Haiti - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Haiti.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Haiti.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Haiti) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Haiti) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Haiti.html#) (Top)   (Haiti.html#Etymology) 1 Etymology     (Haiti.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Haiti.html#Pre-Columbian_era) 2.1 Pre-Columbian era     (Haiti.html#Colonial_era) 2.2 Colonial era   (Haiti.html#Spanish_rule_(1492–1625)) 2.2.1 Spanish rule (1492–1625)     (Haiti.html#French_rule_(1625–1804)) 2.2.2 French rule (1625–1804)     (Haiti.html#Haitian_Revolution_(1791–1804)) 2.2.3 Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)       (Haiti.html#Independent_Haiti) 2.3 Independent Haiti   (Haiti.html#First_Empire_(1804–1806)) 2.3.1 First Empire (1804–1806)     (Haiti.html#State_of_Haiti,_Kingdom_of_Haiti_and_the_Republic_(1806–1820)) 2.3.2 State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)     (Haiti.html#Unification_of_Hispaniola_(1821–1844)) 2.3.3 Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)     (Haiti.html#Loss_of_the_eastern_portion_of_the_island) 2.3.4 Loss of the eastern portion of the island     (Haiti.html#Second_Empire_(1849–1859)) 2.3.5 Second Empire (1849–1859)     (Haiti.html#Late_19th_century–early_20th_century) 2.3.6 Late 19th century–early 20th century     (Haiti.html#United_States_occupation_(1915–1934)) 2.3.7 United States occupation (1915–1934)     (Haiti.html#Post-occupation_era_(1934–1957)) 2.3.8 Post-occupation era (1934–1957)     (Haiti.html#Duvalier_dynasty_(1957–1986)) 2.3.9 Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)     (Haiti.html#Post-Duvalier_era_(1986–2004)) 2.3.10 Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)     (Haiti.html#Post-Aristide_era_(2004–present)) 2.3.11 Post-Aristide era (2004–present)         (Haiti.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Haiti.html#Climate) 3.1 Climate     (Haiti.html#Geology) 3.2 Geology     (Haiti.html#Environment) 3.3 Environment   (Haiti.html#Biodiversity) 3.3.1 Biodiversity         (Haiti.html#Government_and_politics) 4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  (Haiti.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.1 Administrative divisions     (Haiti.html#Military_and_law_enforcement) 4.2 Military and law enforcement     (Haiti.html#Law_and_crime) 4.3 Law and crime       (Haiti.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Haiti.html#Foreign_aid) 5.1 Foreign aid     (Haiti.html#Trade) 5.2 Trade     (Haiti.html#Energy) 5.3 Energy     (Haiti.html#Personal_income) 5.4 Personal income     (Haiti.html#Real_estate) 5.5 Real estate     (Haiti.html#Agriculture) 5.6 Agriculture     (Haiti.html#Currency) 5.7 Currency     (Haiti.html#Tourism) 5.8 Tourism     (Haiti.html#Caracol_Industrial_Park) 5.9 Caracol Industrial Park     (Haiti.html#Transportation) 5.10 Transportation   (Haiti.html#Airports) 5.10.1 Airports     (Haiti.html#Bus_service) 5.10.2 Bus service       (Haiti.html#Communications) 5.11 Communications     (Haiti.html#Water_supply_and_sanitation) 5.12 Water supply and sanitation       (Haiti.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Haiti.html#Largest_cities) 6.1 Largest cities     (Haiti.html#Racial_discrimination) 6.2 Racial discrimination     (Haiti.html#Languages) 6.3 Languages     (Haiti.html#Religion) 6.4 Religion     (Haiti.html#Education) 6.5 Education     (Haiti.html#Health) 6.6 Health       (Haiti.html#Culture) 7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Haiti.html#National_holidays_and_festivals) 7.1 National holidays and festivals     (Haiti.html#Architecture) 7.2 Architecture     (Haiti.html#Museums) 7.3 Museums     (Haiti.html#Art) 7.4 Art     (Haiti.html#Music_and_dance) 7.5 Music and dance     (Haiti.html#Literature) 7.6 Literature     (Haiti.html#Folklore_and_mythology) 7.7 Folklore and mythology     (Haiti.html#Cinema) 7.8 Cinema     (Haiti.html#Cuisine) 7.9 Cuisine     (Haiti.html#Sports) 7.10 Sports       (Haiti.html#See_also) 8 See also     (Haiti.html#Notes) 9 Notes     (Haiti.html#References) 10 References    Toggle References subsection  (Haiti.html#Sources) 10.1 Sources       (Haiti.html#Further_reading) 11 Further reading     (Haiti.html#External_links) 12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Haiti    235 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Ҳаити – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B2) (ሃይቲ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitieg) (Haitieg – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80) (हैती – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A) (هايتي – Arabic) العربية   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A) (هايتي – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89) (هاييتى – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayitia) (Ayitia – Kotava) Kotava   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayti) (Ayti – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C) (هائیتی – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B) (Гаити Республикаһы – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%97tis) (Haėtis – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96) (Гаіці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96) (Гаіці – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Хаити – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80) (हैती – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF) (হাইতি – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D) (ཧའི་ཏི། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF) (হাইতি – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Haiti) (Republik Haiti – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Һаити – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Гаити Республика – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C) (ھایتی – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF) (हाइटि – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A9) (ހެއިޓީ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%AE) (Αϊτή – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitio) (Haitio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ait%C3%AD) (Aití – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C) (هائیتی – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti) (Hayti – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti) (Hayiti – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Friulian) Furlan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFty) (Haïty – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%ADt%C3%AD) (Háítí – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A) (هائيتي – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80) (हैती – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80) (હૈતી – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiti) (Heiti – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99) (האיטי – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80) (हाइती – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB) (Հայիթի – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%ADt%C3%AD) (Haítí – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81) (ハイチ – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieti) (Ieti – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98) (ჰაიტი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti) (Gaiti – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti) (Hayti – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti) (Hayiti – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Kongo) Kongo   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF) (ಹೈತಿ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%B0) (아이티 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C) (ہیٹی – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AEt%C3%AE) (Haîtî – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyti) (Heyti – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitia) (Haitia – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayti) (Ayti – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti) (Aiti – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitis) (Haitis – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%E1%BB%B3) (Haitỳ – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Хаити – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF) (ഹെയ്റ്റി – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Хаити – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4) (ꯍꯥꯢꯇꯤ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80) (हैती – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6aiti) (Ħaiti – Maltese) Malti   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ဟေတီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C) (Гаити Республикась – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C) (هائیتی – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80) (हाइटी – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80) (हेइटी – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Dutch) Nederlands   (featured article) (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Novial) Novial   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD_(estat)) (Haití (estat) – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti) (Gaiti – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyitii) (Heyitii – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80) (ਹੈਤੀ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti) (Aiti – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Picard) Picard   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C) (ہیٹی – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A) (هايتي – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytiy) (Aytiy – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гаити – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8) (Гайти – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti) (Hayiti – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D) (Гаити Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4) (ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti) (Aiti – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%8A) (هيٽي – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti) (Hayiti – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းႁေးတီႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA) (හයිටිය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)) (Haiti (štát) – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti) (Hayti – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8) (Хаити – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHayithi) (IHayithi – Swati) SiSwati   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajiti) (Hajiti – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF) (எயிட்டி – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80) (హైతీ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD) (Haití – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D3%A3) (Ҳоитӣ – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4) (ประเทศเฮติ – Thai) ไทย   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Awisi) (ma Awisi – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Гаити Республика – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89) (ھايتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%82%D1%96) (Гаїті – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C) (ہیٹی – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti) (Gaiti – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiy%C3%A4n) (Haitiyän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti) (Ayiti – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0) (海地 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Haiti) (I-Haiti – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98) (ჰაიტი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99) (האיטי – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0%C3%ADt%C3%AC) (Hàítì – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti) (Haïti – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0) (海地 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0) (海地 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0) (海地 – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q790#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Haiti.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Haiti) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Haiti.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]) View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (Haiti.html)  Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Haiti) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Haiti) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&oldid=1370406228) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Haiti&id=1370406228&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Haiti&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haiti) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Haiti) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Haiti) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Haiti) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q790) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haiti&params=19_00_N_72_25_W_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 19°00′N 72°25′W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 19.000°N 72.417°W  / 19.000; -72.417     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected due to vandalism) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in the Caribbean (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    "Hayti" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(disambiguation)) (Haiti (disambiguation)) Haiti (disambiguation) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti_(disambiguation)) (Hayti (disambiguation)) Hayti (disambiguation) .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism#Haiti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024)    Republic of Haiti  (French-language text) République d'Haïti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French )  (Haitian Creole-language text) Repiblik Ayiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language) (Haitian Creole language) Haitian Creole )        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg) (Flag of Haiti) (Flag of Haiti)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti) (Flag of Haiti) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg) (Coat of arms of Haiti) (Coat of arms of Haiti)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti) (Coat of arms of Haiti) Coat of arms      Motto:  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberté,_égalité,_fraternité) (Liberté, égalité, fraternité) Liberté, égalité, fraternité   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French )  (Haitian Creole-language text) Libète, egalite, fratènite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language) (Haitian Creole language) Haitian Creole )    "Liberty, equality, fraternity"(Haiti.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]      Anthem:  (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Dessalinienne) (La Dessalinienne) La Dessalinienne   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   "The Dessaline"  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (Kreyòl ayisyen ‪(ht)‬)  (magyar ‪(hu)‬)  (italiano ‪(it)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (svenska ‪(sv)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Location in the Western Hemisphere  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg)    Haiti and its neighbors     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince) (Port-au-Prince) Port-au-Prince  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haiti&params=18_32_10_N_72_20_47_W_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 18°32′10″N 72°20′47″W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 18.53611°N 72.34639°W  / 18.53611; -72.34639     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_French) (Haitian French) French  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole) (Haitian Creole) Haitian Creole      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups   95% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Haitians) (Afro-Haitians) African  5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti#Ethnic_groups) (Demographics of Haiti) other (Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_20110303-2) [ 2]      Religion (2020)(Haiti.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   87.0% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Haiti) (Christianity in Haiti) Christianity  10.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) no religion  2.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) (Haitian Vodou) Haitian Vodou  0.2% other     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitians) (Haitians) Haitian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti) (Politics of Haiti) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) Semi-presidential republic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure) (De jure) de jure  )  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Haiti) (President of Haiti) President   Vacant   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti) (Prime Minister of Haiti) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aimé) (Alix Didier Fils-Aimé) Alix Didier Fils-Aimé (acting)(Haiti.html#cite_note-4) [ 4]        Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)) (National Assembly (Haiti)) National Assembly (vacant)  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)) (Senate (Haiti)) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)) (Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)) Chamber of Deputies   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) (Haitian Revolution) Independence from France   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Declaration_of_Independence) (Haitian Declaration of Independence) Independence declared   1 January 1804  • Independence recognized   17 April 1825  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti) (First Empire of Haiti) First Empire   22 September 1804  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806–1820)) (Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)) Southern Republic   17 October 1806  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Haiti) (State of Haiti) Northern State   17 October 1806  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti) (Kingdom of Haiti) Kingdom   28 March 1811  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola) (Unification of Hispaniola) Unification of Hispaniola   9 February 1822  • Dissolution   27 February 1844  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti) (Second Empire of Haiti) Second Empire   26 August 1849  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859–1957)) (Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)) Republic   15 January 1859  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) (United States occupation of Haiti) United States occupation   28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934  • Independence from the United States   15 August 1934  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti) (Constitution of Haiti) Current constitution   20 June 2012    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti) (Geography of Haiti) Area    • Total  27,700(Haiti.html#cite_note-5) [ 5]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-UNHDR-6) [ 6]     km2 (10,700 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 143rd )  • Water (%)  0.7  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti) (Demographics of Haiti) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    11,906,096(Haiti.html#cite_note-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 83rd )  • Density  417/km2 (1,080.0/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 32nd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $38.200 billion(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto6-8) [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 144th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $3,040(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto6-8) [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 169th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $33.550 billion(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto6-8) [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 107th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $2,670(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto6-8) [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 141st )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     41(Haiti.html#cite_note-9) [ 9]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.554(Haiti.html#cite_note-UNHDR-6) [ 6]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  medium   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 166th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_gourde) (Haitian gourde) Gourde (G) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) HTG )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC −05:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time) (Eastern Standard Time) EST )  • Summer ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time) (Daylight saving time) DST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC −04:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time) (Eastern Daylight Time) EDT )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Haiti) (Telephone numbers in Haiti) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Haiti) (Telephone numbers in Haiti) +509   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HT) (ISO 3166-2:HT) HT   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ht) (.ht) .ht     Haiti ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-10) [ a]    officially the Republic of Haiti ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-12) [ b]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Hayti-18) [ c]    is a country in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean on the island of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola) (Hispaniola) Hispaniola in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea) (Caribbean Sea) Caribbean Sea , east of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba) (Cuba) Cuba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica) (Jamaica) Jamaica and south of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas) (The Bahamas) The Bahamas . It occupies the western side of the island, which it shares with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Dardik-19) [ 16]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Current_Affairs-20) [ 17]    Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, it is the most populous Caribbean country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-UN_WPP-21) [ 18]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-22) [ 19]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-23) [ 20]    The capital and largest city is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince) (Port-au-Prince) Port-au-Prince . Haiti was originally inhabited by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean) (Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean) Indigenous peoples , known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taíno) (Taíno) Taíno .(Haiti.html#cite_note-national-geographic-24) [ 21]    In 1492, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) (Christopher Columbus) Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas) (Americas) Americas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Navidad) (La Navidad) La Navidad , on its northeastern coast.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Davies1953-25) [ 22]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-:1-26) [ 23]    The island was part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire) (Spanish Empire) Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick) (Peace of Ryswick) ceded to France and became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) (Saint-Domingue) Saint-Domingue , dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean) (Sugar plantations in the Caribbean) sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans. The 1791–1804 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) (Haitian Revolution) Haitian Revolution made Haiti the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state) (Sovereign state) sovereign state in the Caribbean, the second (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic) (Republic) republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_revolt) (Slave revolt) slave revolt .(Haiti.html#cite_note-27) [ 24]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-28) [ 25]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-29) [ 26]    The independent state began as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti) (First Empire of Haiti) empire , later splitting into two nations before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820–1849)) (Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)) reunifying in 1820; a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti) (Second Empire of Haiti) second empire was established under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque) (Faustin Soulouque) Faustin Soulouque before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859–1957)) (Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)) return of the republic in 1859. The 19th century also saw political instability, international isolation, a crippling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_independence_debt) (Haitian independence debt) debt to France , and failed invasions of the Dominican Republic, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence) (Dominican War of Independence) a costly war . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) (United States occupation of Haiti) U.S. forces occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934,(Haiti.html#cite_note-Haite1934-30) [ 27]    followed by the dictatorial rule of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvalier_family) (Duvalier family) Duvalier family (1957–1986). Following a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d'état) (1991 Haitian coup d'état) coup d'état in 1991 , a U.S.-led multinational force (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy) (Operation Uphold Democracy) intervened in 1994 ; a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d'état) (2004 Haitian coup d'état) second coup in 2004 was followed by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti) (United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti) United Nations intervention . In the 2010s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) (2010 Haiti earthquake) a catastrophic earthquake and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak) (2010s Haiti cholera outbreak) a large-scale cholera outbreak devastated the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-31) [ 28]     Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has faced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018–present)) (Haitian crisis (2018–present)) severe economic and political crises , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti) (Gang war in Haiti) gang activity displacing over 1.3 million,(Haiti.html#cite_note-32) [ 29]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-33) [ 30]    and the collapse of its government. The presidency has been vacant since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Moïse) (Assassination of Jovenel Moïse) 2021 assassination of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovenel_Moïse) (Jovenel Moïse) Jovenel Moïse , while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)) (National Assembly (Haiti)) National Assembly and the judiciary have been rendered inoperative, leaving the country in virtual anarchy with almost nonexistent state control. One of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries and with no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state) (Failed state) failed state .(Haiti.html#cite_note-34) [ 31]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-35) [ 32]     Haiti is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States) (Organization of American States) Organization of American States ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-36) [ 33]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States) (Association of Caribbean States) Association of Caribbean States ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-37) [ 34]    and the (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  . In addition to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARICOM) (CARICOM) CARICOM , it is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-38) [ 35]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-39) [ 36]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States) (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States .   Etymology  Haiti (also earlier Hayti )(Haiti.html#cite_note-Hayti-18) [ c]    comes from the Indigenous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taíno_language) (Taíno language) Taíno language and means "land of high mountains";(Haiti.html#cite_note-40) [ 37]    it was the Native name(Haiti.html#cite_note-44) [ d]    for the entire island of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola) (Hispaniola) Hispaniola . The name was restored by Haitian revolutionary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines) (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) Jean-Jacques Dessalines as the official name of independent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) (Saint-Domingue) Saint-Domingue , as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors.(Haiti.html#cite_note-45) [ 41]    Another theory on the name Haiti is its origin in African tradition; in Fon language, one of the most spoken by the bossales (Haitians born in Africa), (http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti-archive/msg02162.html) Ayiti-Tomè (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged May 2026) dead link   ]   means: "From nowadays this land is our land."(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)) citation needed   ]   In French, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ï) (Ï) ï  in Haï ti has a diacritical mark, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)#French) (Diaeresis (diacritic)) diaeresis (used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately, as in the word naï ve ), while the H is silent.(Haiti.html#cite_note-46) [ 42]    (In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often disregarded, thus the spelling Haiti is used.) There are different anglicizations for its pronunciation such as HIGH-ti , high-EE-ti and haa-EE-ti , which are still in use, but HAY-ti is the most widespread and best-established.(Haiti.html#cite_note-47) [ 43]    In French, Haiti's nickname is La Perle des Antilles ("Pearl of the Antilles") because of both its natural beauty(Haiti.html#cite_note-48) [ 44]    and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France) (Kingdom of France) Kingdom of France .(Haiti.html#cite_note-49) [ 45]    In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole) (Haitian Creole) Haitian Creole , it is spelled and pronounced with a y but no H : (Haitian Creole-language text) Ayiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text)  . In the Haitian community the country has multiple nicknames: Ayiti-Toma (as its origin in Ayiti Tomè), Ayiti-Cheri (Ayiti my Darling), Tè-Desalin (Dessalines' Land) or Lakay (Home).(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)) citation needed   ]    History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti) (History of Haiti) History of Haiti  Pre-Columbian era  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png)   The five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique) (Cacique) caciquedoms of Hispaniola at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola) (Chiefdoms of Hispaniola) Chiefdoms of Hispaniola  The island of Hispaniola, of which Haiti occupies the western three-eighths,(Haiti.html#cite_note-Dardik-19) [ 16]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Current_Affairs-20) [ 17]    has been inhabited since about 6,000 years ago by Indigenous peoples who are thought to have arrived from Central or northern South America. These (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)) (Archaic period (North America)) Archaic Age people are thought to have been largely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer) (Hunter-gatherer) hunter-gatherers . During the 1st millennium BC, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan_languages) (Arawakan languages) Arawakan -speaking ancestors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taíno) (Taíno) Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of pottery and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:132-50) [ 46]     In Taíno society the largest unit of political organization was led by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique) (Cacique) cacique  , or chief, as the Europeans understood them. At the time of European contact, Hispaniola was divided among five 'caciquedoms': the Magua in the northeast, the Marien in the northwest, the Jaragua in the southwest, the Maguana in the central regions of Cibao, and the Higüey in the southeast.(Haiti.html#cite_note-51) [ 47]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-52) [ 48]     Taíno cultural artifacts include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_paintings) (Cave paintings) cave paintings in several locations in the country. These have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léogâne) (Léogâne) Léogâne , started as a French colonial town in the southwest, is beside the former capital of the caciquedom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaraguá) (Xaraguá) Xaraguá . (Haiti.html#cite_note-royal-53) [ 49]     According to the Puerto Rican historian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayetano_Coll_y_Toste) (Cayetano Coll y Toste) Cayetano Coll y Toste , the German explorer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius) (Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius) Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was the first person to describe the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean) (Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean) Indigenous peoples of Haiti as "Taini" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taino) (Taino) Taino ). The archaeologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Antonio_Curet) (L. Antonio Curet) L. Antonio Curet has written that Martius described these peoples as "Taini...perhaps by mistaking the qualifier for an ethnonym".(Haiti.html#cite_note-54) [ 50]      Colonial era   Spanish rule (1492–1625)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty) (Columbian Viceroyalty) Columbian Viceroyalty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain) (New Spain) New Spain , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo) (Captaincy General of Santo Domingo) Captaincy General of Santo Domingo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist's_impression) (Artist's impression) Artist's impression of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) (Christopher Columbus) Christopher Columbus landing on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola) (Hispaniola) Hispaniola , engraving by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry) (Theodor de Bry) Theodor de Bry   Navigator (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) (Christopher Columbus) Christopher Columbus landed in Haiti on 6 December 1492, in an area that he named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Môle-Saint-Nicolas) (Môle-Saint-Nicolas) Môle-Saint-Nicolas  ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-55) [ 51]    and claimed the island for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile) (Crown of Castile) Crown of Castile . On 25 December his ship the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María_(ship)) (Santa María (ship)) Santa María  ran aground near the present site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien . Columbus left 39 men on the island, who founded the settlement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Navidad) (La Navidad) La Navidad .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Relations with the native peoples were initially good; however the settlers were later killed by the Taíno.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt10-57) [ 53]     The sailors carried endemic Eurasian infectious diseases, causing epidemics that killed a large number of native people.(Haiti.html#cite_note-58) [ 54]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-59) [ 55]    The first recorded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smallpox) (History of smallpox) smallpox epidemic in the Americas erupted on Hispaniola in 1507.(Haiti.html#cite_note-60) [ 56]    Their numbers were further reduced by the harshness of the (Spanish-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda) (Encomienda) encomienda   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text)   system, in which the Spanish forced natives to work in gold mines and plantations.(Haiti.html#cite_note-61) [ 57]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt10-57) [ 53]    The Spanish passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos) (Laws of Burgos) Laws of Burgos (1512–1513) which forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their conversion to Catholicism,(Haiti.html#cite_note-62) [ 58]    and gave legal framework to (Spanish-language text) encomiendas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text)  . The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries.(Haiti.html#cite_note-63) [ 59]     As the Spanish re-focused their colonization efforts on the greater riches of mainland Central and South America, Hispaniola became reduced largely to a trading and refueling post. As a result (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean) (Piracy in the Caribbean) piracy became widespread , encouraged by European powers hostile to Spain such as France (based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)) (Tortuga (Haiti)) Île de la Tortue ) and England.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt10-57) [ 53]    The Spanish largely abandoned the western third of the island, focusing their colonization effort on the eastern two-thirds.(Haiti.html#cite_note-64) [ 60]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    The western part of the island was thus gradually settled by French (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer) (Buccaneer) buccaneers ; among them was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_d'Ogeron) (Bertrand d'Ogeron) Bertrand d'Ogeron , who succeeded in growing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco) (Tobacco) tobacco and recruited many French colonial families from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique) (Martinique) Martinique and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe) (Guadeloupe) Guadeloupe .(Haiti.html#cite_note-65) [ 61]    In 1697 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France) (Kingdom of France) France and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire) (Spanish Empire) Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick) (Treaty of Ryswick) Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]       French rule (1625–1804)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) (Saint-Domingue) Saint-Domingue and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies) (French West Indies) French West Indies  France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo) (Captaincy General of Santo Domingo) Santo Domingo  , the Spanish colony on Hispaniola.(Haiti.html#cite_note-firstcolony-67) [ 63]    The French set about creating sugar and coffee plantations, worked by vast numbers of those enslaved imported from Africa, and Saint-Domingue grew to become their richest colonial possession,(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    generating 40% of France’s foreign trade and doubling the wealth generation of all of England’s colonies, combined.(Haiti.html#cite_note-68) [ 64]     The French settlers were outnumbered by enslaved persons by almost 10 to 1.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    According to the 1788 census, Haiti's population consisted of nearly 25,000 Europeans, 22,000 free coloreds and 700,000 Africans in slavery.(Haiti.html#cite_note-69) [ 65]    In the north of the island, those enslaved were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Some West Africans in slavery held on to their traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) (Haitian Vodou) Vodou beliefs by secretly syncretizing it with Catholicism.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     The French enacted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Noir) (Code Noir) Code Noir  ("Black Code"), prepared by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert) (Jean-Baptiste Colbert) Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV) (Louis XIV) Louis XIV , which established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt12-70) [ 66]    Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; at the end of the 18th century it was supplying two-thirds of Europe's tropical produce while one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Farmer-LROB-71) [ 67]    Many enslaved persons died from diseases such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox) (Smallpox) smallpox and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever) (Typhoid fever) typhoid fever .(Haiti.html#cite_note-72) [ 68]    They had low birth rates,(Haiti.html#cite_note-73) [ 69]    and there is evidence that some women aborted fetuses rather than give birth to children within the bonds of slavery.(Haiti.html#cite_note-74) [ 70]    The colony's environment also suffered, as forests were cleared to make way for plantations and the land was overworked so as to extract maximum profit for French plantation owners.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791,_German_copper_engraving.jpg)   Saint-Domingue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_rebellion) (Slave rebellion) slave revolt in 1791  As in its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)) (Louisiana (New France)) Louisiana colony , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France) (New France) French colonial government allowed some rights to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_people_of_color) (Free people of color) free people of color ((French-language text) gens de couleur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  ), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race) (Mixed-race) mixed-race descendants of European male colonists and African enslaved females (and later, mixed-race women).(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    Over time, many were released from slavery, and they established a separate social class. White French (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_peoples) (Creole peoples) Creole fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to France for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near Port-au-Prince, and many intermarried within their community.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen and began to own some property, including enslaved persons of their own.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]    The free people of color petitioned the colonial government to expand their rights.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]     The brutality of slave life led many people in bondage to escape to mountainous regions, where they set up their own autonomous communities and became known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons) (Maroons) maroons .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    One maroon leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mackandal) (François Mackandal) François Mackandal , led a rebellion in the 1750s; however, he was later captured and executed by the French.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt11-66) [ 62]       Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) (Haitian Revolution) Haitian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Général_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer) (General officer) General Toussaint Louverture  Inspired by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution) (French Revolution) French Revolution of 1789 and principles of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen) (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) rights of man , the French settlers and free people of color pressed for greater political freedom and more civil rights.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt12-70) [ 66]    Tensions between these two groups led to conflict, and a militia of free-coloreds was set up in 1790 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Ogé) (Vincent Ogé) Vincent Ogé , resulting in his capture, torture and execution.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Sensing an opportunity, in August 1791 the first slave armies were established in northern Haiti under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture) (Toussaint Louverture) Toussaint Louverture inspired by the Vodou houngan (priest) Boukman, and backed by the Spanish in Santo Domingo – soon a full-blown slave rebellion had broken out across the entire colony.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     In 1792 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers) (The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2026)) when?   ]  , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic) (French First Republic) French First Republic sent three commissioners with troops to re-establish control. To build an alliance with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_de_couleur) (Gens de couleur) gens de couleur  and enslaved persons, commissioners (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léger-Félicité_Sonthonax) (Léger-Félicité Sonthonax) Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Polverel) (Étienne Polverel) Étienne Polverel abolished slavery in the colony.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt12-70) [ 66]    Six months later, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention) (National Convention) National Convention endorsed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline) (Abolition of slavery timeline) abolition and extended it to all the French colonies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-75) [ 71]     The United States oscillated between supporting or not supporting Louverture and the emerging country of Haiti, depending on who was President of the US. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington) (George Washington) George Washington , who was a slave holder and isolationist, kept the United States neutral, although private US citizens at times provided aid to French (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_(plantation_owner)) (Planter (plantation owner)) planters trying to put down the revolt. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams) (John Adams) John Adams , a vocal opponent of both slavery and Revolutionary France, fully supported the slave revolt by providing diplomatic recognition, financial support, munitions and warships (including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution) (USS Constitution) USS Constitution  ) beginning in 1798. This support ended in 1801 when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) (Thomas Jefferson) Thomas Jefferson , another (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery) (Thomas Jefferson and slavery) slave-holding president , took office and recalled the US Navy.(Haiti.html#cite_note-76) [ 72]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-77) [ 73]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-78) [ 74]     With slavery abolished, Louverture pledged allegiance to France, and he fought off the British and Spanish forces who had taken advantage of the situation and had invaded Saint-Domingue.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1-79) [ 75]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-80) [ 76]    The Spanish were later forced to cede their part of the island to France under the terms of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Basel) (Peace of Basel) Peace of Basel in 1795, uniting the island under one government. However, an insurgency against French rule broke out in the east, and in the west there was fighting between Louverture's forces and the free people of color led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Rigaud) (André Rigaud) André Rigaud in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Knives) (War of the Knives) War of the Knives (1799–1800).(Haiti.html#cite_note-81) [ 77]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-82) [ 78]    The United States' support for the blacks in the war contributed to their victory over the mulattoes.(Haiti.html#cite_note-YPT-83) [ 79]    More than 25,000 whites and free blacks left the island as refugees.(Haiti.html#cite_note-84) [ 80]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg)   Battle between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)) (Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)) Polish troops in French service and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) (Haitian Revolution) Haitian rebels . The majority of Polish soldiers eventually deserted the French army and fought alongside the Haitians.  After Louverture created a separatist constitution and proclaimed himself governor-general for life, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoléon_Bonaparte) (Napoléon Bonaparte) Napoléon Bonaparte in 1802 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition) (Saint-Domingue expedition) sent an expedition of 20,000 soldiers and as many sailors(Haiti.html#cite_note-85) [ 81]    under the command of his brother-in-law (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)) (Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)) Charles Leclerc to reassert French control. The French achieved some victories, but within a few months most of their army had died from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever) (Yellow fever) yellow fever .(Haiti.html#cite_note-86) [ 82]    Ultimately more than 50,000 French troops died in an attempt to retake the colony, including 18 generals.(Haiti.html#cite_note-87) [ 83]    The French managed to capture Louverture, transporting him to France for trial. He was imprisoned at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Joux) (Fort de Joux) Fort de Joux , where he died in 1803 of exposure and possibly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) (Tuberculosis) tuberculosis .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Farmer-LROB-71) [ 67]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png)   Haitians hanging French soldiers  The enslaved persons, along with free (French-language text) gens de couleur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  and allies, continued their fight for independence, led by generals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines) (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) Jean-Jacques Dessalines , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pétion) (Alexandre Pétion) Alexandre Pétion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Christophe) (Henry Christophe) Henry Christophe .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]    The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vertières) (Battle of Vertières) Battle of Vertières on 18 November 1803, establishing the only state to successfully gain independence through a slave revolt.(Haiti.html#cite_note-89) [ 85]    Under the overall command of Dessalines, the Haitian armies avoided open battle and instead conducted a successful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare) (Guerrilla warfare) guerrilla campaign against the Napoleonic forces, working with diseases such as yellow fever to reduce the numbers of French soldiers.(Haiti.html#cite_note-90) [ 86]    Later that year France withdrew its remaining 7,000 troops from the island, and Napoleon gave up his idea of re-establishing a North American empire, selling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)) (Louisiana (New France)) Louisiana (New France) to the United States in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase) (Louisiana Purchase) Louisiana Purchase .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]    On 1 January 1804, the leaders of the Haitian Revolution declared their achieved independence from France.(Haiti.html#cite_note-r015-91) [ 87]     Throughout the revolution, an estimated 20,000 French troops succumbed to yellow fever, while another 37,000 were killed in action,(Haiti.html#cite_note-92) [ 88]    exceeding the total French soldiers killed in action across various 19th-century colonial campaigns in Algeria, Mexico, Indochina, Tunisia, and West Africa, which resulted in approximately 10,000 French soldiers killed in action combined.(Haiti.html#cite_note-93) [ 89]    The British sustained 45,000 dead. Additionally, 200,000 Haitians died.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Scheina-94) [ 90]    In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France.(Haiti.html#cite_note-95) [ 91]       Independent Haiti   First Empire (1804–1806)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti) (First Empire of Haiti) First Empire of Haiti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre) (1804 Haitian massacre) 1804 Haitian massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Serment_des_Ancêtres,_1823.jpg)   Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to each other before God; painting by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Guillon-Lethière) (Guillaume Guillon-Lethière) Guillon-Lethière   The independence of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed under the native name 'Haiti' by Dessalines on 1 January 1804 in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaïves) (Gonaïves) Gonaïves ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-Webster_University-96) [ 92]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt209-97) [ 93]    and he was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" as Emperor Jacques I by his troops.(Haiti.html#cite_note-98) [ 94]    Dessalines at first offered protection to the white planters and others.(Haiti.html#cite_note-99) [ 95]    However, once in power, he ordered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre) (1804 Haitian massacre) 1804 Haitian massacre of nearly all the remaining whites; between January and April 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 whites were killed, including those who had been friendly and sympathetic to the black population.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Davies2008-100) [ 96]    Only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre#Aftermath) (1804 Haiti massacre) three categories of white people were selected out as exceptions and spared: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Haitians) (Polish Haitians) Polish soldiers , some of whom had deserted from the French army and fought alongside the Haitian rebels; a small group of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Haitians) (German Haitians) German colonists invited to the north-west region; and a group of medical doctors and professionals.(Haiti.html#cite_note-101) [ 97]    Reportedly, people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were also spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.(Haiti.html#cite_note-102) [ 98]     Fearful of the potential impact the slave rebellion could have in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) (Slave states and free states) slave states , U.S. President Jefferson refused to recognize the new republic. The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U.S. recognition for decades until they withdrew in 1861 to form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) (Confederate States of America) Confederacy .(Haiti.html#cite_note-103) [ 99]    The revolution led to a wave of emigration.(Haiti.html#cite_note-104) [ 100]    In 1809, 9,000 refugees from Saint-Domingue, both white planters and people of color, settled en masse in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans) (New Orleans) New Orleans , doubling the city's population,(Haiti.html#cite_note-105) [ 101]    having been expelled from their initial refuge in Cuba by Spanish authorities.(Haiti.html#cite_note-106) [ 102]     The plantation system was re-established in Haiti, albeit for wages; however, many Haitians were marginalized and resented the heavy-handed manner in which this was enforced in the new nation's politics.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]    The rebel movement splintered, and Dessalines was assassinated by rivals on 17 October 1806.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Haiti-107) [ 103]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linking) (Deep linking) (Use deep linking to the page at which information is found, rather than at top-domain level (March 2023)) Link to precise page   ]  (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]       State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Haiti) (State of Haiti) State of Haiti , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti) (Kingdom of Haiti) Kingdom of Haiti , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806–1820)) (Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)) Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citadelle_Laferrière_Aerial_View.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière) (Citadelle Laferrière) Citadelle Laferrière , built 1805–1822, is the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress) (Fortress) fortress in the Americas, and is considered locally to be an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_wonder_of_the_world) (Eighth wonder of the world) eighth wonder of the world .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Reading_Eagle-108) [ 104]      After Dessalines' death, Haiti became split into two, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti) (Kingdom of Haiti) Kingdom of Haiti in the north directed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Christophe) (Henri Christophe) Henri Christophe , later declaring himself Henri I, and a republic in the south centered on Port-au-Prince, directed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Pétion) (Alexandre Pétion) Alexandre Pétion , an homme de couleur .(Haiti.html#cite_note-109) [ 105]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-110) [ 106]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-111) [ 107]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-112) [ 108]    Pétion's republic was less absolutist, and he initiated a series of land reforms which benefited the peasant class.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]    Pétion also gave military and financial assistance to the revolutionary leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simón_Bolívar) (Simón Bolívar) Simón Bolívar , which were critical in enabling him to liberate the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada) (Viceroyalty of New Granada) Viceroyalty of New Granada .(Haiti.html#cite_note-113) [ 109]    Meanwhile, the French, who had managed to maintain a precarious control of eastern Hispaniola, were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo) (Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo) defeated by insurgents led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sánchez_Ramírez) (Juan Sánchez Ramírez) Juan Sánchez Ramírez , with the area returning to Spanish rule in 1809 following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Hincado) (Battle of Palo Hincado) Battle of Palo Hincado .(Haiti.html#cite_note-RECONQUEST-114) [ 110]       Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820–1849)) (Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)) Republic of Haiti (1820–1849) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo) (Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo) Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg)   Jean-Pierre Boyer (r. 1818–1843)  Beginning in 1821, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer) (Jean-Pierre Boyer) Jean-Pierre Boyer , also an homme de couleur and successor to Pétion, reunified the island following the suicide of Christophe.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-115) [ 111]    After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti) (Republic of Spanish Haiti) Santo Domingo declared its independence from Spain on 30 November 1821, Boyer invaded, seeking to unite the entire island by force and to end slavery in Santo Domingo.(Haiti.html#cite_note-116) [ 112]    Struggling to revive the agricultural economy to produce commodity crops, Boyer passed the Code Rural, which denied peasant laborers the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own, causing much resentment as most peasants wished to have their own farms rather than work on plantations.(Haiti.html#cite_note-117) [ 113]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-118) [ 114]    Boyer's administration also reserved the highest posts in the administrative bureaucracy for Haitian mulattoes, contributing to resentment among Dominicans.(Haiti.html#cite_note-119) [ 115]     Starting in 1824, more than 6,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) (African Americans) African Americans migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by an American philanthropic group similar in function to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society) (American Colonization Society) American Colonization Society and its efforts in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia .(Haiti.html#cite_note-120) [ 116]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-auto7-121) [ 117]    Many found the conditions too harsh and returned to the United States.(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto7-121) [ 117]     In July 1825, King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France) (Charles X of France) Charles X of France , during a period of restoration of the French monarchy, sent a fleet to reconquer Haiti. Under pressure, Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the state in exchange for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy) (Haiti indemnity controversy) a payment of 150 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francs) (Francs) francs , or $560 million in today's dollars.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Nagourney-122) [ 118]    By an order of 17 April 1826, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty and formally recognized the independence of Haiti.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FrenchEmbassy-123) [ 119]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-124) [ 120]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-125) [ 121]    The enforced payments to France hampered Haiti's economic growth for years, exacerbated by the fact that many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world) (Western world) Western states continued to refuse formal diplomatic recognition to Haiti; Britain recognized Haitian independence in 1833, and the United States not until 1862.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Haiti borrowed heavily from Western banks at extremely high interest rates to repay the debt, an amount estimated to be between $21 billion and $115 billion in lost economic growth over time, or as much as eight times the size of Haiti's economy in 2020.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Nagourney-122) [ 118]    Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to $90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of Haiti's government spending was debt repayment, and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947.(Haiti.html#cite_note-126) [ 122]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt13-88) [ 84]      Loss of the eastern portion of the island  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence) (Dominican War of Independence) Dominican War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_President_Hérard.png)   Charles Rivière-Hérard (r. 1843–1844)  After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rivière-Hérard) (Charles Rivière-Hérard) Charles Rivière-Hérard replacing him as president.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, capitulated to the rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March, Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominicans inflicted heavy losses.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]    Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy and replaced with the aged general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Guerrier) (Philippe Guerrier) Philippe Guerrier , who assumed the presidency on 3 May 1844. Guerrier died in April 1845 and was succeeded by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pierrot) (Jean-Louis Pierrot) Jean-Louis Pierrot .(Haiti.html#cite_note-leger197-128) [ 124]    Pierrot's most pressing duty was to check the incursions of the Dominicans, who were harassing the Haitian troops.(Haiti.html#cite_note-leger197-128) [ 124]    Dominican gunboats were also making depredations on Haiti's coasts.(Haiti.html#cite_note-leger197-128) [ 124]    President Pierrot decided to open a campaign against the Dominicans, whom he considered merely as insurgents; however, the Haitian offensive of 1845 was stopped on the frontier.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]     On 1 January 1846, Pierrot announced a fresh campaign to reimpose Haitian suzerainty over eastern Hispaniola, but his officers and men greeted this fresh summons with contempt.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]    Thus, a month later – February 1846 – when Pierrot ordered his troops to march against the Dominicans, the Haitian army mutinied, and its soldiers proclaimed his overthrow as president of the republic.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]    With the war against the Dominicans having become very unpopular in Haiti, it was beyond the power of the new president, General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Riché) (Jean-Baptiste Riché) Jean-Baptiste Riché , to stage another invasion.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]       Second Empire (1849–1859)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti) (Second Empire of Haiti) Second Empire of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faustin_I.jpg)   Faustin I, from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News) (The Illustrated London News) The Illustrated London News  , 16 February 1856  On 27 February 1847, Riché died after only a year in power and was replaced by an obscure officer, General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque) (Faustin Soulouque) Faustin Soulouque .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    During the first two years of Soulouque's administration the conspiracies and opposition he faced in retaining power were so manifold that the Dominicans were given a further breathing space in which to consolidate their independence.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]    But, when in 1848 France finally recognized the Dominican Republic as a free and independent state and provisionally signed a treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation, Haiti immediately protested, claiming the treaty was an attack upon their own security.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]    Soulouque decided to invade the new Republic before the French Government could ratify the treaty.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bethell-127) [ 123]     On 21 March 1849, Haitian soldiers attacked the Dominican garrison at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Matas_de_Farfán) (Las Matas de Farfán) Las Matas , which offered almost no resistance before abandoning its weapons. Soulouque pressed on, capturing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Province_(Dominican_Republic)) (San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)) San Juan , leaving only the town of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azua,_Dominican_Republic) (Azua, Dominican Republic) Azua as the remaining Dominican stronghold between the Haitian army and the capital. On 6 April, Azua fell to the 18,000-strong Haitian army, with a 5,000-man Dominican counterattack failing to oust them.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1-79) [ 75]    According to the Haitian account, the way to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo) (Santo Domingo) Santo Domingo was now clear, but the news of discontent existing at Port-au-Prince, which reached Soulouque, halted his advance and caused him to return with the army to his capital.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Jacques-129) [ 125]     Emboldened by the sudden retreat of the Haitian army, the Dominicans counter-attacked; their flotilla went as far as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame-Marie,_Grand'Anse) (Dame-Marie, Grand'Anse) Dame-Marie on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburon_Peninsula) (Tiburon Peninsula) Tiburon Peninsula , which they plundered and set on fire.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Jacques-129) [ 125]    After another Haitian campaign in 1855, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) Britain and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire) (Second French Empire) France intervened and obtained an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice) (Armistice) armistice on behalf of the Dominicans, who declared independence as the Dominican Republic.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Jacques-129) [ 125]     The sufferings endured by the soldiers during the campaign of 1855, and the losses and sacrifices inflicted on the country without yielding any compensation or any practical results provoked great discontent.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Jacques-129) [ 125]    In 1858 a revolution began, led by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre_Geffrard) (Fabre Geffrard) Fabre Geffrard . In December of that year, Geffrard defeated the army and seized control of most of the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    As a result, Soulouque abdicated his throne on 15 January 1859 and was taken into exile, and Geffrard succeeded him as president.(Haiti.html#cite_note-130) [ 126]       Late 19th century–early 20th century  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luders_Affair,_Germany,_Haiti.jpg)   German captain August Carl Thiele delivering the German ultimatum during the 1897 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lüders_affair) (Lüders affair) Lüders affair   The period following Soulouque's overthrow down to the turn of the century was a turbulent one for Haiti, with repeated bouts of political instability. Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in 1867,(Haiti.html#cite_note-131) [ 127]    as was his successor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Salnave) (Sylvain Salnave) Sylvain Salnave , in 1869.(Haiti.html#cite_note-132) [ 128]    Under the Presidency of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Domingue) (Michel Domingue) Michel Domingue (1874–1876) relations with the Dominican Republic were dramatically improved by the signing of a treaty, in which both parties acknowledged the independence of the other. Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the presidencies of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysius_Salomon) (Lysius Salomon) Lysius Salomon (1879–1888) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florvil_Hyppolite) (Florvil Hyppolite) Florvil Hyppolite (1889–1896).(Haiti.html#cite_note-133) [ 129]     Haiti's relations with outside powers were often strained. In 1889 the United States attempted to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Môle_Saint-Nicolas_affair) (Môle Saint-Nicolas affair) force Haiti to permit the building of a naval base at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Môle_Saint-Nicolas) (Môle Saint-Nicolas) Môle Saint-Nicolas , which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite.(Haiti.html#cite_note-leger245-134) [ 130]    In 1892 the German government supported suppression of the reform movement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anténor_Firmin) (Anténor Firmin) Anténor Firmin , and in 1897 the Germans used (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy) (Gunboat diplomacy) gunboat diplomacy to intimidate and then humiliate the Haitian government of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirésias_Simon_Sam) (Tirésias Simon Sam) Tirésias Simon Sam (1896–1902) during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lüders_affair) (Lüders affair) Lüders affair .(Haiti.html#cite_note-135) [ 131]     In the first decades of the 20th century, Haiti experienced great political instability and was heavily in debt to France, Germany and the United States. A series of short lived presidencies came and went: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Nord_Alexis) (Pierre Nord Alexis) Pierre Nord Alexis was forced from power in 1908,(Haiti.html#cite_note-136) [ 132]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-137) [ 133]    as was his successor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_C._Antoine_Simon) (François C. Antoine Simon) François C. Antoine Simon in 1911;(Haiti.html#cite_note-138) [ 134]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnatus_Leconte) (Cincinnatus Leconte) Cincinnatus Leconte (1911–1912) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace;(Haiti.html#cite_note-139) [ 135]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Oreste) (Michel Oreste) Michel Oreste (1913–1914) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Zamor) (Oreste Zamor) Oreste Zamor in 1914.(Haiti.html#cite_note-140) [ 136]       United States occupation (1915–1934)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) (United States occupation of Haiti) United States occupation of Haiti  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti#Unfree_labor_during_US_occupation) (Slavery in Haiti) Slavery in Haiti § Unfree labor during US occupation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti,_circa_1919.,_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584_(cropped).tif)   U.S. Marines and guide in search of Haitian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)) (Cacos (military group)) Cacos fighters against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) (United States occupation of Haiti) U.S. occupation of Haiti , (circa) c.  1919   Germany increased its influence in Haiti in this period, with a small community of German settlers wielding disproportionate influence in Haiti's economy.(Haiti.html#cite_note-state-141) [ 137]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    The German influence prompted anxieties in the United States, who had also invested heavily in the country and who defended their right to oppose foreign interference in the Americas under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine) (Monroe Doctrine) Monroe Doctrine .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    In December 1914 the Americans removed $500,000 from the Haitian National Bank, but rather than seize it to help pay the debt, it was removed for safe-keeping in New York, thus giving the United States control of the bank and preventing other powers from doing so. This gave a stable financial base on which to build the economy and to enable the debt to be repaid.(Haiti.html#cite_note-143) [ 139]     In 1915, Haiti President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilbrun_Guillaume_Sam) (Vilbrun Guillaume Sam) Vilbrun Guillaume Sam sought to strengthen his tenuous rule by a mass execution of 167 political prisoners. Outrage at the killings led to riots, and Sam was captured and killed by a lynch mob.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-144) [ 140]    Fearing possible foreign intervention or the emergence of a government led by the anti-American Haitian politician (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalvo_Bobo) (Rosalvo Bobo) Rosalvo Bobo , President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) (Woodrow Wilson) Woodrow Wilson sent U.S. Marines into Haiti in July 1915. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Washington_(ACR-11)) (USS Washington (ACR-11)) USS Washington  , under Rear Admiral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Banks_Caperton) (William Banks Caperton) Caperton , arrived in Port-au-Prince in an attempt to restore order and protect U.S. interests. Within days, the Marines had taken control of the capital city and its banks and customs house. The Marines declared martial law and severely censored the press. Within weeks, pro-U.S. Haitian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Sudré_Dartiguenave) (Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave) Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave was installed, and a new constitution was written that was favorable to the interests of the United States. The constitution (written by future US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Franklin D. Roosevelt ) included a clause that allowed, for the first time, foreign ownership of land in Haiti, which was bitterly opposed by the Haitian legislature and citizenry.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-145) [ 141]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corps_de_Charlemagne_Péralte.jpg)   The body of caco leader Charlemagne Péralte on display after his execution by US forces; the image was counterproductive, with the resemblance to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross) (Descent from the Cross) deposition of Jesus gaining Péralte the status of national martyr.  The occupation improved some of Haiti's infrastructure and centralized power in Port-au-Prince.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    1700 km of roads were made usable, 189 bridges were built, many irrigation canals were rehabilitated, hospitals, schools, and public buildings were constructed, and drinking water was brought to the main cities.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]  Agricultural education was organized, with a central school of agriculture and 69 farms in the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinl1996454–455-146) [ 142]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT) (Wikipedia:CITESHORT) (More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2023)) incomplete short citation   ]  However, many infrastructure projects were built using the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvée) (Corvée) corvée system that allowed the government/occupying forces to take people from their homes and farms, at gunpoint if necessary, to build infrastructure by force, a process that was deeply resented by ordinary Haitians.(Haiti.html#cite_note-147) [ 143]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal) (Sisal) Sisal was also introduced to Haiti, and sugarcane and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton) (Cotton) cotton became significant exports, boosting prosperity.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Henl,_pp._454–455-148) [ 144]    Haitian traditionalists based in rural areas were highly resistant to U.S.-backed changes, while the urban elites, typically mixed-race, welcomed the growing economy but wanted more political control.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Together they helped secure an end to the occupation in 1934, under the Presidency of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sténio_Vincent) (Sténio Vincent) Sténio Vincent .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-149) [ 145]    The debts were still outstanding, though less due to increased prosperity, and the U.S. financial advisor-general receiver handled the budget until 1941.(Haiti.html#cite_note-150) [ 146]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     The U.S. Marines were instilled with a special brand of paternalism towards Haitians "expressed in the metaphor of a father's relationship with his children."(Haiti.html#cite_note-151) [ 147]    Armed opposition to the US presence was led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)) (Cacos (military group)) Cacos under the command of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Péralte) (Charlemagne Péralte) Charlemagne Péralte ; his capture and execution in 1919 earned him the status of a national martyr.(Haiti.html#cite_note-152) [ 148]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt15-142) [ 138]    During US Senate hearings in 1921, the commandant of the Marine Corps reported that in the 20 months of active unrest, 2,250 Haitians had been killed. However, in a report to the Secretary of the Navy, he reported the death toll as 3,250.(Haiti.html#cite_note-153) [ 149]    Haitian historians have claimed the true number was much higher, but this is not supported by most historians outside Haiti.(Haiti.html#cite_note-154) [ 150]       Post-occupation era (1934–1957)  After U.S. forces left in 1934, Dominican dictator (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo) (Rafael Trujillo) Rafael Trujillo used (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Haitian_sentiment_in_the_Dominican_Republic) (Anti-Haitian sentiment in the Dominican Republic) anti-Haitian sentiment as a nationalist tool. In 1937, in an event that became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley_massacre) (Parsley massacre) Parsley Massacre , he ordered his army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Farmer180-155) [ 151]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-wucker-156) [ 152]    Few bullets were used; instead, 20,000–30,000 Haitians were bludgeoned and bayoneted, then herded into the sea, where sharks finished what Trujillo had begun.(Haiti.html#cite_note-157) [ 153]    The indiscriminate massacre occurred over a period of five days and involved hundreds of Dominican troops. Haitian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sténio_Vincent) (Sténio Vincent) Sténio Vincent , under US pressure owing to his increasingly dictatorial actions, resigned in 1941 and was replaced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Lescot) (Élie Lescot) Élie Lescot .(Haiti.html#cite_note-158) [ 154]    In December 1941, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War) (Second World War) Second World War , Lescot declared war on Japan, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania.(Haiti.html#cite_note-159) [ 155]    Out of these six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) (Axis powers) Axis powers , only Romania reciprocated.(Haiti.html#cite_note-160) [ 156]    On 27 September 1945,(Haiti.html#cite_note-161) [ 157]    Haiti became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations (the successor to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations) (Member states of the League of Nations) League of Nations , of which Haiti was also a founding member).(Haiti.html#cite_note-162) [ 158]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-163) [ 159]     In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumarsais_Estimé) (Dumarsais Estimé) Dumarsais Estimé becoming president.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Estimé sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians; however, as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magloire) (Paul Magloire) Paul Magloire , who replaced him in 1950.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-164) [ 160]    Firmly anti-Communist, he was supported by the United States; with greater political stability tourists started to visit Haiti.(Haiti.html#cite_note-guardiantourism-165) [ 161]    The waterfront area of Port-au-Prince was redeveloped to allow cruise ship passengers to walk to cultural attractions.   Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty) (Duvalier dynasty) Duvalier dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duvalier_crop2.jpg)   "Papa Doc" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Duvalier) (François Duvalier) Duvalier in 1968  In 1956–57 Haiti underwent severe political turmoil; Magloire was forced to resign and leave the country in 1956, and he was followed by four short-lived presidencies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Haitian_general_election) (1957 Haitian general election) September 1957 election (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Duvalier) (François Duvalier) François Duvalier was elected president. Known as 'Papa Doc' and initially popular, Duvalier remained president until his death in 1971.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-bryan-167) [ 163]    Not trusting the army, despite his frequent purges of officers deemed disloyal, Duvalier created a private militia known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonton_Macoute) (Tonton Macoute) Tontons Macoutes  ("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-168) [ 164]    In 1964 Duvalier proclaimed himself 'President for Life'; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie_Vespers) (Jérémie Vespers) an uprising against his rule that year in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie) (Jérémie) Jérémie was violently suppressed, with the ringleaders publicly executed and hundreds of mixed-raced citizens in the town killed.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    The bulk of the educated and professional class began leaving the country, and corruption became widespread.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    Duvalier sought to create a personality cult, identifying himself with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Samedi) (Baron Samedi) Baron Samedi , one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa) (Loa) loa (or lwa ), or spirits, of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) (Haitian Vodou) Haitian Vodou . Despite the well-publicized abuses under his rule, Duvalier's firm anti-Communism earned him the support of the Americans, who furnished the country with aid.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Štraus-169) [ 165]     In 1971 Duvalier died, and he was succeeded by his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier) (Jean-Claude Duvalier) Jean-Claude Duvalier , nicknamed 'Baby Doc', who ruled until 1986.(Haiti.html#cite_note-170) [ 166]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    He largely continued his father's policies, though he curbed some of the worst excesses in order to court international respectability.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Tourism, which had nosedived in Papa Doc's time, again became a growing industry.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Clammer,_Paul-171) [ 167]    However, as the economy continued to decline, Baby Doc's grip on power began to weaken. Haiti's pig population was slaughtered following an outbreak of swine fever in the late 1970s, causing hardship to rural communities who used them as an investment.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-172) [ 168]    The opposition became more vocal, bolstered by a visit to the country by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) (Pope John Paul II) Pope John Paul II in 1983, who publicly lambasted the president.(Haiti.html#cite_note-173) [ 169]    Demonstrations occurred in Gonaïves in 1985 which then spread across the country; under pressure from the United States, Duvalier left the country in February 1986.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Trouillot-174) [ 170]    In total, roughly 40,000 to 60,000 Haitians are estimated to have been killed during the reign of the Duvaliers.(Haiti.html#cite_note-175) [ 171]    Through the use of his intimidation tactics and executions, many intellectual Haitians had fled, leaving the country with a massive brain-drain from which it has yet to recover.(Haiti.html#cite_note-176) [ 172]       Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DD-SD-99-03743.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide) (Jean-Bertrand Aristide) Jean-Bertrand Aristide returns to Haiti following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy) (Operation Uphold Democracy) U.S.-led invasion in 1994 designed to remove the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Cédras) (Raoul Cédras) regime installed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d'état) (1991 Haitian coup d'état) 1991 Haitian coup d'état   Following Duvalier's departure, army leader General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Namphy) (Henri Namphy) Henri Namphy headed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Government_(Haiti)) (National Council of Government (Haiti)) National Governing Council .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Haitian_general_election) (1987 Haitian general election) Elections scheduled for November 1987 were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and Tontons Macoutes .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Whitney-177) [ 173]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Fraudulent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Haitian_general_election) (1988 Haitian general election) elections followed in 1988, in which only 4% of the citizenry voted.(Haiti.html#cite_note-JC-178) [ 174]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    The newly elected president, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Manigat) (Leslie Manigat) Leslie Manigat , was then overthrown some months later in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1988_Haitian_coup_d'état) (June 1988 Haitian coup d'état) June 1988 Haitian coup d'état .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-IACHR-179) [ 175]     Another (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1988_Haitian_coup_d'état) (September 1988 Haitian coup d'état) coup followed in September 1988, after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jean_Bosco_massacre) (St. Jean Bosco massacre) St. Jean Bosco massacre in which approximately 13 to 50 people were killed while attending a mass led by prominent government critic and Catholic priest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide) (Jean-Bertrand Aristide) Jean-Bertrand Aristide .(Haiti.html#cite_note-IACHR-179) [ 175]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-HRW2-180) [ 176]    General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Avril) (Prosper Avril) Prosper Avril subsequently led a military regime until March 1990.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Rohter-181) [ 177]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-182) [ 178]    Avril transferred power to the army chief of staff General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hérard_Abraham) (Hérard Abraham) Hérard Abraham on 10 March. Abraham gave up power three days later, becoming the only military leader in Haiti during the 20th century to voluntarily give up power. Abraham later helped to secure the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990–91_Haitian_general_election) (1990–91 Haitian general election) 1990–91 Haitian general election ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-183) [ 179]    in which Aristide was elected president. However, his ambitious reformist agenda worried the elites, and in September 1991 he was overthrown by the military, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Cédras) (Raoul Cédras) Raoul Cédras , in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d'état) (1991 Haitian coup d'état) 1991 Haitian coup d'état .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-184) [ 180]    Amidst the continuing turmoil many Haitians attempted to flee the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     In September 1994, the United States negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of 20,000 US troops under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy) (Operation Uphold Democracy) Operation Uphold Democracy .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt17-166) [ 162]    This enabled the restoration of the democratically-elected Aristide as president, who returned to Haiti in October to complete his term.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CCHaiti-185) [ 181]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-186) [ 182]    As part of the deal Aristide had to implement free market reforms in an attempt to improve the Haitian economy, with mixed results.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bell-187) [ 183]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    In November 1994, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gordon) (Hurricane Gordon) Hurricane Gordon brushed Haiti, dumping heavy rain and creating flash flooding that triggered mudslides. Gordon killed an estimated 1,122 to 2,200 people.(Haiti.html#cite_note-188) [ 184]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-189) [ 185]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Haitian_general_election) (1995 Haitian general election) 1995 general election was won by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Préval) (René Préval) René Préval , gaining 88% of the popular vote, albeit on a low turnout.(Haiti.html#cite_note-190) [ 186]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-191) [ 187]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Aristide subsequently formed his own party, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas) (Fanmi Lavalas) Fanmi Lavalas , and political deadlock ensued; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_presidential_election,_2000) (Haitian presidential election, 2000) November 2000 election returned Aristide to the presidency with 92% of the vote.(Haiti.html#cite_note-192) [ 188]    The election had been boycotted by the opposition, then organized into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_Démocratique) (Convergence Démocratique) Convergence Démocratique , over a dispute in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Haitian_parliamentary_election) (2000 Haitian parliamentary election) May legislative elections . In subsequent years, there was increasing violence between rival political factions and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuse) (Human rights abuse) human rights abuses .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt19-193) [ 189]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-bussandgardner-194) [ 190]    Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Démocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]   In 2004, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d'état) (2004 Haitian coup d'état) an anti-Aristide revolt began in northern Haiti. The rebellion eventually reached the capital, and Aristide was forced into exile.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt19-193) [ 189]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    The nature of the events are disputed; some, including Aristide and his bodyguard Franz Gabriel, stated that he was the victim of a "new coup d'état or modern kidnapping" by U.S. forces.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt19-193) [ 189]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-195) [ 191]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-196) [ 192]    These charges were denied by the US government.(Haiti.html#cite_note-197) [ 193]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt19-193) [ 189]    As political violence and crime continued to grow, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti) (United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti) United Nations Stabilisation Mission (MINUSTAH) was brought in to maintain order.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt20-198) [ 194]    However, MINUSTAH proved controversial, since their periodically heavy-handed approach to maintaining law and order and several instances of abuses, including the alleged sexual abuse of civilians, provoked resentment and distrust among Haitians.(Haiti.html#cite_note-199) [ 195]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-200) [ 196]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_Alexandre) (Boniface Alexandre) Boniface Alexandre assumed interim authority until 2006, when René Préval was re-elected president following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Haitian_general_election) (2006 Haitian general election) 2006 elections with 55% voter turnout.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:2-201) [ 197]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt20-198) [ 194]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-thompson2006-202) [ 198]       Post-Aristide era (2004–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_conflict) (Haitian conflict) Haitian conflict and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018–present)) (Haitian crisis (2018–present)) Haitian crisis (2018–present)  Amidst the continuing political chaos, a series of natural disasters hit Haiti. In 2004, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne#Haiti) (Hurricane Jeanne) Tropical Storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in Gonaïves.(Haiti.html#cite_note-203) [ 199]    In 2008, Haiti was again struck by tropical storms; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fay_(2008)) (Tropical Storm Fay (2008)) Tropical Storm Fay , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav) (Hurricane Gustav) Hurricane Gustav , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hanna_(2008)) (Hurricane Hanna (2008)) Hurricane Hanna and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike) (Hurricane Ike) Hurricane Ike all produced heavy winds and rain, resulting in 331 deaths and about 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid.(Haiti.html#cite_note-204) [ 200]    The state of affairs produced by these storms was intensified by already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008.(Haiti.html#cite_note-205) [ 201]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-206) [ 202]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_(Haiti)) (National Palace (Haiti)) Haitian National Palace , located in Port-au-Prince, heavily damaged after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) (2010 Haiti earthquake) earthquake of 2010 . This was originally a two-story structure; the second story completely collapsed.  On 12 January 2010, Haiti was struck by a magnitude-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) (2010 Haiti earthquake) 7.0 earthquake . This was the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-207) [ 203]    The earthquake was reported to have left between 160,000 and 316,000 people dead and up to 1.6 million homeless, making it one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll) (List of natural disasters by death toll) deadliest natural disasters ever recorded .(Haiti.html#cite_note-208) [ 204]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-209) [ 205]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-210) [ 206]    An estimated 80% of schools and more than half of Haiti's hospitals were destroyed or damaged.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:2-201) [ 197]    The situation was exacerbated by a subsequent massive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak) (2010s Haiti cholera outbreak) cholera outbreak that was triggered when cholera-infected waste from a United Nations peacekeeping station contaminated the country's main river, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_River) (Artibonite River) Artibonite .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt20-198) [ 194]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-211) [ 207]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-212) [ 208]    In 2017, it was reported that roughly 10,000 Haitians had died and nearly a million had been made ill. After years of denial, the United Nations apologized in 2016, but as of 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , they have refused to acknowledge fault, thus avoiding financial responsibility.(Haiti.html#cite_note-213) [ 209]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mud_cookies.jpg)   Haitian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_cookie) (Mud cookie) mud cookies drying in the sun, 2010  General elections had been planned for January 2010, but were postponed due to the earthquake.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–11_Haitian_general_election) (2010–11 Haitian general election) Elections were held on 28 November 2010 for the senate, the parliament and the first round of the presidential elections. The run-off between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Martelly) (Michel Martelly) Michel Martelly and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirlande_Manigat) (Mirlande Manigat) Mirlande Manigat declared Martelly the winner.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt21-214) [ 210]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-215) [ 211]    In 2011, both former presidents Jean-Claude Duvalier and Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned to Haiti; attempts to try Duvalier for crimes committed under his rule were shelved following his death in 2014.(Haiti.html#cite_note-216) [ 212]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-217) [ 213]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Kushner2011-218) [ 214]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt21-214) [ 210]    In 2013, the Haitian government called for European governments to pay (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery) (Reparations for slavery) reparations for slavery and establish an official commission for the settlement of past wrongdoings.(Haiti.html#cite_note-219) [ 215]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-220) [ 216]    Meanwhile, after continuing political wrangling with the opposition and allegations of electoral fraud, Martelly agreed to step down in 2016 without a successor in place.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt21-214) [ 210]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-221) [ 217]    After numerous postponements, partly owing to the effects of devastating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew) (Hurricane Matthew) Hurricane Matthew , elections were held (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2016_Haitian_presidential_election) (November 2016 Haitian presidential election) in November 2016 with a record low voter turnout of just 17%.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:2-201) [ 197]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-222) [ 218]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-223) [ 219]    The victor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovenel_Moïse) (Jovenel Moïse) Jovenel Moïse of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Tèt_Kale_Party) (Haitian Tèt Kale Party) Haitian Tèt Kale Party , was sworn in as president in 2017.(Haiti.html#cite_note-224) [ 220]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-225) [ 221]     Protests began on 7 July 2018 in response to increased fuel prices. Over time, these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of president Moïse.(Haiti.html#cite_note-226) [ 222]    On 7 July 2021, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Moïse) (Assassination of Jovenel Moïse) Moïse was assassinated in an attack on his private residence, and First Lady (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Moïse) (Martine Moïse) Martine Moïse was hospitalized in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami) (Miami) Miami .(Haiti.html#cite_note-227) [ 223]    Amid the political crisis, the government of Haiti installed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Henry) (Ariel Henry) Ariel Henry as the acting prime minister on 20 July.(Haiti.html#cite_note-haitifactbook-228) [ 224]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-229) [ 225]    On 14 August, Haiti suffered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake) (2021 Haiti earthquake) another huge earthquake , with many casualties.(Haiti.html#cite_note-230) [ 226]    The earthquake also damaged Haiti's economic conditions and led to a rise in gang violence which by September 2021 had escalated to a long-lasting full-blown gang war and other violent crimes within the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-231) [ 227]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-232) [ 228]    As of March 2022, Haiti still has no president, no parliamentary quorum, and a dysfunctional high court due to a lack of judges.(Haiti.html#cite_note-haitifactbook-228) [ 224]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Haitian_fuel_protests) (2022 Haitian fuel protests) 2022 protests against the government and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021–2023)) (Global energy crisis (2021–2023)) rising fuel prices intensified.(Haiti.html#cite_note-233) [ 229]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-234) [ 230]     By late 2023, gangs and armed groups controlled an estimated 80% of the capital, Port-au-Prince.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:2-201) [ 197]    During 2023, gangs killed 4,789 people, kidnapped 2,490 more and displaced an estimated 362,000 from their homes (mostly in Port-au-Prince).(Haiti.html#cite_note-:2-201) [ 197]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-235) [ 231]    Doctors, lawyers, and other wealthy members of society were kidnapped and held for ransom.(Haiti.html#cite_note-kidnapping-236) [ 232]    Many victims were killed when ransom demands were not met, leading those with the means to do so to flee the country, further hampering efforts to pull the country out of the crisis.(Haiti.html#cite_note-kidnapping-236) [ 232]    It is estimated that amidst the crisis up to 20% of qualified medical staff had left Haiti by the end of 2023.(Haiti.html#cite_note-medical_crisis-237) [ 233]     In March 2024, Ariel Henry was prevented by gangs from returning to Haiti, following a visit to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya .(Haiti.html#cite_note-238) [ 234]    Henry agreed to resign once a transitional government had been formed. As of that month, nearly half of Haiti's population was living under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_famine_in_Haiti) (2024 famine in Haiti) acute food insecurity , according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme .(Haiti.html#cite_note-:1-26) [ 23]    On 25 April 2024, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council) (Transitional Presidential Council) Transitional Presidential Council took over the governance of Haiti and remained in power until 7 February 2026 after no presidential election was held.(Haiti.html#cite_note-sworn_in-239) [ 235]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Patrick_Boisvert) (Michel Patrick Boisvert) Michel Patrick Boisvert was named acting prime minister.(Haiti.html#cite_note-sworn_in-239) [ 235]    On 3 June 2024, the council swore in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Conille) (Garry Conille) Garry Conille as acting prime minister.(Haiti.html#cite_note-240) [ 236]    On 10 November, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aimé) (Alix Didier Fils-Aimé) Alix Didier Fils-Aimé replaced Conille as acting prime minister.(Haiti.html#cite_note-241) [ 237]        Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti) (Geography of Haiti) Geography of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg)   Topographical map of Haiti  Haiti forms the western three-eighths of Hispaniola, the second largest island in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles) (Greater Antilles) Greater Antilles . At 27,750  km 2 (10,710  sq  mi) Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind Cuba and the Dominican Republic, the latter sharing a 360-kilometer (224  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic–Haiti_border) (Dominican Republic–Haiti border) border with Haiti. The country has a roughly horseshoe shape and because of this it has a disproportionately long coastline, second in length (1,771  km or 1,100  mi ) behind Cuba in the Greater Antilles.(Haiti.html#cite_note-242) [ 238]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-243) [ 239]     Haiti is the most mountainous country in the Caribbean. Its terrain consists of mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    Plains are only 22% of its territory.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001315-245) [ 241]    The climate is tropical, with some variation depending on altitude. The highest point is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_la_Selle) (Pic la Selle) Pic la Selle , at 2,680 meters (8,793  ft) .(Haiti.html#cite_note-NgCheong-Lum,_Roseline_19-246) [ 242]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     The northern region or Marien Region consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_du_Nord) (Massif du Nord) Massif du Nord  (Northern Massif) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaine_du_Nord) (Plaine du Nord) Plaine du Nord  (Northern Plain). The Massif du Nord is an extension of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayamouc_River) (Guayamouc River) Guayamouc River , and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the Plaine du Nord lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the Massif du Nord and the North Atlantic Ocean. The central region or Artibonite Region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord . It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the Plateau Central are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnes_Noires,_Haiti) (Montagnes Noires, Haiti) Montagnes Noires  , whose most northwestern part merges with the Massif du Nord . The most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    This region contains the country's longest river, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_River) (Artibonite River) Riviere l'Artibonite , which begins in the western region of the Dominican Republic and continues for most of its length through central Haiti, where it then empties into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gonâve) (Gulf of Gonâve) Golfe de la Gonâve .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Also in this valley lies Haiti's second largest lake, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_de_Péligre) (Lac de Péligre) Lac de Péligre , formed as a result of the construction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Péligre_Dam) (Péligre Dam) Péligre Dam in the mid-1950s.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Wells-247) [ 243]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_2.jpeg)   Saint-Marc Arrondissement, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_(department)) (Artibonite (department)) Artibonite Department   The southern region or Xaragua Region consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac) (Plaine du Cul-de-Sac) Plaine du Cul-de-Sac  (the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburon_Peninsula,_Haiti) (Tiburon Peninsula, Haiti) Tiburon Peninsula ). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression that harbors the country's saline lakes, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_Caïman) (Trou Caïman) Trou Caïman and Haiti's largest lake, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étang_Saumatre) (Étang Saumatre) Étang Saumatre . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaîne_de_la_Selle) (Chaîne de la Selle) Chaîne de la Selle mountain range – an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco) – extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_de_la_Hotte) (Massif de la Hotte) Massif de la Hotte in the west.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     Haiti includes several offshore islands. The island of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)) (Tortuga (Haiti)) Tortuga is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti) (Arrondissements of Haiti) arrondissement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonâve_Island) (Gonâve Island) La Gonâve is located on the island of the same name, in the Golfe de la Gonâve; Haiti's largest island, Gonâve is moderately populated by rural villagers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île_à_Vache) (Île à Vache) Île à Vache is located off the southwest coast; also part of Haiti are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayemites) (Cayemites) Cayemites , located in the Gulf of Gonâve north of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestel,_Grand'Anse) (Pestel, Grand'Anse) Pestel . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island) (Navassa Island) Navassa Island , located 40 nautical miles (46  mi; 74  km) west of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie) (Jérémie) Jérémie on the southwest peninsula,(Haiti.html#cite_note-248) [ 244]    is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute with the United States, who currently administer the island.(Haiti.html#cite_note-USGS-249) [ 245]     Climate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_Köppen.svg)   Köppen climate types of Haiti  The climate is tropical with some variation depending on altitude.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    Port-au-Prince ranges in January from an average minimum of 23  °C (73.4  °F) to an average maximum of 31  °C (87.8  °F) ; in July, from 25–35  °C (77–95  °F) . The rainfall pattern is varied, with rain heavier in some of the lowlands and the northern and eastern slopes of the mountains. The dry season occurs from November to January. Port-au-Prince receives an average annual rainfall of 1,370  mm (53.9  in) . There are two rainy seasons, April–June and October–November. Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation. Hurricanes are a menace, and the country is prone to flooding and earthquakes.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]      Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_Saut-d'Eau.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut-d'Eau) (Saut-d'Eau) Saut-d'Eau waterfall  There are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault#Blind_thrust_faults) (Thrust fault) blind thrust faults associated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriquillo-Plantain_Garden_fault_zone) (Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone) Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system over which Haiti lies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-USGSHaiti2-250) [ 246]    After the earthquake of 2010, there was no evidence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_rupture) (Surface rupture) surface rupture , and geologists' findings were based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Hayes-251) [ 247]    The northern boundary of the fault is where the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_plate) (Caribbean plate) Caribbean plate shifts eastwards by about 20  mm (0.79 inches) per year in relation to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_plate) (North American plate) North American plate . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike-slip_fault) (Strike-slip fault) strike-slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septentrional-Oriente_fault_zone) (Septentrional-Oriente fault zone) Septentrional-Oriente fault in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)) citation needed   ]   A 2007 earthquake hazard study notes that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concludes that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 Mw earthquake, similar in size to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake) (1692 Jamaica earthquake) 1692 Jamaica earthquake .(Haiti.html#cite_note-DeMets-252) [ 248]    A study team performing a hazard assessment of the fault system recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-18cgc-253) [ 249]    A magnitude 7.0 earthquake happened on this fault zone on 12 January 2010.(Haiti.html#cite_note-254) [ 250]     Haiti has rare elements such as gold, which can be found at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Organisé) (Mont Organisé) Mont Organisé (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining) (Gold mining) gold mine .(Haiti.html#cite_note-255) [ 251]    There are no currently active volcanoes; no volcanic activity has been experienced since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene) (Miocene) Miocene age.(Haiti.html#cite_note-256) [ 252]      Environment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti) (Environment of Haiti) Environment of Haiti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti) (Deforestation in Haiti) Deforestation in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_deforestation.jpg)   Haiti's border with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic in 2002, showing the extent of deforestation on the Haitian side (left)  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion) (Erosion) soil erosion released from the upper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) (Drainage basin) catchments and deforestation have caused periodic and severe flooding, as experienced, for example, on 17 September 2004. Earlier in May that year, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.(Haiti.html#cite_note-257) [ 253]     Haiti's forests covered 60% of the country as recently as 50 years ago, but that has been halved to a current estimate of 30% tree cover. This estimate poses a stark difference from the erroneous figure of 2% which has been oft-cited in discourse concerning the country's environmental condition.(Haiti.html#cite_note-258) [ 254]    Haiti had a 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.01/10, ranking it 137th globally out of 172 countries.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-259) [ 255]    Major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti) (List of national parks of Haiti) national parks in Haiti include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Visite_National_Park) (La Visite National Park) La Visite National Park and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_Macaya_National_Park) (Pic Macaya National Park) Pic Macaya National Park .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001323-260) [ 256]     Scientists at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earth_Institute#Center_for_International_Earth_Science_Information_Network_(CIESIN)Earth_Institute) (The Earth Institute) Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) (United Nations Environment Programme) United Nations Environment Programme are working on the Haiti Regenerative Initiative, an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management.(Haiti.html#cite_note-261) [ 257]     Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti) (Wildlife of Haiti) Wildlife of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg)   The endangered Hispaniolan solenodon, endemic to the island  Haiti is home to four ecoregions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests) (Hispaniolan moist forests) Hispaniolan moist forests , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests) (Hispaniolan dry forests) Hispaniolan dry forests , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests) (Hispaniolan pine forests) Hispaniolan pine forests , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves) (Greater Antilles mangroves) Greater Antilles mangroves .(Haiti.html#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-262) [ 258]    Despite its small size, the mountainous terrain and resultant multiple climatic zones have resulted in a wide variety of plant life.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt6-263) [ 259]    About 5,000 species of plants have been identified in Haiti, including over 3,000 woody plants, trees, and shrubs, 600 species of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern) (Fern) fern , and 160 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid) (Orchid) orchids .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001322-264) [ 260]    Notable tree species include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit_tree) (Breadfruit tree) breadfruit tree , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_tree) (Mango tree) mango tree , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia) (Acacia) acacia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany) (Mahogany) mahogany , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_palm) (Coconut palm) coconut palm , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_palm) (Royal palm) royal palm and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrela_odorata) (Cedrela odorata) West Indian cedar .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt6-263) [ 259]     Most mammal species are not native, having been brought to the island since colonial times.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt6-263) [ 259]    However, there are various native (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat) (Bat) bat species, as well as the endemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_hutia) (Hispaniolan hutia) Hispaniolan hutia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_solenodon) (Hispaniolan solenodon) Hispaniolan solenodon .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt6-263) [ 259]    Whale and dolphin species can be found off the coast. There are over 260 species of birds, 31 endemic to Hispaniola.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt4-265) [ 261]    Notable endemic species include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_trogon) (Hispaniolan trogon) Hispaniolan trogon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_parakeet) (Hispaniolan parakeet) Hispaniolan parakeet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-crowned_tanager) (Grey-crowned tanager) grey-crowned tanager and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_amazon) (Hispaniolan amazon) Hispaniolan amazon .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt4-265) [ 261]    There are also several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(bird)) (Raptor (bird)) raptors , as well as pelicans, ibis, hummingbirds and ducks. Reptiles are common, with species such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_iguana) (Rhinoceros iguana) rhinoceros iguana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilabothrus_fordii) (Chilabothrus fordii) Haitian boa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_crocodile) (American crocodile) American crocodile and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko) (Gecko) gecko .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt5-266) [ 262]        Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti) (Politics of Haiti) Politics of Haiti  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti) (Foreign relations of Haiti) Foreign relations of Haiti   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg)     Vacant  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Haiti) (President of Haiti) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2026_Alix_Didier_Fils-Aimé_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aimé) (Alix Didier Fils-Aimé) Alix Didier Fils-Aimé  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti) (Prime Minister of Haiti) Acting Prime Minister       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The government is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system) (Semi-presidential system) semi-presidential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic) (Republic) republic ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    a multiparty system wherein the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Haiti) (President of Haiti) president of Haiti is head of state and elected directly by popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti) (Elections in Haiti) elections held every five years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-267) [ 263]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_134-268) [ 264]    A president cannot serve two consecutive terms or more than two terms in total, but can be reelected for a second term after an interval.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_134–3-269) [ 265]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Haiti) (Prime minister of Haiti) prime minister of Haiti acts as head of government and is appointed by the president, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_137-270) [ 266]    Executive power is exercised by the president and prime minister who together constitute the government.(Haiti.html#cite_note-271) [ 267]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_133-272) [ 268]    The president is the nominal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (Armed Forces of Haiti) Armed Forces of Haiti and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_National_Police) (Haitian National Police) National Police .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_141,_143-273) [ 269]     Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Haiti) (National Assembly of Haiti) National Assembly of Haiti , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)) (Senate (Haiti)) Senate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)) (Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)) Chamber of Deputies .(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_88-274) [ 270]    Deputies and senators are both directly elected;(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_89,_94-275) [ 271]    deputies for a term of four years(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_92-276) [ 272]    and senators for six years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_95-277) [ 273]    There are three senators from each (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti) (Departments of Haiti) department of Haiti (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_94–1-278) [ 274]    and at least one deputy from each (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti) (Communes of Haiti) commune , with larger communes having up to three deputies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_Haiti90-279) [ 275]    Elections are meant to be held for the entire chamber every four years,(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_92–3-280) [ 276]    and for one-third of the Senate every two years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_95–3-281) [ 277]    The judicial branch includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti) (Supreme Court of Haiti) Supreme Court of Haiti (also called the Court of Cassation) and the Courts of Appeals,(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_173-282) [ 278]    with justices for the former appointed by the president from a list recommended by the Senate, and for the latter recommended by department assemblies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_175-283) [ 279]     The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti) (Constitution of Haiti) Constitution of Haiti in 1987 and was amended in 2012.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    The constitution creates a division of executive, legislative, and judicial powers.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_59-284) [ 280]    Haitian politics have been contentious; since independence, Haiti has suffered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d'état_in_Haiti) (List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti) 32 coups .(Haiti.html#cite_note-285) [ 281]    A long history of oppression by dictators such as François Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier has markedly affected the republic's governance and society, and since then Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Jovenel Moïse, who was elected the 48th president in 2016, was assassinated in 2021 amidst an ongoing gang conflict, worsening a political crisis.(Haiti.html#cite_note-BTI-2024-286) [ 282]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-CrisisGroup-2025-287) [ 283]    With the presidency vacant, and the National Assembly and judiciary no longer functioning, there have been no elected officials in Haiti since 2023, and the political architecture set by the constitution exists only on paper.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-288) [ 284]     The Transitional Presidential Council with nine members was created when acting prime minister Ariel Henry was forced to resign on 24 April 2024.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-289) [ 285]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-CrisisGroup-2025-287) [ 283]    The council intended to hold a two-round election in November 2025 and January 2026, to inaugurate a new government in February 2026,(Haiti.html#cite_note-290) [ 286]    but it has been undermined by corruption scandals and infighting.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CrisisGroup-2025-287) [ 283]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-291) [ 287]    The Haitian government and the Kenyan-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Suppression_Force) (Gang Suppression Force) Multinational Security Support Mission , have not been able to restore public safety in the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CrisisGroup-2025-287) [ 283]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Haitian_general_election) (2026 Haitian general election) planned election was further delayed until the second half of 2026 due to violence,(Haiti.html#cite_note-292) [ 288]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-293) [ 289]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-294) [ 290]    and the expiration of the Council's mandate on 7 February 2026 left acting prime minister Alix Didier Fils-Aimé as the sole executive until the election, with the support of several major political parties.(Haiti.html#cite_note-295) [ 291]     Haiti is a member of a wide range of international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, CARICOM, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States) (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_American_States) (Organisation of American States) Organisation of American States , (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPANAL) (OPANAL) OPANAL and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization .(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]     Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti) (Administrative divisions of Haiti) Administrative divisions of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg)   Departments of Haiti  Haiti is divided into ten (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti) (Departments of Haiti) departments ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    which are the largest territorial units.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_76-296) [ 292]    The departments are further divided into 42 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti) (Arrondissements of Haiti) arrondissements , 145 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti) (Communes of Haiti) communes and 571 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_section) (Communal section) communal sections .(Haiti.html#cite_note-297) [ 293]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-298) [ 294]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-299) [ 295]    Departments and communes have autonomy from the central government in their administration and finances.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_66-300) [ 296]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_77-301) [ 297]    Communal sections, communes, and departments are led by a three-member council which is elected either by universal suffrage (in communal sections) or by an assembly in communes and departments.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_63,_66,_78-302) [ 298]    An assembly consists of representatives from each of the previous level of territorial units.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_67,_80-303) [ 299]     # Department Capital Area Population (2015 census)  km2  mi2   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)) (Nord-Ouest (department)) Nord-Ouest  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-de-Paix) (Port-de-Paix) Port-de-Paix  2,103 812 728,807   2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)) (Nord (Haitian department)) Nord  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien  2,115 817 1,067,177   3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Est_(department)) (Nord-Est (department)) Nord-Est  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Liberté) (Fort-Liberté) Fort-Liberté  1,623 627 393,967   4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_(department)) (Artibonite (department)) Artibonite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaïves) (Gonaïves) Gonaïves  4,887 1,887 1,727,524   5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(department)) (Centre (department)) Centre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinche) (Hinche) Hinche  3,487 1,346 746,236   6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince) (Port-au-Prince) Port-au-Prince  4,983 1,924 4,029,705   7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand'Anse_(department)) (Grand'Anse (department)) Grand'Anse  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie) (Jérémie) Jérémie  1,912 738 468,301   8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippes) (Nippes) Nippes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miragoâne) (Miragoâne) Miragoâne  1,268 489 342,325   9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_(department)) (Sud (department)) Sud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes) (Les Cayes) Les Cayes  2,654 1,025 774,976   10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)) (Sud-Est (department)) Sud-Est  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel) (Jacmel) Jacmel  2,034 785 632,601      Military and law enforcement  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (Armed Forces of Haiti) Armed Forces of Haiti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_National_Police) (Haitian National Police) Haitian National Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_National_Police_(HNP)_graduation_day_on_10_January_2025_taken_by_the_United_States_Embassy_in_Port-au-Prince,_Haiti_-_78.jpg)   Newly graduated Haitian National Police officers in 2025  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (Armed Forces of Haiti) Armed Forces of Haiti ((Forces Armées d'Haïti) FAd'H ) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_National_Police) (Haitian National Police) Haitian National Police ((Police Nationale d'Haïti) PNH ) together officially make up the Public Force of Haiti,(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_263-304) [ 300]    whose personnel take an oath to the constitution and the flag of the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_263–2-305) [ 301]    The Armed Forces consist of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Army) (Haitian Army) land , sea, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Aviation_Corps) (Haitian Aviation Corps) air forces, along with technical support.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_264-306) [ 302]    They are led by an active-duty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer) (General officer) general officer who is appointed as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti) commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_264–1,_264–2,_264–3-307) [ 303]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Haiti)) (Ministry of Defense (Haiti)) Ministry of Defense is the main oversight body of the armed forces(Haiti.html#cite_note-308) [ 304]    while the police are part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Public_Security_(Haiti)) (Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Haiti)) Ministry of Justice and Public Security .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_269-309) [ 305]    The constitutional duties of the FA'dH include defending the country's borders, responding to natural disasters, and providing assistance to the police.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_266-310) [ 306]    The 1987 constitution provides the basis for conscription,(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_268-311) [ 307]    though it has never been used.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001470-312) [ 308]    The Armed Forces were disbanded in 1995 and security became solely the responsibility of the civilian National Police(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001468–469-313) [ 309]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Haiti:_Police_and_Law_Enforcement-314) [ 310]    until 2017. As of 2023 the Armed Forces had a strength of 2,000 service members, who were trained in nearby countries. The military has had a small role during the gang war, which includes protecting government officials.(Haiti.html#cite_note-PBS-28082024-315) [ 311]     The National Police was established in 1995 to replace the military's former role in law enforcement, initially recruited from among former military personnel and Haitian migrants to the United States.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001477-316) [ 312]    In 1999 it had 6,000 members;(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001477-316) [ 312]    in 2010, it numbered 7,000;(Haiti.html#cite_note-317) [ 313]    and in 2016 it had 9,000.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CrisisGroup-2025-287) [ 283]    It is led by a director-general appointed by the president.(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001478-318) [ 314]    The PNH consists of the Administrative Police for day-to-day police work, the Judicial Police for investigations, and some specialized units that include presidential security, riot control, a SWAT team, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Coast_Guard) (Haitian Coast Guard) Haitian Coast Guard .(Haiti.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetz2001478–479-319) [ 315]    Under-equipped and understaffed, it has been unable maintain security in the entire Haitian territory, despite some improvements to its capability by 2012.(Haiti.html#cite_note-320) [ 316]    Since the start of the gang war in 2020 the PNH has seen increasingly high levels of desertion and casualties.(Haiti.html#cite_note-BTI-2024-286) [ 282]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-PBS-28082024-315) [ 311]      Law and crime  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti) (Crime in Haiti) Crime in Haiti  The legal system is based on a modified version of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code) (Napoleonic Code) Napoleonic Code .(Haiti.html#cite_note-321) [ 317]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index .(Haiti.html#cite_note-322) [ 318]    According to a 2006 report by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index , there is a strong correlation between corruption and poverty in Haiti. The republic ranked first of all countries surveyed for levels of perceived domestic corruption.(Haiti.html#cite_note-323) [ 319]    It is estimated that President "Baby Doc" Duvalier, his wife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michèle_Bennett) (Michèle Bennett) Michele , and their agents stole US$504 million from the treasury between 1971 and 1986.(Haiti.html#cite_note-324) [ 320]    Some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by President Aristide.(Haiti.html#cite_note-American_Spectator_Vol_1994-325) [ 321]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-326) [ 322]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-327) [ 323]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-328) [ 324]    The BBC described (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme) (Pyramid scheme) pyramid schemes in which Haitians lost hundreds of millions in 2002, as the "only real economic initiative" of the Aristide years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-basketcase-329) [ 325]     After the fall of the military government in the early 1990s, the presence of a large quantity of firearms and paramilitary groups (consisting of former soldiers, gangsters, and other criminal elements) gave Haiti one of the highest crime rates in the world as of 2005.(Haiti.html#cite_note-330) [ 326]    According to the 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report, due to escalating gang violence and the near-collapse of state institutions, the security situation has deteriorated sharply. The official homicide rate for Haiti more than doubled in 2023 to approximately 40.9 per 100,000 (with 4,789 homicides reported by the UN).(Haiti.html#cite_note-331) [ 327]    According to the UN, Haiti faces a worsening crisis marked by extreme violence, political instability, and a deepening humanitarian emergency. UN Special Representative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Gamba_(UN_official)) (Virginia Gamba (UN official)) Virginia Gamba condemned the use of children by armed gangs, highlighting sexual violence as a weapon of war. The removal of Prime Minister Garry Conille has further destabilized governance. Armed groups have targeted schools and hospitals, displacing thousands and leaving 300,000 children without education. The UN calls for urgent humanitarian aid, enhanced security efforts, and political unity to address the crisis, as over 2.7 million people live under gang control.(Haiti.html#cite_note-332) [ 328]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-333) [ 329]     Port-au-Prince penitentiary is home to half of Haiti's prisoners. The prison has a capacity of 1,200 detainees, but as of November  2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  the penitentiary was obliged to keep 4,359 detainees, a 363% occupancy level.(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto-334) [ 330]    The inability to receive sufficient funds has caused deadly cases of malnutrition, combined with the tight living conditions, increases the risk of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis.(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto-334) [ 330]    Haitian law states that once arrested, one must go before a judge within 48 hours; however, this is very rare.(Haiti.html#cite_note-335) [ 331]    Unless families are able to provide the necessary funds for inmates to appear before a judge, there is a very slim chance the inmate would have a trial, on average, within 10 years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-336) [ 332]    In confined living spaces for 22–23 hours a day, inmates are not provided with latrines and are forced to defecate into plastic bags. These conditions were considered inhumane by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2008.(Haiti.html#cite_note-prison-337) [ 333]    On 3 March 2024, armed gangs stormed the main prison in Port-au-Prince, and about 3,700 inmates escaped, while 12 people were killed.(Haiti.html#cite_note-338) [ 334]       Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg)   Historical GDP per capita development  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti) (Economy of Haiti) Economy of Haiti  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti) (Economy of Haiti) economy of Haiti declined dramatically after the 2010 earthquake and subsequent outbreak of cholera, with the country's nominal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP falling by 8% (from US$12.15 billion to US$11.18 billion).(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_20110303-2) [ 2]    Since then it has grown to US$33.55 billion in nominal GDP as of 2025,(Haiti.html#cite_note-339) [ 335]    and during the same time period it grew from $26.88 billion to $38.2 billion in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) PPP-adjusted GDP .(Haiti.html#cite_note-340) [ 336]    Despite its tourism industry, Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the Americas, with corruption, political instability, poor infrastructure, lack of health care and lack of education cited as the main causes.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    Haiti ranked 145th of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index , with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures.(Haiti.html#cite_note-UNDP_2010-341) [ 337]    As of 2021, about 30% of the population lived in extreme poverty (making less than US$2.15 a day), and 87.6% made less than US$6.85. There is a division between the formal economy, which is controlled by an upper class and is concentrated in certain areas, and an informal economy that represents 90% of employment.(Haiti.html#cite_note-BTI-2024-286) [ 282]     Haiti became a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization in 1996. It liberalized its economy in the 1980s, removing tariff and non-tariff barriers, which had an impact on domestic businesses, especially in the agricultural sector. The existence of monopolies and oligopolies in many economic markets distorts the price setting mechanism, and is why the cost of goods and services in Haiti is the highest in the region.(Haiti.html#cite_note-BTI-2024-286) [ 282]    Following the disputed 2000 election and accusations about President Aristide's rule,(Haiti.html#cite_note-342) [ 338]    U.S. aid to the Haitian government was cut off between 2001 and 2004.(Haiti.html#cite_note-343) [ 339]    After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_army) (Brazilian army) Brazilian army led a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti) (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti) United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti peacekeeping operation. After almost four years of recession, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005.(Haiti.html#cite_note-344) [ 340]    In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF) (IMF) IMF and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavily_Indebted_Poor_Countries) (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries) Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt.(Haiti.html#cite_note-345) [ 341]     In 2015, more than 90 percent of the government's budget came from an agreement with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocaribe) (Petrocaribe) Petrocaribe , a Venezuela-led oil alliance.(Haiti.html#cite_note-346) [ 342]     Foreign aid  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti) (Foreign aid to Haiti) Foreign aid to Haiti  Haiti received more than US$4 billion in aid from 1990 to 2003, including US$1.5 billion from the United States.(Haiti.html#cite_note-347) [ 343]    The largest donor is the US, followed by Canada and the European Union.(Haiti.html#cite_note-348) [ 344]    In January 2010, following the earthquake, US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama promised US$1.15 billion in assistance.(Haiti.html#cite_note-349) [ 345]    The European Union pledged more than €400 million (US$616 million).(Haiti.html#cite_note-350) [ 346]    Dominican Republic provided extensive humanitarian aid, including the funding and construction of a public university,(Haiti.html#cite_note-351) [ 347]    human capital, free healthcare services in the border region, and logistical support after the 2010 earthquake.(Haiti.html#cite_note-352) [ 348]     The United Nations states that US$13.34 billion has been earmarked for post-earthquake reconstruction through 2020, though two years after the 2010 quake, less than half of that amount had actually been released. As of 2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the US government has allocated US$4 billion, US$3 billion has already been spent, and the rest is dedicated to longer-term projects.(Haiti.html#cite_note-353) [ 349]      Trade  According to the 2015 CIA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Factbook) (World Factbook) World Factbook , Haiti's main import partners are: Dominican Republic 35%, US 26.8%, Netherlands Antilles 8.7%, China 7% (est. 2013). Haiti's main export partner is the US 83.5% (est. 2013).(Haiti.html#cite_note-354) [ 350]    Haiti had a trade deficit of US$3 billion in 2011, or 41% of GDP.(Haiti.html#cite_note-ammart-355) [ 351]      Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Haiti) (Electricity sector in Haiti) Electricity sector in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_electricity_production.svg)   Haiti electricity production by source  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG)   Power plant in Port-au-Prince  Haiti relies heavily on an oil alliance with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocaribe) (Petrocaribe) Petrocaribe for much of its energy requirements. In recent years, hydroelectric, solar and wind energy have been explored as possible sustainable energy sources.(Haiti.html#cite_note-356) [ 352]    As of 2017, among all the countries in the Americas, Haiti produces the least energy. Less than a quarter of the country has electric coverage.(Haiti.html#cite_note-357) [ 353]    Most regions of Haiti that do have energy are powered by generators. These generators are often expensive and produce a lot of pollution. The areas that do get electricity experience power cuts on a daily basis, and some areas are limited to 12 hours of electricity a day. Electricity is provided by a small number of independent companies: Sogener, E-power, and Haytrac.(Haiti.html#cite_note-358) [ 354]    There is no (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_electricity_grid) (National electricity grid) national electricity grid .(Haiti.html#cite_note-:02-359) [ 355]    The most common sources of energy are wood and charcoal. About 4 million metric tons of wood products are consumed yearly.(Haiti.html#cite_note-360) [ 356]    Like charcoal and wood, petroleum is also an important source of energy. Since Haiti cannot produce its own fuel, all fuel is imported. Yearly, about 691,000 tons of oil is imported into the country.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:02-359) [ 355]     In 2018, a 24-hour electricity project was announced; for this purpose 236 MW needs to be installed in Port-au-Prince alone, with an additional 75 MW needed in all other regions. Presently only 27.5% of the population has access to electricity; moreover, the national energy agency l'Électricité d'Haïti is only able to meet 62% of overall electricity demand.(Haiti.html#cite_note-361) [ 357]      Personal income  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CapHaitienMarche.jpg)   A market in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien   Haiti suffers from a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment, and underemployment. Most Haitians in the labor force have informal jobs. Three-quarters of the population lives on US$2 or less per day.(Haiti.html#cite_note-:0-362) [ 358]    Remittances from Haitians living abroad are the primary source of foreign exchange, equaling one-fifth (20%) of GDP and more than five times the earnings from exports as of 2012.(Haiti.html#cite_note-363) [ 359]    In 2004, 80% or more of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad.(Haiti.html#cite_note-364) [ 360]     Occasionally, families who are unable to care for children may send them to live with a wealthier family as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restavek) (Restavek) restavek  , or house servant. In return the family are supposed to ensure that the child is educated and provided with food and shelter; however, the system is open to abuse and has proved controversial, with some likening it to child slavery.(Haiti.html#cite_note-kennedy14-365) [ 361]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-366) [ 362]      Real estate  In rural areas, people often live in wooden huts with corrugated iron roofs. Outhouses are located in back of the huts. In Port-au-Prince, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantytowns) (Shantytowns) shantytowns surround the central city and go up the mountainsides.(Haiti.html#cite_note-c151222-367) [ 363]    The middle and upper classes live in suburbs, or in the central part of the bigger cities in apartments, where there is urban planning. Many of the houses they live in are like miniature fortresses, located behind walls embedded with metal spikes, barbed wire, broken glass, and sometimes all three. The houses have backup generators, because the electrical grid is unreliable. Some even have rooftop reservoirs for water.(Haiti.html#cite_note-c151222-367) [ 363]      Agriculture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti) (Agriculture in Haiti) Agriculture in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amid_rows_of_cabbage,_Haiti.jpg)   Rows of cabbage, Haiti  Haiti is the world's leading producer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides) (Chrysopogon zizanioides) vetiver , a root plant used to make luxury perfumes, essential oils and fragrances, providing for half the world's supply.(Haiti.html#cite_note-368) [ 364]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-369) [ 365]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-370) [ 366]    Roughly 40–50% of Haitians work in the agricultural sector.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-feedh-371) [ 367]    However, according to soil surveys by the United States Department of Agriculture in the early 1980s, only 11.3 percent of the land was highly suitable for crops. Haiti relies upon imports for half its food needs and 80% of its rice.(Haiti.html#cite_note-feedh-371) [ 367]     Haiti exports crops such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango) (Mango) mangoes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean) (Cocoa bean) cacao , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee) (Coffee) coffee , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya) (Papaya) papayas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany) (Mahogany) mahogany nuts, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach) (Spinach) spinach , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress) (Watercress) watercress .(Haiti.html#cite_note-ute.gouv.ht-372) [ 368]    Agricultural products constitute 6% of all exports.(Haiti.html#cite_note-ammart-355) [ 351]    In addition, local agricultural products include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans) (Beans) beans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava) (Cassava) cassava , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato) (Sweet potato) sweet potato , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut) (Peanut) peanuts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio) (Pistachio) pistachios , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana) (Banana) bananas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) millet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_pea) (Pigeon pea) pigeon peas , sugarcane, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum) (Sorghum) sorghum , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood) (Wood) wood .(Haiti.html#cite_note-ute.gouv.ht-372) [ 368]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-373) [ 369]      Currency  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_gourde) (Haitian gourde) Haitian gourde (HTG) is the national currency. The "Haitian dollar" equates to 5 gourdes (goud ).(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)) citation needed   ]  The vast majority of the business sector and individuals will also accept US dollars, though at the outdoor markets gourdes may be preferred. Locals may refer to the USD as "dollar américain" (dola ameriken ) or "dollar US" (pronounced oo-es ).(Haiti.html#cite_note-374) [ 370]      Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti) (Tourism in Haiti) Tourism in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Labadee.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labadee) (Labadee) Labadee , a cruise ship destination  The tourism market in Haiti is undeveloped, and the government is heavily promoting this sector. Haiti has many of the features that attract tourists to other Caribbean destinations, such as white sand beaches, mountainous scenery and a year-round warm climate. However, the country's poor image overseas, at times exaggerated, has hampered the development of this sector.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]    In 2014, the country received 1,250,000 tourists (mostly from cruise ships), and the industry generated US$200 million in 2014.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]   Several hotels were opened in 2014, including an upscale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Western#Differentiation) (Best Western) Best Western Premier ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-375) [ 371]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-376) [ 372]    a five-star Royal Oasis hotel by Occidental Hotel and Resorts in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pétion-Ville) (Pétion-Ville) Pétion-Ville ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-377) [ 373]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-378) [ 374]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-379) [ 375]    a four-star (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International) (Marriott International) Marriott Hotel in the Turgeau area of Port-au-Prince(Haiti.html#cite_note-380) [ 376]    and other new hotel developments in Port-au-Prince, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes) (Les Cayes) Les Cayes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel) (Jacmel) Jacmel .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2014)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)) citation needed   ]    Caracol Industrial Park  On 21 October 2012, Haitian President Michel Martelly, US Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) (Hillary Clinton) Hillary Clinton , Bill Clinton, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson) (Richard Branson) Richard Branson , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller) (Ben Stiller) Ben Stiller and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn) (Sean Penn) Sean Penn inaugurated the 240-hectare (600-acre) Caracol industrial park, the largest in the Caribbean.(Haiti.html#cite_note-usatoday.com-381) [ 377]    The project cost US$300 million and included a 10-megawatt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant) (Power plant) power plant , a water-treatment plant and worker housing.(Haiti.html#cite_note-usatoday.com-381) [ 377]    The plan for the park pre-dated the 2010 earthquake but was fast-tracked as part of US foreign aid strategy to help Haiti recover.(Haiti.html#cite_note-bostonreview-382) [ 378]    The park was part of a "master plan" for Haiti's North and North-East departments, including the expansion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien_International_Airport) (Cap-Haïtien International Airport) Cap-Haïtien International Airport to accommodate large international flights, the construction of an international seaport in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Liberté) (Fort-Liberté) Fort-Liberté and the opening of the $50 million Roi Henri Christophe Campus of a new university in Limonade (near Cap-Haïtien) on 12 January 2012.(Haiti.html#cite_note-383) [ 379]     In 2012, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development) (United States Agency for International Development) USAID believed the park had the potential to create as many as 65,000 jobs once fully developed.(Haiti.html#cite_note-384) [ 380]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-385) [ 381]    South Korean clothing manufacturer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sae-A_Trading_Co._Ltd) (Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd) Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd , the park's only major tenant, created 5,000 permanent jobs out of the 20,000 it had projected and promised to build 5,000 houses yet only 750 homes had been built near Caracol by 2014.(Haiti.html#cite_note-bostonreview-382) [ 378]     Ten years later, the park was considered to have failed to uphold its promise to deliver the transformation the Clintons had promised.(Haiti.html#cite_note-guardiancaracol-386) [ 382]    The US invested tens of millions of dollars into the port project but eventually abandoned it.(Haiti.html#cite_note-guardiancaracol-386) [ 382]    In order to establish the park, hundreds of families of small farmers had to be removed from the land, approximately 3,500 people overall.(Haiti.html#cite_note-buzzfeed-387) [ 383]    An audit by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Accountability_Office) (United States Government Accountability Office) United States Government Accountability Office uncovered that the port project lacked "staff with technical expertise in planning, construction, and oversight of a port" and revealed that USAID had not constructed a port anywhere since the 1970s.(Haiti.html#cite_note-guardiancaracol-386) [ 382]    A USAID feasibility study in 2015 found that "a new port was not viable for a variety of technical, environmental and economic reasons", that the US was short US$72m in funds to cover the majority of the projected costs, and that private companies USAID had wanted to attract "had no interest in supporting the construction of a new port in northern Haiti".(Haiti.html#cite_note-guardiancaracol-386) [ 382]      Transportation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti) (Transport in Haiti) Transport in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg)   Rail map as of 1925  Haiti has two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. The northern highway, Route Nationale No. 1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince, winding through the coastal towns of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrouis) (Montrouis) Montrouis and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaïves) (Gonaïves) Gonaïves , before reaching its terminus at the northern port (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien . The southern highway, Route Nationale No. 2, links Port-au-Prince with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes) (Les Cayes) Les Cayes via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léogâne) (Léogâne) Léogâne and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Goâve) (Petit-Goâve) Petit-Goâve . The state of roads is generally poor, many being potholed and becoming impassable in rough weather.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-56) [ 52]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_international_de_Port-au-Prince) (Port international de Port-au-Prince) Port international de Port-au-Prince has more registered shipping than any of the other dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include cranes, large berths, and warehouses, but these facilities are not in good condition. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees. The port of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Marc) (Saint-Marc) Saint-Marc is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]   In the past, Haiti used rail transport; however, the rail infrastructure was poorly maintained when in use and cost of rehabilitation is beyond the means of the Haitian economy. In 2018 the Regional Development Council of the Dominican Republic proposed a "trans-Hispaniola" railway between both countries.(Haiti.html#cite_note-388) [ 384]     Airports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_PAP_2010-01-26_2.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport) (Toussaint Louverture International Airport) Toussaint Louverture International Airport   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Haiti) (List of airports in Haiti) List of airports in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport) (Toussaint Louverture International Airport) Toussaint Louverture International Airport , located ten kilometers (six miles) north-northeast of Port-au-Prince proper in the commune of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarre) (Tabarre) Tabarre , is the primary hub for entry and exit into the country. It has Haiti's main jetway, and along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien_International_Airport) (Cap-Haïtien International Airport) Cap-Haïtien International Airport handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. Cities such as Jacmel, Jérémie, Les Cayes, and Port-de-Paix have smaller, less accessible airports that are serviced by regional airlines and private aircraft.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]   In 2013, plans for the development of an international airport on Île-à-Vache were introduced by the prime minister.(Haiti.html#cite_note-389) [ 385]     In May 2024, the airport reopened following three months closure following violence, and is expected to help ease a shortage of medications and basic supplies.(Haiti.html#cite_note-390) [ 386]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-391) [ 387]      Bus service  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg)   A "tap tap" bus in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Salut) (Port-Salut) Port-Salut   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_tap) (Tap tap) Tap tap buses are colorfully painted buses or pick-up trucks that serve as shared taxis. The "tap tap" name comes from the sound of passengers tapping on the metal bus body to indicate they want off.(Haiti.html#cite_note-392) [ 388]    These vehicles for hire are often privately owned and extensively decorated. They follow fixed routes, do not leave until filled with passengers, and riders can usually disembark at any point. The decorations are a typically Haitian form of art.(Haiti.html#cite_note-393) [ 389]       Communications  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti) (Telecommunications in Haiti) Telecommunications in Haiti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Haiti) (Television in Haiti) Television in Haiti  Communications include the radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Haiti ranked last among North American countries in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) –  an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Haiti ranked number 143 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 141 in 2013.(Haiti.html#cite_note-394) [ 390]      Water supply and sanitation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti) (Water supply and sanitation in Haiti) Water supply and sanitation in Haiti  (Haiti.html#cite_note-395) [ 391]    Haiti faces key challenges in the water supply and sanitation sector. Access to these public services are very low, with 26% of Haitians having no access to improved water sources, and 7 out of 10 people lacking access to proper sanitation systems.(Haiti.html#cite_note-396) [ 392]    Quality is inadequate, as public institutions remain very weak despite foreign aid and the government's declared intent to strengthen the sector's institutions. Foreign and Haitian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO) (NGO) NGOs play an important role in the sector, especially in rural and urban slum areas.(Haiti.html#cite_note-397) [ 393]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti) (Demographics of Haiti) Demographics of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti-demographie.png)   Haiti's population (1800–2021)  In 2018, Haiti's population was estimated to be about 10,788,000.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    In 2006, half of the population was younger than age 20.(Haiti.html#cite_note-398) [ 394]    In 1950, the first formal census gave a total population of 3.1 million.(Haiti.html#cite_note-399) [ 395]    Haiti averages approximately 350 people  per square kilometer (910 people/mi 2 ) , with its population concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscombrosBelAir7.jpg)   A street scene of Port-au-Princiens with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti) (United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti) UN Peacekeeper of the Haiti mission   There is a large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_diaspora) (Haitian diaspora) Haitian diaspora community, predominantly based in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Americans) (Haitian Americans) United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Canadians) (Haitian Canadians) Canada , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Haitians) (French Haitians) France .(Haiti.html#cite_note-400) [ 396]    Many others of Haitian descent live abroad in the Dominican Republic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Cuban) (Haitian Cuban) Cuba , the Bahamas, the French Antilles, the Turks and Caicos, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname and French Guiana. There were an estimated 881,500 people of Haitian ancestry in the United States in 2015,(Haiti.html#cite_note-401) [ 397]    while in the Dominican Republic there were an estimated 800,000 in 2007.(Haiti.html#cite_note-pinadep-402) [ 398]    There were 300,000 in Cuba in 2013,(Haiti.html#cite_note-403) [ 399]    100,000 in Canada in 2006,(Haiti.html#cite_note-404) [ 400]    80,000 in Metropolitan France (2010),(Haiti.html#cite_note-405) [ 401]    and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas (2009).(Haiti.html#cite_note-406) [ 402]    Many influential early American settlers and black freemen, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable) (Jean Baptiste Point du Sable) Jean Baptiste Point du Sable and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois) (W. E. B. Du Bois) W. E. B. Du Bois , were of Haitian origin.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Kinzie_1856_190-407) [ 403]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Meehan_1963_445-408) [ 404]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-Cohn2009-409) [ 405]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-410) [ 406]     In 2018, the life expectancy at birth was 63.66 years.(Haiti.html#cite_note-411) [ 407]     Largest cities  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti) (List of cities in Haiti) List of cities in Haiti   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This section does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) cite any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) sources  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haiti) (Special:EditPage/Haiti) improve this section by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . (January 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)        Largest cities or towns in Haiti  (https://www.geonames.org/HT/largest-cities-in-haiti.html) geonames.org     Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti) (List of cities in Haiti) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti) (Departments of Haiti) Department  Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince) (Port-au-Prince) Port-au-Prince  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  1,234,742  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)) (Nord (Haitian department)) Nord  534,815  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour,_Ouest) (Carrefour, Ouest) Carrefour ((The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area) in Metro P.P. )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  442,156  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest) (Delmas, Ouest) Delmas ((The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area) in Metro P.P. )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  382,920  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pétion-Ville) (Pétion-Ville) Pétion-Ville ((The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area) in Metro P.P. )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  283,052  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-de-Paix) (Port-de-Paix) Port-de-Paix  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)) (Nord-Ouest (department)) Nord-Ouest  250,000  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets) (Croix-des-Bouquets) Croix des Bouquets ((The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area) in Metro P.P. )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  229,127  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel) (Jacmel) Jacmel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)) (Sud-Est (department)) Sud-Est  137,966  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léogâne) (Léogâne) Léogâne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest  134,190  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes) (Les Cayes) Les Cayes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_(department)) (Sud (department)) Sud  125,799      Racial discrimination  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_de_couleur) (Gens de couleur) Gens de couleur  Under colonial rule, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto) (Mulatto) Haitian mulattoes were generally privileged above the black majority, though they possessed fewer rights than the white population. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been mulattoes. During this time, the enslaved persons and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affranchi) (Affranchi) affranchis were given limited opportunities toward education, income, and occupations, but even after gaining independence, the social structure remains a legacy today as the disparity between the upper and lower classes have not been reformed significantly since the colonial days.(Haiti.html#cite_note-412) [ 408]    Making up 5% of the nation's population, mulattoes have retained their preeminence, evident in the political, economic, social and cultural hierarchy in Haiti.(Haiti.html#cite_note-413) [ 409]    As a result, the elite class today consists of a small group of influential people who are generally light in color.(Haiti.html#cite_note-414) [ 410]      Languages  The two official languages of Haiti are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole) (Haitian Creole) Haitian Creole . French is the principal written and administratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitians) (Haitians) Haitians .(Haiti.html#cite_note-415) [ 411]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-416) [ 412]    It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church Masses. Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language ; the other French-speaking areas are all (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_overseas_departments_and_territories) (French overseas departments and territories) overseas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France) (Departments of France) départements  , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_collectivity) (Overseas collectivity) collectivités  , of France, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana) (French Guiana) French Guiana . Haitian Creole is spoken by nearly all of the Haitian population. French, the base language for Haitian Creole, is popular among the Haitian elite and upper classes. French is also popular in the business sector, and to a far lesser degree, English due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti–United_States_relations) (Haiti–United States relations) American influence . Spanish is spoken by some Haitians who live along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic–Haiti_border) (Dominican Republic–Haiti border) Haitian-Dominican border .(Haiti.html#cite_note-417) [ 413]    English and Spanish may also be spoken by Haitian deportees from the United States and various Latin American countries. Overall, about 90–95% of Haitians only speak Haitian Creole and French fluently, with over half only knowing Creole.(Haiti.html#cite_note-418) [ 414]     Haitian Creole,(Haiti.html#cite_note-419) [ 415]    locally called Kreyòl ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-420) [ 416]    has recently undergone standardization and is spoken by virtually the entire population.(Haiti.html#cite_note-421) [ 417]    One of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-based_creole_languages) (French-based creole languages) French-based creole languages , Haitian Creole has a vocabulary overwhelmingly derived from French, but its grammar resembles that of some West African languages. It also has influences from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taíno) (Taíno) Taino , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese .(Haiti.html#cite_note-422) [ 418]    Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, and in particular to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean_Creole) (Antillean Creole) Antillean and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French) (Louisiana Creole French) Louisiana Creole variants.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)) citation needed   ]    Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti) (Religion in Haiti) Religion in Haiti   Religion in Haiti according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center (2010)(Haiti.html#cite_note-423) [ 419]      Catholicism (56.8%)   Protestantism (29.6%)   Unaffiliated (10.6%)   Other (3.00%)    (Catholicism (56.8%))  (Catholicism (56.8%))  (Protestantism (29.6%))  (Protestantism (29.6%))  (Unaffiliated (10.6%))  (Unaffiliated (10.6%))  (Other (3.00%))       The 2018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook) (CIA World Factbook) CIA World Factbook reported that 55% of Haitians were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Haiti) (Roman Catholicism in Haiti) Catholics and 29% were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Haiti) (Protestantism in Haiti) Protestants (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist) (Seventh-day Adventist) Seventh-day Adventist 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%). Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001.(Haiti.html#cite_note-ReyStepick2013-424) [ 420]    Like other countries in the neighboring Latin American region, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant) (Evangelical Protestant) Evangelical and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal) (Pentecostal) Pentecostal in nature.(Haiti.html#cite_note-425) [ 421]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-426) [ 422]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-427) [ 423]    Haitian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)) (Cardinal (Catholicism)) Cardinal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibly_Langlois) (Chibly Langlois) Chibly Langlois is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church.(Haiti.html#cite_note-428) [ 424]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_vodou) (Haitian vodou) Vodou , a religion with West African roots similar to those of Cuba and Brazil, is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50–80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism. This reflects Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa) (Loa) loa (lwa ), or spirits, as Catholic saints, as part of a process called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism) (Syncretism) syncretism . As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti,(Haiti.html#cite_note-429) [ 425]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-430) [ 426]    especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population. Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003.(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-244) [ 240]    Today, Vodou is experiencing somewhat of a resurgence with younger Haitians, and some are turning to Vodou to treat mental illness.(Haiti.html#cite_note-431) [ 427]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-432) [ 428]     Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_Satanism) (Theistic Satanism) devil worship  , they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as "evil" and "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism) (Satanism) satanic " adversaries that require intervention through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_prayer) (Christian prayer) Christian prayer . Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry) (Idolatry) idol worship , and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia.(Haiti.html#cite_note-433) [ 429]     Minority religions in Haiti include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti) (Islam in Haiti) Islam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahá'í_Faith_in_Haiti) (Bahá'í Faith in Haiti) Bahá'í Faith , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti) (History of the Jews in Haiti) Judaism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism .(Haiti.html#cite_note-CIA_20110303-2) [ 2]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Haiti) (Education in Haiti) Education in Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universite_henrichristophe.jpg)   The Universite Roi Henri Christophe in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonade) (Limonade) Limonade   The educational system is based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France) (Education in France) French system . Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education,(Haiti.html#cite_note-434) [ 430]    is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.(Haiti.html#cite_note-435) [ 431]     More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight.(Haiti.html#cite_note-436) [ 432]    According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education.(Haiti.html#cite_note-437) [ 433]    Charity organizations, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_the_Poor) (Food for the Poor) Food for the Poor and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Health_Foundation) (Haitian Health Foundation) Haitian Health Foundation , are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies.
According to UNESCO, Haiti's adult literacy rate was 61.7% in 2022.(Haiti.html#cite_note-438) [ 434]     Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank) (Inter-American Development Bank) Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the government will need at least US$3 billion to create an adequately funded system.(Haiti.html#cite_note-439) [ 435]     Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education) (Higher education) higher education . The higher education schools include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Haiti) (University of Haiti) University of Haiti . There are also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean) (List of medical schools in the Caribbean) medical schools and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education) (Legal education) law schools offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University) (Brown University) Brown University is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien to coordinate a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics) (Pediatrics) pediatric health care curriculum.(Haiti.html#cite_note-440) [ 436]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Haiti) (Health in Haiti) Health in Haiti  As of 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , 60% of children under the age of 10 were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine) (Vaccine) vaccinated ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-441) [ 437]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-442) [ 438]    compared to 93–95% in other countries.(Haiti.html#cite_note-443) [ 439]    Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case).(Haiti.html#cite_note-444) [ 440]    Most people have no transportation or access to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Haiti) (List of hospitals in Haiti) Haitian hospitals .(Haiti.html#cite_note-445) [ 441]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization cites (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea) (Diarrhea) diarrheal diseases, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS) (HIV/AIDS) HIV/AIDS , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis) (Meningitis) meningitis , and respiratory infections as common causes of death.(Haiti.html#cite_note-446) [ 442]    Ninety percent of children suffer from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_disease) (Waterborne disease) waterborne diseases and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_parasite) (Intestinal parasite) intestinal parasites .(Haiti.html#cite_note-447) [ 443]    HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est. 2015).(Haiti.html#cite_note-448) [ 444]    Per a 2017 report, incidence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) (Tuberculosis) tuberculosis is the highest in the region with an estimated 200 cases per 100,000 people.(Haiti.html#cite_note-449) [ 445]    Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) (Malaria) malaria each year.(Haiti.html#cite_note-450) [ 446]     Roughly 75% of households lack running water. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.(Haiti.html#cite_note-451) [ 447]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate) (Infant mortality rate) infant mortality rate in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.(Haiti.html#cite_note-452) [ 448]     After the 2010 earthquake, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners_In_Health) (Partners In Health) Partners In Health founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hôpital_Universitaire_de_Mirebalais) (Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais) Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais , the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power) (Solar power) solar-powered hospital in the world.(Haiti.html#cite_note-453) [ 449]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-454) [ 450]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti) (Culture of Haiti) Culture of Haiti  Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and Indigenous cultures.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Yurnet-Thomas-455) [ 451]     National holidays and festivals  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti) (Public holidays in Haiti) Public holidays in Haiti  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Carnival) (Haitian Carnival) Haitian Carnival has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean. In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year.(Haiti.html#cite_note-haitilibre.com-456) [ 452]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-457) [ 453]    The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.(Haiti.html#cite_note-haitilibre.com-456) [ 452]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_festival) (Rara festival) Rara is a festival celebrated before (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter) (Easter) Easter . The festival has generated a style of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_music) (Carnival music) Carnival music .(Haiti.html#cite_note-458) [ 454]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-459) [ 455]      Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sans-Souci_Palace,_National_History_Park,_Haiti.jpg)   Sans-Souci Palace, National History Park, Haiti  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean) (List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean) List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean  Monuments include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace) (Sans-Souci Palace) Sans-Souci Palace and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière) (Citadelle Laferrière) Citadelle Laferrière , inscribed as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site in 1982.(Haiti.html#cite_note-460) [ 456]    Situated in the Northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_du_Nord) (Massif du Nord) Massif du Nord , in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_History_Park) (National History Park) National History Park , the structures date from the early 19th century.(Haiti.html#cite_note-heritage-461) [ 457]    The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière) (Citadelle Laferrière) Citadelle Laferrière , the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti. It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_wonder_of_the_world) (Eighth wonder of the world) eighth wonder of the world .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Reading_Eagle-108) [ 104]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_Sauvegarde_du_Patrimoine_National) (Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National) Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.(Haiti.html#cite_note-462) [ 458]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel) (Jacmel) Jacmel , a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake.(Haiti.html#cite_note-heritage-461) [ 457]      Museums  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG)   Santa María  's anchor on display  The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María_(ship)) (Santa María (ship)) Santa María  rests in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_du_Panthéon_National_Haïtien) (Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien) Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien in Port-au-Prince.(Haiti.html#cite_note-463) [ 459]      Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_GwètòDe_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg)   Swearing-in ceremony of Haitian Diaspora GwètòDe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art) (Haitian art) Haitian art is distinctive, particularly through its paintings and sculptures.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Yurnet-Thomas-455) [ 451]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-464) [ 460]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-465) [ 461]    Brilliant colors, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naïve_art) (Naïve art) naïve perspectives, and sly humor characterize Haitian art. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)) citation needed   ]   In the 1920s the indigéniste movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots. Notable painters of this movement include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Hyppolite) (Hector Hyppolite) Hector Hyppolite , Philomé Oban and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Préfète_Duffaut) (Préfète Duffaut) Préfète Duffaut .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt36-466) [ 462]    Some notable artists of more recent times include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Duval-Carrié) (Edouard Duval-Carrié) Edouard Duval-Carrié , Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Pierre_Louis) (Prosper Pierre Louis) Prosper Pierre Louis and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiane_Saint_Fleurant) (Louisiane Saint Fleurant) Louisiane Saint Fleurant .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt36-466) [ 462]    Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Jolimeau) (Serge Jolimeau) Serge Jolimeau .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt37-467) [ 463]      Music and dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Haiti) (Music of Haiti) Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here. It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited Hispaniola, and minor native Taino influences. Styles of music unique to Haitian culture include music derived from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) (Haitian Vodou) Vodou ceremonial traditions, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_music) (Rara music) Rara parading music, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twoubadou) (Twoubadou) Twoubadou ballads , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-jazz) (Mini-jazz) mini-jazz rock bands, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasin) (Rasin) Rasin movement, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop) (Haitian hip hop) Hip hop kreyòl, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Méringue) (Méringue) méringue ,(Haiti.html#cite_note-468) [ 464]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas) (Compas) compas . Youth attend parties at nightclubs called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightlife) (Nightlife) discos  , and attend Bal (ball, as in a formal dance). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas) (Compas) Compas (konpa) (Haiti.html#cite_note-469) [ 465]    is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Rhythm in Sub-Saharan Africa) African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Méringue) (Méringue) méringue as its basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Guignard) (Jazz Guignard) Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commercially.(Haiti.html#cite_note-470) [ 466]      Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_literature) (Haitian literature) Haitian literature  Haiti has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) (Saint-Domingue) French colonial experience established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production. However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole) (Haitian Creole) Haitian Creole . The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole.(Haiti.html#cite_note-471) [ 467]    In 1975, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franketienne) (Franketienne) Franketienne was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of Dezafi , the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole.(Haiti.html#cite_note-472) [ 468]    Other well known Haitian authors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Price-Mars) (Jean Price-Mars) Jean Price-Mars , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Roumain) (Jacques Roumain) Jacques Roumain , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Stephen_Alexis) (Jacques Stephen Alexis) Jacques Stephen Alexis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Vieux-Chauvet) (Marie Vieux-Chauvet) Marie Vieux-Chauvet , Pierre Clitandre, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Depestre) (René Depestre) René Depestre , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat) (Edwidge Danticat) Edwidge Danticat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonel_Trouillot) (Lyonel Trouillot) Lyonel Trouillot and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Laferrière) (Dany Laferrière) Dany Laferrière .  Folklore and mythology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_mythology) (Haitian mythology) Haitian mythology  Haiti is known for its folklore traditions.(Haiti.html#cite_note-473) [ 469]    Much of this is rooted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou) (Haitian Vodou) Haitian Vodou tradition. Belief in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies) (Zombies) zombies is also common.(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt35-474) [ 470]    Other folkloric creatures include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soucouyant) (Soucouyant) lougarou .(Haiti.html#cite_note-Bradt35-474) [ 470]      Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti) (Cinema of Haiti) Cinema of Haiti  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This section does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) cite any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) sources  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haiti) (Special:EditPage/Haiti) improve this section by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . (January 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)   Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry. Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Peck) (Raoul Peck) Raoul Peck and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Antonin) (Arnold Antonin) Arnold Antonin . Directors producing fictional films include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Benoit_(director)) (Patricia Benoit (director)) Patricia Benoît , Wilkenson Bruna and Richard Senecal.  Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_cuisine) (Haitian cuisine) Haitian cuisine  Haiti is famous for its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_cuisine) (Creole cuisine) creole cuisine (related to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_cuisine) (Cajun cuisine) Cajun cuisine ), and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_joumou) (Soup joumou) soup joumou .(Haiti.html#cite_note-475) [ 471]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti#Sports) (Culture of Haiti) Culture of Haiti § Sports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team) (Haiti national football team) Haiti national football team training in Port-au-Prince, 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level. Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity.(Haiti.html#cite_note-476) [ 472]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-sport-477) [ 473]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Sylvio_Cator) (Stade Sylvio Cator) Stade Sylvio Cator is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium) (Multi-purpose stadium) multi-purpose stadium in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) association football matches. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup) (1974 FIFA World Cup) 1974 , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team) (Haiti national football team) Haiti national football team were only the second (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean team to make the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (FIFA World Cup) World Cup , returned to the tournament in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup) (2026 FIFA World Cup) 2026 after 52 years of absence. The national team won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Caribbean_Nations_Cup) (2007 Caribbean Nations Cup) 2007 Caribbean Nations Cup .(Haiti.html#cite_note-478) [ 474]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_women's_national_football_team) (Haiti women's national football team) women's team also made the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (FIFA Women's World Cup) FIFA World Cup in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (2023 FIFA Women's World Cup) 2023. (Haiti.html#cite_note-479) [ 475]     Haiti has participated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Olympics) (Haiti at the Olympics) Olympic Games since the year 1900 and won a number of medals. Haitian footballer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gaetjens) (Joe Gaetjens) Joe Gaetjens played for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team) (United States men's national soccer team) United States national team in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup) (1950 FIFA World Cup) 1950 FIFA World Cup , scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team) (England national football team) England .(Haiti.html#cite_note-480) [ 476]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Haiti) (Portal:Haiti) Haiti portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Caribbean) (Portal:Caribbean) Caribbean portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_America_including_Mexico_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America) (Portal:North America) North America portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti) (Outline of Haiti) Outline of Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Sara) (Madan Sara) Madan Sara   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio) (Devastations of Osorio) Devastations of Osorio     Notes   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('h' in 'hi') h (/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face') eɪ ('t' in 'tie') t (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i  /   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/En-us-Haiti.ogg/En-us-Haiti.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Haiti.ogg) (File:En-us-Haiti.ogg) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) HAY -tee  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_French) (Haitian French) French : (French-language text) Haïti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French) (Help:IPA/French) [ a.iti]   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav) (File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Haïti.wav) ⓘ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language) (Haitian Creole language) Haitian Creole : Ayiti (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole) (Help:IPA/Haitian Creole) [ ajiti]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Haitian_Creole_IPA)  (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/LL-Q33491_%28hat%29-AFRO-Ha%C3%AFti-Ayiti.wav/LL-Q33491_%28hat%29-AFRO-Ha%C3%AFti-Ayiti.wav.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q33491_(hat)-AFRO-Ha%C3%AFti-Ayiti.wav) (File:LL-Q33491 (hat)-AFRO-Haïti-Ayiti.wav) ⓘ     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French : République d'Haïti (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language) (Haitian Creole language) Haitian Creole : Repiblik Ayiti (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Haitian_Creole-language_text)  (Haiti.html#cite_note-11) [ 10]      (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Hayti_18-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Hayti_18-1) 2   The nation was officially founded as Hayti in its Declaration of Independence and early prints,(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto5-13) [ 11]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-auto3-14) [ 12]    constitutions,(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto2-15) [ 13]    and imperial declarations.(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto4-16) [ 14]    Published writings of 1802–1919 in the United States commonly used the name Hayti (e.g. The Blue Book of Hayti (1919), a book with official standing in Haiti). By 1873 Haiti was common among titles of US published books as well as in US congressional publications. In all of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass) (Frederick Douglass) Frederick Douglass ' publications after 1890, he used Haiti . As late as 1949, the name Hayti continued to be used in books published in England (e.g. Hayti: 145 Years of Independence—The Bi-Centenary of Port-au-Prince published in London, England in 1949) but by 1950, usage in England had shifted to Haiti .(Haiti.html#cite_note-auto1-17) [ 15]      (Haiti.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   The Taínos may have used Bohío as another name for the island.(Haiti.html#cite_note-41) [ 38]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-42) [ 39]    (Haiti.html#cite_note-43) [ 40]         References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_2012) "Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012) Constitution" . The Constitute Project . Translated by del Carmen Gress, Maria; Ruchti, Jefri J. William S. Hein & Co., Inc. Retrieved 17 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitute+Project&rft.atitle=Haiti+1987+%28rev.+2012%29+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FHaiti_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_20110303_2-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_20110303_2-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_20110303_2-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 22 September 2021. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Haiti&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/) "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . 21 December 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230227084932/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/) Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010%E2%80%932050&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2Finteractives%2Freligious-composition-by-country-2010-2050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robles, Frances (10 November 2024). (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/10/us/haiti-prime-minister-garry-conille-fired.html) "Haitian Prime Minister Is Fired, Adding to the Nation's Turmoil" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241110220503/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/10/us/haiti-prime-minister-garry-conille-fired.html) Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haitian+Prime+Minister+Is+Fired%2C+Adding+to+the+Nation%27s+Turmoil&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F11%2F10%2Fus%2Fhaiti-prime-minister-garry-conille-fired.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230817125957/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/summaries/#geography) "Country Summary" . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/summaries/#geography) the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via CIA.gov. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Summary&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2Fsummaries%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_6-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/HTI) "Human Development Report 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 11 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/HTI) Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fspecific-country-data%23%2Fcountries%2FHTI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rimap.unhcr.org/countries/haiti) "Haiti | Rights Mapping and Analysis Platform" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR) (UNHCR) UNHCR . 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+%7C+Rights+Mapping+and+Analysis+Platform&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frimap.unhcr.org%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto6_8-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto6_8-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto6_8-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto6_8-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april) "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April) Archived from the original on 28 April 2025. Retrieved 25 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2025%2Fapril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview) "Haiti Overview: Development news, research, data" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201021060233/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview) Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+Overview%3A+Development+news%2C+research%2C+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fhaiti%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j) "Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987" . Ufdc.ufl.edu. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030419/https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konstitisyon+Repiblik+Ayiti+1987&rft.pub=Ufdc.ufl.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FAA00000626%2F00001%2F5j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto5_13-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12756259) "Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence" . 1 January 1804. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090330/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12756259) Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via National Archive of the UK. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalogue+description+Haitian+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.date=1804-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC12756259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto3_14-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/dol/images/examples/haiti/0001.pdf) "National Archives – Haiti" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210101215521/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/dol/images/examples/haiti/0001.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+%E2%80%93+Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdol%2Fimages%2Fexamples%2Fhaiti%2F0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto2_15-0) ↑   (https://sema-kama.org/la-constitution-imperiale-du-20-mai-1805/) La Constitution Impériale du 20 mai 1805 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2020)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged July 2020) permanent dead link   ]     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto4_16-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/remember_haiti/rev_henri-christophe.php) "Remember Haiti | Revolution | Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi" . brown.edu . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230207090322/https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/remember_haiti/rev_henri-christophe.php) Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brown.edu&rft.atitle=Remember+Haiti+%26%23124%3B+Revolution+%26%23124%3B+Royaume+d%27Hayti.+D%C3%A9claration+du+roi.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FFacilities%2FJohn_Carter_Brown_Library%2Fexhibitions%2Fremember_haiti%2Frev_henri-christophe.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Corbett, Bob, ed. (9 November 2003). (https://web.archive.org/web/20170309003250/http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti-archive-new/msg17201.html) "17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language" . Webster University. Archived from (http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti-archive-new/msg17201.html) the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17201%3A+Corbett%3A+Hayti+and+Haiti+in+the+English+language&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.date=2003-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.webster.edu%2Fcorbetre%2Fhaiti-archive-new%2Fmsg17201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Dardik_19-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Dardik_19-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ) Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective  . Springer. p. 341. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33745-6) (Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33745-6) 978-3-319-33745-6  . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascular+Surgery%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-33745-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde9NDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Current_Affairs_20-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Current_Affairs_20-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=5wBsDQAAQBAJ) "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook" . p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+Affairs+November+2016+eBook&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5wBsDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_21-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/) "World Population Prospects 2022" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_22-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx) "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950%E2%80%932100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  André, Vania (16 June 2024). (https://haitiantimes.com/2024/06/16/6-fast-facts-about-haiti-and-the-caribbean-you-should-know/#:~:text=Haiti%20is%20the%20most%20populous,estimated%20population%20of%2011%20million.) "6 Fast facts about Haiti and the Caribbean you should know" . The Haitian Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241008200157/https://haitiantimes.com/2024/06/16/6-fast-facts-about-haiti-and-the-caribbean-you-should-know/#:~:text=Haiti%20is%20the%20most%20populous,estimated%20population%20of%2011%20million.) Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haitian+Times&rft.atitle=6+Fast+facts+about+Haiti+and+the+Caribbean+you+should+know&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Vania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2024%2F06%2F16%2F6-fast-facts-about-haiti-and-the-caribbean-you-should-know%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHaiti%2520is%2520the%2520most%2520populous%2Cestimated%2520population%2520of%252011%2520million.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-national-geographic_24-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). (https://web.archive.org/web/20201223160603/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/) "Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals" . National Geographic . Archived from (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/) the original on 23 December 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Invaders+nearly+wiped+out+Caribbean%27s+first+people+long+before+Spanish+came%2C+DNA+reveals&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F12%2Finvaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Davies1953_25-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492". The American Historical Review . 58 (4): 854– 865. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F58.4.854) 10.1086/ahr/58.4.854 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762) 0002-8762 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Loss+of+the+Santa+Maria+Christmas+Day%2C+1492&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=854-865&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F58.4.854&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:1_26-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:1_26-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nilstremmel.com/haiti/f_noframes.htm) "Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade" . Nilstremmel.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922113243/http://www.nilstremmel.com/haiti/f_noframes.htm) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ha%C3%AFti+histoire+%E2%80%93+7+Bord+de+Mer+de+Limonade&rft.pub=Nilstremmel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilstremmel.com%2Fhaiti%2Ff_noframes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat) (Edwidge Danticat) Danticat, Edwidge (2005). "Anacaona, Golden Flower". Journal of Haitian Studies . 11 (2). New York: Scholastic Inc.: 163– 165. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-439-49906-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-439-49906-4) 978-0-439-49906-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41715319) 41715319 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.atitle=Anacaona%2C+Golden+Flower&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-165&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41715319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-439-49906-4&rft.aulast=Danticat&rft.aufirst=Edwidge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN) (Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 140 (1): 22– 48. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X) 0003-049X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/987274) 987274 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Jefferson+and+the+Nonrecognition+of+Haiti&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-48&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Matthewson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm) "Country profile: Haiti" . BBC News . 19 January 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm) Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Haiti&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1202772.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Haite1934_30-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Benjamin Beede (1994). (https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784) The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia  (1 May 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. (https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784) 784 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8) (Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8) 0-8240-5624-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=784&rft.edition=1+May+1994&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+1+edition&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8240-5624-8&rft.au=Benjamin+Beede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2%2Fpage%2F784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  - p 223 The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed.   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). (https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2022/09/22/haiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies/?sh=406676905169) "Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies" . Forbes . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221022000112/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2022/09/22/haiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies/?sh=406676905169) Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Haiti+Riots+Triggered+By+IMF+Advice+To+Cut+Fuel+Subsidies&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.aulast=Shellenberger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaelshellenberger%2F2022%2F09%2F22%2Fhaiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies%2F%3Fsh%3D406676905169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164286) "Gang violence displaces a record 1.3 million Haitians" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_News) (UN News) UN News  . 11 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250709123113/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164286) Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Gang+violence+displaces+a+record+1.3+million+Haitians&rft.date=2025-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2025%2F06%2F1164286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/haiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera) "Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230114025039/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/haiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera) Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+on+verge+of+collapse%2C+NGOs+warn+as+UN+talks+on+restoring+order+continue&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F18%2Fhaiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state) "Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230208113432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state) Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+left+with+no+elected+government+officials+as+it+spirals+towards+anarchy&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F10%2Fhaiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). (https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html) "As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald) (Miami Herald) Miami Herald  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230503212914/https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html) Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=As+violence+in+Haiti+worsens%2C+Canada+bets+on+assistance+to+police&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fviolence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=HAI) "OAS – Member State: Haiti" . oas.org . OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 1 August 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922060853/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=HAI) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oas.org&rft.atitle=OAS+%E2%80%93+Member+State%3A+Haiti&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fen%2Fmember_states%2Fmember_state.asp%3FsCode%3DHAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.acs-aec.org/sites/default/files/english_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf) "Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)" (PDF) . 2014. p. 46. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220811112704/http://www.acs-aec.org/sites/default/files/english_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Caribbean+States+%281994%E2%80%932014%29&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs-aec.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fenglish_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-38) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm) "International Monetary Fund: List of Members" . imf.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074955/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm) Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imf.org&rft.atitle=International+Monetary+Fund%3A+List+of+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fmemdir%2Fmemdate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm) "WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers" . wto.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629193816/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm) Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wto.org&rft.atitle=WTO+%C2%A6+World+Trade+Organization%3A+Members+and+Observers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fwhatis_e%2Ftif_e%2Forg6_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haydn, Joseph; Vincent, Benjamin (1860). (https://books.google.com/books?id=HOE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321) A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire  . p. 321. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064744/https://books.google.com/books?id=HOE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321) Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Dates+Relating+to+All+Ages+and+Nations%3A+For+Universal+Reference+Comprehending+Remarkable+Occurrences%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%2C+The+Foundation%2C+Laws%2C+and+Governments+of+Countries-Their+Progress+In+Civilization%2C+Industry%2C+Arts+and+Science-Their+Achievements+In+Arms-And+Their+Civil%2C+Military%2C+And+Religious+Institutions%2C+And+Particularly+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=321&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Haydn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOE8AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-41) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA41) "iii: Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear me, I am Taíno)" . Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean . New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 41. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7488-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7488-5) 978-0-8204-7488-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/2005012816) 2005012816 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144430/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA41) Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=iii%3A+Ocama-Daca+Ta%C3%ADno+%28Hear+me%2C+I+am+Ta%C3%ADno%29&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Resurgence+in+the+Contemporary+Caribbean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005012816&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7488-5&rft.aulast=Guitar&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft.au=Ferbel-Azc%C3%A1rate%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Estevez%2C+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXZeQZMDpgYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edmond, Louisket (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=_1wDXEB1fOUC&pg=PA42) The Tears of Haiti  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlibris) (Xlibris) Xlibris . p. 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-1770-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-1770-3) 978-1-4535-1770-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/2010908468) 2010908468 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144430/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1wDXEB1fOUC&pg=PA42) Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tears+of+Haiti&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010908468&rft.isbn=978-1-4535-1770-3&rft.aulast=Edmond&rft.aufirst=Louisket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1wDXEB1fOUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Senauth, Frank (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdccuwnqY8C&pg=PA1) The Making and Destruction of Haiti  . Bloomington, Indiana, US: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse) (AuthorHouse) AuthorHouse . p. 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-5384-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-5384-9) 978-1-4567-5384-9  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/2011907203) 2011907203 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144431/https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdccuwnqY8C&pg=PA1) Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+and+Destruction+of+Haiti&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+US&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011907203&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-5384-9&rft.aulast=Senauth&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBdccuwnqY8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-45) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Martineau, Harriet (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=lp54N7g2CYQC&pg=PA12) The Hour and the Man: A Fictional Account of the Haitian Revolution and the life of Toussaint L'Ouverture  . Aruba Heritage Foundation. p. 12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99904-1-167-6) (Special:BookSources/978-99904-1-167-6) 978-99904-1-167-6  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071324/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp54N7g2CYQC&pg=PA12) Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+and+the+Man%3A+A+Fictional+Account+of+the+Haitian+Revolution+and+the+life+of+Toussaint+L%27Ouverture&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Aruba+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-99904-1-167-6&rft.aulast=Martineau&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlp54N7g2CYQC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stein, Gail (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=zaT3kj55aTcC&pg=PA18) The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning French  . Alpha Books. p. 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-055-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-055-3) 978-1-59257-055-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Learning+French&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-055-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaT3kj55aTcC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/magazinemonitor/2010/01/how_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml) "How to Say: Haiti and Port-au-Prince" . BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Say%3A+Haiti+and+Port-au-Prince&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Flegacy%2Fmagazinemonitor%2F2010%2F01%2Fhow_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eldin, F. (1878). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33) "Haïti, 13 ans de séjour aux Antilles" [ Haiti, 13 years of stay in the Antilles] (in French). p. 33. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071326/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33) Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ha%C3%AFti%2C+13+ans+de+s%C3%A9jour+aux+Antilles&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Eldin&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xAIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.org/details/voyagesaintdomin00wimp) "Voyage a Saint-Domingue, pendant les années 1788, 1789 et 1790" [ Travel to Santo Domingo, during the years 1788, 1789 and 1790] (in French). 1797. Retrieved 31 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyage+a+Saint-Domingue%2C+pendant+les+ann%C3%A9es+1788%2C+1789+et+1790&rft.date=1797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagesaintdomin00wimp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:132_50-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (4 February 2021). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864882) "A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean" . Nature . 590 (7844): 103– 110. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.590..103F) 2021Natur.590..103F . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2) 10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836) 0028-0836 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864882) 7864882  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33361817) 33361817 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+the+pre-contact+Caribbean&rft.volume=590&rft.issue=7844&rft.pages=103-110&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.590..103F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33361817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra+A.&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=Sedig%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Culleton%2C+Brendan+J.&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Bravo%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Callan%2C+Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cassá, Roberto (1992). (https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ-wJ49cNwAC&pg=PA126) Los Indios de Las Antillas  . Editorial Abya Yala. pp. 126–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-375-1) (Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-375-1) 978-84-7100-375-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240111004223/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ-wJ49cNwAC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Indios+de+Las+Antillas&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=Editorial+Abya+Yala&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-84-7100-375-1&rft.aulast=Cass%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJ-wJ49cNwAC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilson, Samuel M. (1990). Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus . University of Alabama Press. p. 110. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0462-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0462-1) 978-0-8173-0462-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispaniola%3A+Caribbean+Chiefdoms+in+the+Age+of+Columbus&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0462-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-royal_53-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Royal, Robert (Spring 1992). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090216092556/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/ant/ROYAL-01.ANT) "1492 and Multiculturalism" . The Intercollegiate Review . 27 (2): 3– 10. Archived from (http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/ant/ROYAL-01.ANT) the original on 16 February 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Intercollegiate+Review&rft.atitle=1492+and+Multiculturalism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Royal&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~columbus%2Fdata%2Fant%2FROYAL-01.ANT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Curet, L. Antonio (2014). (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270422726_The_Taino_Phenomena_Concepts_and_Terms) "The Taino: Phenomena, Concepts, and Terms" . ResearchGate . Ethnohistory. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260428111009/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270422726_The_Taino_Phenomena_Concepts_and_Terms) Archived from the original on 28 April 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+Taino%3A+Phenomena%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Terms&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Curet&rft.aufirst=L.+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F270422726_The_Taino_Phenomena_Concepts_and_Terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ober, Frederick Albion, ed. (1906). (https://archive.org/details/cu31924097691590) Columbus the Discoverer  . Harper & Brothers Publishers New York and London. p. (https://archive.org/details/cu31924097691590/page/n119) 96 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+the+Discoverer&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers+Publishers+New+York+and+London&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924097691590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-6) 7  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-7) 8  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-8) 9  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-9) 10  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-10) 11  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-11) 12  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-12) 13  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-13) 14  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-14) 15  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-15) 16  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-16) 17  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-17) 18  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-18) 19  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-19) 20  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-20) 21  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-21) 22  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-22) 23  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-23) 24  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-24) 25  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-25) 26  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-26) 27  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-27) 28  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-28) 29  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-29) 30  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-30) 31  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-31) 32  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-32) 33  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-33) 34  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-34) 35  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-35) 36  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-36) 37  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-37) 38  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-38) 39  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-39) 40  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-40) 41  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-41) 42  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-42) 43  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-43) 44  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-44) 45  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-45) 46  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-46) 47  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-47) 48  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-48) 49  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-49) 50  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-50) 51  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-51) 52  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-52) 53  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti_56-53) 54   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti) " "Haiti" " . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230915192813/https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti) Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Haiti%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHaiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt10_57-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt10_57-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt10_57-2) 3   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 10.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130050/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html) "What Became of the Taíno?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) (Smithsonian (magazine)) Smithsonian  . October 2011. Archived from (http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html) the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=What+Became+of+the+Ta%C3%ADno%3F&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fpeople-places%2FWhat-Became-of-the-Taino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koplow, David A. (2004). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl) Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge   . University of California Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24220-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24220-3) 978-0-520-24220-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smallpox%3A+The+Fight+to+Eradicate+a+Global+Scourge&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24220-3&rft.aulast=Koplow&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmallpoxfighttoe00kopl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190924141608/https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_smallpox.shtm) "History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages" . Texas Department of State Health Services. Archived from (http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_smallpox.shtm) the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Smallpox+%E2%80%93+Smallpox+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Texas+Department+of+State+Health+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dshs.state.tx.us%2Fpreparedness%2Fbt_public_history_smallpox.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Graves, Kerry A. (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=8b047XP92i4C&pg=PA22) Haiti  . Capstone. p. 22. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-1078-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-1078-4) 978-0-7368-1078-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-1078-4&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Kerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8b047XP92i4C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190606074822/http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/bakewell/texts/burgoslaws.html) "Laws of Burgos, 1512–1513" . Faculty.smu.edu. Archived from (http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/BAKEWELL/texts/burgoslaws.html) the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Burgos%2C+1512%E2%80%931513&rft.pub=Faculty.smu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.smu.edu%2Fbakewell%2FBAKEWELL%2Ftexts%2Fburgoslaws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186567/encomienda) "Encomienda (Spanish policy)" . Britannica.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130807173447/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186567/encomienda) Archived from the original on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encomienda+%28Spanish+policy%29&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F186567%2Fencomienda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   Knight, Franklin, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism , 3rd edn, p. 54, New York, Oxford University Press 1990.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ducoin, Jacques (2013). Bertrand d'Ogeron, 1613–1676 : fondateur de la colonie de Saint-Domingue et gouverneur des flibustiers . Brest: Télégramme. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84833-294-9) (Special:BookSources/978-2-84833-294-9) 978-2-84833-294-9  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849870919) 849870919 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertrand+d%27Ogeron%2C+1613%E2%80%931676+%3A+fondateur+de+la+colonie+de+Saint-Domingue+et+gouverneur+des+flibustiers&rft.place=Brest&rft.pub=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9gramme&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849870919&rft.isbn=978-2-84833-294-9&rft.au=Ducoin%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-6) 7  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt11_66-7) 8   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 11.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-firstcolony_67-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm) "Dominican Republic – The first colony" . Country Studies . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division . (https://web.archive.org/web/20101213213711/http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/3.htm) Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic+%E2%80%93+The+first+colony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fdominican-republic%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-68) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walter E. Kretchik (2016). "1. Haitian Culture and Military Power". Eyewitness to Chaos: Personal Accounts of the Intervention in Haiti, 1994 . University of Nebraska Press. p. 6. the French colony's seven thousand plantations to produce 40 percent of France's foreign trade, nearly double the production of all British colonies combined  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Haitian+Culture+and+Military+Power&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+to+Chaos%3A+Personal+Accounts+of+the+Intervention+in+Haiti%2C+1994&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Walter+E.+Kretchik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Coupeau, Steeve (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tA-XfYZFNvkC&pg=PA18) The History of Haiti  . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34089-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34089-5) 978-0-313-34089-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=tA-XfYZFNvkC&pg=PA18) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Haiti&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34089-5&rft.aulast=Coupeau&rft.aufirst=Steeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA-XfYZFNvkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt12_70-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt12_70-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt12_70-2) 3   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 12.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Farmer-LROB_71-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Farmer-LROB_71-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farmer, Paul (15 April 2004). (https://web.archive.org/web/20080608222428/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html) "Who removed Aristide?" . Archived from (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html) the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+removed+Aristide%3F&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv26%2Fn08%2Ffarm01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC) The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History  . Cambridge University Press. p. 145. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4) 978-0-521-52470-4  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+Slave%3A+A+Biological+History&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52470-4&rft.aulast=Kiple&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveMLoyrX0BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stinchcombe) (Arthur Stinchcombe) Stinchcombe, Arthur L. (11 December 1995). (https://books.google.com/books?id=6K-DocgDY6gC&pg=PA119) Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World  . Princeton University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2200-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2200-3) 978-1-4008-2200-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=6K-DocgDY6gC&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+Island+Slavery+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Caribbean+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2200-3&rft.aulast=Stinchcombe&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6K-DocgDY6gC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-74) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=_z17AAAAMAAJ) Journal of Haitian Studies  . Haitian Studies Association. 2001. p. 67. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033540/https://books.google.com/books?id=_z17AAAAMAAJ) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Haitian+Studies+Association&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_z17AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234817/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/291/) "Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies" . Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from (http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/291/) the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+of+the+National+Convention+of+4+February+1794%2C+Abolishing+Slavery+in+all+the+Colonies&rft.pub=Chnm.gmu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Frevolution%2Fd%2F291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130920081517/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/HaitianRev) "1784–1800 – The United States and the Haitian Revolution" . History.state.gov. Archived from (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/HaitianRev) the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1784%E2%80%931800+%E2%80%93+The+United+States+and+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pub=History.state.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1784-1800%2FHaitianRev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Joseph) (Raymond Joseph) Joseph, Raymond A. (22 March 1987). (https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/22/books/poles-in-haiti.html) "Poles in Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220914152856/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/22/books/poles-in-haiti.html) Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poles+in+Haiti&rft.date=1987-03-22&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F03%2F22%2Fbooks%2Fpoles-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/john-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson/) "John Adams Supports Toussaint Louverture, Horrifies Jefferson" . 29 March 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232453/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/john-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson/) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams+Supports+Toussaint+Louverture%2C+Horrifies+Jefferson&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Fjohn-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1_79-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1_79-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars: Volume 1 . Potomac Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-80) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press) (Harvard University Press) Harvard University Press . 2009. p. 182. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avengers+of+the+New+World%3A+The+Story+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Corbett, Bob. (http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm) "The Haitian Revolution of 1791–1803" . Webster University. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150910102328/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm) Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+of+1791%E2%80%931803&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Frevolution%2Frevolution3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smucker, Glenn R. (December 1989). Richard A. Haggerty (ed.). (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html) A Country Study: Haiti  . Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Toussaint Louverture. (https://web.archive.org/web/20090502055615/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html) Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Haiti&rft.pages=Toussaint+Louverture&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Smucker&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fhttoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-YPT_83-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youngpioneertours.com/haitian-revolution-ypt-guide/) "Haitian Revolution: A YPT Guide" . Young Pioneer Tours . 7 March 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230703155758/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/haitian-revolution-ypt-guide/) Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Young+Pioneer+Tours&rft.atitle=Haitian+Revolution%3A+A+YPT+Guide&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngpioneertours.com%2Fhaitian-revolution-ypt-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717/) "The History of the United States' First Refugee Crisis" . Smithsonian Magazine . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220610130041/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717/) Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022 . In spite of all this paranoia, however, South Carolina actually lifted its ban on foreign slaves in 1804, and all those who arrived from Saint-Domingue eventually settled there. According to Dessens, many were even welcomed quite warmly. This was especially true for the 8,000 or so of the 25,000 refugees who shared both skin color and a common religion with their American counterparts.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+United+States%27+First+Refugee+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frasier, Flora (2009). Venus of Empire:The Life of Pauline Bonaparte . John Murray. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus+of+Empire%3AThe+Life+of+Pauline+Bonaparte&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Frasier&rft.aufirst=Flora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131207060224/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/yellow_fever_haiti.htm) "The Haitian Debacle: Yellow Fever and the Fate of the French" . Montana State University. Archived from (http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/yellow_fever_haiti.htm) the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Debacle%3A+Yellow+Fever+and+the+Fate+of+the+French&rft.pub=Montana+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomology.montana.edu%2Fhistorybug%2Fnapoleon%2Fyellow_fever_haiti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adam Hochschild (30 May 2004). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120304221956/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/05/30/CMGKG6F3UV1.DTL) "Birth of a Nation / Has the bloody 200-year history of Haiti doomed it to more violence?" . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from (http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/05/30/CMGKG6F3UV1.DTL) the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+Nation+%2F+Has+the+bloody+200-year+history+of+Haiti+doomed+it+to+more+violence%3F&rft.date=2004-05-30&rft.au=Adam+Hochschild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F05%2F30%2FCMGKG6F3UV1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt13_88-6) 7   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 13.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-89) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDcAAAAQBAJ&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&pg=PT14) "Fever and Fret: The Haitian Revolution and African American Responses" . In Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (eds.). African Americans and the Haitian Revolution: Selected Essays and Historical Documents . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72613-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72613-4) 978-1-134-72613-4  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033521/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDcAAAAQBAJ&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&pg=PT14#v=snippet&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2018 . ...the momentous struggle that began in 1791 and yielded the first post-colonial independent black nation and the only nation to gain independence through slave rebellion.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fever+and+Fret%3A+The+Haitian+Revolution+and+African+American+Responses&rft.btitle=African+Americans+and+the+Haitian+Revolution%3A+Selected+Essays+and+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72613-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZDcAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAfrican%2520American%2520and%2520the%2520Haitian%2520Revolution%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-90) ↑   C.L.R. James, Black Jacobins (London: Seckur & Warburg, 1938)  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-r015_91-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Plassart, Anna (29 December 2025). (https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111637181-010/html) "241Chapter 9 Rewriting Scottish Enlightenment History: Haiti and the Boundaries of Progress" . Chapter 9 Rewriting Scottish Enlightenment History: Haiti and the Boundaries of Progress . De Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 241– 270. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111637181-010) 10.1515/9783111637181-010 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-163695-5) (Special:BookSources/978-3-11-163695-5) 978-3-11-163695-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260109085730/https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111637181-010/html) Archived from the original on 9 January 2026. Retrieved 8 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=241Chapter+9+Rewriting+Scottish+Enlightenment+History%3A+Haiti+and+the+Boundaries+of+Progress&rft.btitle=Chapter+9+Rewriting+Scottish+Enlightenment+History%3A+Haiti+and+the+Boundaries+of+Progress&rft.pages=241-270&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Oldenbourg&rft.date=2025-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111637181-010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-163695-5&rft.aulast=Plassart&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyterbrill.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111637181-010%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/jefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town/article_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.html) "The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase" . The Gazette . 10 June 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230703173841/https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/jefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town/article_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.amp.html) Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+and+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fwoodmenedition%2Fjefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town%2Farticle_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clodfelter, Micheal (23 May 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199) Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed  . McFarland. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786474707) (Special:BookSources/9780786474707) 9780786474707  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033542/https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023 . French losses from 1830–51 were 3,336 killed in battle and 92,329 died of wounds or from all other causes. Between 1830 and 1870, 411 French officers were killed and 1,360 were wounded. The toll for the ranks was an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded in all French colonial campaigns. A few thousand from this number died in Mexico or Indochina, but the great bulk met their deaths in Algeria. Disease took an even greater toll. One estimate puts total French and Foreign Legion deaths from battle and disease for the entire century at 110,000.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.isbn=9780786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8urEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Scheina_94-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scheina. Latin America's Wars . Potomac Books. some 350,000 persons died in the Haitian War for Independence (1791–1803): 200,000 blacks and affranchis (people of mixed blood), 75,000 French soldiers, 45,000 British soldiers, and 25,000 white colonists.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.au=Scheina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   Christer Petley, White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of REvolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 182.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Webster_University_96-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20051228150910/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm) " "A Brief History of Dessalines", 1825 Missionary Journal" . Webster University. Archived from (http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm) the original on 28 December 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Brief+History+of+Dessalines%22%2C+1825+Missionary+Journal&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Fearlyhaiti%2Fdessalines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt209_97-0) ↑   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 209.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   Constitution of Haiti [ [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic) (Sic) sic  ] ] New-York Evening Post 15 July 1805.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=YVEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335) Monthly Magazine and British Register  . Vol. XLVIII. R. Phillips. 1819. p. 335. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033521/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monthly+Magazine+and+British+Register&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=R.+Phillips&rft.date=1819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVEoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Davies2008_100-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boyce Davies, Carole (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6SDKfWftYC&pg=PA380) Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. A-C. Volume 1  . ABC-CLIO. p. 380. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5) 978-1-85109-700-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture.+A-C.+Volume+1&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-700-5&rft.aulast=Boyce+Davies&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmb6SDKfWftYC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-101) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Popkin, Jeremy D. (15 February 2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=VSeLGtVm0iIC&pg=PA363) Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection  . University of Chicago Press. p. 137. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67585-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67585-5) 978-0-226-67585-5  . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Racial+Revolution%3A+Eyewitness+Accounts+of+the+Haitian+Insurrection&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67585-5&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSeLGtVm0iIC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Popkin, Jeremy D. (11 February 2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=03XSP22p3kgC) The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804  . University of Alabama Press. p. 322. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1732-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1732-4) 978-0-8173-1732-4  . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slaves+Who+Defeated+Napoleon%3A+Toussaint+Louverture+and+the+Haitian+War+of+Independence%2C+1801%E2%80%931804&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03XSP22p3kgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev) "The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804" . history.state.gov . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210220133250/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev) Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Haitian+Revolution%2C+1791%E2%80%931804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1784-1800%2Fhaitian-rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225063309/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8303469141230638453792?migration=5&topic=2&bhcp=1) "From Saint-Domingue to Louisiana, The African-American Migration Experience" . Inmotionaame.org. Archived from (http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8303469141230638453792?migration=5&topic=2&bhcp=1) the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Saint-Domingue+to+Louisiana%2C+The+African-American+Migration+Experience&rft.pub=Inmotionaame.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmotionaame.org%2Fmigrations%2Ftopic.cfm%3Bjsessionid%3Df8303469141230638453792%3Fmigration%3D5%26topic%3D2%26bhcp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/cultural/The_People/haitian.html) "Haitians" . Center for Cultural & Eco-Tourism, University of Louisiana. (https://web.archive.org/web/20080725115213/http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/cultural/The_People/haitian.html) Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haitians&rft.pub=Center+for+Cultural+%26+Eco-Tourism%2C+University+of+Louisiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccet.louisiana.edu%2Ftourism%2Fcultural%2FThe_People%2Fhaitian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132009/http://www.thenation.com/article/congo-square-colonial-new-orleans?page=0,1) "In Congo Square: Colonial New Orleans" . Thenation.com. 10 December 2008. Archived from (http://www.thenation.com/article/congo-square-colonial-new-orleans?page=0,1) the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Congo+Square%3A+Colonial+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Thenation.com&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-square-colonial-new-orleans%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Haiti_107-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sontag, Deborah. (https://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html) "News about Haiti, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160219053844/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html) Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=News+about+Haiti%2C+including+commentary+and+archival+articles+published+in+The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fhaiti%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Reading_Eagle_108-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Reading_Eagle_108-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19780129&id=BN4hAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,4456684) "Haiti's Citadelle Described As 8th Wonder of the World" . United Press International. 29 January 1978. p. 40. Retrieved 21 October 2014 – via Reading Eagle. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%27s+Citadelle+Described+As+8th+Wonder+of+the+World&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=United+Press+International&rft.date=1978-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1955%26dat%3D19780129%26id%3DBN4hAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5745%2C4456684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bell, Madison Smartt (10 June 2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3lPaBA9nMZkC) Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography  . New York: Pantheon, 2007 (Vintage Books, 2008). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7935-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7935-3) 978-1-4000-7935-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toussaint+L%27Ouverture%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Pantheon%2C+2007+%28Vintage+Books%2C+2008%29&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7935-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Madison+Smartt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lPaBA9nMZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sutherland, Claudia E. (16 July 2007). (http://www.blackpast.org/gah/haitian-revolution-1791-1804) Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181215211607/https://blackpast.org/gah/haitian-revolution-1791-1804) Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Revolution+%281791%E2%80%931804%29&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Claudia+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fgah%2Fhaitian-revolution-1791-1804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Peguero, Valentina (November 1998). "Teaching the Haitian Revolution: Its Place in Western and Modern World History". The History Teacher . 32 (1): 33– 41. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494418) 10.2307/494418 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/494418) 494418 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141205471) 141205471 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Teaching+the+Haitian+Revolution%3A+Its+Place+in+Western+and+Modern+World+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141205471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494418%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F494418&rft.aulast=Peguero&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thompson, Krista A (Fall 2007). "Preoccupied with Haiti: The Dream of Diaspora in African American Art, 1915–1942". American Art . 21 (3): 74– 97. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F526481) 10.1086/526481 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/526481) 10.1086/526481 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161805052) 161805052 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Art&rft.atitle=Preoccupied+with+Haiti%3A+The+Dream+of+Diaspora+in+African+American+Art%2C+1915%E2%80%931942&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=74-97&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161805052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F526481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F526481&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Krista+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bushnell, David; Lester Langley, eds. (2008). Simón Bolívar: essays on the life and legacy of the liberator . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 5. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5619-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5619-5) 978-0-7425-5619-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+essays+on+the+life+and+legacy+of+the+liberator&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5619-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-RECONQUEST_114-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180630145140/http://www.jmarcano.com/mipais/historia/batallas/phincado.html) "La Reconquista: Batalla de Palo Hincado (La Reconquista: Battle of Palo Hincado) (In Spanish)" . Mi país: Historia (My Country). 29 July 2010. Archived from (http://www.jmarcano.com/mipais/historia/batallas/phincado.html) the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Reconquista%3A+Batalla+de+Palo+Hincado+%28La+Reconquista%3A+Battle+of+Palo+Hincado%29+%28In+Spanish%29&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmarcano.com%2Fmipais%2Fhistoria%2Fbatallas%2Fphincado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sagás, Ernesto (14 October 1994). (http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/esagas2.shtml) "An apparent contradiction? Popular perceptions of Haiti and the foreign policy of the Dominican Republic" . Sixth Annual Conference of the Haitian Studies Association. (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929072156/http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/esagas2.shtml) Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+apparent+contradiction%3F+Popular+perceptions+of+Haiti+and+the+foreign+policy+of+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.pub=Sixth+Annual+Conference+of+the+Haitian+Studies+Association&rft.date=1994-10-14&rft.aulast=Sag%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaitiforever.com%2Fwindowsonhaiti%2Fesagas2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/168728/Dominican-Republic/129491/History) "Dominican Republic – History" . Britannica.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220929180917/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic) Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic+%E2%80%93+History&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F168728%2FDominican-Republic%2F129491%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76479/Jean-Pierre-Boyer?anchor=ref126082) "Jean-Pierre Boyer (President of Haiti)" . Britannica.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131451/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76479/Jean-Pierre-Boyer?anchor=ref126082) Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean-Pierre+Boyer+%28President+of+Haiti%29&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F76479%2FJean-Pierre-Boyer%3Fanchor%3Dref126082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Corbett, Bob (July 1995). (https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124022/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/boyer.htm) "1820 – 1843: The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer" . Webster University. Archived from (http://www.webster.edu/%7Ecorbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/boyer.htm) the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1820+%E2%80%93+1843%3A+The+rule+of+Jean-Pierre+Boyer&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.date=1995-07&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F%257Ecorbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Fearlyhaiti%2Fboyer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-119) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Matibag, Eugenio (2003). Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race on Hispaniola . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 98. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian-Dominican+Counterpoint%3A+Nation%2C+State%2C+and+Race+on+Hispaniola&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Matibag&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Firire, Girard Alphonse (27 August 1999). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130910113052/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html) "Haiti And Its Diaspora: New Historical, Cultural And Economic Frontiers, reprint from US Gazette Philadelphia, 1824" . Webster.edu. Archived from (http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html) the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+And+Its+Diaspora%3A+New+Historical%2C+Cultural+And+Economic+Frontiers%2C+reprint+from+US+Gazette+Philadelphia%2C+1824&rft.pub=Webster.edu&rft.date=1999-08-27&rft.aulast=Firire&rft.aufirst=Girard+Alphonse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti-archive%2Fmsg00868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto7_121-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto7_121-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fouron, Georges E. (19 August 2020). (https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/haiti-painful-evolution-promised-land-migrant-sending-nation) "Haiti's Painful Evolution from Promised Land to Migrant-Sending Nation" . Migration Policy Institute. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260419065331/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/haiti-painful-evolution-promised-land-migrant-sending-nation) Archived from the original on 19 April 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%E2%80%99s+Painful+Evolution+from+Promised+Land+to+Migrant-Sending+Nation&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.aulast=Fouron&rft.aufirst=Georges+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-painful-evolution-promised-land-migrant-sending-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Nagourney_122-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Nagourney_122-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nagourney, Eric (20 May 2022). (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/takeaways-haiti-reparations-france.html) "6 Takeaways About Haiti's Reparations to France" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250507021719/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/takeaways-haiti-reparations-france.html) Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=6+Takeaways+About+Haiti%27s+Reparations+to+France&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F20%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ftakeaways-haiti-reparations-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FrenchEmbassy_123-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ht.ambafrance.org/La-premiere-ambassade-francaise-en-Haiti) "La première ambassade française en Haïti" . Menu Contenu Plan du siteAmbassade de France à Port-au-Prince (in French). Government of France. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220408154957/https://ht.ambafrance.org/La-premiere-ambassade-francaise-en-Haiti) Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Menu+Contenu+Plan+du+siteAmbassade+de+France+%C3%A0+Port-au-Prince&rft.atitle=La+premi%C3%A8re+ambassade+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Ha%C3%AFti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fht.ambafrance.org%2FLa-premiere-ambassade-francaise-en-Haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   M. Degros, Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   J-F. Brière, Haïti et la France, 1804–1848 : le rêve brisé, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Henley, Jon (14 January 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster) "Haiti: a long descent to hell" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150715012830/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-history-earthquake-disaster) Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti%3A+a+long+descent+to+hell&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjan%2F14%2Fhaiti-history-earthquake-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-6) 7  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bethell_127-7) 8   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bethell, Leslie (1984). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000beth) The Cambridge History of Latin America   . Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. (https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000beth/page/267) 267–69 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=267-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-leger197_128-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-leger197_128-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-leger197_128-2) 3   (Public Domain)    This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain :  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company) (Neale Publishing Company) Neale Publishing Company . pp. 197– 198. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221218182403/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source_attribution)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Jacques_129-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Jacques_129-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Jacques_129-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Jacques_129-3) 4   (Public Domain)    This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain :  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company) (Neale Publishing Company) Neale Publishing Company . pp. 202– 204. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221218182403/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=202-204&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source_attribution)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-130) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soulouque-faustin-elie-1785-1867) "Soulouque, Faustin Élie (1785–1867) | Encyclopedia.com" . www.encyclopedia.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250828081110/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soulouque-faustin-elie-1785-1867) Archived from the original on 28 August 2025. Retrieved 25 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Soulouque%2C+Faustin+%C3%89lie+%281785%E2%80%931867%29+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fsoulouque-faustin-elie-1785-1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-131) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rogozinski, Jan (1999). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220) A Brief History of the Caribbean   (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220) 220 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2) (Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2) 0-8160-3811-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3811-2&rft.aulast=Rogozinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofca00rogo_0%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-132) ↑   (Public Domain)    This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain :  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI) "Chapter XVI" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) (Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors) Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company) (Neale Publishing Company) Neale Publishing Company . pp. 211– 216. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221109021148/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI) Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XVI&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=211-216&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors%2FPart_I%3A_Chapter_XVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source_attribution)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) (Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors) Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors  by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Jacques Nicolas Léger , University of Michigan, 2006, 235–236  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-leger245_134-0) ↑   (Public Domain)    This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain :  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Léger, Jacques Nicolas (1907). (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XXII) "Chapter XXII" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors) (Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors) Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors  . New York; Washington: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company) (Neale Publishing Company) Neale Publishing Company . pp. 245– 247. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221112113317/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XXII) Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXII&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.place=New+York%3B+Washington&rft.pages=245-247&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors%2FPart_I%3A_Chapter_XXII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source_attribution)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-135) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_Léger) (Jacques Nicolas Léger) Jacques Nicolas Léger (1907). (https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog) Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors  . New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company) (Neale Publishing Company) Neale Publishing Company . p. (https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog/page/n271) 249 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%2C+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Jacques+Nicolas+L%C3%A9ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaitiherhistory00lggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/08/104772140.pdf) "Hurry Election Of Simon In Haiti; Followers Fear Delay May Cause Disorders And Invite Intervention From United States" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034010/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/08/104772140.pdf) Archived 4 March 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  New York Times 8 December 1908  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-137) ↑   (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/18/105016384.pdf) "Simon Elected President; Following Action by Haitian Congress, He Is Recognized By The United States" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210309073618/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/18/105016384.pdf) Archived 9 March 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , The New York Times 18 December 1908  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-138) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/08/08/104873360.pdf) "Leconte in Haiti's Capital; Revolutionary Leader Takes Possession of National Palace" (PDF) . The New York Times . 8 August 1911. p. 4. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210304140706/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/08/08/104873360.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leconte+in+Haiti%27s+Capital%3B+Revolutionary+Leader+Takes+Possession+of+National+Palace&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1911-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1911%2F08%2F08%2F104873360.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-139) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hayes, Carlton H.; Edward M. Sait (December 1912). "Record of Political Events". Political Science Quarterly . 27 (4): 752. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2141264) 10.2307/2141264 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2141264) 2141264 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Record+of+Political+Events&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=752&rft.date=1912-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2141264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2141264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+H.&rft.au=Edward+M.+Sait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   Kaplan, U.S. Imperialism in Latin America , p. 61.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-state_141-0) ↑   (https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm) Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34 (https://web.archive.org/web/20211223011822/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm) Archived 23 December 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , US Department of State  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt15_142-6) 7   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 15.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   Office of the Historian, U.S. Government. (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/haiti) U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34 (https://web.archive.org/web/20160104004131/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/haiti) Archived 4 January 2016 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Millett, Allan Reed (1991). (https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkbAbwcLfAC) Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps  . New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 185. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029215968) (Special:BookSources/9780029215968) 9780029215968  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034129/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkbAbwcLfAC) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fidelis%3A+The+History+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780029215968&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgkbAbwcLfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schmidt, Hans (1971). The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press) (Rutgers University Press) Rutgers University Press . p. 99. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813522036) (Special:BookSources/9780813522036) 9780813522036  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Occupation+of+Haiti%2C+1915%E2%80%931934&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780813522036&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinl1996454–455_146-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFHeinl1996) Heinl 1996 , pp. 454–455.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   Danticat, Edwidge (28 July 2015), New Yorker Magazine .  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Henl,_pp._454–455_148-0) ↑   Henl, pp. 454–455.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Angulo, A. J. (2010). (https://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/2357) "Education During the American Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934" . Historical Studies in Education . 22 (2): 1– 17. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922014340/https://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/2357) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+Education&rft.atitle=Education+During+the+American+Occupation+of+Haiti%2C+1915%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Angulo&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalstudiesineducation.ca%2Findex.php%2Fedu_hse-rhe%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-150) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Munro, Dana G. (1969). "The American Withdrawal from Haiti, 1929–1934". The Hispanic American Historical Review . 49 (1): 1– 26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2511314) 10.2307/2511314 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2511314) 2511314 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+American+Withdrawal+from+Haiti%2C+1929%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2511314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2511314%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dana+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-151) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Renda, Mary (2001). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/takinghaiti00mary) Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism 1915–1940   . Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. pp. (https://archive.org/details/takinghaiti00mary/page/15) 15 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Haiti%3A+Military+Occupation+and+the+Culture+of+U.S.+Imperialism+1915%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+and+London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Renda&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakinghaiti00mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-152) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/haiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte) "An Iconic Image of Haitian Liberty" . The New Yorker . 28 July 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922012747/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/haiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=An+Iconic+Image+of+Haitian+Liberty&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fphoto-booth%2Fhaiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-153) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFSchmidt1971) Schmidt 1971 , p.  102   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-154) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Farmer) (Paul Farmer) Farmer, Paul (2003). The Uses of Haiti . Common Courage Press. p. 98. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+Haiti&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Farmer180_155-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farmer, Paul (2006). AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame . California University Press. pp. 180– 181. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24839-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24839-7) 978-0-520-24839-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+and+Accusation%3A+Haiti+and+the+Geography+of+Blame&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24839-7&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-wucker_156-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wucker, Michele. (http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/wucker.html) "Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians and the Struggle for Hispaniola" . Windows on Haiti . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180831131817/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/wucker.html) Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+on+Haiti&rft.atitle=Why+the+Cocks+Fight%3A+Dominicans%2C+Haitians+and+the+Struggle+for+Hispaniola&rft.aulast=Wucker&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.upenn.edu%2Fcourses%2FFall_2003%2Fling001%2Fwucker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malone, David (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wadg8bm9_8oC&pg=PA198) Decision-making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997  . Clarendon Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2) 978-0-19-829483-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034131/https://books.google.com/books?id=wadg8bm9_8oC&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision-making+in+the+UN+Security+Council%3A+The+Case+of+Haiti%2C+1990%E2%80%931997&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829483-2&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwadg8bm9_8oC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://amhe.org/journal/?page_id=2268) "Antoine Louis Leocardie Elie Lescot" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230524094115/https://amhe.org/journal/?page_id=2268) Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antoine+Louis+Leocardie+Elie+Lescot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famhe.org%2Fjournal%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-159) ↑   Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 , p. 217.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   Dr Erik Goldstein, Routledge, 2005, Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991 , p. 218.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml) "Founding Member States" . United Nations. 28 September 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml) Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founding+Member+States&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Fdhl%2Funms%2Ffounders.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-162) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190406025135/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm) "League of Nations Photo Archive – First Assembly, Geneva, November 15- December 18, 1920" . indiana.edu . Archived from (http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm) the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiana.edu&rft.atitle=League+of+Nations+Photo+Archive+%E2%80%93+First+Assembly%2C+Geneva%2C+November+15-+December+18%2C+1920&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~league%2F1thordinaryassemb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hall, Michael R., ed. (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&pg=PA255) Historical Dictionary of Haiti  . Scarecrow Press. p. 255. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7810-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7810-5) 978-0-8108-7810-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034058/https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Haiti&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7810-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RbzX4PjxtgC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clammer, Paul, ed. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=e6AyDQAAQBAJ) Haiti  . Bradt Travel Guides. p. 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841629230) (Special:BookSources/9781841629230) 9781841629230  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034059/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6AyDQAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781841629230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6AyDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-guardiantourism_165-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raymond, Prospery (26 July 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/26/haiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment) "Tourism can help Haiti return to its halcyon days" . guardian.co.uk . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220923052338/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/26/haiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment) Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tourism+can+help+Haiti+return+to+its+halcyon+days&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Prospery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Fpoverty-matters%2F2013%2Fjul%2F26%2Fhaiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-6) 7  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt17_166-7) 8   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 17.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-bryan_167-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). (https://books.google.com/books?id=q9owdkOc0wgC) The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects  . Heinemann. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98301-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-435-98301-7) 978-0-435-98301-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034059/https://books.google.com/books?id=q9owdkOc0wgC) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+and+Its+Effects&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-435-98301-7&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9owdkOc0wgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174718/François-Duvalier) "François Duvalier" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Duvalier&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F174718%2FFran%C3%A7ois-Duvalier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Štraus_169-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Štraus, Stane. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150711133408/http://www.polymernotes.org/biographies/HTI_bio_duvalier.htm) "Biographies: François Duvalier (1907–1971)" . PolymerNotes.org . Archived from (http://www.polymernotes.org/biographies/HTI_bio_duvalier.htm) the original on 11 July 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PolymerNotes.org&rft.atitle=Biographies%3A+Fran%C3%A7ois+Duvalier+%281907%E2%80%931971%29&rft.aulast=%C5%A0traus&rft.aufirst=Stane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polymernotes.org%2Fbiographies%2FHTI_bio_duvalier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. Power Mad! [ Šílenství mocných ] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. p. 52. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4) (Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4) 978-80-7359-002-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Mad%21&rft.place=Praha&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Metafora&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-80-7359-002-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Clammer,_Paul_171-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clammer, Paul (1 February 2014). (https://huffingtonpost.com/paul-clammer/haiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html) "Is Haiti The Caribbean's Best New Destination?" . The Huffington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103094114/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-clammer/haiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html) Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+Haiti+The+Caribbean%27s+Best+New+Destination%3F&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Clammer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2Fpaul-clammer%2Fhaiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abrams, Elliott (November 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200020/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/getting-rid-of-baby-doc/) "Getting Rid of Baby Doc" . Commentary . 138 : 27– 30. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-2601) 0010-2601 . Archived from (https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/getting-rid-of-baby-doc/) the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Getting+Rid+of+Baby+Doc&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=2014-11&rft.issn=0010-2601&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fgetting-rid-of-baby-doc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-173) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6tkvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,4661909) " 'Things in Haiti must change,' pope tells Duvalier" . The Spokesman-Review . Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 10 March 1983. p. 15. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7317) 1064-7317 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163105/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6tkvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,4661909) Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2019 . The Roman Catholic pontiff responded with a stern lecture to the island country's tiny moneyed elite, telling the 31-year-old president-for-life of the Western Hemisphere's poorest country, 'Things must change in Haiti.' ... 'I call on all those who have power, riches and culture so that they can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters,' [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II) (Pope John Paul II) Pope John Paul II ] said.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=%27Things+in+Haiti+must+change%2C%27+pope+tells+Duvalier&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1983-03-10&rft.issn=1064-7317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D6tkvAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7222%2C4661909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Trouillot_174-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1990). Haiti, State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism . New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 221. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853457557) (Special:BookSources/0853457557) 0853457557  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%2C+State+Against+Nation%3A+The+Origins+and+Legacy+of+Duvalierism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0853457557&rft.aulast=Trouillot&rft.aufirst=Michel-Rolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valbrun, Marjorie (28 January 2011). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/28/AR2011012803142.html) " 'Baby Doc' Duvalier missed Haiti. That's why he came back" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190720062039/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/28/AR2011012803142.html) Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Baby+Doc%27+Duvalier+missed+Haiti.+That%27s+why+he+came+back&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.aulast=Valbrun&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F01%2F28%2FAR2011012803142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilentz, Amy, ed. (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=l8Nrdxzi-lkC) Farewell, Fred Voodoo: A Letter from Haiti  . Simon and Schuster. p. 13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451643978) (Special:BookSources/9781451643978) 9781451643978  . Retrieved 24 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell%2C+Fred+Voodoo%3A+A+Letter+from+Haiti&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781451643978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8Nrdxzi-lkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Whitney_177-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas . 3 (2): 303– 332. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Law+and+Trade+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Sin%2C+Fraph%2C+and+the+CIA%3A+U.S.+Covert+Action+in+Haiti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-332&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-JC_178-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter) (Jimmy Carter) Carter, Jimmy (30 September 1990). (http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1379.html) "Haiti's Election Needs Help" . Carter Center. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173852/http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1379.html) Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%27s+Election+Needs+Help&rft.pub=Carter+Center&rft.date=1990-09-30&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fnews%2Fdocuments%2Fdoc1379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-IACHR_179-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-IACHR_179-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200728093219/http://www.iachr.org/countryrep/Haiti88eng/chap.2e.htm) Report on the Situation of Human Tights in Haiti (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights) (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights . 7 September 1988. Archived from (http://www.iachr.org/countryrep/Haiti88eng/chap.2e.htm) the original on 28 July 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Situation+of+Human+Tights+in+Haiti&rft.pub=Inter-American+Commission+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=1988-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iachr.org%2Fcountryrep%2FHaiti88eng%2Fchap.2e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-HRW2_180-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Americas Watch Committee (U.S.); National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization) (1989). (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034101/https://books.google.com/books?id=YRQPgQr_x04C&q=bosco#v=snippet&q=bosco&f=false) The More Things Change...: Human Rights in Haiti  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch . pp. 96– 8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929692-14-4) (Special:BookSources/0-929692-14-4) 0-929692-14-4  . Archived from (https://books.google.com/books?id=YRQPgQr_x04C&q=bosco) the original on 28 June 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+More+Things+Change...%3A+Human+Rights+in+Haiti&rft.pages=96-8&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-929692-14-4&rft.au=Americas+Watch+Committee+%28U.S.%29&rft.au=National+Coalition+for+Haitian+Refugees%2C+Caribbean+Rights+%28Organization%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRQPgQr_x04C%26q%3Dbosco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Rohter_181-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rohter, Larry (15 November 1991). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180206104600/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/news/ex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html) "Ex-Ruler of Haiti Faces Human Rights Suit in U.S." The New York Times . Archived from (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/news/ex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html) the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Ruler+of+Haiti+Faces+Human+Rights+Suit+in+U.S.&rft.date=1991-11-15&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F15%2Fnews%2Fex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-182) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Payne, Anthony; Sutton, Paul K. (1993). Modern Caribbean politics . JHU Press. p. 90. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Caribbean+politics&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-183) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cartercenter.org/documents/electionreports/democracy/finalreporthaiti1990.pdf) The 1990 General Elections in Haiti (PDF) (Report). National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. 1991. p. 4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880134-08-X) (Special:BookSources/1-880134-08-X) 1-880134-08-X  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250620213014/https://www.cartercenter.org/documents/electionreports/democracy/FinalReportHaiti1990.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+1990+General+Elections+in+Haiti&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=National+Democratic+Institute+for+International+Affairs&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-880134-08-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fdocuments%2Felectionreports%2Fdemocracy%2Ffinalreporthaiti1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-184) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Collins, Edward Jr.; Cole, Timothy M. (1996). "Regime Legitimation in Instances of Coup-Caused Governments-in-Exile: The Cases of Presidents Makarios and Aristide". Journal of International Law & Practice . 5 (2): 220. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Law+%26+Practice&rft.atitle=Regime+Legitimation+in+Instances+of+Coup-Caused+Governments-in-Exile%3A+The+Cases+of+Presidents+Makarios+and+Aristide&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rft.au=Cole%2C+Timothy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CCHaiti_185-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html) "Activities by Country: Haiti" . The Carter Center. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173124/http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html) Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activities+by+Country%3A+Haiti&rft.pub=The+Carter+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-186) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Manegol, Catherine S. (16 October 1994). (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/16/world/mission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html) "For Aristide's Followers, Every Step Is a Dance, Every Cheer a Song" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922090800/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/16/world/mission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Aristide%27s+Followers%2C+Every+Step+Is+a+Dance%2C+Every+Cheer+a+Song&rft.date=1994-10-16&rft.aulast=Manegol&rft.aufirst=Catherine+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F10%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bell_187-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bell, Beverly (2013). Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 30– 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7769-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7769-0) 978-0-8014-7769-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fault+Lines%3A+Views+across+Haiti%27s+Divide&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=30-38&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7769-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hurricanecentral.freeservers.com/Prelim_Reports/1994_Gordon.htm) "Hurricane Gordon 1994" . Hurricane Central. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922111011/http://hurricanecentral.freeservers.com/Prelim_Reports/1994_Gordon.htm) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Gordon+1994&rft.pub=Hurricane+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhurricanecentral.freeservers.com%2FPrelim_Reports%2F1994_Gordon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-189) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062220/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/gordon94.html) "Hurricane Gordon 1994" . NOAA. Archived from (http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/gordon94.html) the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Gordon+1994&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicaffairs.noaa.gov%2Fgordon94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135914/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_95.htm) "Haiti: Elections held in 1995" . Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from (http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_95.htm) the original on 5 March 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Elections+held+in+1995&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2Farc%2F2137_95.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen) (Dieter Nohlen) Nohlen, D. (2005). Elections in the Americas: A data handbook . Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 392. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6) 978-0-19-928357-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+the+Americas%3A+A+data+handbook&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928357-6&rft.aulast=Nohlen&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-192) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hallward, P. (2007). Damming the Flood:Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of containment . London, UK: Verso Books. pp. xiii, 78– 79. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damming+the+Flood%3AHaiti%2C+Aristide%2C+and+the+Politics+of+containment&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=xiii%2C+78-79&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hallward&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt19_193-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt19_193-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt19_193-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt19_193-3) 4   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 19.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-bussandgardner_194-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buss, Terry F.; Gardner, Adam (2009). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/haitiinbalancewh00buss) Haiti in the Balance: Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do about It   . Brookings Institution Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0164-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0164-4) 978-0-8157-0164-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti+in+the+Balance%3A+Why+Foreign+Aid+Has+Failed+and+What+We+Can+Do+about+It&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0164-4&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=Terry+F.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaitiinbalancewh00buss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-195) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/186/34344.html) "Aristide Kidnapped by US Forces?" . Globalpolicy.org. 1 March 2004. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807130449/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/186/34344.html) Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristide+Kidnapped+by+US+Forces%3F&rft.pub=Globalpolicy.org&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F186%2F34344.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-196) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.democracynow.org/2004/3/16/exclusive_aristide_and_his_bodyguard_describe) "Exclusive: Aristide and His Bodyguard Describe the U.S. Role In His Ouster" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!) (Democracy Now!) Democracynow.org . 16 March 2004. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922093612/https://www.democracynow.org/2004/3/16/exclusive_aristide_and_his_bodyguard_describe) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exclusive%3A+Aristide+and+His+Bodyguard+Describe+the+U.S.+Role+In+His+Ouster&rft.pub=Democracynow.org&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2004%2F3%2F16%2Fexclusive_aristide_and_his_bodyguard_describe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-197) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buschschluter, Vanessa (16 January 2010). (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8460185.stm) "The long history of troubled ties between Haiti and the US" . BBC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8460185.stm) Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+long+history+of+troubled+ties+between+Haiti+and+the+US&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft.aulast=Buschschluter&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F8460185.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt20_198-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt20_198-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt20_198-2) 3   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 20.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-199) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Varner, Bill (25 August 2005). (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=az0cdhHzic3M) "Haitian Gangs Seek Truce That Would Ease Elections" . Bloomberg.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205622/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive) Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haitian+Gangs+Seek+Truce+That+Would+Ease+Elections&rft.date=2005-08-25&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Daz0cdhHzic3M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klarreich, Kathie (13 June 2012). (https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0613/Will-the-United-Nations-legacy-in-Haiti-be-all-about-scandal) "Will the United Nations' legacy in Haiti be all about scandal?" . The Christian Science Monitor . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921235743/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0613/Will-the-United-Nations-legacy-in-Haiti-be-all-about-scandal) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Will+the+United+Nations%27+legacy+in+Haiti+be+all+about+scandal%3F&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft.aulast=Klarreich&rft.aufirst=Kathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2012%2F0613%2FWill-the-United-Nations-legacy-in-Haiti-be-all-about-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:2_201-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:2_201-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:2_201-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:2_201-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:2_201-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/unwilling-stop-global-press-journalists-haiti-keep-seeking-stories-matter/) " 'Unwilling to Stop': What it Takes to Be a Local Reporter in Haiti" . Global Press Journal . 22 May 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250318025626/https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/unwilling-stop-global-press-journalists-haiti-keep-seeking-stories-matter/) Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=%27Unwilling+to+Stop%27%3A+What+it+Takes+to+Be+a+Local+Reporter+in+Haiti&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalpressjournal.com%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Funwilling-stop-global-press-journalists-haiti-keep-seeking-stories-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-thompson2006_202-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thompson, Ginger (10 February 2006). (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/10/international/10haiti.html) "Candidate of Haiti's Poor Leads in Early Tally With 61% of Vote" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140424203107/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/10/international/10haiti.html) Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Candidate+of+Haiti%27s+Poor+Leads+in+Early+Tally+With+61%25+of+Vote.&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ginger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F10%2Finternational%2F10haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-203) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090505105859/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sfl-0923haitigallery,0,7266223.photogallery) "Photo Gallery: Jeanne hits Haiti" . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from (http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sfl-0923haitigallery,0,7266223.photogallery) the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Photo+Gallery%3A+Jeanne+hits+Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fsfl-0923haitigallery%2C0%2C7266223.photogallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-10-Haiti-floods_N.htm) "UN seeks almost US$108 million for Haiti floods" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today) (USA Today) USA Today  . 10 September 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081015233344/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-10-Haiti-floods_N.htm) Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=UN+seeks+almost+US%24108+million+for+Haiti+floods&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-09-10-Haiti-floods_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-205) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4718790.stm) "Preval declared Haiti poll winner" . BBC News . 16 February 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220925052428/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4718790.stm) Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Preval+declared+Haiti+poll+winner&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4718790.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1228245020080413) "Haiti's government falls after food riots" . Reuters . 12 April 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172406/https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1228245020080413) Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+government+falls+after+food+riots&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidUSN1228245020080413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-207) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100115110510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/) "Magnitude 7.0 – Haiti Region" . Archived from (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/) the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnitude+7.0+%E2%80%93+Haiti+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feqinthenews%2F2010%2Fus2010rja6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-208) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/index.html) "Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts" . CNN . 12 December 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220925001717/https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/world/haiti-earthquake-fast-facts/index.html) Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Haiti+Earthquake+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F12%2F12%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-earthquake-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Archibold, Randal C. (13 January 2011). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/14/world/americas/14briefs-Haiti.html) "Haiti: Quake's Toll Rises to 316,000"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/14/world/americas/14briefs-Haiti.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti%3A+Quake%27s+Toll+Rises+to+316%2C000&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Archibold&rft.aufirst=Randal+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F14%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F14briefs-Haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-210) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie) (Hannah Ritchie) Ritchie, Hannah ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roser) (Max Roser) Roser, Max (2 February 2024). (https://ourworldindata.org/the-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes) "What were the world's deadliest earthquakes?" . Our World in Data . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230410172355/https://ourworldindata.org/the-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes) Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=What+were+the+world%27s+deadliest+earthquakes%3F&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fthe-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-211) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sontag, Deborah. (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/americas/haitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.) "In Haiti, Global Failures on a Cholera Epidemic"  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/americas/haitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Haiti%2C+Global+Failures+on+a+Cholera+Epidemic&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F04%2F01%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaitis-cholera-outraced-the-experts-and-tainted-the-un.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-212) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011-01-06/year-indecision-leaves-haiti-recovery-standstill) "A year of indecision leaves Haiti recovery at a standstill" . Oxfam.org. 6 January 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131102155112/http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011-01-06/year-indecision-leaves-haiti-recovery-standstill) Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+year+of+indecision+leaves+Haiti+recovery+at+a+standstill&rft.pub=Oxfam.org&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfam.org%2Fen%2Fpressroom%2Fpressrelease%2F2011-01-06%2Fyear-indecision-leaves-haiti-recovery-standstill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-213) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gladstone, Rick (27 June 2017). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/cholera-haiti-united-nations-peacekeepers-yemen.html) "U.N. Brought Cholera to Haiti. Now It Is Fumbling Its Effort to Atone"  . The New York Times . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/cholera-haiti-united-nations-peacekeepers-yemen.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Brought+Cholera+to+Haiti.+Now+It+Is+Fumbling+Its+Effort+to+Atone&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F26%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcholera-haiti-united-nations-peacekeepers-yemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt21_214-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt21_214-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt21_214-2) 3   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 21.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-215) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html) "Haiti – Inauguration : Michel Martelly, 56th President of Haiti" . Haitilibre.com. 14 May 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922004322/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Inauguration+%3A+Michel+Martelly%2C+56th+President+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Haitilibre.com&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-216) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thompson, Ginger (19 January 2011). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html) "Aristide Says He Is Ready to Follow Duvalier Back to Haiti"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aristide+Says+He+Is+Ready+to+Follow+Duvalier+Back+to+Haiti&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ginger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F20%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F20haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-217) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/jean-claude-duvalier-baby-doc-haiti-dies) "Jean-Claude Duvalier, former Haitian dictator, dies aged 63" . The Guardian . 4 October 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082446/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/jean-claude-duvalier-baby-doc-haiti-dies) Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Duvalier%2C+former+Haitian+dictator%2C+dies+aged+63&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Foct%2F04%2Fjean-claude-duvalier-baby-doc-haiti-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Kushner2011_218-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kushner, Jacob (17 January 2011). (http://www.salon.com/2011/01/17/cb_haiti_ex_dictator_returns/) "Haiti's 'Baby Doc' in surprise return from exile" . Salon . Associated Press. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130527224344/http://www.salon.com/2011/01/17/cb_haiti_ex_dictator_returns/) Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+%27Baby+Doc%27+in+surprise+return+from+exile&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2011%2F01%2F17%2Fcb_haiti_ex_dictator_returns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gifford, Anthony (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=SofDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14) "Formulating the Case for Reparations" . In Brennan, Fernme; Packer, John (eds.). Colonialism, Slavery, Reparations and Trade: Remedying The 'Past'? . Routledge. p. 96. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59792-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59792-3) 978-1-136-59792-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034613/https://books.google.com/books?id=SofDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formulating+the+Case+for+Reparations&rft.btitle=Colonialism%2C+Slavery%2C+Reparations+and+Trade%3A+Remedying+The+%27Past%27%3F&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59792-3&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSofDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-220) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21587236-pressure-grows-compensation-caribbean-trade-blood-money) "Slavery reparations: Blood money" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 5 October 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171204120133/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21587236-pressure-grows-compensation-caribbean-trade-blood-money) Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Slavery+reparations%3A+Blood+money&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21587236-pressure-grows-compensation-caribbean-trade-blood-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robles, Frances (7 February 2016). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/08/world/americas/michel-martelly-haitis-president-departs-without-a-successor.html) "Michel Martelly, Haiti's President, Departs Without a Successor"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/08/world/americas/michel-martelly-haitis-president-departs-without-a-successor.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Michel+Martelly%2C+Haiti%27s+President%2C+Departs+Without+a+Successor&rft.date=2016-02-07&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fmichel-martelly-haitis-president-departs-without-a-successor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guyler Delva, Joseph (25 April 2016). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-election-idUSKCN0XM0CC) "Haiti says election could drag on for months, protests grow" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213143/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-election-idUSKCN0XM0CC) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Haiti+says+election+could+drag+on+for+months%2C+protests+grow&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.aulast=Guyler+Delva&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-haiti-election-idUSKCN0XM0CC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-18834-haiti-flash-the-elections-of-october-9-postponed.html) "Haiti – FLASH : The elections of October 9 postponed" . Haiti Libre . 5 October 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922005549/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-18834-haiti-flash-the-elections-of-october-9-postponed.html) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haiti+Libre&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+FLASH+%3A+The+elections+of+October+9+postponed&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-18834-haiti-flash-the-elections-of-october-9-postponed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-224) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  @cep_haiti (28 November 2016). (https://twitter.com/cep_haiti/status/803456135873363968) "Résultats préliminaires des élections présidentielles du 20 Novembre 2016 pic.twitter.com/i9GsrkkU8p" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) (Tweet (social media)) Tweet ) – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) (Twitter) Twitter . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+pr%C3%A9liminaires+des+%C3%A9lections+pr%C3%A9sidentielles+du+20+Novembre+2016+pic.twitter.com%2Fi9GsrkkU8p&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.au=cep_haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fcep_haiti%2Fstatus%2F803456135873363968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-225) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brice, Makini (29 November 2016). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204157/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-haiti-elecion-idUKKBN13O08L) "Businessman Moise wins Haiti election in first round – provisional results" . Reuters . Port-au-Prince. Archived from (http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-haiti-elecion-idUKKBN13O08L) the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Businessman+Moise+wins+Haiti+election+in+first+round+%E2%80%93+provisional+results&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Brice&rft.aufirst=Makini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-haiti-elecion-idUKKBN13O08L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption/a-47421473) "Haiti: Thousands protest against corruption" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) (Deutsche Welle) Deutsche Welle  . 8 February 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190909030932/https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption/a-47421473) Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Haiti%3A+Thousands+protest+against+corruption&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhaiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption%2Fa-47421473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-227) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/caribbean-haiti-government-and-politics-b56a0f8fec0832028bdc51e8d59c6af2) "Official: Haiti President Jovenel Moïse assassinated at home" . AP NEWS . 7 July 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220922050149/https://apnews.com/article/caribbean-haiti-government-and-politics-b56a0f8fec0832028bdc51e8d59c6af2) Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Official%3A+Haiti+President+Jovenel+Mo%C3%AFse+assassinated+at+home&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcaribbean-haiti-government-and-politics-b56a0f8fec0832028bdc51e8d59c6af2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-haitifactbook_228-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-haitifactbook_228-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "Haiti – Background" . The World Factbook . CIA. 15 June 2022. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Background&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-229) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hu, Caitlin; Gallón, Natalie; Rivers, Matt; Dupain, Etant (19 July 2021). (https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/americas/haiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl/index.html) "Haiti's acting prime minister Claude Joseph to step down amid power struggle after president's assassination" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150004/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/americas/haiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl/index.html) Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+acting+prime+minister+Claude+Joseph+to+step+down+amid+power+struggle+after+president%27s+assassination&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft.au=Gall%C3%B3n%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Rivers%2C+Matt&rft.au=Dupain%2C+Etant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58215631) "Haiti struck by deadly 7.2-magnitude earthquake" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . 14 August 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210814141827/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58215631) Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+struck+by+deadly+7.2-magnitude+earthquake&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-58215631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cavallo, Eduardo; Giles Álvarez, Laura; Powell, Andrew (28 September 2021). (https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/estimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake/) "Estimating the Potential Economic Impact of Haiti's 2021 Earthquake" . IDB . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921215202/https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/estimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake/) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDB&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+Potential+Economic+Impact+of+Haiti%27s+2021+Earthquake&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.aulast=Cavallo&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Giles+%C3%81lvarez%2C+Laura&rft.au=Powell%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.iadb.org%2Fideas-matter%2Fen%2Festimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102062) "Haiti facing stalled elections, kidnapping surge, rampant insecurity" . UN News . United Nations. 4 October 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921210751/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102062) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+facing+stalled+elections%2C+kidnapping+surge%2C+rampant+insecurity&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2021%2F10%2F1102062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html) "Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices" . Le Monde . 17 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221008194256/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html) Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Haiti+suffers+deadly+demonstrations+against+rise+in+fuel+prices&rft.date=2022-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2022%2F09%2F17%2Fhaiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/haiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars) "Haiti reaches a breaking point as the economy tanks and violence soars" . PBS . 4 October 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221008194256/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/haiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars) Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Haiti+reaches+a+breaking+point+as+the+economy+tanks+and+violence+soars&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://crisisresponse.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1481/files/appeal/pdf/2024_Haiti_Crisis_Response_Plan_20222024.pdf) Haiti Crisis Response Plan 2022–2024 (PDF) (Report). IOM UN Migration. 15 March 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250716104505/https://crisisresponse.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1481/files/appeal/pdf/2024_Haiti_Crisis_Response_Plan_20222024.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Haiti+Crisis+Response+Plan+2022%E2%80%932024&rft.pub=IOM+UN+Migration&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrisisresponse.iom.int%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Ftmzbdl1481%2Ffiles%2Fappeal%2Fpdf%2F2024_Haiti_Crisis_Response_Plan_20222024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-kidnapping_236-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-kidnapping_236-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilentz, Amy (17 April 2023). (https://www.thenation.com/article/world/haiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden/) "Haiti, April 2023: Soon There Will Be No One Left to Kidnap" . The Nation. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230426135431/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/haiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden/) Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti%2C+April+2023%3A+Soon+There+Will+Be+No+One+Left+to+Kidnap&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-medical_crisis_237-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adams, David C.; Robles, Frances (17 March 2024). (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/17/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-health.html) "Haiti's Hospitals Survived Cholera and Covid. Gangs Are Closing Them" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240317162256/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/17/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-health.html) Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+Hospitals+Survived+Cholera+and+Covid.+Gangs+Are+Closing+Them.&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Robles%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d) "Haiti's prime minister is locked out of his country and faces pressure to resign" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_News) (Associated Press News) Associated Press News  . 6 March 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240306214053/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d) Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+prime+minister+is+locked+out+of+his+country+and+faces+pressure+to+resign&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-sworn_in_239-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-sworn_in_239-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robenson, Geffrard (25 April 2024). (https://lenouvelliste.com/article/247858/les-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national) "Les membres du Conseil présidentiel de transition ont prêté serment, tôt jeudi 25 avril 2024, au Palais national" . Le Nouvelliste (in French). (https://web.archive.org/web/20240426122820/https://lenouvelliste.com/article/247858/les-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national) Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvelliste&rft.atitle=Les+membres+du+Conseil+pr%C3%A9sidentiel+de+transition+ont+pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+serment%2C+t%C3%B4t+jeudi+25+avril+2024%2C+au+Palais+national&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Robenson&rft.aufirst=Geffrard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenouvelliste.com%2Farticle%2F247858%2Fles-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-240) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.barrons.com/news/new-haitian-prime-minister-sworn-in-7717df19) "New Haitian Prime Minister Sworn In" . Barron's . Agence France Presse. 3 June 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241202100720/https://www.barrons.com/news/new-haitian-prime-minister-sworn-in-7717df19) Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=New+Haitian+Prime+Minister+Sworn+In&rft.date=2024-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-haitian-prime-minister-sworn-in-7717df19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-241) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rfi.fr/fr/am%C3%A9riques/20241111-qui-est-alix-didier-fils-aim%C3%A9-nomm%C3%A9-premier-ministre-en-ha%C3%AFti) "Le nouveau Premier ministre haïtien Alix Didier Fils-Aimé a prêté serment" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale) (Radio France Internationale) Radio France Internationale  (in French). 11 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=Le+nouveau+Premier+ministre+ha%C3%AFtien+Alix+Didier+Fils-Aim%C3%A9+a+pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+serment&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fam%25C3%25A9riques%2F20241111-qui-est-alix-didier-fils-aim%25C3%25A9-nomm%25C3%25A9-premier-ministre-en-ha%25C3%25AFti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2010arch/20100114_haiti.html) "Geography: Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220809172231/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2010arch/20100114_haiti.html) Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Geography%3A+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fplacesinthenews%2Farchive%2F2010arch%2F20100114_haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/haiti/htland.htm) "Geography: Haiti" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220929181413/https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/haiti) Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography%3A+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Fnamerica%2Fcaribb%2Fhaiti%2Fhtland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-4) 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-5) 6  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-6) 7  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-7) 8  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-8) 9  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-9) 10  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-10) 11  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-11) 12  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-12) 13  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-13) 14  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_244-14) 15   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "CIA World Factbook – Haiti" . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001315_245-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 315.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-NgCheong-Lum,_Roseline_19_246-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FUSD2v4EQE8C) Haiti (Cultures of the World)  . New York: Times Editions. p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1968-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1968-6) 978-0-7614-1968-6  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144429/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUSD2v4EQE8C) Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti+%28Cultures+of+the+World%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Times+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1968-6&rft.aulast=NgCheong-Lum&rft.aufirst=Roseline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUSD2v4EQE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Wells_247-0) ↑   Jennifer Wells, (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/11/21/a_dam_for_the_people_and_a_people_damned.html) "A dam for the people, and A people damned" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190903191441/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/11/21/a_dam_for_the_people_and_a_people_damned.html) Archived 3 September 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , Toronto Star , 21 November 2010  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Larry Rohter (19 October 1998). (http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/haiti/rock.htm) "Whose Rock Is It? Yes, the Haitians Care" . Port-au-Prince Journal (reprinted in New York Times) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220408000212/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/haiti/rock.htm) Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port-au-Prince+Journal+%28reprinted+in+New+York+Times%29&rft.atitle=Whose+Rock+Is+It%3F+Yes%2C+the+Haitians+Care&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.au=Larry+Rohter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fhaiti%2Frock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-USGS_249-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121119101317/http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/) "Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour (1998–1999)" . US Geological Survey. August 2000. Archived from (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa) the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navassa+Island%3A+A+Photographic+Tour+%281998%E2%80%931999%29&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastal.er.usgs.gov%2Fnavassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-USGSHaiti2_250-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100115110510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/) " "Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION Tectonic Summary" United States Geological Survey, 12 January 2010" . Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/#summary) the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Magnitude+7.0+%E2%80%93+HAITI+REGION+Tectonic+Summary%22+United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+12+January+2010&rft.pub=Earthquake.usgs.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feqinthenews%2F2010%2Fus2010rja6%2F%23summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Hayes_251-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hayes, G.P.; Briggs R.W.; Sladen A.; Fielding E.J.; Prentice C.; Hudnut K.; Mann P.; Taylor F.W.; Crone A.J.; Gold R.; Ito T.; Simons M. (2010). (https://authors.library.caltech.edu/21200/2/ngeo977-s1.pdf) "Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake" (PDF) . Nature Geoscience . 3 (11): 800– 805. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..800H) 2010NatGe...3..800H . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo977) 10.1038/ngeo977 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171202124109/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/21200/2/ngeo977-s1.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Complex+rupture+during+the+12+January+2010+Haiti+earthquake&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=800-805&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo977&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatGe...3..800H&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=G.P.&rft.au=Briggs+R.W.&rft.au=Sladen+A.&rft.au=Fielding+E.J.&rft.au=Prentice+C.&rft.au=Hudnut+K.&rft.au=Mann+P.&rft.au=Taylor+F.W.&rft.au=Crone+A.J.&rft.au=Gold+R.&rft.au=Ito+T.&rft.au=Simons+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F21200%2F2%2Fngeo977-s1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-DeMets_252-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DeMets, C.; Wiggins-Grandison W. (2007). (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03236.x) "Deformation of Jamaica and motion of the Gonâve microplate from GPS and seismic data" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_Journal_International) (Geophysical Journal International) Geophysical Journal International  . 168 (1): 362– 378. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoJI.168..362D) 2007GeoJI.168..362D . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03236.x) 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03236.x  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Deformation+of+Jamaica+and+motion+of+the+Gon%C3%A2ve+microplate+from+GPS+and+seismic+data&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=362-378&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2006.03236.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoJI.168..362D&rft.aulast=DeMets&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wiggins-Grandison+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.2006.03236.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-18cgc_253-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mann, Paul; Calais, Eric; Demets, Chuck; Prentice, Carol S; Wiggins-Grandison, Margaret (March 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100116160020/http://www.ig.utexas.edu/jsg/18_cgg/Mann3.htm) "Entiquillo-Plantain Garden Strike-Slip Fault Zone: A Major Seismic Hazard Affecting Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica" . 18th Caribbean Geological Conference. Archived from (http://www.ig.utexas.edu/jsg/18_cgg/Mann3.htm) the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entiquillo-Plantain+Garden+Strike-Slip+Fault+Zone%3A+A+Major+Seismic+Hazard+Affecting+Dominican+Republic%2C+Haiti+and+Jamaica&rft.pub=18th+Caribbean+Geological+Conference&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Calais%2C+Eric&rft.au=Demets%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Prentice%2C+Carol+S&rft.au=Wiggins-Grandison%2C+Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ig.utexas.edu%2Fjsg%2F18_cgg%2FMann3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-254) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.mit.edu/2021/3-questions-camilla-cattania-william-frank-haiti-earthquakes-1006) "3 Questions: Understanding the Haiti earthquakes" . MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 6 October 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240601090904/https://news.mit.edu/2021/3-questions-camilla-cattania-william-frank-haiti-earthquakes-1006) Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+News+%7C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=3+Questions%3A+Understanding+the+Haiti+earthquakes&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2021%2F3-questions-camilla-cattania-william-frank-haiti-earthquakes-1006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-255) ↑   (http://www.ute.gouv.ht/caracol/images/stories/docs/environmental%20assessment%20of%20the%20usaidhaiti%20north%20park%20power%20project.pdf) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE USAID/HAITI NORTH PARK POWER PROJECT (https://web.archive.org/web/20220805102537/http://www.ute.gouv.ht/caracol/images/stories/docs/environmental%20assessment%20of%20the%20usaidhaiti%20north%20park%20power%20project.pdf) Archived 5 August 2022 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . United States Agency for International Development. ute.gouv.ht. June 2011  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-256) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, John S. (1924). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/623111) "The Hot Springs of the Republic of Haiti"  . The Journal of Geology . 32 (5). University of Chicago Press: 384– 399. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924JG.....32..384B) 1924JG.....32..384B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F623111) 10.1086/623111 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1376) 0022-1376 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128421492) 128421492 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220822165823/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/623111) Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Hot+Springs+of+the+Republic+of+Haiti&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=384-399&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F623111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128421492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-1376&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924JG.....32..384B&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1086%2F623111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-257) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111223200050/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2004-09-23-haiti-deforest_x.htm) "Deforestation Exacerbates Haiti Floods" . USA Today . 23 September 2004. Archived from (https://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2004-09-23-haiti-deforest_x.htm) the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Deforestation+Exacerbates+Haiti+Floods&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fhurricane%2F2004-09-23-haiti-deforest_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-258) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tarter, Andrew (19 May 2016). (http://www.envirosociety.org/2016/05/haiti-is-covered-with-trees/) "Haiti Is Covered with Trees" . EnviroSociety . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116104040/http://www.envirosociety.org/2016/05/haiti-is-covered-with-trees/) Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EnviroSociety&rft.atitle=Haiti+Is+Covered+with+Trees&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Tarter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.envirosociety.org%2F2016%2F05%2Fhaiti-is-covered-with-trees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_259-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 5978. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G) 2020NatCo..11.5978G . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3) 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723) 2041-1723 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) 7723057  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507) 33293507 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001323_260-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 323.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-261) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220911115349/http://haiti.ciesin.columbia.edu/) "Haiti GeoPortal at CIESIN" . New York: Columbia University. 2012. Archived from (http://haiti.ciesin.columbia.edu/) the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+GeoPortal+at+CIESIN&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaiti.ciesin.columbia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_262-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" . BioScience . 67 (6): 534– 545. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014) 10.1093/biosci/bix014 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568) 0006-3568 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) 5451287  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869) 28608869 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt6_263-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt6_263-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt6_263-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt6_263-3) 4   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 6.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001322_264-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 322.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt4_265-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt4_265-1) 2   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 4.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt5_266-0) ↑   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 5  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://pdba.georgetown.edu/constitutions/haiti/haiti1987.html) "1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti" . Georgetown University. Article 134. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220901061334/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Haiti/haiti1987.html) Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Haiti&rft.pages=Article+134&rft.pub=Georgetown+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdba.georgetown.edu%2Fconstitutions%2Fhaiti%2Fhaiti1987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_134_268-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 134.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_134–3_269-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 134–3.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_137_270-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 137.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-271) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oas.org/es/sap/deco/moe/haiti2011/ficha.asp) "OEA - Organización de los Estados Americanos: Democracia para la paz, la seguridad y el desarrollo" . www.oas.org (in Spanish). 1 August 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240601091443/https://www.oas.org/es/sap/deco/moe/haiti2011/ficha.asp) Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oas.org&rft.atitle=OEA+-+Organizaci%C3%B3n+de+los+Estados+Americanos%3A+Democracia+para+la+paz%2C+la+seguridad+y+el+desarrollo&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fes%2Fsap%2Fdeco%2Fmoe%2Fhaiti2011%2Fficha.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_133_272-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 133.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_141,_143_273-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Articles 141, 143.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_88_274-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 88.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_89,_94_275-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Articles 89, 94.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_92_276-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 92.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_95_277-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 95.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_94–1_278-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 94–1.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_Haiti90_279-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , 90.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_92–3_280-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 92–3.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_95–3_281-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 95–3.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_173_282-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 173.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_175_283-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 175.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_59_284-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 59.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-285) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michele Kelemen (2 March 2004). (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1741707&ps=rs) "Haiti Starts Over, Once Again" . Npr.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211027003735/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1741707) Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Npr.org&rft.atitle=Haiti+Starts+Over%2C+Once+Again&rft.date=2004-03-02&rft.au=Michele+Kelemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D1741707%26ps%3Drs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-BTI-2024_286-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-BTI-2024_286-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-BTI-2024_286-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-BTI-2024_286-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/HTI) "BTI 2024 Haiti Country Report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index) (Bertelsmann Transformation Index) Bertelsmann Transformation Index  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250708030654/https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/HTI) Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bertelsmann+Transformation+Index&rft.atitle=BTI+2024+Haiti+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcountry-report%2FHTI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CrisisGroup-2025_287-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CrisisGroup-2025_287-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CrisisGroup-2025_287-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CrisisGroup-2025_287-3) 4  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-CrisisGroup-2025_287-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/caribbean/haiti/107-locked-transition-politics-and-violence-haiti) "Locked in Transition: Politics and Violence in Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crisis_Group) (International Crisis Group) International Crisis Group  . 19 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250626185233/https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/caribbean/haiti/107-locked-transition-politics-and-violence-haiti) Archived from the original on 26 June 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Locked+in+Transition%3A+Politics+and+Violence+in+Haiti&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Flatin-america-caribbean%2Fcaribbean%2Fhaiti%2F107-locked-transition-politics-and-violence-haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-288) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taylor, Luke (10 January 2023). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state) "Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230208113432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state) Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+left+with+no+elected+government+officials+as+it+spirals+towards+anarchy&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F10%2Fhaiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-289) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/haiti-transitional-presidential-council-fritz-alphonse-jean-gangs-c95b666317c278fee61e5ef1fac7b01b) "New leader takes over Haiti's presidential council as violence persists" . Associated Press . 7 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260202154204/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-transitional-presidential-council-fritz-alphonse-jean-gangs-c95b666317c278fee61e5ef1fac7b01b) Archived from the original on 2 February 2026. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=New+leader+takes+over+Haiti%27s+presidential+council+as+violence+persists&rft.date=2025-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-transitional-presidential-council-fritz-alphonse-jean-gangs-c95b666317c278fee61e5ef1fac7b01b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-290) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frilet, Corinne; Hauteville, Jean-Michel (31 January 2025). (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/01/31/haiti-s-transitional-president-leslie-voltaire-announces-november-2025-elections_6737642_4.html) "Haiti's transitional president Leslie Voltaire announces November 2025 elections" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde) (Le Monde) Le Monde  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250906100628/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/01/31/haiti-s-transitional-president-leslie-voltaire-announces-november-2025-elections_6737642_4.html) Archived from the original on 6 September 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+transitional+president+Leslie+Voltaire+announces+November+2025+elections&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft.aulast=Frilet&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rft.au=Hauteville%2C+Jean-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Fhaiti-s-transitional-president-leslie-voltaire-announces-november-2025-elections_6737642_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-291) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Charles, Jacqueline (18 June 2025). (https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article308861835.html) "Haiti's presidential council is dysfunctional, says member as time in office runs out" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald) (Miami Herald) Miami Herald  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250622023312/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article308861835.html) Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+presidential+council+is+dysfunctional%2C+says+member+as+time+in+office+runs+out&rft.date=2025-06-18&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Farticle308861835.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blaise, Juhakenson (4 November 2025). (https://haitiantimes.com/2025/11/04/haiti-elections-impossible-for-2026-turnover/) "Haiti elections 'impossible' by 2026 government turnover deadline" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haitian_Times) (The Haitian Times) The Haitian Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251104115907/https://haitiantimes.com/2025/11/04/haiti-elections-impossible-for-2026-turnover/) Archived from the original on 4 November 2025. Retrieved 4 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haitian+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti+elections+%27impossible%27+by+2026+government+turnover+deadline&rft.date=2025-11-04&rft.aulast=Blaise&rft.aufirst=Juhakenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2025%2F11%2F04%2Fhaiti-elections-impossible-for-2026-turnover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-293) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blaise, Juhakenson (17 November 2025). (https://haitiantimes.com/2025/11/17/haiti-elections-august-30-2026/) "Haiti's Provisional Electoral Council sets elections for August 2026" . The Haitian Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251117212422/https://haitiantimes.com/2025/11/17/haiti-elections-august-30-2026/) Archived from the original on 17 November 2025. Retrieved 18 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haitian+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+Provisional+Electoral+Council+sets+elections+for+August+2026&rft.date=2025-11-17&rft.aulast=Blaise&rft.aufirst=Juhakenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2025%2F11%2F17%2Fhaiti-elections-august-30-2026%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-294) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-46218-haiti-flash-official-calendar-of-upcoming-elections.html) "Haiti – FLASH : Official Calendar of Upcoming Elections" . www.haitilibre.com . 16 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251116195124/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-46218-haiti-flash-official-calendar-of-upcoming-elections.html) Archived from the original on 16 November 2025. Retrieved 18 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.haitilibre.com&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+FLASH+%3A+Official+Calendar+of+Upcoming+Elections&rft.date=2025-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-46218-haiti-flash-official-calendar-of-upcoming-elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blaise, Juhakenson (24 February 2026). (https://haitiantimes.com/2026/02/24/haitian-political-actors-signed-a-pact/) "Haitian political actors sign pact for stability and elections, approve Fils-Aimé's leadership" . The Haitian Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260224174957/https://haitiantimes.com/2026/02/24/haitian-political-actors-signed-a-pact/) Archived from the original on 24 February 2026. Retrieved 25 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Haitian+Times&rft.atitle=Haitian+political+actors+sign+pact+for+stability+and+elections%2C+approve+Fils-Aim%C3%A9%27s+leadership&rft.date=2026-02-24&rft.aulast=Blaise&rft.aufirst=Juhakenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaitiantimes.com%2F2026%2F02%2F24%2Fhaitian-political-actors-signed-a-pact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_76_296-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 76.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-297) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Olivier, Louis-Joseph, ed. (14 August 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160323033146/http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/148647/Creation-de-cinq-nouvelles-communes-par-decret-presidentiel) "Création de cinq nouvelles communes par décret présidentiel" . Le Nouvelliste (in French). Archived from (http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/148647/Creation-de-cinq-nouvelles-communes-par-decret-presidentiel) the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvelliste&rft.atitle=Cr%C3%A9ation+de+cinq+nouvelles+communes+par+d%C3%A9cret+pr%C3%A9sidentiel&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flenouvelliste.com%2Flenouvelliste%2Farticle%2F148647%2FCreation-de-cinq-nouvelles-communes-par-decret-presidentiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-298) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-14858-haiti-politic-5-new-communes-in-haiti.html) "Haïti – Politique: 5 nouvelles communes en Haïti" . Haiti Libre . 16 August 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211028102215/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-14858-haiti-politic-5-new-communes-in-haiti.html) Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haiti+Libre&rft.atitle=Ha%C3%AFti+%E2%80%93+Politique%3A+5+nouvelles+communes+en+Ha%C3%AFti&rft.date=2015-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-14858-haiti-politic-5-new-communes-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/geographie-et-tourisme/divisions-territoriales/) "7300.- Divisions territoriales" (in French). Haiti-Référence. 17 August 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220322033652/https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/geographie-et-tourisme/divisions-territoriales/) Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7300.-+Divisions+territoriales&rft.pub=Haiti-R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaiti-reference.com%2Fpages%2Fplan%2Fgeographie-et-tourisme%2Fdivisions-territoriales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_66_300-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 66.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_77_301-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 77.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_63,_66,_78_302-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Articles 63, 66, 78.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_67,_80_303-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Articles 67, 80.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_263_304-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 263.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_263–2_305-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 263–2.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_264_306-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 264.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticles_264–1,_264–2,_264–3_307-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Articles 264–1, 264–2, 264–3.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211117025602/https://www.md.gouv.ht/mission.php) "Missions et Attributions du Ministère de la Défense" . Ministere de la Defense. Archived from (http://www.md.gouv.ht/mission.php) the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missions+et+Attributions+du+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+D%C3%A9fense&rft.pub=Ministere+de+la+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.md.gouv.ht%2Fmission.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_269_309-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 269.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_266_310-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 266.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstitution_of_HaitiArticle_268_311-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFConstitution_of_Haiti) Constitution of Haiti , Article 268.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001470_312-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 470.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001468–469_313-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , pp. 468–469.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Haiti:_Police_and_Law_Enforcement_314-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170608090305/http://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/haiti-police-and-law-enforcement) "Haiti: Police and Law Enforcement" . GSDRC. 2010. Archived from (https://www.gsdrc.org/document-library/haiti-police-and-law-enforcement/) the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Police+and+Law+Enforcement&rft.pub=GSDRC&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsdrc.org%2Fdocument-library%2Fhaiti-police-and-law-enforcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-PBS-28082024_315-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-PBS-28082024_315-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sanon, Evens; Coto, Dánica (28 August 2024). (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/young-haitians-join-military-as-widespread-gang-violence-creates-rare-job-opportunities) "Young Haitians join military as widespread gang violence creates rare job opportunities" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) PBS  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250824030335/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/young-haitians-join-military-as-widespread-gang-violence-creates-rare-job-opportunities) Archived from the original on 24 August 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Young+Haitians+join+military+as+widespread+gang+violence+creates+rare+job+opportunities&rft.date=2024-08-28&rft.aulast=Sanon&rft.aufirst=Evens&rft.au=Coto%2C+D%C3%A1nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fyoung-haitians-join-military-as-widespread-gang-violence-creates-rare-job-opportunities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001477_316-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001477_316-1) 2   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 477.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sadowski, Dennis (6–19 August 2010). "Hope and struggles remain in Haiti six months after earthquake". Florida Catholic . Orlando, Florida. pp. A7. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Catholic&rft.atitle=Hope+and+struggles+remain+in+Haiti+six+months+after+earthquake&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=2010-08-06%2F2010-08-19&rft.aulast=Sadowski&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001478_318-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , p. 478.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetz2001478–479_319-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMetz2001) Metz 2001 , pp. 478–479.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-320) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boutellis, Arthur (21 September 2012). (https://theglobalobservatory.org/2012/09/where-is-the-haitian-national-police-headed/) "Where is the Haitian National Police Headed?" . IPI Global Observatory . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260412200932/https://theglobalobservatory.org/2012/09/where-is-the-haitian-national-police-headed/) Archived from the original on 12 April 2026. Retrieved 25 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPI+Global+Observatory&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+Haitian+National+Police+Headed%3F&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft.aulast=Boutellis&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheglobalobservatory.org%2F2012%2F09%2Fwhere-is-the-haitian-national-police-headed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-321) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130630063029/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/haiti.htm) "Haitian Law" . Jurist.law.pitt.edu. Archived from (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/haiti.htm) the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haitian+Law&rft.pub=Jurist.law.pitt.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.law.pitt.edu%2Fworld%2Fhaiti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6120522.stm) "Haiti tops world corruption table" . BBC News . 6 November 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130728134841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6120522.stm) Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+tops+world+corruption+table&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6120522.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-323) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://transparency.ie/content/2006-corruption-perceptions-index-reinforces-link-between-poverty-and-corruption-and-shows-w) "2006 Corruption Perceptions Index reinforces link between poverty and corruption" . Transparency International. 6 November 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130512214417/http://transparency.ie/content/2006-corruption-perceptions-index-reinforces-link-between-poverty-and-corruption-and-shows-w) Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Corruption+Perceptions+Index+reinforces+link+between+poverty+and+corruption&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransparency.ie%2Fcontent%2F2006-corruption-perceptions-index-reinforces-link-between-poverty-and-corruption-and-shows-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siri Schubert (22 May 2009). (https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/05/haiti-the-long-road-to-recovery.html) "Haiti: The Long Road to Recovery, Public Broadcasting Service" . Pbs.org. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130901041909/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/05/haiti-the-long-road-to-recovery.html) Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+The+Long+Road+to+Recovery%2C+Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.au=Siri+Schubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Fbribe%2F2009%2F05%2Fhaiti-the-long-road-to-recovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-American_Spectator_Vol_1994_325-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Aristide Development". American Spectator . 27 (7). 1 July 1994. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Aristide+Development&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1994-07-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-326) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20060501062854/http://www.radiokiskeya.com/RapportUCREF.pdf) "Rapport UCREF" (PDF) . Archived from (http://www.radiokiskeya.com/RapportUCREF.pdf) the original (PDF) on 1 May 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapport+UCREF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiokiskeya.com%2FRapportUCREF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200037/http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/world/2005/10/31/6524/Probe-of-Aristide-administration-finds-evidence-of-embezzlement) "Probe of Aristide administration finds evidence of embezzlement" . Dominican Today . 31 October 2005. Archived from (http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/world/2005/10/31/6524/Probe-of-Aristide-administration-finds-evidence-of-embezzlement) the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dominican+Today&rft.atitle=Probe+of+Aristide+administration+finds+evidence+of+embezzlement&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicantoday.com%2Fdr%2Fworld%2F2005%2F10%2F31%2F6524%2FProbe-of-Aristide-administration-finds-evidence-of-embezzlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-328) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mary Anastasia O'Grady (12 February 2007). (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117124344952105351) "The Haiti File" . Online.wsj.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232318/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117124344952105351) Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Haiti+File&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.au=Mary+Anastasia+O%27Grady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB117124344952105351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-basketcase_329-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schifferes, Steve (1 March 2004). (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3522155.stm) "Haiti: An economic basket-case" . BBC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130728143315/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3522155.stm) Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti%3A+An+economic+basket-case&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.aulast=Schifferes&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3522155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-330) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carey, Henry F. (2005). "The Third U.S. Intervention and Haiti's Paramilitary Predicament". Journal of Haitian Studies . 11 (1): 93. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41715292) 41715292 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Third+U.S.+Intervention+and+Haiti%27s+Paramilitary+Predicament&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41715292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH). Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti (S/2024/62) . New York: United Nations Security Council, January 15, 2024.   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1156826) "Children face unprecedented crisis amid rising violence in Haiti | UN News" . news.un.org . 11 November 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250201160021/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/11/1156826) Archived from the original on 1 February 2025. Retrieved 7 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.un.org&rft.atitle=Children+face+unprecedented+crisis+amid+rising+violence+in+Haiti+%7C+UN+News&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2024%2F11%2F1156826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-333) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/almost-one-eight-children-internally-displaced-haiti-armed-violence-continues-unicef) "Almost one in eight children internally displaced in Haiti as armed violence continues – UNICEF" . www.unicef.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250126163751/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/almost-one-eight-children-internally-displaced-haiti-armed-violence-continues-unicef) Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 7 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Almost+one+in+eight+children+internally+displaced+in+Haiti+as+armed+violence+continues+%E2%80%93+UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fpress-releases%2Falmost-one-eight-children-internally-displaced-haiti-armed-violence-continues-unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto_334-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-auto_334-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McFadden, David (20 February 2017). (https://apnews.com/a43ce17acfd0425cb2af90a1133a8418) "Malnutrition killing inmates in Haiti jails" . apnews.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200102124056/https://apnews.com/a43ce17acfd0425cb2af90a1133a8418) Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=Malnutrition+killing+inmates+in+Haiti+jails&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fa43ce17acfd0425cb2af90a1133a8418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-335) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2021-2025.state.gov/report/custom/da7d4d248e/) "Custom Report Excerpts: The Bahamas" . United States Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250216191406/https://2021-2025.state.gov/report/custom/da7d4d248e/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Custom+Report+Excerpts%3A+The+Bahamas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2021-2025.state.gov%2Freport%2Fcustom%2Fda7d4d248e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-336) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.foxnews.com/world/living-hell-officials-alarmed-by-upsurge-of-inmates-dying-in-haiti-prisons/) "Living hell: Officials alarmed by upsurge of inmates dying in Haiti prisons" . Fox News . 20 February 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035837/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/02/20/living-hell-officials-alarmed-by-upsurge-inmates-dying-in-haiti-prisons.html) Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Living+hell%3A+Officials+alarmed+by+upsurge+of+inmates+dying+in+Haiti+prisons&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fliving-hell-officials-alarmed-by-upsurge-of-inmates-dying-in-haiti-prisons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-prison_337-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39034992) "Haitian prison rife with malnutrition" . BBC News . 21 February 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180504000600/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39034992) Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haitian+prison+rife+with+malnutrition&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-39034992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-68462851) "Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak" . BBC News . 3 March 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240312034751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-68462851) Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+violence%3A+Haiti+gangs+demand+PM+resign+after+mass+jailbreak&rft.date=2024-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-68462851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/HTI) "World Economic Outlook (April 2025) – GDP, current prices" . International Monetary Fund . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250708030653/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/HTI) Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+%28April+2025%29+%E2%80%93+GDP%2C+current+prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPD%40WEO%2FHTI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-340) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/HTI) "World Economic Outlook (April 2025) – GDP, current prices" . International Monetary Fund . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250806000546/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/HTI) Archived from the original on 6 August 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+%28April+2025%29+%E2%80%93+GDP%2C+current+prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FPPPGDP%40WEO%2FHTI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-UNDP_2010_341-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110423024550/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/HTI.html) "International Human Development Indicators: Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 2010. Archived from (http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/HTI.html) the original on 23 April 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Human+Development+Indicators%3A+Haiti&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FHTI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wow509.com/news/jean-bertrand-aristide-net-worth/) "Jean Bertrand Aristide net worth" . WOW509 . Retrieved 16 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WOW509&rft.atitle=Jean+Bertrand+Aristide+net+worth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wow509.com%2Fnews%2Fjean-bertrand-aristide-net-worth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-343) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farah Stockman (7 March 2004). (https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/03/07/before_fall_of_aristide_haiti_hit_by_aid_cutoff/) "Before fall of Aristide, Haiti hit by aid cutoff by" . Boston.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061421/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2004/03/07/before_fall_of_aristide_haiti_hit_by_aid_cutoff/) Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Before+fall+of+Aristide%2C+Haiti+hit+by+aid+cutoff+by&rft.date=2004-03-07&rft.au=Farah+Stockman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2004%2F03%2F07%2Fbefore_fall_of_aristide_haiti_hit_by_aid_cutoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-344) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/haiti/economy/) "Haiti: Economy" . Michigan State University. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407044532/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/haiti/economy/) Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Economy&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaledge.msu.edu%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2Feconomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09288.pdf) "Haiti: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries" (PDF) . International Monetary Fund. September 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220621015540/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09288.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Enhanced+Initiative+for+Heavily+Indebted+Poor+Countries&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fscr%2F2009%2Fcr09288.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-346) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230102170139/https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/countries/haiti.pdf) "Haiti Economy" (PDF) . Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Findex%2Fpdf%2F2015%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anastasia Moloney (28 September 2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722215735/http://www.trust.org/item/20090928173400-eslm0/) "Haiti's aid controversy" . Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from (http://www.trust.org/item/20090928173400-eslm0/) the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti%27s+aid+controversy&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters+Foundation&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.au=Anastasia+Moloney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20090928173400-eslm0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-348) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Christopher Marquis (21 July 2004). (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/21/world/1-billion-is-pledged-to-help-haiti-rebuild-topping-request.html) "$1 Billion Is Pledged to Help Haiti Rebuild, Topping Request" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080404/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/21/world/1-billion-is-pledged-to-help-haiti-rebuild-topping-request.html) Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%241+Billion+Is+Pledged+to+Help+Haiti+Rebuild%2C+Topping+Request&rft.date=2004-07-21&rft.au=Christopher+Marquis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F07%2F21%2Fworld%2F1-billion-is-pledged-to-help-haiti-rebuild-topping-request.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Katz, Jonathan M. (11 April 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232317/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/11/haitis-police-struggle-control-ravaged-capital/) "Haiti's police struggle to control ravaged capital" . Fox News . Associated Press. Archived from (http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/11/haitis-police-struggle-control-ravaged-capital/) the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+police+struggle+to+control+ravaged+capital&rft.date=2010-04-11&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2F04%2F11%2Fhaitis-police-struggle-control-ravaged-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20100118/twl-haiti-fears-grows-despite-surge-in-r-4bdc673.html) "Haiti fears grows despite surge in relief effort" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News) (Yahoo! News) Yahoo! News  . 18 January 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+fears+grows+despite+surge+in+relief+effort&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2F18%2F20100118%2Ftwl-haiti-fears-grows-despite-surge-in-r-4bdc673.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged June 2016) dead link   ]      (Haiti.html#cite_ref-351) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160806181826/http://elnuevodiario.com.do/app/article.aspx?id=272087) "Universidad de Haití donada por RD se llamará ahora 'Roi Henry I' " . El Nuevo Diario . Archived from (http://elnuevodiario.com.do/app/article.aspx?id=272087) the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Diario&rft.atitle=Universidad+de+Hait%C3%AD+donada+por+RD+se+llamar%C3%A1+ahora+%27Roi+Henry+I%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felnuevodiario.com.do%2Fapp%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D272087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://es.globalvoices.org/2010/01/16/republica-dominicana-ayuda-a-su-vecino-haiti-despues-del-terremoto/) "República Dominicana: Ayuda a su vecino Haití después del terremoto" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080411/https://es.globalvoices.org/2010/01/16/republica-dominicana-ayuda-a-su-vecino-haiti-despues-del-terremoto/) Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana%3A+Ayuda+a+su+vecino+Hait%C3%AD+despu%C3%A9s+del+terremoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.globalvoices.org%2F2010%2F01%2F16%2Frepublica-dominicana-ayuda-a-su-vecino-haiti-despues-del-terremoto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-353) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/what-does-haiti-have-show-13-billion-earthquake-aid-n281661) "What does Haiti have to show for the US$13 billion in earthquake aid?-NBC News.com" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News) (NBC News) NBC News  . January 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220704074958/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/what-does-haiti-have-show-13-billion-earthquake-aid-n281661) Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=What+does+Haiti+have+to+show+for+the+US%2413+billion+in+earthquake+aid%3F-NBC+News.com&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Finvestigations%2Fwhat-does-haiti-have-show-13-billion-earthquake-aid-n281661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "The World Factbook" . cia.gov . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-ammart_355-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-ammart_355-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Watkins, Tate (8 May 2013). (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/how-haitis-future-depends-on-american-markets/275682/) "How Haiti's Future Depends on American Markets" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Haiti%27s+Future+Depends+on+American+Markets&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F05%2Fhow-haitis-future-depends-on-american-markets%2F275682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.clintonfoundation.org/our-work/clinton-foundation-haiti/programs/powering-haiti-clean-energy) "Powering Haiti with Clean Energy" . Clinton Foundation . Retrieved 1 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clinton+Foundation&rft.atitle=Powering+Haiti+with+Clean+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clintonfoundation.org%2Four-work%2Fclinton-foundation-haiti%2Fprograms%2Fpowering-haiti-clean-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-357) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080359/https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Haiti_sustainable_energy.pdf) "The Haiti Sustainable Energy Programme" (PDF) . UNEP . May 2017. Archived from (https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Haiti_sustainable_energy.pdf) the original (PDF) on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNEP&rft.atitle=The+Haiti+Sustainable+Energy+Programme&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostconflict.unep.ch%2Fpublications%2FUNEP_Haiti_sustainable_energy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-358) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pauyo, Jean (March 2017). (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080409/https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/electricity_grid_pauyo_english.pdf) "Transmitting and Distributing Electricity in Haiti" (PDF) . Copenhagen Consensus Center . Archived from (https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/electricity_grid_pauyo_english.pdf) the original (PDF) on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copenhagen+Consensus+Center&rft.atitle=Transmitting+and+Distributing+Electricity+in+Haiti&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Pauyo&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copenhagenconsensus.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Felectricity_grid_pauyo_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:02_359-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:02_359-1) 2   Matthew Lucky, Katie Auth, Alexander Ochs, et al., Haiti Sustainable Energy Roadmap: Harnessing Domestic Energy Resources to Build an Affordable, Reliable, and Climate-Compatible Electricity System (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2014).  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080412/https://www.usaid.gov/haiti/energy) "Energy" . U.S. Agency for International Development. 16 August 2018. Archived from (https://www.usaid.gov/haiti/energy) the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy&rft.pub=U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fhaiti%2Fenergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-361) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012118/https://www.vantbefinfo.com/energie-le-projet-delectrification-24-24-presente-aux-citoyens-haitiens/) "Vant Bèf Info Énergie : le projet d'électrification 24/24 présenté aux Citoyens haïtiens -" . Vant Bèf Info (in French). 31 October 2018. Archived from (https://www.vantbefinfo.com/energie-le-projet-delectrification-24-24-presente-aux-citoyens-haitiens/) the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vant+B%C3%A8f+Info&rft.atitle=Vant+B%C3%A8f+Info+%C3%89nergie+%3A+le+projet+d%27%C3%A9lectrification+24%2F24+pr%C3%A9sent%C3%A9+aux+Citoyens+ha%C3%AFtiens+-&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vantbefinfo.com%2Fenergie-le-projet-delectrification-24-24-presente-aux-citoyens-haitiens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-:0_362-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" . cia.gov . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 12 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-363) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "The World Factbook" . cia.gov . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 24 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21109448~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html?cid=3001) "Latin America Shouldn't Bet Everything On Remittances" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 31 October 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110423034022/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21109448~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html?cid=3001) Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America+Shouldn%27t+Bet+Everything+On+Remittances&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FNEWS%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21109448~pagePK%3A64257043~piPK%3A437376~theSitePK%3A4607%2C00.html%3Fcid%3D3001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-kennedy14_365-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kennedy, C. L. (2014). "Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti's Former Child Slaves". Human Rights Quarterly . 36 (4): 756– 778. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.2014.0059) 10.1353/hrq.2014.0059 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144412249) 144412249 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Toward+Effective+Intervention+for+Haiti%27s+Former+Child+Slaves&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=756-778&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhrq.2014.0059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144412249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-366) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sommerfelt, Tone (October 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250614113626/https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Report-Haiti-Child-Domestic-Workers-31072015.pdf) "Child Domestic Workers in Haiti 2014" (PDF) . haiti-now.org . Archived from (https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Report-Haiti-Child-Domestic-Workers-31072015.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 June 2025. Retrieved 12 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haiti-now.org&rft.atitle=Child+Domestic+Workers+in+Haiti+2014&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Sommerfelt&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiti-now.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F01%2FReport-Haiti-Child-Domestic-Workers-31072015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-c151222_367-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-c151222_367-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gagnon-Joseph, Nathalie (22 December 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160101024149/https://bartonchronicle.com/a-week-in-haiti-on-sports-treasure-hunting-and-life/) "On sports, treasure hunting, and life" . The Chronicle . Barton, Vermont. pp. 28A, 29A. Archived from (https://bartonchronicle.com/a-week-in-haiti-on-sports-treasure-hunting-and-life/) the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle&rft.atitle=On+sports%2C+treasure+hunting%2C+and+life&rft.pages=28A%2C+29A&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.aulast=Gagnon-Joseph&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbartonchronicle.com%2Fa-week-in-haiti-on-sports-treasure-hunting-and-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-368) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912133256/https://www.tradeforum.org/Frager-Haiti-shortening-the-perfume-chain-to-become-world-number-one/) "Frager, Haiti: shortening the perfume chain to become world number one" . International Trade Centre. Archived from (http://www.tradeforum.org/Frager-Haiti-shortening-the-perfume-chain-to-become-world-number-one/) the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frager%2C+Haiti%3A+shortening+the+perfume+chain+to+become+world+number+one&rft.pub=International+Trade+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradeforum.org%2FFrager-Haiti-shortening-the-perfume-chain-to-become-world-number-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-369) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/04/chanel-perfume-legislation-guerlain-loreal) "Perfume manufacturers must cope with the scarcity of precious supplies" . The Guardian . 4 March 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Perfume+manufacturers+must+cope+with+the+scarcity+of+precious+supplies&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2Fmar%2F04%2Fchanel-perfume-legislation-guerlain-loreal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adams, David (24 April 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912111603/https://fida-pch.org/?p=stories.View&story=11) "FEATURE-Perfumers promote fair trade for Haiti's 'super-crop' " . Reuters UK . Archived from (http://www.fida-pch.org/index.php?p=stories.View&story=11) the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+UK&rft.atitle=FEATURE-Perfumers+promote+fair+trade+for+Haiti%27s+%27super-crop%27&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fida-pch.org%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dstories.View%26story%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-feedh_371-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-feedh_371-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21579875-government-tries-load-up-plates-poorest-people-americas-new-menu) "Feeding Haiti: A new menu" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 22 June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Feeding+Haiti%3A+A+new+menu&rft.date=2013-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21579875-government-tries-load-up-plates-poorest-people-americas-new-menu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-ute.gouv.ht_372-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-ute.gouv.ht_372-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ute.gouv.ht/caracol/images/stories/docs/environmental%20assessment%20of%20the%20usaidhaiti%20north%20park%20power%20project.pdf) "Environmental Accessment of the USAID/Haiti North Park Power Project" (PDF) . USAID. 2011. p. 23. Retrieved 20 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Accessment+of+the+USAID%2FHaiti+North+Park+Power+Project&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=USAID&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ute.gouv.ht%2Fcaracol%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdocs%2Fenvironmental%2520assessment%2520of%2520the%2520usaidhaiti%2520north%2520park%2520power%2520project.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.indexmundi.com/haiti/economy_profile.html) "Haiti Economy Profile 2016" . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+Economy+Profile+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fhaiti%2Feconomy_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.haitihub.com/download/Money-Matters-in-Haiti.pdf) "All About Money: Gourdes, Dollars and Sense for Work and Life in Haiti" (PDF) . haitihub.com. Retrieved 16 February 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About+Money%3A+Gourdes%2C+Dollars+and+Sense+for+Work+and+Life+in+Haiti&rft.pub=haitihub.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitihub.com%2Fdownload%2FMoney-Matters-in-Haiti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130125201322/http://www.traveldailynews.com/news/article/52973/best-western-international-targets-120) "Best Western International targets 120 new hotel projects in 2013" . Traveldailynews.com. Archived from (http://www.traveldailynews.com/news/article/52973/best-western-international-targets-120) the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Western+International+targets+120+new+hotel+projects+in+2013&rft.pub=Traveldailynews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveldailynews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F52973%2Fbest-western-international-targets-120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-376) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Major, Brian (9 December 2014). (https://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/dispatch-good-times-in-haiti.html) "Dispatch: Good Times in Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TravelPulse) (TravelPulse) TravelPulse  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TravelPulse&rft.atitle=Dispatch%3A+Good+Times+in+Haiti&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelpulse.com%2Fnews%2Fdestinations%2Fdispatch-good-times-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thomson, Ian, ed. (27 July 2014). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/caribbean/articles/Haiti-returns-to-the-tourist-map/) "Haiti returns to the tourist map"  . The Telegraph . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/caribbean/articles/Haiti-returns-to-the-tourist-map/) Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Haiti+returns+to+the+tourist+map&rft.date=2014-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fcaribbean%2Farticles%2FHaiti-returns-to-the-tourist-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-378) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lall, Gay Nagle, ed. (22 May 2013). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/travel/haiti-an-unlikely-location-for-luxury.html) "An Unlikely Location for Luxury"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/travel/haiti-an-unlikely-location-for-luxury.html) Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Unlikely+Location+for+Luxury&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F26%2Ftravel%2Fhaiti-an-unlikely-location-for-luxury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     (Haiti.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Myers, Gay Nagle, ed. (21 May 2013). (http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Tourism-minister-plan-is-to-reveal-hidden-beauty-of-Haiti) "Tourism minister's plan aims to reveal Haiti's 'hidden beauty' " . Travel Weekly . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Weekly&rft.atitle=Tourism+minister%27s+plan+aims+to+reveal+Haiti%27s+%27hidden+beauty%27&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelweekly.com%2FCaribbean-Travel%2FTourism-minister-plan-is-to-reveal-hidden-beauty-of-Haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barbara De Lollis (29 November 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120626145655/http://travel.usatoday.com/hotels/post/2011/11/marriott-announces-first-hotel-in-haiti-port-au-prince/574010/1) "Marriott announces first hotel in Haiti" . Travel.usatoday.com. Archived from (http://travel.usatoday.com/hotels/post/2011/11/marriott-announces-first-hotel-in-haiti-port-au-prince/574010/1) the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Marriott+announces+first+hotel+in+Haiti&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft.au=Barbara+De+Lollis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.usatoday.com%2Fhotels%2Fpost%2F2011%2F11%2Fmarriott-announces-first-hotel-in-haiti-port-au-prince%2F574010%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-usatoday.com_381-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-usatoday.com_381-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/22/clinton-haiti-earthquake/1650763/) "Clintons land in Haiti to showcase industrial park" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today) (USA Today) USA Today  . 22 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Clintons+land+in+Haiti+to+showcase+industrial+park&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F10%2F22%2Fclinton-haiti-earthquake%2F1650763%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-bostonreview_382-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-bostonreview_382-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/jake-johnston-haiti-earthquake-aid-caracol/) "Outsourcing Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Review) (Boston Review) Boston Review  . 16 January 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Review&rft.atitle=Outsourcing+Haiti&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonreview.net%2Farticles%2Fjake-johnston-haiti-earthquake-aid-caracol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/haiti-clinton-caracol-idUSL1E8LM3BF20121022) "Clintons preside at star-studded opening of Haitian industrial park" . Reuters.com. 22 October 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130619104102/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/22/haiti-clinton-caracol-idUSL1E8LM3BF20121022) Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clintons+preside+at+star-studded+opening+of+Haitian+industrial+park&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-clinton-caracol-idUSL1E8LM3BF20121022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.uspolicy.be/headline/state-dept-fact-sheet-haitis-caracol-industrial-park) "State Dept. Fact Sheet on Haiti's Caracol Industrial Park" . US Policy. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Dept.+Fact+Sheet+on+Haiti%27s+Caracol+Industrial+Park&rft.pub=US+Policy&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspolicy.be%2Fheadline%2Fstate-dept-fact-sheet-haitis-caracol-industrial-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-385) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150219063300/http://www.usaid.gov/haiti/caracol-industrial-park) "Caracol Industrial Park" . USAID. 2014. Archived from (http://www.usaid.gov/haiti/caracol-industrial-park) the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracol+Industrial+Park&rft.pub=USAID&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fhaiti%2Fcaracol-industrial-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-guardiancaracol_386-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-guardiancaracol_386-1) 2  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-guardiancaracol_386-2) 3  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-guardiancaracol_386-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/11/haiti-and-the-failed-promise-of-us-aid) "Haiti and the failed promise of US aid" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . 11 October 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+and+the+failed+promise+of+US+aid&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Foct%2F11%2Fhaiti-and-the-failed-promise-of-us-aid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-buzzfeed_387-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/karlazabludovsky/haiti-industrial-park-caracol) "These Haitians Were Children When A US-Funded Project Evicted Them" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed) (BuzzFeed) BuzzFeed  . 15 June 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=These+Haitians+Were+Children+When+A+US-Funded+Project+Evicted+Them&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeednews.com%2Farticle%2Fkarlazabludovsky%2Fhaiti-industrial-park-caracol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-388) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20191117222328/https://www.dreamintv.com/single-post/2018/02/20/CRD-Wants-to-Build-Railway-that-Runs-Through-Haiti) "CRD Wants to Build Railway that Runs Through Haiti" . dreamintv.com . 20 February 2018. Archived from (https://www.dreamintv.com/single-post/2018/02/20/CRD-Wants-to-Build-Railway-that-Runs-Through-Haiti) the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dreamintv.com&rft.atitle=CRD+Wants+to+Build+Railway+that+Runs+Through+Haiti&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamintv.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2FCRD-Wants-to-Build-Railway-that-Runs-Through-Haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-389) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-9270-haiti-tourism-official-launch-of-project-tourist-destination-ile-a-vache.html) "Haiti – Tourism : Official launch of project "Tourist destination Ile-à-Vache" – HaitiLibre.com : Haiti news 7/7" . HaitiLibre.com . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HaitiLibre.com&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Tourism+%3A+Official+launch+of+project+%22Tourist+destination+Ile-%C3%A0-Vache%22+%E2%80%93+HaitiLibre.com+%3A+Haiti+news+7%2F7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-9270-haiti-tourism-official-launch-of-project-tourist-destination-ile-a-vache.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-390) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/haitis-international-airport-reopens-rcna153117) "Haiti's main international airport reopens nearly three months after gang violence forced it closed" . NBC News . 20 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+main+international+airport+reopens+nearly+three+months+after+gang+violence+forced+it+closed&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fhaitis-international-airport-reopens-rcna153117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-391) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cndd394p7n2o) "Port-au-Prince: Haiti's main airport reopens after weeks of gang violence" . www.bbc.com . 21 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Port-au-Prince%3A+Haiti%27s+main+airport+reopens+after+weeks+of+gang+violence&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcndd394p7n2o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-392) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.jansochor.com/photo-blog.aspx?id=tap-tap-haiti) "Tap-Tap" . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tap-Tap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jansochor.com%2Fphoto-blog.aspx%3Fid%3Dtap-tap-haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-393) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105103/http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/un-volunteer-takes-part.html) "UN Volunteer takes part in art exhibition in Germany" . Archived from (http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/un-volunteer-takes-part.html) the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Volunteer+takes+part+in+art+exhibition+in+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unv.org%2Fen%2Fnews-resources%2Fnews%2Fdoc%2Fun-volunteer-takes-part.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-394) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf) "NRI Overall Ranking 2014" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. Retrieved 28 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRI+Overall+Ranking+2014&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGITR%2F2014%2FGITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-395) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://healingwaters.org/the-haiti-water-crisis-what-you-should-know/) "The Haiti Water Crisis | Healing Waters" . 31 July 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haiti+Water+Crisis+%7C+Healing+Waters&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealingwaters.org%2Fthe-haiti-water-crisis-what-you-should-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unicef.org/haiti/en/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash) "Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) | UNICEF" . www.unicef.org . Retrieved 22 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Water%2C+sanitation+and+hygiene+%28WASH%29+%7C+UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fhaiti%2Fen%2Fwater-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-397) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gelting, Richard; Bliss, Katherine; Patrick, Molly; Lockhart, Gabriella; Handzel, Thomas (October 2013). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795096) "Water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: past, present, and future" . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 89 (4): 665– 670. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.13-0217) 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0217 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-1645) 1476-1645 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795096) 3795096  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106193) 24106193 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Water%2C+sanitation+and+hygiene+in+Haiti%3A+past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=665-670&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795096%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-1645&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24106193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.13-0217&rft.aulast=Gelting&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bliss%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Patrick%2C+Molly&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Gabriella&rft.au=Handzel%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3795096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-398) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130514113013/http://www.unfpa.org/public/global/pid/227) "New Haiti Census Shows Drastic Lack of Jobs, Education, Maternal Health Services" . United Nations Population Fund. 10 May 2006. Archived from (http://www.unfpa.org/public/global/pid/227) the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Haiti+Census+Shows+Drastic+Lack+of+Jobs%2C+Education%2C+Maternal+Health+Services&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.date=2006-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fpublic%2Fglobal%2Fpid%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-399) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://countrystudies.us/haiti/21.htm) "Haiti – Population" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies) (Library of Congress Country Studies) Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Population&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fhaiti%2F21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-400) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wiener, Charlotte (June 2025). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250625114002/https://obmica.org/images/Profiles_of_the_Haitian_diaspora_in_the_Caribbean.pdf) "Profiles of the Haitian diaspora in the Caribbean" (PDF) . OBMICA . Archived from (https://obmica.org/images/Profiles_of_the_Haitian_diaspora_in_the_Caribbean.pdf) the original (PDF) on 25 June 2025. Retrieved 20 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OBMICA&rft.atitle=Profiles+of+the+Haitian+diaspora+in+the+Caribbean&rft.date=2025-06&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobmica.org%2Fimages%2FProfiles_of_the_Haitian_diaspora_in_the_Caribbean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-401) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table) "American FactFinder – Results" . U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_10_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-pinadep_402-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pina, Diógenes (21 March 2007). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090215084725/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018) "DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Deport Thy (Darker-Skinned) Neighbour" . Inter Press Service (IPS). Archived from (http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37018) the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOMINICAN+REPUBLIC%3A+Deport+Thy+%28Darker-Skinned%29+Neighbour&rft.pub=Inter+Press+Service+%28IPS%29&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Pina&rft.aufirst=Di%C3%B3genes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D37018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-403) ↑   (http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm) Haiti in Cuba Retrieved 30 December 2013.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-404) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205060008/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All) "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data" . Archived from (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All) the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origins%2C+2006+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories+%E2%80%93+20%25+sample+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fhighlights%2Fethnic%2Fpages%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Table%3D2%26Data%3DCount%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  , Statistics Canada (2006).  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-405) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/france-suspends-expulsions-of-illegal-haitians-1.567985) "France Suspends Expulsions Of Illegal Haitians" . Gulfnews.com . 14 January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=France+Suspends+Expulsions+Of+Illegal+Haitians&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fother-world%2Ffrance-suspends-expulsions-of-illegal-haitians-1.567985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-406) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davis, Nick (20 September 2009). (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8257660.stm) "Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians" . BBC News . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bahamas+outlook+clouds+for+Haitians&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F8257660.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Kinzie_1856_190_407-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFKinzie1856) Kinzie 1856 , p.  190   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Meehan_1963_445_408-0) ↑   (Haiti.html#CITEREFMeehan1963) Meehan 1963 , p.  445   (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Cohn2009_409-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cohn, Scotti (2009). It Happened in Chicago . Globe Pequot Press. pp. 2– 4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5056-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5056-6) 978-0-7627-5056-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Happened+in+Chicago&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5056-6&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Scotti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-410) ↑   Lewis, p. 18.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT) (Wikipedia:CITESHORT) (More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2023)) incomplete short citation   ]    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-411) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=HT) "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Haiti | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 22 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28years%29+%E2%80%93+Haiti+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%3Flocations%3DHT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-412) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wingfield, Roland; Parenton, Vernon J. (1965). "Class Structure and Class Conflict in Haitian Society". Social Forces . 43 (3): 338– 347. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2574763) 10.2307/2574763 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2574763) 2574763 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Class+Structure+and+Class+Conflict+in+Haitian+Society&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-347&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2574763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2574763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wingfield&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Parenton%2C+Vernon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-413) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smucker, Glenn R (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ht0033%29) "A Country Study: Haiti; The Upper Class" . Library of Congress Federal Research Division. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Haiti%3B+The+Upper+Class&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Smucker&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2Bht0033%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-414) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lobb, John (2018). "Caste and Class in Haiti". American Journal of Sociology . 46 (1): 23– 34. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F218523) 10.1086/218523 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2769747) 2769747 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144100302) 144100302 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Caste+and+Class+in+Haiti&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-34&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144100302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2769747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F218523&rft.aulast=Lobb&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-415) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf) La langue française dans le monde 2014  (PDF) . Nathan. 2014. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) (Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0) 978-2-09-882654-0  . Archived from (http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf) the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2Fprojet%2FRapport-OIF-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-416) ↑   À ce propos, voir l'essai Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname , Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-417) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html) "What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?" . 29 July 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Haiti%3F&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-418) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/schools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti/) "Schools Teaching in Creole Instead of French on the Rise in Haiti" . 13 November 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schools+Teaching+in+Creole+Instead+of+French+on+the+Rise+in+Haiti&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalpressjournal.com%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Fschools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-419) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valdman, Albert. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html) "Creole: The National Language of Haiti" . Footsteps . 2 (4). Indiana University Creole Institute: 36– 39. Archived from (http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html) the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Footsteps&rft.atitle=Creole%3A+The+National+Language+of+Haiti&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=36-39&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2Fcreolenatllangofhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-420) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://celt.indiana.edu/portal/haitian-creole/index.html) "Haitian Creole" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University) (Indiana University) Indiana University – Center for Language Technology . Retrieved 4 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Language+Technology&rft.atitle=Haitian+Creole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelt.indiana.edu%2Fportal%2Fhaitian-creole%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-421) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valdman, Albert. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html) "Creole: National Language of Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University) (Indiana University) Indiana University . Archived from (http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html) the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creole%3A+National+Language+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2Fcreolenatllangofhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-422) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014030/http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf) "History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language" (PDF) . Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from (http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf) the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Haitian-Creole%3A+From+Pidgin+to+Lingua+Franca+and+English+Influence+on+the+Language&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Bonenfant&rft.aufirst=Jacques+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmuniv.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FHistory_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-423) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220929181606/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries+Countries&restrictions_year=2015) "Religions in Haiti – PEW-GRF" . globalreligiousfutures.org . Archived from (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries+Countries&restrictions_year=2015) the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Haiti+%E2%80%93+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D11%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%2BCountries%26restrictions_year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-ReyStepick2013_424-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=40SIdXeUEhUC&pg=PA6) Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami  . NYU Press. p. 6. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2077-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2077-1) 978-1-4798-2077-1  . With no indications of any subsequent decline in Protestant affiliation either in Port-au-Prince or the countryside, one could reasonably estimate that today Haiti is already more than one-third Protestant  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Water+and+Keeping+the+Faith%3A+Haitian+Religion+in+Miami&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-2077-1&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Stepick%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40SIdXeUEhUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-425) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lee, Morgan (13 November 2014). (https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2014/november/sorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html) "Sorry, Pope Francis: Protestants Are Converting Catholics Across Latin America" . News & Reporting . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Reporting&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Pope+Francis%3A+Protestants+Are+Converting+Catholics+Across+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fnovember%2Fsorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-426) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/) "Religion in Latin America" . 13 November 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Freligion-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-427) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/overview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america/) "Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America" . 5 October 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%3A+Pentecostalism+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2006%2F10%2F05%2Foverview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-428) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://collegeofcardinalsreport.com/cardinals/chibly-langlois/) "Cardinal Chibly Langlois" . The College of Cardinals Report . 23 November 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+College+of+Cardinals+Report&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Chibly+Langlois&rft.date=2024-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollegeofcardinalsreport.com%2Fcardinals%2Fchibly-langlois%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-429) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blier, Suzanne Preston (1995). "Vodun: West African Roots of Vodou". In Donald J., Cosentino (ed.). Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou . Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 61– 87. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-47-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-47-1) 978-0-930741-47-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vodun%3A+West+African+Roots+of+Vodou&rft.btitle=Sacred+Arts+of+Haitian+Vodou&rft.pages=61-87&rft.pub=Los+Angeles%3A+UCLA+Fowler+Museum+of+Cultural+History&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-930741-47-1&rft.aulast=Blier&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: publisher location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location) (Category:CS1 maint: publisher location) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_publisher_location)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-430) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McAlister, Elizabeth (1998). (https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-46) "The Madonna of 115th St. Revisited: Vodou and Haitian Catholicism in the Age of Transnationalism" . In Warner, S. (ed.). Gatherings in Diaspora . Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-614-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-614-1) 978-1-56639-614-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Madonna+of+115th+St.+Revisited%3A+Vodou+and+Haitian+Catholicism+in+the+Age+of+Transnationalism&rft.btitle=Gatherings+in+Diaspora&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-614-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.wesleyan.edu%2Fobject%2Frelifp-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-431) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/haiti-young-people-driving-vodou-revival/) "In Haiti, Young People Are Driving a Vodou Revival" . Global Press Journal . 2 April 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Haiti%2C+Young+People+Are+Driving+a+Vodou+Revival&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalpressjournal.com%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Fhaiti-young-people-driving-vodou-revival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-432) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/haitians-turn-vodou-treat-mental-illness/) "Haitians Turn to Vodou to Treat Mental Illness" . Global Press Journal . 29 September 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Haitians+Turn+to+Vodou+to+Treat+Mental+Illness&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalpressjournal.com%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Fhaitians-turn-vodou-treat-mental-illness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-433) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex, eds. (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UT0nAAAAQBAJ) Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith Haitian Religion in Miami  . NYU Press. p. 197. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814777084) (Special:BookSources/9780814777084) 9780814777084  . Retrieved 16 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Water+and+Keeping+the+Faith+Haitian+Religion+in+Miami&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780814777084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUT0nAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-434) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181022224755/http://menfp.gouv.ht/) "Ministry of Education" . Archived from (http://menfp.gouv.ht/) the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenfp.gouv.ht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-435) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080323105543/http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html) "Education in Haiti; Primary Education" . Archived from (http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html) the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Education+in+Haiti%3B+Primary+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingwithbooks.org%2Fintra%2FIntl_Programs%2Fprofile_Haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-436) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220912080417/https://www.usaid.gov/haiti/education) "Education: Overview" . United States Agency for International Development . Archived from (http://www.usaid.gov/Haiti/education) the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.atitle=Education%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2FHaiti%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-437) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150531031932/http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/06/25/haiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html) "Haiti boosts health and education in the past decade, says new UNDP report" . United Nations Development Programme . Archived from (http://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2014/06/25/haiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html) the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Haiti+boosts+health+and+education+in+the+past+decade%2C+says+new+UNDP+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamerica.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Frblac%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fpresscenter%2Fpressreleases%2F2014%2F06%2F25%2Fhaiti-makes-progress-towards-reducing-poverty-and-boosts-health-and-education-in-the-past-decade-says-new-undp-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-438) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/11/gal_country_profiles_haiti.pdf?hub=90) "Country Profile" (PDF) . UNESCO . October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Country+Profile&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uil.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedias%2Ffiles%2F2022%2F11%2Fgal_country_profiles_haiti.pdf%3Fhub%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-439) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Franz, Paul (25 October 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130914013009/http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/improving-access-education-haiti) "Improving Access to Education in Haiti" . Pulitzercenter.org. Archived from (http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/improving-access-education-haiti) the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improving+Access+to+Education+in+Haiti&rft.pub=Pulitzercenter.org&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fblog%2Funtold-stories%2Fimproving-access-education-haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-440) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://brown.edu/initiatives/global-health/haiti/medical-education-and-leadership-development-project-meld) "Haiti" . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrown.edu%2Finitiatives%2Fglobal-health%2Fhaiti%2Fmedical-education-and-leadership-development-project-meld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-441) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ksl.com/?sid=20314561) "Haiti to vaccinate 95 percent of children under 10" . KSL.com . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KSL.com&rft.atitle=Haiti+to+vaccinate+95+percent+of+children+under+10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2F%3Fsid%3D20314561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-442) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.paho.org/en) "PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization" . www.paho.org . Retrieved 22 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.paho.org&rft.atitle=PAHO%2FWHO+%26%23124%3B+Pan+American+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paho.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-443) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm) "Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten — United States, 2013–14 School Year" . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaccination+Coverage+Among+Children+in+Kindergarten+%E2%80%94+United+States%2C+2013%E2%80%9314+School+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Fmm6341a1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-444) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/stories/haitian_children.html) "CDC Global Health – Stories – 5 things CDC has done to help rebuild Haiti's immunization system since the 2010 earthquake" . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+Global+Health+%E2%80%93+Stories+%E2%80%93+5+things+CDC+has+done+to+help+rebuild+Haiti%27s+immunization+system+since+the+2010+earthquake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fglobalhealth%2Fstories%2Fhaitian_children.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-445) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-14/haiti-survivors-face-outbreaks-of-diarrhea-measles-malaria.html) "Haiti Survivors Face Outbreaks of Diarrhea" . BusinessWeek . 14 January 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Haiti+Survivors+Face+Outbreaks+of+Diarrhea&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2010-01-14%2Fhaiti-survivors-face-outbreaks-of-diarrhea-measles-malaria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged April 2023) dead link   ]      (Haiti.html#cite_ref-446) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Park, Madison (13 January 2010). (https://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/01/13/haiti.earthquake.medical.risks/) "Haiti earthquake could trigger possible medical 'perfect storm" . cnn.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti+earthquake+could+trigger+possible+medical+%27perfect+storm&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Madison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FHEALTH%2F01%2F13%2Fhaiti.earthquake.medical.risks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-447) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Leahy, Stephen (13 November 2008). (https://www.ipsnews.net/2008/11/environment-haiti-cant-face-more-defeats/) "Haiti Can't Face More Defeats" . Ipsnews.net. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+Can%27t+Face+More+Defeats&rft.pub=Ipsnews.net&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2008%2F11%2Fenvironment-haiti-cant-face-more-defeats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-448) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) "The World Factbook: HAITI. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 12 Jan. 2017. Web. 20 Feb. 2017. — Central Intelligence Agency" . cia.gov . 22 September 2021. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) the original on 18 January 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+HAITI.+Central+Intelligence+Agency.+Central+Intelligence+Agency%2C+12+Jan.+2017.+Web.+20+Feb.+2017.+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-449) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Masurand, Jack; Koenig, Serena; Julma, Pierrot; Ocheretina, Oksana; Durán-Mendicuti, Maria; Fitzgerald, Daniel; Pape, Jean (30 May 2017). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544073) "Active Tuberculosis Case Finding in Haiti" . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 97 (2): 433– 435. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.16-0674) 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0674 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544073) 5544073  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28722608) 28722608 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Active+Tuberculosis+Case+Finding+in+Haiti&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=433-435&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544073%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28722608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.16-0674&rft.aulast=Masurand&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Serena&rft.au=Julma%2C+Pierrot&rft.au=Ocheretina%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Dur%C3%A1n-Mendicuti%2C+Maria&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Pape%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-450) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.foxnews.com/story/haiti-and-dominican-republic-look-to-eradicate-malaria) "Haiti and Dominican Republic Look to Eradicate Malaria" . Foxnews.com. 8 October 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111118082049/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,562682,00.html) Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti+and+Dominican+Republic+Look+to+Eradicate+Malaria&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fhaiti-and-dominican-republic-look-to-eradicate-malaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-451) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robert Lee Hadden; Steven G. Minson (2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200111034200/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a528274.pdf) "The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science" (PDF) . p. 10. Archived from (http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274) the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Haiti%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Haiti%27s+Geology%2C+Geography+and+Earth+Science&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Robert+Lee+Hadden&rft.au=Steven+G.+Minson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.dtic.mil%2F100.2%2FADA528274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-452) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=HT-US) "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Haiti, United States | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 26 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Mortality+rate%2C+infant+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29+%E2%80%93+Haiti%2C+United+States+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.IMRT.IN%3Flocations%3DHT-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-453) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170210114940/http://www.pih.org/blog/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings) "Solar-Powered Hospital in Haiti Yields Sustainable Savings" . Archived from (http://www.pih.org/blog/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings) the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar-Powered+Hospital+in+Haiti+Yields+Sustainable+Savings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pih.org%2Fblog%2Fsolar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields-sustainable-savings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-454) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lombardo, Tom, ed. (23 June 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200807112157/https://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/ArticleID/5883/Solar-Powered-Hospital.aspx) "Solar Powered Hospital" . Engineering.com. Archived from (http://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/ArticleID/5883/Solar-Powered-Hospital.aspx) the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar+Powered+Hospital&rft.pub=Engineering.com&rft.date=2013-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering.com%2FElectronicsDesign%2FElectronicsDesignArticles%2FArticleID%2F5883%2FSolar-Powered-Hospital.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Yurnet-Thomas_455-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Yurnet-Thomas_455-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yurnet-Thomas, Mirta (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=giQaoQz8N0AC&pg=PA13) A Taste of Haiti  . Hippocrene Books. pp. 13– 15. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0998-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0998-6) 978-0-7818-0998-6  . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Haiti&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0998-6&rft.aulast=Yurnet-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Mirta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgiQaoQz8N0AC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-haitilibre.com_456-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-haitilibre.com_456-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5009-haiti-culture-more-than-300-000-people-celebrated-the-carnival-2012-in-les-cayes.html) "More than 300,000 people celebrated the Carnival 2012 in Les Cayes" . Haitilibre.com. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+than+300%2C000+people+celebrated+the+Carnival+2012+in+Les+Cayes&rft.pub=Haitilibre.com&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-5009-haiti-culture-more-than-300-000-people-celebrated-the-carnival-2012-in-les-cayes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-457) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DeGennaro, Vincent (19 March 2014). (https://magazine.nd.edu/news/47009-global-doc-kanaval/) "Global Doc: Kanaval" . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Doc%3A+Kanaval&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=DeGennaro&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F47009-global-doc-kanaval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-458) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122814/http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara) "Rara | Haitian Music" . Haitian Music . 17 April 2012. Archived from (http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara) the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haitian+Music&rft.atitle=Rara+%7C+Haitian+Music&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitianmusic.net%2Fhaitian-folk-music%2Frara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-459) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://music.si.edu/story/rara-vodou-power-and-performance) "Rara: Vodou, Power, and Performance" . Smithsonian Music . 8 March 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Music&rft.atitle=Rara%3A+Vodou%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.si.edu%2Fstory%2Frara-vodou-power-and-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-460) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/180) "National History Park – Citadel, Sans the great Souci, Ramiers" . UNESCO. Retrieved 23 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+History+Park+%E2%80%93+Citadel%2C+Sans+the+great+Souci%2C+Ramiers&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-heritage_461-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-heritage_461-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/579) "Heritage in Haiti" . UNESCO. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+in+Haiti&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-462) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.haiti.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&Itemid=90) "Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National" . Haiti.org. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institut+de+Sauvegarde+du+Patrimoine+National&rft.pub=Haiti.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haiti.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D121%26Itemid%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-463) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Paret, Robert (2010). "MUPANAH and the Promotion of Historical and Cultural Values". Museum International . 62 (4): 39– 45. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2011.01744.x) 10.1111/j.1468-0033.2011.01744.x . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142632278) 142632278 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+International&rft.atitle=MUPANAH+and+the+Promotion+of+Historical+and+Cultural+Values&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-45&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0033.2011.01744.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142632278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paret&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-464) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onofre, Alejandro Guevara. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211956/http://globalfaithinaction.org/haiti-culture-and-sports/) "Haiti – Culture And Sports" . Archived from (http://globalfaithinaction.org/haiti-culture-and-sports/) the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Culture+And+Sports&rft.aulast=Onofre&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+Guevara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalfaithinaction.org%2Fhaiti-culture-and-sports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-465) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Legro, Tom (11 January 2011). (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/haiti) "In Haiti, Art Remains a Solid Cornerstone" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) PBS . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Haiti%2C+Art+Remains+a+Solid+Cornerstone&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.aulast=Legro&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Farts%2Fhaiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt36_466-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt36_466-1) 2   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 36.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt37_467-0) ↑   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti , p. 37.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-468) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20071113022326/http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti) "Music and the Story of Haiti" . Afropop Worldwide . Archived from (http://www.afropop.org/radio/radio_program/ID/692/Music%20and%20the%20Story%20of%20Haiti) the original on 13 November 2007. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afropop+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Music+and+the+Story+of+Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afropop.org%2Fradio%2Fradio_program%2FID%2F692%2FMusic%2520and%2520the%2520Story%2520of%2520Haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-469) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100210081147/http://www.heritagekonpa.com/The%20Haitian%20Music%20Billboard.htm) "Haitian music billboard" . 10 February 2010. Archived from (http://www.heritagekonpa.com/The%20Haitian%20Music%20Billboard.htm) the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haitian+music+billboard&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagekonpa.com%2FThe%2520Haitian%2520Music%2520Billboard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-470) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Averill, Gage (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEL9mUcVA8C&pg=PA23) A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti  . University of Chicago Press. p. 23. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03291-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03291-7) 978-0-226-03291-7  . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Day+for+the+Hunter%2C+a+Day+for+the+Prey%3A+Popular+Music+and+Power+in+Haiti&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03291-7&rft.aulast=Averill&rft.aufirst=Gage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwEL9mUcVA8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-471) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nzengou-Tayo, Marie-José (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4xbGzLuBvWwC&pg=PA153) "Chapter 7: Creole and French in Haitian Literature" . In Spears, Arthur K.; Berotte Joseph, Carole M. (eds.). The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education . Lexington Books. pp. 153– 176. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7221-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7221-6) 978-0-7391-7221-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Creole+and+French+in+Haitian+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Creole+Language%3A+History%2C+Structure%2C+Use%2C+and+Education&rft.pages=153-176&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7221-6&rft.aulast=Nzengou-Tayo&rft.aufirst=Marie-Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xbGzLuBvWwC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-472) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Douglas, Rachel (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ewyPMi4WZPAC) Frankétienne and Rewriting: A Work in Progress  . Lexington Books. pp. 50– 60. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3635-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3635-5) 978-0-7391-3635-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank%C3%A9tienne+and+Rewriting%3A+A+Work+in+Progress&rft.pages=50-60&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3635-5&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewyPMi4WZPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-473) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Munro, Martin (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-m0n2yww8C&pg=PA14) Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature: Alexis, Depestre, Ollivier, Laferrière, Danticat  . Liverpool University Press. pp. 14–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-854-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-854-2) 978-1-84631-854-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Post-1946+Haitian+Literature%3A+Alexis%2C+Depestre%2C+Ollivier%2C+Laferri%C3%A8re%2C+Danticat&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-854-2&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJC-m0n2yww8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt35_474-0) 1  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-Bradt35_474-1) 2   Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide - Haiti , p. 35.  (Haiti.html#cite_ref-475) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140521034622/http://www.creolemadeeasy.com/cmejom/free/recipes/127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html) "Pumpkin Soup – Soup Joumou" . Creolemadeeasy.com. Archived from (http://www.creolemadeeasy.com/cmejom/free/recipes/127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html) the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pumpkin+Soup+%E2%80%93+Soup+Joumou&rft.pub=Creolemadeeasy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creolemadeeasy.com%2Fcmejom%2Ffree%2Frecipes%2F127-pumpkin-soup-soup-joumou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-476) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Toman, Chris (13 May 2012). (https://www.mlb.com/news/blue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti/c-31222026) "Blue Jays helping bring baseball to Haiti" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) (Major League Baseball) Major League Baseball . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Jays+helping+bring+baseball+to+Haiti&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fnews%2Fblue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti%2Fc-31222026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-sport_477-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Arthur, Charles (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=XCi9jFR6v1oC&pg=PA82) Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture  . Interlink Pub Group Inc. pp. 82– 83. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-359-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-359-8) 978-1-56656-359-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti+in+Focus%3A+A+Guide+to+the+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Interlink+Pub+Group+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-359-8&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCi9jFR6v1oC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-478) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.caribbeanandco.com/history-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup/) "History of Caribbean teams in the FIFA World Cup" . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Caribbean+teams+in+the+FIFA+World+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanandco.com%2Fhistory-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-479) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/2/22/haiti-qualify-for-first-womens-football-world-cup) " 'Breath of fresh air': Haiti qualify for first Women's World Cup" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 20 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27Breath+of+fresh+air%27%3A+Haiti+qualify+for+first+Women%27s+World+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fsports%2F2023%2F2%2F22%2Fhaiti-qualify-for-first-womens-football-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (Haiti.html#cite_ref-480) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ewen MacAskill (10 June 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/jun/10/world-cup-2010-usa-1950-england) "World Cup 2010: How the USA's 1950 amateurs upset England and the odds" . The Guardian . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2010%3A+How+the+USA%27s+1950+amateurs+upset+England+and+the+odds&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=Ewen+MacAskill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2Fblog%2F2010%2Fjun%2F10%2Fworld-cup-2010-usa-1950-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)       Sources  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Haiti_2012) "Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012)" . Translated by Carmen Gress, Maria del; Ruchti, Jefri J. Constitute Project. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+1987+%28rev.+2012%29&rft.pub=Constitute+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FHaiti_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Heinl, Robert (1996). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761802303) Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People   . Lantham, Md.: University Press of America. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+in+Blood%3A+The+History+of+the+Haitian+People&rft.place=Lantham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Heinl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761802303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Augusta_Magill_Kinzie) (Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie) Kinzie, Juliette (1856). (https://archive.org/details/waubunearlydayin00kinz) Wau-Bun, the "Early Day" in the North-West  . Derby and Jackson. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wau-Bun%2C+the+%22Early+Day%22+in+the+North-West&rft.pub=Derby+and+Jackson&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Kinzie&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaubunearlydayin00kinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meehan, Thomas A. (1963). "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 56 (3): 439– 453. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40190620) 40190620 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Jean+Baptiste+Point+du+Sable%2C+the+First+Chicagoan&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-453&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40190620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Metz, Helen Chapin (2001). (https://www.loc.gov/item/2001023524/) Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies  . Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1044-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1044-9) 978-0-8444-1044-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+and+Haiti%3A+Country+Studies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-1044-9&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2001023524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)      Further reading   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource) (Wikisource) Wikisource has the text of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica  article "(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911%20Encyclopædia%20Britannica/Haiti) (wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haiti) Haiti  ".   Arthur, Charles. Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture . Interlink Publishing Group (2002). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56656-359-3) (Special:BookSources/1-56656-359-3) 1-56656-359-3  . Dayan, Colin. Haiti, History, and the Gods . University of California Press (1998). Ferrer, Ada. Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Geggus, David (1997). (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615) "The Naming of Haiti" . NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids . 71 (1/2): 43– 68. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615) 10.1163/13822373-90002615  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-2373) 1382-2373 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41849817) 41849817 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWIG%3A+New+West+Indian+Guide+%2F+Nieuwe+West-Indische+Gids&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Haiti&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=43-68&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1382-2373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41849817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F13822373-90002615&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F13822373-90002615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)   Girard, Philippe. Haiti: The Tumultuous History (New York: Palgrave, September 2010). Hadden, Robert Lee and Steven G. Minson. 2010. (http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274) The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science (https://web.archive.org/web/20200111034200/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a528274.pdf) Archived 11 January 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center. July 2010. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovats-Bernat,_J._Christopher) (Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher) Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher . Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Street Children and Violence in Haiti . University Press of Florida (2008). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3302-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3302-0) 978-0-8130-3302-0  . Prichard, Hesketh. Where Black Rules White: A Journey Across and About Hayti . These are exact reproductions of a book published before 1923: (Nabu Press, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-146-67652-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-146-67652-6) 978-1-146-67652-6  , 5 March 2010); (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9561835-8-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9561835-8-3) 978-0-9561835-8-3  , 15 October 2012). Robinson, Randall. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Unbroken_Agony:_Haiti,_From_Revolution_to_the_Kidnapping_of_a_President) (An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President) An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President  . Basic Civitas (2007). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07050-7) (Special:BookSources/0-465-07050-7) 0-465-07050-7  . Wilentz, Amy. The Rainy Season: Haiti Since Duvalier . Simon & Schuster (1990). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70628-4) (Special:BookSources/0-671-70628-4) 0-671-70628-4  . Marquis, John. Papa Doc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant (LMH Publishing, 2007) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._R._James) (C. L. R. James) Robert James, Cyril Lionel (1938). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins) (The Black Jacobins) The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secker_&_Warburg) (Secker & Warburg) Secker & Warburg . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Jacobins%3A+Toussaint+l%27Ouverture+and+the+San+Domingo+Revolution&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Robert+James&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)     External links  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Haiti at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti) (wikt:Special:Search/Haiti) Definitions from Wiktionary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haiti) (c:Category:Haiti) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Haiti) (q:Haiti) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti) (s:Special:Search/Haiti) Texts from Wikisource  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) (Wikibooks logo)    (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti) (b:Special:Search/Haiti) Textbooks from Wikibooks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti) (v:Special:Search/Haiti) Resources from Wikiversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Haiti) (voy:Haiti) Travel information from Wikivoyage      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#voy)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search#v)   Government  (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  (http://primature.gouv.ht/) Prime Minister of Haiti (https://web.archive.org/web/20150417051738/http://primature.gouv.ht/) Archived 17 April 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180808161437/http://parlementhaitien.ht/) Haitian Parliament (archived 8 August 2018) (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  (https://mae.gouv.ht/) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religious Affairs  (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  (https://www.mspp.gouv.ht/) Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population   General information  (https://visithaiti.com/) Visit Haiti Official Tourism Website (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denison_Champlin_Jr.) (John Denison Champlin Jr.) Champlin, John Denison (1880). (s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Hayti) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Hayti) "Hayti"   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. XI (9th ed.). pp. 543– 546. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayti&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=543-546&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Champlin&rft.aufirst=John+Denison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haiti) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haiti) "Haiti"   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 824– 827. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haiti&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=824-827&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference)   (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118182544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/) Haiti . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency .  ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Haiti) (commons:Atlas of Haiti) Wikimedia Atlas of Haiti  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm) Haiti profile from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . (http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater) Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Haiti_topics) (Template:Haiti topics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Haiti_topics) (Template talk:Haiti topics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti_topics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti topics) (Edit this template) e     (Haiti.html) Haiti  articles   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti) (History of Haiti) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history) (Timeline of Haitian history) Timeline  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola) (Chiefdoms of Hispaniola) Taíno chiefdoms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo) (Captaincy General of Santo Domingo) Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo) (List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo) Colonial governors    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio) (Devastations of Osorio) Devastations of Osorio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) (Atlantic slave trade) Atlantic slave trade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Maroons) (Haitian Maroons) Maroons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick) (Peace of Ryswick) Peace of Ryswick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue) (Saint-Domingue) Saint-Domingue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue) (List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue) Colonial governors    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti) (Slavery in Haiti) Slavery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case) (Le Jeune Case) Le Jeune Case  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution) (Haitian Revolution) Haitian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre) (1804 Haiti massacre) 1804 massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti) (First Empire of Haiti) First Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Haiti) (State of Haiti) State  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti) (Kingdom of Haiti) Kingdom  Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806–1820)) (Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)) 1806–1820  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820–1849)) (Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)) 1820–1849    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo) (Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo) Unification of Hispaniola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti) (Second Empire of Haiti) Second Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859–1957)) (Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)) Post-imperial Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti) (United States occupation of Haiti) U.S. occupation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvalier_family) (Duvalier family) Duvalier family (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement) (Anti-Duvalier protest movement) Anti-Duvalier protest movement    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d'état) (1991 Haitian coup d'état) 1991 coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d'état) (2004 Haitian coup d'état) 2004 coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) (2010 Haiti earthquake) 2010 earthquake  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak) (2010s Haiti cholera outbreak) 2010s cholera outbreak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti) (Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti) Hurricane Matthew  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018–present)) (Haitian crisis (2018–present)) Crisis (2018–present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti) (Gang war in Haiti) Gang war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Haitian_fuel_protests) (2022 Haitian fuel protests) 2022 fuel protests    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti) (COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti) COVID-19 pandemic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake) (2021 Haiti earthquake) 2021 earthquake  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti) (List of massacres in Haiti) List of massacres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d'état_in_Haiti) (List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti) List of revolutions and coups d'état      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti) (Geography of Haiti) Geography   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti) (Administrative divisions of Haiti) Administrative divisions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti) (Arrondissements of Haiti) Arrondissements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic–Haiti_border) (Dominican Republic–Haiti border) Border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti) (List of cities in Haiti) Cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti) (Deforestation in Haiti) Deforestation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti) (Departments of Haiti) Departments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti) (List of earthquakes in Haiti) Earthquakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti) (Environment of Haiti) Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola) (Hispaniola) Hispaniola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti) (List of islands of Haiti) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti) (List of national parks of Haiti) National parks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti) (List of rivers of Haiti) Rivers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti) (Wildlife of Haiti) Wildlife  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean) (List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean) World Heritage Sites           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti) (Politics of Haiti) Politics   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti) (Constitution of Haiti) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti) (Elections in Haiti) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti) (Foreign relations of Haiti) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Haiti) (Government of Haiti) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti) (Human rights in Haiti) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti) (LGBT rights in Haiti) LGBT rights    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti) (Law enforcement in Haiti) Law enforcement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (Armed Forces of Haiti) Military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti) (List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti) Commanders-in-chief    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)) (National Assembly (Haiti)) Parliament (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)) (Senate (Haiti)) Senate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)) (Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)) Chamber of Deputies    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti) (List of political parties in Haiti) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Haiti) (President of Haiti) President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti) (List of heads of state of Haiti) List    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti) (Prime Minister of Haiti) Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti) (List of prime ministers of Haiti) List    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti) (Supreme Court of Haiti) Supreme Court           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti) (Economy of Haiti) Economy   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti) (Agriculture in Haiti) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti) (Bank of the Republic of Haiti) Central bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti) (External debt of Haiti) External debt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti) (Foreign aid to Haiti) Foreign aid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_gourde) (Haitian gourde) Gourde (currency)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti) (Poverty in Haiti) Poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti) (Telecommunications in Haiti) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti) (Tourism in Haiti) Tourism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti) (Transport in Haiti) Transport           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti) (Category:Society of Haiti) Society   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti) (Crime in Haiti) Crime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti) (Demographics of Haiti) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Haiti) (Education in Haiti) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti) (Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti) Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Haiti) (Health in Haiti) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti) (Religion in Haiti) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Haitians) (List of Haitians) People (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitians) (Haitians) Haitians    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti) (Social class in Haiti) Social class  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti) (Squatting in Haiti) Squatting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti) (Water supply and sanitation in Haiti) Water and sanitation      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti) (Culture of Haiti) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art) (Haitian art) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Carnival) (Haitian Carnival) Carnival  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti) (Coat of arms of Haiti) Coat of arms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti) (Cinema of Haiti) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_Laferrière) (Citadelle Laferrière) Citadelle Laferrière  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_cuisine) (Haitian cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Haiti) (Dance in Haiti) Dance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinier_(dance)) (Carabinier (dance)) Carabinier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbit) (Konbit) Konbit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nago_dance) (Nago dance) Nago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanvalou) (Yanvalou) Yanvalou    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti) (Flag of Haiti) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti) (Languages of Haiti) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole) (Haitian Creole) Haitian Creole  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_French) (Haitian French) Haitian French    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_literature) (Haitian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti) (Mass media in Haiti) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Haiti) (Music of Haiti) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_mythology) (Haitian mythology) Mythology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Dessalinienne) (La Dessalinienne) National anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Haiti) (National symbols of Haiti) National symbols  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace) (Sans-Souci Palace) Sans-Souci Palace  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti) (Public holidays in Haiti) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Haiti) (Television in Haiti) Television  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_machèt) (Tire machèt) Tire machèt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu) (Le Marron Inconnu) The Unknown Maroon           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti) (Outline of Haiti) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Haiti) (Category:Haiti) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Haiti) (Portal:Haiti) Portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Communes_of_Haiti) (Template:Communes of Haiti) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Communes_of_Haiti) (Template talk:Communes of Haiti) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communes_of_Haiti) (Special:EditPage/Template:Communes of Haiti) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg) (Flag of Haiti) (Flag of Haiti)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti) (Departments of Haiti) Departments , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti) (Arrondissements of Haiti) arrondissements and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti) (Communes of Haiti) communes of (Haiti.html) Haiti    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artibonite_(department)) (Artibonite (department)) Artibonite   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessalines_Arrondissement) (Dessalines Arrondissement) Dessalines Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desdunes) (Desdunes) Desdunes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessalines) (Dessalines) Dessalines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Saline,_Haiti) (Grande-Saline, Haiti) Grande Saline  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite-Rivière-de-l'Artibonite) (Petite-Rivière-de-l'Artibonite) Petite-Rivière-de-l'Artibonite      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaïves_Arrondissement) (Gonaïves Arrondissement) Gonaïves Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennery,_Artibonite) (Ennery, Artibonite) Ennery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Estère) (L'Estère) L'Estère  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaïves) (Gonaïves) Gonaïves      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros-Morne_Arrondissement) (Gros-Morne Arrondissement) Gros-Morne Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-Rouge) (Anse-Rouge) Anse-Rouge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros-Morne,_Haiti) (Gros-Morne, Haiti) Gros-Morne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre-Neuve,_Haiti) (Terre-Neuve, Haiti) Terre-Neuve      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmelade_Arrondissement) (Marmelade Arrondissement) Marmelade Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmelade) (Marmelade) Marmelade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-l'Attalaye) (Saint-Michel-de-l'Attalaye) Saint-Michel-de-l'Attalaye      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Marc_Arrondissement) (Saint-Marc Arrondissement) Saint-Marc Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Arcadins?action=edit&redlink=1) (Les Arcadins (page does not exist)) Les Arcadins  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chapelle,_Haiti) (La Chapelle, Haiti) La Chapelle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liancourt,_Haiti) (Liancourt, Haiti) Liancourt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Marc) (Saint-Marc) Saint-Marc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrettes) (Verrettes) Verrettes          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiti_communes.png)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(department)) (Centre (department)) Centre   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerca-la-Source_Arrondissement) (Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement) Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerca-la-Source) (Cerca-la-Source) Cerca-la-Source  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomassique) (Thomassique) Thomassique      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinche_Arrondissement) (Hinche Arrondissement) Hinche Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerca-Carvajal) (Cerca-Carvajal) Cerca-Carvajal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinche) (Hinche) Hinche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maïssade) (Maïssade) Maïssade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomonde) (Thomonde) Thomonde      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascahobas_Arrondissement) (Lascahobas Arrondissement) Lascahobas Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptiste,_Centre) (Baptiste, Centre) Baptiste  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladère) (Belladère) Belladère  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascahobas) (Lascahobas) Lascahobas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanette) (Savanette) Savanette      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirebalais_Arrondissement) (Mirebalais Arrondissement) Mirebalais Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucan-Carré) (Boucan-Carré) Boucan-Carré  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirebalais) (Mirebalais) Mirebalais  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut-d'Eau) (Saut-d'Eau) Saut-d'Eau           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand'Anse_(department)) (Grand'Anse (department)) Grand'Anse   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse_d'Hainault_Arrondissement) (Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement) Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-d'Hainault) (Anse-d'Hainault) Anse-d'Hainault  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame-Marie,_Haiti) (Dame-Marie, Haiti) Dame-Marie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Irois) (Les Irois) Les Irois      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corail_Arrondissement) (Corail Arrondissement) Corail Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Haiti) (Beaumont, Haiti) Beaumont  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corail,_Haiti) (Corail, Haiti) Corail  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestel,_Haiti) (Pestel, Haiti) Pestel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseaux) (Roseaux) Roseaux      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie_Arrondissement) (Jérémie Arrondissement) Jérémie Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abricots) (Abricots) Abricots  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonbon,_Haiti) (Bonbon, Haiti) Bonbon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambellan) (Chambellan) Chambellan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jérémie) (Jérémie) Jérémie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfranc) (Marfranc) Marfranc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moron,_Haiti) (Moron, Haiti) Moron      Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island) (Navassa Island) Navassa Island           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippes) (Nippes) Nippes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-à-Veau_Arrondissement) (Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement) Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-à-Veau) (Anse-à-Veau) Anse-à-Veau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud,_Haiti) (Arnaud, Haiti) Arnaud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Asile) (L'Asile) L'Asile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Trou-de-Nippes) (Petit-Trou-de-Nippes) Petit-Trou-de-Nippes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisance-du-Sud) (Plaisance-du-Sud) Plaisance-du-Sud      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradères_Arrondissement) (Baradères Arrondissement) Baradères Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradères) (Baradères) Baradères  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Boucan) (Grand-Boucan) Grand-Boucan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miragoâne_Arrondissement) (Miragoâne Arrondissement) Miragoâne Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds-des-Nègres) (Fonds-des-Nègres) Fonds-des-Nègres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miragoâne) (Miragoâne) Miragoâne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paillant) (Paillant) Paillant  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes) (Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes) Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)) (Nord (Haitian department)) Nord   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acul-du-Nord_Arrondissement) (Acul-du-Nord Arrondissement) Acul du Nord Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acul-du-Nord) (Acul-du-Nord) Acul-du-Nord  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milot,_Haiti) (Milot, Haiti) Milot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaine-du-Nord) (Plaine-du-Nord) Plaine-du-Nord      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgne_Arrondissement) (Borgne Arrondissement) Borgne Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgne) (Borgne) Borgne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Margot) (Port-Margot) Port-Margot      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien_Arrondissement) (Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement) Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-Haïtien) (Cap-Haïtien) Cap-Haïtien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonade) (Limonade) Limonade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartier-Morin) (Quartier-Morin) Quartier-Morin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Rivière-du-Nord_Arrondissement) (Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement) Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahon,_Haiti) (Bahon, Haiti) Bahon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Rivière-du-Nord) (Grande-Rivière-du-Nord) Grande-Rivière-du-Nord      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbé_Arrondissement) (Limbé Arrondissement) Limbé Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Limbé) (Bas-Limbé) Bas-Limbé  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbé_(commune)) (Limbé (commune)) Limbé      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisance_Arrondissement) (Plaisance Arrondissement) Plaisance Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate,_Haiti) (Pilate, Haiti) Pilate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisance,_Nord) (Plaisance, Nord) Plaisance      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Raphaël_Arrondissement) (Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement) Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dondon) (Dondon) Dondon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Victoire,_Haiti) (La Victoire, Haiti) La Victoire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pignon) (Pignon) Pignon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranquitte) (Ranquitte) Ranquitte  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Raphaël,_Haiti) (Saint-Raphaël, Haiti) Saint-Raphaël           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Est_(department)) (Nord-Est (department)) Nord-Est   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Liberté_Arrondissement) (Fort-Liberté Arrondissement) Fort-Liberté Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort-Liberté) (Fort-Liberté) Fort-Liberté  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perches,_Haiti) (Perches, Haiti) Perches  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrier,_Haiti) (Ferrier, Haiti) Ferrier      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe_Arrondissement) (Ouanaminthe Arrondissement) Ouanaminthe Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capotille) (Capotille) Capotille  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-Organisé) (Mont-Organisé) Mont-Organisé  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaminthe) (Ouanaminthe) Ouanaminthe      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou-du-Nord_Arrondissement) (Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement) Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracol,_Haiti) (Caracol, Haiti) Caracol  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Bassin,_Haiti?action=edit&redlink=1) (Grand-Bassin, Haiti (page does not exist)) Grand-Bassin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Haiti) (Sainte-Suzanne, Haiti) Sainte-Suzanne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier-Rouge) (Terrier-Rouge) Terrier-Rouge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou-du-Nord) (Trou-du-Nord) Trou-du-Nord      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallières_Arrondissement) (Vallières Arrondissement) Vallières Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carice) (Carice) Carice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombin-Crochu) (Mombin-Crochu) Mombin-Crochu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallières_(commune)) (Vallières (commune)) Vallières           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)) (Nord-Ouest (department)) Nord-Ouest   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Môle-Saint-Nicolas_Arrondissement) (Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement) Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie-de-Henne) (Baie-de-Henne) Baie-de-Henne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardopolis) (Bombardopolis) Bombardopolis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Rabel) (Jean-Rabel) Jean-Rabel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Môle-Saint-Nicolas) (Môle-Saint-Nicolas) Môle-Saint-Nicolas      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-de-Paix_Arrondissement) (Port-de-Paix Arrondissement) Port-de-Paix Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassin-Bleu) (Bassin-Bleu) Bassin-Bleu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansolme) (Chansolme) Chansolme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapointe,_Haiti) (Lapointe, Haiti) Lapointe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-de-Paix) (Port-de-Paix) Port-de-Paix  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)) (Tortuga (Haiti)) La Tortue      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord_Arrondissement) (Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement) Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-à-Foleur) (Anse-à-Foleur) Anse-à-Foleur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord) (Saint-Louis-du-Nord) Saint-Louis-du-Nord           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest_(department)) (Ouest (department)) Ouest   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcahaie_Arrondissement) (Arcahaie Arrondissement) Arcahaie Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcahaie) (Arcahaie) Arcahaie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret,_Haiti) (Cabaret, Haiti) Cabaret      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets_Arrondissement) (Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement) Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornillon,_Haiti) (Cornillon, Haiti) Cornillon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets) (Croix-des-Bouquets) Croix-des-Bouquets  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds-Verrettes) (Fonds-Verrettes) Fonds-Verrettes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganthier) (Ganthier) Ganthier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomazeau) (Thomazeau) Thomazeau      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gonâve_Arrondissement) (La Gonâve Arrondissement) La Gonâve Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-à-Galets) (Anse-à-Galets) Anse-à-Galets  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-à-Raquette) (Pointe-à-Raquette) Pointe-à-Raquette      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léogâne_Arrondissement) (Léogâne Arrondissement) Léogâne Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Goâve) (Grand-Goâve) Grand-Goâve  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léogâne) (Léogâne) Léogâne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Goâve) (Petit-Goâve) Petit-Goâve      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince_Arrondissement) (Port-au-Prince Arrondissement) Port-au-Prince Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour,_Haiti) (Carrefour, Haiti) Carrefour  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmas,_Haiti) (Delmas, Haiti) Delmas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gressier) (Gressier) Gressier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenscoff) (Kenscoff) Kenscoff  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pétion-Ville) (Pétion-Ville) Pétion-Ville  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabarre) (Tabarre) Tabarre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cité_Soleil) (Cité Soleil) Cité Soleil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince) (Port-au-Prince) Port-au-Prince           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)) (Sud-Est (department)) Sud-Est   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainet_Arrondissement) (Bainet Arrondissement) Bainet Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainet) (Bainet) Bainet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Côtes-de-Fer) (Côtes-de-Fer) Côtes-de-Fer      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle-Anse_Arrondissement) (Belle-Anse Arrondissement) Belle-Anse Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-à-Pitres) (Anse-à-Pitres) Anse-à-Pitres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle-Anse) (Belle-Anse) Belle-Anse  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Gosier) (Grand-Gosier) Grand-Gosier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotte) (Thiotte) Thiotte      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel_Arrondissement) (Jacmel Arrondissement) Jacmel Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayes-Jacmel) (Cayes-Jacmel) Cayes-Jacmel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacmel) (Jacmel) Jacmel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vallée-de-Jacmel) (La Vallée-de-Jacmel) La Vallée-de-Jacmel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigot,_Haiti) (Marigot, Haiti) Marigot           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_(department)) (Sud (department)) Sud   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquin_Arrondissement) (Aquin Arrondissement) Aquin Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquin) (Aquin) Aquin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaillon_(Haiti)) (Cavaillon (Haiti)) Cavaillon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Sud) (Saint-Louis-du-Sud) Saint-Louis-du-Sud      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes_Arrondissement) (Les Cayes Arrondissement) Les Cayes Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp-Perrin) (Camp-Perrin) Camp-Perrin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayes) (Les Cayes) Les Cayes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal,_Haiti) (Chantal, Haiti) Chantal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Île-à-Vache) (Île-à-Vache) Île-à-Vache  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniche,_Haiti) (Maniche, Haiti) Maniche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbeck) (Torbeck) Torbeck      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnières_Arrondissement) (Chardonnières Arrondissement) Chardonnières Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Anglais) (Les Anglais) Les Anglais  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnières) (Chardonnières) Chardonnières  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburon,_Haiti) (Tiburon, Haiti) Tiburon      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Côteaux_Arrondissement) (Les Côteaux Arrondissement) Les Côteaux Arrondissement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Côteaux,_Haiti) (Les Côteaux, Haiti) Les Côteaux  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (Saint Kitts and Nevis) Saint Kitts and Nevis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago) (Trinidad and Tobago) Trinidad and Tobago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States      In part (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands) (Caribbean Netherlands) Caribbean Netherlands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaire) (Bonaire) Bonaire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_(island)) (Saba (island)) Saba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius) (Sint Eustatius) Sint Eustatius    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) (Colombia) Colombia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andrés_and_Providencia) (San Andrés and Providencia) San Andrés and Providencia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe) (Guadeloupe) Guadeloupe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique) (Martinique) Martinique    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela) (Venezuela) Venezuela (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Esparta) (Nueva Esparta) Nueva Esparta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela) (Federal Dependencies of Venezuela) Federal Dependencies             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependencies   Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland) (Greenland) Greenland      France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton_Island) (Clipperton Island) Clipperton Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barthélemy) (Saint Barthélemy) St. Barthélemy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin) (Collectivity of Saint Martin) St. Martin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon) (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) St. Pierre and Miquelon      Netherlands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba) (Aruba) Aruba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curaçao) (Curaçao) Curaçao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten) (Sint Maarten) Sint Maarten      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla) (Anguilla) Anguilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda) (Bermuda) Bermuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) (British Virgin Islands) British Virgin Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands) (Cayman Islands) Cayman Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat) (Montserrat) Montserrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) (Turks and Caicos Islands) Turks and Caicos Islands      United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) United States Virgin Islands           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Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador) (Ecuador) Ecuador  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador) (El Salvador) El Salvador  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada) (Grenada) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala) (Guatemala) Guatemala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (Haiti.html) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras) (Honduras) Honduras  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica) (Jamaica) Jamaica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama) (Panama) Panama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay) (Paraguay) Paraguay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru) (Peru) Peru  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (Saint Kitts and Nevis) Saint Kitts and Nevis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago) (Trinidad and Tobago) Trinidad and Tobago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay) (Uruguay) Uruguay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela) (Venezuela) Venezuela           Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States) (General Assembly of the Organization of American States) General Assembly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs) (Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs) Secretariat for Political Affairs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development) (Executive Secretary for Integral Development) Secretariat for Integral Development  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members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla) (Anguilla) Anguilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda) (Bermuda) Bermuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) (British Virgin Islands) British Virgin Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands) (Cayman Islands) Cayman Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curaçao) (Curaçao) Curaçao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana) (French Guiana) French Guiana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique) (Martinique) Martinique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) (Turks and Caicos Islands) Turks and Caicos Islands      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba) (Aruba) Aruba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) (Colombia) Colombia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico  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(British Overseas Territories) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME               (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Haiti) (Portal:Haiti) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Caribbean) (Portal:Caribbean) Caribbean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_America_including_Mexico_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America) (Portal:North America) North America    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    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