Chad - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Chad.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Chad.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chad) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chad) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Chad.html#) (Top)   (Chad.html#History) 1 History    Toggle History subsection  (Chad.html#Early_history) 1.1 Early history     (Chad.html#French_colonial_period_(1900–1960)) 1.2 French colonial period (1900–1960)     (Chad.html#Tombalbaye_rule_(1960–1979)) 1.3 Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)     (Chad.html#Civil_war_(1979–1987)) 1.4 Civil war (1979–1987)     (Chad.html#Dictatorship_of_Habré_(1987–1990)) 1.5 Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)     (Chad.html#Déby_dynasty_and_second_Civil_War_(1990–present)) 1.6 Déby dynasty and second Civil War (1990–present)       (Chad.html#Geography) 2 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Chad.html#Wildlife) 2.1 Wildlife       (Chad.html#Government_and_politics) 3 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  (Chad.html#Administrative_divisions) 3.1 Administrative divisions     (Chad.html#Foreign_relations_and_internal_opposition) 3.2 Foreign relations and internal opposition     (Chad.html#Military) 3.3 Military       (Chad.html#Demographics) 4 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Chad.html#Cities,_towns,_and_municipalities) 4.1 Cities, towns, and municipalities     (Chad.html#Ethnic_groups) 4.2 Ethnic groups     (Chad.html#Languages) 4.3 Languages     (Chad.html#Religion) 4.4 Religion     (Chad.html#Education) 4.5 Education       (Chad.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Chad.html#Infrastructure) 5.1 Infrastructure   (Chad.html#Transport) 5.1.1 Transport     (Chad.html#Energy) 5.1.2 Energy     (Chad.html#Telecommunications) 5.1.3 Telecommunications         (Chad.html#Culture) 6 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Chad.html#Literature) 6.1 Literature     (Chad.html#Music) 6.2 Music     (Chad.html#Media_and_cinema) 6.3 Media and cinema     (Chad.html#Cuisine) 6.4 Cuisine     (Chad.html#Sports) 6.5 Sports       (Chad.html#See_also) 7 See also     (Chad.html#Notes) 8 Notes     (Chad.html#References) 9 References    Toggle References subsection  (Chad.html#Citations) 9.1 Citations     (Chad.html#Sources) 9.2 Sources       (Chad.html#External_links) 10 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Chad    265 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad) (Tsjad – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5) (ቻድ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead) (Cead – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1) (चैड – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF) (تشاد – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95) (ܬܫܐܕ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF) (تشاد – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF) (تشاد – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6) (চাদ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada) (Tcada – Kotava) Kotava   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads) (Čads – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad) (Tsad – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad) (Cad – Betawi) Betawi   (featured article) (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad) (Cad – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6) (চাদ – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D) (ཆཱ་ཌ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bol.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadi) (Chadi – Bole) Bòo pìkkà   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6) (চাদ – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad) (Txad – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad) (Tśad – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97) (ᏣᏗ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad) (Czad – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad) (Tsiad – Welsh) Cymraeg   (good article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – German) Deutsch   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad) (Cad – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad) (Tšad – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA) (ޝާދު – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D) (ཅཱཌ། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi) (Tsyadi – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84) (Τσαντ – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado) (Ĉado – Esperanto) Esperanto   (good article) (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad) (Tšaad – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad) (Txad – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi) (Caadi – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad) (Tšad – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad) (Tšaad – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad) (Kjad – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchadt%C3%B2) (Tchadtò – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad) (Tsjaad – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead) (Sead – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad) (An t-Siad – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de) (Cháde – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1) (ચૅડ – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad) (Shad – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi) (Cadi – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93) (צ'אד – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d) (Csád – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4) (Չադ – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BF) (Չատ – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad) (Tjad – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89) (チャド – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad) (tcad – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98) (ჩადი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad) (Ččad – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi) (Cadi – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9) (Caadɩ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad) (Caad – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi) (Tasadi – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A) (ឆាដ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D) (ಚಾಡ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C) (차드 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88) (چاڈ – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia) (Tzadia – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad) (Txad – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad) (Tsjaad – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi) (Tsadi – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94) (ປະເທດຊາດ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas) (Čadas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada) (Čada – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady) (Tsady – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta) (Kāta – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D) (ഛാഡ് – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)) (ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad) (Ċad – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade) (Xade – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad) (Tsjaad – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad) (Tsjaad – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad) (Tsjad – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (featured article) (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad) (Tsjad – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Novial) Novial   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad) (Chaad – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1) (ਚਾਡ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad) (Jhad – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad) (Tsad – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad) (Czad – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88) (چاڈ – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Pashto) پښتو   (good article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade) (Chade – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat) (Chat – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Arakanese) ရခိုင်   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade) (Cade – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1) (चाड – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD) (ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d) (Ciàd – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A) (چاڊ – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de) (Sâde – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad) (Tcad – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88) (မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A) (චෑඩ් – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad) (Tšad – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi) (Chadhi – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad) (Jad – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi) (Çadi – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi) (IShedi – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad) (Tschad – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad) (Czad – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D) (சாட் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D) (చాద్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade) (Xade – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94) (ประเทศชาด – Thai) ไทย   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad) (Cad – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Tswana) Setswana   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Sate) (ma Sate – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad) (Çad – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF) (چاد – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4) (Чад – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88) (چاڈ – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad) (Ciad – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad) (Čad – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad) (Tchad – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad) (Tsjad – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n) (Tjadän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade) (Tchade – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd) (Cadd – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97) (乍得 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98) (ჩადი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)) (טשאד (לאנד) – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad) (Tsad – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod) (Tsjaod – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7) (ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97) (乍得 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97) (乍得 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97) (乍得 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi) (ITshedi – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Chad.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chad) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Chad.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]) View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (Chad.html)  Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chad) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chad) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1369973816) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chad&id=1369973816&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChad) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chad&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chad) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chad) Wikinews   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chad) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=15_N_19_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 19°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 19°E  / 15; 19     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected due to vandalism) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in Central Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_(disambiguation)) (Chad (disambiguation)) Chad (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   "Tchad" redirects here. For the American record producer, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad_Blake) (Tchad Blake) Tchad Blake . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Chad)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism#Chad)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English)    Republic of Chad (in official languages)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic  (Arabic-language text) (Arabic-language text) جمهورية تشاد  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) Jumhūriyyat Tshād    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French  (French-language text) (French-language text) République du Tchad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg) (Flag of Chad) (Flag of Chad)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Chad) (Flag of Chad) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg) (Coat of arms of Chad) (Coat of arms of Chad)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad) (Coat of arms of Chad) Coat of arms      Motto:  (French-language text) "Unité, Travail, Progrès"  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French )  "Unity, Work, Progress"     Anthem:  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (French-language text) "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tchadienne) (La Tchadienne) La Tchadienne "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (French)  "The Song of Chad"     (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg)    Show map of Africa     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=12_06_19_N_15_02_41_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12°06′19″N 15°02′41″E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12.10528°N 15.04472°E  / 12.10528; 15.04472     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic      Religion (2020)(Chad.html#cite_note-:religions2020-1) [ 1]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   55.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Chad) (Islam in Chad) Islam  41.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad) (Christianity in Chad) Christianity  2.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) no religion  1.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism) (Animism) Animism  0.1% others     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_people) (Chadian people) Chadian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Chad) (Politics of Chad) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) (Presidential republic) Presidential republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad) (List of heads of state of Chad) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Mahamat Déby   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad) (List of prime ministers of Chad) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamaye_Halina) (Allamaye Halina) Allamaye Halina     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_parliament) (Bicameral parliament) Bicameral parliament (Chad.html#cite_note-2) [ 2]      • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chad) (Senate of Chad) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Chad) (National Assembly of Chad) National Assembly   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad) (History of Chad) Independence from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • Autonomy granted   28 November 1958  • Sovereign state   11 August 1960    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chad) (Geography of Chad) Area    • Total  1,280,000(Chad.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]     km2 (490,000 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 20th )  • Water (%)  1.9  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad) (Demographics of Chad) Population   • 2026 estimate  (Increase) (Increase)    20,031,602(Chad.html#cite_note-INSEED-4) [ 4]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 64th )  • Density  15.1/km2 (39.1/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 218th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $63.070 billion(Chad.html#cite_note-5) [ 5]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 147th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $3,240(Chad.html#cite_note-6) [ 6]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 179th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $23.560 billion(Chad.html#cite_note-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 145th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $1,210(Chad.html#cite_note-8) [ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 183rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2022)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     37.4(Chad.html#cite_note-9) [ 9]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.416(Chad.html#cite_note-UNHDR-10) [ 10]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 190th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc) (Central African CFA franc) Central African CFA franc ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) XAF )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +01:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Time) (West Africa Time) WAT )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Chad) (Telephone numbers in Chad) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+235) (+235) +235   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TD) (ISO 3166-2:TD) TD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.td) (.td) .td     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TChad)   Chad ,(Chad.html#cite_note-11) [ a]    officially the Republic of Chad ,(Chad.html#cite_note-12) [ b]    is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) (Landlocked country) landlocked country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa) (Central Africa) Central Africa . It is bordered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Libya_border) (Chad–Libya border) the north , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Sudan_border) (Chad–Sudan border) the east , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic–Chad_border) (Central African Republic–Chad border) the south , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon–Chad_border) (Cameroon–Chad border) the southwest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Nigeria_border) (Chad–Nigeria border) the southwest (at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad ), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Niger_border) (Chad–Niger border) the west . Chad has a population of 20 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena . With a total area of around 1,300,000  km 2 (500,000  sq  mi) , Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) twentieth largest nation by area . With over 200 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Chad) (List of ethnic groups in Chad) ethnic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Chad) (Languages of Chad) linguistic groups , the official languages are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic , with French being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  and language of government and education.(Chad.html#cite_note-13) [ 11]    (Chad.html#cite_note-14) [ 12]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Chad) (Islam in Chad) Islam (55.1%) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad) (Christianity in Chad) Christianity (41.1%) are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chad) (Religion in Chad) main practiced religions .(Chad.html#cite_note-:religions2020-1) [ 1]    (Chad.html#cite_note-auto1-15) [ 13]     Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, humans moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade) (Trans-Saharan trade) trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa) (French Equatorial Africa) French Equatorial Africa . In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Tombalbaye) (François Tombalbaye) François Tombalbaye . Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965–1979)) (Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)) long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)) (Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)) the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissène_Habré) (Hissène Habré) Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian–Libyan_War) (Chadian–Libyan War) Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 which stopped in 1987 with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Épervier) (Operation Épervier) French military intervention . Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Déby) (Idriss Déby) Idriss Déby . With French support, a modernisation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_National_Army) (Chadian National Army) Chadian National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) Darfur crisis in Sudan spilled over the border and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005–2010)) (Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)) destabilised the nation . Already poor, the nation struggled to accommodate over a million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Chad) (Sudanese refugees in Chad) Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad. While many political parties participating in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)) (National Assembly (Chad)) National Assembly , power lay firmly in the hands of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement) (Patriotic Salvation Movement) Patriotic Salvation Movement during the presidency of Déby, whose rule was described as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian) (Authoritarian) authoritarian . After Déby was killed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad) (Front for Change and Concord in Chad) FACT rebels in April 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)) (Transitional Military Council (Chad)) Transitional Military Council led by his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby_Itno) (Mahamat Déby Itno) Mahamat Déby assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly.(Chad.html#cite_note-:2-16) [ 14]    One of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries , Chad remains plagued by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence) (Political violence) political violence and recurrent attempted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'état) (Coup d'état) coups d'état . Chad ranks the 4th lowest in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index and is among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) poorest and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) most corrupt countries. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad) (Agriculture in Chad) subsistence herders and farmers . Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings. Chad has a poor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chad) (Human rights in Chad) human rights record .   History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chad) (History of Chad) History of Chad  Early history  In the 7th millennium BC, ecological conditions in the northern half of Chadian territory favoured human settlement, and its population increased considerably. Some of the most important (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_archaeology) (African archaeology) African archaeological sites are found in Chad, mainly in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_(region)) (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (region)) Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region ; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.(Chad.html#cite_note-17) [ 15]    (Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg)   Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem–Bornu_Empire) (Kanem–Bornu Empire) Kanem–Bornu Empire controlled almost all of what is today Chad.  For more than 2,000 years, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Basin) (Chad Basin) Chad Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism) (Sedentism) sedentary people. The region became a crossroads of civilisations. The earliest of these was the legendary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_civilisation) (Sao civilisation) Sao , known from artefacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Empire) (Kanem Empire) Kanem Empire ,(Chad.html#cite_note-Lange88-19) [ 17]    (Chad.html#cite_note-20) [ 18]    the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developed in Chad's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade) (Trans-Saharan trade) trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    Increasing Islamisation of Kanem was evident from the 11th century onwards,(Chad.html#cite_note-21) [ 19]    and Kanem had developed into a literate society by the 12th century, when the scribes of the empire are recorded to have developed an original script style, the barnāwī .(Chad.html#cite_note-22) [ 20]     Kanem's expansion peaked during the long reign of Mai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunama_Dabbalemi) (Dunama Dabbalemi) Dunama Dabbalemi (c. 1221–1259), leaving the empire as the most powerful state in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa) (Central Africa) Central Africa by the time of his death. By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart. Finally, around 1396, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulala) (Bulala) Bulala invaders forced Mai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_I_Idrismi) (Umar I Idrismi) Umar Idrismi to relocate the imperial center to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_(historical_region)) (Bornu (historical region)) Bornu .(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo1990-23) [ 21]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Mbang_Gaourang_(à_gauche)_et_le_Kolak_Doudmourrah.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Baguirmi) (List of rulers of Baguirmi) Mbang (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_ar_Rahman_Gwaranga) (Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga) Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga (left) with Wadai's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dud_Murra_of_Wadai) (Dud Murra of Wadai) Dud Murra (right)  Two other states in the region, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi) (Sultanate of Bagirmi) Sultanate of Bagirmi and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadai_Sultanate) (Wadai Sultanate) Wadai Sultanate , emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. Bagirmi adopted Islam during the reign of Abdullah IV (1568–1598) and was in a tributary relationship with Kanem-Bornu in the 17th and 18th centuries, and then with Wadai in the 19th century. Wadai, initially non-Muslim, was taken over early in the 17th century by Abd al Karim, who established an Islamic sultanate. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Sabun) (Muhammad Sabun) Muhammad Sabun (1804-1815) established a new trade route to the north and minted his own currency, and Muhammad Sharif (1843 - 1858) subjugated Bagirmi and successfully resisted French colonization.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo1990-23) [ 21]    These two states never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.(Chad.html#cite_note-24) [ 22]    In Kanem, about a third of the population were slaves.(Chad.html#cite_note-25) [ 23]       French colonial period (1900–1960)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Chad) (French Chad) French Chad  French colonial expansion led to the creation of the (French-language text) Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats du Tchad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa) (French Equatorial Africa) French Equatorial Africa .(Chad.html#cite_note-26) [ 24]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Chad) (French Chad) French rule was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation compared to other French colonies.(Chad.html#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-27) [ 25]     The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton) (Cotton) cotton ; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administration was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_people) (Sara people) Sara people of the south were governed effectively; French presence in the Islamic north and east was nominal. The educational system was affected by this neglect.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    (Chad.html#cite_note-Decalo,_pp._8–9-27) [ 25]     The French administration's focus on cotton led to the formation of a precarious underclass of poorly-paid rural workers, a decrease in food production and even to famines in some areas.(Chad.html#cite_note-lemarchand-28) [ 26]    Tensions between farmers and elites culminated in the 1952 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bébalem_massacre) (Bébalem massacre) Bébalem massacre by colonial authorities.(Chad.html#cite_note-29) [ 27]    (Chad.html#cite_note-30) [ 28]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chadian_soldier_of_WWII.jpg)   A Chadian soldier fighting for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces) (Free French Forces) Free France during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II . The Free French Forces included 15,000 soldiers from Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-31) [ 29]      After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , France granted Chad the status of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_France) (Overseas France) overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)) (National Assembly (France)) National Assembly and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Chad) (National Assembly of Chad) Chadian assembly . The largest political party was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Progressive_Party) (Chadian Progressive Party) Chadian Progressive Party ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French :  Parti Progressiste Tchadien (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT's leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Tombalbaye) (François Tombalbaye) François Tombalbaye , an ethnic Sara, as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Chad) (List of heads of state of Chad) its first president .(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    (Chad.html#cite_note-32) [ 30]    (Chad.html#cite_note-33) [ 31]       Tombalbaye rule (1960–1979)  In 1962 Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated inter-ethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims in the north, led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FROLINAT) (FROLINAT) National Liberation Front of Chad ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French :  Front de libération nationale du Tchad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , FRONILAT), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_National_Unity_(Chad)) (Transitional Government of National Unity (Chad)) began a civil war . Becoming gradually more erratic, Tombalbaye's regime alienated even his southern base of support, notably through the forced introduction of yondo (ritual scarring) for public servants and the 1973 assassination of expatriate dissident (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outel_Bono) (Outel Bono) Outel Bono in Paris.(Chad.html#cite_note-34) [ 32]    Tombalbaye was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Chadian_coup_d'état) (1975 Chadian coup d'état) overthrown and killed in 1975,(Chad.html#cite_note-35) [ 33]    but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissène_Habré) (Hissène Habré) Hissène Habré took the capital, and central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.(Chad.html#cite_note-36) [ 34]    (Chad.html#cite_note-37) [ 35]       Civil war (1979–1987)  The disintegration of Chad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian–Libyan_War) (Chadian–Libyan War) became involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(1965–1979)) (Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)) Chad's civil war .(Chad.html#cite_note-38) [ 36]    This (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_War) (Toyota War) ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported President Habré, evoked a united response from Chadians of a kind never seen before(Chad.html#cite_note-39) [ 37]    and forced the Libyan army off Chadian soil.(Chad.html#cite_note-40) [ 38]       Dictatorship of Habré (1987–1990)  Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence with thousands of people estimated to have been killed under his rule.(Chad.html#cite_note-41) [ 39]    (Chad.html#cite_note-42) [ 40]    The president favoured his own (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people) (Toubou people) Toubou ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghawa_people) (Zaghawa people) Zaghawa . His general, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Déby) (Idriss Déby) Idriss Déby , overthrew him in 1990.(Chad.html#cite_note-43) [ 41]    Attempts to prosecute Habré led to his placement under house arrest in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal in 2005; in 2013, Habré was formally charged with war crimes committed during his rule.(Chad.html#cite_note-44) [ 42]    In May 2016, he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and he was sentenced to life in prison.(Chad.html#cite_note-45) [ 43]       Déby dynasty and second Civil War (1990–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idriss_Déby_at_the_White_House_in_2014.jpg)   Despite internal political opposition, coup attempts, and a civil war, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Déby) (Idriss Déby) Idriss Déby continuously ruled Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021.  Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politics. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Chadian_constitutional_referendum) (1996 Chadian constitutional referendum) constitutional referendum led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_constitution_of_1996) (Chadian constitution of 1996) 1996 constitution , and Déby easily won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Chadian_presidential_election) (1996 Chadian presidential election) 1996 presidential election . He won a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Chadian_presidential_election) (2001 Chadian presidential election) second term five years later.(Chad.html#cite_note-46) [ 44]    Oil exploitation began in 2003, bringing with it hopes that Chad would at last have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005–2010)) (Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)) new civil war broke out. Déby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chadian_constitutional_referendum) (2005 Chadian constitutional referendum) unilaterally modified the constitution to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties.(Chad.html#cite_note-47) [ 45]     In 2006 Déby won (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Chadian_presidential_election) (2006 Chadian presidential election) a third mandate in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastern Chad has increased; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) war in Darfur may occur in Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-48) [ 46]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N'Djamena_(2006)) (Battle of N'Djamena (2006)) In 2006 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N'Djamena_(2008)) (Battle of N'Djamena (2008)) in 2008 rebel forces attempted to take the capital by force but failed on both occasions.(Chad.html#cite_note-49) [ 47]    An agreement for the restoration of harmony between Chad and Sudan, signed 15 January 2010, marked the end of a five-year war(Chad.html#cite_note-50) [ 48]    and leading to the Chadian rebels from Sudan returning home, the opening of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Sudan_border) (Chad–Sudan border) Chad–Sudan border after seven years of closure, and the deployment of a joint force to secure the border. In May 2013, security forces in Chad foiled a coup against Déby that had been in preparation for several months.(Chad.html#cite_note-51) [ 49]     Chad is one of the leading partners in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force) (Multinational Joint Task Force) West African coalition in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency) (Boko Haram insurgency) fight against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram) (Boko Haram) Boko Haram and other Islamist militants.(Chad.html#cite_note-:1-52) [ 50]    Déby died on 20 April 2021 following an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive) (2021 Northern Chad offensive) incursion in the north by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_Change_and_Concord_in_Chad) (Front for Change and Concord in Chad) FACT group.(Chad.html#cite_note-:1-52) [ 50]    (Chad.html#cite_note-53) [ 51]    (Chad.html#cite_note-54) [ 52]    (Chad.html#cite_note-55) [ 53]    Déby's son, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby_Itno) (Mahamat Déby Itno) Mahamat Déby , was named interim president by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(Chad)) (Transitional Military Council (Chad)) Transitional Council of military officers . The transitional council replaced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_constitution_of_2018) (Chadian constitution of 2018) 2018 constitution with a charter, granting Mahamat Déby the powers of the presidency and naming him head of the armed forces.(Chad.html#cite_note-:2-16) [ 14]    On 23 May 2024, Mahamat Idriss Déby was sworn in as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chad) (President of Chad) President of Chad after the disputed 6 May (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Chadian_presidential_election) (2024 Chadian presidential election) election .(Chad.html#cite_note-56) [ 54]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chad) (Geography of Chad) Geography of Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chad_sat.jpg)   Chad is divided into three distinct zones, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanian_savanna) (Sudanian savanna) Sudanian savanna in the south, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara in the north, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian) (Sahelian) Sahelian belt in the centre.  Chad is a landlocked country spanning north-central (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa . It covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometres (496,000  sq  mi) ,(Chad.html#cite_note-area-57) [ 55]    lying between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_parallel_north) (7th parallel north) 7° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_parallel_north) (24th parallel north) 24°N , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_meridian_east) (13th meridian east) 13° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_meridian_east) (24th meridian east) 24°E ,(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    and is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area) (List of countries and outlying territories by total area) twentieth-largest country in the world. It is bounded to the north by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya , to the east by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan , to the west by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon , and to the south by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic . The capital is 1,060 kilometres (660  mi) from the nearest seaport, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douala) (Douala) Douala , Cameroon.(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    (Chad.html#cite_note-UNHCHR-59) [ 57]    Because of this distance from the sea and the largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".(Chad.html#cite_note-60) [ 58]     The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north and east by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau) (Ennedi Plateau) Ennedi Plateau and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains) (Tibesti Mountains) Tibesti Mountains , which include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Koussi) (Emi Koussi) Emi Koussi , a dormant volcano that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201  ft) above sea level. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad , after which the country is named (and which in turn takes its name from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_language) (Kanuri language) Kanuri word for "lake"(Chad.html#cite_note-61) [ 59]    ), is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000  sq  mi) of the Chad Basin 7,000 years ago.(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    Although in the 21st century it covers 17,806 square kilometres (6,875  sq  mi) , and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations,(Chad.html#cite_note-62) [ 60]    the lake is Africa's second-largest wetland.(Chad.html#cite_note-63) [ 61]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guéra-2.jpg)   Landscape in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guéra_(province)) (Guéra (province)) Guéra in south-central Chad  Chad contains six terrestrial ecoregions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna) (East Sudanian savanna) East Sudanian savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna) (Sahelian Acacia savanna) Sahelian Acacia savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad_flooded_savanna) (Lake Chad flooded savanna) Lake Chad flooded savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands) (East Saharan montane xeric woodlands) East Saharan montane xeric woodlands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands) (South Saharan steppe and woodlands) South Saharan steppe and woodlands , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands) (Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands) Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands .(Chad.html#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-64) [ 62]    Tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Major rivers—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_River) (Chari River) Chari , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_River) (Logone River) Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into Lake Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    (Chad.html#cite_note-65) [ 63]     Each year a tropical weather system known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone) (Intertropical Convergence Zone) intertropical front crosses Chad from south to north, bringing a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season) (Wet season) wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel.(Chad.html#cite_note-66) [ 64]    Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0  in) ; only occasional spontaneous palm groves survive, all of them south of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer) (Tropic of Cancer) Tropic of Cancer .(Chad.html#cite_note-UNHCHR-59) [ 57]     The Sahara gives way to a Sahelian belt in central Chad; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600  mm (11.8 to 23.6  in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia) (Acacia) acacias ) gradually gives way to the south to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna) (East Sudanian savanna) East Sudanian savanna . Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900  mm (35.4  in) .(Chad.html#cite_note-UNHCHR-59) [ 57]     Wildlife  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Chad) (Wildlife of Chad) Wildlife of Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Bush_Elephant_Mikumi.jpg)   An (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant) (African bush elephant) African bush elephant   The animal and plant life correspond to the three climatic zones. In the Saharan region, the only flora is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm) (Date palm) date palm groves of the oasis. Palms and acacia trees grow in the Sahelian region. The southern, or Sudanic, zone consists of broad grasslands or prairies suitable for grazing. There are at least 134 species of mammals, 509 species of birds (354 species of residents and 155 migrants), and over 1,600 species of plants throughout the country.(Chad.html#cite_note-Bird-67) [ 65]    (Chad.html#cite_note-Flora-68) [ 66]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Girafe_du_parc_national_de_Zakouma.jpg)   Giraffe at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park) (Zakouma National Park) Zakouma National Park   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant) (Elephant) Elephants , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion) (Lion) lions , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_buffalo) (African buffalo) buffalo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus) (Hippopotamus) hippopotamuses , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros) (Rhinoceros) rhinoceroses , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe) (Giraffe) giraffes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope) (Antelope) antelopes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard) (Leopard) leopards , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah) (Cheetah) cheetahs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena) (Hyena) hyenas , and many species of snakes are found here, although most large carnivore populations have been drastically reduced since the early 20th century.(Chad.html#cite_note-Bird-67) [ 65]    (Chad.html#cite_note-LTQ-69) [ 67]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad) (Elephant hunting in Chad) Elephant poaching , particularly in the south in areas such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park) (Zakouma National Park) Zakouma National Park , is a severe problem. The small group of surviving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_crocodile) (West African crocodile) West African crocodiles in the Ennedi Plateau represents one of the last colonies known in the Sahara today.(Chad.html#cite_note-70) [ 68]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover) (Forest cover) Forest cover is around 3% of the total land area, equivalent to 4,313,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 6,730,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 4,293,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 19,800 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership) (State ownership) public ownership .(Chad.html#cite_note-71) [ 69]    (Chad.html#cite_note-72) [ 70]    Chad had a 2018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.18/10, ranking it 83rd globally out of 172 countries.(Chad.html#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-73) [ 71]    Extensive deforestation has resulted in loss of trees such as acacias, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia) (Adansonia) baobab , dates and palm trees. This has also caused loss of natural habitat for wild animals; one of the main reasons for this is also hunting and livestock farming by increasing human settlements. Populations of animals like lions, leopards and rhino have fallen significantly.(Chad.html#cite_note-Our-74) [ 72]     Efforts have been made by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization to improve relations between farmers, agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakouma_National_Park) (Zakouma National Park) Zakouma National Park , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniaka-Minia_National_Park) (Siniaka-Minia National Park) Siniaka-Minia National Park , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aouk_National_Park) (Aouk National Park) Aouk National Park to promote sustainable development.(Chad.html#cite_note-75) [ 73]    As part of the national conservation effort, more than 1.2 million trees have been replanted to check the advancement of the desert, which incidentally also helps the local economy by way of financial return from acacia trees, which produce (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic) (Gum arabic) gum arabic , and also from fruit trees.(Chad.html#cite_note-Our-74) [ 72]     Poaching is a serious problem in the country, particularly of elephants for the profitable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_trade) (Ivory trade) ivory industry and a threat to lives of rangers even in the national parks such as Zakouma. Elephants are often massacred in herds in and around the parks by organised poaching.(Chad.html#cite_note-76) [ 74]    The problem is worsened by the fact that the parks are understaffed and that wardens have been murdered by poachers.(Chad.html#cite_note-NYT-77) [ 75]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Chad) (Politics of Chad) Politics of Chad   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahamat_Déby_(2).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Mahamat Déby  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chad) (President of Chad) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_Ministre,_Allamaye_Halina.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamaye_Halina) (Allamaye Halina) Allamaye Halina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Chad) (Prime Minister of Chad) Prime Minister       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chadian_woman_voting_during_the_2016_presidential_election.jpg)   Chadian woman voting during the 2016 presidential election  Under the constitution adopted following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chadian_constitutional_referendum) (2023 Chadian constitutional referendum) 2023 Chadian constitutional referendum , Chad is a presidential republic with a strong executive branch headed by the president, who dominates the political system. The incumbent president is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Mahamat Déby . The president has the power to appoint the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Chad) (List of prime ministers of Chad) prime minister and the cabinet and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials, and heads of para-statal firms.(Chad.html#cite_note-78) [ 76]    In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Chad)) (National Assembly (Chad)) National Assembly , may declare a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency) (State of emergency) state of emergency . The president is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Chad) (Elections in Chad) directly elected by popular vote; constitutional term limits were adjusted under the 2023 constitution to allow a limit of two consecutive five-year terms. Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in government.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    (Chad.html#cite_note-UNPACP-80) [ 78]     The legal system is based on customary law and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_France) (Law of France) French civil law , applicable where the former does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chad) (Supreme Court of Chad) Supreme Court and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_Chad) (Constitutional Council of Chad) Constitutional Council . The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Council is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties, and international agreements prior to their adoption.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    (Chad.html#cite_note-UNPACP-80) [ 78]     The bicameral parliament makes legislation. The upper house, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chad) (Senate of Chad) Senate , has 69 members. 46 are indirectly elected by an electoral college, consisting of provincial and municipal councillors, and 23 are appointed by the President of the Republic. They serve six-year terms. The current President of the Senate is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroun_Kabadi) (Haroun Kabadi) Haroun Kabadi . The lower house, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Chad) (National Assembly of Chad) National Assembly , has 188 members. The current Speaker of the National Assembly is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kolotou_Tchaïmi) (Ali Kolotou Tchaïmi) Ali Kolotou Tchaïmi .(Chad.html#cite_note-81) [ 79]    The president must sign or reject newly passed laws within 15 days. The National Assembly must approve the prime minister's plan of government and may force the prime minister to resign through a majority vote of no confidence. However, if the National Assembly rejects the executive branch's programme twice in one year, the president may disband the Assembly and call for new legislative elections. In practice, the president exercises considerable influence through his party, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Salvation_Movement) (Patriotic Salvation Movement) Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), which holds a large majority in both chambers.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahamat_Idriss_Deby_(en_boubou_blanc).png)   Chadian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Mahamat Déby is the son of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Déby) (Idriss Déby) Idriss Déby , who ruled Chad from 1990 to 2021.  Until the legalisation of opposition parties in 1992, Déby's MPS was the sole legal party in Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    Since then, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chad) (List of political parties in Chad) 78 registered political parties have become active.(Chad.html#cite_note-HRP-82) [ 80]    In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_Déby) (Idriss Déby) Idriss Déby to stand for re-election for a third term(Chad.html#cite_note-83) [ 81]    amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign.(Chad.html#cite_note-FH-84) [ 82]    Correspondents judged the 2006 presidential elections a mere formality, as the opposition deemed the polls a farce and boycotted them.(Chad.html#cite_note-85) [ 83]     Chad is listed as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state) (Failed state) failed state by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fund_for_Peace) (Fund for Peace) Fund for Peace . Chad had the tenth-highest rank in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_States_Index) (Fragile States Index) Fragile States Index in 2024.(Chad.html#cite_note-86) [ 84]    Corruption is rife at all levels; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International) (Transparency International) Transparency International 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021 ranked Chad 164th among the 180 countries listed.(Chad.html#cite_note-87) [ 85]    Critics of Déby had accused him of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronyism) (Cronyism) cronyism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism) (Tribalism) tribalism .(Chad.html#cite_note-tribe-88) [ 86]    In southern Chad, bitter conflicts over land are becoming more common. They frequently turn violent. Long-standing community culture is being eroded – and so are the livelihoods of many farmers.(Chad.html#cite_note-D+C-89) [ 87]     President Idriss Déby's death on 20 April 2021 resulted in both the nation's National Assembly and government being dissolved and national leadership being replaced with a transitional military council consisting of military officers and led by his son Mahamat Déby.(Chad.html#cite_note-newgovernment-90) [ 88]    (Chad.html#cite_note-:0-91) [ 89]    In October 2022, Déby extended the transitional period and was sworn in as transitional president after dissolving the Transitional Military Council. This caused the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chadian_protests) (2022 Chadian protests) 2022 Chadian protests , which became one of the most violent in Chadian history and were suppressed by government forces.(Chad.html#cite_note-92) [ 90]    (Chad.html#cite_note-93) [ 91]    Following the adoption of a new constitution in December 2023, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Chadian_presidential_election) (2024 Chadian presidential election) presidential election was held in May 2024, in which Mahamat Déby was elected president, formally ending three years of transitional military rule.(Chad.html#cite_note-94) [ 92]    He subsequently appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamaye_Halina) (Allamaye Halina) Allamaye Halina as prime minister in May 2024.(Chad.html#cite_note-95) [ 93]    According to the 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices) (V-Dem Democracy indices) V-Dem Democracy indices , Chad was ranked the 16th lowest electoral democracy worldwide and 4th lowest in Africa.(Chad.html#cite_note-vdem_dataset-96) [ 94]     Administrative divisions  Chad is divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Chad) (Provinces of Chad) 23 provinces .(Chad.html#cite_note-TchadInfos-97) [ 95]    Each province is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the provinces' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Chad) (Departments of Chad) 120 departments , which are divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Chad) (Sub-prefectures of Chad) 454 sub-prefectures .(Chad.html#cite_note-SGG_Post-98) [ 96]     The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development.(Chad.html#cite_note-99) [ 97]    To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivision be governed by elected local assemblies.(Chad.html#cite_note-decentralisation-100) [ 98]     No. Province Population (2009) Population (1 July 2023)  Estimated area (km2 ) Capital Departments  1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_(province_of_Chad)) (Bahr el Gazel (province of Chad)) Bahr el-Gazel  257,267  407,256  58,525  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussoro) (Moussoro) Moussoro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_Nord) (Bahr el Gazel Nord) Barh el-Gazel Nord , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_el_Gazel_Sud) (Bahr el Gazel Sud) Barh el-Gazel Sud , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_el-Gazel_Ouest?action=edit&redlink=1) (Barh el-Gazel Ouest (page does not exist)) Barh el-Gazel Ouest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_el-Gazel_Est?action=edit&redlink=1) (Barh el-Gazel Est (page does not exist)) Barh el-Gazel Est , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleta) (Kleta) Kleta   2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batha_(region)) (Batha (region)) Batha  488,458  748,395  93,732  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati,_Chad) (Ati, Chad) Ati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batha_Est) (Batha Est) Batha Est , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batha_Ouest) (Batha Ouest) Batha Ouest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitri_Department) (Fitri Department) Fitri , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouadi-Rimé?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ouadi-Rimé (page does not exist)) Ouadi-Rimé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assinet) (Assinet) Assinet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraze) (Haraze) Haraze   3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkou_(region_of_Chad)) (Borkou (region of Chad)) Borkou  93,584  154,865  271,513  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faya-Largeau) (Faya-Largeau) Faya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkou_Department) (Borkou Department) Borkou , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkou_Yala) (Borkou Yala) Borkou-Yala , Kouba  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari-Baguirmi_(province)) (Chari-Baguirmi (province)) Chari-Baguirmi  578,425  884,924  47,226  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenya) (Massenya) Massenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguirmi_Department) (Baguirmi Department) Baguirmi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_Department) (Chari Department) Chari , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loug_Chari) (Loug Chari) Loug-Chari , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourbali) (Dourbali) Dourbali   5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennedi-Est_(region)) (Ennedi-Est (region)) Ennedi-Est  107,302  175,321  81,696  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdjarass_(city)) (Amdjarass (city)) Amdjarass  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdjarass_(department)) (Amdjarass (department)) Amdjarass , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Hawar) (Wadi Hawar) Wadi Hawar , Itou, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohi) (Nohi) Nohi , Bao, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourdi) (Mourdi) Mourdi   6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennedi-Ouest_(region)) (Ennedi-Ouest (region)) Ennedi-Ouest  60,617  109,753  117,686  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fada,_Chad) (Fada, Chad) Fada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fada_Department?action=edit&redlink=1) (Fada Department (page does not exist)) Fada , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourtcha) (Mourtcha) Mourtcha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Ounianga?action=edit&redlink=1) (Lac-Ounianga (page does not exist)) Lac-Ounianga , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebi_Department?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tebi Department (page does not exist)) Tebi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouro) (Gouro) Gouro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbol?action=edit&redlink=1) (Torbol (page does not exist)) Torbol   7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guéra_(region)) (Guéra (region)) Guéra  538,359  824,161  62,678  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo,_Chad) (Mongo, Chad) Mongo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guéra_Department) (Guéra Department) Guéra , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtouyour) (Abtouyour) Abtouyour , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_Signaka) (Barh Signaka) Barh-Signaka , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalmé_(department)) (Mangalmé (department)) Mangalmé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garada?action=edit&redlink=1) (Garada (page does not exist)) Garada   8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadjer-Lamis_(region)) (Hadjer-Lamis (region)) Hadjer-Lamis  566,858  870,231  31,376  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakory) (Massakory) Massakory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagana_Department,_Chad) (Dagana Department, Chad) Dagana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dababa) (Dababa) Dababa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraze_Al_Biar) (Haraze Al Biar) Haraz-al-Biar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoura) (Ngoura) Ngoura   9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_(region)) (Kanem (region)) Kanem  333,387  505,839  70,516  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao,_Chad) (Mao, Chad) Mao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_Department) (Kanem Department) Kanem-Centre , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Kanem) (Nord Kanem) Kanem-Nord , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Bissam) (Wadi Bissam) Kanem-Sud , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem-Est?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kanem-Est (page does not exist)) Kanem-Est , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem-Ouest?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kanem-Ouest (page does not exist)) Kanem-Ouest   10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_(region)) (Lac (region)) Lac  331,496  509,258  20,543  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol,_Chad) (Bol, Chad) Bol  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamdi_Department) (Mamdi Department) Mamdi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayi) (Wayi) Wayi , Kaya, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouli) (Fouli) Fouli , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouloukime?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kouloukime (page does not exist)) Kouloukime   11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)) (Logone Occidental (region)) Logone Occidental  689,044  1,053,958  8,969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundou) (Moundou) Moundou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Wey_Department) (Lac Wey Department) Lac-Wey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guéni) (Guéni) Guéni , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngourkosso) (Ngourkosso) Ngourkosso , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodjé) (Dodjé) Dodjé   12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_Oriental_(region)) (Logone Oriental (region)) Logone Oriental  779,339  1,184,567  24,119  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba,_Chad) (Doba, Chad) Doba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pendé) (La Pendé) La Pendé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nya) (La Nya) La Nya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nya_Pendé) (La Nya Pendé) La Nya-Pendé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouh-Est) (Kouh-Est) Kouh-Est , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouh-Ouest) (Kouh-Ouest) Kouh-Ouest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_de_Lam) (Monts de Lam) Monts de Lam   13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoul_Region) (Mandoul Region) Mandoul  628,065  1,002,346  17,761  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koumra) (Koumra) Koumra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_Sara) (Barh Sara) Barh-Sara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoul_Occidental) (Mandoul Occidental) Mandoul Occidental , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoul_Oriental) (Mandoul Oriental) Mandoul Oriental , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goundi) (Goundi) Goundi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taralnass?action=edit&redlink=1) (Taralnass (page does not exist)) Taralnass , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandoul_Central?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mandoul Central (page does not exist)) Mandoul Central   14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est) (Mayo-Kebbi Est) Mayo-Kebbi Est  774,782  1,179,260  18,458  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongor) (Bongor) Bongor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Boneye) (Mayo-Boneye) Mayo-Boneye , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Lemie) (Mayo Lemie) Mayo-Lémié , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_d'Illi) (Mont d'Illi) Mont-Illi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbia) (Kabbia) Kabbia   15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest_Region) (Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region) Mayo-Kebbi Ouest  564,470  858,593  12,787  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala,_Chad) (Pala, Chad) Pala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Dallah) (Mayo-Dallah) Mayo-Dallah , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Binder?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mayo-Binder (page does not exist)) Mayo-Binder , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Léré_Department) (Lac Léré Department) Lac-Léré , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Ouaya?action=edit&redlink=1) (El-Ouaya (page does not exist)) El-Ouaya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaye?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nanaye (page does not exist)) Nanaye   16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen-Chari_(region)) (Moyen-Chari (region)) Moyen-Chari  588,008  902,311  42,307  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarh) (Sarh) Sarh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_Köh) (Barh Köh) Barh-Kôh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Sido) (Grande Sido) Grande Sido , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Iro_Department) (Lac Iro Department) Lac-Iro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbol) (Korbol) Korbol , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Moula?action=edit&redlink=1) (La Moula (page does not exist)) La Moula , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragoto) (Bragoto) Bragoto   17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouaddaï_Region) (Ouaddaï Region) Ouaddaï  721,166  1,102,467  30,790  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abéché) (Abéché) Abéché  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouara_Department) (Ouara Department) Ouara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abougoudam) (Abougoudam) Abougoudam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djourf_Al_Ahmar) (Djourf Al Ahmar) Djourf Al Ahmar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assoungha) (Assoungha) Assongha   18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamat_(region)) (Salamat (region)) Salamat  302,301  470,256  69,631  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Timan) (Am Timan) Am Timan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barh_Azoum) (Barh Azoum) Barh-Azoum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboudeïa_Department) (Aboudeïa Department) Aboudeïa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraze_Mangueigne_Department) (Haraze Mangueigne Department) Haraze-Mangueigne   19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_Region) (Sila Region) Sila  387,461  591,300  36,745  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goz_Beïda) (Goz Beïda) Goz Beïda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiti) (Kimiti) Kimiti , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi_Department) (Abdi Department) Abdi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissi) (Tissi) Tissi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adé,_Chad) (Adé, Chad) Adé , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koukou-Angarana) (Koukou-Angarana) Koukou-Angarana   20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjilé_(region)) (Tandjilé (region)) Tandjilé  661,906  1,007,812  17,891  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laï) (Laï) Laï  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjilé_Est) (Tandjilé Est) Tandjilé-Est , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjilé-Centre?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tandjilé-Centre (page does not exist)) Tandjilé-Centre , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjilé_Ouest) (Tandjilé Ouest) Tandjilé-Ouest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga) (Manga) Manga , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbagué?action=edit&redlink=1) (Manbagué (page does not exist)) Manbagué   21 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti_Region) (Tibesti Region) Tibesti  25,483  52,626  135,896  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardaï) (Bardaï) Bardaï  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardaï) (Bardaï) Bardaï , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouar) (Zouar) Zouar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wour) (Wour) Wour , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aouzou) (Aouzou) Aouzou , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi-Koussi?action=edit&redlink=1) (Emi-Koussi (page does not exist)) Emi-Koussi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoumri) (Zoumri) Zoumri   22 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Fira_(region)) (Wadi Fira (region)) Wadi Fira  508,383  792,394  56,362  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltine,_Chad) (Biltine, Chad) Biltine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltine_Department) (Biltine Department) Biltine , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Tama) (Dar Tama) Dar-Tama , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mégri?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mégri (page does not exist)) Mégri , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriba) (Iriba) Iriba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biher?action=edit&redlink=1) (Al-Biher (page does not exist)) Al-Biher , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar-Alfawakih?action=edit&redlink=1) (Dar-Alfawakih (page does not exist)) Dar-Alfawakih , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiné?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tiné (page does not exist)) Tiné   23 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena (capital) 951,418  1,434,592  408  N'Djamena 10 dawāʾir or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissement#Nations_of_Africa) (Arrondissement) arrondissements       Foreign relations and internal opposition  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chad) (Foreign relations of Chad) Foreign relations of Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Chad_(Washington,_D.C.).JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Chad_in_Washington,_D.C.) (Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.) Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.   Chad's foreign relations historically featured strong ties with France, which maintained a troop presence in the country for decades. However, Franco-Chadian relations cooled, leading to the departure of the last French soldiers from Chad in early 2025, which ended France's direct military presence.(Chad.html#cite_note-101) [ 99]     There have been numerous rebel groups throughout the last few decades. In 2007, a peace treaty was signed that integrated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_for_Democratic_Change) (United Front for Democratic Change) United Front for Democratic Change soldiers into the Chadian Army.(Chad.html#cite_note-102) [ 100]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Justice_and_Democracy_in_Chad) (Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad) Movement for Justice and Democracy in Chad also clashed with government forces in 2003 in an attempt to overthrow President Idriss Déby. In addition, there have been various conflicts with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed) (Janjaweed) Janjaweed rebels in eastern Chad, who killed civilians by use of helicopter gunships.(Chad.html#cite_note-103) [ 101]    Presently, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Resistance_Forces) (Union of Resistance Forces) Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) are a rebel group that continues to battle with the government. In 2010, the UFR reportedly had a force estimating 6,000 men and 300 vehicles.(Chad.html#cite_note-104) [ 102]     The UAE foreign aid was inaugurated in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdjarass_(city)) (Amdjarass (city)) Amdjarass on 3 August 2023. The UAE's continuous efforts to provide assistance to the Chadian people and support endeavours to provide humanitarian and relief aid through the UAE's humanitarian institutions to Sudanese refugees in Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-105) [ 103]    (Chad.html#cite_note-106) [ 104]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_National_Army) (Chad National Army) Chad National Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trigger_time_at_Flintlock_20_(50111204252).jpg)   Chadian soldiers at the Flintlock 2020 exercise in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania , organised by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Africa_Command) (U.S. Africa Command) U.S. Africa Command .  As of 2024 Chad was estimated to have 33,250 active military personnel, including 27,500 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Ground_Forces) (Chadian Ground Forces) Ground Forces , 350 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Air_Force) (Chadian Air Force) Air Force , and 5,400 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_the_Security_Services_of_State_Institutions) (General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions) General Directorate of the Security Services of State Institutions . There are 4,500 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_National_Gendarmerie) (Chadian National Gendarmerie) National Gendarmerie and 7,400 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Nomadic_Guard) (National and Nomadic Guard) National and Nomadic Guard . The Ground Forces are organised into seven military regions and twelve battalions, including one armoured, seven infantry, one artillery, and three logistical.  Chad is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G5_Sahel) (G5 Sahel) G5 Sahel and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force) (Multinational Joint Task Force) Multinational Joint Task Force , which were formed to fight against Islamic insurgent groups in the region,(Chad.html#cite_note-IISS2024-107) [ 105]    and had contributed nearly 1,500 troops to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali) (United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali) MINUSMA mission in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali .(Chad.html#cite_note-IISS2023-108) [ 106]     The CIA World Factbook estimates the military budget to be 4.2% of GDP as of 2006.(Chad.html#cite_note-109) [ 107]    Given the then GDP ($7.095 bln) of the country, military spending was estimated to be about $300 million. This estimate however dropped after the end of the civil war (2005–2010) to 2.0%(Chad.html#cite_note-110) [ 108]    as estimated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank for 2011.   Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Chad) (Demographics of Chad) Demographics of Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chad-demography.png)   Demographics of Chad, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data) (Our World in Data) Our World in Data , 2022; number of inhabitants in millions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well_of_the_Young_Girls_in_the_Ennedi_Mountains_-_northeastern_Chad_2015.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people) (Toubou people) Toubou nomads in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau) (Ennedi Plateau) Ennedi Mountains   Chad's national statistical agency projected the country's 2015 population between 13,630,252 and 13,679,203, with 13,670,084 as its medium projection; based on the medium projection, 3,212,470 people lived in urban areas and 10,457,614 people lived in rural areas.(Chad.html#cite_note-INSEEDproj-111) [ 109]    The population is young: an estimated 47% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, and the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 52 years.(Chad.html#cite_note-112) [ 110]    The agency assessed the population as of 2026 at 20,031,602.(Chad.html#cite_note-INSEED-4) [ 4]     The population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1/km 2 (0.26/sq  mi) in the Saharan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti_Region) (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region) Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region but 52.4/km 2 (136/sq  mi) in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_Occidental_Region) (Logone Occidental Region) Logone Occidental Region . In the capital, it is even higher.(Chad.html#cite_note-UNHCHR-59) [ 57]    About half of the population lives in the southern fifth of its territory.(Chad.html#cite_note-113) [ 111]     Urban life is concentrated in the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarh) (Sarh) Sarh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundou) (Moundou) Moundou , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abéché) (Abéché) Abéché and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba,_Chad) (Doba, Chad) Doba , which are considerably smaller but growing rapidly in population and economic activity.(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    Since 2003, 230,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Chad) (Sudanese refugees in Chad) Sudanese refugees fled to eastern Chad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,600 Chadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this generated tensions in the communities.(Chad.html#cite_note-114) [ 112]    (Chad.html#cite_note-115) [ 113]    As of 2025, Chad hosts approximately 1.5 million refugees, of whom more than 1.3 million are Sudanese and 145,000 are Central African. Chad has the highest refugee population per capita of any African nation, with the number of Sudanese refugees having doubled since 2023.(Chad.html#cite_note-116) [ 114]    Border towns in eastern Chad, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adré) (Adré) Adré , have received a large influx of refugees from Sudan.(Chad.html#cite_note-117) [ 115]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy) (Polygamy) Polygamy is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage.(Chad.html#cite_note-118) [ 116]    Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_cutting) (Female genital cutting) Female genital mutilation is also prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45% of women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among Arabs, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadjarai_peoples) (Hadjarai peoples) Hadjarai , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouaddaï_highlands) (Ouaddaï highlands) Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the Sara (38%) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people) (Toubou people) Toubou (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice.(Chad.html#cite_note-HRP-82) [ 80]      Cities, towns, and municipalities  Cities of Chad Rank City Population Region  1993 census(Chad.html#cite_note-auto-119) [ 117]     2009 census(Chad.html#cite_note-auto-119) [ 117]      1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena  530,965 951,418 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena   2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundou) (Moundou) Moundou  99,530 137,251 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_Occidental_(region)) (Logone Occidental (region)) Logone Occidental   3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abéché) (Abéché) Abéché  54,628 97,963 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouaddaï_Region) (Ouaddaï Region) Ouaddaï   4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarh) (Sarh) Sarh  75,496 97,224 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen-Chari_Region) (Moyen-Chari Region) Moyen-Chari   5. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kélo) (Kélo) Kélo  31,319 57,859 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandjilé_Region) (Tandjilé Region) Tandjilé   6. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Timan) (Am Timan) Am Timan  21,269 52,270 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamat_Region) (Salamat Region) Salamat   7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba,_Chad) (Doba, Chad) Doba  17,920 49,647 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logone_Oriental_Region) (Logone Oriental Region) Logone Oriental   8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala,_Chad) (Pala, Chad) Pala  26,116 49,461 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest) (Mayo-Kebbi Ouest) Mayo-Kebbi Ouest   9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongor) (Bongor) Bongor  20,448 44,578 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-Kebbi_Est) (Mayo-Kebbi Est) Mayo-Kebbi Est   10. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goz_Beïda) (Goz Beïda) Goz Beïda  3,083 41,248 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_Region) (Sila Region) Sila     In the 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index) (Global Hunger Index) Global Hunger Index , Chad ranks 125th out of the 127 countries with sufficient data to calculate 2024 GHI scores, having a score of 36.4.(Chad.html#cite_note-120) [ 118]      Ethnic groups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chad) (Ethnic groups in Chad) Ethnic groups in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg)   Mboum girls dancing in Chad  The peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa) (East Africa) Eastern , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa) (Central Africa) Central , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) Western , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) Northern Africa .(Chad.html#cite_note-121) [ 119]    Chad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups,(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for most Chadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. Nevertheless, people may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    (Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]     In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group) (Social group) social unit is the lineage. In the Sahel, sedentary peoples live side by side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly Toubous.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    (Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]      Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Chad) (Languages of Chad) Languages of Chad  The official languages are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic ,(Chad.html#cite_note-Tchaine2024-122) [ 120]    with over a 100 regional languages being spoken in the country.(Chad.html#cite_note-Ethnologue-123) [ 121]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadic_languages) (Chadic languages) Chadic branch of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages) (Afroasiatic languages) Afroasiatic language family gets its name from Chad and is represented by dozens of languages native to the country. Chad is also home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages) (Central Sudanic languages) Central Sudanic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maban_languages) (Maban languages) Maban , and several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger–Congo_languages) (Niger–Congo languages) Niger-Congo languages. Nevertheless, French remains the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  and language of the government and education.(Chad.html#cite_note-124) [ 122]    (Chad.html#cite_note-125) [ 123]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chad) (Religion in Chad) Religion in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_Prayer_time_in_front_of_the_Fort_Lamy_mosque,_now_N'Djamena_1955_-_Touring_Club_Italiano_BBH_133.jpg)   Prayer in front of the Fort Lamy mosque, now N'Djamena, 1955  Various estimates, including from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research in 2010, find that 52–58% of the population was Muslim, while 39–44% were Christian(Chad.html#cite_note-auto1-15) [ 13]    (22% Catholic and 17% Protestant).(Chad.html#cite_note-Pew_Christians-126) [ 124]    (Chad.html#cite_note-Pew_Muslims-127) [ 125]    According to a 2012 Pew Research survey, 48% of Muslims professed to be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni , 21% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia) (Shia) Shia , 4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya) (Ahmadiyya) Ahmadi and 23% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim) (Non-denominational Muslim) non-denominational Muslim .(Chad.html#cite_note-pew128-128) [ 126]    Around 55% of Sunnis belong to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufi orders, with 35% adhering to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijaniyah) (Tijaniyah) Tijaniyah which incorporates some local religious elements.(Chad.html#cite_note-pew128-128) [ 126]    In 2020, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives) (Association of Religion Data Archives) Association of Religion Data Archives estimated the vast majority of Muslims were Tijaniyah Sunnis.(Chad.html#cite_note-:3-129) [ 127]    A small minority of Muslims (5–10%) hold more fundamentalist practices, which in some cases may be associated with Saudi-oriented (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabism .(Chad.html#cite_note-:3-129) [ 127]    (Chad.html#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-130) [ 128]      Religions in Chad:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam 55.1 (53.7%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity 41.1 (40.0%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism) (Atheism) No Religion 2.4 (2.34%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) (Traditional African religions) Animism 4 (3.89%)   Others 0.1 (0.10%)    (Islam 55.1 (53.7%))  (Islam 55.1 (53.7%))  (Christianity 41.1 (40.0%))  (Christianity 41.1 (40.0%))  (No Religion 2.4 (2.34%))  (Animism 4 (3.89%))  (Others 0.1 (0.10%))       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholics) (Catholics) Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination.(Chad.html#cite_note-:3-129) [ 127]    Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners' Chapel", are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah's_Witnesses) (Jehovah's Witnesses) Jehovah's Witnesses religious communities also are present; both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the country.(Chad.html#cite_note-:4-131) [ 129]    (Chad.html#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-130) [ 128]     A small proportion of the population continues to practice indigenous religions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism) (Animism) Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa) (Christianity in Africa) Christianity arrived in Chad with French and American missionaries; as with Islam, it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism) (Syncretism) syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chad) (Religion in Chad) Religion in Chad ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research )(Chad.html#cite_note-cia-132) [ 130]    (Chad.html#cite_note-pew-133) [ 131]     religion  percent  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Chad) (Islam in Chad) Islam     57%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad) (Christianity in Chad) Christianity     39%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) None     2%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_traditional_religion) (African traditional religion) Folk     1%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad) (Freedom of religion in Chad) Other     1%     Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastern Chad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southern Chad and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guéra_(province)) (Guéra (province)) Guéra .(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    Many Muslims also reside in southern Chad, but the Christian presence in the north is minimal.(Chad.html#cite_note-:4-131) [ 129]    The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems.(Chad.html#cite_note-:3-129) [ 127]    (Chad.html#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-130) [ 128]     Chad is home to foreign missionaries representing both Christian and Islamic groups. Itinerant Muslim preachers visit, primarily from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan . Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction.(Chad.html#cite_note-US-DoS-IRFR-2006-130) [ 128]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Chad) (Education in Chad) Education in Chad  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chad) (List of universities in Chad) List of universities in Chad  Educators face considerable challenges because of the dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68 percent of boys attend primary school, and at 33 percent, Chad has one of the lowest literacy rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) Sub-Saharan Africa .(Chad.html#cite_note-134) [ 132]    Higher education is provided at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_N'Djamena) (University of N'Djamena) University of N'Djamena .(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    (Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]     In 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor) (U.S. Department of Labor) U.S. Department of Labor 's Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (Chad.html#cite_note-135) [ 133]    reported that school attendance of children aged 5 to 14 was as low as 39%. This can also be related to the issue of child labour as the report also stated that 53% of children aged 5 to 14 were working, and that 30% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school. The List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor cites cattle herding as a major agricultural activity that employed underage children.(Chad.html#cite_note-136) [ 134]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chad) (Economy of Chad) Economy of Chad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chad) (Agriculture in Chad) Agriculture in Chad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Chad) (Petroleum industry in Chad) Petroleum industry in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg)   GDP per capita development of Chad since 1950  The United Nations' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index ranks Chad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) purchasing power parity ) per capita was estimated as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) US$ 1,651 in 2009.(Chad.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-137) [ 135]    Chad is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States) (Bank of Central African States) Bank of Central African States , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_and_Economic_Union_of_Central_Africa) (Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa) Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHADA) (OHADA) OHADA ).(Chad.html#cite_note-ohada.com-138) [ 136]     Currency is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc) (Central African CFA franc) CFA franc . In the 1960s, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Chad) (Mining industry of Chad) mining industry of Chad produced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate) (Sodium carbonate) sodium carbonate , or natron. There have also been reports of gold-bearing quartz in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltine_(prefecture)) (Biltine (prefecture)) Biltine Prefecture . However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000, major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting economic prospects.(Chad.html#cite_note-cia-132) [ 130]    (Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mao_Women.jpg)   Women in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao,_Chad) (Mao, Chad) Mao , where (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilities_in_Chad) (Utilities in Chad) water is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problem in Chad.  Uneven inclusion in the global political economy as a site for colonial resource extraction (primarily cotton and crude oil), a global economic system that does not promote nor encourage the development of Chadian industrialisation,(Chad.html#cite_note-139) [ 137]    and the failure to support local agricultural production has meant that the majority of Chadians live in daily uncertainty and hunger.(Chad.html#cite_note-140) [ 138]    (Chad.html#cite_note-141) [ 139]    Over 80% of the population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood.(Chad.html#cite_note-cia-132) [ 130]    The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the most fertile cropland, with rich yields of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum) (Sorghum) sorghum and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) millet . In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow and with much lower yields than in the south. The Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis) (Oasis) oases support only some dates and legumes.(Chad.html#cite_note-Collelo-18) [ 16]    Cities face serious difficulties of municipal infrastructure; only 48% of urban residents have access to potable water and only 2% to basic sanitation.(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    (Chad.html#cite_note-WB1-142) [ 140]     Before the development of the oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings.(Chad.html#cite_note-143) [ 141]    Cotton remains a primary export. Rehabilitation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotontchad) (Cotontchad) Cotontchad , a major cotton company weakened by a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development) (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastatal) (Parastatal) parastatal is now expected to be privatised.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    Other than cotton, cattle, sesame, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic) (Gum arabic) gum arabic are dominant.(Chad.html#cite_note-144) [ 142]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_Market.jpg)   Weekly camel market in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussoro) (Moussoro) Moussoro   According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , Chad has been affected by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis) (Humanitarian crisis) humanitarian crisis since at least 2001.(Chad.html#cite_note-145) [ 143]    In February 2008 in the aftermath of the Battle of N'Djamena, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holmes_(British_diplomat)) (John Holmes (British diplomat)) John Holmes expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival.(Chad.html#cite_note-146) [ 144]    UN spokesperson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Giuliano) (Maurizio Giuliano) Maurizio Giuliano stated to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  : "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe".(Chad.html#cite_note-147) [ 145]    Organisations such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children) (Save the Children) Save the Children suspended activities due to killings of aid workers.(Chad.html#cite_note-148) [ 146]     Chad has made some progress in reducing poverty, as there was a decline in the national poverty rate from 55% to 47% between 2003 and 2011. However, the number of poor people increased from 4.7 million (2011) to 6.5 million (2019) in absolute numbers. By 2018, 4.2 out of 10 people live below the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold) (Poverty threshold) poverty line .(Chad.html#cite_note-149) [ 147]     Infrastructure  Transport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG)     Civil war crippled the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Chad) (Transport in Chad) transport infrastructure ; in 1987, Chad had only 30 kilometres (19  mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network(Chad.html#cite_note-150) [ 148]    to 550 kilometres (340  mi) by 2004.(Chad.html#cite_note-151) [ 149]    Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its own, Chad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transport of exports and imports to and from the seaport of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douala) (Douala) Douala .(Chad.html#cite_note-Geography-152) [ 150]     Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Chad: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli-Cape_Town_Highway) (Tripoli-Cape Town Highway) Tripoli-Cape Town Highway ; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway) (Dakar-Ndjamena Highway) Dakar-Ndjamena Highway ; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndjamena-Djibouti_Highway) (Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway) Ndjamena-Djibouti Highway . As of 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  Chad had an estimated 59 airports, 9 of which had paved runways.(Chad.html#cite_note-CIA-WFB-153) [ 151]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena_International_Airport) (N'Djamena International Airport) N'Djamena International Airport serves the capital and provides regular direct flights to Paris and several African cities.  Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Chad) (Energy in Chad) Chad's energy sector has had years of mismanagement by the parastatal Chad Water and Electric Society which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.(Chad.html#cite_note-CCG-154) [ 152]    Most Chadians burn biomass fuels such as wood and manure for power.(Chad.html#cite_note-EIA-155) [ 153]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil) (ExxonMobil) ExxonMobil leads a consortium of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation) (Chevron Corporation) Chevron and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas) (Petronas) Petronas that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production began in 2003 with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Cameroon_Petroleum_Development_and_Pipeline_Project) (Chad–Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project) completion of a pipeline (financed in part by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank ) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when the Chadian government passed laws reducing this amount.(Chad.html#cite_note-BGN-79) [ 77]    (Chad.html#cite_note-OECD-156) [ 154]    In July 2006, the World Bank and Chad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the government commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.(Chad.html#cite_note-157) [ 155]      Telecommunications  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Chad) (Communications in Chad) telecommunication system is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SotelTchad) (SotelTchad) SotelTchad . In 2000, there were 14 fixed telephone lines per 10,000 inhabitants in the country, one of the lowest telephone densities in the world.(Chad.html#cite_note-CCG-154) [ 152]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Communications) (Gateway Communications) Gateway Communications , a pan-African wholesale connectivity and telecommunications provider, has a presence in Chad.(Chad.html#cite_note-158) [ 156]    In 2013, the Ministry for Posts and Information & Communication Technologies announced that the country would be seeking a partner for fibre optic technology. Chad is investing over €175 million to roll out a major 1,200-kilometer national fiber-optic backbone.(Chad.html#cite_note-159) [ 157]     Chad is ranked last in the World Economic Forum's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index) (Networked Readiness Index) Network Readiness Index – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.(Chad.html#cite_note-160) [ 158]    In 2010 the mobile phone penetration rate was estimated at 24.3% over a population estimate of 10.7 million.(Chad.html#cite_note-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)-161) [ 159]        Culture  Because of its great social diversity, Chad possesses a rich cultural heritage. The government has actively promoted culture and traditions by opening the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_National_Museum) (Chad National Museum) Chad National Museum and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Cultural_Centre) (Chad Cultural Centre) Chad Cultural Centre .(Chad.html#cite_note-EB-58) [ 56]    Six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chad) (Public holidays in Chad) national holidays are observed throughout the year, and additional holidays include the Christian holiday of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday) (Easter Monday) Easter Monday and the Muslim holidays of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) (Eid al-Fitr) Eid al-Fitr , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) (Eid al-Adha) Eid al-Adha and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid) (Mawlid) Mawlid .(Chad.html#cite_note-CCG-154) [ 152]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg)   A Chadian tailor selling traditional dresses.  Literature  As in other Sahelian countries, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_literature) (Chadian literature) literature in Chad has seen an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writers. Many Chadian authors have been forced to write in exile, which generates literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962, 20 Chadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brahim_Seïd) (Joseph Brahim Seïd) Joseph Brahim Seïd , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Moustapha) (Baba Moustapha) Baba Moustapha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Bangui) (Antoine Bangui) Antoine Bangui and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulsy_Lamko) (Koulsy Lamko) Koulsy Lamko . In 2003 Chad's sole literary critic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmat_Taboye) (Ahmat Taboye) Ahmat Taboye , published his (French-language text) Anthologie de la littérature tchadienne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  to further knowledge of Chad's literature.(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]    (Chad.html#cite_note-163) [ 161]    (Chad.html#cite_note-164) [ 162]      Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Souffeur_du_Kanem.jpg)   Wind instrument player in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Chad) (Music of Chad) Chadian music employs instruments such as the kinde , a type of bow harp; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaki) (Kakaki) kakaki  , a long tin horn; and the hu hu , a stringed instrument that uses (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabash) (Calabash) calabashes as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator#Acoustic) (Resonator) resonators . Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon) (Balafon) balafons , harps and kodjo drums; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanembu_people) (Kanembu people) Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]     The music group (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chari_Jazz) (Chari Jazz) Chari Jazz formed in 1964 and initiated Chad's modern music scene. Later, more renowned groups such as African Melody and International Challal attempted to mix modernity and tradition. Popular groups such as Tibesti have clung faster to their heritage by drawing on sai , a traditional style of music from southern Chad. The people of Chad have customarily disdained modern music. Piracy and a lack of legal protections for artists' rights remain problems to further development of the music industry.(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]    (Chad.html#cite_note-165) [ 163]      Media and cinema  Like many North African nations, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Chad) (Mass media in Chad) the media industry has been stifled by chronic instability and government interference. Chad's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned Télé Tchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations.(Chad.html#cite_note-166) [ 164]    Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small because of transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.(Chad.html#cite_note-FH-84) [ 82]    (Chad.html#cite_note-EIA-155) [ 153]    (Chad.html#cite_note-167) [ 165]    While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right. In 2006 the government began to enact a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship) (Censorship) censorship on the media.(Chad.html#cite_note-168) [ 166]     The development of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad) (Cinema of Chad) Chadian film industry, which began with the short films of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Sailly) (Edouard Sailly) Edouard Sailly in the 1960s, was hampered by the civil wars and the lack of cinemas. Currently there is only one cinema in the country, reflecting the struggling media industry.(Chad.html#cite_note-169) [ 167]    (Chad.html#cite_note-170) [ 168]    The feature film industry began growing again in the 1990s, with the work of directors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat-Saleh_Haroun) (Mahamat-Saleh Haroun) Mahamat-Saleh Haroun , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issa_Serge_Coelo) (Issa Serge Coelo) Issa Serge Coelo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakar_Chene_Massar?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abakar Chene Massar (page does not exist)) Abakar Chene Massar .(Chad.html#cite_note-171) [ 169]    Haroun's film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abouna_(film)) (Abouna (film)) Abouna  was critically acclaimed, and his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daratt) (Daratt) Daratt  won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_Venice_International_Film_Festival) (63rd Venice International Film Festival) 63rd Venice International Film Festival . The 2010 feature film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Screaming_Man) (A Screaming Man) A Screaming Man  won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)) (Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)) Jury Prize at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Cannes_Film_Festival) (2010 Cannes Film Festival) 2010 Cannes Film Festival , making Haroun the first Chadian director to enter, as well as win, an award in the main Cannes competition.(Chad.html#cite_note-172) [ 170]    Issa Serge Coelo directed the films (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daresalam) (Daresalam) Daresalam  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP75:_Tartina_City) (DP75: Tartina City) DP75: Tartina City  .(Chad.html#cite_note-173) [ 171]    (Chad.html#cite_note-174) [ 172]    (Chad.html#cite_note-175) [ 173]    (Chad.html#cite_note-176) [ 174]      Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Criquets_grillés_ou_fris.jpg)   Fried or grilled grasshoppers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) Millet is the staple food of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_cuisine) (Chadian cuisine) Chadian cuisine . It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. It is known as alysh in the north and as biya in the south. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga (sun-dried and lightly smoked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alestes) (Alestes) Alestes  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocynus) (Hydrocynus) Hydrocynus  ) or as banda (smoked large fish).(Chad.html#cite_note-177) [ 175]    Carcaje is a popular sweet red tea extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south. Southern Chadians drink (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_beer) (Millet beer) millet beer , such as billi-billi made from red millet and coshate made from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso_millet) (Proso millet) white millet .(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Chad) (Sports in Chad) Sports in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) Football is Chad's most popular sport.(Chad.html#cite_note-178) [ 176]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_national_football_team) (Chad national football team) national team is closely followed during international competitions,(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]    and Chadian footballers have played for European teams. In recent years many footballers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Tchaouna) (Franck Tchaouna) Franck Tchaouna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Mani) (Bertrand Mani) Bertrand Mani and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ngouyamsa) (Ahmad Ngouyamsa) Ahmad Ngouyamsa have played in recognized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA) (UEFA) UEFA leagues. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball) (Basketball) Basketball and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling) (Freestyle wrestling) freestyle wrestling are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers put on traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.(Chad.html#cite_note-culture-162) [ 160]       See also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Chad) (Outline of Chad) Outline of Chad     Notes   (Chad.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China') tʃ (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('d' in 'dye') d  /   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/En-us-Chad.ogg/En-us-Chad.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Chad.ogg) (File:En-us-Chad.ogg) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) CHAD    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French : Tchad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French) (Help:IPA/French) [ tʃa(d)]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : تشاد , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanised :  (Arabic-language romanisation) Tshād  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  Arabic pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ tʃaːd]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)       (Chad.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French : République du Tchad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : جمهورية  تْشَاد , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanised :  (Arabic-language romanisation) Jumhūriyyat Tshād  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)           References  Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Chad.html#cite_ref-:religions2020_1-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:religions2020_1-1) 2   (https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065049/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016) "Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF" . Archived from (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016) the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Chad+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fchad%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-2) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ngarbe, Eluard (4 February 2025). (https://manara.td/le-mps-lance-sa-campagne-pour-le-senat/) "Le MPS lance sa campagne pour le Sénat" . Manara Radio Télévision (in French). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manara+Radio+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision&rft.atitle=Le+MPS+lance+sa+campagne+pour+le+S%C3%A9nat&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft.aulast=Ngarbe&rft.aufirst=Eluard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanara.td%2Fle-mps-lance-sa-campagne-pour-le-senat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad) "Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2023 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 22 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230622000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-INSEED_4-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-INSEED_4-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.inseed.td/indicateurs) "Tous les indicateurs" . Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques (INSEED) (in French). 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique%2C+des+%C3%89tudes+%C3%89conomiques+et+D%C3%A9mographiques+%28INSEED%29&rft.atitle=Tous+les+indicateurs&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed.td%2Findicateurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund October, 14 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2025+%3AEdition+%28Chad%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+October%2C+14+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fweo%2Fissues%2F2025%2F10%2F14%2Fworld-economic-outlook-october-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund October, 14 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2025+%3AEdition+%28Chad%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+October%2C+14+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fweo%2Fissues%2F2025%2F10%2F14%2Fworld-economic-outlook-october-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund October, 14 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2025+%3AEdition+%28Chad%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+October%2C+14+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fweo%2Fissues%2F2025%2F10%2F14%2Fworld-economic-outlook-october-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund October, 14 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2025+%3AEdition+%28Chad%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+October%2C+14+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fweo%2Fissues%2F2025%2F10%2F14%2Fworld-economic-outlook-october-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/) "Gini Index coefficient" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/) the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_10-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TCD) "Human Development Reports 2023/24" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Reports+2023%2F24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fspecific-country-data%23%2Fcountries%2FTCD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/chad/education/international-schools-in-chad.htm#:~:text=The%20educational%20system%20is%20patterned,secondary%20education%20(six%20years).) "International Schools in Chad" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Schools+in+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expat-quotes.com%2Fguides%2Fchad%2Feducation%2Finternational-schools-in-chad.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520educational%2520system%2520is%2520patterned%2Csecondary%2520education%2520%28six%2520years%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998) "Glottolog 4.8 – Languages of Chad" . glottolog.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230815121032/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998) Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+%E2%80%93+Languages+of+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fglottolog%2Flanguage.map.html%3Fcountry%3DTD%236%2F20.468%2F142.998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-auto1_15-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-auto1_15-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf) "Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" (PDF) . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enqu%C3%AAte+D%C3%A9mographique+et+de+Sant%C3%A9+1996%E2%80%931997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FFR90%2FFR90.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-:2_16-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:2_16-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramadane, Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat (21 April 2021). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G) "Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military" . Reuters. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210421153549/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G) Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad+in+turmoil+after+Deby+death+as+rebels%2C+opposition+challenge+military&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Ramadane&rft.aufirst=Madjiasra+Nako%2C+Mahamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 44–45  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-3) 4  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-4) 5  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-5) 6  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-6) 7  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo_18-7) 8   S. Collelo, Chad   (Chad.html#cite_ref-Lange88_19-0) ↑   D. Lange 1988  (Chad.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , p. 6  (Chad.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Insoll, Timothy (2003). The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa . Cambridge University Press. p. 274. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65171-9) (Special:BookSources/0-521-65171-9) 0-521-65171-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Islam+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-65171-9&rft.aulast=Insoll&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dewière, Rémi (2024). (Paid subscription required) (https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553467160?login=false&redirectedFrom=fulltext#553467160) "The Kanem and Borno Sultanates (11th–19th Centuries)"  . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History . Oxford University Press. p. 4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.1147) 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1147 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4) 978-0-19-027773-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kanem+and+Borno+Sultanates+%2811th%E2%80%9319th+Centuries%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.1147&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027773-4&rft.aulast=Dewi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F61663%2Fchapter-abstract%2F553467160%3Flogin%3Dfalse%26redirectedFrom%3Dfulltext%23553467160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo1990_23-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Collelo1990_23-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990). (https://www.loc.gov/item/89600373/) Chad: A Country Study  (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 5– 11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5) (Special:BookSources/0-16-024770-5) 0-16-024770-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=5-11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-16-024770-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F89600373%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 7–8  (Chad.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157) "Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from (https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157) the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Black+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 8, 309  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_27-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Decalo,_pp._8–9_27-1) 2   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 8–9  (Chad.html#cite_ref-lemarchand_28-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Lemarchand) (René Lemarchand) Lemarchand, René (1980). (https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1980_num_20_80_2328) "The Politics of Sara Ethnicity: A Note on the Origins of the Civil War in Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_d'Études_Africaines) (Cahiers d'Études Africaines) Cahiers d'études africaines  . 20 (80): 455– 456. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1980.2328) 10.3406/cea.1980.2328 . Retrieved 25 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Sara+Ethnicity%3A+A+Note+on+the+Origins+of+the+Civil+War+in+Chad&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=455-456&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1980.2328&rft.aulast=Lemarchand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcea_0008-0055_1980_num_20_80_2328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Debos, Marielle (2009). (https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01104080/file/Chad-1900-1960.pdf) "Chad 1900-1960" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Encyclopedia_of_Mass_Violence) (Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence) Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence  . pp. 8– 9. Retrieved 25 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chad+1900-1960&rft.btitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Debos&rft.aufirst=Marielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshs.hal.science%2Fhalshs-01104080%2Ffile%2FChad-1900-1960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lanne, Bernard. Histoire politique du Tchad de 1945 à 1958. Administration, partis, élections . Paris: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éditions_Karthala) (Éditions Karthala) Karthala . pp. 197– 218. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86537-883-8) (Special:BookSources/978-2-86537-883-8) 978-2-86537-883-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+politique+du+Tchad+de+1945+%C3%A0+1958.+Administration%2C+partis%2C+%C3%A9lections&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=197-218&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-883-8&rft.aulast=Lanne&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , p. 53  (Chad.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 248–249  (Chad.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (Chad.html#Nolutshungu) Nolutshungu , p. 17  (Chad.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Whiteman, Kaye (September 1988). (https://minorityrights.org/app/uploads/2023/12/chad.pdf) "Chad. Report N° 80" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International) (Minority Rights Group International) Minority Rights Group  . London. Retrieved 17 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Chad.+Report+N%C2%B0+80&rft.date=1988-09&rft.aulast=Whiteman&rft.aufirst=Kaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F12%2Fchad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172429/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917376,00.html) "Death of a Dictator" , Time , (28 April 1975). Accessed on 3 September 2007.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , pp. 12–16  (Chad.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (Chad.html#Nolutshungu) Nolutshungu , p. 268  (Chad.html#cite_ref-38) ↑   (Chad.html#Nolutshungu) Nolutshungu , p. 150  (Chad.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (Chad.html#Nolutshungu) Nolutshungu , p. 230  (Chad.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Pollack) (Kenneth Pollack) Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); (https://archive.org/details/arabsatwarmilita0000poll/page/391/mode/2up) (iarchive:arabsatwarmilita0000poll/page/391/mode/2up) Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991  . Lincoln: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press) (University of Nebraska Press) University of Nebraska Press . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2) (Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2) 0-8032-3733-2  , pp. 391–397  (Chad.html#cite_ref-41) ↑   Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law . University of Pennsylvania Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3) (Special:BookSources/0-8122-1950-3) 0-8122-1950-3  , pp. 133–134  (Chad.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en) "Chad: the Habré Legacy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150113041028/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en) Archived 13 January 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International . 16 October 2001.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (Chad.html#Nolutshungu) Nolutshungu , pp. 234–237  (Chad.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23153532) "Chad ex-leader Habre charged in Senegal with war crimes" . BBC. 2 July 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130703014035/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23153532) Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+ex-leader+Habre+charged+in+Senegal+with+war+crimes&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-23153532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-45) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36411466) "Hissène Habré: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity" . BBC. 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180712195314/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36411466) Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hiss%C3%A8ne+Habr%C3%A9%3A+Chad%27s+ex-ruler+convicted+of+crimes+against+humanity&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-36411466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders . Routledge. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X) (Special:BookSources/1-85743-126-X) 1-85743-126-X  , p. 100  (Chad.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   IPS, "(French-language text) Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  "  (Chad.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6367545.stm) Chad may face genocide, UN warns (https://web.archive.org/web/20220621153807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6367545.stm) Archived 21 June 2022 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . BBC News, 16 February 2007  (Chad.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-06-chad_N.htm) "Chad's leader asserts he controls" . USA Today . Associated Press. 6 February 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+leader+asserts+he+controls&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-02-06-chad_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072906/http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/chad) World Report 2011: Chad  . Human Rights Watch. 24 January 2011. Archived from (https://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/chad) the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Report+2011%3A+Chad&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fworld-report-2011%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160306101129/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-chad-coup-idUKBRE94101H20130502) "Chad government foils coup attempt – minister" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters . 2013. Archived from (http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-chad-coup-idUKBRE94101H20130502) the original on 6 March 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad+government+foils+coup+attempt+%E2%80%93+minister&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-chad-coup-idUKBRE94101H20130502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-:1_52-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:1_52-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708) "Chad's president Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' " . BBC News. 20 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420200202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708) Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+president+Idriss+D%C3%A9by+dies+%27in+clashes+with+rebels%27&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-56815708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/chads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit/a-19173621) "Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit" . Deutsche Welle . 8 April 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165748/https://www.dw.com/en/chads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit/a-19173621) Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+authoritarian+Deby+unwilling+to+quit&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchads-authoritarian-deby-unwilling-to-quit%2Fa-19173621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). (https://time.com/5559491/chad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship/) "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout" . Time . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200808075357/https://time.com/5559491/chad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship/) Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=This+African+Country+Has+Had+a+Yearlong+Ban+on+Social+Media.+Here%27s+What%27s+Behind+the+Blackout&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Suyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5559491%2Fchad-social-media-internet-ban-censorship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Werman, Marco (5 June 2012). (https://theworld.org/stories/2013/08/15/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain) "ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain' " . The World . Public Radio International. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201022155052/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-05/exxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain) Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World&rft.atitle=ExxonMobil+and+Chad%27s+Authoritarian+Regime%3A+An+%27Unholy+Bargain%27&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.aulast=Werman&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheworld.org%2Fstories%2F2013%2F08%2F15%2Fexxonmobil-and-chads-authoritarian-regime-unholy-bargain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voanews.com/a/chad-swears-in-president-ending-years-of-military-rule/7624040.html) "Chad transitional ruler inaugurated amid legitimacy concerns" . Voice of America . 23 May 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Chad+transitional+ruler+inaugurated+amid+legitimacy+concerns&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fchad-swears-in-president-ending-years-of-military-rule%2F7624040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-area_57-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081746/http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref) "Le TCHAD en bref" (in French). INSEED. 22 July 2013. Archived from (http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref) the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+TCHAD+en+bref&rft.pub=INSEED&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseedtchad.com%2F%3FLe-TCHAD-en-bref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-3) 4  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-4) 5  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-5) 6  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-6) 7  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-7) 8  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-8) 9  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-9) 10  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EB_58-10) 11   "Chad". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . (2000)  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNHCHR_59-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNHCHR_59-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNHCHR_59-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNHCHR_59-3) 4   "(http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument) Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155418/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument) Archived 29 September 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". Human Rights Instruments. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights) (United Nations Commission on Human Rights) United Nations Commission on Human Rights . 12 December 1997.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992). "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist (Review Article)". South African Journal of Economics . 60 (4): 246– 255. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x) 10.1111/j.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2280) 0038-2280 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=S.H.+Frankel%3A+Reminiscences+of+an+Economist+%28Review+Article%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=246-255&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x&rft.issn=0038-2280&rft.au=Botha%2C+D.J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   Kperogi, F.A. (2015) Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World. Peter Lang, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-2926-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-2926-1) 978-1-4331-2926-1  , p. 59.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   "Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica . (2000).   (Chad.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs . World Bank Publications. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6) (Special:BookSources/0-8213-3321-6) 0-8213-3321-6  , p. 57  (Chad.html#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_64-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" . BioScience . 67 (6): 534– 545. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014) 10.1093/biosci/bix014  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568) 0006-3568 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) 5451287  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869) 28608869 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Chapelle, Jean (1981) Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne . Paris: L'Harmattan. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4) (Special:BookSources/2-85802-169-4) 2-85802-169-4  , pp. 10–16  (Chad.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , p. 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Bird_67-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Bird_67-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160911042144/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Chad.pdf) "Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Chad" (PDF) . Birdlife International Organization. Archived from (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Chad.pdf) the original (PDF) on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Important+Bird+Areas+in+Africa+and+associated+islands+%E2%80%93+Chad&rft.pub=Birdlife+International+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FIBAs%2FAfricaCntryPDFs%2FChad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Flora_68-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brundu, Giuseppe; Camarda, Ignazio (2013). (https://www.pensoft.net/journal_home_page.php?journal_id=3&page=article&SESID=98556166bbcb445ae7ccd99343b1434e&type=show&article_id=4752&issue_id=410&ttar=da&search=wildlife%20of%20chad&IN=&TIP=&Image100_x=-678&Image100_y=-48&) "The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis" . PhytoKeys (23). Pensoft.net: 1– 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhytK..23....1B) 2013PhytK..23....1B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fphytokeys.23.4752) 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3690977) 3690977  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23805051) 23805051 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090905/https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=1546) Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PhytoKeys&rft.atitle=The+Flora+of+Chad%3A+a+checklist+and+brief+analysis&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3690977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23805051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fphytokeys.23.4752&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhytK..23....1B&rft.aulast=Brundu&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Camarda%2C+Ignazio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pensoft.net%2Fjournal_home_page.php%3Fjournal_id%3D3%26page%3Darticle%26SESID%3D98556166bbcb445ae7ccd99343b1434e%26type%3Dshow%26article_id%3D4752%26issue_id%3D410%26ttar%3Dda%26search%3Dwildlife%2520of%2520chad%26IN%3D%26TIP%3D%26Image100_x%3D-678%26Image100_y%3D-48%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-LTQ_69-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131228215847/http://library.thinkquest.org/16645/the_land/chad_plant.shtml) "Plant and Animal Life" . The Living Africa. Archived from (http://library.thinkquest.org/16645/the_land/chad_plant.shtml) the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+and+Animal+Life&rft.pub=The+Living+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F16645%2Fthe_land%2Fchad_plant.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brito, José C.; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Sierra, Pablo; Sillero, Neftalí; Tarroso, Pedro; Fenton, Brock (25 February 2011). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445) "Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_ONE) (PLOS ONE) PLOS ONE  . 6 (2) e14734. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...614734B) 2011PLoSO...614734B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734) 10.1371/journal.pone.0014734  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045445) 3045445  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364897) 21364897 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Crocodiles+in+the+Sahara+Desert%3A+An+Update+of+Distribution%2C+Habitats+and+Population+Status+for+Conservation+Planning+in+Mauritania&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.artnum=e14734&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21364897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...614734B&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Freir%C3%ADa%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Sierra%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Sillero%2C+Neftal%C3%AD&rft.au=Tarroso%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Brock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-71) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content) Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194  . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+Definitions+FRA+2025+Forest+Resources+Assessment%2C+Working+Paper+194&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/TCD/home/overview) "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Chad" . Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2020%2C+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra-data.fao.org%2Fassessments%2Ffra%2F2020%2FTCD%2Fhome%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_73-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 5978. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G) 2020NatCo..11.5978G . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3) 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723) 2041-1723 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) 7723057  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507) 33293507 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Our_74-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Our_74-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.our-africa.org/chad/geography-wildlife) "Our Africa" . Our Africa organization. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232715/http://www.our-africa.org/chad/geography-wildlife) Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Africa&rft.pub=Our+Africa+organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.our-africa.org%2Fchad%2Fgeography-wildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103202/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/lead/themes0/drylands/chad1/en/) "Livestock-wildlife-environment interactions in Chad" . Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from (http://www.fao.org/agriculture/lead/themes0/drylands/chad1/en/) the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock-wildlife-environment+interactions+in+Chad&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fagriculture%2Flead%2Fthemes0%2Fdrylands%2Fchad1%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131017173341/http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2006/08/060830-elephants-chad.html) "African Elephants Slaughtered in Herds Near Chad Wildlife Park" . National Geographic . 30 August 2006. Archived from (http://news.nationalgeographic.co.uk/news/2006/08/060830-elephants-chad.html) the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=African+Elephants+Slaughtered+in+Herds+Near+Chad+Wildlife+Park&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2006%2F08%2F060830-elephants-chad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-NYT_77-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw) "Rangers in Isolated Central Africa Uncover Grim Cost of Protecting Wildlife" . The New York Times . 31 December 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160717201107/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/world/africa/central-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw) Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rangers+in+Isolated+Central+Africa+Uncover+Grim+Cost+of+Protecting+Wildlife&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcentral-africas-wildlife-rangers-face-deadly-risks.html%3Fadxnnl%3D1%26adxnnlx%3D1382003098-yauBx4MSdHcb4DxeUgSrUw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005?lang=en#286) "Chad 1996 (rev. 2005)" . Constitute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905081612/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2005?lang=en#286) Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Chad+1996+%28rev.+2005%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FChad_2005%3Flang%3Den%23286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-3) 4  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-4) 5  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-5) 6  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-6) 7  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-7) 8  (Chad.html#cite_ref-BGN_79-8) 9   "(https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm) Background Note: Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182200/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm) Archived 22 December 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". September 2006. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNPACP_80-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-UNPACP_80-1) 2   "(http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf) Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.ipu.org/parliament/TD/TD-LC01/) "Chad" . Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Retrieved 10 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=Inter-Parliamentary+Union+%28IPU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.ipu.org%2Fparliament%2FTD%2FTD-LC01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-HRP_82-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-HRP_82-1) 2   "(https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm) Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20191016194338/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm) Archived 16 October 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States'_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices) (United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006, 6 March 2007. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor) (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , U.S. Department of State.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-83) ↑   (https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en) "Chad" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025418/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en) Archived 13 January 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Amnesty International Report 2006 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International Publications.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-FH_84-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-FH_84-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110604102856/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf) "Chad (2006)" . Archived from (https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf) the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6939%26year%3D2006%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  . Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition . Freedom House, Inc.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm) Chad leader's victory confirmed (https://web.archive.org/web/20070331070008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm) Archived 31 March 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", BBC News, 14 May 2006.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://fragilestatesindex.org/) "Fragile States Index | The Fund for Peace" . fragilestatesindex.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140730175714/https://fragilestatesindex.org/) Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fragilestatesindex.org&rft.atitle=Fragile+States+Index+%7C+The+Fund+for+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffragilestatesindex.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi) "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International) (Transparency International) Transparency International . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130724013412/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/) Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corruption+Perceptions+Index+%28latest%29&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-tribe_88-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4907650.stm) "Isolated Deby clings to power" . BBC News. 13 April 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20070905121706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4907650.stm) Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Isolated+Deby+clings+to+power&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4907650.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-D+C_89-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Djeralar Miankeol (17 June 2017). (https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/land-conflicts-are-escalating-chad-farmers-suffering-most) "Commercialisation is destroying community rules" . D+C, development and cooperation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170815190555/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/land-conflicts-are-escalating-chad-farmers-suffering-most) Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%2BC%2C+development+and+cooperation&rft.atitle=Commercialisation+is+destroying+community+rules&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft.au=Djeralar+Miankeol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fland-conflicts-are-escalating-chad-farmers-suffering-most&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-newgovernment_90-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132204/https://news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/) "Chad President Idriss Deby killed on frontline, son to take over" . Thomas Reuters News. Reuters. 20 April 2021. Archived from (https://news.trust.org/item/20210420111727-lvy4q/) the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chad+President+Idriss+Deby+killed+on+frontline%2C+son+to+take+over&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20210420111727-lvy4q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-:0_91-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804) "Chad President Idriss Deby dies on front lines, according to an army statement" . Deutsche Welle . 20 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420110356/https://www.dw.com/en/chad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement/a-57262804) Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Chad+President+Idriss+Deby+dies+on+front+lines%2C+according+to+an+army+statement&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchad-president-idriss-deby-dies-on-front-lines-according-to-an-army-statement%2Fa-57262804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/chad-junta-accused-of-executions-torture-after-protests/) "Chad junta accused of executions, torture after protests" . www.euractiv.com . 25 October 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Chad+junta+accused+of+executions%2C+torture+after+protests&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fglobal-europe%2Fnews%2Fchad-junta-accused-of-executions-torture-after-protests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramadane, Mahamat (20 October 2022). (https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-10-20/chad-police-fire-tear-gas-at-pro-democracy-protests) "About 50 People Killed in Chad Protests, Government Says" . US News . Retrieved 12 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=About+50+People+Killed+in+Chad+Protests%2C+Government+Says&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.aulast=Ramadane&rft.aufirst=Mahamat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2022-10-20%2Fchad-police-fire-tear-gas-at-pro-democracy-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-94) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nako, Madjiasra (10 May 2024). (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mahamat-idriss-deby-declared-winner-chads-presidential-election-2024-05-09/) "Mahamat Idriss Deby declared winner of Chad's presidential election" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mahamat+Idriss+Deby+declared+winner+of+Chad%27s+presidential+election&rft.date=2024-05-10&rft.aulast=Nako&rft.aufirst=Madjiasra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmahamat-idriss-deby-declared-winner-chads-presidential-election-2024-05-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chads-deby-appoints-former-diplomat-allamaye-halina-prime-minister-2024-05-24/) "Chad's Deby appoints former diplomat Allamaye Halina as prime minister" . Reuters . 24 May 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+Deby+appoints+former+diplomat+Allamaye+Halina+as+prime+minister&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fchads-deby-appoints-former-diplomat-allamaye-halina-prime-minister-2024-05-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_96-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  V-Dem Institute (2023). (https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) "The V-Dem Dataset" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-TchadInfos_97-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://tchadinfos.com/tchad-organisation-administrative-23-provinces-95-departements-et-365-communes/) "Tchad – Organisation administrative: 23 provinces, 95 départements et 365 communes" (in French). Tchadinfos. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tchad+%E2%80%93+Organisation+administrative%3A+23+provinces%2C+95+d%C3%A9partements+et+365+communes&rft.pub=Tchadinfos&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftchadinfos.com%2Ftchad-organisation-administrative-23-provinces-95-departements-et-365-communes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-SGG_Post_98-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Le Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement du Tchad (4 July 2024). (https://www.facebook.com/sggtchad/posts/pfbid02ioNuvYwse9kLBbV9tLnTXUz7pp3hBZemmgjtL5JdxAC5Jy6j5goiKNicL4RfyMbYl) "PRÉSIDENCE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE — Ordonnance N°001/PR/2024 du 04 juillet 2024, Portant restructuration des Unités Administratives" . Facebook (in French). Retrieved 28 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=PR%C3%89SIDENCE+DE+LA+R%C3%89PUBLIQUE+%E2%80%94+Ordonnance+N%C2%B0001%2FPR%2F2024+du+04+juillet+2024%2C+Portant+restructuration+des+Unit%C3%A9s+Administratives&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.au=Le+Secr%C3%A9tariat+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+du+Gouvernement+du+Tchad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fsggtchad%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02ioNuvYwse9kLBbV9tLnTXUz7pp3hBZemmgjtL5JdxAC5Jy6j5goiKNicL4RfyMbYl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  "(http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html) Tchad (https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html) Archived 15 May 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO , Education for All.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-decentralisation_100-0) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080308024013/http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc) "La decentralisation au Tchad" . Archived from (http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc) the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+decentralisation+au+Tchad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefod.org%2FFichiers%2520web%2Fdecentralisationtchad.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-101) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roger, Benjamin; Vincent, Elise (2 February 2025). (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/02/02/chad-departure-of-the-last-french-soldiers-brings-an-end-to-a-special-relationship_6737701_124.html) "Departure of last French soldiers from Chad brings an end to a 'special relationship' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde) (Le Monde) Le Monde  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Departure+of+last+French+soldiers+from+Chad+brings+an+end+to+a+%27special+relationship%27&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fle-monde-africa%2Farticle%2F2025%2F02%2F02%2Fchad-departure-of-the-last-french-soldiers-brings-an-end-to-a-special-relationship_6737701_124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Human Rights Watch (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=6of6GZ1nUPAC&pg=PA13) Early to War: Child Soldiers in the Chad Conflict  . Human Rights Watch. pp. 13–. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+to+War%3A+Child+Soldiers+in+the+Chad+Conflict&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6of6GZ1nUPAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   Reeves, Eric (9 August 2008) (http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=28211) Victims of Genocide in Darfur: Past, Present, and Future – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan (https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233143/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=imprimable&id_article=28211) Archived 22 April 2014 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Sudan Tribune. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321) Chad rebels say to resume fight, Deby's promises unmet (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/21/us-chad-rebels-idUSBRE92K17Q20130321) Archived 24 September 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Reuters. 21 March 2013  (Chad.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://african.business/2023/08/apo-newsfeed/united-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad) "United Arab Emirates (UAE) Opens Coordination Office for Foreign Aid in Chad" . 3 August 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230804095447/https://african.business/2023/08/apo-newsfeed/united-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad) Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Arab+Emirates+%28UAE%29+Opens+Coordination+Office+for+Foreign+Aid+in+Chad&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrican.business%2F2023%2F08%2Fapo-newsfeed%2Funited-arab-emirates-uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.zawya.com/en/world/africa/uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02) "UAE opens coordination office for foreign aid in Chad" . 3 August 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230804095447/https://www.zawya.com/en/world/africa/uae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02) Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE+opens+coordination+office+for+foreign+aid+in+Chad&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fuae-opens-coordination-office-for-foreign-aid-in-chad-tndsgr02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-IISS2024_107-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS (2024). The Military Balance 2024 . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 481– 482. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7) 978-1-032-78004-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2024&rft.place=London&rft.pages=481-482&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-032-78004-7&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-IISS2023_108-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023 . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 442– 443. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-50895-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-032-50895-5) 978-1-032-50895-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.place=London&rft.pages=442-443&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-50895-5&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210929000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad) "Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2021 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 29 September 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210929000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS) "Military expenditure (% of GDP) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022456/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS) Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Military+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-INSEEDproj_111-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154146/http://www.inseedtchad.com/IMG/pdf/projections_demographiques_nationales.pdf) Projections demographiques 2009–2050 Tome 1: Niveau national (PDF) (Report) (in French). INSEED. July 2014. p. 7. Archived from (http://www.inseedtchad.com/IMG/pdf/projections_demographiques_nationales.pdf) the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Projections+demographiques+2009%E2%80%932050+Tome+1%3A+Niveau+national&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=INSEED&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseedtchad.com%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fprojections_demographiques_nationales.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Chad.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   "(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010232815/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN) Archived 10 October 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". October 2016. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank   (Chad.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   "(http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf) Chad Livelihood Profiles (https://web.archive.org/web/20120504133937/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf) Archived 4 May 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). March 2005. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development) (United States Agency for International Development) United States Agency for International Development .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf) "COMMISSION DECISION of on the financing of a Global Plan for humanitarian operations from the budget of the European Union in CHAD" (PDF) . European Commission. 2008. (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2008/chad_gp_01000_en.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMISSION+DECISION+of+on+the+financing+of+a+Global+Plan+for+humanitarian+operations+from+the+budget+of+the+European+Union+in+CHAD&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fecho%2Ffiles%2Ffunding%2Fdecisions%2F2008%2Fchad_gp_01000_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   "(http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement) Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007 (https://web.archive.org/web/20070714031528/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement) Archived 14 July 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). 8 January 2007. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/chad?dataset=POP&yearsMode=range&selectedYears=%5B2012%2C2025%5D&level=OPR&category=PTY&fundingSource=ALS&compareBy=%5B%22category%22%5D&levelCompare=%5B%5B%22OTCD_ABC%22%5D%5D&viewType=chart&chartType=bar&contextualDataset=BUD&tableDataView=absolute) "Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees+%28UNHCR%29&rft.atitle=Chad&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fcountries%2Fchad%3Fdataset%3DPOP%26yearsMode%3Drange%26selectedYears%3D%255B2012%252C2025%255D%26level%3DOPR%26category%3DPTY%26fundingSource%3DALS%26compareBy%3D%255B%2522category%2522%255D%26levelCompare%3D%255B%255B%2522OTCD_ABC%2522%255D%255D%26viewType%3Dchart%26chartType%3Dbar%26contextualDataset%3DBUD%26tableDataView%3Dabsolute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/after-two-years-war-sudanese-refugees-continue-cross-chad) "After two years of war, Sudanese refugees continue to cross into Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  . Retrieved 16 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.atitle=After+two+years+of+war%2C+Sudanese+refugees+continue+to+cross+into+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fnews%2Fstories%2Fafter-two-years-war-sudanese-refugees-continue-cross-chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   "(http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf) Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080601/http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights) (Center for Reproductive Rights) Center for Reproductive Rights . 2000  (Chad.html#cite_ref-auto_119-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-auto_119-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022216/http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22) "INSEED-TCHAD – Document" . Inseed-td.net. 24 April 2018. Archived from (http://www.inseed-td.net/index.php/blog-with-right-sidebar/document/send/7-documents-et-publications-demographique/20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22) the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSEED-TCHAD+%E2%80%93+Document&rft.pub=Inseed-td.net&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseed-td.net%2Findex.php%2Fblog-with-right-sidebar%2Fdocument%2Fsend%2F7-documents-et-publications-demographique%2F20-indicateurs-globaux-issus-du-rgph2-97-dg-94-couleur-28mp-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html) "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank" . Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Hunger+Index+%28GHI%29+%E2%80%93+peer-reviewed+annual+publication+designed+to+comprehensively+measure+and+track+hunger+at+the+global%2C+regional%2C+and+country+levels&rft.atitle=Global+Hunger+Index+Scores+by+2024+GHI+Rank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhungerindex.org%2Franking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (1 December 2016). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112) "Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 99 (6): 1316– 1324. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012) 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297) 0002-9297 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142112) 5142112  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889059) 27889059 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Chad+Genetic+Diversity+Reveals+an+African+History+Marked+by+Multiple+Holocene+Eurasian+Migrations&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1316-1324&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.10.012&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Prado-Martinez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Hallast%2C+Pille&rft.au=Saif-Ali%2C+Riyadh&rft.au=Al-Habori%2C+Molham&rft.au=Dedoussis%2C+George&rft.au=Zeggini%2C+Eleftheria&rft.au=Blue-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.au=Wells%2C+R.+Spencer&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5142112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Tchaine2024_122-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tchaïné, Dionnodji (2024). "The Survival of Franco-Arab Colonization in Chad: The Gordian Knot of Linguistic Policies". In Lianza, E. M.; Muaka, L. (eds.). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8) The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa  . pp. 575– 591. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-57308-8_27) 10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_27 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Survival+of+Franco-Arab+Colonization+in+Chad%3A+The+Gordian+Knot+of+Linguistic+Policies&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Language+Policies+in+Africa&rft.pages=575-591&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-57308-8_27&rft.aulast=Tcha%C3%AFn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Dionnodji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-57308-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Ethnologue_123-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TD/) "Chad Languages, Literacy, & Maps (TD)" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Chad+Languages%2C+Literacy%2C+%26+Maps+%28TD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTD%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Society, Amber Pariona in (1 August 2017). (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-chad.html) "What Languages Are Spoken in Chad?" . WorldAtlas . Retrieved 1 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Chad%3F&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Amber+Pariona+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-chad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/chad/education/international-schools-in-chad.htm#:~:text=The%20educational%20system%20is%20patterned,secondary%20education%20(six%20years).) "International Schools in Chad" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Schools+in+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expat-quotes.com%2Fguides%2Fchad%2Feducation%2Finternational-schools-in-chad.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520educational%2520system%2520is%2520patterned%2Csecondary%2520education%2520%28six%2520years%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Pew_Christians_126-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/) "Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country" . Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. Archived from (https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/) the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Christian+Population+as+Percentages+of+Total+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Ftable-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Pew_Muslims_127-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/) "Table: Muslim Population by Country" . Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180406100706/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/) Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ftable-muslim-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-pew128_128-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-pew128_128-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121024125551/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf) "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF) . Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. pp. 128– 129. Archived from (https://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf) the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religious+%26+Public+life&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FTopics%2FReligious_Affiliation%2FMuslim%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-:3_129-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:3_129-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:3_129-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:3_129-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c) "Religious demographics (Chad)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives) (Association of Religion Data Archives) Association of Religion Data Archives  . 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005616/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=45c) Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft.atitle=Religious+demographics+%28Chad%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D45c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_130-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_130-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_130-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-US-DoS-IRFR-2006_130-3) 4   "(https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm) Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20191223022124/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm) Archived 23 December 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". International Religious Freedom Report 2006 . 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:4_131-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-:4_131-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/chad/) "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chad" . United States Department of State . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2021+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fchad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-cia_132-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-cia_132-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-cia_132-2) 3   CIA, "Chad", 2009  (Chad.html#cite_ref-pew_133-0) ↑   (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010) Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202531/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010) Archived 16 December 2013 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . 2010.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-134) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130725192911/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/polsc325-4.1-50-Things-you-didnt-know-about-Africa.pdf) "50 Things You Didn't Know About Africa" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank  . Archived from (http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/polsc325-4.1-50-Things-you-didnt-know-about-Africa.pdf) the original (PDF) on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=50+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2Fpolsc325-4.1-50-Things-you-didnt-know-about-Africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-135) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150425132848/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/chad.htm) "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Chad" . Archived from (http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/chad.htm) the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Findings+on+the+Worst+Forms+of+Child+Labor+%E2%80%93+Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Fchad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/) "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" . Archived from (http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/) the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Goods+Produced+by+Child+Labor+or+Forced+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Flist-of-goods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_137-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)" . IMF.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 10 October 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231104151111/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Chad%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D628%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-ohada.com_138-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ohada.com/index.php) "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php) Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-139) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bush, Ray (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=347BAAAAIAAJ) Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south  . Pluto Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1960-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1960-5) 978-0-7453-1960-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+neoliberalism%3A+persistence+and+reproduction+in+the+global+south&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1960-5&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D347BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amin, Samir (1990). (https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC) Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_University_Press) (United Nations University Press) United Nations University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-931-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-931-0) 978-0-86232-931-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-931-0&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-141) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bond, Patrick (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC) Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zed_Books) (Zed Books) Zed Books . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-811-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-811-1) 978-1-84277-811-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-811-1&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-WB1_142-0) ↑   "(http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf) Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). 24 September 2002. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (Chad.html#Decalo) Decalo , p. 11  (Chad.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/chad-agricultural-sectors) "Chad - Agricultural Sectors" . International Trade Administration. Retrieved 10 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+-+Agricultural+Sectors&rft.pub=International+Trade+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fchad-agricultural-sectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080313030132/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument) Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report  , UN, 6 March 2008  (Chad.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080214062840/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SHES-7BLMXD?OpenDocument) Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs  (press release), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) UN , 7 February 2008  (Chad.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html) Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073146/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html) Archived 14 October 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post   (Chad.html#cite_ref-148) ↑   (http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad) Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK (https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131848/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad) Archived 22 April 2014 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1) "The World Bank in Chad" . The World Bank . 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220527032342/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1) Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Chad&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchad%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-150) ↑   "(http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf) Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-151) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  (http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf) Lettre d'information (https://web.archive.org/web/20071024234020/http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf) Archived 24 October 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad. N. 3. September 2004  (Chad.html#cite_ref-Geography_152-0) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwarul_Karim_Chowdhury) (Anwarul Karim Chowdhury) Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090205131921/http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf) "Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries " (PDF) . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Against+Development%3A+A+Case+for+Landlocked+Developing+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funohrlls.org%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2FPublications%2FLLDC%2F05-33151_geography_sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)  . New York: United Nations. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1) (Special:BookSources/92-1-104540-1) 92-1-104540-1    (Chad.html#cite_ref-CIA-WFB_153-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2017.zip) "Chad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2017 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2Fdownload%2Ffactbook-2017.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-CCG_154-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-CCG_154-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-CCG_154-2) 3   Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html) "Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005" . Archived from (http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html) the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce) (United States Department of Commerce) United States Department of Commerce .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EIA_155-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-EIA_155-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090113061630/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html) "Chad and Cameroon" . Archived from (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html) the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+and+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2FChad_Cameroon%2FFull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  . Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration) (Energy Information Administration) Energy Information Administration .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-OECD_156-0) ↑   "(http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf) Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). African Economic Outlook 2007 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) OECD . May 2007. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3) (Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02510-3) 978-92-64-02510-3    (Chad.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   World Bank (14 July 2006). (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html) World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction (https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html) Archived 12 October 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)     (Chad.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/) Gateway expands presence in Guinea and Senegal (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195628/http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2010/04/gateway-expands-presence-in-guinea-and-senegal/) Archived 29 October 2013 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . IT News Africa. 22 April 2010.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-159) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://techafricanews.com/2026/01/05/chad-invests-e175-million-to-expand-national-data-center-fiber-and-wireless-networks/) "Chad Invests €175 Million to Expand National Data Center, Fiber, and Wireless Networks" . TechAfrica News. 5 January 2026. Retrieved 10 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Invests+%E2%82%AC175+Million+to+Expand+National+Data+Center%2C+Fiber%2C+and+Wireless+Networks&rft.pub=TechAfrica+News&rft.date=2026-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechafricanews.com%2F2026%2F01%2F05%2Fchad-invests-e175-million-to-expand-national-data-center-fiber-and-wireless-networks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf) "NRI Overall Ranking 2014" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRI+Overall+Ranking+2014&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGITR%2F2014%2FGITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-Chad_Mobile_Market_(Q1_2008_-_Q3_2010)_161-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221211/http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm) "Chad Mobile Market (Q1 2008 – Q3 2010)" . mnodirectory.com . Archived from (http://www.mnodirectory.com/ame/Chad.htm) the original on 4 December 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mnodirectory.com&rft.atitle=Chad+Mobile+Market+%28Q1+2008+%E2%80%93+Q3+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnodirectory.com%2Fame%2FChad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-0) 1  (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-1) 2  (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-2) 3  (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-3) 4  (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-4) 5  (Chad.html#cite_ref-culture_162-5) 6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20061001212259/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf) "Chad: A Cultural Profile" (PDF) . Archived from (http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf) the original (PDF) on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 19 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad%3A+A+Cultural+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp-pc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fchad%2Fchad_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada) (Citizenship and Immigration Canada) Citizenship and Immigration Canada . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3) (Special:BookSources/0-7727-9102-3) 0-7727-9102-3    (Chad.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "(http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article236) Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) (Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance) Deprecated link archived 28 September 2013 at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today) (Archive.today) archive.today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links)  ", Tchad et Culture 214 .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures . Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2) (Special:BookSources/0-86543-757-2) 0-86543-757-2  , pp. 12, 132, 135  (Chad.html#cite_ref-165) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "(http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231) (French-language text) La musique recherche son identité  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (https://web.archive.org/web/20140422134754/http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article231) Archived 22 April 2014 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", (French-language text) Tchad et Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  214 .    (Chad.html#cite_ref-166) ↑   (https://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/radio_stations.html) Radio Stations | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20070717074012/http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/radio_stations.html) Archived 17 July 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-167) ↑   (https://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/newspapers.html) Newspapers | Embassy of the United States Ndjamena, Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20130917133353/http://ndjamena.usembassy.gov/newspapers.html) Archived 17 September 2013 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Ndjamena.usembassy.gov (25 February 2013). Retrieved on 28 September 2013.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   "Chad – 2006". Freedom Press Institute.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-169) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dawn.com/news/619502) Dawn –  Chad's only cinema dusts off its silver screen   , 9 April 2011, (https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055748/https://www.dawn.com/news/619502/) archived from the original on 7 October 2020, retrieved 8 October 2019  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+%E2%80%93+Chad%27s+only+cinema+dusts+off+its+silver+screen&rft.date=2011-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F619502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Praveen, S. r. (9 December 2017), (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad/article21352524.ece) "The Hindu The man who brought cinema to war-hit Chad " , The Hindu , (https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad/article21352524.ece/) archived from the original on 7 October 2020, retrieved 8 October 2019  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+The+man+who+brought+cinema+to+war-hit+Chad&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.aulast=Praveen&rft.aufirst=S.+r.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fthe-man-who-broughtcinema-to-war-hit-chad%2Farticle21352524.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  White, Jerry, (https://web.archive.org/web/20201007055731/https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun/) Vertigo –  Fatherlands: On Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, Africa and an Evolving Political Cinema   , archived from (https://www.closeupfilmcentre.com/vertigo_magazine/volume-3-issue-5-spring-2007/fatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun) the original on 7 October 2020, retrieved 8 October 2019  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertigo+%E2%80%93+Fatherlands%3A+On+Mahamat-Saleh+Haroun%2C+Africa+and+an+Evolving+Political+Cinema&rft.au=White%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.closeupfilmcentre.com%2Fvertigo_magazine%2Fvolume-3-issue-5-spring-2007%2Ffatherlands-on-mahamat-saleh-haroun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chang, Justin (23 May 2010). (https://variety.com/2010/film/awards/uncle-boonmee-wins-palme-d-or-1118019731/) " 'Uncle Boonmee' wins Palme d'Or" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) (Variety (magazine)) Variety  . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Uncle+Boonmee%27+wins+Palme+d%27Or&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2010%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Funcle-boonmee-wins-palme-d-or-1118019731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    (Chad.html#cite_ref-173) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "(http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915) Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: On a encore du travail à faire  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130530063045/http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915) Archived 30 May 2013 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", Tchad et Culture 256 .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-174) ↑   Young, Neil (23 March 2004) (http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html) An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father") (https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html) Archived 4 March 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . jigsawlounge.co.uk  (Chad.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm) Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm) Archived 8 April 2008 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", BBC News, 9 September 2006.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "(http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235) Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir " (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) (Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance) Deprecated link archived 28 September 2013 at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today) (Archive.today) archive.today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links)  , Tchad et Culture 214 .  (Chad.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   "(http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm) Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries (https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm) Archived 22 December 2007 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO) (FAO) FAO . 29 November – 1 December 1972.  (Chad.html#cite_ref-178) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Staff (2 July 2007). (https://web.archive.org/web/20070629234229/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html) "Chad" . FIFA, Goal Programme. Archived from (https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=cha/goalprogramme/index.html) the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad&rft.pub=FIFA%2C+Goal+Programme&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dcha%2Fgoalprogramme%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)        Sources   (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003) "(http://www.cefod.org/archives/spip.php?article235) Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir " (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.today_guidance) (Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance) Deprecated link archived 28 September 2013 at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today) (Archive.today) archive.today (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links)  , Tchad et Culture 214 . "(https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm) Background Note: Chad (https://web.archive.org/web/20191222182200/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm) Archived 22 December 2019 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". September 2006. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . (2000). Chicago: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.) (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.  "Chad, Lake". Encyclopædia Britannica . (2000). "(http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf) Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080632/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). 24 September 2002. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 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"(http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf) Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile (https://web.archive.org/web/20070614080558/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf) Archived 14 June 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  " (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070703022324/http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf) "Circonscriptions Administratives" (PDF) (in French). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Chad) (Government of Chad) Government of Chad . 3 July 2007. Archived from (http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf) the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circonscriptions+Administratives&rft.pub=Government+of+Chad&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primature-tchad.org%2FCIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))   Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004); (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20071015073734/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html) "Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005" . Archived from (http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html) the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Country+Commercial+Guide+%E2%80%93+FY+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126314e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce) (United States Department of Commerce) United States Department of Commerce . "(http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm) Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries (https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072025/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm) Archived 22 December 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO) (FAO) FAO . 29 November – 1 December 1972. (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  "(http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html) (French-language text) Tchad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (https://web.archive.org/web/20070515005634/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html) Archived 15 May 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". (French-language text) L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO , Education for All. (in French) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr))  "(https://web.archive.org/web/20110905003712/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf) (French-language text) Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   " (PDF). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crisis_Group) (International Crisis Group) International Crisis Group . 1 June 2006. Wolfe, Adam; (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070105160231/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1) "Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" . Archived from (http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1) the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instability+on+the+March+in+Sudan%2C+Chad+and+Central+African+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinr.com%2Freport.php%3Fac%3Dview_report%26report_id%3D592%26language_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad)  , PINR, 6 December 2006. World Bank (14 July 2006). (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html) World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction (https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184831/http://web.worldbank.org/wbsite/external/news/0,,contentmdk:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html) Archived 12 October 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release) (News release) Press release . (https://web.archive.org/web/20090905200753/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm) World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database  . 2006. United Nations Population Division. "(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm) Worst corruption offenders named (https://web.archive.org/web/20070901030455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm) Archived 1 September 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", BBC News, 18 November 2005. Young, Neil (August 2002); (http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html) An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father") (https://web.archive.org/web/20070304045323/http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html) Archived 4 March 2007 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   .     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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde) (Cape Verde) Cape Verde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (Chad.html) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica) (Dominica) Dominica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) (Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco) (Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe) (São Tomé and Príncipe) São Tomé and Príncipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam      National/regional members 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) Costa Rica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) (Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) (Czech Republic) Czechia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia) (Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia) (French Polynesia) French Polynesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) (Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana) (Louisiana) Louisiana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro) (Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia) (Nova Scotia) Nova Scotia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario) (Ontario) Ontario  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland) (Saarland) Saarland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia) (Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay) (Uruguay) Uruguay      Suspended members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger           Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie) Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coopération_Culturelle_et_Technique) (Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique) Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Agence universitaire de la Francophonie) Agence universitaire de la Francophonie      Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day) (UN French Language Day) UN French Language Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day) (International Francophonie Day) International Francophonie Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie) (Jeux de la Francophonie) Jeux de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie) (Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie) Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales) (Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales) AFFOI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5Monde) (TV5Monde) TV5Monde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie) (LGBT rights in La Francophonie) LGBT rights      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone_economy) (Francophone economy) Francophone economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University) (Senghor University) Senghor University      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Category         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha) (Hissein Brahim Taha) Hissein Brahim Taha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (Chad.html) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".              (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121851881) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/151207935) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061074-3) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208478) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxjqpd9Kdc6GXVtDkv73) WorldCat       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049721) United States   (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865632d) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573565) Japan   (Čad) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131640&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453071) Spain   (https://libris.kb.se/rp3545s91js3154) Sweden   (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699901405606) Poland   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548069105171) Israel   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005735824809366) Croatia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/6ce82d72-8123-3365-ab34-7b20581a34cf) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/e0fa349a-38e0-4a49-be80-96b98470e937) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/lQvgRy4L) UK Parliament       Other (Tchad) (https://www.idref.fr/026402106) IdRef   (Tchad) (https://www.idref.fr/027442454) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003471) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035839) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cad) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/00f696fe-2808-4d2e-881a-8dededd85712) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chad&params=15_N_19_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 19°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 19°E  / 15; 19     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad#%20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Central_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landlocked_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1960)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Chad)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_military_dictatorships)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1369973816) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad&oldid=1369973816 "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad) (Category:Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa) (Category:1960 establishments in Africa) 1960 establishments in Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language) (Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language) Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Central_Africa) (Category:Countries in Central Africa) Countries in Central Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa) (Category:Countries in Africa) Countries in Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language) (Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language) Countries and territories where French is an official language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landlocked_countries) (Category:Landlocked countries) Landlocked countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries) (Category:Least developed countries) Least developed countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union) (Category:Member states of the African Union) Member states of the African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Category:Member states of the United Nations) Member states of the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics) (Category:Republics) Republics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries) (Category:Saharan countries) Saharan countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1960) (Category:States and territories established in 1960) States and territories established in 1960  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Chad) (Category:1960 establishments in Chad) 1960 establishments in Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_military_dictatorships) (Category:Former military dictatorships) Former military dictatorships    Hidden categories: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) (Category:Articles with short description) Articles with short description  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) (Category:Short 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) (Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)) CS1 French-language sources (fr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text) Articles containing Arabic-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) (Category:Articles containing French-language text) Articles containing French-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) (Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters) (Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters) Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters  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