras , a cardiologist at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_Hospital) (Cromwell Hospital) Cromwell Hospital , and his wife Sahar Akhras (née Otri), a retired diplomat who served as First Secretary at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Syria,_London) (Embassy of Syria, London) Syrian Embassy in London .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bar2006-13) [ 13]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-desert_rose-14) [ 14]    Her parents are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni Muslims from the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs) (Homs) Homs .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bar2006-13) [ 13]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-15) [ 15]    She holds British citizenship.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-:0-16) [ 16]     She grew up in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_London) (Acton, London) Acton, London , where she went to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twyford_Church_of_England_High_School) (Twyford Church of England High School) Twyford Church of England High School and later a private girls' school, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_College,_London) (Queen's College, London) Queen's College, London .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-17) [ 17]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-18) [ 18]    She graduated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_College_London) (King's College London) King's College London (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-19) [ 19]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-20) [ 20]    in 1996 with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) (Bachelor of Science) Bachelor of Science degree in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science) (Computer science) computer science .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-21) [ 21]      Finance career [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=2) (Edit section: Finance career) edit  ]   After graduating from King's College London, she started work as an economics analyst at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank) (Deutsche Bank) Deutsche Bank Group in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund) (Hedge fund) hedge fund management division with clients in Europe and East Asia.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bar2006-13) [ 13]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-desert_rose-14) [ 14]    In 1998, she joined the investment banking division of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_&_Co.) (J.P. Morgan & Co.) J.P. Morgan where she worked on a team that specialised in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology) (Biotechnology) biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-22) [ 22]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bennet-23) [ 23]    She credits her banking experience for her "analytical thinking" and ability to "[understand] the business side of running a company."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-buck-24) [ 24]     She was planning to pursue an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration) (Master of Business Administration) MBA at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) (Harvard University) Harvard University until, on holiday at her aunt's in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus) (Damascus) Damascus in early 2000, she was reacquainted with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad , a family friend.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-25) [ 25]       First Lady of Syria (2000–2024) [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=3) (Edit section: First Lady of Syria (2000–2024)) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asma_al-Assad_and_Marisa_Leticia.jpg)   Assad and the First Lady of Brazil, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Letícia_Lula_da_Silva) (Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva) Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva , looking at the statue of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iku-Shamagan) (Iku-Shamagan) Iku-Shamagan in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Damascus) (National Museum of Damascus) National Museum of Damascus , 3 December 2003  After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad) (Hafez al-Assad) Hafez al-Assad 's death in June 2000, his son Bashar took over the presidency.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-buck-24) [ 24]    Asma moved to Syria in November 2000 and married Bashar in December of that year. The marriage surprised many since there had been no media reports of their dating and courtship prior to the wedding.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bar2006-13) [ 13]    Many interpreted the union as a reconciliation and sign of progression towards a reformative government as Asma grew up in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom and represents the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni majority, unlike the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites) (Alawites) Alawite Bashar.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-jones-26) [ 26]     After the wedding, Assad travelled throughout Syria to 100 villages in 13 of the 14 Syrian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate) (Governorate) governorates to speak with Syrians and learn where she should direct her future policies.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-bevan-27) [ 27]    She went on to create a collection of organisations that functioned under the charity sector of the government, referred to as the Syria Trust for Development. Due to this work, she earned a spot as one of the Middle East 411 Magazine's "World's Most Influential Arabs."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Middle-28) [ 28]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2022)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) ((1)The citation provided is to a weak source (tertiary, vague, low-quality) but the claims are not dubious enough to delete them outright so the imperfect source is retained, e.g., because it was the first to report on the matter. (2)The claims in the paragraph are multi-part, e.g., the different charities created and their individual functions, while the current citation to Middle East 411 only sources part of the claim, e.g., earning a spot on the magazine's influential list. (May 2022)) additional citation(s) needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bashar_and_Asmaa_al-Assad_in_Moscow.jpg)   Asma and Bashar al-Assad during a trip to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) (Moscow) Moscow , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia , 27 January 2005  According to media analysts, Assad focused on women's rights and education but ultimately stood by her husband on political matters.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bennet-23) [ 23]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-AFP-29) [ 29]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-cnnindex-30) [ 30]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme spent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) US$ 18 million to help organise a complex set of reform initiatives showing the Syrian government was working toward a more modern and progressive form of government, a key part of which was helping to create "a reformer's aura" for Assad, highlighting her participation in the Syria Trust for Development until the programme was suspended as the country descended into civil war.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-31) [ 31]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-32) [ 32]    As a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Muslim by birth, Assad's leading role was also important for the view of the Syrian government and President among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Syria#Sunni_Islam) (Islam in Syria) Sunni majority of Syria .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-desert_rose-14) [ 14]      "A Rose in the Desert" controversy and retraction [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=4) (Edit section: "A Rose in the Desert" controversy and retraction) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vstrecha_s_asmoy_asad.jpg)   Asma al-Assad (right) in 2020  In February 2011, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (Vogue (magazine)) Vogue  published "A Rose in the Desert", a flattering profile of Assad by veteran fashion writer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Juliet_Buck) (Joan Juliet Buck) Joan Juliet Buck (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-33) [ 33]    that was described as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism) (Orientalism) Orientalist . For example, the article stated that Syria was "a place without bombings, unrest, or kidnappings" because of the Assad regime's intense surveillance of citizens and foreigners ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearances) (Forced disappearances) forced disappearances by the Syrian government were not discussed) and described the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad_family) (Assad family) Assad family as "wildly democratic".(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-mic-34) [ 34]     Facing controversy since its publication,(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-mic-34) [ 34]    the article was removed from Vogue's website without editorial comment that spring.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-desert_rose-14) [ 14]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Atlantic-35) [ 35]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Gawker-36) [ 36]    Responding to media inquiries about the disappearance of Assad's profile, Vogue's editor stated that "as the terrible events of the past year and a half unfolded in Syria, it became clear that [ Syria's ] priorities and values were completely at odds with those of Vogue. "(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-tele061112-37) [ 37]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  reported that the Assad "family paid the Washington public relations firm Brown Lloyd James $5,000 a month to act as a liaison between Vogue and the first lady, according to the firm."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-38) [ 38]     In July 2012, Buck wrote another article for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) (The Daily Beast) The Daily Beast  giving an extremely critical account of Assad.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-duped-39) [ 39]    In another article in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) (The Daily Telegraph) The Telegraph  published in August 2012, Buck harshly criticised Asma al-Assad for being compliant in the regime's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime) (War crime) war-crimes and described her as the "First Lady of Hell".(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Juliet_Buck-40) [ 40]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-41) [ 41]    Stating that the title "A Rose in the Desert" was not her choice, Buck commented on her (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (Vogue (magazine)) Vogue  article:  I didn't want to write the piece. But I always finished what I started. I handed it in on 14 January, the day President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali) (Zine El Abidine Ben Ali) Ben Ali fled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia . 'The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring is spreading,' I told American Vogue on 21 January. 'You might want to hold the piece.' They didn't think the Arab Spring was going anywhere, and the piece was needed for the March 'Power Issue'... On 25 February, as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Revolution_of_2011) (Libyan Revolution of 2011) Libyan protesters demanded an end to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi) (Muammar Gaddafi) Gaddafi , my piece on Asma al-Assad went online at vogue.com. They had excruciatingly titled it 'A Rose in the Desert'.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Juliet_Buck-40) [ 40]       Syrian civil war [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=5) (Edit section: Syrian civil war) edit  ]   Assad was criticised for remaining silent at the beginning of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war) Syrian uprising .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-desert_rose-14) [ 14]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Tele-42) [ 42]    She issued her first official statement to the international media in February 2012, nearly a year after the first serious protests.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-AFP-29) [ 29]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-43) [ 43]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-44) [ 44]    That February, she sent an email to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times) (The Times) The Times  , writing: "The President is the President of Syria, not a faction of Syrians, and the First Lady supports him in that role." The email also described her continued support for charities and rural development activities and related that she comforts the "victims of the violence".(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-45) [ 45]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Tele-42) [ 42]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-BBC-46) [ 46]     On 23 March 2012, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union froze her assets and placed a travel ban on her and President Bashar al-Assad's other close family members as part of escalating sanctions against the Syrian government.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-47) [ 47]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Ashton2012-48) [ 48]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-sanctions-49) [ 49]    Assad remained able to travel to the UK because of her British citizenship.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-youtube-petition-50) [ 50]     On 16 April 2012, Huberta von Voss Wittig and Sheila Lyall Grant, the wives of the German and British ambassadors to the United Nations, released a four-minute video asking Assad to stand up for peace and urge her husband to end the bloodshed in her country.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-51) [ 51]     Assad had not been seen in public since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing) (18 July 2012 Damascus bombing) July 2012 bombing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)) (Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)) Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate , leading to press speculation that she had fled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus) (Damascus) Damascus or the country.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-52) [ 52]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-53) [ 53]    She made a public appearance at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Opera_House) (Damascus Opera House) Damascus Opera House for an event called "Mothers' Rally" on 18 March 2013, refuting the rumours.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-54) [ 54]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Fantz2013-55) [ 55]    She made another public appearance in October 2013 and again refuted rumours of her departure, stating: "I was here yesterday, I'm here today and I will be here tomorrow."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-56) [ 56]     By 2020, observers noted that Assad had begun to extend her influence within the Syrian government. Her charity Syria Trust for Development had become active again, and she began to move members of that body into more influential positions, including the election of activists from the charity and development sector during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election) (2020 Syrian parliamentary election) 2020 Syrian parliamentary election . Nine activists consequently won seats in the Syrian parliament, all of whom were connected to her "Syrian Trust and Development" charity. As a result, she gained a political foothold in the parliament, indicating at the time that she was “likely to continue to play a key role in the Syrian political arena."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-57) [ 57]    Tensions with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf) (Rami Makhlouf) Rami Makhlouf led him to accuse Assad of stealing "Alawite money" and he later warned her husband, Bashar al-Assad, of potential discontent amongst the Alawite elites.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-58) [ 58]     In March 2021, the War Crimes unit of London's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police) (Metropolitan Police) Metropolitan Police opened an investigation into allegations that Assad incited and encouraged terrorist acts during the war.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Sky20210314-9) [ 9]    It was reported that Assad pursued talks with powerful Alawite figures to portray herself as a more amenable alternative in case of Bashar al-Assad's resignation.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Chowdhury-59) [ 59]    Commenting on her future ambitions to expand her political clout, Ayman Abdelnour, a former regime insider and President of Syrian Christians for Peace organization, described her trajectory:  At first, she wasn't treated as part of the family... She is from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs) (Homs) Homs , and a Sunni, and her Arabic wasn't good, so she wasn't allowed to speak to the media in case she makes mistakes. They didn't even let her have the title first lady. But after 2013 she backed her husband fully. Her position matched whatever he was doing militarily: bombings, killings and torturing.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Chowdhury-59) [ 59]      In late November 2024, she fled Syria to Russia along with her three children, following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) 2024 Syrian opposition offensives and preceding the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) ousting of her husband in December.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-60) [ 60]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-61) [ 61]    Despite Assad retaining British citizenship, UK foreign secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lammy) (David Lammy) David Lammy confirmed that she was no longer welcome in the United Kingdom, citing sanctions against her.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-:0-16) [ 16]       Personal life [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=6) (Edit section: Personal life) edit  ]   Marriage and family [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=7) (Edit section: Marriage and family) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bashar_and_Asma_al-Assad.jpg)   Assad with her husband (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad in 2003  Assad first met her future husband during childhood holidays in Syria, but they became closer when he moved to London in 1992 to train as an ophthalmologist at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Eye_Hospital) (Western Eye Hospital) Western Eye Hospital . They married following his accession to power in 2000.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-62) [ 62]     Assad and her husband have three children. Their first child, a son named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Bashar_al-Assad) (Hafez Bashar al-Assad) Hafez , named after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad) (Hafez al-Assad) her father in-law , was born in 2001, followed by a daughter in 2003, and their second son in 2004.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-Bar2006-13) [ 13]    In January 2013, Bashar stated in an interview that Asma was pregnant;(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-63) [ 63]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-64) [ 64]    however, there were no later reports of them having a fourth child.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-65) [ 65]     On 23 December 2024, media outlets cited a Turkish source reporting that Asma had filed for divorce from Bashar during their exile in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) (Moscow) Moscow . The reports were later denied by the Russian government and Asma's father.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-66) [ 66]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-67) [ 67]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-68) [ 68]      Health [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=8) (Edit section: Health) edit  ]   On 8 August 2018, it was announced that she had begun treatment for early stage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer) (Breast cancer) breast cancer .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-69) [ 69]    On 4 August 2019, Assad publicly stated that she had fully recovered and was officially cancer-free.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-70) [ 70]     On 8 March 2021, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria) (COVID-19 pandemic in Syria) COVID-19 pandemic in Syria , Assad and her husband both tested positive for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19) (COVID-19) COVID-19 , according to the presidential office. They were reported to be in good health with "minor symptoms."(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-71) [ 71]    On 30 March, it was announced that both had recovered and tested negative for the disease.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-72) [ 72]     On 21 May 2024, the Syrian presidency announced that Assad had been diagnosed with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia) (Acute myeloid leukemia) acute myeloid leukemia , following the emergence of several symptoms and clinical signs, which forced her to refrain from direct work and participation in events as part of the treatment plan.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-73) [ 73]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-74) [ 74]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-:1-75) [ 75]    In late December 2024, after the overthrow of her husband, reports revealed Asma's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia) (Leukemia) leukemia had returned after a brief remission, and she was in critical condition, isolated under close medical care.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-:1-75) [ 75]    In December 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  reported that Assad's health had recovered after undergoing experimental (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy) (Therapy) therapy under the supervision of Russia's security services.(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-76) [ 76]      Interests [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=9) (Edit section: Interests) edit  ]   Assad is reported to enjoy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre) (Theatre) theatre , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera) (Opera) opera and visiting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater) (Movie theater) cinema .(Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_note-77) [ 77]       References [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asma_al-Assad&action=edit&section=10) (Edit section: References) edit  ]    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://www.scotsman.com/news/world/assads-british-wife-targeted-by-eu-as-annan-pursues-talks-on-ceasefire-1637382) "Assad's British wife targeted by EU as Annan pursues talks on ceasefire" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman) (The Scotsman) The Scotsman  . 24 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+British+wife+targeted+by+EU+as+Annan+pursues+talks+on+ceasefire&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fassads-british-wife-targeted-by-eu-as-annan-pursues-talks-on-ceasefire-1637382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Ramdani1_2-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramdani, Nabila (10 May 2011). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8503481/Is-Asma-Assad-in-London.html) "Is Asma Assad in London?"  . The Telegraph . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110611144310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8503481/Is-Asma-Assad-in-London.html) Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+Asma+Assad+in+London%3F&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Ramdani&rft.aufirst=Nabila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F8503481%2FIs-Asma-Assad-in-London.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-is-asma-al-assad-the-rise-and-fall-of-syrian-dictators-wife-fighting-to-live/) "Rise and Fall of Syrian Dictator's Wife Fighting to Live" . The Daily Beast . 27 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+Syrian+Dictator%27s+Wife+Fighting+to+Live&rft.date=2024-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fwho-is-asma-al-assad-the-rise-and-fall-of-syrian-dictators-wife-fighting-to-live%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-ruiz_4-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ruiz de Elvira, L.; Zintl, T. (2014). "The end of the Ba'athist social contract in Bashar al-Assad's Syria: reading sociopolitical transformations through charities and broader benevolent activism". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 46 (2): 329– 349. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743814000130) 10.1017/S0020743814000130 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146585947) 146585947 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Ba%27athist+social+contract+in+Bashar+al-Assad%27s+Syria%3A+reading+sociopolitical+transformations+through+charities+and+broader+benevolent+activism&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-349&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743814000130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146585947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruiz+de+Elvira&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Zintl%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20221202222632/https://syria-report.com/analysis-changes-to-syrias-business-elite-concentrates-wealth-in-hands-of-presidential-couple-open-access/) "Changes to Syria's Business Elite Concentrates Wealth in Hands of Presidential Couple" . The Syria Report . 15 November 2022. Archived from (https://syria-report.com/analysis-changes-to-syrias-business-elite-concentrates-wealth-in-hands-of-presidential-couple-open-access/) the original on 2 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Syria+Report&rft.atitle=Changes+to+Syria%27s+Business+Elite+Concentrates+Wealth+in+Hands+of+Presidential+Couple&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyria-report.com%2Fanalysis-changes-to-syrias-business-elite-concentrates-wealth-in-hands-of-presidential-couple-open-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Waterfield, Bruno (23 March 2012). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9162194/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-hit-with-EU-sanctions.html) "Syria: Asma al-Assad hit with EU sanctions"  . The Daily Telegraph . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227185246/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9162194/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-hit-with-EU-sanctions.html) Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Asma+al-Assad+hit+with+EU+sanctions&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9162194%2FSyria-Asma-al-Assad-hit-with-EU-sanctions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-RobinsonNorman2012_7-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robinson, Frances; Norman, Laurence (24 March 2012). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304724404577299000830390154) "EU Targets Bashar al-Assad's Wife With New Sanctions"  . The Wall Street Journal . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011175413/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304724404577299000830390154) Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=EU+Targets+Bashar+al-Assad%27s+Wife+With+New+Sanctions&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Norman%2C+Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304724404577299000830390154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marquardt, Alexander (23 March 2012). (https://abcnews.go.com/International/syrias-stylish-ladys-shopping-sprees-now-hit-sanctions/story?id=15976684) "Syria's Stylish First Lady's Shopping Sprees Now Hit By Sanctions" . ABC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200111064625/https://abcnews.go.com/International/syrias-stylish-ladys-shopping-sprees-now-hit-sanctions/story?id=15976684) Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Stylish+First+Lady%27s+Shopping+Sprees+Now+Hit+By+Sanctions&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fsyrias-stylish-ladys-shopping-sprees-now-hit-sanctions%2Fstory%3Fid%3D15976684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Sky20210314_9-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Sky20210314_9-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chowdhury, Sadiya (14 March 2021). (https://news.sky.com/story/mets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430) "Met's War Crimes Unit examining allegations against Asma al Assad, wife of Syrian president" . Sky News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210315223641/https://news.sky.com/story/mets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430) Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Met%27s+War+Crimes+Unit+examining+allegations+against+Asma+al+Assad%2C+wife+of+Syrian+president&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Sadiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fmets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marshall, Chloe Hadjimatheou, Sarah Dadouch, Gary. (https://observer.co.uk/news/international/article/the-case-against-asma-how-a-london-schoolgirl-helped-lead-her-husbands-bloody-regime) "The case against Asma: how a London schoolgirl helped lea..." The Observer . Retrieved 13 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+case+against+Asma%3A+how+a+London+schoolgirl+helped+lea...&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Chloe+Hadjimatheou%2C+Sarah+Dadouch%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Farticle%2Fthe-case-against-asma-how-a-london-schoolgirl-helped-lead-her-husbands-bloody-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carsten, Paul (23 March 2012). (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9163401/Asma-al-Assad-and-those-who-have-been-sanctioned.html) "Asma al-Assad and those who have been sanctioned" . The Telegraph . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad+and+those+who+have+been+sanctioned&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Carsten&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9163401%2FAsma-al-Assad-and-those-who-have-been-sanctioned.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/who-really-is-uk-born-asma-al-assad-ex-syria-president-bashar-al-assad-wife-13843361.html#goog_rewarded) "From desert rose to Syria's Lady Macbeth: Who really is Asma al-Assad, Bashar al-Assad's wife?" . Firstpost . 10 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=From+desert+rose+to+Syria%27s+Lady+Macbeth%3A+Who+really+is+Asma+al-Assad%2C+Bashar+al-Assad%27s+wife%3F&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fexplainers%2Fwho-really-is-uk-born-asma-al-assad-ex-syria-president-bashar-al-assad-wife-13843361.html%23goog_rewarded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bar2006_13-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bar2006_13-1) 2  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bar2006_13-2) 3  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bar2006_13-3) 4  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bar2006_13-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bar, Shmuel (2006). (http://herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf#page=2) "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF) . Comparative Strategy . 25 (5): 353– 445. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01495930601105412) 10.1080/01495930601105412 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-5933) 0149-5933 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154739379) 154739379 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20131126160614/http://herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf#page=2) Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Strategy&rft.atitle=Bashar%27s+Syria%3A+The+Regime+and+its+Strategic+Worldview&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=353-445&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154739379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0149-5933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01495930601105412&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherzliyaconference.org%2F_Uploads%2F2590Bashars.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-desert_rose_14-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-desert_rose_14-1) 2  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-desert_rose_14-2) 3  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-desert_rose_14-3) 4  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-desert_rose_14-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Golovnina, Maria (19 March 2012). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-asma-idUSBRE82I0MB20120319) "Asma al Assad, a "desert rose" crushed by Syria's strife" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084401/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/19/us-syria-asma-idUSBRE82I0MB20120319) Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Asma+al+Assad%2C+a+%22desert+rose%22+crushed+by+Syria%27s+strife&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.aulast=Golovnina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-asma-idUSBRE82I0MB20120319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bar'el, Zvi (27 April 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110522002113/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-syria-the-army-s-loyalty-to-assad-runs-deep-1.358310) "In Syria, the army's loyalty to Assad runs deep" . Haaretz . Archived from (https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-syria-the-army-s-loyalty-to-assad-runs-deep-1.358310) the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=In+Syria%2C+the+army%27s+loyalty+to+Assad+runs+deep&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Bar%27el&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Ffeatures%2Fin-syria-the-army-s-loyalty-to-assad-runs-deep-1.358310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-:0_16-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-:0_16-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241210-asma-al-assad-syria-s-london-born-first-lady-not-welcome-in-uk) "Asma al-Assad: Syria's London-born first lady not welcome in UK" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24) (France 24) France 24  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) (Agence France-Presse) AFP . 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%3A+Syria%27s+London-born+first+lady+not+welcome+in+UK&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20241210-asma-al-assad-syria-s-london-born-first-lady-not-welcome-in-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  A Kloosterman, Karin (13 November 2023). (https://www.greenprophet.com/2023/11/king-queen-syria-captagon/) "Meet the Queen of Captagon" . Green Prophet. Retrieved 8 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Queen+of+Captagon&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=A+Kloosterman&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenprophet.com%2F2023%2F11%2Fking-queen-syria-captagon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-18) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/president-assads-wife-banned-from-europe-770546) "President Assad's wife banned from travelling to Europe... but not Britain" . The Mirror . 23 March 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201007134821/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/president-assads-wife-banned-from-europe-770546/) Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror&rft.atitle=President+Assad%27s+wife+banned+from+travelling+to+Europe...+but+not+Britain&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fpresident-assads-wife-banned-from-europe-770546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-19) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Callaghan, Louise (13 March 2021). (https://www.thetimes.com/article/asma-al-assad-syrias-first-lady-faces-war-crimes-prosecution-in-uk-z8r262tk2) "Asma al-Assad: Syria's first lady faces war crimes prosecution in UK" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times) (The Times) The Times  . Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%3A+Syria%27s+first+lady+faces+war+crimes+prosecution+in+UK&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft.aulast=Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fasma-al-assad-syrias-first-lady-faces-war-crimes-prosecution-in-uk-z8r262tk2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Addley, Esther (22 October 2016). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/22/in-syria-we-believe-in-honouring-our-word-asma-al-assad-speaks-about-syrian-conflict) "Asma al-Assad: from Syria's 'desert rose' to 'first lady of hell' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%3A+from+Syria%27s+%27desert+rose%27+to+%27first+lady+of+hell%27&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft.aulast=Addley&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Foct%2F22%2Fin-syria-we-believe-in-honouring-our-word-asma-al-assad-speaks-about-syrian-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/1843/2021/03/10/banker-princess-warlord-the-many-lives-of-asma-assad) "Banker, princess, warlord: the many lives of Asma Assad" . The Economist . 10 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Banker%2C+princess%2C+warlord%3A+the+many+lives+of+Asma+Assad&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2021%2F03%2F10%2Fbanker-princess-warlord-the-many-lives-of-asma-assad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120521010308/http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady.html) "The First Lady" . Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C. Archived from (http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady.html) the original on 21 May 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Lady&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Syria%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syrianembassy.us%2Ffirst_lady.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bennet_23-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Bennet_23-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bennet, James (10 July 2005). (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/magazine/10SYRIA.html?pagewanted=all) "The Enigma of Damascus" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319073326/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/magazine/10SYRIA.html?pagewanted=all) Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+Damascus&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft.aulast=Bennet&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F10%2Fmagazine%2F10SYRIA.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-buck_24-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-buck_24-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buck, Joan Juliet (30 July 2012). (http://www.newsweek.com/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615) "My Vogue interview with Syria's First Lady" . Newsweek . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110710/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-with-syria-s-first-lady.html) Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=My+Vogue+interview+with+Syria%27s+First+Lady&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Joan+Juliet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjoan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buck, Joan Juliet (12 August 2012). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9458674/At-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html) "At home with the Assads: an eerie memoir of Syria's first family before the slaughter began"  . The Daily Telegraph . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091744/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9458674/At-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html) Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=At+home+with+the+Assads%3A+an+eerie+memoir+of+Syria%27s+first+family+before+the+slaughter+began&rft.date=2012-08-12&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Joan+Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9458674%2FAt-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-jones_26-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jones, L. (2001). "The European press views the Middle East". The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . 20 (2): 33. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+European+press+views+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-bevan_27-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bevan, B. (2005). "Inheriting Syria: Bashar's trial by fire". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . 24 (5): 85– 86. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.atitle=Inheriting+Syria%3A+Bashar%27s+trial+by+fire&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=85-86&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Middle_28-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "World's 50 most influential Arabs". No. 47. Middle East 411. May 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+50+most+influential+Arabs&rft.issue=47&rft.date=2010-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-AFP_29-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-AFP_29-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/14/188236.html) "Syria's First Lady Asma al‑Assad Falling from Grace" . Al Arabiya. Agence France-Presse. 14 January 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120209033645/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/14/188236.html) Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+First+Lady+Asma+al%E2%80%91Assad+Falling+from+Grace&rft.date=2012-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F01%2F14%2F188236.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-cnnindex_30-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fantz, Ashley (25 December 2011). (https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/25/world/meast/asma-al-assad-profile/index.html) "Will Asma al-Assad take a stand or stand by her man?" . CNN. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120214170036/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/25/world/meast/asma-al-assad-profile/index.html) Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Asma+al-Assad+take+a+stand+or+stand+by+her+man%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft.aulast=Fantz&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fasma-al-assad-profile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Russell, George (20 September 2012). (https://www.foxnews.com/world/before-assad-unleashed-violence-un-showcased-wife-asma-as-a-champion-of-reform/) "Before Assad unleashed violence, UN showcased wife Asma as a 'champion' of reform" . Fox News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120922005753/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/09/20/before-assad-unleashed-violence-un-showcased-wife-asma-as-champion-reform/?test=latestnews) Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+Assad+unleashed+violence%2C+UN+showcased+wife+Asma+as+a+%27champion%27+of+reform&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fbefore-assad-unleashed-violence-un-showcased-wife-asma-as-a-champion-of-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Russell, George (8 October 2012). (https://www.foxnews.com/world/un-sponsored-group-in-syria-included-assad-kin-cited-as-corrupt-by-us-documents-show/) "UN-sponsored group in Syria included Assad kin cited as corrupt by US, documents show" . Fox News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121110225132/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/10/08/un-sponsored-group-in-syria-included-assad-kin-cited-as-corrupt-by-us-documents/) Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN-sponsored+group+in+Syria+included+Assad+kin+cited+as+corrupt+by+US%2C+documents+show&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fun-sponsored-group-in-syria-included-assad-kin-cited-as-corrupt-by-us-documents-show%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buck, Joan Juliet (25 February 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204927/https://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert) "Asma al-Assad: A Rose in the Desert" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) (Vogue (magazine)) Vogue  . Archived from (https://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert) the original on 25 February 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%3A+A+Rose+in+the+Desert&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Joan+Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Fvogue-daily%2Farticle%2Fasma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-mic_34-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-mic_34-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Elba, Mariam (2 September 2013). (https://www.mic.com/articles/61681/a-flashback-to-vogue-s-very-nice-profile-of-asma-al-assad#goog_rewarded) "A Flashback to Vogue's Very Nice Profile of Asma al-Assad" . Mic . Retrieved 1 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=A+Flashback+to+Vogue%27s+Very+Nice+Profile+of+Asma+al-Assad&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Elba&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F61681%2Fa-flashback-to-vogue-s-very-nice-profile-of-asma-al-assad%23goog_rewarded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Atlantic_35-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cook, John (28 February 2011). (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/vogue-defends-profile-of-syrian-first-lady/71764/) "Vogue Defends Profile of Syrian First Lady" . The Atlantic . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120817063622/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/vogue-defends-profile-of-syrian-first-lady/71764/) Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Vogue+Defends+Profile+of+Syrian+First+Lady&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2011%2F02%2Fvogue-defends-profile-of-syrian-first-lady%2F71764%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Gawker_36-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cook, John (20 May 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20121012004323/http://gawker.com/5800551/vogue-disappears-adoring-profile-of-syrian-butchers-wife) "Memory Hole: Vogue Disappears Adoring Profile of Syrian Butcher's Wife" . Gawker . Archived from (http://gawker.com/5800551/vogue-disappears-adoring-profile-of-syrian-butchers-wife) the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gawker&rft.atitle=Memory+Hole%3A+Vogue+Disappears+Adoring+Profile+of+Syrian+Butcher%27s+Wife&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgawker.com%2F5800551%2Fvogue-disappears-adoring-profile-of-syrian-butchers-wife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-tele061112_37-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Allen, Nick (11 June 2012).  Written at Los Angeles. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151006041850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9325230/Syria-Vogues-Anna-Wintour-disowns-Asma-al-Assad.html) "Syria: Vogue's Anna Wintour disowns Asma al-Assad" . The Telegraph . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) (Telegraph Media Group) Telegraph Media Group . Archived from (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9325230/Syria-Vogue-Anna-Wintour-disowns-Asma-al-Assad.html) the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Vogue%27s+Anna+Wintour+disowns+Asma+al-Assad&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9325230%2FSyria-Vogue-Anna-Wintour-disowns-Asma-al-Assad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_location_test)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-38) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carter, Bill; Chozick, Amy (10 June 2012). (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/syrian-conflict-cracks-carefully-polished-image-of-assad.html) "Syria's Assads Turned to West for Glossy P.R." The New York Times . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Assads+Turned+to+West+for+Glossy+P.R.&rft.date=2012-06-10&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Chozick%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyrian-conflict-cracks-carefully-polished-image-of-assad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-duped_39-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buck, Joan Juliet (30 July 2012). (http://www.newsweek.com/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615) "Syria's Fake First Family" . The Daily Beast . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110710/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-with-syria-s-first-lady.html) Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Fake+First+Family&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Joan+Juliet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjoan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Juliet_Buck_40-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Juliet_Buck_40-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juliet Buck, Joan (12 August 2012). (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9458674/At-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html) "At home with the Assads: an eerie memoir of Syria's first family before the slaughter began" . The Telegraph . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120813050751/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9458674/At-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html) Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=At+home+with+the+Assads%3A+an+eerie+memoir+of+Syria%27s+first+family+before+the+slaughter+began&rft.date=2012-08-12&rft.aulast=Juliet+Buck&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9458674%2FAt-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-41) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adley, Esther (22 October 2016). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/22/in-syria-we-believe-in-honouring-our-word-asma-al-assad-speaks-about-syrian-conflict) "Asma al-Assad: from Syria's 'desert rose' to 'first lady of hell' " . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221116194458/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/22/in-syria-we-believe-in-honouring-our-word-asma-al-assad-speaks-about-syrian-conflict) Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%3A+from+Syria%27s+%27desert+rose%27+to+%27first+lady+of+hell%27&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft.aulast=Adley&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Foct%2F22%2Fin-syria-we-believe-in-honouring-our-word-asma-al-assad-speaks-about-syrian-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Tele_42-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Tele_42-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9065611/Syrias-First-Lady-Asma-al-Assad-breaks-her-silence.html) "Syria's First Lady Asma al-Assad breaks her silence"  . The Telegraph . 7 February 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121115014533/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9065611/Syrias-First-Lady-Asma-al-Assad-breaks-her-silence.html) Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+First+Lady+Asma+al-Assad+breaks+her+silence&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9065611%2FSyrias-First-Lady-Asma-al-Assad-breaks-her-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nationalpost.com/opinion/peter-goodspeed-the-glamorous-face-of-syrias-dictatorship) "Asma al-Assad, the glamorous face of Syria's dictatorship" . National Post . 13 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%2C+the+glamorous+face+of+Syria%27s+dictatorship&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fpeter-goodspeed-the-glamorous-face-of-syrias-dictatorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fletcher, Martin (30 January 2012). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120207141739/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/world-politics/has-syrias-princess-diana-become-its-marie-antoinette/story-fn9hkofv-1226257230037) "Has Syria's Princess Diana become its Marie Antoinette?" . The Australian . Archived from (Paid subscription required) (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/world-politics/has-syrias-princess-diana-become-its-marie-antoinette/story-fn9hkofv-1226257230037) the original  on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Has+Syria%27s+Princess+Diana+become+its+Marie+Antoinette%3F&rft.date=2012-01-30&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnational-affairs%2Fworld-politics%2Fhas-syrias-princess-diana-become-its-marie-antoinette%2Fstory-fn9hkofv-1226257230037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-45) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.theage.com.au/world/first-lady-breaks-silence-to-support-president-assad-20120207-1r59e.html) "First lady breaks silence to support President Assad" . The Age . Agence France-Presse. 8 February 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120210002716/http://www.theage.com.au/world/first-lady-breaks-silence-to-support-president-assad-20120207-1r59e.html) Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=First+lady+breaks+silence+to+support+President+Assad&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Ffirst-lady-breaks-silence-to-support-president-assad-20120207-1r59e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-BBC_46-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16930738) "Asma al-Assad and the tricky role of the autocrat's wife" . BBC. 8 February 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121924/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16930738) Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asma+al-Assad+and+the+tricky+role+of+the+autocrat%27s+wife&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16930738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17483714) "Syria crisis: EU sanctions on Asma al-Assad" . BBC News . 23 March 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171207020418/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17483714) Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+crisis%3A+EU+sanctions+on+Asma+al-Assad&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17483714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Ashton2012_48-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32012D0172) "Council Implementing Decision 2012/172/CFSP implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria" . Official Journal of the European Union . Brussels: The Council of the European Union. 23 March 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220613045446/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A32012D0172&from=EN) Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Council+Implementing+Decision+2012%2F172%2FCFSP+implementing+Decision+2011%2F782%2FCFSP+concerning+restrictive+measures+against+Syria&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FHTML%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32012D0172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-sanctions_49-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blair, David (16 March 2012). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9149223/Bashar-al-Assads-wife-could-face-two-year-prison-term-for-sanctions-busting-after-shopping-spree.html) "Bashar al Assad's wife 'could face two-year prison term' for sanctions busting after shopping spree"  . The Daily Telegraph . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123758/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9149223/Bashar-al-Assads-wife-could-face-two-year-prison-term-for-sanctions-busting-after-shopping-spree.html) Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bashar+al+Assad%27s+wife+%27could+face+two-year+prison+term%27+for+sanctions+busting+after+shopping+spree&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9149223%2FBashar-al-Assads-wife-could-face-two-year-prison-term-for-sanctions-busting-after-shopping-spree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-youtube-petition_50-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/assads-eu-sanctions-asma-bashar-syria) "Assad's relatives face asset freeze and travel ban as EU steps up sanctions" . The Guardian . 23 March 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130828033417/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/assads-eu-sanctions-asma-bashar-syria) Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+relatives+face+asset+freeze+and+travel+ban+as+EU+steps+up+sanctions&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmar%2F23%2Fassads-eu-sanctions-asma-bashar-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17753841) "UN ambassador wives in peace plea to Syria's Asma Assad" . BBC News . 16 April 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120419145751/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17753841) Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+ambassador+wives+in+peace+plea+to+Syria%27s+Asma+Assad&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-17753841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hunt-for-assad-is-on-amid-claims-of-wife-asmas-exit-to-russia-7960154.html) "Hunt for Assad is on amid claims of wife Asma's exit to Russia" . The Independent . 20 July 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721235409/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hunt-for-assad-is-on-amid-claims-of-wife-asmas-exit-to-russia-7960154.html) Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hunt+for+Assad+is+on+amid+claims+of+wife+Asma%27s+exit+to+Russia&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fhunt-for-assad-is-on-amid-claims-of-wife-asmas-exit-to-russia-7960154.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.france24.com/en/20120922-syria-turkey-aleppo-anti-assad-rebels-fsa-command-centre-moved-into-liberated-areas) "Free Syrian Army move HQ from Turkey to Syria" . France 24. 23 September 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120929104035/http://www.france24.com/en/20120922-syria-turkey-aleppo-anti-assad-rebels-fsa-command-centre-moved-into-liberated-areas) Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Syrian+Army+move+HQ+from+Turkey+to+Syria&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20120922-syria-turkey-aleppo-anti-assad-rebels-fsa-command-centre-moved-into-liberated-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130320090137/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9936294/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-makes-rare-public-appearance.html/) "Syria: Asma al-Assad makes rare public appearance" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9936294/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-makes-rare-public-appearance.html/) the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Asma+al-Assad+makes+rare+public+appearance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9936294%2FSyria-Asma-al-Assad-makes-rare-public-appearance.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Fantz2013_55-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fantz, Ashley (18 March 2013). (http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/18/world/asma-syria-appearance/) "Surrounded by children, Syria's First Lady makes rare appearance" . CNN. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130318232344/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/18/world/asma-syria-appearance) Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Surrounded+by+children%2C+Syria%27s+First+Lady+makes+rare+appearance&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.aulast=Fantz&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2Fworld%2Fasma-syria-appearance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10381218/Asma-al-Assad-denies-leaving-.html) "Asma al-Assad denies leaving Syria"  . The Daily Telegraph . 15 October 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140102070635/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10381218/Asma-al-Assad-denies-leaving-Syria.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad+denies+leaving+Syria&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F10381218%2FAsma-al-Assad-denies-leaving-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Karam Shaar; Samy Akil (28 January 2021). (https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections) "Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Institute) (Middle East Institute) Middle East Institute  . Retrieved 29 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Inside+Syria%27s+Clapping+Chamber%3A+Dynamics+of+the+2020+Parliamentary+Elections&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.au=Karam+Shaar&rft.au=Samy+Akil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Finside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vohra, Anchal (15 June 2020). (https://web.archive.org/web/20221208193158/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/15/rami-makhlouf-bashar-war-has-arrived-inside-the-assad-family/) "The War Has Arrived Inside the Assad Family" . Foreign Policy . Archived from (https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/15/rami-makhlouf-bashar-war-has-arrived-inside-the-assad-family/) the original on 8 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+War+Has+Arrived+Inside+the+Assad+Family&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Vohra&rft.aufirst=Anchal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F06%2F15%2Frami-makhlouf-bashar-war-has-arrived-inside-the-assad-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Chowdhury_59-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-Chowdhury_59-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chowdhury, Sadiya (14 March 2021). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210315223641/https://news.sky.com/story/mets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430) "Met's War Crimes Unit examining allegations against Asma al Assad, wife of Syrian president" . Sky News . Archived from (https://news.sky.com/story/mets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430) the original on 15 March 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Met%27s+War+Crimes+Unit+examining+allegations+against+Asma+al+Assad%2C+wife+of+Syrian+president&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Sadiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fmets-war-crimes-unit-examining-allegations-against-asma-al-assad-wife-of-syrian-president-12245430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Said, Summer (8 December 2024). (https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/syria-civil-war-damascus/card/where-is-syrian-president-bashar-al-assad--UzR4mI3mAkqeSTpb8DCI) "Where Is Syrian President Bashar al-Assad?" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Where+Is+Syrian+President+Bashar+al-Assad%3F&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Flivecoverage%2Fsyria-civil-war-damascus%2Fcard%2Fwhere-is-syrian-president-bashar-al-assad--UzR4mI3mAkqeSTpb8DCI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kilner, James (6 December 2024). (https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-not-come-assad-rescue-172820336.html) "Assad's family 'flees' to Russia – but Kremlin won't come to Syrian leader's rescue" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_News) (Yahoo News) Yahoo News  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) (The Daily Telegraph) The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Assad%27s+family+%27flees%27+to+Russia+%E2%80%93+but+Kremlin+won%27t+come+to+Syrian+leader%27s+rescue&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.aulast=Kilner&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Frussia-not-come-assad-rescue-172820336.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rigley, Stephen (9 December 2024). (https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/what-next-for-assads-british-wife-could-she-have-her-citizenship-revoked/) "What next for Assad's British wife? Could she return to the UK?" . LBC . Retrieved 9 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LBC&rft.atitle=What+next+for+Assad%27s+British+wife%3F+Could+she+return+to+the+UK%3F&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft.aulast=Rigley&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwhat-next-for-assads-british-wife-could-she-have-her-citizenship-revoked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fisher, Max (28 January 2013). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/01/28/syrias-bashar-al-assad-says-his-wife-is-pregnant/) "Syria's Bashar al-Assad says his wife is pregnant" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Bashar+al-Assad+says+his+wife+is+pregnant&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fsyrias-bashar-al-assad-says-his-wife-is-pregnant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Ian (29 January 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/29/bashar-al-assad-wife-asma-pregnant) "Bashar al-Assad's wife Asma 'pregnant with fourth child' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bashar+al-Assad%27s+wife+Asma+%27pregnant+with+fourth+child%27&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbashar-al-assad-wife-asma-pregnant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Ian (29 January 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/29/bashar-al-assad-wife-asma-pregnant) "Bashar al-Assad's wife Asma 'pregnant with fourth child' " . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 13 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bashar+al-Assad%27s+wife+Asma+%27pregnant+with+fourth+child%27&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbashar-al-assad-wife-asma-pregnant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/kremlin-rejects-turkish-media-reports-about-life-assad-his-wife-moscow-2024-12-23/) "Kremlin rejects Turkish media reports about life of Assad and his wife in Moscow" . Reuters . 23 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kremlin+rejects+Turkish+media+reports+about+life+of+Assad+and+his+wife+in+Moscow&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fkremlin-rejects-turkish-media-reports-about-life-assad-his-wife-moscow-2024-12-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thedailybeast.com/asma-al-assads-family-responds-to-reports-she-is-divorcing-deposed-dictator-hubby/) "Asma al-Assad's Family Responds to Reports She Is Divorcing Deposed Dictator Hubby" . The Daily Beast . 23 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad%27s+Family+Responds+to+Reports+She+Is+Divorcing+Deposed+Dictator+Hubby&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fasma-al-assads-family-responds-to-reports-she-is-divorcing-deposed-dictator-hubby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-68) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kassam, Ashifa (23 December 2024). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/23/kremlin-denies-reports-asma-al-assad-seeking-divorce-return-london) "Kremlin denies reports Asma al-Assad is seeking divorce and a return to London" . The Guardian . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kremlin+denies+reports+Asma+al-Assad+is+seeking+divorce+and+a+return+to+London&rft.date=2024-12-23&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Ashifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fdec%2F23%2Fkremlin-denies-reports-asma-al-assad-seeking-divorce-return-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/world/syrian-first-lady-asma-al-assad-treated-for-breast-cancer-state-media-idUSKBN1KT1MK/) "Syrian First Lady Asma Al-Assad Treated for Breast Cancer: State Media" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 8 August 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+First+Lady+Asma+Al-Assad+Treated+for+Breast+Cancer%3A+State+Media&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fsyrian-first-lady-asma-al-assad-treated-for-breast-cancer-state-media-idUSKBN1KT1MK%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voanews.com/a/archive_wife-syrias-assad-says-she-free-cancer/6173205.html) "Wife of Syria's Assad Says She Is Free of Cancer" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America) (Voice of America) Voice of America  . Associated Press. 4 August 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190827080210/https://www.voanews.com/archive/wife-syrias-assad-says-she-free-cancer) Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Wife+of+Syria%27s+Assad+Says+She+Is+Free+of+Cancer&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Farchive_wife-syrias-assad-says-she-free-cancer%2F6173205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-71) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kourdi, Eyad; Salem, Mostafa; Qiblawi, Tamara (8 March 2021). (https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/08/middleeast/syria-assad-coronavirus-intl/index.html) "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma test positive for Covid-19" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210309004733/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/08/middleeast/syria-assad-coronavirus-intl/index.html) Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Syrian+President+Bashar+al-Assad+and+his+wife+Asma+test+positive+for+Covid-19&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Kourdi&rft.aufirst=Eyad&rft.au=Salem%2C+Mostafa&rft.au=Qiblawi%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F03%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-assad-coronavirus-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Written at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus) (Damascus) Damascus . (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-syria-assad-idUSKBN2BM0MV) "Syrian president and wife recover from COVID-19" . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters . 30 March 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+and+wife+recover+from+COVID-19&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-health-coronavirus-syria-assad-idUSKBN2BM0MV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_location_test)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=331212) "Presidency of Syrian Arab Republic announces that First Lady Asma al-Assad diagnosed with acute Myeloid Leukemia and is undergoing treatment" . SANA. 21 May 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidency+of+Syrian+Arab+Republic+announces+that+First+Lady+Asma+al-Assad+diagnosed+with+acute+Myeloid+Leukemia+and+is+undergoing+treatment&rft.pub=SANA&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D331212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-74) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-first-lady-asma-al-assad-has-leukemia-presidency-says-2024-05-21/) "Syrian first lady Asma al-Assad has leukemia, presidency says" . Reuters . 21 May 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+first+lady+Asma+al-Assad+has+leukemia%2C+presidency+says&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-first-lady-asma-al-assad-has-leukemia-presidency-says-2024-05-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-:1_75-0) 1  (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-:1_75-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farmer, Ben (25 December 2024). (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/25/asma-assad-becomes-severely-ill-leukaemia-isolated-doctors/) "Asma al-Assad given 50/50 chance of survival as leukaemia returns" . The Telegraph . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Asma+al-Assad+given+50%2F50+chance+of+survival+as+leukaemia+returns&rft.date=2024-12-25&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F12%2F25%2Fasma-assad-becomes-severely-ill-leukaemia-isolated-doctors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Christou, William; Sauer, Pjotr (15 December 2025). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/15/assad-family-live-in-russian-luxury-as-bashar-brushes-up-on-ophthalmology) "Assad family live in Russian luxury as Bashar 'brushes up on ophthalmology' " . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Assad+family+live+in+Russian+luxury+as+Bashar+%E2%80%98brushes+up+on+ophthalmology%E2%80%99&rft.date=2025-12-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Christou&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Sauer%2C+Pjotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Fdec%2F15%2Fassad-family-live-in-russian-luxury-as-bashar-brushes-up-on-ophthalmology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsma+al-Assad)    (Asma_al-Assad.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Beaumont, Peter (16 November 2008). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/16/syria-middle-east-bashar-assad) "No longer the pariah President" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914161919/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/16/syria-middle-east-bashar-assad) Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2021 . 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