Ethiopia - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%257Cext.wikimediamessage.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Ethiopia.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Ethiopia.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ethiopia) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ethiopia) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Ethiopia.html#) (Top)   (Ethiopia.html#Names) 1 Names     (Ethiopia.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Prehistory) 2.1 Prehistory     (Ethiopia.html#Antiquity) 2.2 Antiquity     (Ethiopia.html#Middle_Ages) 2.3 Middle Ages     (Ethiopia.html#Early_Modern_Period_(1632–1855)) 2.4 Early Modern Period (1632–1855)     (Ethiopia.html#Age_of_Imperialism_(1855–1916)) 2.5 Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)     (Ethiopia.html#Haile_Selassie_I_era_(1916–1974)_and_Italian_colonial_rule_(1936-1941)) 2.6 Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)     (Ethiopia.html#Derg_era_(1974–1991)) 2.7 Derg era (1974–1991)     (Ethiopia.html#Federal_Democratic_Republic_(1991–present)) 2.8 Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)        (Ethiopia.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Climate) 3.1 Climate     (Ethiopia.html#Biodiversity) 3.2 Biodiversity       (Ethiopia.html#Government_and_politics) 4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Government) 4.1 Government     (Ethiopia.html#Politics) 4.2 Politics     (Ethiopia.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.3 Administrative divisions     (Ethiopia.html#Foreign_relations) 4.4 Foreign relations     (Ethiopia.html#Military) 4.5 Military     (Ethiopia.html#Law_enforcement) 4.6 Law enforcement       (Ethiopia.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Energy_and_hydropower) 5.1 Energy and hydropower     (Ethiopia.html#Agriculture) 5.2 Agriculture     (Ethiopia.html#Exports) 5.3 Exports     (Ethiopia.html#Transport) 5.4 Transport     (Ethiopia.html#Science_and_technology) 5.5 Science and technology       (Ethiopia.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Urbanisation) 6.1 Urbanisation   (Ethiopia.html#Rural_and_urban_life) 6.1.1 Rural and urban life       (Ethiopia.html#Languages) 6.2 Languages   (Ethiopia.html#Script) 6.2.1 Script       (Ethiopia.html#Religion) 6.3 Religion     (Ethiopia.html#Health) 6.4 Health     (Ethiopia.html#Education) 6.5 Education       (Ethiopia.html#Culture) 7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Holidays) 7.1 Holidays     (Ethiopia.html#Art_and_architecture) 7.2 Art and architecture     (Ethiopia.html#Literature) 7.3 Literature     (Ethiopia.html#Music) 7.4 Music     (Ethiopia.html#Calendar) 7.5 Calendar     (Ethiopia.html#Media) 7.6 Media     (Ethiopia.html#Cinema) 7.7 Cinema     (Ethiopia.html#Cuisine) 7.8 Cuisine     (Ethiopia.html#Sport) 7.9 Sport       (Ethiopia.html#See_also) 8 See also     (Ethiopia.html#References) 9 References    Toggle References subsection  (Ethiopia.html#Notes) 9.1 Notes     (Ethiopia.html#Citations) 9.2 Citations     (Ethiopia.html#General_sources) 9.3 General sources       (Ethiopia.html#Further_reading) 10 Further reading     (Ethiopia.html#External_links) 11 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Ethiopia    287 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0) (Ефиопиа – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5) (Эфиопие – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (featured article) (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB) (Ethiopië – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien) (Äthiopien – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB) (ኢትዮጵያ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigelhearwenaland) (Sigelhearwenaland – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7) (إثيوبيا – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%AB) (ܟܘܫ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7) (إتيوپيا – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7) (اثيوبيا – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%85%27%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (ইথিঅ'পিয়া – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa) (Etiopía – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8) (ХӀабаши – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityopia) (Ityopia – Kotava) Kotava   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiwpiya) (Itiwpiya – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya) (Efiopiya – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C) (اتیوپی – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopia) (Éthiopia – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopien) (Ethiopien – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiuop%C4%97j%C4%97) (Etiuopėjė – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopya) (Etyopya – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F) (Этыёпія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F) (Эфіопія – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsi) (Habsi – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Етиопия – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia) (Itiopia – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (ইথিওপিয়া – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D) (ཨི་ཐི་ཨོ་པི་ཡ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (ইথিওপিয়া – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8) (Эфиопи – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia) (Etiòpia – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa) (Etiopía – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8) (Эфиопи – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopiya) (Etyopiya – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A0) (ᎢᏗᎣᏈᎠ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7) (ئیتیۆپیا – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettiopia) (Ettiopia – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%C5%9Fistan) (Abeşistan – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (good article) (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie) (Etiopie – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopi%C3%B4) (Etiopiô – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B3%D1%97%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%97%EA%99%97) (Єѳїопїꙗ – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8) (Эфиопи – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Welsh) Cymraeg   (recommended article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopien) (Etiopien – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien) (Äthiopien – German) Deutsch   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopya) (Etyopya – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiska) (Etiopiska – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%99%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6) (ޙަބުޝްކަރަ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D) (ཨི་ཐི་ཡོ་པི་ཡ། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1) (Αιθιοπία – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopio) (Etiopio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa) (Etiopía – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopia) (Etioopia – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C) (اتیوپی – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoppi) (Ecoppi – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopia) (Etioopia – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopie) (Éthiopie – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tiopia) (Ètiopia – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopien) (Etioopien – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopje) (Etioopje – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aet%C3%B3ip) (An Aetóip – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopiya) (Etiyopiya – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E) (埃塞俄比亞 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tchopi) (Létchopi – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Aeti%C3%B2p) (An Aetiòp – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa) (Etiopía – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A) (اتیۊپي – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa) (Etiopía – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथिओपिया – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE) (ઇથિયોપિયા – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eetoip) (Yn Eetoip – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itofiya) (Itofiya – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAikiopia) (ʻAikiopia – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94) (אתיופיה – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथोपिया – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiska) (Etiopiska – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyopi) (Etyopi – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia) (Etiópia – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Եթովպիա – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Եթովպիա – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88) (ХӀабиш – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BE%C3%AD%C3%B3p%C3%ADa) (Eþíópía – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2) (エチオピア – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iityuopia) (Iityuopia – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/itiopias) (itiopias – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thiopia) (Éthiopia – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (ეთიოპია – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya) (Efiopiya – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityupya) (Ityupya – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habasha) (Habasha – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityopya) (Ityopya – Jju) Jju   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyoopii) (Etiyoopii – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityopya) (Ityopya – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia) (Itiopia – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8) (អេត្យូពី – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF) (ಇತಿಯೋಪಿಯ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84) (에티오피아 – Korean) 한국어   (https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8F) (Итьоппья – Komi-Permyak) Перем коми   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7) (اِتھوپیا – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya) (Etiyopya – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi) (Ethiopi – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (featured article) (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia) (Aethiopia – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopien) (Ethiopien – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itiopia) (Itiopia – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB) (Ethiopië – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia) (Etiòpia – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopi) (Etiopi – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5) (ປະເທດເອທິໂອປີ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Этиопия – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B4pia) (Etiôpia – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9) (Эфиопий – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Етиопија – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF) (എത്യോപ്യ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF) (Этиоп – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5) (ꯑꯦꯊꯤꯌꯣꯄꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B3%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B3%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC) (အဳသဳအဝ်ပဳယျာ – Mon) ဘာသာမန်   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8) (Эфиопи – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsyah) (Habsyah – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etjopja) (Etjopja – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia) (Etiópia – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (အီသီယိုးပီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80) (Эфиопия Мастор – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C) (اتیوپی – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie) (Etiopie – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien) (Äthiopien – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (इथियोपिया – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB) (Ethiopië – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (good article) (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8B%DF%97%DF%8F%DF%94%DF%8C%DF%AB) (ߋߗߏߔߌ߫ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinbijeeh_Dazhdi%C5%82idii_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Tsinbijeeh Dazhdiłidii Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopii) (Efiopii – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoophiyaa) (Itoophiyaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86) (ଇଥିଓପିଆ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8) (Эфиопи – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86) (ਇਥੋਪੀਆ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia) (Etiòpia – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7) (ایتھوپیا – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7) (ایتوپیا – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia) (Etiópia – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isubya) (Isubya – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithiyupya) (Ithiyupya – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopie) (Etiopie – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F) (Етіопія – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopiya) (Etiyopiya – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (ईथ्योपिया – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Этиопия – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F) (ᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia) (Etiòpia – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopie) (Ethiopie – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BF%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7) (ايٿوپيا – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiop%C3%AFi) (Etiopïi – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ityubya) (Ityubya – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8) (မိူင်းဢီႇတီႇယူဝ်းပီးယႃး – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80) (ඉතියෝපියාව – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia) (Etiópia – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopija) (Etiopija – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitiope) (Aitiope – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itopiya) (Itopiya – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoobiya) (Itoobiya – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Етиопија – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopikondre) (Ethiopikondre – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITopiya) (ITopiya – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84thiopien) (Äthiopien – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tiopia) (Étiopia – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopien) (Etiopien – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etjopijo) (Etjopijo – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE) (எத்தியோப்பியா – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE) (ఇథియోపియా – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2) (ประเทศเอธิโอเปีย – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB) (ኢትዮጵያ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopi%C3%BDa) (Efiopiýa – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopij%C9%99) (Efiopijə – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAti%C5%8Dpia) (ʻĪtiōpia – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Itejopija) (ma Itejopija – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya) (Etiyopya – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topiya) (Topiya – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (good article) (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Хәбәшстан – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Эфиопия – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%81%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95) (ئېفىئوپىيە – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F) (Ефіопія – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7) (ایتھوپیا – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya) (Efiopiya – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B2pia) (Etiòpia – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopii) (Efiopii – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB) (Ethiopië – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4tiop%C3%A4n) (Lätiopän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopeye) (Etiopeye – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia) (Etiopia – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoopi) (Ecoopi – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E) (埃塞俄比亞 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITopiya) (ITopiya – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (ეთიოპია – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2) (עטיאפיע – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB) (Ethiopië – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0) (ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E7%B4%A2%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E) (衣索比亞 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E) (埃塞俄比亞 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A) (埃塞俄比亚 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Itiyopiya) (I-Itiyopiya – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Ethiopia.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ethiopia) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Ethiopia.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ethiopia) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ethiopia) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&oldid=1370542401) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ethiopia&id=1370542401&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEthiopia) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ethiopia&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q115) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ethiopia) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ethiopia) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ethiopia) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopia&params=9_N_39_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9°N 39°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9°N 39°E  / 9; 39     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in East Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_(disambiguation)) (Ethiopia (disambiguation)) Ethiopia (disambiguation) . For the genus of moths, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethopia) (Ethopia) Ethopia . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This article contains several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic) (Patronymic) patronymic names rather than family names. These persons are addressed by their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name) (Given name) given name , and not by their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia) (Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia) inherited name . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Ethiopia)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English)     Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ Yäʾityop̣p̣yawi Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripäblik (in official languages)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar  (Afar-language text) (Afar-language text) Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afar-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afar-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic  (Amharic-language text) (Amharic-language text) የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)   (Ge'ez-language romanization) Yäʾityop̣p̣yawi Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripäblik    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language) (Oromo language) Oromo  (Oromo-language text) (Oromo-language text) Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Oromo-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Oromo-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali  (Somali-language text) (Somali-language text) Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya  (Tigrinya-language text) (Tigrinya-language text) ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)   (Ge'ez-language romanization) Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg) (Flag of Ethiopia) (Flag of Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia) (Flag of Ethiopia) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Ethiopia.svg) (Emblem of Ethiopia) (Emblem of Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia) (Emblem of Ethiopia) Emblem      Anthem:  (Amharic-language text) ወደፊት ገሥግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic )  ("(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Forward,_Dear_Mother_Ethiopia) (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia) March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia ")   (تونسي ‪(aeb-arab)‬)  (አማርኛ ‪(am)‬)  (Ænglisc ‪(ang)‬)  (Cebuano ‪(ceb)‬)  (Chamoru ‪(ch)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (монгол ‪(mn)‬)  (Oromoo ‪(om)‬)  (ትግርኛ ‪(ti)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopia_(Africa_orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Ethiopia_AU_Africa.svg)    Show map of Africa     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopia&params=9_1_N_38_45_E_type:city(2,700,000)_region:ET-AA) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9°1′N 38°45′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9.017°N 38.750°E  / 9.017; 38.750     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic) (Amharic) Amharic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language) (Oromo language) Oromo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Ventures-1) [ 1]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Nazret-2) [ 2]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-africanews.com-3) [ 3]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_language) (Regional language) Regional languages   (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-africa.upenn.edu-4) [ 4]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidamo_language) (Sidamo language) Sidama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_language) (Gurage language) Gurage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolaytta_language) (Wolaytta language) Welayta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari_language) (Harari language) Harari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia) (Languages of Ethiopia) Languages of Ethiopia      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2007(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CSA-5) [ 5]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]    )   34.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people) (Oromo people) Oromo  26.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people) (Amhara people) Amhara  6.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_Ethiopia) (Somalis in Ethiopia) Somali  6.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayans) (Tigrayans) Tigrayan  4.0% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_people) (Sidama people) Sidama  2.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people) (Gurage people) Gurage  2.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people) (Welayta people) Welayta  1.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_people) (Hadiya people) Hadiya  1.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people) (Afar people) Afar  1.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_people) (Gamo people) Gamo  12.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia) others      Religion (2016(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-7) [ 7]    )  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)    67.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia) (Christianity in Ethiopia) Christianity 43.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church) (Ethiopian Orthodox Church) Ethiopian Orthodoxy  22.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P'ent'ay) (P'ent'ay) P'ent'ay  0.7% other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians) (Christians) Christian       31.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia) (Islam in Ethiopia) Islam  0.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religion) (Traditional African religion) traditional faiths  0.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia) (Religion in Ethiopia) others /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) none      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians) (Ethiopians) Ethiopian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia) (Politics of Ethiopia) Government  Federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic) (Parliamentary republic) parliamentary republic (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-8) [ 8]    under an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian government(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-9) [ 9]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-10) [ 10]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia) (President of Ethiopia) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie) (Taye Atske Selassie) Taye Atske Selassie   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia) (Prime Minister of Ethiopia) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy Ahmed   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia) (Deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia) Deputy Prime Ministers   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temesgen_Tiruneh) (Temesgen Tiruneh) Temesgen Tiruneh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adem_Farah) (Adem Farah) Adem Farah   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia) (Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia) Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewodros_Mihret) (Tewodros Mihret) Tewodros Mihret     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly) (Federal Parliamentary Assembly) Federal Parliamentary Assembly   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Federation) (House of Federation) House of Federation   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peoples'_Representatives) (House of Peoples' Representatives) House of Peoples' Representatives   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia) (History of Ethiopia) Formation   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire) (Ethiopian Empire) Ethiopian Empire   1270  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint) (Zemene Mesafint) Zemene Mesafint    7 May 1769  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint#End_of_Zemene_Mesafint_era) (Zemene Mesafint) Reunification   11 February 1855  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II#Conquest_of_neighboring_states_and_defeat_of_the_Italians) (Menelik II) Centralisation   1904  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia) (Italian Ethiopia) Occupied and annexed into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa) (Italian East Africa) Italian East Africa   9 May 1936  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement) (Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement) Re-establishment of independence   31 January 1942    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia) (Geography of Ethiopia) Area    • Total  1,104,300 km2 (426,400 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 26th )  • Water (%)  0.7  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia) (Demographics of Ethiopia) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    138,902,185(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-11) [ 11]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-12) [ 12]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 10th )  • 2007 census  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    73,750,932(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]      • Density  92.7/km2 (240.1/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 123rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2024 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    US$434.44 bn (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-13) [ 13]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 55th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    US$4,050 (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-13) [ 13]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 159th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2024 estimate  • Total  (Decrease) (Decrease)    US$145.03 bn (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-13) [ 13]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 59th )  • Per capita  (Decrease) (Decrease)    US$1,350 (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.ET-13) [ 13]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 159th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2021)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     31.1(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Gini-14) [ 14]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2022)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.492(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-UNHDR-15) [ 15]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 176th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_birr) (Ethiopian birr) Birr ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) ETB )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Time) (East Africa Time) EAT )  Date format dd/mm/yyyy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ethiopia) (Telephone numbers in Ethiopia) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+251) (+251) +251   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ET) (ISO 3166-2:ET) ET   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.et) (.et) .et     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TEthiopia)   Ethiopia ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-16) [ a]    officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE ), is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) (Landlocked country) landlocked country located in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) (Horn of Africa) Horn of Africa region of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa) (East Africa) East Africa . It shares borders with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea to the north, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti to the northeast, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia to the southeast, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya to the south, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan to the west, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia covers a land area of 1,104,300  km 2 (426,400  sq  mi) .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-17) [ 16]    As of 2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , it has around 138 million inhabitants, making it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 10th-most populous country in the world and 2nd most populous country in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:10-18) [ 17]    The national capital and largest city, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa , lies several kilometres west of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Rift) (East African Rift) East African Rift that splits the country into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Plate) (African Plate) African and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Plate) (Somali Plate) Somali tectonic plates.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CIA2-19) [ 18]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human) (Early modern human) Anatomically modern humans emerged in what is now Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-20) [ 19]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-21) [ 20]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-22) [ 21]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-23) [ 22]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-24) [ 23]    In 980 BC, the Kingdom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dʿmt) (Dʿmt) D'mt extended its realm over Eritrea and the northern region of Ethiopia, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum) (Kingdom of Aksum) Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilisation in the region for 900 years. Christianity arrived to the kingdom in 330 AD,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-25) [ 24]    while Islam gained influence during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia) (Migration to Abyssinia) first Hijra in 615.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-26) [ 25]    After the collapse of Aksum in 960, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty) (Zagwe dynasty) Zagwe dynasty ruled the north-central parts of Ethiopia. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa) (Shewa) Shewan usurper, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak) (Yekuno Amlak) Yekuno Amlak , overthrew the dynasty in 1270 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ansata) (Battle of Ansata) Battle of Ansata , inaugurating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire) (Ethiopian Empire) Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty – asserting its lineage through Aksumite legitimacy by the biblical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon) (Solomon) Solomon and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba) (Queen of Sheba) Queen of Sheba , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_I) (Menelik I) Menelik I was the first emperor. Under Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I) (Amda Seyon I) Amda Seyon I (r. 1314–1344), the empire grew in prestige through territorial expansion against neighbouring Muslim territories. Later, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian–Adal_War) (Ethiopian–Adal War) Ethiopian–Adal War (1529–1543) weakened the empire and opened the way for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_expansions) (Oromo expansions) Oromo expansion . The growing influence of the Oromo at the Gondarine court ultimately contributed to the fragmentation known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint) (Zemene Mesafint) Zemene Mesafint , beginning in 1769. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia) (Emperor of Ethiopia) Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewodros_II) (Tewodros II) Tewodros II ended the Zemene Mesafint at the beginning of his reign in 1855, marking the reunification and modernisation of Ethiopia. In the late 19th century, Ethiopia repelled foreign invasions from both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy , most notably defeating an Italian invasion at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa) (Battle of Adwa) Battle of Adwa in 1896. Under Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II) (Menelik II) Menelik II , it also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II's_conquests) (Menelik II's conquests) expanded its territory , remaining independent during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa) (Scramble for Africa) Scramble for Africa and establishing its current borders. Ethiopia lost its sovereignty in 1936, when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy) (Kingdom of Italy) Italy under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) (Benito Mussolini) Benito Mussolini invaded during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War) (Second Italo-Ethiopian War) Second Italo-Ethiopian War , and following Ethiopia's defeat, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa) (Italian East Africa) Italian East Africa was established. In 1941, during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , it was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)) (East African campaign (World War II)) liberated by the British Army , and its full sovereignty was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement#Negotiating_a_new_agreement) (Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement) restored in 1944 . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg) (Derg) Derg , a Soviet-backed military junta, took power in 1974 after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d'état) (1974 Ethiopian coup d'état) deposing Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie) (Haile Selassie) Haile Selassie and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty) (Solomonic dynasty) Solomonic dynasty , and ruled the country for nearly 17 years amidst the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War) (Ethiopian Civil War) Ethiopian Civil War . Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg) (Fall of the Derg) dissolution of the Derg in 1991, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_People's_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front) (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front) Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) dominated the country with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia) (1995 Constitution of Ethiopia) new constitution and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_federalism#Ethiopia) (Ethnic federalism) ethnic-based federalism . Since then, Ethiopia has suffered from prolonged and unsolved inter-ethnic clashes and political instability marked by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarianism . From 2018, regional and ethnically based factions carried out armed attacks in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018–present)) (Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)) multiple ongoing wars throughout Ethiopia .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-BBC1120-27) [ 26]     Ethiopia is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_state) (Multinational state) multi-ethnic state with over 80 different (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia) ethnic groups . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity is the most widely professed faith in the country, with the largest denomination being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia) (Islam in Ethiopia) Islam and a small percentage of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religion) (Traditional African religion) traditional faiths . The country is a founding member of the UN, and hosts the headquarters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Commission) (African Union Commission) African Union Commission and many other global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation) (Non-governmental organisation) non-governmental organisations focused on Africa, also becoming a full member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS in 2024.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-28) [ 27]    Ethiopia is one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries but is sometimes considered an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power) (Emerging power) emerging power ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-29) [ 28]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-30) [ 29]    having the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_growth) (List of African countries by GDP growth) fastest economic growth in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) sub-Saharan African countries because of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment) (Foreign direct investment) foreign direct investment in expansion of agricultural and manufacturing industries; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia) (Agriculture in Ethiopia) agriculture is the country's largest economic sector, accounting for over 37% of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP as of 2022. Although the Ethiopian economy has experienced consistent growth, in terms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income) (Per capita income) per capita income and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) Human Development Index the country remains among the poorest in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-31) [ 30]    Ethiopia faces numerous challenges, including high rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia) (Poverty in Ethiopia) poverty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia) (Human rights in Ethiopia) human rights violations, widespread ethnic discrimination, and a literacy rate of 60%.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-32) [ 31]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-33) [ 32]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:2-34) [ 33]       Names  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia) (Aethiopia) Aethiopia  Tradition holds that the name Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ) comes from the name of the first King of Ethiopia, Ethiop, or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopis) (Ethiopis) Ethiopis . Ayele Berkerie explains:  According to an Ethiopian tradition, the term Ethiopia is derived from the word Ethiopis, a name of the Ethiopian king, the seventh in the ancestral lines. Metshafe Aksum or the Ethiopian Book of Aksum identifies Itiopis as the twelfth king of Ethiopia and the father of Aksumawi. The Ethiopians pronounce Ethiopia እትዮጵያ with a Sades or the sixth sound እ as in incorporate and the graph ጰ has no equivalent in English or Latin graphs. Ethiopis is believed to be the twelfth direct descendant of Adam. His father is identified as Kush, while his grandfather is known as Kam.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-35) [ 34]      In the 15th-century Ge'ez (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Axum) (Book of Axum) Book of Axum  , the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called Ityopp'is . He was an extra-biblical son of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cush_(Bible)) (Cush (Bible)) Cush, son of Ham , said to have founded the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum) (Axum) Axum .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Agrvt-36) [ 35]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Greek name Αἰθιοπία (from (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Αἰθίοψ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  , 'an Ethiopian') is a compound word, later explained as derived from the Greek words (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) αἴθω  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  and (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) ὤψ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  (eithō "I burn" + ōps "face"). According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek–English_Lexicon) (A Greek–English Lexicon) Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon , the designation properly translates as burnt-face in noun form and red-brown in adjectival form.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-37) [ 36]    The historian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus) (Herodotus) Herodotus used the appellation to denote those parts of Africa south of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara that were then known within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumene) (Ecumene) Ecumene (habitable world).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Herodotus1-38) [ 37]    The earliest mention of the term is found in the works of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer) (Homer) Homer , where it is used to refer to two people groups, one in Africa and one in the east from eastern Turkey to India.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-39) [ 38]    This Greek name was borrowed into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic) (Amharic) Amharic as ኢትዮጵያ, ʾĪtyōṗṗyā . In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece) (Ancient Greece) Greco -(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman epigraphs, Aethiopia was a specific toponym for ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubia .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Hatke-40) [ 39]    At least as early as (circa) c.  850 ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-41) [ 40]    the name Aethiopia also occurs in many translations of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible) (Hebrew Bible) Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in allusion to Nubia. The ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language) (Hebrew language) Hebrew texts identify Nubia instead as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Kush .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-42) [ 41]    However, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#Christian_Bible) (Bible) Christian Bible , the Greek term Aithiops does occur, referring to a servant of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandake) (Kandake) Kandake , the queen of Kush.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-43) [ 42]     Following the Hellenic and biblical traditions, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentum_Adulitanum) (Monumentum Adulitanum) Monumentum Adulitanum , a 3rd-century inscription belonging to the Aksumite Empire, indicates that Aksum's ruler governed an area that was flanked to the west by the territory of Ethiopia and Sasu. The Aksumite King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum) (Ezana of Axum) Ezana eventually conquered Nubia the following century, and the Aksumites thereafter appropriated the designation "Ethiopians" for their own kingdom. In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geʽez) (Geʽez) Ge'ez version of the Ezana inscription, Aἰθίοπες is equated with the unvocalised Ḥbšt and Ḥbśt (Ḥabashat), and denotes for the first time the highland inhabitants of Aksum. This new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) demonym was subsequently rendered as ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaean_language) (Sabaean language) Sabaic and as Ḥabasha in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Hatke-40) [ 39]    Derivatives of this are used in some languages that use loanwords from Arabic, for example in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language) (Malay language) Malay Habsyah .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)) citation needed   ]   In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was historically known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia) (Abyssinia) Abyssinia . This toponym was derived from the Latinised form of the ancient Habash .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-44) [ 43]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia) (History of Ethiopia) History of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography) (Ethiopian historiography) Ethiopian historiography  Prehistory   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   ()     This article contains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge'ez_script) (Ge'ez script) Ethiopic text . Without proper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)) (Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)) rendering support , you may see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character) (Specials (Unicode block)) question marks, boxes, or other symbols  instead of Ethiopic characters.   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia) (Prehistoric Ethiopia) Prehistoric Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herto_Man) (Herto Man) Homo sapiens idaltu  hominid skull  Several important finds have propelled Ethiopia and the surrounding region to the forefront of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology) (Paleontology) palaeontology . The oldest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae) (Hominidae) hominid discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus) (Ardipithecus) Ardipithecus ramidus  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi) (Ardi) Ardi ) found by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_D._White) (Tim D. White) Tim D. White in 1994.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-OldestHuman-45) [ 44]    The most well-known hominid discovery is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis) (Australopithecus afarensis) Australopithecus afarensis  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(hominid)) (Lucy (hominid)) Lucy ). Known locally as Dinkinesh , the specimen was found in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash_Valley) (Awash Valley) Awash Valley of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_Region) (Afar Region) Afar Region in 1974 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Johanson) (Donald Johanson) Donald Johanson , and is one of the most complete and best-preserved adult (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus) (Australopithecus) Australopithecine fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name refers to the region where the discovery was made. This hominid is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-46) [ 45]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Dinkinesh-47) [ 46]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-iho1-48) [ 47]     Ethiopia is also considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of anatomically modern humans, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human) (Human) Homo sapiens  . The oldest of these local fossil finds, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_remains) (Omo remains) Omo remains , were excavated in the southwestern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_Kibish_Formation) (Omo Kibish Formation) Omo Kibish area and have been dated to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic) (Middle Paleolithic) Middle Paleolithic , around 200,000 years ago.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Mcdougall2005-49) [ 48]    Additionally, skeletons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herto_Man) (Herto Man) Homo sapiens idaltu  were found at a site in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Awash) (Middle Awash) Middle Awash valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens , or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-50) [ 49]    Archaic Homo sapiens fossils excavated at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud) (Jebel Irhoud) Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-51) [ 50]    while Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) from southern Ethiopia is the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known (196 ± 5 kya).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-52) [ 51]     According to some anthropologists, the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages) (Afroasiatic languages) Afroasiatic -speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic era from the family's proposed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_homeland) (Afroasiatic homeland) urheimat ("original homeland") in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile Valley ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Zarins-53) [ 52]    or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East) (Near East) Near East .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Aane-54) [ 53]    The majority of scholars today propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in northeast Africa because of the higher diversity of lineages in that region, a telltale sign of linguistic origin.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Blench143144-55) [ 54]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-56) [ 55]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-57) [ 56]     In 2019, archaeologists discovered a 30,000-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age) (Middle Stone Age) Middle Stone Age rock shelter at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fincha_Habera,_Ethiopia) (Fincha Habera, Ethiopia) Fincha Habera site in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Mountains) (Bale Mountains) Bale Mountains at an elevation of 3,469  m (11,381  ft) above sea level. At this high altitude, humans are susceptible both to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxemia#Environmental_oxygen) (Hypoxemia) hypoxia and to extreme weather. According to a study published in the journal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)) (Science (journal)) Science  , this dwelling is proof of the earliest permanent human occupation at high altitude yet discovered. Thousands of animal bones, hundreds of stone tools, and ancient fireplaces were discovered, revealing a diet that featured giant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalacidae) (Spalacidae) mole rats .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-58) [ 57]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-59) [ 58]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-60) [ 59]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-61) [ 60]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-62) [ 61]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-63) [ 62]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-64) [ 63]     Evidence of some of the earliest known stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of Homo sapiens ), the stone tips of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin) (Javelin) javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gademotta) (Gademotta) Gademotta , which date to around 279,000 years ago.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-SahlePLOS1-65) [ 64]    In 2019, additional Middle Stone Age projectile weapons were found at Aduma, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Sahle-66) [ 65]      Antiquity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dʿmt) (Dʿmt) Dʿmt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum) (Kingdom of Aksum) Kingdom of Aksum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_currency) (Aksumite currency) Aksumite currency of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axumite_kings) (Axumite kings) Aksumite king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endybis) (Endybis) Endybis (227–235), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum) (British Museum) British Museum (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-67) [ b]      In 980 BC, Dʿmt was established in present-day Eritrea and the northern part of Ethiopia in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region) (Tigray Region) Tigray Region , and is widely believed to be the successor state to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt) (Land of Punt) Punt . This polity's capital was located at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeha) (Yeha) Yeha in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilisation to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaeans) (Sabaeans) Sabaean -influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-68) [ 66]     Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw_people) (Agaw people) Agaw peoples and Sabaeans from Southern Arabia. However, Ge'ez, the ancient Semitic language of Ethiopia, is thought to have developed independently from the Sabaean language. As early as 2000 BC, other Semitic speakers were living in Ethiopia and Eritrea where Ge'ez developed.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-69) [ 67]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-70) [ 68]    Sabaean influence is now thought to have been minor, limited to a few localities, and disappearing after a few decades or a century. It may have been a trading or military colony in alliance with the Ethiopian civilisation of Dʿmt or some other proto-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axumite) (Axumite) Axumite state.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-68) [ 66]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum) (Kingdom of Aksum) Empire of Axum at its peak in the 6th century  After the fall of Dʿmt during the 4th century BC, the Ethiopian plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. In the 1st century AD, the Kingdom of Aksum emerged in what is now Tigray Region and Eritrea. According to the medieval Book of Axum , the kingdom's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Agrvt-36) [ 35]    Aksum would later at times extend its rule into Yemen on the other side of the Red Sea.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-71) [ 69]    The Persian prophet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_(prophet)) (Mani (prophet)) Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his era, during the 3rd century.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-72) [ 70]    It is also believed that there was a connection between Egyptian and Ethiopian churches. There is faint evidence that the Aksumites were associated with the Queen of Sheba, via their royal inscription.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:5-73) [ 71]     Around 316 AD, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumentius) (Frumentius) Frumentius and his brother Edesius from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon) (Tyre, Lebanon) Tyre accompanied their uncle on a voyage to Ethiopia. When the vessel stopped at a Red Sea port, the natives killed all the travellers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia) (Slavery in Ethiopia) slaves . They were given positions of trust by the monarch, and they converted members of the royal court to Christianity. Frumentius became the first bishop of Aksum.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-isbn0-313-32273-2-74) [ 72]    A coin dated to 324 shows that Ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt Christianity (after Armenia did so in 301), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles; it was the first major power to do so. The Aksumites were accustomed to the Greco-Roman sphere of influence, but they embarked on significant cultural ties and trade connections between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) Indian subcontinent and the Roman Empire via the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road) (Silk Road) Silk Road , primarily exporting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_trade) (Ivory trade) ivory , tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:5-73) [ 71]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-britishmuseum.org-75) [ 73]    The country's gold production in 2015 is 9 tonnes.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-76) [ 74]      Middle Ages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages) (Ethiopia in the Middle Ages) Ethiopia in the Middle Ages  The kingdom adopted the name "Ethiopia" during the reign of Ezana in the 4th century. After the conquest of Kingdom of Kush in 330, the Aksumite territory reached its peak between the 5th and 6th centuries.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-68) [ 66]    This period was interrupted by several incursions into the South Arabian protectorate, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) (Jews) Jewish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas) (Dhu Nuwas) Dhu Nuwas of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom) (Himyarite Kingdom) Himyarite Kingdom and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite–Persian_wars) (Aksumite–Persian wars) Aksumite–Persian wars . In 575, the Aksumites (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_reconquest_of_Yemen) (Sasanian reconquest of Yemen) besieged and retook Sana'a following the assassination of its governor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Dhi_Yazan) (Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan) Sayf ibn Dhī Yazan . The Red Sea was left to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun Caliphate in 646, and the port city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulis) (Adulis) Adulis was plundered by Arab Muslims in the 8th century; along with irrevocable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradation) (Land degradation) land degradation , claimed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)) (Climate change (general concept)) climate change and sporadic rainfall precipitation from 730 to 760,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-77) [ 75]    these factors likely caused the kingdom to decline in power as part of an important trade route.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Munro-Hay57-68) [ 66]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:12-78) [ 76]    Aksum came to an end in 960 when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudit) (Gudit) Queen Gudit defeated the last king of Aksum.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-79) [ 77]    In response, the remnant of the Aksumite population shifted into the southern region and establish the Zagwe dynasty, changing its capital to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalibela) (Lalibela) Lalibela .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-80) [ 78]    Zagwe's rule ended when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people) (Amhara people) Amhara nobleman Yekuno Amlak revolted against King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetbarak) (Yetbarak) Yetbarak and established the Ethiopian Empire (known by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym) (Exonym) exonym "Abyssinia"). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biete_Medhane_Alem) (Biete Medhane Alem) Biete Medhane Alem , built during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty) (Zagwe dynasty) Zagwe dynasty in the Middle Ages  The Ethiopian Empire initiated territorial expansion under the leadership of Amda Seyon I. He launched campaigns against his Muslim adversaries to the east, resulting in a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christians for the next two centuries. After Amda Seyon's successful eastern campaigns, most of the Muslim principalities in the Horn of Africa came under the suzerainty of the Ethiopian Empire. Stretching from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojjam) (Gojjam) Gojjam to the Somali Coast in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeila) (Zeila) Zeila .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-81) [ 79]    Among these Muslim entities was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat) (Sultanate of Ifat) Sultanate of Ifat . During the reign of Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob) (Zara Yaqob) Zara Yaqob , the Ethiopian Empire reached its pinnacle. His rule was marked by the consolidation of territorial acquisitions from earlier rulers, the oversight of the construction of numerous churches and monasteries, the active promotion of literature and art, and the strengthening of central imperial authority.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-82) [ 80]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:3b-83) [ 81]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelKillion2011160-84) [ 82]    Ifat's successor, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) (Adal Sultanate) Adal Sultanate ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-85) [ 83]    tried to conquer Ethiopia during the Ethiopian–Adal War, but was ultimately defeated at the 1543 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga) (Battle of Wayna Daga) Battle of Wayna Daga .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-86) [ 84]     By the 16th century, an influx of migration by ethnic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people) (Oromo people) Oromo into northern parts of the region fragmented the empire's power. Embarking from present-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guji_Zone) (Guji Zone) Guji and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borena_Zone) (Borena Zone) Borena Zone , the Oromos were largely motivated by several folkloric conceptions—beginning with Moggaasaa (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-87) [ 85]    and Liqimssa —many of whom related to their raids. This persisted until gada of Meslé.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1997301-88) [ 86]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:8-89) [ 87]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrey) (Bahrey) Abba Bahrey , the earliest expansion occurred under Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawit_II) (Dawit II) Dawit II ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba_Melbah) (Luba Melbah) luba Melbah ), when they encroached to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia) (Bale Province, Ethiopia) Bale before invading Adal Sultanate.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Reference-90) [ 88]     During the 16th and 17th centuries, Ethiopia saw major diplomatic contact with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal , which was primarily religious in nature. Beginning in 1555,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-91) [ 89]    Portuguese Jesuits attempted to develop Roman Catholicism as the state religion. After several failures, they sent several missionaries in 1603, including the most influential, Spanish Jesuit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Páez) (Pedro Páez) Pedro Paez .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-92) [ 90]    Under Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susenyos_I) (Susenyos I) Susenyos I , Roman Catholicism became the state religion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1622.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Parfitt2019-93) [ 91]    This decision caused an uprising by the Orthodox populace.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-berndl2005-94) [ 92]       Early Modern Period (1632–1855)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondarine_period) (Gondarine period) Gondarine period and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint) (Zemene Mesafint) Zemene Mesafint  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris,_Bibliothèque_nationale_de_France,_Ethiopien_d'Abbadie_215,_folio_1r.JPEG)   A copy of 17th century philosophical and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical) (Ethical) ethical treatise by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian) (Ethiopian) Ethiopian philosopher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob) (Zara Yaqob) Zara Yaqob   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_(23869587160).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi) (Fasil Ghebbi) Fasil Ghebbi , one of the key castles of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondarine_period) (Gondarine period) Gondarine period   In 1632, Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasilides) (Fasilides) Fasilides halted Roman Catholic state administration, restoring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo) (Orthodox Tewahedo) Orthodox Tewahedo as the state religion.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Parfitt2019-93) [ 91]    Fasilides' reign solidified imperial power, relocating the capital to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar) (Gondar) Gondar in 1636, marking the beginning of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondarine_period) (Gondarine period) Gondarine period ".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-95) [ 93]    He reclaimed lands, and exiled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits) (Jesuits) Jesuits to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremona) (Fremona) Fremona . During his rule, Fasilides constructed the iconic royal fortress, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi) (Fasil Ghebbi) Fasil Ghebbi , built forty-four churches,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-96) [ 94]    and revived (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_art) (Ethiopian art) Ethiopian art . He is also credited with building seven stone bridges over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_River) (Blue Nile River) Blue Nile River .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-97) [ 95]     Gondar's power declined after the death of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyasu_I) (Iyasu I) Iyasu I in 1706. Following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyasu_II) (Iyasu II) Iyasu II 's death in 1755, Empress (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentewab) (Mentewab) Mentewab brought her brother, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_(title)) (Ras (title)) Ras Wolde Leul, to Gondar, making him Ras Bitwaded. This led to regnal conflict between Mentewab's Quaregnoch and the Wollo group led by Wubit. In 1767, Ras (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Sehul) (Mikael Sehul) Mikael Sehul , a regent in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Province) (Tigray Province) Tigray Province , seized Gondar, killing the child (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyoas_I) (Iyoas I) Iyoas I in 1769, the reigning emperor, and installed 70-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_II) (Yohannes II) Yohannes II .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-98) [ 96]     Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia witnessed the Zemene Mesafint or "Age of Princes," a period of isolation. Emperors became figureheads, controlled by regional lords and noblemen like Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolde_Selassie) (Wolde Selassie) Wolde Selassie of Tigray, and by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yejju) (Yejju) Yejju Oromo dynasty of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint#Wara_Sheh_rulers_(Yejju)_(1784–1855)) (Zemene Mesafint) Wara Sheh , including Ras (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugsa_of_Yejju) (Gugsa of Yejju) Gugsa of Yejju . Before the Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I had introduced the Oromo language (Afaan Oromo ) at court, replacing Amharic.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-99) [ 97]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-100) [ 98]       Age of Imperialism (1855–1916)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Abyssinia) (British expedition to Abyssinia) British expedition to Abyssinia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik's_Invasions) (Menelik's Invasions) Menelik's Invasions , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Ethiopian_War) (Egyptian–Ethiopian War) Egyptian–Ethiopian War , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War) (First Italo-Ethiopian War) First Italo-Ethiopian War , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) Mahdist War   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Téwodros_II_-_2.jpg)     Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855–1868) brought an end to Zemene Mesafint.   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg)     Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelik_II) (Menelik II) Menelik II defended Ethiopia's sovereignty during the age of imperialism.     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that concluded with an alliance between the two nations, but it was not until 1855 that the Amhara kingdoms of northern Ethiopia (Gondar, Gojjam, and Shewa) were briefly united after the power of the emperor was restored beginning with the reign of Tewodros II.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Middleton2015-101) [ 99]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-102) [ 100]    Tewodros II began a process of consolidation, centralisation, and state-building that would be continued by succeeding emperors. This process reduced the power of regional rulers, restructured the empire's administration, and created a professional army. These changes created the basis for establishing the effective sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ethiopian state.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-103) [ 101]    In 1875 and 1876, Ottoman and Egyptian forces, accompanied by many European and American advisors, twice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Ethiopian_War) (Egyptian–Ethiopian War) invaded Abyssinia but were initially defeated.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-104) [ 102]    From 1885 to 1889 (under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV) (Yohannes IV) Yohannes IV ), Ethiopia joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) Mahdist War allied to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) Britain , the Ottomans, and Egypt against the Sudanese Mahdist State. In 1887, Menelik II, king of Shewa, invaded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar) (Emirate of Harar) Emirate of Harar after his victory at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo) (Battle of Chelenqo) Battle of Chelenqo .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-105) [ 103]    On 10 March 1889, Yohannes IV was killed by the Sudanese Khalifah Abdullah's army whilst leading his army in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallabat) (Battle of Gallabat) Battle of Gallabat .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-106) [ 104]     Ethiopia, in roughly its current form, began under the reign of Menelik II, who was Emperor from 1889 until his death in 1913. From his base in the central province of Shewa, Menelik set out to annex territories to the south, east, and west(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ReferenceA-107) [ 105]    —areas inhabited by the Oromo, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_people) (Sidama people) Sidama , Gurage, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people) (Welayta people) Welayta , and other peoples.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-igg-108) [ 106]    He achieved this with the help of Ras (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobana_Dacche) (Gobana Dacche) Gobana Dacche 's Shewan Oromo militia, which occupied lands that had not been held since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi) (Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi) Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 's war, as well as other areas that had never been under Ethiopian rule.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-109) [ 107]     For his leadership, despite opposition from more traditional elements of society, Menelik II was heralded as a national hero. He had signed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale) (Treaty of Wuchale) Treaty of Wuchale with Italy in May 1889, by which Italy would recognise Ethiopia's sovereignty so long as Italy could control an area north of Ethiopia (now part of modern Eritrea). In return, Italy was to provide Menelik with weapons and support him as emperor. The Italians used the time between the signing of the treaty and its ratification by the Italian government to expand their territorial claims. This (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War) (First Italo-Ethiopian War) First Italo-Ethiopian War culminated in the Battle of Adwa on 1 March 1896, in which Italy's colonial forces were defeated by the Ethiopians.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-igg-108) [ 106]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-110) [ 108]    During this time, about a third of the population died in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia) (Famines in Ethiopia) Great Ethiopian Famine (1888 to 1892),(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-111) [ 109]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-112) [ 110]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic) (1890s African rinderpest epizootic) rinderpest swept through the area, destroying much of the herd economy.   Haile Selassie I era (1916–1974) and Italian colonial rule (1936-1941)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War) (Second Italo-Ethiopian War) Second Italo-Ethiopian War , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia) (Italian Ethiopia) Italian Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa) (Italian East Africa) Italian East Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea) (Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea) Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence) (Eritrean War of Independence) Eritrean War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg)   Ethiopian troops sent by the government under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie) (Haile Selassie) Emperor Haile Selassie I during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War fighting for South Korean independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie) (Haile Selassie) Emperor Haile Selassie I with U.S. president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Franklin D. Roosevelt during the end of World War II(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2026)) clarification needed   ]    The early 20th century was marked by the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari ). He came to power after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lij_Iyasu) (Lij Iyasu) Lij Iyasu was deposed, and undertook (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisation_under_Haile_Selassie) (Modernisation under Haile Selassie) a nationwide modernisation campaign from 1916 when he was made a Ras and Regent ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inderase) (Inderase) Inderase  ) for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant) (Queen regnant) Empress Regnant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zewditu) (Zewditu) Zewditu , and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. Following Zewditu's death on 2 November 1930, he succeeded her as emperor.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-113) [ 111]    In 1931, Haile Selassie endowed Ethiopia with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia) (1931 Constitution of Ethiopia) its first constitution in emulation of Imperial Japan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution) (Meiji Constitution) 1890 Constitution .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-114) [ 112]     The independence of Ethiopia was interrupted by the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, beginning when it was invaded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)) (Kingdom of Italy) Italy in early October 1935, and by subsequent Italian rule of the country (1936–1941) after Italian victory in the war.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-115) [ 113]    Italy, however, never managed to secure the country in its totality, due to resistance from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbegnoch) (Arbegnoch) Arbegnoch ; this made Ethiopia, along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia , the only African country to never be fully colonised.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-116) [ 114]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-117) [ 115]    Following the entry of Italy into World War II, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British Empire forces, together with the Arbegnoch, liberated Ethiopia in the course of the East African campaign in 1941. The country was placed under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration_(Ethiopia)) (Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)) British military administration , and then Ethiopia's full (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) (Sovereignty) sovereignty was restored with the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ethiopian_Agreement) (Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement) Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in December 1944.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-118) [ 116]     On 24 October 1945, Ethiopia became a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations . In 1952, Haile Selassie orchestrated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea) (Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea) federation with Eritrea . He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed Eritrea, resulting in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence) (Eritrean War of Independence) Eritrean War of Independence .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-119) [ 117]    Haile Selassie also played a leading role in the formation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity) (Organisation of African Unity) Organisation of African Unity (OAU).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-120) [ 118]    Opinion within Ethiopia turned against Haile Selassie, owing to the worldwide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis) (1973 oil crisis) 1973 oil crisis causing a sharp increase in gasoline prices starting on 13 February 1974, leading to student and worker protests.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-121) [ 119]    The feudal oligarchical cabinet of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold) (Aklilu Habte-Wold) Aklilu Habte-Wold was toppled, and a new government was formed with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen) (Endelkachew Makonnen) Endelkachew Makonnen serving as Prime Minister.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-122) [ 120]       Derg era (1974–1991)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution) (Ethiopian Revolution) Ethiopian Revolution , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg) (Derg) Derg , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia) (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War) (Ethiopian Civil War) Ethiopian Civil War , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)) (Red Terror (Ethiopia)) Red Terror , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983–1985_famine_in_Ethiopia) (1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia) 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam) (Mengistu Haile Mariam) Mengistu Haile Mariam was sentenced to death (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia) (Trial in absentia) in absentia  for committing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)) (Red Terror (Ethiopia)) crimes during his rule .  Haile Selassie's rule ended on 12 September 1974, when he was deposed by the Derg, a committee made up of military and police officers.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-123) [ 121]    After the execution of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Sixty) (Massacre of the Sixty) 60 former government and military officials ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-124) [ 122]    the new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Military_Administrative_Council) (Provisional Military Administrative Council) Provisional Military Administrative Council abolished the monarchy in March 1975 and established Ethiopia as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_state) (Marxist-Leninist state) Marxist-Leninist state .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-125) [ 123]    The abolition of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism) (Feudalism) feudalism , increased (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy) (Literacy) literacy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation) (Nationalisation) nationalisation , and sweeping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform) (Land reform) land reform including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlement_and_villagisation_in_Ethiopia) (Resettlement and villagisation in Ethiopia) resettlement and villagisation from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands) (Ethiopian Highlands) Ethiopian Highlands became priorities.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-126) [ 124]     After a power struggle in 1977, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam) (Mengistu Haile Mariam) Mengistu Haile Mariam gained undisputed leadership of the Derg.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-127) [ 125]    In 1977, Somalia, which had previously been receiving assistance and arms from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR) (USSR) USSR , invaded Ethiopia in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War) (Ogaden War) Ogaden War , capturing part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden) (Ogaden) Ogaden region. Ethiopia recovered it after it began receiving massive military aid from the Soviet bloc countries.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-128) [ 126]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-129) [ 127]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-130) [ 128]    By the end of the seventies, Mengistu presided over the second-largest army in all of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as a formidable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force) (Ethiopian Air Force) air force and navy. In 1976–78, up to 500,000 were killed as a result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)) (Red Terror (Ethiopia)) Red Terror ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-BBC-131) [ 129]    a violent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression) (Political repression) political repression campaign by the Derg against various opposition groups.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Black_Book2-132) [ 130]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-133) [ 131]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-134) [ 132]    In 1987, the Derg dissolved itself and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia) (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE) upon the adoption of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia) (1987 Constitution of Ethiopia) 1987 Constitution of Ethiopia .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-135) [ 133]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983–1985_famine_in_Ethiopia) (1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia) 1983–85 famine affected around 8 million people, resulting in 1 million dead. Insurrections against authoritarian rule sprang up, particularly in the northern regions of Eritrea and Tigray. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_People's_Liberation_Front) (Tigray People's Liberation Front) Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements in 1989, to form the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-136) [ 134]     The collapse of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) (Revolutions of 1989) revolutions of 1989 coincided with the Soviet Union stopping aid to Ethiopia altogether in 1990.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-137) [ 135]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-138) [ 136]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-139) [ 137]    EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa in May 1991, and Mengistu fled the country and was granted asylum in Zimbabwe.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-140) [ 138]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-141) [ 139]       Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia) (History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_border_conflict) (Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018–present)) (Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)) Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_war) (Tigray war) Tigray war , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum) (1993 Eritrean independence referendum) 1993 Eritrean independence referendum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meles_Zenawi_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2012.jpg)   Meles Zenawi, a panelist at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum on Africa 2012  In July 1991, the EPRDF convened a National Conference to establish the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_Ethiopia) (Transitional Government of Ethiopia) Transitional Government of Ethiopia composed of an 87-member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Ethiopia) (Council of Representatives of Ethiopia) Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1996121–23-142) [ 140]    In 1994, a new constitution was written that established a parliamentary republic with a bicameral legislature and a judicial system.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Constitution2-143) [ 141]     In April 1993, Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia after a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Eritrean_independence_referendum) (1993 Eritrean independence referendum) national referendum .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-144) [ 142]    In May 1998, a border dispute with Eritrea led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_War) (Eritrean–Ethiopian War) Eritrean–Ethiopian War , which lasted until June 2000 and cost both countries an estimated $1 million(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  a day.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-145) [ 143]    This had a negative effect on Ethiopia's economy, and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean–Ethiopian_border_conflict) (Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict) border conflict between the two countries would continue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Eritrea–Ethiopia_summit) (2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit) until 2018 .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-146) [ 144]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:1-147) [ 145]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia#Ethnic_violence) (Human rights in Ethiopia) Ethnic violence rose during the late 2010s and early 2020s,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-148) [ 146]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-149) [ 147]    with various clashes and conflicts leading to millions of Ethiopians being displaced.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-irinnews-150) [ 148]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-151) [ 149]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-152) [ 150]     The federal government decided that elections for 2020 (later being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ethiopian_general_election) (2021 Ethiopian general election) rescheduled to 2021 ) be cancelled, due to health and safety concerns about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia) (COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia) COVID-19 .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-153) [ 151]    The Tigray Region's TPLF opposed this, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tigray_regional_election) (2020 Tigray regional election) proceeded to hold elections anyway on 9 September 2020.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-154) [ 152]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-155) [ 153]    Relations between the federal government and Tigray deteriorated rapidly,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-156) [ 154]    and in November 2020, Ethiopia began a military offensive in Tigray in response to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Command_attacks_(Ethiopia)) (Northern Command attacks (Ethiopia)) attacks on army units stationed there, marking the beginning of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_war) (Tigray war) Tigray war .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-157) [ 155]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-158) [ 156]    By March 2022, as many as 500,000 people had died as a result of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war) (War crimes in the Tigray war) violence and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_northern_Ethiopia_(2020–present)) (Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)) famine .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-159) [ 157]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-160) [ 158]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-161) [ 159]    After a number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayan_peace_process) (Tigrayan peace process) peace and mediation proposals in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Tigray_peace_agreement) (Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement) cessation of hostilities on 2 November 2022 .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-162) [ 160]    Coupled with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLA_insurgency) (OLA insurgency) OLA insurgency , the federal government relations with Fano militias, who previously allied to the government in the Tigray War, deteriorated in mid-2023, resulting in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Amhara) (War in Amhara) war in the Amhara Region . According to reports conducted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Human_Rights_Commission) (Ethiopian Human Rights Commission) Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), mass human rights violations carried out by ENDF troops including door-to-door searches, extrajudicial killings, massacres and detentions. Notable incident includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merawi_massacre) (Merawi massacre) Merawi massacre in early 2024, which left 50 to 100 residents dead in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merawi,_Ethiopia) (Merawi, Ethiopia) Merawi town in Amhara.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-163) [ 161]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-164) [ 162]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia) (Geography of Ethiopia) Geography of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg)   Relief map of Ethiopia  At 1,104,300 square kilometres (426,372.61  sq  mi) ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-165) [ 163]    Ethiopia is the world's 26th-largest country, comparable in size to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia) (Bolivia) Bolivia . It lies between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_parallel_north) (3rd parallel north) 3rd parallel north and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_parallel_north) (15th parallel north) 15th parallel north and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_meridian_east) (33rd meridian east) 33rd meridian east and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_meridian_east) (48th meridian east) 48th meridian east . The major portion of Ethiopia lies in the Horn of Africa, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. The territories that have frontiers with Ethiopia are Eritrea to the north and then, moving in a clockwise direction, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia) (Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia) Great Rift Valley , which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe) (Steppe) steppes , or semi-desert. There is a great diversity of terrain with wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation and settlement patterns. Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical forests in the south to extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afromontane) (Afromontane) Afromontane in the northern and southwestern parts. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tana) (Lake Tana) Lake Tana in the north is the source of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile) (Blue Nile) Blue Nile . It also has many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism) (Endemism) endemic species, notably the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelada) (Gelada) gelada , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walia_ibex) (Walia ibex) walia ibex and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf) (Ethiopian wolf) Ethiopian wolf ("Simien fox"). The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, and this has helped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation. The nation is a land of geographical contrasts, ranging from the vast fertile west, with its forests and numerous rivers, to the world's hottest settlement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia) (Dallol, Ethiopia) Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are the largest continuous mountain ranges in Africa, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof_Omar_Caves) (Sof Omar Caves) Sof Omar Caves contains the largest cave on the continent. Ethiopia also has the second-largest number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa) (List of World Heritage Sites in Africa) UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-166) [ 164]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Ethiopia) (Climate of Ethiopia) Climate of Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ethiopia) (Climate change in Ethiopia) Climate change in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Köppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification of Ethiopia  The predominant climate type is tropical monsoon, with wide topographic-induced variation. The Ethiopian Highlands cover most of the country and have a climate which is generally considerably cooler than other regions at similar proximity to the Equator. Most of the country's major cities are located at elevations of around 2,000–2,500  m (6,562–8,202  ft) above sea level, including historic capitals such as Gondar and Axum. The modern capital, Addis Ababa, is situated on the foothills of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Entoto) (Mount Entoto) Mount Entoto at an elevation of around 2,400  m (7,900  ft) . It experiences a mild climate year round. With temperatures fairly uniform year round, the seasons in Addis Ababa are largely defined by rainfall: a dry season from October to February, a light rainy season from March to May, and a heavy rainy season from June to September. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1,200  mm (47  in) . There are on average seven hours of sunshine per day. The dry season is the sunniest time of the year, though even at the height of the rainy season in July and August there are still usually several hours per day of bright sunshine. The average annual temperature in Addis Ababa is 16  °C (60.8  °F) , with daily maximum temperatures averaging 20–25  °C (68.0–77.0  °F) throughout the year, and overnight lows averaging 5–10  °C (41.0–50.0  °F) . Most major cities and tourist sites in Ethiopia lie at a similar elevation to Addis Ababa and have a comparable climate. In less elevated regions, particularly the lower lying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands) (Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands) Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands in the east of Ethiopia, the climate can be significantly hotter and drier. Dallol, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danakil_Depression) (Danakil Depression) Danakil Depression in this eastern zone, has the world's highest average annual temperature of 34  °C (93.2  °F) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Nile_Falls,_Ethiopia_(51625800835).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_Falls) (Blue Nile Falls) Blue Nile Falls during winter provides over 86% of the Nile river's water, coming from melted snow in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park) (Simien Mountains National Park) Simien Mountains .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-167) [ 165]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-168) [ 166]      Ethiopia is vulnerable to many of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change) (Effects of climate change) effects of climate change . These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Misiani2020-169) [ 167]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ethiopia) (Climate change in Ethiopia) Climate change in Ethiopia threatens food security and the economy, which is agriculture based.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-170) [ 168]    Many Ethiopians have been forced to leave their homes and travel as far as the Gulf, Southern Africa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) (Europe) Europe .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-171) [ 169]     Since April 2019, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautifying_Sheger) (Beautifying Sheger) Beautifying Sheger , a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the capital city Addis Ababa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-172) [ 170]    In the following May, the government held "Dine for Sheger", a fundraising event in order to cover some of the $1 billion(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  needed through the public.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-173) [ 171]    US$25 million was raised through the expensive event, both through the cost of attending and donations.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-174) [ 172]    Two Chinese railway companies under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative between China and Ethiopia had supplied funds to develop 12 of the total 56 kilometres.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-175) [ 173]      Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia) (Wildlife of Ethiopia) Wildlife of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Ethiopia) (Environmental issues in Ethiopia) Environmental issues in Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Ethiopia) (Deforestation in Ethiopia) Deforestation in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capra_walie_87176348.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walia_ibex) (Walia ibex) Walia ibex in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park) (Simien Mountains National Park) Simien Mountains National Park , one of the national symbols of Ethiopia, found only in the north of the country  Ethiopia is a global centre of avian diversity. More than 856 bird species have been recorded in Ethiopia, twenty of which are endemic to the country.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-176) [ 174]    Sixteen species are endangered or critically endangered. Many of these birds feed on butterflies, like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclus_anynana) (Bicyclus anynana) Bicyclus anynana  .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-177) [ 175]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2021)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (A complete citation is needed. (March 2021)) full citation needed   ]   Historically, throughout the African continent, wildlife populations have rapidly declined due to logging, civil wars, pollution, poaching, and other human factors.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-178) [ 176]    A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively affected Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-179) [ 177]    Habitat destruction is a factor that leads to endangerment. When changes to a habitat occur rapidly, animals do not have time to adjust. Human impact threatens many species, with greater threats expected as a result of climate change induced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) (Greenhouse gas) greenhouse gases .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-180) [ 178]    With carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 of 6,494,000 tonnes, Ethiopia contributes just 0.02% to the annual human-caused release of greenhouse gases.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-182) [ c]     Ethiopia has 31 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic) (Endemic) endemic species of mammals.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Massicot-183) [ 180]    Ethiopia has many species listed as critically endangered and vulnerable to global extinction. The threatened species in Ethiopia can be broken down into three categories (based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN) (IUCN) IUCN ratings): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered) (Critically endangered) critically endangered , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species) (Endangered species) endangered , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species) (Vulnerable species) vulnerable .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Massicot-183) [ 180]     Ethiopia is one of the eight fundamental and independent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centres_of_origin) (Centres of origin) centres of origin for cultivated plants in the world.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-184) [ 181]    However, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation is a major concern for Ethiopia as studies suggest loss of forest contributes to soil erosion, loss of nutrients in the soil, loss of animal habitats, and reduction in biodiversity. At the beginning of the 20th century, around 420,000 km2 (or 35%) of Ethiopia's land was covered by trees, but recent research indicates that forest cover is now approximately 11.9% of the area.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-185) [ 182]    The country had a 2018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-186) [ 183]     Ethiopia loses an estimated 1,410 km2 of natural forests each year due to firewood collection, conversion to farmland, overgrazing, and use of forest wood for building material. Between 1990 and 2005 the country lost approximately 21,000 km2 of forests.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-187) [ 184]    Current government programs to control deforestation consist of education, promoting reforestation programs, and providing raw materials which are alternatives to timber. In rural areas the government also provides non-timber fuel sources and access to non-forested land to promote agriculture without destroying forest habitat.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-188) [ 185]     Organisations such as SOS and Farm Africa are working with the federal government and local governments to create a system of forest management.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-189) [ 186]       Government and politics  Government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia) (Government of Ethiopia) Government of Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Ethiopia) (Law of Ethiopia) Law of Ethiopia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ethiopia) (Judiciary of Ethiopia) Judiciary of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_and_Heads_of_State_of_Ethiopia) (Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia) Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peoples'_Representatives) (House of Peoples' Representatives) House of Peoples' Representatives is the lower house of the Ethiopian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly) (Federal Parliamentary Assembly) Federal Parliamentary Assembly .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia) (Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia) Federal Supreme Court is the highest court determining constitutionality of ordeals in the nation.  Ethiopia is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism) (Federalism) federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic) (Parliamentary republic) parliamentary republic , wherein the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia) (Prime Minister of Ethiopia) Prime Minister is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) head of government , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia) (President of Ethiopia) President is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state but with largely ceremonial powers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_power) (Executive power) Executive power is exercised by the government and federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power) (Legislative power) legislative power vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Federation) (House of Federation) House of Federation is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature with 108 seats, and the lower chamber is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peoples'_Representatives) (House of Peoples' Representatives) House of Peoples' Representatives (HoPR) with 547 seats. The House of Federation is chosen by the regional councils whereas MPs of the HoPR are elected directly, in turn, they elect the president for a six-year term and the prime minister for a 5-year term.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-190) [ 187]     The Ethiopian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Ethiopia) (Judiciary of Ethiopia) judiciary consists of a dual system with two court structures: the federal and state courts. The FDRE Constitution vested federal judicial authority to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia) (Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia) Federal Supreme Court which can overturn and review decisions of subordinate federal courts; itself has regular division assigned for fundamental (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_(law)) (Error (law)) errors of law . In addition, the Supreme Court can perform (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court) (Circuit court) circuit hearings in established five states at any states of federal levels or "area designated for its jurisdiction" if deemed "necessary for the efficient rendering of justice".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-191) [ 188]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-192) [ 189]     The Federal Supreme Proclamation granted three subject matter principles: laws, parties and place to federal court jurisdiction, first "cases arising under the Constitution, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law) (Federal law) federal laws and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_treaties) (International treaties) international treaties ", second over "parties specified by federal laws".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-193) [ 190]     On the basis of Article 78 of the 1994 Ethiopian Constitution, the judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-194) [ 191]    To ensure this, the President and Vice President of the Supreme Court are appointed by Parliament on the nomination of Prime Minister. Once elected, the executive power has no authority to remove them from office. Other judges are nominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Administration_Council) (Federal Judicial Administration Council) Federal Judicial Administration Council (FJAC) on the basis of transparent criteria and the Prime Minister's recommendation for appointment in the HoPR. In all cases, judges cannot be removed from their duty unless they retired, violated disciplinary rules, gross incompatibility, or inefficiency to unfit due to ill health. Contrary, the majority vote of HoPR have the right to sanction removal in federal judiciary level or state council in cases of state judges.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:7-195) [ 192]    In 2015, the realities of this provision were questioned in a report prepared by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-196) [ 193]      Politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie) (Taye Atske Selassie) Taye Atske Selassie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia) (President of Ethiopia) President     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia_Abiy_Ahmed_Ali_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy Ahmed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia) (Prime Minister of Ethiopia) Prime Minister       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Post-1995, Ethiopia's politics has been liberalised which promotes all-encompassing reforms to the country. Today, its economy is based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy) (Mixed economy) mixed , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy) (Market economy) market-oriented principles.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:7-195) [ 192]    Ethiopia has twelve semi-autonomous administrative regions that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)) citation needed   ]   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Ethiopian_general_election) (1995 Ethiopian general election) first multiparty election took place in May 1995, which was won by the EPRDF.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1996142-197) [ 194]    The president of the transitional government, EPRDF leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meles_Zenawi) (Meles Zenawi) Meles Zenawi , became the first Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negasso_Gidada) (Negasso Gidada) Negasso Gidada was elected its president.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-198) [ 195]    Meles' government was consistently re-elected; however, these results were heavily criticised by international observers, and denounced by the opposition as fraudulent.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FH_Ethiopia-199) [ 196]     Meles died on 20 August 2012 in Brussels, where he was being treated for an unspecified illness.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-200) [ 197]    Deputy PM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn) (Hailemariam Desalegn) Hailemariam Desalegn was appointed as a new Prime Minister until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_general_election,_2015) (Ethiopian general election, 2015) 2015 elections ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-201) [ 198]    and remained so afterwards with his party in control of every parliamentary seat.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-AJE_HD_holds-202) [ 199]    On 15 February 2018, Hailemariam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Hailemariam_Desalegn) (Resignation of Hailemariam Desalegn) resigned as PM, following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014–2016_Oromo_protests) (2014–2016 Oromo protests) years of protests and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016–2018_Ethiopian_state_of_emergency) (2016–2018 Ethiopian state of emergency) state of emergency .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Reuters1-203) [ 200]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-204) [ 201]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-205) [ 202]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy Ahmed became PM following Hailemariam's resignation. He made a historic visit to Eritrea in 2018, ending the state of conflict between the two countries,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:1-147) [ 145]    and was awarded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize in 2019.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-206) [ 203]     According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index) (Democracy Index) Democracy Index published by the United Kingdom-based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit) (Economist Intelligence Unit) Economist Intelligence Unit in late 2010, Ethiopia was an "authoritarian regime", ranking as the 118th-most democratic out of 167 countries.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-207) [ 204]    Ethiopia had dropped 13 places on the list since 2008, and the 2010 report attributed the drop to the government's crackdown on opposition activities, media, and civil society before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_general_election,_2010) (Ethiopian general election, 2010) 2010 parliamentary election , which the report argued had made Ethiopia a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant-party_system) (Dominant-party system) de facto one-party state .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-208) [ 205]     Accompanied by pervasive internal and intercommunal conflicts in the 21st century, the Ethiopian government resorted to an authoritarian structure, severing democratic and human rights.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-209) [ 206]    Freedom House, who has worked on Ethiopia since 2008, indicates that Ethiopia is "Not Free" state due to very poor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights) (Fundamental rights) fundamental rights (political and civil liberties) recorded in both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_People's_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front) (Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front) EPRDF and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_Party) (Prosperity Party) Prosperity Party regimes.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-210) [ 207]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-211) [ 208]    Under Abiy Ahmed, Ethiopia is experiencing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_Ethiopia) (Democratic backsliding in Ethiopia) democratic backsliding since 2019 marked by turbulent period of internal conflict, jailing opposition group members and limiting media freedom.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-212) [ 209]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-213) [ 210]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-214) [ 211]      Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia) (Subdivisions of Ethiopia) Subdivisions of Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia) (Regions of Ethiopia) Regions of Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia) (List of zones of Ethiopia) List of zones of Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia) (Districts of Ethiopia) Districts of Ethiopia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia) (Wards of Ethiopia) Wards of Ethiopia  Ethiopia has four levels of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division) (Administrative division) administratively divided : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia) (Regions of Ethiopia) regions , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia) (List of zones of Ethiopia) zones , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia) (Districts of Ethiopia) districts (woredas ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia) (Wards of Ethiopia) wards (kebele ).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-mula-215) [ 212]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-mappr-216) [ 213]    The country comprises 12 regions and two city administrations under these regions. The two federal-level city administrations are Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Comparison-217) [ 214]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg)   Map of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia) (Regions of Ethiopia) regions and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia) (List of zones of Ethiopia) zones of Ethiopia   Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia) (Foreign relations of Ethiopia) Foreign relations of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8,_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm,_Germany_on_June_08,_2007.jpg)   Ethiopian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia) (Prime Minister of Ethiopia) PM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meles_Zenawi) (Meles Zenawi) Meles Zenawi (bottom row, fourth from left) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8) (G8) G8 meeting in 2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Centre_and_Office_Complex) (African Union Conference Centre and Office Complex) African Union Headquarters located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa . Ethiopia is a founding member of the AU.  Ethiopia was historically a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_nation) (Trading nation) trading nation that exported goods such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold) (Gold) gold , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory) (Ivory) ivory , exotic animals, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense) (Incense) incense .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-218) [ 215]    Modern Ethiopian foreign relations began under Emperor Tewodros II, who during his reign sought to re-establish a cohesive Ethiopian state, but was thwarted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Expedition_to_Abyssinia) (1868 Expedition to Abyssinia) British expedition of 1868 .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-219) [ 216]    Since then, the country was seen as redundant by world powers until the opening of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal due to the influence of the Mahdist War.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-220) [ 217]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)) clarification needed   ]   Today, Ethiopia maintains strong relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Ethiopia_relations) (China–Ethiopia relations) China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Israel_relations) (Ethiopia–Israel relations) Israel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Mexico_relations) (Ethiopia–Mexico relations) Mexico , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Turkey_relations) (Ethiopia–Turkey relations) Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–India_relations) (Ethiopia–India relations) India as well as neighbouring countries. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism) (War on Terrorism) War on Terrorism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act) (African Growth and Opportunity Act) African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-221) [ 218]    Former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President) (U.S. President) U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama was the first incumbent U.S. president to visit Ethiopia in July 2015; the speech he gave to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union (AU) during this trip focused on combatting Islamic terrorism.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-222) [ 219]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-223) [ 220]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_from_Ethiopia) (Emigration from Ethiopia) Emigration from Ethiopia is primarily directed towards Europe, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy) (Ethiopians in Italy) Italy , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_the_United_Kingdom) (Ethiopians in the United Kingdom) United Kingdom and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Sweden) (Ethiopians in Sweden) Sweden , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadians) (Ethiopian Canadians) Canada and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians) (Ethiopian Australians) Australia , while emigration to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East is primarily to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel . Ethiopia is founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24) (Group of 24) G24 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77) (Group of 77) G77 . In 1963, the Organisation of African Unity, which later renamed itself the African Union, was founded in Addis Ababa, which today hosts the secretariat of the African Union, the African Union Commission. In addition, Ethiopia is also a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry) (Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry) Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa) (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa) United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force) (African Standby Force) African Standby Force (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-224) [ 221]    and many of global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO) (NGO) NGOs focused on Africa. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg)   PM (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy Ahmed with Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin in 2023  Ethiopia's foreign relations with both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Sudan_relations) (Ethiopia–Sudan relations) Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Ethiopia_relations) (Egypt–Ethiopia relations) Egypt are somewhat fraught owing to the effects the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam) (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project, which was escalated in 2020, would have on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_law) (Water resources law) water rights in the region.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-225) [ 222]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-226) [ 223]    Despite six upstream countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania ) signing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Basin_Initiative) (Nile Basin Initiative) Nile Basin Initiative in 2010, Egypt and Sudan rejected a water sharing treaty, citing the reduction of amount of water to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Basin) (Nile Basin) Nile Basin and the challenge it would pose to their historic connection of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_rights) (Water rights) water rights .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-227) [ 224]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-228) [ 225]    In 2020, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-229) [ 226]     Ethiopia is one of the African countries that was a founding member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) (League of Nations) League of Nations , which served as the predecessor for the UN, since 1923. UN taskforces in Ethiopia deal primarily with humanitarian issues and development. Some of its agencies(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words) (Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words) (The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2023)) which?   ]  maintain regional ties with UNECA and the AU. The UN prioritises (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development) (Sustainable development) sustainable development in Ethiopia, including fighting poverty, sustainable economic growth, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_policy) (Climate change policy) climate change policy , educational and healthcare provisions, increasing employment, and environmental protection.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-230) [ 227]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force) (Ethiopian National Defence Force) Ethiopian National Defence Force and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia) (Military history of Ethiopia) Military history of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defence_Force) (Ethiopian National Defence Force) Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) training under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia) (African Union Mission to Somalia) AMISOM , 2021  The Ethiopian army's origins and military traditions date back to the earliest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia) (History of Ethiopia) history of Ethiopia . Due to Ethiopia's location between the Middle East and Africa, it has long been in the middle of Eastern and Western politics and has been subject to foreign invasions. In 1579, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire 's attempt to expand from a coastal base at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa) (Massawa) Massawa during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh) (Ottoman conquest of Habesh) Ottoman conquest of Habesh was defeated.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-231) [ 228]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire) (Army of the Ethiopian Empire) Army of the Ethiopian Empire was also able to defeat the Egyptians in 1876 at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gura) (Battle of Gura) Gura , led by Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-232) [ 229]    Ethiopia only has 3 branches inside the military, consisting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces) (Ethiopian Ground Forces) Army , Airforce, and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy) (Ethiopian Navy) Navy although it is landlocked. With an annual budget of over $1 billion,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  it is the largest armed force in East Africa, and one of the largest in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-233) [ 230]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-234) [ 231]      Law enforcement  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia) (Law enforcement in Ethiopia) Law enforcement in Ethiopia  Ethiopia has two main federal law enforcement agencies at the federal level, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Federal_Police) (Ethiopian Federal Police) Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service_(Ethiopia)) (National Intelligence and Security Service (Ethiopia)) National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS). The NISS, serving both as a spy agency and domestic law enforcement agency, has national jurisdiction for counterterrorism, foreign-related counterespionage activities, and protecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security) (National security) national security . It also has authority over international economic crimes relating to Ethiopia as a whole.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-235) [ 232]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-236) [ 233]    It and the EFP both enforce federal laws domestically and cooperate internationally to enforce border regulations and peoples and products coming in and out in Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:0-237) [ 234]    The EFP mostly polices non-international and non-espionage crimes, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights) (Civil and political rights) civil rights matters and domestic financial crimes. At the regional level, Ethiopia has 12 regional statewide police departments and 2 federally chartered police forces, those being the Addis Ababa Police and Dire Dawa Police forces.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:32-238) [ 235]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:13-239) [ 236]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia) (Economy of Ethiopia) Economy of Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector_in_Ethiopia) (Industrial sector in Ethiopia) Industrial sector in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg)   Development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP per capita  Ethiopia registered the fastest economic growth under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Meles_Zenawi) (Premiership of Meles Zenawi) Meles Zenawi's administration .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-240) [ 237]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF) (IMF) IMF , Ethiopia was one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, registering over 10% economic growth from 2004 through 2009.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Outlook_2012-241) [ 238]    It was the fastest-growing non-oil-dependent African economy in the years 2007 and 2008.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-242) [ 239]    In 2015, the World Bank highlighted that Ethiopia had witnessed rapid economic growth with real domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.9% between 2004 and 2014.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-243) [ 240]     In 2008 and 2011, Ethiopia's growth performance and considerable development gains were challenged by high (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation) (Inflation) inflation and a difficult (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments) (Balance of payments) balance of payments situation. Inflation surged to 40% in August 2011 because of loose (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy) (Monetary policy) monetary policy , large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service) (Civil service) civil service wage increase in early 2011, and high food prices.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Ethiopia_Overview-244) [ 241]     In spite of fast growth in recent years, Ethiopia's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and the economy faces a number of serious structural problems. Based on the most recent data from 2019, 68.7% of the population is affected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index) (Multidimensional Poverty Index) multidimensional poverty and an additional 18.4% are vulnerable to it.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:2-34) [ 33]     With a focused investment in public infrastructure and industrial parks, Ethiopia is attempting to address its structural problems by becoming a hub for light manufacturing in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-245) [ 242]    In 2019 a law was passed allowing expatriate Ethiopians to invest in Ethiopia's financial service industry.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-246) [ 243]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg)   An Ethiopian logistics shipping cargo docked at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea   Article 40 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_constitution) (Ethiopian constitution) Ethiopian constitution specifies that rights to own land belong only to "the state and the people" of Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-247) [ 244]    Citizens may lease land for up to 99 years, though they are unable to mortgage or sell. Renting out land for a maximum of twenty years is allowed, and this is expected to ensure that land goes to the most productive user.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)) citation needed   ]  Land distribution and administration is considered an area where corruption is institutionalised, and facilitation payments as well as bribes are often demanded when dealing with land-related issues.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-248) [ 245]    As there is no land ownership, infrastructural projects are most often simply done without asking the land users, which then end up being displaced and without a home or land. A lot of anger and distrust sometimes result in public protests. In addition, agricultural productivity remains low, and frequent droughts still beset the country, also leading to internal displacement.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-249) [ 246]     Energy and hydropower  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia) (Energy in Ethiopia) Energy in Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Ethiopia) (List of power stations in Ethiopia) List of power stations in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GERD_3.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam) (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam constructed between 2011 and 2023, set to be the largest dam in Africa  Ethiopia has 14 major rivers flowing from its highlands, including the Nile. It has the largest water reserves in Africa. As of 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , hydroelectric plants represented around 88.2% of the total installed electricity generating capacity. The remaining electrical power was generated from fossil fuels (8.3%) and renewable sources (3.6%). The electrification rate for the total population in 2016 was 42%, with 85% coverage in urban areas and 26% coverage in rural areas. As of 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , total electricity production was 11.15 TWh and consumption was 9.062 TWh. There were 0.166 TWh of electricity exported, 0 kWh imported, and 2.784 GW of installed generating capacity.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CIA2-19) [ 18]    Ethiopia delivers roughly 81% of water volume to the Nile through the river basins of the Blue Nile, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobat_River) (Sobat River) Sobat River and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbara) (Atbara) Atbara . In 1959, Egypt and Sudan signed a bilateral treaty, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin) (Water politics in the Nile Basin) 1959 Nile Waters Agreement , which gave both countries exclusive maritime rights over the Nile waters. Ever since, Egypt has discouraged almost all projects in Ethiopia that sought to use the local Nile tributaries. This had the effect of discouraging external financing of hydropower and irrigation projects in western Ethiopia, thereby impeding water resource-based economic development projects. However, Ethiopia is in the process of constructing a large 6,450 MW hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile River. Completed in 2023, this Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is slated to be the largest hydroelectric power station in Africa.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-250) [ 247]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgel_Gibe_III_Dam) (Gilgel Gibe III Dam) Gibe III hydroelectric project is so far the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 1,870 MW. For the year 2017–18 (2010 E.C) this hydroelectric dam generated 4,900 GWh.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-251) [ 248]      Agriculture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia) (Agriculture in Ethiopia) Agriculture in Ethiopia  Agriculture constitutes around 85% of the labour force. However, the service sector represents the largest portion of the GDP.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CIA2-19) [ 18]    Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly by small-scale farmers and enterprises, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea) (Coffea) coffee , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume) (Legume) legumes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed) (Rapeseed) oilseeds , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal) (Cereal) cereals , potatoes, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane) (Sugarcane) sugarcane , and vegetables. Ethiopia is also a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_origin) (Centre of origin) Vavilov centre of diversity for domesticated crops, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum) (Ensete ventricosum) enset ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-252) [ 249]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean) (Coffee bean) coffee , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra) (Okra) okra , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teff) (Teff) teff . Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities (with the exception of gold), and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize producer.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-253) [ 250]      Exports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ethiopia) (Coffee production in Ethiopia) Coffee production in Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img07_Light_Rail_(cropped2).jpg)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Light_Rail) (Addis Ababa Light Rail) Addis Ababa Light Rail system carries over 50,000 passengers a day.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-254) [ 251]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg)     Ethiopia's biggest company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines) (Ethiopian Airlines) Ethiopian Airlines , which has an annual revenue of $6.1 billion(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  and making it the 14th biggest airlines in revenue, contributes to the country's export business.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-255) [ 252]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethio_Telecom_(25070216192).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethio_Telecom) (Ethio Telecom) Ethio Telecom is one of the country's biggest companies which generates over a billion dollars(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  annually.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-256) [ 253]         Ethiopia is often considered as the birthplace of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee) (Coffee) coffee since cultivation began in the 9th century.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:6-257) [ 254]    Exports from Ethiopia in the 2009–2010 financial year totalled US$1.4 billion.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-258) [ 255]    Ethiopia produces more coffee than any other nation on the continent.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-259) [ 256]    "Coffee provides a livelihood for close to 15 million Ethiopians, 16% of the population. Farmers in the eastern part of the country, where a warming climate is already impacting production, have struggled in recent years, and many are currently reporting largely failed harvests as a result of a prolonged drought".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-260) [ 257]     Ethiopia also has the fifth largest inventory of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_cattle) (Arado cattle) cattle .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-261) [ 258]    Other main export commodities are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khat) (Khat) khat , gold, leather products, and oilseeds. Recent development of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture) (Floriculture) floriculture sector means Ethiopia is poised to become one of the top flower and plant exporters in the world.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-262) [ 259]     Cross-border trade by pastoralists is often informal and beyond state control and regulation. In East Africa, over 95% of cross-border trade is through unofficial channels. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep, and goats from Ethiopia sold to Somalia, Djibouti, and Kenya generates an estimated total value of US$250–300 million annually (100 times more than the official figure).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ODI-263) [ 260]     This trade helps lower food prices, increase food security, relieve border tensions, and promote regional integration.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ODI-263) [ 260]    However, the unregulated and undocumented nature of this trade runs risks, such as allowing disease to spread more easily across national borders. Furthermore, the government of Ethiopia is purportedly unhappy with lost tax revenue and foreign exchange revenues.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ODI-263) [ 260]    Recent initiatives have sought to document and regulate this trade.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ODI-263) [ 260]     With the private sector growing slowly, designer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_Ethiopia) (Fashion in Ethiopia) fashion and leather products like bags are becoming a big export business, with Taytu becoming the first luxury designer label in the country.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-264) [ 261]    Additional small-scale export products include cereals, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, and hides. With the construction of various new dams and growing hydroelectric power projects around the country, Ethiopia also plans to export electric power to its neighbours.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-265) [ 262]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-266) [ 263]     Most regard Ethiopia's large water resources and potential as its "white oil" and its coffee resources as "black gold".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-267) [ 264]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-268) [ 265]      Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia) (Transport in Ethiopia) Transport in Ethiopia  Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Ethiopia: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Cape_Town_Highway) (Cairo-Cape Town Highway) Cairo-Cape Town Highway and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena-Djibouti_Highway) (N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway) N'Djamena-Djibouti Highway . Ethiopia has 926 km of electrified 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8+ 1 ⁄ 2   in ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge) (Standard gauge) standard gauge railways, 656 km for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa–Djibouti_Railway) (Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway) Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway between Addis Ababa and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Djibouti) (Port of Djibouti) Port of Djibouti (via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia) (Awash, Ethiopia) Awash )(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-269) [ 266]    and 270 km for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash–Hara_Gebeya_Railway) (Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway) Awash–Hara Gebeya Railway between Addis Ababa and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_cities) (Twin cities) twin cities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie) (Dessie) Dessie /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombolcha) (Kombolcha) Kombolcha .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-AKH-270) [ 267]     Ethiopia had 58 airports as of 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-CIA2-19) [ 18]    and 61 as of 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-271) [ 268]    Among these, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_International_Airport) (Bole International Airport) Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba_Tenna_Dejazmach_Yilma_International_Airport) (Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport) Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport in Dire Dawa accommodate international flights.  Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Ethiopia) (Science and technology in Ethiopia) Science and technology in Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_scientists) (List of Ethiopian scientists) List of Ethiopian scientists  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg)     Pathobiologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklilu_Lemma) (Aklilu Lemma) Aklilu Lemma . In 1964, he discovered an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine) (Alternative medicine) alternative treatment for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis) (Schistosomiasis) schistosomiasis , known as snail fever.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-272) [ 269]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeresenay_Alemseged_(2013-01).JPG)     Paleoanthropologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeresenay_Alemseged) (Zeresenay Alemseged) Zeresenay Alemseged (2013). He was best known for discovering the fossilised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin) (Hominin) hominin called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selam_(Australopithecus)) (Selam (Australopithecus)) Selam  or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(hominid)) (Lucy (hominid)) Lucy 's baby" in December 2000.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-273) [ 270]         Science and technology in Ethiopia are progressively emerging due to the lack of organised institutions. Manufacturing and service providers often place themselves in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_programming) (Competitive programming) competitive programming in order to advance innovative and technological solutions through in-house arenas.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)) clarification needed   ]  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute) (Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute) Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute is responsible for conducting multifaceted tasks regarding space and technology. In addition, Ethiopia also launched a 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite in December 2019. The President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahle-Work_Zewde) (Sahle-Work Zewde) Sahle-Work Zewde said that "the satellite will provide all the necessary data on changes in climate and weather-related phenomena that would be used for the country's key targets in agriculture, forestry as well as natural resources protection initiatives."(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)) citation needed   ]  Satellite manufacturing, assembling, integrating and testing had begun by January 2020. This would also incremented facility built by a French company funded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank) (European Investment Bank) European Investment Bank (EIB).(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Unclear wording, poor English (May 2026)) clarification needed   ]  The use of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoto_Observatory_Space_Science_Research_Centre) (Entoto Observatory Space Science Research Centre) Entoto Observatory Space Science Research Centre (EORC) is allocated to space programmes. The Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute is responsible for environmental and climate conservation.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-274) [ 271]    Numerous scientists have contributed to these projects, including Kitaw Ejigu, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulugeta_Bekele) (Mulugeta Bekele) Mulugeta Bekele , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklilu_Lemma) (Aklilu Lemma) Aklilu Lemma , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebisa_Ejeta) (Gebisa Ejeta) Gebisa Ejeta , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaku_Worede) (Melaku Worede) Melaku Worede . Computer scientist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timnit_Gebru) (Timnit Gebru) Timnit Gebru , named one of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time ' s most influential people in 2022, was born in Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-275) [ 272]     Ethiopia is known for the use of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine) (Traditional medicine) traditional medicine since millennia. The first epidemic that occurred in Ethiopia was in 849, causing the Aksumite Emperor Abba Yohannes to be evicted due to "God's punishment for misdeeds".(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Unclear wording, possibly bad English (June 2025)) clarification needed   ]  The first traditional medicinal remedy was claimed to be derived from this catastrophe, but the exact source is debated. Though it differs among ethnic groups, traditional medicine often implements herbs, spiritual healing, bone-setting and minor surgical procedures in treating disease.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-276) [ 273]     Ethiopia was ranked 134th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-277) [ 274]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-278) [ 275]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia) (Demographics of Ethiopia) Demographics of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians) (Ethiopians) Ethiopians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia) List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (Ethnic groups in Ethiopia) Ethnic groups in Ethiopia  Ethnic group  Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people) (Oromo people) Oromo     25.4 (34.4%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people) (Amhara people) Amhara     19.9 (27.0%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis_in_Ethiopia) (Somalis in Ethiopia) Somali     4.59 (6.2%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayans) (Tigrayans) Tigrayans     4.49 (6.1%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_people) (Sidama people) Sidama     2.95 (4.0%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people) (Gurage people) Gurage     1.86 (2.5%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people) (Welayta people) Welayta     1.68 (2.3%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people) (Afar people) Afar     1.28 (1.7%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_people) (Hadiya people) Hadiya     1.27 (1.7%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_people) (Gamo people) Gamo     1.10 (1.5%)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia) Others     9.30 (12.6%)  Population in millions according to 2007 Census(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]         Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-ciawfb-279) [ 276]    Its total population has grown substantially in recent decades, rising from 38.1 million in 1983 to 135 M in 2025.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:10-18) [ 17]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-280) [ 277]    The 2050 Ethiopia population forecast is 225 M.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-281) [ 278]    According to UN estimations in 2013, life expectancy had improved substantially over time, with male life expectancy reported to be 56 years and for women 60 years.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-auto-282) [ 279]     Ethiopia's population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromo, Amhara, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis) (Somalis) Somali and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayans) (Tigrayans) Tigrayans . According to the Ethiopian national census of 2007, the Oromo are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, at 34.4% of the nation's population. The Amhara represent 27.0% of the country's inhabitants, while Somalis and Tigrayans represent 6.2% and 6.1% of the population respectively.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]     Afroasiatic-speaking communities make up the majority of the population. Among these, Semitic speakers often collectively refer to themselves as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habesha_people) (Habesha people) Habesha people . The Arabic form of this term (al-Ḥabasha ) is the etymological basis of "Abyssinia", the former name of Ethiopia in English and other European languages.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-283) [ 280]     In 2009, Ethiopia hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 135,200. The majority of this population came from Somalia (approximately 64,300 persons), Eritrea (41,700) and Sudan (25,900). The Ethiopian government required nearly all refugees to live in refugee camps.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2009-284) [ 281]     Urbanisation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Ethiopia) (List of cities and towns in Ethiopia) List of cities and towns in Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Ethiopia) (Urbanisation in Ethiopia) Urbanisation in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AddisView.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheger_Park) (Sheger Park) Sheger Park is the largest park in the country, hosting hundreds of thousands of visitors a year since its opening.  Population growth, migration, and urbanisation are all straining both governments' and ecosystems' capacity to provide people with basic services.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-285) [ 282]    Urbanisation has steadily been increasing in Ethiopia, with two periods of significantly rapid growth. First, in 1936–1941 during the Italian occupation under Mussolini's fascist government, and then from 1967 to 1975 when the populations of urban areas tripled.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-countrystudies1991-286) [ 283]     In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia, building infrastructure to connect major cities, and a dam providing power and water.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]    This, along with the influx of Italians and labourers, was the major cause of rapid growth during this period. The second period of growth was from 1967 to 1975, when rural populations migrated to towns seeking work and better living conditions.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-countrystudies1991-286) [ 283]     This pattern slowed due to the 1975 Land Reform program instituted by the government, which provided incentives for people to stay in rural areas. As people moved from rural areas to the cities, there were fewer people to grow food for the population. The Land Reform Act was meant to increase agriculture since food production was not keeping up with population growth over the period of 1970–1983. This program encouraged the formation of peasant associations, large villages based on agriculture. The legislation did lead to an increase in food production, although there is debate over the cause; it may be related to weather conditions more than the reform.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Anderson,_Frank_1991._Pages_159-175-288) [ 285]    Urban populations have continued to grow with an 8.1% increase from 1975 to 2000.  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia) (Template:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia) (Template talk:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_or_towns_of_Ethiopia) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities or towns of Ethiopia) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Ethiopia CSA (Urban population projection values of 2016)(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-289) [ 286]        Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia) (List of cities in Ethiopia) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia) (Regions of Ethiopia) Region  Pop. Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia) (List of cities in Ethiopia) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia) (Regions of Ethiopia) Region  Pop.  1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa  3,352,000 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jijiga) (Jijiga) Jijiga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region) (Somali Region) Somali  164,321  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar) (Gondar) Gondar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region) (Amhara Region) Amhara  341,991 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashamane) (Shashamane) Shashamane  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  154,587  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mek'ele) (Mek'ele) Mek'ele  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region) (Tigray Region) Tigray  340,858 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishoftu) (Bishoftu) Bishoftu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  153,847  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama) (Adama) Adama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  338,940 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba_Minch) (Arba Minch) Arba Minch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State) (South Ethiopia Regional State) SERS  151,013  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawassa) (Hawassa) Hawassa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_Region) (Sidama Region) Sidama  318,618 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosaena) (Hosaena) Hosaena  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State) (Central Ethiopia Regional State) CERS  141,352  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahir_Dar) (Bahir Dar) Bahir Dar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region) (Amhara Region) Amhara  297,794 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar) (Harar) Harar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari_Region) (Harari Region) Harari  133,000  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawa) (Dire Dawa) Dire Dawa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawa) (Dire Dawa) Dire Dawa  285,000 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila,_Ethiopia) (Dila, Ethiopia) Dila  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State) (South Ethiopia Regional State) SERS  119,276  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolaita_Sodo) (Wolaita Sodo) Wolaita Sodo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State) (South Ethiopia Regional State) SERS  253,322 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekemte) (Nekemte) Nekemte  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  115,741  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie) (Dessie) Dessie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region) (Amhara Region) Amhara  198,428 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debre_Birhan) (Debre Birhan) Debre Birhan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region) (Amhara Region) Amhara  107,827  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimma) (Jimma) Jimma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  186,148 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asella) (Asella) Asella  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia_Region) (Oromia Region) Oromia  103,522          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_largest_cities_with_nav_class)   At least as of 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Ethiopia is one of the most rapidly urbanising countries in the world, although its population is still largely rural.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-290) [ 287]     Rural and urban life  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_flight_in_Ethiopia) (Rural flight in Ethiopia) Rural flight in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg)   Over 6 million residents live in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa , the financial epicentre of the country.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elders_at_health_worker_training_(5762508115).jpg)   A group of men gather in a rural village for health training.  Migration to urban areas is usually motivated by the hope of better lives. In peasant associations, daily life is a struggle to survive. About 16% of the population in Ethiopia lives on less than one dollar(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Clarify which dollar currency (June 2026)) clarification needed   ]  per day (2008). Only 65% of rural households in Ethiopia consume the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization 's (WHO's) minimum standard of food per day (2,200 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie) (Calorie) kcal ), with 42% of children under five years old being underweight.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]     Most poor families (75%) share their sleeping quarters with livestock, and 40% of children sleep on the floor, where nighttime temperatures average 5 degrees Celsius in the cold season.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]    The average family size is six or seven, living in a 30 square metre mud and thatch hut, with less than two hectares of land to cultivate.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]     The peasant associations face a cycle of poverty. Since the landholdings are so small, farmers cannot allow the land to lie fallow, which reduces soil fertility.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]    This land degradation reduces the production of fodder for livestock, which causes low milk yields.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]    Since the community burns livestock manure as fuel, rather than plowing the nutrients back into the land, the crop production is reduced.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]    The low productivity of agriculture leads to inadequate incomes for farmers, hunger, malnutrition and disease. These unhealthy farmers have difficulty working the land and the productivity drops further.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Crawley-291) [ 288]     Although conditions are drastically better in cities, all of Ethiopia suffers from poverty and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia) (Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia) poor sanitation . However, poverty in Ethiopia fell from 44% to 29.6% during 2000–2011, according to the World Bank.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-292) [ 289]    In the capital city of Addis Ababa, 55% of the population used to live in slums.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]    However, a construction boom in both the private and the public sector has led to a dramatic improvement in living standards in major cities, particularly in Addis Ababa. Notably, government-built condominium housing complexes have sprung up throughout the city, benefiting close to 600,000 individuals.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-293) [ 290]    Sanitation is the most pressing need in the city, with most of the population lacking access to waste treatment facilities. This contributes to the spread of illness through unhealthy water.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]     Despite the urban living conditions, residents of Addis Ababa are more financially secure than those living in peasant associations, owing to their increased educational and economic opportunities. Unlike rural children, 69% of urban children are enrolled in primary school, and 35% are eligible to attend secondary school.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2016)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)) clarification needed   ]  (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]    Addis Ababa has its own (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University) (Addis Ababa University) university as well as its own (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school) (Secondary school) secondary schools . The literacy rate in Addis Ababa is 82% as of 2008.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]     Many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO) (NGO) NGOs are working to solve this problem; however, most are far apart, uncoordinated, and working in isolation. The Sub-Saharan Africa NGO Consortium is attempting to coordinate efforts.   Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia) (Languages of Ethiopia) Languages of Ethiopia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia) (Languages of Ethiopia) Languages of Ethiopia as of 2007(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2007)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  Census:(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language) (Oromo language) Oromo (33.8%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic) (Amharic) Amharic (29.3%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali (6.20%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya (5.90%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidamo_language) (Sidamo language) Sidamo (4.00%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolaytta_language) (Wolaytta language) Wolaytta (2.20%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_languages) (Gurage languages) Gurage (2.00%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar (1.70%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiyya_language) (Hadiyya language) Hadiyya (1.70%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo-Gofa-Dawro_language) (Gamo-Gofa-Dawro language) Gamo (1.50%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia#Overview) (Languages of Ethiopia) Other languages (11.7%)    (Oromo (33.8%))  (Oromo (33.8%))  (Amharic (29.3%))  (Amharic (29.3%))  (Somali (6.20%))  (Somali (6.20%))  (Tigrinya (5.90%))  (Tigrinya (5.90%))  (Sidamo (4.00%))  (Wolaytta (2.20%))  (Gurage (2.00%))  (Afar (1.70%))  (Hadiyya (1.70%))  (Gamo (1.50%))  (Other languages (11.7%))  (Other languages (11.7%))       According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog) (Glottolog) Glottolog , there are 109 languages spoken in Ethiopia, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue) (Ethnologue) Ethnologue  lists 90 individual languages spoken in the country.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-294) [ 291]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Ethnologue-295) [ 292]    Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages) (Cushitic languages) Cushitic or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages) (Semitic languages) Semitic branches. The former includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language) (Oromo language) Oromo language , spoken by the Oromo, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali , spoken by the Somalis; the latter includes Amharic, spoken by the Amhara, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya , spoken by the Tigrayans. Together, these four groups make up about three-quarters of Ethiopia's population. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidamo_language) (Sidamo language) Sidamo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiyya_language) (Hadiyya language) Hadiyya and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw_languages) (Agaw languages) Agaw languages , as well as the Semitic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_languages) (Gurage languages) Gurage languages , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari_language) (Harari language) Harari , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt'e_language) (Silt'e language) Silt'e , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_language) (Argobba language) Argobba languages.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]    Arabic, which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is likewise spoken in some areas.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-296) [ 293]     English is the most widely spoken foreign language, the medium of instruction in secondary schools and all tertiary education; federal laws are also published in British English in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Negarit_Gazeta) (Federal Negarit Gazeta) Federal Negarit Gazeta including the 1995 constitution.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-FDRE-297) [ 294]     Amharic was once the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromo, Somali or Tigrinya.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Llicuv-298) [ 295]    All languages enjoy equal state recognition in the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Constitution2-143) [ 141]     Script  Ethiopia's principal orthography is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge'ez_script) (Ge'ez script) Ge'ez script . Employed as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida) (Abugida) abugida for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the 6th and 5th centuries BC as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad) (Abjad) abjad to transcribe the Semitic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge'ez_language) (Ge'ez language) Ge'ez language .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-299) [ 296]    Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of both the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Ethiopian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. During the 1980s, the Ethiopic character set was computerised. It is today part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode) (Unicode) Unicode standard as Ethiopic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended) (Ethiopic Extended) Ethiopic Extended , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic_Supplement) (Ethiopic Supplement) Ethiopic Supplement , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic_Extended-A) (Ethiopic Extended-A) Ethiopic Extended-A . Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system) (Writing system) writing systems have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakri_Sapalo) (Bakri Sapalo) Bakri Sapalo 's script for Oromo.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-HH-551-300) [ 297]       Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia) (Religion in Ethiopia) Religion in Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1290014865)   Religions in Ethiopia ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobarometer) (Afrobarometer) Afrobarometer 2023 survey):(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:afrobarometer-301) [ 298]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity) (Eastern Christianity) Orthodox (40.1%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant) (Protestant) Protestant (22.1%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic) (Catholic) Catholic (0.50%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim) (Muslim) Muslim (36.9%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion) (African Traditional Religion) Ethnic Religion (0.20%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) None (0.10%)   Other (0.10%)    (Orthodox (40.1%))  (Orthodox (40.1%))  (Protestant (22.1%))  (Protestant (22.1%))  (Catholic (0.50%))  (Muslim (36.9%))  (Muslim (36.9%))  (Ethnic Religion (0.20%))  (None (0.10%))  (Other (0.10%))       According to the 2007 National Census, Christians make up 62.8% of the country's population, Muslims 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-2007Census-6) [ 6]    The ratio of the Christian to Muslim population has largely remained stable when compared to previous censuses.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-bx-302) [ 299]    Sunnis form the majority of Muslims with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim) (Non-denominational Muslim) non-denominational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia are a minority. Sunnis are largely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi'i) (Shafi'i) Shafi'is or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement) (Salafi movement) Salafis ; there are also many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufis there.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-303) [ 300]     Ethiopia has close historical ties with all three of the world's major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions) (Abrahamic religions) Abrahamic religions . In the 4th century, the Ethiopian empire was one of the first in the world to officially adopt Christianity as the state religion. As a result of the resolutions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon) (Council of Chalcedon) Council of Chalcedon , in 451 the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaphysitism) (Miaphysitism) Miaphysites , which included the vast majority of Christians in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt and Ethiopia, were accused of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophysitism) (Monophysitism) monophysitism and designated as heretics under the common name of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) Coptic Christianity .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-304) [ d]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-first_seven-305) [ 301]     The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy) (Oriental Orthodoxy) Oriental Orthodoxy . It is by far the largest Christian denomination, although a number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P'ent'ay) (P'ent'ay) P'ent'ay ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism) (Protestantism) Protestant ) churches have recently gained ground. Since 1930, a relatively  small (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church) (Ethiopian Catholic Church) Ethiopian Catholic Church has existed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_communion) (Full communion) full communion with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-bx-302) [ 299]     Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the founding of the religion in 622 when a group of Muslims were counselled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad to escape persecution in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca . The disciples subsequently (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrated_to_Abyssinia) (Migrated to Abyssinia) migrated to Abyssinia via modern-day Eritrea, which was at the time ruled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashama_ibn-Abjar) (Ashama ibn-Abjar) Ashama ibn-Abjar , a pious Christian emperor.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Ofcansky-306) [ 302]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia) (Health in Ethiopia) Health in Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia) (Healthcare in Ethiopia) Healthcare in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg)   Declining child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia since 1950  Only a minority of Ethiopians are born in hospitals, while most are born in rural households. Those who are expected to give birth at home have elderly women serve as midwives who assist with the delivery.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-307) [ 303]    The WHO estimates that "a majority of maternal fatalities and disabilities could be prevented if deliveries were to take place at well-equipped health centres, with adequately trained staff".(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-308) [ 304]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate) (Birth rate) Birth rates , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate) (Infant mortality rate) infant mortality rates , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate) (Death rate) death rates are lower in cities than in rural areas due to better access to education, medicines, and hospitals.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Accessed_15_May_2008-287) [ 284]    Life expectancy is better in cities compared to rural areas, but there have been significant improvements witnessed throughout the country as of 2016, the average Ethiopian living to be 62.2 years old, according to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP) (UNDP) UNDP report.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-309) [ 305]    Despite sanitation being a problem, use of improved water sources is also on the rise; 81% in cities compared to 11% in rural areas. Ethiopia's main health problems are said to be communicable (contagious) diseases worsened by poor sanitation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition) (Malnutrition) malnutrition . Over 58 M people (nearly half the population) do not have access to clean water as of 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-310) [ 306]    These problems are exacerbated by the shortage of trained doctors and nurses and health facilities.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-311) [ 307]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organisation) (World Health Organisation) WHO 's 2006 World Health Report gives a figure of 1,936 physicians (for 2003), which comes to about 2.6 per 100,000.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-312) [ 308]     The National Mental Health Strategy, published in 2012, introduced the development of policy designed to improve mental health care in Ethiopia. This strategy mandated that mental health be integrated into the primary health care system.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-313) [ 309]    However, the success of the National Mental Health Strategy has been limited. For example, the burden of depression is estimated to have increased 34.2% from 2007 to 2017.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-314) [ 310]    Furthermore, the prevalence of stigmatising attitudes, inadequate leadership and co-ordination of efforts, as well as a lack of mental health awareness in the general population, all remain as obstacles to successful mental health care.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-315) [ 311]     In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Ethiopia ranks 102nd out of 127 countries and has a score of 26.2, which indicates a serious level of hunger.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-316) [ 312]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia) (Education in Ethiopia) Education in Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ethiopia) (Higher education in Ethiopia) Higher education in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parco_dell'università_di_addis_abeba,_09.jpg)   Entrance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University) (Addis Ababa University) Addis Ababa University   The current system follows school expansion schemes which are very similar to the system in the rural areas during the 1980s, with an addition of deeper regionalisation, providing rural education in students' own languages starting at the elementary level, and with more budgetary financing allocated to the education sector. Public education is free at primary levels and usually offers between age 7 and 12. The sequence of general education in Ethiopia is six years of primary school, then four years of lower secondary school followed by two years of higher secondary school.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-317) [ 313]     Ethiopian education is governed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ethiopia)) (Ministry of Education (Ethiopia)) Ministry of Education and uses a 4+4+2+2 system; elementary education consists of eight years, divided into two cycles of four years, and four years of secondary education, divided into two stages of two years.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-318) [ 314]    National exams are conducted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Educational_Assessment_and_Examination_Agency) (National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency) National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency (NEAEA). Since 2018, there are two national exams: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_General_Secondary_Education_Certificate_Examination) (Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination) Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE), also known as the Grade 10 national exam, and the Grade 12 national exam.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-319) [ 315]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_Museum_of_Art_and_Science) (Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science) Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science showcases the country's newest innovations.  As of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , there are 83 universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 higher education institutions. Foreign students constitute 16,305 in higher education level. The overall number of tertiary students in both public and private institutions exploded by more than 2,000%, from 34,000 in 1991 to 757,000 in 2014, per UIS data.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-stategov-320) [ 316]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-321) [ 317]    Access to education in Ethiopia has improved significantly. Approximately three million people were enrolled in primary school in 1994–95, but by 2008–09, primary enrolment had risen to 15.5 million – an increase of over 500%.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-322) [ 318]    In 2013–14, there was a significant boost in gross enrolment across all regions.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-323) [ 319]    The national GER was 104.8% for boys, 97.8% for girls and 101.3% across both sexes.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-324) [ 320]     The literacy rate has increased in recent years: according to the 1994 census, the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 23.4%.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Ethnologue-295) [ 292]    In 2007 it was estimated to be 39% (male 49.1% and female 28.9%).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-325) [ 321]    A report by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP) (UNDP) UNDP in 2011 showed that the literacy rate in Ethiopia was 46.7%. The same report also indicated that the female literacy rate had increased from 27 to 39% from 2004 to 2011, and the male literacy rate had increased from 49 to 59% over the same period for persons 10 years and older.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-326) [ 322]    By 2015, the literacy rate had further increased, to 49.1% (57.2% male and 41.1% female).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-327) [ 323]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia) (Culture of Ethiopia) Culture of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_(25052967317).jpg)   Cultural performance in Addis Ababa  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia) (Culture of Ethiopia) culture of Ethiopia is diverse, formed by the interaction of Semitic, Cushitic and less populous Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples since the first millennium BCE. The dominant Semitic-speaking groups, such as the Tigrayans, Amharas and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people) (Gurage people) Gurage , are distinguished by their feudal traditions, hierarchical structure and agrarian life. This is rooted partly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia) (South Arabia) South Arabian culture as a result of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_migration) (Return migration) return migration , while the southern Cushitic (Oromo and Somali) are strong adherents to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism) (Egalitarianism) egalitarianism and pastoral life. Other traditions from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafficho_people) (Kafficho people) Kafficho , Sidamo, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people) (Afar people) Afar peoples are also present.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-328) [ 324]     Holidays  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia) (Public holidays in Ethiopia) Public holidays in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_"Adey_Abeba"_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg)   The Ethiopian New Year, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkutatash) (Enkutatash) Enkutatash , is celebrated across the country, with the 'adey abeba' ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidens_macroptera) (Bidens macroptera) Bidens macroptera  ) flower symbolising a new beginning.  The government of Ethiopia recognises 6 patriotic and public holidays and 9 major religious holidays. The year (Gregorian calendar) starts with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas) (Ethiopian Christmas) Ethiopian Christmas on 7 January. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timkat) (Timkat) Timkat ('(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)) (Epiphany (holiday)) Epiphany '), celebrated on 19 or 20 January, marks the baptism of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus) (Jesus) Jesus Christ by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist) (John the Baptist) John the Baptist . Timkat is recognised by the United Nations as part of its "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists) Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists " which designate important cultural and religious holidays.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-329) [ 325]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-330) [ 326]    Three holidays are movable: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan) (Ramadan) Ramadan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday) (Good Friday) Good Friday and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter) (Easter) Easter , two of which are always in spring and one of which (Ramadan) may occur at any time of year. Other holidays include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid) (Mawlid) Mawlid , which begins on the 12th or 17th day of the third month of the Islamic calendar depending on the denomination of the celebrants. The majority of Ethiopian Muslims are Sunni, thus it is celebrated on the 12th day. Other Islamic holidays include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) (Eid al-Fitr) Eid al-Fitr and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) (Eid al-Adha) Eid al-Adha . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskel) (Meskel) Meskel is a Christian holiday celebrating the discovery of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross) (True Cross) True Cross . Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are trans-national holidays celebrated across the Islamic world, while Meskel is also celebrated in Eritrea(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-331) [ 327]    and by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_diaspora) (Eritrean diaspora) Eritrean and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_diaspora) (Ethiopian diaspora) Ethiopian diaspora communities abroad,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-332) [ 328]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-333) [ 329]    but it is most prominent in Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-334) [ 330]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:05-335) [ 331]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-340) [ e]     The first public holiday of the Gregorian calendar year is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwa_Victory_Day) (Adwa Victory Day) Adwa Victory Day on 2 March, commemorating Emperor Menelik II's victory over the colonisation efforts of Italy in 1896. Others are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers'_Day) (International Workers' Day) International Workers' Day on the 1st of May, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Patriots'_Victory_Day) (Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day) Ethiopian Patriots' Victory Day for celebrating the return of Emperor Haile Selassie and thus the liberation of fascist Italian occupation on the 5th of May, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_of_the_Derg_(holiday)) (Downfall of the Derg (holiday)) Downfall of the Derg on the 28th of May, a recent holiday promoted to public status after 1991. The most prominent public holiday is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkutatash) (Enkutatash) Enkutatash (Ethiopian new year celebration) on 11 or 12 September. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Day_(Ethiopia)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Defence Day (Ethiopia) (page does not exist)) Defence Day , on the 26th of October, celebrates servicemen, and is the last holiday in the Gregorian calendar.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-341) [ 336]     Various other festivals and holidays are celebrated across the country, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreechaa) (Irreechaa) Irreechaa celebrated by the Oromo community.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-342) [ 337]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-345) [ f]      Art and architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_art) (Ethiopian art) Ethiopian art ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia) (Architecture of Ethiopia) Architecture of Ethiopia ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ethiopia) (List of castles in Ethiopia) List of castles in Ethiopia ; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela) (Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela) Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George's_Cathedral.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle) (Afewerk Tekle) Afewerk Tekle 's "The Last Judgment" at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George's_Cathedral,_Addis_Ababa) (St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa) St. George's Cathedral   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afewerk_Tekle_1965.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle) (Afewerk Tekle) Afewerk Tekle (1965)  Ethiopian arts were largely influenced by Christian iconography throughout much of their history, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts) (Illuminated manuscripts) illuminated manuscripts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting) (Painting) painting , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_cross) (Ethiopian cross) crosses , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon) (Icon) icons and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalwork) (Metalwork) metalwork such as crowns. Most historical arts were commissioned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the state religion for a millennium. Earlier Aksumite period art was most prominently stone carvings as evidenced in their stelae, though there is no surviving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian) (Christian) Christian art from this era. As Christianity was introduced, its iconography was partly influenced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) (Byzantine Empire) Byzantine art . Most remaining artworks beyond the early modern period were ruined as a result of the invasion of the Adal Sultanate in the Ethiopian Highlands, but were revived by Catholic emissaries.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)) citation needed   ]  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_art) (Western art) Western intervention in Ethiopian art began in the 20th century, though artists maintained a traditional Ethiopian character in their work. Some notable contemporary Ethiopian artists include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle) (Afewerk Tekle) Afewerk Tekle , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_Guya) (Lemma Guya) Lemma Guya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nasibù) (Martha Nasibù) Martha Nasibù , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_Felege_Selam) (Ale Felege Selam) Ale Felege Selam , and others.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-346) [ g]     The "Bete Medhane Alem" or "House of our Saviour" is one of the 12 churches in Lalibela built under Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalibela_(Emperor_of_Ethiopia)) (Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia)) Lalibela I . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebre_Meskel_Lalibela) (Gebre Meskel Lalibela) Emperor Lalibela I commissioned large portions of the Lalibela church complex, and it was named after him. This has been attributed to Christian Ethiopians' desire during medieval times, due to their blockage from Jerusalem by Muslim conquests, to replicate their own "new Jerusalem" at a national level.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-347) [ 340]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stelae,_Aksum,_Ethiopia_(7158408756).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum) (Kingdom of Aksum) Aksumite Steles served as official markers for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia) (Emperor of Ethiopia) Emperors of Ethiopia during the time of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire) (Aksumite Empire) Aksumite Empire .  Aksumite architecture continued to flourish in the 4th century CE. Aksumite stelae commonly used single blocks and rocks. The Tomb of the False Door, built for Aksumite emperors, used the monolithic style.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-348) [ 341]    The Lalibela civilisation was largely influenced by Aksumite architecture, but the layer of stones or wood is quite different for some dwellings.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-349) [ 342]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fasilides_Palace_01.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi) (Fasil Ghebbi) Fasil Ghebbi complex, built in the 17th century.  In the Gondarine period, the architecture of Ethiopia was influenced by Baroque, Arab, Turkish and Gujarati Indian styles independently taught by Portuguese emissaries in the 16th and 17th centuries.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)) citation needed   ]  One example is the imperial fortress Fasil Ghebbi, which is influenced by a mix of these styles. Medieval architecture also influenced architecture of the later 19th- and 20th-century era.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-350) [ 343]      Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_literature) (Ethiopian literature) Ethiopian literature and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy) (Ethiopian philosophy) Ethiopian philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_literature) (Ethiopian literature) Ethiopian literature traces back to the Aksumite period in the 4th century, mostly religious motifs. In royal inscriptions, it employed both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geʽez_script) (Geʽez script) Ge'ez and Greek, but the latter was discontinued in 350.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)) citation needed   ]  Unlike most Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia has an ancient distinct language, Ge'ez, which dominated politics and education, In spite of the current political instability in the country endangering the cultural heritage of these works, preservation has improved in recent years.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:4-351) [ 344]     During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages) (Middle Ages) Middle Ages , composers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Gorgoryos) (Abba Gorgoryos) Abba Gorgoryos and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla) (Giyorgis of Segla) Giyorgis of Segla made lasting contributions to Ethiopian languages, such as writing the earliest dictionaries of Amharic and Ge'ez, as well as composing religious hymns and doctrinal justifications of issues in the Ethiopian Orthodox church and practices.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-HeldmanSeyon-352) [ 345]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:02-353) [ 346]     Ethiopian literary works in this period mostly consisted of handwritten (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex) (Codex) codexes ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic :  ብራና ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic) (Romanization of Amharic) romanised :  (Amharic-language romanisation) branna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  ). Branna are prepared by gathering parchment leaves and sewing them together. The size may vary considerably depending on the number of volumes and manner of preparation. For example, a pocket size codex is 45 cm in length, but are heavier in weight. Historians have speculated that archaic codexes existed in Ethiopia.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)) citation needed   ]  Today manuscripts resembling primitive codexes are still used where parchment leaves are convenient for writing.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:4-351) [ 344]     Another notable form of writing is the protective (or magic) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll) (Scroll) scroll . Some of these were intended for magical purposes, such as the ketab , which is used for magical defence. Scrolls were typically produced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtera) (Debtera) debtera  , non-ordained clerical experts on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism) (Exorcism) exorcism and healings. Scrolls could range in size from the portable 30 cm scroll, to the 2 cm size,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2026)) clarification needed   ]  which is often unrolled and hung on the walls of houses. Scrolls being the original medium for Ethiopia literature is highly disputed, as there is overwhelming evidence that Ge'ez language books were written in codex form.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)) citation needed   ]  Ethiopians also used accordion books (called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensul) (Sensul) sensul  ) in the late 15th and 16th century, made of folded parchment paper, with or without a cover. These books usually contain pictorial representations of the life and death of religious figures, juxtaposed with other significant texts.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:4-351) [ 344]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baalu_Girma.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalu_Girma) (Baalu Girma) Baalu Girma (1939–1984), novelist and critic; author of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromay) (Oromay) The End  (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-354) [ 347]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haddis_Alemayehu.png)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu) (Haddis Alemayehu) Haddis Alemayehu (1910–2003), foreign minister and novelist; author of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_the_Grave) (Love to the Grave) Love to the Grave  (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-355) [ 348]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalu_Girma) (Baalu Girma) Baalu Girma and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddis_Alemayehu) (Haddis Alemayehu) Haddis Alemayehu have been noted as the most influential novelists in Ethiopian history. Girma has critiqued the communist government in the 80s in Ethiopia in his works. Haddis Alemayehu wrote one of the first examinations of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)) (Realism (international relations)) realism , as well as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_novel) (Romance novel) romantic tragedy novel, and influenced the Ethiopian intellectual community.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-356) [ 349]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-357) [ 350]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry) (Poetry) Poetry is popular in Ethiopia. Most poets recount past events, social unrests, poverty and famine. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qene) (Qene) Qene  is the most used element of Ethiopian poetry – it is regarded as a form of Amharic poetry, though the term may also refer to any poem. The defining characteristic of qene is sem-ena-werq ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic :  ሰምና ወርቅ ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic) (Romanization of Amharic) romanised :  (Amharic-language romanisation) säməna wärq  ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation) (Literal translation) lit.   ' wax and gold ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  ), a literary device where two metaphorical words, one with an obvious meaning (wax) and the other more obscure (the gold), are paired to layer hidden meanings within the text.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:9-358) [ 351]    The most notable poets are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsegaye_Gabre-Medhin) (Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin) Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin ,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-359) [ 352]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebede_Michael) (Kebede Michael) Kebede Michael and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengistu_Lemma) (Mengistu Lemma) Mengistu Lemma .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-360) [ 353]     Ethiopian philosophy has been superlatively prolific since ancient times in Africa, though strongly influenced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy) (Ancient Greek philosophy) Greek and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patristic) (Patristic) Patristic philosophy. The best known philosophical revival was in the early modern period, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)) (Zera Yacob (philosopher)) Zera Yacob (1599–1692) and his student (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walda_Heywat) (Walda Heywat) Walda Heywat , who wrote (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatata) (Hatata) Hatata  (Inquiry ) in 1667 as an argument for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God) (Existence of God) existence of God .  Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia) (Music of Ethiopia) Music of Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Golden_Age_of_music) (Ethiopian Golden Age of music) Ethiopian Golden Age of music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yared.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yared) (Yared) Yared in a piece of 15th century Ethiopian sacred art holding a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequamia) (Mequamia) mequamia  ('prayer stick')  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia) (Music of Ethiopia) music of Ethiopia is extremely diverse, with each of the country's 80 ethnic groups being associated with unique sounds. Ethiopian music uses a distinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_mode) (Musical mode) modal system that is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentatonic_scale) (Pentatonic scale) pentatonic , with characteristically long intervals between some notes. As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition, tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighbouring Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and Sudan.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Abdullahi-361) [ 354]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Tekle-362) [ 355]    Traditional singing in Ethiopia presents diverse styles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony) (Polyphony) polyphony ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophony) (Heterophony) heterophony , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(music)) (Drone (music)) drone , imitation, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint) (Counterpoint) counterpoint ). Traditionally, lyricism in Ethiopian songwriting is strongly associated with views of patriotism or national pride, romance, friendship, and a unique type of memoire known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizita) (Tizita) tizita  . Saint (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yared) (Yared) Yared , a 6th-century Aksumite composer, is widely regarded as the father of the traditional music of Eritrea and Ethiopia, creating liturgical music of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-363) [ 356]     Modern music traces back to the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, when 40 Armenian orphans called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arba_Lijoch) (Arba Lijoch) Arba Lijoch arrived from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem) (Jerusalem) Jerusalem to Addis Ababa. By 1924, the band had become Ethiopia's first official orchestra, but after World War II, several similar bands emerged, such as the Imperial Bodyguard Band, Army Band, and Police Band.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-364) [ 357]     In the 1960s and 1970s, traditional-style modern Ethiopian music was revived in what is known as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Golden_Age_of_music) (Ethiopian Golden Age of music) Golden Age ". Several notable musical artists emerged thereafter, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilahun_Gessesse) (Tilahun Gessesse) Tilahun Gessesse , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemayehu_Eshete) (Alemayehu Eshete) Alemayehu Eshete , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizunesh_Bekele) (Bizunesh Bekele) Bizunesh Bekele , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muluken_Melesse) (Muluken Melesse) Muluken Melesse , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmed) (Mahmoud Ahmed) Mahmoud Ahmed . These artists also employed the traditional style called tizita . During the Derg regime, these artists were prohibited to perform in the country and often forced into exile in North America and Europe, causing them to incorporate jazz and funk influences. Musicians of this style include Roha Band, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walias_Band) (Walias Band) Walias Band , and Ethio Stars. By this time, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neway_Debebe) (Neway Debebe) Neway Debebe was critical of the Derg government.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:9-358) [ 351]     Modern music developed further in the 1990s and 2000s. In this period, the most popular artists were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster_Aweke) (Aster Aweke) Aster Aweke , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_(singer)) (Gigi (singer)) Gigi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Afro) (Teddy Afro) Teddy Afro . Ethiopian music further modernised in the next decade. DJ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rophnan) (Rophnan) Rophnan was renowned for pioneering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) (Electronic dance music) EDM in the country after releasing his debut album Reflection in 2018.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:9-358) [ 351]      Calendar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar) (Ethiopian calendar) Ethiopian calendar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_calendar) (Oromo calendar) Oromo calendar  Ethiopia has several local calendars. The most widely known is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar) (Ethiopian calendar) Ethiopian calendar , also known as the Ge'ez calendar, and written with the ancient Ge'ez script, one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-Wilfpag-365) [ 358]    It is based on the older Alexandrian or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar) (Coptic calendar) Coptic calendar , which in turn derives from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar) (Egyptian calendar) Egyptian calendar . Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopian calendar has twelve months of exactly 30 days each plus five or six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epagomenal) (Epagomenal) epagomenal days, which form a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-366) [ 359]     Like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar) (Julian calendar) Julian calendar , the sixth epagomenal day—which in essence is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_day) (Leap day) leap day —is added every four years without exception on 29 August of the Julian calendar, six months before the Julian leap day. Thus, the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1  Mäskäräm, for years between 1901 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually 11 September ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar) (Gregorian calendar) Gregorian ), but falls on 12 September in years before the Gregorian leap year. It is approximately seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar because of an alternate calculation in determining the date of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation) (Annunciation) Annunciation of Jesus.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-auto1-367) [ 360]     Another calendrical system was developed around 300 BC by the Oromo people. A lunar-stellar calendar, this (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_calendar) (Oromo calendar) Oromo calendar relies on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. The Oromo months (stars/lunar phases) are Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (full moon), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-368) [ 361]      Media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Ethiopia) (Communications in Ethiopia) Communications in Ethiopia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia) (Media in Ethiopia) Media in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Television.JPG)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation) Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation , former headquarters in Addis Ababa  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation) Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC), formerly known as ETV, is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media) (State media) state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_broadcaster) (Public service broadcaster) public service broadcaster . Radio broadcasting began in 1935, and television service began in 1962 with the assistance of British firm Thomson and Emperor Haile Selassie.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-africanews.com-3) [ 3]    Since 2015, EBC has upgraded its studios with modernised transmission. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_TV) (Kana TV) Kana TV is the most popular TV channel in Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-369) [ 362]    It is mainly known for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)) (Dubbing (filmmaking)) dubbing foreign content into Amharic. For several decades, EBC served as the main source for mass media until the late 2000s, when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBS_TV_(Ethiopia)) (EBS TV (Ethiopia)) EBS TV launched as the first private television channel. Moreover, numerous private channels were founded in 2016, contributing to the growth of privately owned media companies in the country. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana_TV) (Fana TV) Fana TV has been the largest TV network since its launch in 2017. The most widely circulated newspapers in Ethiopia are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Fortune) (Addis Fortune) Addis Fortune , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Ethiopia) (Capital Ethiopia) Capital Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Reporter) (Ethiopian Reporter) Ethiopian Reporter , Addis Zemen (in Amharic), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Herald) (Ethiopian Herald) Ethiopian Herald .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-370) [ 363]     The sole internet service provider is the national telecommunications firm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethio_telecom) (Ethio telecom) Ethio telecom . A large portion of users in the country access the internet through mobile devices.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:3-371) [ 364]    As of July  2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , there are around 4.29 million people who have internet access at their home as compared to a quarter of a million users a decade before that.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-372) [ 365]    The Ethiopian government has at times intentionally shut down internet service in the country or restricted access to certain social media sites during periods of political unrest. In August 2016, following protests and demonstrations in the Oromia Region, all access to the internet was shut down for a period of two days.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-373) [ 366]    In June 2017, the government shut down access to the internet for mobile users during a period that coincided with the administration of university entrance examination. Although the reason for the restriction was not confirmed by the government,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-:3-371) [ 364]    the move was similar to a measure taken during the same period in 2016, after a leak of test questions.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-374) [ 367]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-375) [ 368]      Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia) (Cinema of Ethiopia) Cinema of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruth_Negga_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Negga) (Ruth Negga) Ruth Negga is an Ethiopian-born Irish actress.  The first cinema was introduced in 1898, three years after the first world film was projected. Italian minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Ciccodicola?action=edit&redlink=1) (Federico Ciccodicola (page does not exist)) Federico Ciccodicola  [ (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico%20Ciccodicola) (it:Federico Ciccodicola) it ]  offered cinematic artefacts(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2026)) clarification needed   ]  to Emperor Menelik II. The early 20th century appearance with spectacle was around 1909 and embraced by documentary or biographical films. Au de Menilek was the first film directed by Charles Martel. The first 16mm black-and-white film dedicated to coronation of Emperor Zewditu, then the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie, was filmed. The 1990s saw an international boom in Ethiopian films. The most influential people in this era were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Gerima) (Haile Gerima) Haile Gerima , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Mekuria) (Salem Mekuria) Salem Mekuria , Yemane Demissie, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshome_Gabriel) (Teshome Gabriel) Teshome Gabriel . Films began to be filmed in the Amharic language in the 2000s. The Ethiopian films with the highest international box office grosses include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selanchi) (Selanchi) Selanchi  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difret) (Difret) Difret  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_(2015_Ethiopian_film)) (Lamb (2015 Ethiopian film)) Lamb  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Love) (Prince of Love) Prince of Love  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambadina) (Lambadina) Lambadina  . The best-known Ethiopian actors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selam_Tesfaye) (Selam Tesfaye) Selam Tesfaye , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryat_Yemane) (Fryat Yemane) Fryat Yemane , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Tarik) (Hanan Tarik) Hanan Tarik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahder_Assefa) (Mahder Assefa) Mahder Assefa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amleset_Muchie) (Amleset Muchie) Amleset Muchie , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Negga) (Ruth Negga) Ruth Negga . One of the most prestigious film awards is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumma_Film_Awards) (Gumma Film Awards) Gumma Film Awards , held in Addis Ababa. The ceremony, which was started in 2014, is broadcast on live television on some stations.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-376) [ 369]    Festivals including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_International_Film_Festival) (Addis International Film Festival) Addis International Film Festival and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_International_Film_Festival) (Ethiopian International Film Festival) Ethiopian International Film Festival showcase amateur and professional filmmakers' works. They were established in 2007(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-377) [ 370]    and 2005 respectively.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-378) [ 371]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine) (Ethiopian cuisine) Ethiopian cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_dishes_and_foods) (List of Ethiopian dishes and foods) List of Ethiopian dishes and foods  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg)   This meal consisting of (Amharic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injera) (Injera) injera   and several kinds of (Amharic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_(food)) (Wat (food)) wat   ('stew'), is typical of Ethiopian cuisine.  The best-known (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine) (Ethiopian cuisine) Ethiopian cuisine consists of various types of thick meat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew) (Stew) stews , known as (Amharic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_(food)) (Wat (food)) wat   in Ethiopian culture, and vegetable side dishes served on top of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injera) (Injera) injera , a large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourdough) (Sourdough) sourdough (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbread) (Flatbread) flatbread made of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teff) (Teff) teff flour. It is not eaten with utensils, but instead the injera is used to scoop up the entrées and side dishes. Almost universally in Ethiopia, it is common to eat from the same dish in the middle of the table with a group of people. It is also a common custom to feed others with one's own hands—a tradition referred to as (Amharic-language romanization) gursha  .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-379) [ 372]    Traditional Ethiopian cuisine employs no (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork) (Pork) pork , as it is forbidden in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox) (Ethiopian Orthodox) Ethiopian Orthodox Christian and Islamic faiths; Ethiopian Orthodox Christians also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) fast from meat on Wednesdays, Fridays, and the days leading up to Easter and Christmas.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-380) [ 373]     (Oromo-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fit-fit#Kitcha_fit-fit) (Fit-fit) Chechebsa   , (Oromo-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqa?action=edit&redlink=1) (Marqa (page does not exist)) marqa   , (Oromo-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukko?action=edit&redlink=1) (Chukko (page does not exist)) chukko   , (Oromo-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michirra?action=edit&redlink=1) (Michirra (page does not exist)) michirra   , and (Oromo-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanga) (Dhanga) dhanga   are the most popular dishes from the Oromo people. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitfo) (Kitfo) Kitfo , which originated among the Gurage people, is another of the country's most popular delicacies. In addition, (Amharic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_(food)#Doro_wat) (Wat (food)) doro wat   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic :  ዶሮ ወጥ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  ) and (Tigrinya-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebehi_derho?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tsebehi derho (page does not exist)) tsebehi derho   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya :  ጽብሒ ድርሆ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)  ), are other popular dishes, originating from northwestern Ethiopia.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-381) [ 374]    (Tigrinya-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihlo) (Tihlo) Tihlo   ((Amharic-language text) ጥሕሎ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  ), a type of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumpling) (Dumpling) dumpling prepared from roasted barley flour and originating from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region) (Tigray Region) Tigray Region , is now very popular in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_Region) (Amhara Region) Amhara and spreading further south.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-382) [ 375]      Sport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia) (Sport in Ethiopia) Sport in Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Bikila) (Abebe Bikila) Abebe Bikila , Ethiopia's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_gold_medalist) (Olympic gold medalist) Olympic gold medalist   The main sports in Ethiopia are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field) (Track and field) track and field (particularly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_running) (Long distance running) long distance running ) and football. Ethiopian athletes have won many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) (Olympic Games) Olympic gold medals in track and field, most of them in long distance running.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-383) [ 376]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe_Bikila) (Abebe Bikila) Abebe Bikila became the first athlete from a Sub-Saharan country to win an Olympic gold medal when he won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon) (Marathon) Marathon at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games in a world record time of 2:15:16.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-384) [ 377]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-385) [ 378]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team) (Ethiopia national football team) Ethiopia national football team was one of four founding members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football) (Confederation of African Football) Confederation of African Football and won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations) (Africa Cup of Nations) Africa Cup of Nations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_African_Cup_of_Nations) (1962 African Cup of Nations) 1962 .(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-386) [ 379]    Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition, as it established a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_basketball_team) (Ethiopia national basketball team) national basketball team in 1949.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)) citation needed   ]      See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia) (Portal:Ethiopia) Ethiopia portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia) (Outline of Ethiopia) Outline of Ethiopia     References  Notes   (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic) (Romanization of Amharic) romanised :  (Amharic-language romanisation) Ītyōṗṗyā  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Amharic-language_text)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic) (Help:IPA/Amharic) [ i.tjo.p'ja]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Amharic_IPA)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language) (Oromo language) Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Oromo-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali : Itoobiya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : إثيوبيا (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , romanised:  (Tigrinya-language romanisation) Ítiyop'iya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar : Itiyoppiya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afar-language_text)       (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   The inscriptions in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) (Ancient Greek) Ancient Greek read (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) ΑΞΩΜΙΤΩ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  ("King of Axum") and (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) ΕΝΔΥΒΙϹ ΒΑϹΙΛΕΥϹ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  ("King Endybis"); Greek was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  by that time, so its use in coins simplified foreign trade.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-182) ↑   United Nations Statistics Division (Millennium Development Goals indicators):(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-181) [ 179]    Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 ), thousand tonnes of CO2 (collected by CDIAC) Human-produced, direct emissions of carbon dioxide only. Excludes other greenhouse gases; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry) (Land use, land-use change, and forestry) land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF); and natural background flows of CO2 (See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle) (Carbon cycle) Carbon cycle )  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-304) ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy) (Oriental Orthodoxy) Oriental Orthodoxy   (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-340) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan) (Ramadan) Ramadan is a moveable holiday(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-336) [ 332]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-337) [ 333]    Good Friday and Easter are included,(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-338) [ 334]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-339) [ 335]    of which all of whom are celebrated across the Ethiopian Christian and Muslim communities  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreechaa) (Irreechaa) Irreechaa celebrated by the Oromo ethnic group is a huge holiday attracting large portions of the population and is given government de-facto recognition as a holiday.(Ethiopia.html#cite_note-343) [ 338]    (Ethiopia.html#cite_note-344) [ 339]      (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-346) ↑   The 20th century has resulted in Ethiopia connecting towards the world with students of art learning the styles of western art, most notably (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle) (Afewerk Tekle) Afewerk Tekle a laureate and others during the end of Menelik's reign and other monarchs right after. Ethiopia has produced many reputable contemporary painters and muralists, most notable among whom is Laureate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle) (Afewerk Tekle) Afewerk Tekle       Citations  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Ventures_1-0) ↑   Emi I (4 March 2020). (https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/) "Ethiopia to Add 4 more Official Languages to Foster Unity" . Ventures Africa . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200314003546/https://venturesafrica.com/ethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity/) Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ventures+Africa&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+to+Add+4+more+Official+Languages+to+Foster+Unity&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.aulast=Emi&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventuresafrica.com%2Fethiopia-to-add-4-more-official-languages-to-foster-unity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Nazret_2-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210817225007/https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/) "Ethiopia is adding four more official languages to Amharic as political instability mounts" . Nazret . Archived from (https://www.nazret.com/2020/03/07/ethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts/) the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nazret&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+is+adding+four+more+official+languages+to+Amharic+as+political+instability+mounts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nazret.com%2F2020%2F03%2F07%2Fethiopia-is-adding-four-more-official-languages-to-amharic-as-political-instability-mounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-africanews.com_3-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-africanews.com_3-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shaban A. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages//) "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages" . Africa News. Archived from (https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages//) the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=One+to+five%3A+Ethiopia+gets+four+new+federal+working+languages&rft.aulast=Shaban&rft.aufirst=Abdurahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2020%2F03%2F04%2Fone-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-africa.upenn.edu_4-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html) "Ethiopian Constitution" . www.africa.upenn.edu . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.africa.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2FHornet%2FEthiopian_Constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CSA_5-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf) "Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007" (PDF) . Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results . Population Census Commission. p. 16. Archived from (http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf) the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Summary+and+Statistical+Report+of+the+2007+Population+and+Housing+Census+Results&rft.atitle=Table+2.2+Percentage+distribution+of+major+ethnic+groups%3A+2007&rft.pages=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Fpdf%2FCen2007_firstdraft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-3) 4  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-4) 5  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-5) 6  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-2007Census_6-6) 7   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190208061518/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel) "Country Level" . 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)) (Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)) CSA . 13 July 2010. Archived from (http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/census-report/census-tables/category/301-census-tables?download=655:countrylevel) the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2007+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Country+Level&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Findex.php%2Fcensus-report%2Fcensus-tables%2Fcategory%2F301-census-tables%3Fdownload%3D655%3Acountrylevel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210719000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia) "Ethiopia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2021 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210719000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf) "Zenawism as ethnic-federalism" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zenawism+as+ethnic-federalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalafrica.isp.msu.edu%2Ffiles%2F5015%2F5916%2F5319%2FTedVestal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/a-bureaucratic-authoritarian-regime/) "Is Ethiopia Democratic? A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime" . Journal of Democracy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Is+Ethiopia+Democratic%3F+A+Bureaucratic+Authoritarian+Regime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdemocracy.org%2Farticles%2Fa-bureaucratic-authoritarian-regime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021) "Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report" . Freedom House . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/) "Population by Country (2025)" . Worldometer . Retrieved 24 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Population+by+Country+%282025%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fpopulation-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/231/start/2025/end/2026/table/pivotbylocation?df=89ae8967-12de-4efa-81d2-417484e8a9ef) "Total Population by Sex: Ethiopia" . United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 6 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Population+by+Sex%3A+Ethiopia&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fdataportal%2Fdata%2Findicators%2F49%2Flocations%2F231%2Fstart%2F2025%2Fend%2F2026%2Ftable%2Fpivotbylocation%3Fdf%3D89ae8967-12de-4efa-81d2-417484e8a9ef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ET_13-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ET_13-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ET_13-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.ET_13-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Ethiopia)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024+Edition.+%28Ethiopia%29&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D644%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Gini_14-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ET) "Gini Index - Ethiopia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group  . Retrieved 20 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Group&rft.atitle=Gini+Index+-+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_15-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20241008000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia) "Ethiopia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2024 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 8 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20241008000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:10_18-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:10_18-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/) "Population by Country (2025)" . Worldometer . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Population+by+Country+%282025%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fpopulation-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_19-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_19-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_19-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_19-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210405000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia) "Ethiopia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2021 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210405000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kessler DF (2012). The Falashas: a Short History of the Ethiopian Jews . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-70872-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-283-70872-2) 978-1-283-70872-2  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819506475) 819506475 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falashas%3A+a+Short+History+of+the+Ethiopian+Jews&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819506475&rft.isbn=978-1-283-70872-2&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hopkin M (16 February 2005). "Ethiopia is top choice for cradle of Homo sapiens ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)) (Nature (journal)) Nature  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews050214-10) 10.1038/news050214-10 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836) 0028-0836 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+is+top+choice+for+cradle+of+Homo+sapiens&rft.date=2005-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews050214-10&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Hopkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li J, Absher D, Tang H, Southwick A, Casto A, Ramachandran S, Cann H, Barsh G, Feldman M, Cavalli-Sforza L, Myers R (2008). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)) (Science (journal)) Science  . 319 (5866): 1100– 04. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1100L) 2008Sci...319.1100L . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1153717) 10.1126/science.1153717 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292342) 18292342 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53541133) 53541133 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Human+Relationships+Inferred+from+Genome-Wide+Patterns+of+Variation&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5866&rft.pages=1100-04&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1153717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53541133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18292342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1100L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=J.Z.&rft.au=Absher%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Tang%2C+H.&rft.au=Southwick%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Casto%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Ramachandran%2C+S.&rft.au=Cann%2C+H.M.&rft.au=Barsh%2C+G.S.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+M.&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+L.L.&rft.au=Myers%2C+R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM) "Humans Moved From Africa Across Globe, DNA Study Says" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg News . 21 February 2008. Archived from (https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM) the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Humans+Moved+From+Africa+Across+Globe%2C+DNA+Study+Says&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DawJVkvnk8KjM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaplan K (21 February 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130603122801/http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html) "Around the world from Addis Ababa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) (Los Angeles Times) Los Angeles Times  . Archived from (http://www.startribune.com/world/15860017.html) the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Around+the+world+from+Addis+Ababa&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fworld%2F15860017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Moore DH (1936). (https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1936-09_5_3/page/270) "Christianity in Ethiopia" . Church History . 5 (3): 271– 284. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3160789) 10.2307/3160789 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407) 0009-6407 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160789) 3160789 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162029676) 162029676 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-284&rft.date=1936&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162029676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3160789&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Dale+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_church-history_1936-09_5_3%2Fpage%2F270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abbink J (1998). "An Historical-Anthropological Approach to Islam in Ethiopia: Issues of Identity and Politics". Journal of African Cultural Studies . 11 (2): 109– 124. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13696819808717830) 10.1080/13696819808717830 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F9486) 1887/9486  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-6815) 1369-6815 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771876) 1771876 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Historical-Anthropological+Approach+to+Islam+in+Ethiopia%3A+Issues+of+Identity+and+Politics&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-124&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F9486&rft.issn=1369-6815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1771876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13696819808717830&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-BBC1120_27-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  BBC Staff (3 November 2020). (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034) "Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state" . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+attack%3A+Dozens+%27rounded+up+and+killed%27+in+Oromia+state&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.au=BBC+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54787034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/01/01/egypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics/) "Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Ethiopia formally join BRICS" . Daily News Egypt . 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Egypt%2C+Iran%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Ethiopia+formally+join+BRICS&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2024%2F01%2F01%2Fegypt-iran-saudi-arabia-uae-ethiopia-formally-join-brics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/09/5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch/) "5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch" . World Economic Forum . 6 September 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=5+reasons+why+Ethiopia+could+be+the+next+global+economy+to+watch&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F09%2F5-reasons-why-ethiopia-could-be-the-next-global-economy-to-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Africa S (29 August 2020). (https://web.archive.org/web/20201211200601/https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/) "Ethiopia Can Be Africa's Next Superpower" . SomTribune . Archived from (https://www.somtribune.com/2020/08/29/ethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower/) the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SomTribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Can+Be+Africa%27s+Next+Superpower&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=Somtribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somtribune.com%2F2020%2F08%2F29%2Fethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview) "Overview" . World Bank . Retrieved 23 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf) "GAL country profile - Ethiopia" (PDF) . www.uil.unesco.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250206214715/https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Ethiopia.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2025. Retrieved 21 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uil.unesco.org&rft.atitle=GAL+country+profile+-+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uil.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedias%2Ffiles%2F2022%2F03%2FGAL%2520Country%2520profile%2520-%2520Ethiopia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=ET) "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Ethiopia" . World Bank . Retrieved 20 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+adult+total+%28%25+of+people+ages+15+and+above%29+-+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.LITR.ZS%3Flocations%3DET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:2_34-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:2_34-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ETH.pdf) "Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Ethiopia" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme . 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Multidimensional+Poverty+Index+2023%3A+Ethiopia&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCountry-Profiles%2FMPI%2FETH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bekerie A (2004). "Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 1 (2): 110– 121. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-4133) 1543-4133 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828841) 27828841 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethiopica%3A+Some+Historical+Reflections+on+the+Origin+of+the+Word+Ethiopia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-121&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1543-4133&rft.aulast=Bekerie&rft.aufirst=Ayele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Agrvt_36-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Agrvt_36-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ) Africa Geoscience Review, Volume 10  . Rock View International. 2003. p. 366. Retrieved 9 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Geoscience+Review%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Rock+View+International&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWBPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liddell HG, Scott R. "Aithiops". (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%232329&redirect=true) A Greek-English Lexicon  . Perseus. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aithiops&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Perseus&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%25232329%26redirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Herodotus1_38-0) ↑   For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/nebrowser?query=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&id=tgn%2C7000489) this list at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Project) (Perseus Project) Perseus Project .  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   Homer, Odyssey 1.22–4.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Hatke_40-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Hatke_40-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hatke G (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52) Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa  . NYU Press. pp. 52– 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6066-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6066-6) 978-0-8147-6066-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum+and+Nubia%3A+Warfare%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Political+Fictions+in+Ancient+Northeast+Africa&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6066-6&rft.aulast=Hatke&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPA4UCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-41) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologicum_Genuinum) (Etymologicum Genuinum) Etymologicum Genuinum s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia) (Aethiopia) Aethiopia   (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   Cp. Ezekiel 29:10  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   Acts 8:27  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schoff WH (1912). (https://archive.org/stream/periplusoferythr00schouoft#page/62/mode/2up) The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean  . Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 62. Retrieved 28 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea%3A+travel+and+trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Schoff&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fperiplusoferythr00schouoft%23page%2F62%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-OldestHuman_45-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ansari A (7 October 2009). (http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/10/01/oldest.human.skeleton/index.html) "Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution" . CNN.com/technology . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com%2Ftechnology&rft.atitle=Oldest+human+skeleton+offers+new+clues+to+evolution&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Azadeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FTECH%2Fscience%2F10%2F01%2Foldest.human.skeleton%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/mother_of_man1.shtml) "Mother of man – 3.2 million years ago" . Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+of+man+%E2%80%93+3.2+million+years+ago&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Fprehistoric_life%2Fhuman%2Fhuman_evolution%2Fmother_of_man1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Dinkinesh_47-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johanson DC, Wong K (2010). Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins . Crown Publishing Group. pp. 8– 9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39640-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39640-2) 978-0-307-39640-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucy%27s+Legacy%3A+The+Quest+for+Human+Origins&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39640-2&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-iho1_48-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328030651/https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story) "Institute of Human Origins: Lucy's Story" . 15 June 2016. Archived from (https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story) the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institute+of+Human+Origins%3A+Lucy%27s+Story&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.asu.edu%2Fabout%2Flucys-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Mcdougall2005_49-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mcdougall I, Brown H, Fleagle G (February 2005). (http://doc.rero.ch/record/15078/files/PAL_E2238.pdf) "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia" (PDF) . Nature . 433 (7027): 733– 36. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433..733M) 2005Natur.433..733M . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03258) 10.1038/nature03258 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15716951) 15716951 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1454595) 1454595 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Stratigraphic+placement+and+age+of+modern+humans+from+Kibish%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=7027&rft.pages=733-36&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1454595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15716951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.433..733M&rft.aulast=Mcdougall&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Brown%2C+H.&rft.au=Fleagle%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F15078%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E2238.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  White T, Asfaw B, Degusta D, Gilbert H, Richards G, Suwa G, Clark Howell F (2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature . 423 (6941): 742– 47. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.423..742W) 2003Natur.423..742W . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01669) 10.1038/nature01669 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12802332) 12802332 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4432091) 4432091 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+Homo+sapiens+from+Middle+Awash%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=423&rft.issue=6941&rft.pages=742-47&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4432091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12802332&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.423..742W&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.au=Asfaw%2C+B.&rft.au=Degusta%2C+D.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+H.&rft.au=Richards%2C+G.D.&rft.au=Suwa%2C+G.&rft.au=Clark+Howell%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Callaway E (7 June 2017). (Paid subscription required) (http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114) "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)) (Nature (journal)) Nature  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2017.22114) 10.1038/nature.2017.22114  . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Oldest+Homo+sapiens+fossil+claim+rewrites+our+species%27+history&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2017.22114&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Foldest-homo-sapiens-fossil-claim-rewrites-our-species-history-1.22114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hammond AS, Royer DF, Fleagle JG (July 2017). (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2017.04.004) "The Omo-Kibish I pelvis" . Journal of Human Evolution . 108 : 199– 219. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JHumE.108..199H) 2017JHumE.108..199H . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2017.04.004) 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-8606) 1095-8606 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28552208) 28552208 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Omo-Kibish+I+pelvis&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=199-219&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2017.04.004&rft.issn=1095-8606&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28552208&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JHumE.108..199H&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ashley+S.&rft.au=Royer%2C+Danielle+F.&rft.au=Fleagle%2C+John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jhevol.2017.04.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Zarins_53-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zarins J (1990). "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research . 280 (280): 31– 65. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357309) 10.2307/1357309 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357309) 1357309 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163491760) 163491760 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Early+Pastoral+Nomadism+and+the+Settlement+of+Lower+Mesopotamia&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=280&rft.pages=31-65&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163491760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357309&rft.aulast=Zarins&rft.aufirst=Juris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Aane_54-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003). (http://faculty.bennington.edu/%7Ekwoods/classes/enviro-hist/diamond%20agriculture%20and%20language.pdf) "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions" (PDF) . Science (Submitted manuscript). 300 (5619): 597– 603. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...300..597D) 2003Sci...300..597D . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) (CiteSeerX (identifier)) CiteSeerX  (Freely accessible) (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1013.4523) 10.1.1.1013.4523  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078208) 10.1126/science.1078208 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3834351) 3834351 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714734) 12714734 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13350469) 13350469 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Farmers+and+Their+Languages%3A+The+First+Expansions&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=5619&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13350469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...300..597D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1013.4523%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12714734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3834351%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.bennington.edu%2F%257Ekwoods%2Fclasses%2Fenviro-hist%2Fdiamond%2520agriculture%2520and%2520language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  Cite uses deprecated parameter | citeseerx= ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params) (Help:CS1 errors) help ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_deprecated_parameters)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Blench143144_55-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blench R (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past  . Rowman Altamira. pp. 143– 44. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0466-2) 978-0-7591-0466-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.pages=143-44&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0466-2&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Güldemann T (2018). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa . De Gruyter Mouton. p. 311. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9) (Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9) 978-3-11-042606-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042606-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell L (2021). Historical Linguistics, Fourth Edition . The MIT Press. pp. 399– 400. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54218-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54218-0) 978-0-262-54218-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=399-400&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54218-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zimmer C (8 August 2019). (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/science/humans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html) "In the Ethiopian Mountains, Ancient Humans Were Living the High Life" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Ethiopian+Mountains%2C+Ancient+Humans+Were+Living+the+High+Life&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F08%2Fscience%2Fhumans-high-altitude-ethiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Katz B. (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/found-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878/) "Archaeologists Uncover Evidence of an Ancient High-Altitude Human Dwelling" . Smithsonian . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Uncover+Evidence+of+an+Ancient+High-Altitude+Human+Dwelling&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Brigit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Ffound-earliest-evidence-high-altitude-home-humans-180972878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith KN (9 August 2019). (https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/ethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude/) "The first people to live at high elevations snacked on giant mole rats" . Ars Technica . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+first+people+to+live+at+high+elevations+snacked+on+giant+mole+rats&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kiona+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2F08%2Fethiopia-provides-the-earliest-evidence-of-people-living-at-altitude%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Charles Q. Choi (9 August 2019). (https://www.livescience.com/earliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html) "Earliest Evidence of Human Mountaineers Found in Ethiopia" . livescience.com . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Earliest+Evidence+of+Human+Mountaineers+Found+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.au=Charles+Q.+Choi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fearliest-evidence-human-mountaineers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dvorsky G (9 August 2019). (https://gizmodo.com/this-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167) "This Rock Shelter in Ethiopia May Be the Earliest Evidence of Humans Living in the Mountains" . Gizmodo . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=This+Rock+Shelter+in+Ethiopia+May+Be+the+Earliest+Evidence+of+Humans+Living+in+the+Mountains&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Dvorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fthis-rock-shelter-in-ethiopia-may-be-the-earliest-evide-1837104167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/08/09/Earliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia/9561565318908/) "Earliest evidence of high-altitude living found in Ethiopia" . UPI . Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+high-altitude+living+found+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FScience_News%2F2019%2F08%2F09%2FEarliest-evidence-of-high-altitude-living-found-in-Ethiopia%2F9561565318908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miehe G, Opgenoorth L, Zech W, Woldu Z, Vogelsang R, Veit H, Nemomissa S, Negash A, Nauss T (9 August 2019). "Middle Stone Age foragers resided in high elevations of the glaciated Bale Mountains, Ethiopia". Science . 365 (6453): 583– 587. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...365..583O) 2019Sci...365..583O . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaw8942) 10.1126/science.aaw8942 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075) 0036-8075 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31395781) 31395781 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199505803) 199505803 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Middle+Stone+Age+foragers+resided+in+high+elevations+of+the+glaciated+Bale+Mountains%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6453&rft.pages=583-587&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199505803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...365..583O&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaw8942&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31395781&rft.aulast=Miehe&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Opgenoorth%2C+Lars&rft.au=Zech%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Woldu%2C+Zerihun&rft.au=Vogelsang%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Veit%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Nemomissa%2C+Sileshi&rft.au=Negash%2C+Agazi&rft.au=Nauss%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-SahlePLOS1_65-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sahle Y, Hutchings WK, Braun DR, Sealy JC, Morgan LE, Negash A, Atnafu B (2013). Petraglia MD (ed.). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827237) "Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago" . PLOS ONE . 8 (11) e78092. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...878092S) 2013PLoSO...878092S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0078092) 10.1371/journal.pone.0078092  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827237) 3827237  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24236011) 24236011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Earliest+Stone-Tipped+Projectiles+from+the+Ethiopian+Rift+Date+to+%3E279%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.artnum=e78092&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3827237%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24236011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0078092&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...878092S&rft.aulast=Sahle&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Hutchings%2C+W.+K.&rft.au=Braun%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Sealy%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+L.+E.&rft.au=Negash%2C+A.&rft.au=Atnafu%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3827237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Sahle_66-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sahle Y, Brooks AS (2018). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6508696) "Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia" . PLOS ONE . 14 (5) e0216716. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1416716S) 2019PLoSO..1416716S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0216716) 10.1371/journal.pone.0216716  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6508696) 6508696  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31071181) 31071181 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+complex+projectiles+in+the+early+Late+Pleistocene+at+Aduma%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.artnum=e0216716&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6508696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31071181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0216716&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1416716S&rft.aulast=Sahle&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Brooks%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6508696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_68-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_68-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_68-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Munro-Hay57_68-3) 4   (Ethiopia.html#Munro-Hay) Munro-Hay , p. 57  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527 . London: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–13.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.) (2005) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica) (Encyclopaedia Aethiopica) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica  , "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 732.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-71) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Phillipson DW (1998). Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its Antecedents and Successors . The British Museum Press. pp. 7, 48– 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2763-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2763-7) 978-0-7141-2763-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ethiopia.+Aksum%3A+Its+Antecedents+and+Successors&rft.pages=7%2C+48-50&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2763-7&rft.aulast=Phillipson&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#Munro-Hay) Munro-Hay , p. 13  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:5_73-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:5_73-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1875/solomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history/) "Solomonic Descent in Ethiopian History" . World History Encyclopedia . 18 November 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Solomonic+Descent+in+Ethiopian+History&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F1875%2Fsolomonic-descent-in-ethiopian-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-isbn0-313-32273-2_74-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3Un6_LGIEyQC&pg=PA171) The history of Ethiopia  . Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 171. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32273-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32273-0) 978-0-313-32273-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32273-0&rft.au=Adejumobi%2C+Saheed+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Un6_LGIEyQC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-britishmuseum.org_75-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The British Museum, The CarAf Centre. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191104191259/https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf) "The wealth of Africa – The kingdom of Aksum – Teachers' notes" (PDF) . BritishMuseum.org . Archived from (https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf) the original (PDF) on 4 November 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BritishMuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+wealth+of+Africa+%E2%80%93+The+kingdom+of+Aksum+%E2%80%93+Teachers%27+notes&rft.au=The+British+Museum&rft.au=The+CarAf+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fpdf%2FKingdomOfAksum_TeachersNotes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table) "Gold production" . Our World in Data . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table) Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Gold+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgold-production%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   Karl W. Butzer, "Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia: A Geo-Archaeological Interpretation", American Antiquity 46, (July 1981), p.  495  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:12_78-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldhistory.org/Kingdom_of_Abyssinia/) "Kingdom of Abyssinia" . World History Encyclopedia . 9 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Abyssinia&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKingdom_of_Abyssinia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084/) "A New History Changes the Balance of Power Between Ethiopia and Medieval Europe" . 9 January 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+History+Changes+the+Balance+of+Power+Between+Ethiopia+and+Medieval+Europe&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fnew-history-changes-balance-power-between-ethiopia-and-medieval-europe-180978084%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-80) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://photius.com/countries/ethiopia/society/ethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html) "Ethiopia The Zagwe Dynasty – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" . photius.com . Retrieved 16 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=photius.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+The+Zagwe+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+Flags%2C+Maps%2C+Economy%2C+History%2C+Climate%2C+Natural+Resources%2C+Current+Issues%2C+International+Agreements%2C+Population%2C+Social+Statistics%2C+Political+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotius.com%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia%2Fsociety%2Fethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pankhurst R (1982). History of Ethiopian Towns . Steiner. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9) (Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9) 978-3-515-03204-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-515-03204-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=YeKwW3vzQMUC&q=amda+seyon+victory+ifat&pg=PA283) UNESCO General History of Africa  . University of California Press. 3 November 1992. p. 283. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06698-4) 978-0-520-06698-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+General+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06698-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeKwW3vzQMUC%26q%3Damda%2Bseyon%2Bvictory%2Bifat%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:3b_83-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abir M (28 October 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11) Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region  . Routledge. pp. 22– 70. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0) 978-1-136-28090-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pages=22-70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28090-0&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelKillion2011160_84-0) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#CITEREFConnelKillion2011) Connel & Killion 2011 , p. 160.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohammed AK (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjX_yVT7AoC&q=adal+sultanate&pg=PA170) The Saho of Eritrea: Ethnic Identity and National Consciousness  . LIT Verlag Münster. p. 170. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90332-7) (Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90332-7) 978-3-643-90332-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saho+of+Eritrea%3A+Ethnic+Identity+and+National+Consciousness&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90332-7&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Kader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjwjX_yVT7AoC%26q%3Dadal%2Bsultanate%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour By Martin Meredith, In the Land of Prestor John, chapter 11  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassen M (2017). The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300–1700 . James Currey. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-161-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-161-9) 978-1-84701-161-9  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962017017) 962017017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oromo+and+the+Christian+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%2C+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962017017&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-161-9&rft.aulast=Hassen&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPankhurst1997301_88-0) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#CITEREFPankhurst1997) Pankhurst 1997 , p. 301.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:8_89-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_02.html) "Ethiopia: The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power ~a HREF="/et_00_00.html#et_01_02" " . memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 31 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memory.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Trials+of+the+Christian+Kingdom+and+the+Decline+of+Imperial+Power+~a+HREF%3D%22%2Fet_00_00.html%23et_01_02%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fetsave%2Fet_01_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Reference_90-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117133933/http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html) "Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" . Archived from (http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html) the original on 17 January 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oromo%3A+Migration+and+Expansion%3A+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.biz%2Fsundries%2F32403-oromo-migration-and-expansion-sixteenth-and-seventeenth-centuries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-91) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cohen L (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=the+jesuit+in+ethiopia+1555) The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632)  . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6) (Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6) 978-3-447-05892-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Strategies+of+the+Jesuits+in+Ethiopia+%281555%E2%80%931632%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05892-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zs3CcC2eLoC%26q%3Dthe%2Bjesuit%2Bin%2Bethiopia%2B1555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/latin-letters-of-jesuits/) "Latin Letters of Jesuits -Wendy Laura Belcher" . wendybelcher.com . Retrieved 4 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wendybelcher.com&rft.atitle=Latin+Letters+of+Jesuits+-Wendy+Laura+Belcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendybelcher.com%2Fafrican-literature%2Flatin-letters-of-jesuits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Parfitt2019_93-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Parfitt2019_93-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Parfitt R (17 January 2019). (https://books.google.com/books?id=JOeADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA225) The Process of International Legal Reproduction: Inequality, Historiography, Resistance  . Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51519-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51519-8) 978-1-316-51519-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+International+Legal+Reproduction%3A+Inequality%2C+Historiography%2C+Resistance&rft.pages=225-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51519-8&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOeADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-berndl2005_94-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Berndl K (2005). (https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7/page/333/mode/2up) National Geographic Visual History of the World  . National Geographic Society. p. 333. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-3695-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-3695-5) 978-0-7922-3695-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Visual+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5&rft.aulast=Berndl&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalgeograph0000unse_m8x7%2Fpage%2F333%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   See Solomon Getamun, History of the City of Gondar (Africa World Press, 2005), pp.1–4  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-96) ↑   Getamun, City of Gondar , p. 5  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), pp. 297f  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethiopianhistory.com/Gondar_Period/) "Gondar Period" . ethiopianhistory.com . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethiopianhistory.com&rft.atitle=Gondar+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopianhistory.com%2FGondar_Period%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pankhurst, Richard (1967). The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles . London: Oxford University Press. pp. 139– 143. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Royal+Chronicles&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-143&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-100) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090307213227/http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx) "Political Program of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC)" . Gargaaraoromopc.org. 23 April 1996. Archived from (http://gargaaraoromopc.org/OPC_Program.aspx) the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Program+of+the+Oromo+People%27s+Congress+%28OPC%29&rft.pub=Gargaaraoromopc.org&rft.date=1996-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgargaaraoromopc.org%2FOPC_Program.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Middleton2015_101-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Middleton J (1 June 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39) World Monarchies and Dynasties  . Routledge. pp. 39–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45158-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45158-7) 978-1-317-45158-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45158-7&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR63ACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tibebu T (June 2018). (https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-279) "Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century" . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.279) 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.279 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4) 978-0-19-027773-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.279&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027773-4&rft.aulast=Tibebu&rft.aufirst=Teshale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Keller EJ (2005). "Making and Remaking State and Nation in Ethiopia". In Laremont RR (ed.). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180219015314/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf) Borders, Nationalism, and the African State  (PDF) . Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 89– 92. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-340-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-340-7) 978-1-58826-340-7  . Archived from (https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/keller/papers/SelectedPub/EthiopiaState.pdf) the original (PDF) on 19 February 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+and+Remaking+State+and+Nation+in+Ethiopia&rft.btitle=Borders%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+African+State&rft.pages=89-92&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-340-7&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Edmond+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Ffaculty%2Fkeller%2Fpapers%2FSelectedPub%2FEthiopiaState.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm) The Egyptians in Abyssinia (https://web.archive.org/web/20111226155100/http://vislardica.com/VisImperica/Wars/vi_egypt_abyssinia.htm) Archived 26 December 2011 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Vislardica.com. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Caulk R (1971). "The Occupation of Harar: January 1887". Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 9 (2): 1– 20. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41967469) 41967469 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Occupation+of+Harar%3A+January+1887&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41967469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caulk&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lipschutz M (1986). Dictionary of African historical biography . Rasmussen, R. Kent (2nd ed., expanded and updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06611-3) 978-0-520-06611-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14069361) 14069361 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+historical+biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+expanded+and+updated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14069361&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06611-3&rft.aulast=Lipschutz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ReferenceA_107-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Young J (1998). "Regionalism and democracy in Ethiopia". Third World Quarterly . 19 (2): 191– 204. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814415) 10.1080/01436599814415 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993156) 3993156 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Regionalism+and+democracy+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599814415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-igg_108-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-igg_108-1) 2   International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Issue 153 of ICG Africa report (4 September 2009) p. 2; Italy lost over 4,600 nationals in this battle.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Keefer, Edward C. (1973). "Great Britain and Ethiopia 1897–1910: Competition for Empire". International Journal of African Studies . 6 (3): 468– 74. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F216612) 10.2307/216612 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/216612) 216612 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Great+Britain+and+Ethiopia+1897%E2%80%931910%3A+Competition+for+Empire&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=468-74&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F216612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F216612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Keefer%2C+Edward+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   Negash, Tekeste. (https://books.google.com/books?id=txsoS39UplMC) Eritrea and Ethiopia : The Federal Experience . Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (2005) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-992-6) (Special:BookSources/1-56000-992-6) 1-56000-992-6  pp. 13–14  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20090211211756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966291-3,00.html) "Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again – and aid groups fear the worst" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  . 21 December 1987.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pankhurst R (1966). "The Great Ethiopian Famine of 1888–1892: A New Assessment". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . 21 (2): 95– 124. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2FXXI.2.95) 10.1093/jhmas/XXI.2.95 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5326887) 5326887 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Great+Ethiopian+Famine+of+1888%E2%80%931892%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-124&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2FXXI.2.95&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5326887&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Broich T (2017). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140915183529/http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/) "U.S. and Soviet Foreign Aid during the Cold War – A Case Study of Ethiopia" . The United Nations University – Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT) . Archived from (https://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/) the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Nations+University+%E2%80%93+Maastricht+Economic+and+Social+Research+Institute+on+Innovation+and+Technology+%28UNU-MERIT%29&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+Soviet+Foreign+Aid+during+the+Cold+War+%E2%80%93+A+Case+Study+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Broich&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merit.unu.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpublications-search%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   Asnake Kefale, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella) (Tomasz Kamusella) Tomasz Kamusella and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation . London: Routledge, pp. 23–34.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   Clapham, Christopher (2005) "Ḫaylä Śəllase" in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha . Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1062–1063.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pankhurst R (24 September 2001). The Ethiopians: A History (2nd ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing) (Blackwell Publishing) Blackwell . p. 256. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9) (Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9) 0-631-22493-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001-09-24&rft.isbn=0-631-22493-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tibebu T (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RedSeaPr?action=edit&redlink=1) (RedSeaPr (page does not exist)) RedSeaPr . p. 145. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-001-9) (Special:BookSources/1-56902-001-9) 1-56902-001-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Ethiopia%3A+1896-1974&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=RedSeaPr&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56902-001-9&rft.aulast=Tibebu&rft.aufirst=Teshale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   Clapham, "Ḫaylä Śəllase", Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , p. 1063.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-119) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/ethiopiaeritrea-1950-1993/) "16. Ethiopia/Eritrea (1950-1993)" . uca.edu . Retrieved 27 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uca.edu&rft.atitle=16.+Ethiopia%2FEritrea+%281950-1993%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fhome%2Fresearch-projects%2Fdadm-project%2Fsub-saharan-africa-region%2Fethiopiaeritrea-1950-1993%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://blackpast.org/1963-haile-selassie-towards-african-unity) "(1963) Haile Selassie, "Towards African Unity" " . BlackPast.org . 7 August 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlackPast.org&rft.atitle=%281963%29+Haile+Selassie%2C+%22Towards+African+Unity%22&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackpast.org%2F1963-haile-selassie-towards-african-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#Valdes_Vivo) Valdes Vivo , p. 115.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#Valdes_Vivo) Valdes Vivo , p. 21.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-123) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/13/archives/removal-is-quiet.html) "REMOVAL IS QUIET" . The New York Times . Reuters. 13 September 1974. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=REMOVAL+IS+QUIET&rft.date=1974-09-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F09%2F13%2Farchives%2Fremoval-is-quiet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/24/archives/ethiopia-executes-60-former-officials-including-2-premiers-and.html) "Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief" . The New York Times . Reuters. 24 November 1974. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Executes+60+Former+Officials%2C+Including+2+Premiers+and+Military+Chief&rft.date=1974-11-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F11%2F24%2Farchives%2Fethiopia-executes-60-former-officials-including-2-premiers-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/22/archives/ethiopias-military-government-abolishes-monarchy-and-titles.html) "Ethiopia's Military Government Abolishes Monarchy and Titles" . The New York Times . 22 March 1975. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Military+Government+Abolishes+Monarchy+and+Titles&rft.date=1975-03-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F03%2F22%2Farchives%2Fethiopias-military-government-abolishes-monarchy-and-titles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  ʼAndārgāčaw Ṭerunah (1993). The Ethiopian revolution, 1974–1987: a transformation from an aristocratic to a totalitarian autocracy . Thomas Leiper Kane Collection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43082-8) (Special:BookSources/0-521-43082-8) 0-521-43082-8  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25316141) 25316141 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+revolution%2C+1974%E2%80%931987%3A+a+transformation+from+an+aristocratic+to+a+totalitarian+autocracy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25316141&rft.isbn=0-521-43082-8&rft.au=%CA%BCAnd%C4%81rg%C4%81%C4%8Daw+%E1%B9%ACerunah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-127) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaufman MT (15 November 1977). (https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/15/archives/ethiopian-official-is-believed-to-have-been-executed.html) "Ethiopian Official Is Believed to Have Been Executed" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Official+Is+Believed+to+Have+Been+Executed&rft.date=1977-11-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F11%2F15%2Farchives%2Fethiopian-official-is-believed-to-have-been-executed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-128) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dagne HG (2006). The commitment of the German Democratic Republic in Ethiopia: a study based on Ethiopian sources . London: Global Lit. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9535-8) (Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9535-8) 978-3-8258-9535-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+commitment+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic+in+Ethiopia%3A+a+study+based+on+Ethiopian+sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Global+Lit.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9535-8&rft.aulast=Dagne&rft.aufirst=Haile+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-129) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180105051009/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html) "The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact" . Library of Congress . Archived from (https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_08.html) the original on 5 January 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Mengistu+Regime+and+Its+Impact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fetsave%2Fet_01_08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-130) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oberdorfer D (March 1978). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/03/05/the-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war/00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def/) "The Superpowers and the Ogaden War" . The Washington Post . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Superpowers+and+the+Ogaden+War&rft.date=1978-03&rft.aulast=Oberdorfer&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1978%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-superpowers-and-the-ogaden-war%2F00f60ef2-01b4-4cd3-8c5f-e545df388def%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-BBC_131-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/575405.stm) "US admits helping Mengistu escape" . BBC . 22 December 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=US+admits+helping+Mengistu+escape&rft.date=1999-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F575405.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Black_Book2_132-0) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism) (The Black Book of Communism) The Black Book of Communism  , pp. 687–95  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ottaway DB (21 March 1979). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/03/21/addis-ababa-emerges-from-a-long-bloody-war/263ac7da-0f96-444c-ab87-03c80bb1632a/) "Addis Ababa Emerges From a Long, Bloody War" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Addis+Ababa+Emerges+From+a+Long%2C+Bloody+War&rft.date=1979-03-21&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1979%2F03%2F21%2Faddis-ababa-emerges-from-a-long-bloody-war%2F263ac7da-0f96-444c-ab87-03c80bb1632a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-134) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Katz DR (21 September 1978). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211913/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921) "Ethiopia After the Revolution: Vultures in the Land of Sheba" . Rolling Stone . Archived from (https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/ethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921) the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+After+the+Revolution%3A+Vultures+in+the+Land+of+Sheba&rft.date=1978-09-21&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Ffeatures%2Fethiopia-after-the-revolution-vultures-return-to-the-land-of-sheba-19780921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-135) ↑   Asnake Kefale, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella) (Tomasz Kamusella) Tomasz Kamusella and Christopher Van der Beken. 2021. Eurasian Empires as Blueprints for Ethiopia: From Ethnolinguistic Nation-State to Multiethnic Federation . London: Routledge, pp 35–43  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stapleton TJ (2017). A History of Genocide in Africa . ABC-CLIO. p. 163. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3052-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3052-5) 978-1-4408-3052-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Genocide+in+Africa&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-137) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180107221459/https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html) "Foreign Policy" . Library of Congress – American Memory: Remaining Collections . Archived from (https://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_04_08.html) the original on 7 January 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+American+Memory%3A+Remaining+Collections.&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fetsave%2Fet_04_08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-138) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Crowell Anderson-Jaquest T (May 2002). (http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2110/1/U613342.pdf) "Restructuring the Soviet–Ethiopian Relationship: A Csse Study in Asymmetric Exchange" (PDF) . London School of Economics and Political Science . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Restructuring+the+Soviet%E2%80%93Ethiopian+Relationship%3A+A+Csse+Study+in+Asymmetric+Exchange&rft.date=2002-05&rft.aulast=Crowell+Anderson-Jaquest&rft.aufirst=Tommie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F2110%2F1%2FU613342.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-139) ↑   Archived at (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/hltKrT_5q08) Ghostarchive  and the (https://web.archive.org/web/20210325145732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08) Wayback Machine  : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hltKrT_5q08) Mengistu Haile Mariam Interview (1990)  , 13 June 2020, retrieved 17 June 2021  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mengistu+Haile+Mariam+Interview+%281990%29&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhltKrT_5q08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)     (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tessema S (November 2017). (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopians-follow-zimbabwe-events-with-mengistu-in-mind/968413) "ADDIS ABABA" . Anadolu Agency . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=ADDIS+ABABA&rft.date=2017-11&rft.aulast=Tessema&rft.aufirst=Seleshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2Fethiopians-follow-zimbabwe-events-with-mengistu-in-mind%2F968413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-141) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45043811) "Why a photo of Mengistu has proved so controversial" . BBC News . August 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+a+photo+of+Mengistu+has+proved+so+controversial&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-45043811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1996121–23_142-0) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#CITEREFLyons1996) Lyons 1996 , pp. 121–23.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Constitution2_143-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Constitution2_143-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/et/et007en.pdf) "Article 5" (PDF) . Ethiopian Constitution . WIPO. Retrieved 2 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethiopian+Constitution&rft.atitle=Article+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fet%2Fet007en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/eritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html) "Eritrea Marks Independence After Years Under Ethiopia" . The New York Times . Associated Press. 25 May 1993. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eritrea+Marks+Independence+After+Years+Under+Ethiopia&rft.date=1993-05-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F25%2Fworld%2Feritrea-marks-independence-after-years-under-ethiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm) "Will arms ban slow war?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . 18 May 2000. (https://web.archive.org/web/20030127075853/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/750789.stm) Archived from the original on 27 January 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+arms+ban+slow+war%3F&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2000-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F750789.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1476618.stm) "War 'devastated' Ethiopian economy" . BBC News . 7 August 2001. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160704131529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1476618.stm) Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=War+%27devastated%27+Ethiopian+economy&rft.date=2001-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1476618.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:1_147-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:1_147-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597) "Ethiopia and Eritrea declare end of war" . BBC News . 9 July 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+and+Eritrea+declare+end+of+war&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-44764597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-148) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181002001149/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx) "At least 23 die in weekend of Ethiopia ethnic violence" . The Daily Star . 17 September 2018. Archived from (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2018/Sep-17/463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx) the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=At+least+23+die+in+weekend+of+Ethiopia+ethnic+violence&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FWorld%2F2018%2FSep-17%2F463632-at-least-23-die-in-weekend-of-ethiopia-ethnic-violence.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ahmed H, Goldstein J (24 September 2018). (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/world/africa/ethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html) "Thousands Are Arrested in Ethiopia After Ethnic Violence" . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+Are+Arrested+in+Ethiopia+After+Ethnic+Violence&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Hadra&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F24%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fethiopia-ethnic-violence-arrests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-irinnews_150-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2017/11/08/ethnic-violence-displaces-hundreds-thousands-ethiopians) "Ethnic violence displaces hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians" . irinnews.com. 8 November 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethnic+violence+displaces+hundreds+of+thousands+of+Ethiopians&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Fanalysis%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Fethnic-violence-displaces-hundreds-thousands-ethiopians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-151) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013) "12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia" . News24 . Retrieved 26 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=12+killed+in+latest+attack+in+western+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fafrica%2Fnews%2F12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-152) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/7856/Fano-Will-Not-Lay-Down-Arms-If-Demands-Are-Not-Met-Chairman) Fano Will Not Lay Down Arms If Demands Are Not Met: Chairman  , retrieved 28 March 2020  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fano+Will+Not+Lay+Down+Arms+If+Demands+Are+Not+Met%3A+Chairman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezega.com%2FNews%2FNewsDetails%2F7856%2FFano-Will-Not-Lay-Down-Arms-If-Demands-Are-Not-Met-Chairman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-153) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/ethiopian-parliament-pm-abiy-stay-office-term-200610195337702.html) "Ethiopian parliament allows PM Abiy to stay in office beyond term" . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 10 September 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+parliament+allows+PM+Abiy+to+stay+in+office+beyond+term&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2Fethiopian-parliament-pm-abiy-stay-office-term-200610195337702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-154) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1) "Ethiopia's Tigray region defies PM Abiy with 'illegal' election" . France 24 . 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Tigray+region+defies+PM+Abiy+with+%27illegal%27+election&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200909-ethiopia-s-tigray-region-defies-pm-abiy-with-illegal-election-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-155) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/ethiopia-tigray-region-votes-defying-federal-government-pm-200909055237684.html) "Ethiopia's Tigray region holds vote, defying Abiy's federal gov't" . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 10 September 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+Tigray+region+holds+vote%2C+defying+Abiy%27s+federal+gov%27t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2Fethiopia-tigray-region-votes-defying-federal-government-pm-200909055237684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-156) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54942546) "Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rockets hit outskirts of Eritrea capital" . BBC News . 15 November 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Tigray+crisis%3A+Rockets+hit+outskirts+of+Eritrea+capital&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54942546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54941833) "Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Rights commission to investigate 'mass killings' " . BBC News . 14 November 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Tigray+crisis%3A+Rights+commission+to+investigate+%27mass+killings%27&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-54941833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/15/rockets-fired-from-ethiopias-tigray-region-hit-eritrean-capital) "Ethiopia: Tigray leader confirms bombing Eritrean capital" . Al-Jazeera . 15 November 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Tigray+leader+confirms+bombing+Eritrean+capital&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F15%2Frockets-fired-from-ethiopias-tigray-region-hit-eritrean-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-159) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-tigray-war-has-seen-up-to-half-a-million-dead-from-violence-and/) "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers" . The Globe and Mail . 15 March 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Tigray+war+has+seen+up+to+half+a+million+dead+from+violence+and+starvation%2C+say+researchers&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fworld%2Farticle-tigray-war-has-seen-up-to-half-a-million-dead-from-violence-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/the-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia/2022/03/22/eaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html) "The World's Deadliest War Isn't in Ukraine, But in Ethiopia" . The Washington Post . 23 March 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Deadliest+War+Isn%27t+in+Ukraine%2C+But+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-worlds-deadliest-war-isnt-in-ukraine-but-in-ethiopia%2F2022%2F03%2F22%2Feaf4b83c-a9b6-11ec-8a8e-9c6e9fc7a0de_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chothia F, Bekit T (19 October 2022). (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747) "Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747) Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+civil+war%3A+Hyenas+scavenge+on+corpses+as+Tigray+forces+retreat&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.aulast=Chothia&rft.aufirst=Farouk&rft.au=Bekit%2C+Teklemariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-63291747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-162) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Winning A, Cocks T (2 November 2022). (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/african-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02/) "Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities" . Reuters . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Parties+in+Ethiopia+conflict+agree+to+cease+hostilities&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.aulast=Winning&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Cocks%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fafrican-union-parties-ethiopia-conflict-have-agreed-cease-hostilities-2022-11-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68283799) "Amhara conflict: Ethiopians massacred in their homes by government troops" . 13 February 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Amhara+conflict%3A+Ethiopians+massacred+in+their+homes+by+government+troops&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-68283799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Account (16 February 2024). (https://borkena.com/2024/02/16/ethiopia-statement-on-the-indiscriminate-massacre-of-the-residents-of-merawi/) "Statement on the Indiscriminate Massacre of the Residents of Merawi in Ethiopia" . Borkena Ethiopian News . Retrieved 18 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Borkena+Ethiopian+News&rft.atitle=Statement+on+the+Indiscriminate+Massacre+of+the+Residents+of+Merawi+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft.au=Account&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fborkena.com%2F2024%2F02%2F16%2Fethiopia-statement-on-the-indiscriminate-massacre-of-the-residents-of-merawi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_165-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) "CIA World Factbook – Rank Order – Area" . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-166) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&search=&searchSites=&search_by_country=&search_yearinscribed=&themes=&criteria_restrication=&media=&description=&order=region) "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%93+World+Heritage+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F%26search%3D%26searchSites%3D%26search_by_country%3D%26search_yearinscribed%3D%26themes%3D%26criteria_restrication%3D%26media%3D%26description%3D%26order%3Dregion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-167) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224634/https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/) "Does It Snow In Ethiopia [ Winter Travel] " . 15 January 2023. Archived from (https://offseasonbackpack.com/does-it-snow-in-ethiopia/) the original on 26 September 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+It+Snow+In+Ethiopia+%5BWinter+Travel%5D&rft.date=2023-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foffseasonbackpack.com%2Fdoes-it-snow-in-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.brookings.edu/articles/while-egypt-struggles-ethiopia-builds-over-the-blue-nile-controversies-and-the-way-forward/) "While Egypt Struggles, Ethiopia Builds over the Blue Nile: Controversies and the Way Forward" . Brookings.edu . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings.edu&rft.atitle=While+Egypt+Struggles%2C+Ethiopia+Builds+over+the+Blue+Nile%3A+Controversies+and+the+Way+Forward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fwhile-egypt-struggles-ethiopia-builds-over-the-blue-nile-controversies-and-the-way-forward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Misiani2020_169-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Misiani HO, Finney DL, Segele ZT, Marsham JH, Tadege A, Artan G, Atheru Z (12 December 2020). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fatmos11121352) "Circulation Patterns Associated with Current and Future Rainfall over Ethiopia and South Sudan from a Convection-Permitting Model" . Atmosphere . 11 (12): 1352. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Atmos..11.1352M) 2020Atmos..11.1352M . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fatmos11121352) 10.3390/atmos11121352  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmosphere&rft.atitle=Circulation+Patterns+Associated+with+Current+and+Future+Rainfall+over+Ethiopia+and+South+Sudan+from+a+Convection-Permitting+Model&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1352&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fatmos11121352&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Atmos..11.1352M&rft.aulast=Misiani&rft.aufirst=Herbert+O.&rft.au=Finney%2C+Declan+L.&rft.au=Segele%2C+Zewdu+T.&rft.au=Marsham%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Tadege%2C+Abebe&rft.au=Artan%2C+Guleid&rft.au=Atheru%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fatmos11121352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gezie M (1 January 2019). Moral MT (ed.). (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311932.2019.1613770) "Farmer's response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review" . Cogent Food & Agriculture . 5 (1) 1613770. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CogFA...513770G) 2019CogFA...513770G . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311932.2019.1613770) 10.1080/23311932.2019.1613770  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155380174) 155380174 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cogent+Food+%26+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Farmer%27s+response+to+climate+change+and+variability+in+Ethiopia%3A+A+review&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.artnum=1613770&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155380174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23311932.2019.1613770&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CogFA...513770G&rft.aulast=Gezie&rft.aufirst=Melese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23311932.2019.1613770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-climate-change-and-migration-little-more-knowledge-and-more-nuanced) "Ethiopia, Climate Change and Migration: A little more knowledge and a more nuanced perspective could greatly benefit thinking on policy – Ethiopia" . ReliefWeb . 6 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%2C+Climate+Change+and+Migration%3A+A+little+more+knowledge+and+a+more+nuanced+perspective+could+greatly+benefit+thinking+on+policy+%E2%80%93+Ethiopia&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fethiopia%2Fethiopia-climate-change-and-migration-little-more-knowledge-and-more-nuanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dahir AL (5 March 2019). (https://qz.com/africa/1565355/ethiopias-abiy-to-hold-dinner-to-make-addis-ababa-greener-city/) "Ethiopia is launching a global crowdfunding campaign to give its capital a green facelift" . Quartz Africa . Retrieved 23 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz+Africa&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+is+launching+a+global+crowdfunding+campaign+to+give+its+capital+a+green+facelift&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Dahir&rft.aufirst=Abdi+Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F1565355%2Fethiopias-abiy-to-hold-dinner-to-make-addis-ababa-greener-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-173) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48342569) "Ethiopia PM hosts 'most expensive dinner' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC  . 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+PM+hosts+%27most+expensive+dinner%27&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-48342569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-174) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  AfricaNews (14 May 2019). (https://www.africanews.com/2019/05/14/ethiopia-pm-raises-over-25m-for-project-to-beautify-addis-ababa/) "Ethiopia PM raises over $25m for project to beautify Addis Ababa" . Africanews . Retrieved 23 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+PM+raises+over+%2425m+for+project+to+beautify+Addis+Ababa&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F05%2F14%2Fethiopia-pm-raises-over-25m-for-project-to-beautify-addis-ababa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Addisstandard (25 April 2019). (https://addisstandard.com/news-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only/) "News: China's reprieve on interest-free loan only" . Addis Standard . Retrieved 23 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=News%3A+China%27s+reprieve+on+interest-free+loan+only&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.au=Addisstandard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fnews-chinas-reprieve-on-interest-free-loan-only%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lepage D. (http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=et&list=clements) "Bird Checklists of the World" . Avibase. Retrieved 6 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bird+Checklists+of+the+World&rft.pub=Avibase&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fchecklist.jsp%3Fregion%3Det%26list%3Dclements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   Bicyclus, Site of Markku Savela  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-178) ↑   Bakerova, Katarina et al. (1991) Wildlife Parks Animals Africa. Retrieved 24 May 2008, from the (http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html) African Cultural Centre (https://web.archive.org/web/20110205045029/http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/3_0wildlife.html) Archived 5 February 2011 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  .  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-179) ↑   Encyclopaedia of Nations. (http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ethiopia-ENVIRONMENT.html) Ethiopia Environment .  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-180) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110304003612/http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm) "Endangeredspecie.com, How to Help Endangered Species" . www.endangeredspecie.com . Archived from (http://www.endangeredspecie.com/Ways_To_Help.htm) the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.endangeredspecie.com&rft.atitle=Endangeredspecie.com%2C+How+to+Help+Endangered+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredspecie.com%2FWays_To_Help.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-181) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://unstats.un.org/wiki/spaces/mdgs/overview) "Millenium Development Goals Indicators - Millenium Development Goals Indicators - UN Statistics Wiki" . unstats.un.org . Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=Millenium+Development+Goals+Indicators+-+Millenium+Development+Goals+Indicators+-+UN+Statistics+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Fwiki%2Fspaces%2Fmdgs%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Massicot_183-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Massicot_183-1) 2   Massicot, Paul (2005). (http://www.animalinfo.org/country/ethiopia.htm) Animal Info-Ethiopia .  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-184) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khoury CK, Achicanoy HA, Bjorkman AD, Navarro-Racines C, Guarino L, Flores-Palacios X, Engels JM, Wiersema JH, Dempewolf H (15 June 2016). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920324) "Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide" . Proc. R. Soc. B . 283 (1832) 20160792. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.0792) 10.1098/rspb.2016.0792 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4920324) 4920324  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+R.+Soc.+B&rft.atitle=Origins+of+food+crops+connect+countries+worldwide&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1832&rft.artnum=20160792&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4920324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2016.0792&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Colin+K.&rft.au=Achicanoy%2C+Harold+A.&rft.au=Bjorkman%2C+Anne+D.&rft.au=Navarro-Racines%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Guarino%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Flores-Palacios%2C+Ximena&rft.au=Engels%2C+Johannes+M.M.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Dempewolf%2C+Hannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4920324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-185) ↑   Mongabay.com Ethiopia statistics. (n.d). Retrieved 18 November 2006, from (http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Ethiopia.htm) Rainforests.mongabay.com   (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_186-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grantham HS, Duncan A, Evans TD, Jones KR, Beyer HL, Schuster R, Walston J, Ray JC, Robinson JG, Callow M, Clements T, Costa HM, DeGemmis A, Elsen PR, Ervin J, Franco P, Goldman E, Goetz S, Hansen A, Hofsvang E, Jantz P, Jupiter S, Kang A, Langhammer P, Laurance WF, Lieberman S, Linkie M, Malhi Y, Maxwell S, Mendez M, Mittermeier R, Murray NJ, Possingham H, Radachowsky J, Saatchi S, Samper C, Silverman J, Shapiro A, Strassburg B, Stevens T, Stokes E, Taylor R, Tear T, Tizard R, Venter O, Visconti P, Wang S, Watson JE (2020). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" . Nature Communications . 11 (1): 5978. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-187) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20ethiopia.htm) "Ethiopia: Environmental Profile" . Mongabay. 4 February 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+Environmental+Profile&rft.pub=Mongabay&rft.date=2006-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frainforests.mongabay.com%2F20ethiopia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Iyyer C (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=1Bls24MgPuMC&pg=PA16) Land Management: Challenges & Strategies  . Global India Publications. p. 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80228-48-8) (Special:BookSources/978-93-80228-48-8) 978-93-80228-48-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Management%3A+Challenges+%26+Strategies&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Global+India+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-93-80228-48-8&rft.aulast=Iyyer&rft.aufirst=Chaitanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Bls24MgPuMC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-189) ↑   Parry, J (2003). Tree choppers become tree planters. Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38–39. Retrieved 22 November 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341).  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethiopianembassy.org/government/) "Government" . Embassy of Ethiopia . Retrieved 27 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopianembassy.org%2Fgovernment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  See Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No.322/2003. Federal High Courts have been placed in the following states: Afar, Benshngul/Gumuz, Gambela, Somali, and SNNPR . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=See+Federal+High+Court+Establishment+Proclamation+No.322%2F2003.+Federal+High+Courts+have+been+placed+in+the+following+states%3A+Afar%2C+Benshngul%2FGumuz%2C+Gambela%2C+Somali%2C+and+SNNPR.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-192) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, as amended by Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 138/1998, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 254/2001, Federal Courts (Amendment) Proclamation 321/2003, and Federal Courts Proclamation (Reamendment) Proclamation 454/2005 (Federal Courts Proclamation), Article 24(3) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Courts+Proclamation+25%2F1996%2C+as+amended+by+Federal+Courts+%28Amendment%29+Proclamation+138%2F1998%2C+Federal+Courts+%28Amendment%29+Proclamation+254%2F2001%2C+Federal+Courts+%28Amendment%29+Proclamation+321%2F2003%2C+and+Federal+Courts+Proclamation+%28Reamendment%29+Proclamation+454%2F2005+%28Federal+Courts+Proclamation%29%2C+Article+24%283%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Federal Courts Proclamation 25/1996, Article 3 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Courts+Proclamation+25%2F1996%2C+Article+3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-194) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194433/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm) "Constitution of Ethiopia – 8 December 1994" . Archived from (http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/constitutions/ethiopia/constitution_1994.htm) the original on 9 May 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+8+December+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civicwebs.com%2Fcwvlib%2Fconstitutions%2Fethiopia%2Fconstitution_1994.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:7_195-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:7_195-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ethiopia – Country Governance Profile EN.pdf . OSGE and OREB. March 2009. p. 14. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+Country+Governance+Profile+EN.pdf&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=OSGE+and+OREB&rft.date=2009-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-196) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170118081031/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia) "Ethiopia" . Freedom House . 2015. Archived from (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/ethiopia) the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2015%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons1996142_197-0) ↑   (Ethiopia.html#CITEREFLyons1996) Lyons 1996 , p. 142.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.irinnews.org/report/22561/ethiopia-president-expelled-ruling-party) "President expelled from ruling party" . IRIN . 25 June 2001. Retrieved 7 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRIN&rft.atitle=President+expelled+from+ruling+party&rft.date=2001-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F22561%2Fethiopia-president-expelled-ruling-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FH_Ethiopia_199-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130909123107/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175) "Map of Freedom 2007" . Freedom House. 2007. Archived from (https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/ethiopia?page=22&year=2007&country=7175) the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Freedom+2007&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2007%2Fethiopia%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2007%26country%3D7175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-idUSBRE87K04K20120821) "Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles has died: state television" . Reuters . 21 August 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Prime+Minister+Meles+has+died%3A+state+television&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ethiopia-meles-idUSBRE87K04K20120821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lough R (22 August 2012). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-meles-leader-idUSBRE87L0B820120822) "Ethiopia acting PM to remain at helm until 2015" . Reuters . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+acting+PM+to+remain+at+helm+until+2015&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft.aulast=Lough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-ethiopia-meles-leader-idUSBRE87L0B820120822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-AJE_HD_holds_202-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malone B (27 May 2015). (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/profile-ethiopias-placeholder-pm-quietly-holds-150527172136197.html) "Profile: Ethiopia's 'placeholder' PM quietly holds on" . aljazeera.com . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English) (Al Jazeera English) Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Ethiopia%27s+%27placeholder%27+PM+quietly+holds+on&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2Fprofile-ethiopias-placeholder-pm-quietly-holds-150527172136197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Reuters1_203-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maasho A (8 August 2016). (https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011946/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true) "At least 33 protesters killed in Ethiopia's Oromiya region: opposition" . Reuters . Archived from (https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN10J0ZJ?sp=true) the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=At+least+33+protesters+killed+in+Ethiopia%27s+Oromiya+region%3A+opposition&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.aulast=Maasho&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFKCN10J0ZJ%3Fsp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43091248) "Ethiopia declares state of emergency" . BBC News . 16 February 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+declares+state+of+emergency&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-43091248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-205) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  AfricaNews. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107172159/http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests//) "Ethiopia declares 6 months state of emergency over Oromia protests" . Africanews . Archived from (http://www.africanews.com/2016/10/09/ethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests//) the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+declares+6+months+state+of+emergency+over+Oromia+protests&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2016%2F10%2F09%2Fethiopia-declares-6-months-state-of-emergency-over-oromia-protests%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2019/10/11/ethiopian-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-lon-orig.cnn) "Ethiopian Prime Minister wins the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize" . CNN News . 16 October 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Prime+Minister+wins+the+2019+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fworld%2F2019%2F10%2F11%2Fethiopian-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-wins-2019-nobel-peace-prize-lon-orig.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-207) ↑   (http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf) The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010 . (PDF). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-208) ↑   (http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf) The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2010 . (PDF). p.17. Retrieved on 3 March 2012.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ottaway M (1995). "The Ethiopian Transition: Democratisation or New Authoritarianism?". Northeast African Studies . 2 (3): 67– 84. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnas.1995.0028) 10.1353/nas.1995.0028 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-9133) 0740-9133 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931114) 41931114 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Transition%3A+Democratisation+or+New+Authoritarianism%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67-84&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0740-9133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41931114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnas.1995.0028&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-210) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia) "Ethiopia: Country Profile" . Freedom House . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Country+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-211) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://peacediplomacy.org/2021/11/03/failure-to-stand-for-democracy-in-ethiopia/) "Failure to Stand for Democracy in Ethiopia Has Weakened Democracy Worldwide" . The Institute for Peace and Diplomacy - l'Institut pour la paix et la diplomatie . 3 November 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+for+Peace+and+Diplomacy+-+l%27Institut+pour+la+paix+et+la+diplomatie&rft.atitle=Failure+to+Stand+for+Democracy+in+Ethiopia+Has+Weakened+Democracy+Worldwide&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacediplomacy.org%2F2021%2F11%2F03%2Ffailure-to-stand-for-democracy-in-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-212) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021) "Ethiopia: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report" . Freedom House . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2021+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-213) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Velasco G (1 April 2022). (https://revistaidees.cat/en/the-ethiopia-of-abiy-ahmed-and-the-pending-transition/) "The Ethiopia of Abiy Ahmed and the Pending Transition" . IDEES . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDEES&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopia+of+Abiy+Ahmed+and+the+Pending+Transition&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Velasco&rft.aufirst=Guille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistaidees.cat%2Fen%2Fthe-ethiopia-of-abiy-ahmed-and-the-pending-transition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gedamu Y (16 June 2020). (https://theconversation.com/abiy-put-ethiopia-on-the-road-to-democracy-but-major-obstacles-still-stand-in-the-way-140750) "Abiy put Ethiopia on the road to democracy: but major obstacles still stand in the way" . The Conversation . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Abiy+put+Ethiopia+on+the+road+to+democracy%3A+but+major+obstacles+still+stand+in+the+way&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft.aulast=Gedamu&rft.aufirst=Yohannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fabiy-put-ethiopia-on-the-road-to-democracy-but-major-obstacles-still-stand-in-the-way-140750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-mula_215-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mulatu Wubneh (2017). "Ethnic Identity Politics and the Restructuring of Administrative Units in Ethiopia". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 11 (1 & 2): 105– 138. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26586251) 26586251 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Identity+Politics+and+the+Restructuring+of+Administrative+Units+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=105-138&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26586251%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mulatu+Wubneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-mappr_216-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mappr.co/political-maps/ethiopia/) "Ethiopia Political Map and Regions | Mappr" . www.mappr.co . 14 January 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mappr.co&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Political+Map+and+Regions+%26%23124%3B+Mappr&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mappr.co%2Fpolitical-maps%2Fethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Comparison_217-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vértesy L, Lemango T (2022). (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361985359) "Comparison of local governments in Hungary and Ethiopia" . De Iurisprudentia et Iure Publico . XIII (1– 2): 62– 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1789-0446) 1789-0446 – via ResearchGate. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Iurisprudentia+et+Iure+Publico&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+local+governments+in+Hungary+and+Ethiopia&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=62-75&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1789-0446&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9rtesy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Lemango%2C+Teketel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F361985359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-218) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethiopianhistory.com/Land_of_Punt/) "Land of Punt" . ethiopianhistory.com . Retrieved 29 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethiopianhistory.com&rft.atitle=Land+of+Punt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopianhistory.com%2FLand_of_Punt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   The political history of the Ethiopian community, and their struggle for ownership of this small monastery, is retold in Chris Proutky, Empress Taytu and Menelik II (Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), pp. 247–256  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-220) ↑   Although Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia , second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), believes that the Suez Canal brought strategic value to the Red Sea region (p. 73), Sven Rubenson, The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (Hollywood: Tsehai,1991) argues that only with the Mahdi War did the United Kingdom interest themselves once again in Ethiopia (pp. 283ff).  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230203164440/https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html) "Ethiopia – Agoa.info – African Growth and Opportunity Act" . agoa.info . Archived from (https://agoa.info/profiles/ethiopia.html) the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agoa.info&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+Agoa.info+%E2%80%93+African+Growth+and+Opportunity+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagoa.info%2Fprofiles%2Fethiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gregory W. (https://www.npr.org/2015/07/27/426842540/obama-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-to-visit-ethiopia) "Obama Becomes First Sitting U.S. President To Visit Ethiopia" . National Public Radio. Retrieved 14 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Becomes+First+Sitting+U.S.+President+To+Visit+Ethiopia&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F07%2F27%2F426842540%2Fobama-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-to-visit-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onyulo T (26 July 2015). (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/26/obama-visit-highlights-ethiopias-role-fighting-islamic-terrorists/30662123/) "Obama visit highlights Ethiopia's role in fighting Islamist terrorists" . USA Today . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+visit+highlights+Ethiopia%27s+role+in+fighting+Islamist+terrorists&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft.aulast=Onyulo&rft.aufirst=Tonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2015%2F07%2F26%2Fobama-visit-highlights-ethiopias-role-fighting-islamic-terrorists%2F30662123%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-224) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/ex-cl-dec-681-xx-e.pdf) "Decision on the Report of the Fifth Ordinary Session of the Specialised Technical Committee on Defence, Security and Safety Doc. EX.CL/698(XX)" (PDF) . African Union. Retrieved 14 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+on+the+Report+of+the+Fifth+Ordinary+Session+of+the+Specialised+Technical+Committee+on+Defence%2C+Security+and+Safety+Doc.+EX.CL%2F698%28XX%29&rft.pub=African+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peaceau.org%2Fuploads%2Fex-cl-dec-681-xx-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-225) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walsh D (9 February 2020). (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html) "For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html) Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Thousands+of+Years%2C+Egypt+Controlled+the+Nile.+A+New+Dam+Threatens+That&rft.date=2020-02-09&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Decian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2020%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile-river-dam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/) "An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)) (Quartz (publication)) Quartz  . 27 June 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=An+Egyptian+cyber+attack+on+Ethiopia+by+hackers+is+the+latest+strike+over+the+Grand+Dam&rft.date=2020-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F1874343%2Fegypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-227) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8) "Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists" . Nature . 15 July 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Row+over+Africa%27s+largest+dam+in+danger+of+escalating%2C+warn+scientists&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-020-02124-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-228) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://origins.osu.edu/article/who-owns-nile-egypt-sudan-and-ethiopia-s-history-changing-dam?language_content_entity=en) "Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia's History-Changing Dam" . Origins . 15 March 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origins&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+the+Nile%3F+Egypt%2C+Sudan%2C+and+Ethiopia%27s+History-Changing+Dam&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Farticle%2Fwho-owns-nile-egypt-sudan-and-ethiopia-s-history-changing-dam%3Flanguage_content_entity%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-229) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war) "Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war?" . The Week . 8 July 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Are+Egypt+and+Ethiopia+heading+for+a+water+war%3F&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2F107468%2Fare-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethiopia.un.org/en/about/about-the-un) "The United Nations in Ethiopia" . United Nations Ethiopia . Retrieved 3 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopia.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fabout-the-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rothchild D (1994). The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? . University of Wisconsin Press. p. 139. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Tide+of+Cultural+Pluralism%3A+The+Nation-State+at+Bay%3F&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Rothchild&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk/pages/yohannes.htm) "Ethiopian Treasures - Emperor Yohannes IV, Battle of Metema - Ethiopia" . www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Treasures+-+Emperor+Yohannes+IV%2C+Battle+of+Metema+-+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopiantreasures.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fyohannes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://addisstandard.com/asdailyscoop-ethiopias-military-spending-in-2022-increased-by-88-to-1-billion-research/) "Ethiopia's military spending in 2022 increased by 88% to $1 billion – research" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Standard) (Addis Standard) Addis Standard  . 24 April 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+military+spending+in+2022+increased+by+88%25+to+%241+billion+%E2%80%93+research&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fasdailyscoop-ethiopias-military-spending-in-2022-increased-by-88-to-1-billion-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Paravicini G (12 April 2024). (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalia-says-it-will-never-accept-ethiopian-naval-base-somaliland-2024-04-12/#:~:text=Somalia%20will%20never%20accept%20Ethiopia%27s%20plan%20to%20build,bilaterally%2C%20a%20senior%20Somali%20official%20said%20on%20Friday.) "Somalia refuses to accept Ethiopian naval base in breakaway region" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Somalia+refuses+to+accept+Ethiopian+naval+base+in+breakaway+region&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft.aulast=Paravicini&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsomalia-says-it-will-never-accept-ethiopian-naval-base-somaliland-2024-04-12%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSomalia%2520will%2520never%2520accept%2520Ethiopia%2527s%2520plan%2520to%2520build%2Cbilaterally%252C%2520a%2520senior%2520Somali%2520official%2520said%2520on%2520Friday.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://aoav.org.uk/2016/niss/) "National Intelligence and Security Services – Ethiopia" . Action On Armed Violence (AOAV) . 2 April 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Action+On+Armed+Violence+%28AOAV%29&rft.atitle=National+Intelligence+and+Security+Services+%E2%80%93+Ethiopia&rft.date=2016-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2016%2Fniss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-republic-of-korea-agree-to-jointly-combat-terrorism-cross-border-crimes/) "Ethiopia, Republic Of Korea Agree To Jointly Combat Terrorism, Cross-Border Crimes" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Fana Broadcasting Corporation) Fana Broadcasting Corporation  . 31 May 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fana+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%2C+Republic+Of+Korea+Agree+To+Jointly+Combat+Terrorism%2C+Cross-Border+Crimes&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanabc.com%2Fenglish%2Fethiopia-republic-of-korea-agree-to-jointly-combat-terrorism-cross-border-crimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:0_237-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://chilot.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/proclamation-no-804-2013-national-intellegence-and-security-services-establishment.pdf) "Proclamation No. 804/2013" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+No.+804%2F2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchilot.wordpress.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2Fproclamation-no-804-2013-national-intellegence-and-security-services-establishment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:32_238-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  USA I (August 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=cAOuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Federal+Police+Commission+Ethiopia+establishment&pg=PA46) Ethiopia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws  . Lulu.com. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-6981-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-6981-3) 978-1-4387-6981-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+Business+Law+Handbook+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Basic+Laws&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4387-6981-3&rft.aulast=USA&rft.aufirst=IBP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAOuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFederal%2BPolice%2BCommission%2BEthiopia%2Bestablishment%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:13_239-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2017/09/Proclamation-720-of-2011-Ethiopian-Federal-Police-Commission.pdf?x96812) "Ethiopian Federal Police" (PDF) . FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETA . 29 June 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FEDERAL+NEGARIT+GAZETA&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Federal+Police&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicehumanrightsresources.org%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FProclamation-720-of-2011-Ethiopian-Federal-Police-Commission.pdf%3Fx96812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-240) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/03/24/one-hundred-ways-putting-pressure/violations-freedom-expression-and-association) " "One Hundred Ways of Putting Pressure" " . Human Rights Watch . 24 March 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=%22One+Hundred+Ways+of+Putting+Pressure%22&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2010%2F03%2F24%2Fone-hundred-ways-putting-pressure%2Fviolations-freedom-expression-and-association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Outlook_2012_241-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/pdf/text.pdf) "World Economic Outlook" (PDF) . IMF. Retrieved 13 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2012%2F02%2Fpdf%2Ftext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180703045928/http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html) "Ethiopia: IMF Positive on Country's Growth Outlook" . allAfrica. Archived from (http://allafrica.com/stories/200706181790.html) the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+IMF+Positive+on+Country%27s+Growth+Outlook&rft.pub=allAfrica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200706181790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/publication/ethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it) "With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025" . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=With+Continued+Rapid+Growth%2C+Ethiopia+is+Poised+to+Become+a+Middle+Income+Country+by+2025&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Fpublication%2Fethiopia-great-run-growth-acceleration-how-to-pace-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Ethiopia_Overview_244-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview) "Economic Overview" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Overview&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fethiopia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-245) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-industrialoutput-idUSL8N1343EO20151109) "Ethiopia to launch four more industry parks within two years" . Reuters . 9 November 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+to+launch+four+more+industry+parks+within+two+years&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fethiopia-industrialoutput-idUSL8N1343EO20151109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-246) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sze M (12 August 2019). (https://w7news.com/ethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora/) "Ethiopia to Open Banks for Ethiopian Investors in the Diaspora" . W7 News . Retrieved 14 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W7+News&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+to+Open+Banks+for+Ethiopian+Investors+in+the+Diaspora&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Sze&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw7news.com%2Fethiopia-to-open-banks-for-ethiopian-investors-in-the-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-247) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nega B, Adenew B, Gebre Sellasie S (2003). (https://www.fao.org/4/y5026e/y5026e08.htm) "Current land policy issues in Ethiopia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization  . Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.atitle=Current+land+policy+issues+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nega&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Adenew%2C+B.&rft.au=Gebre+Sellasie%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F4%2Fy5026e%2Fy5026e08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140406173808/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx) "Business Corruption in Ethiopia" . Business Anti-Corruption Portal. Archived from (http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/ethiopia/business-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx) the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Corruption+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Business+Anti-Corruption+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-anti-corruption.com%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Fethiopia%2Fbusiness-corruption-in-ethiopia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-249) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Six_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html) "Six million children threatened by Ethiopia drought: UN" . Terradaily.com. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+million+children+threatened+by+Ethiopia+drought%3A+UN&rft.pub=Terradaily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terradaily.com%2Freports%2FSix_million_children_threatened_by_Ethiopia_drought_UN_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-250) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eastwood V, Elbagir N (31 May 2012). (http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/31/business/ethiopia-grand-renaissance-dam/index.html) "Ethiopia powers on with controversial dam project" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+powers+on+with+controversial+dam+project&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.aulast=Eastwood&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Elbagir%2C+Nima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F05%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fethiopia-grand-renaissance-dam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-251) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160815154045/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html) "Power generation begins at 1,870-MW Gibe III hydroelectric project in Ethiopia" . www.hydroworld.com . Archived from (http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html) the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hydroworld.com&rft.atitle=Power+generation+begins+at+1%2C870-MW+Gibe+III+hydroelectric+project+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroworld.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F10%2Fpower-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-252) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilkin P, Demissew S, Willis K, Woldeyes F, Davis AP, Molla EL, Janssens S, Kallow S, Berhanu A (2019). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526316) "Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterised but resilient starch staple" . Annals of Botany . 123 (5): 747– 766. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcy214) 10.1093/aob/mcy214 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526316) 6526316  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30715125) 30715125 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Enset+in+Ethiopia%3A+a+poorly+characterised+but+resilient+starch+staple&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=747-766&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526316%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30715125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcy214&rft.aulast=Wilkin&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Demissew%2C+Sebsebe&rft.au=Willis%2C+Kathy&rft.au=Woldeyes%2C+Feleke&rft.au=Davis%2C+Aaron+P.&rft.au=Molla%2C+Ermias+L.&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Steven&rft.au=Kallow%2C+Simon&rft.au=Berhanu%2C+Admas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6526316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-253) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2007/06/07/get-the-gangsters-out-of-the-food-chain) "Get the gangsters out of the food chain" . The Economist . 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Get+the+gangsters+out+of+the+food+chain&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2007%2F06%2F07%2Fget-the-gangsters-out-of-the-food-chain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-254) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tikuye E (21 January 2023). (https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/30044/) "Fixing Addis light rail may cost at least $60 million" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reporter_(Ethiopia)) (The Reporter (Ethiopia)) The Reporter (Ethiopia)  . Retrieved 10 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reporter+%28Ethiopia%29&rft.atitle=Fixing+Addis+light+rail+may+cost+at+least+%2460+million&rft.date=2023-01-21&rft.aulast=Tikuye&rft.aufirst=Eyob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereporterethiopia.com%2F30044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-255) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mengesha S (15 June 2023). (https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/34753/) "Ethiopian Airlines flies high with 20% increase in earnings despite global challenges" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reporter_(Ethiopia)) (The Reporter (Ethiopia)) The Reporter (Ethiopia)  . Retrieved 10 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reporter+%28Ethiopia%29&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Airlines+flies+high+with+20%25+increase+in+earnings+despite+global+challenges&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Mengesha&rft.aufirst=Selamawit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereporterethiopia.com%2F34753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-256) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/ethio-telecom-forecasts-19-rise-revenue-202324-2023-07-28/) "Ethio Telecom forecasts 19% rise in revenue in 2023/24" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 28 July 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethio+Telecom+forecasts+19%25+rise+in+revenue+in+2023%2F24&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fethio-telecom-forecasts-19-rise-revenue-202324-2023-07-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:6_257-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230203175842/https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829) "Ethiopian Coffee Culture – Legend, History and Customs" . The Spruce Eats . Archived from (https://www.thespruceeats.com/ethiopian-coffee-culture-765829) the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Coffee+Culture+%E2%80%93+Legend%2C+History+and+Customs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fethiopian-coffee-culture-765829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-258) ↑   The Economist 22 May 2010, page 49  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-259) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm) "Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow" . BBC. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Starbucks+in+Ethiopia+coffee+vow&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6225514.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-260) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stylianou N. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-fa38cb91-bdc0-4229-8cae-1d5c3b447337) "Coffee under threat" . BBC News . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coffee+under+threat&rft.aulast=Stylianou&rft.aufirst=Nassos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fresources%2Fidt-fa38cb91-bdc0-4229-8cae-1d5c3b447337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-261) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cook R (2 September 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065120/http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao) "World Cattle Inventory: Ranking of countries (FAO)" . Cattle Network . Farm Journal. Archived from (http://www.cattlenetwork.com/world-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao) the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cattle+Network&rft.atitle=World+Cattle+Inventory%3A+Ranking+of+countries+%28FAO%29&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cattlenetwork.com%2Fworld-cattle-inventory-ranking-countries-fao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-262) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070418195017/http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F) "Ethiopia's flower trade in full bloom" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_&_Guardian) (Mail & Guardian) Mail & Guardian  . 19 February 2006. Archived from (http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=264689&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__business/) the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007 . Floriculture has become a flourishing business in Ethiopia in the past five years, with the industry's exports earnings set to grow to $100-million by 2007, a five-fold increase on the $20-million earned in 2005. Ethiopian flower exports could generate an estimated $300-million within two to three years, according to the head of the government export-promotion department, Melaku Legesse.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+flower+trade+in+full+bloom&rft.date=2006-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2FarticlePage.aspx%3Farticleid%3D264689%26area%3D%2Fbreaking_news%2Fbreaking_news__business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ODI_263-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ODI_263-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ODI_263-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ODI_263-3) 4   Pavanello, Sara 2010. (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands) Working across borders – Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands (https://web.archive.org/web/20101112224025/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4997&title=working-across-borders-harnessing-potential-cross-border-activities-improve-livelihood-security-horn-africa-drylands) Archived 12 November 2010 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . London: Overseas Development Institute  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-264) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Averill V (31 May 2007). (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6703551.stm) "Ethiopia's designs on leather trade" . BBC. Retrieved 21 June 2007 . The label inside the luxuriously soft black leather handbag reads Taytu: Made In Ethiopia. But the embroidered print on the outside, the chunky bronze rings attached to the fashionably short straps and the oversized "it" bag status all scream designer chic.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+designs+on+leather+trade&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft.aulast=Averill&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6703551.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-265) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/200604/12/eng20060412_257767.html) "Largest hydro electric power plant goes smoothly" . English.people.com.cn. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+hydro+electric+power+plant+goes+smoothly&rft.pub=English.people.com.cn&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200604%2F12%2Feng20060412_257767.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-266) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100103085843/http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm) "Hydroelectric Power Plant built" . Addistribune.com. Archived from (http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/New.htm) the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydroelectric+Power+Plant+built&rft.pub=Addistribune.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.addistribune.com%2FArchives%2F2004%2F02%2F27-02-04%2FNew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055936/http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303) "The "white oil" of Ethiopia" . Archived from (http://www.ethiopianreporter.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7303) the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22white+oil%22+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianreporter.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D7303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)  . ethiopianreporter.com  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-268) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Independent Online (18 April 2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20060612203747/http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231) "Ethiopia hopes to power neighbors with dams" . Int.iol.co.za. Archived from (http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=87&art_id=qw1145360700509B231) the original on 12 June 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+hopes+to+power+neighbors+with+dams&rft.pub=Int.iol.co.za&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.au=Independent+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.int.iol.co.za%2Findex.php%3Fset_id%3D1%26click_id%3D87%26art_id%3Dqw1145360700509B231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-269) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161007214940/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html) "Ethiopia–Djibouti electric railway line opens" . railwaygazette.com . 5 October 2016. Archived from (http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/ethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html) the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=railwaygazette.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%E2%80%93Djibouti+electric+railway+line+opens&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Finfrastructure%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Fethiopia-djibouti-railway-inaugurated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-AKH_270-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170326/http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary) "Project Summary" . AKH Project owners. January 2017. Archived from (http://akhrailway.com/index.php/about-project/project-summary) the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Summary&rft.pub=AKH+Project+owners&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fakhrailway.com%2Findex.php%2Fabout-project%2Fproject-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-271) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://airport-authority.com/browse-ET) "List of all airports in Ethiopia" . airport-authority.com . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airport-authority.com&rft.atitle=List+of+all+airports+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairport-authority.com%2Fbrowse-ET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-272) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/aklilu-lemma/) "Aklilu Lemma" . Right Livelihood . Retrieved 9 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Right+Livelihood&rft.atitle=Aklilu+Lemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightlivelihood.org%2Fthe-change-makers%2Ffind-a-laureate%2Faklilu-lemma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-273) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091755/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged) "Zeresenay Alemseged – National Geographic Society" . www.nationalgeographic.org . Archived from (https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/zeresenay-alemseged) the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Zeresenay+Alemseged+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Ffind-explorers%2Fzeresenay-alemseged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102515/https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/) "Science And Technology" . MICE Ethiopia . Archived from (https://www.miceethiopia.com/science-and-technology/) the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MICE+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Science+And+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miceethiopia.com%2Fscience-and-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-275) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220606213204/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/) "Timnit Gebru: The 100 Most Influential People of 2022" . Time . 23 May 2022. Archived from (https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/6177822/timnit-gebru/) the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Timnit+Gebru%3A+The+100+Most+Influential+People+of+2022&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fcollection%2F100-most-influential-people-2022%2F6177822%2Ftimnit-gebru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-276) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethnomed.org/resource/ethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs/) "Ethiopian Traditional Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs" . EthnoMed . Retrieved 31 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EthnoMed&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Traditional+Medications+and+their+Interactions+with+Conventional+Drugs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnomed.org%2Fresource%2Fethiopian-traditional-and-herbal-medications-and-their-interactions-with-conventional-drugs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-277) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/ethiopia) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-278) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dutta S, Lanvin B (2025). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html) Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organisation) (World Intellectual Property Organisation) World Intellectual Property Organisation . p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) 978-92-805-3797-0  . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025%3A+Innovation+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organisation&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3797-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2025%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-ciawfb_279-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210830000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#geography) "Ethiopia § Geography" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2021 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 30 August 2021 . landlocked – entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; Ethiopia is, therefore, the most populous landlocked country in the world  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+%C2%A7+Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210830000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fethiopia%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-280) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/) "World Bank Open Data" . World Bank Open Data . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-281) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ethiopia-population/) "Ethiopia Population (2025)" . Worldometer . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Population+%282025%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fethiopia-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-auto_282-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1) "National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates" . The United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 12 November 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Accounts+Estimates+of+Main+Aggregates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fd%3DSNAAMA%26f%3DgrID%253a101%253bcurrID%253aUSD%253bpcFlag%253a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-283) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20040206124546/http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html) "Abyssinia: Ethiopian Protest" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Europe) (Time Europe) Time Europe  . 9 August 1926. Archived from (http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html) the original on 6 February 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2005 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Europe&rft.atitle=Abyssinia%3A+Ethiopian+Protest&rft.date=1926-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Feurope%2Ftimetrails%2Fselassie%2Fhs260809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2009_284-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120502073801/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html) "World Refugee Survey 2008" . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from (http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/ethiopia.html) the original on 2 May 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Refugee+Survey+2008&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugees.org%2Fresources%2Frefugee-warehousing%2Farchived-world-refugee-surveys%2F2009-wrs-country-updates%2Fethiopia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-285) ↑   Racin, L. (4 March 2008) (http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/future-shock-how-environmental-change-and-human-impact-are-changing-the-global-map) "Future Shock: How Environmental Change and Human Impact Are Changing the Global Map" . Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-countrystudies1991_286-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-countrystudies1991_286-1) 2   Ofcansky, T and Berry, L. "Ethiopia: A Country Study". Edited by Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. (http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia) Countrystudies.us   (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-3) 4  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-4) 5  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Accessed_15_May_2008_287-5) 6   Shivley, K. "Addis Ababa, Ethiopia" (http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html) Macalester.edu (https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101151/https://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/index.html) Archived 11 February 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Retrieved 15 May 2008.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Anderson,_Frank_1991._Pages_159-175_288-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Belete A (1991). (http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/172821/files/agec1991-1992v006i002a004.pdf) "Development of agriculture in Ethiopia since the 1975 land reform" (PDF) . Agricultural Economics . 6 (2): 159– 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5150%2891%2990022-D) 10.1016/0169-5150(91)90022-D . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Economics&rft.atitle=Development+of+agriculture+in+Ethiopia+since+the+1975+land+reform&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-75&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5150%2891%2990022-D&rft.aulast=Belete&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F172821%2Ffiles%2Fagec1991-1992v006i002a004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-289) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.csa.gov.et/images/general/news/pop_pro_wer_2014-2017) "Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions At Wereda Level from 2014 – 2017" . Government of Ethiopia. Retrieved 20 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Projection+of+Ethiopia+for+All+Regions+At+Wereda+Level+from+2014+%E2%80%93+2017&rft.pub=Government+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Fimages%2Fgeneral%2Fnews%2Fpop_pro_wer_2014-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_290-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Curtis S, Klaus I (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanisation, and China's Search for a New International Order . New Haven and London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . p. 135. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102) 10.2307/jj.11589102 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26690-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26690-0) 978-0-300-26690-0  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102) jj.11589102 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanisation%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26690-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-2) 3  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-3) 4  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-4) 5  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-5) 6  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Crawley_291-6) 7   Crawley, Mike. (http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587) "Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131910/http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=587) Archived 25 June 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . April 2003. International Development Research Centre. Retrieved on 24 May 2008  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/20/poverty-ethiopia-down-33-percent) "Poverty in Ethiopia Down 33 Percent Since 2000" . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+in+Ethiopia+Down+33+Percent+Since+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2015%2F01%2F20%2Fpoverty-ethiopia-down-33-percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-293) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170104064529/http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136) "Condominium housing in Ethiopia" . Archived from (http://www.mwud.gov.et/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed&groupId=10136) the original on 4 January 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condominium+housing+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwud.gov.et%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3Fuuid%3Da27abebf-66ba-473c-a618-89d3c1a180ed%26groupId%3D10136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-294) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=ET#5/9.532/29.115) "Glottolog 4.8 - Languages of Ethiopia" . glottolog.org . Retrieved 30 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glottolog.org&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Languages+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fglottolog%2Flanguage.map.html%3Fcountry%3DET%235%2F9.532%2F29.115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Ethnologue_295-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Ethnologue_295-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET) "Languages of Ethiopia" . Ethnologue . SIL International. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251115153416/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/ET) Archived from the original on 15 November 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-296) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yigezu M (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Is2nUM-5UQC&pg=PA143) Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia  . African Books Collective. p. 143. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-55-47-8) (Special:BookSources/978-99944-55-47-8) 978-99944-55-47-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Ideologies+and+Challenges+of+Multilingual+Education+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-99944-55-47-8&rft.aulast=Yigezu&rft.aufirst=Moges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Is2nUM-5UQC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-FDRE_297-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  FDRE. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191104223222/https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf) "Federal Negarit Gazeta Establishment Proclamation" (PDF) . Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Archived from (https://www.fsc.gov.et/Content/Negarit%20Gazeta/Negarit%20Gazeta/Gazeta-1987/Proc%20No.%203-1995%20Federal%20Negarit%20Gazeta%20Establishment%20.pdf) the original (PDF) on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Negarit+Gazeta+Establishment+Proclamation&rft.pub=Federal+Democratic+Republic+of+Ethiopia&rft.au=FDRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsc.gov.et%2FContent%2FNegarit%2520Gazeta%2FNegarit%2520Gazeta%2FGazeta-1987%2FProc%2520No.%25203-1995%2520Federal%2520Negarit%2520Gazeta%2520Establishment%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Llicuv_298-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mpoche, Kizitus, Mbuh, Tennu, eds. (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PNEiAQAAMAAJ) Language, literature, and identity  . Cuvillier. pp. 163– 64. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86537-839-2) (Special:BookSources/978-3-86537-839-2) 978-3-86537-839-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+literature%2C+and+identity&rft.pages=163-64&rft.pub=Cuvillier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-86537-839-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPNEiAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   Fattovich, Rodolfo (2003) "Akkälä Guzay" in von Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C . Weissbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, p.169.  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-HH-551_300-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hayward R, Hassan M (2009). "The Oromo orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 44 (3): 550. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00144209) 10.1017/S0041977X00144209 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/616613) 616613 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162289324) 162289324 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Oromo+orthography+of+Shaykh+Bakri+Sa%E1%B9%97al%C5%8D&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=550&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162289324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F616613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00144209&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Hassan%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:afrobarometer_301-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.afrobarometer.org/publication/ethiopia-round-9-summary-of-results/) "Ethiopia Round 9 summary of results" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobarometer) (Afrobarometer) Afrobarometer  . 22 February 2024. pp. 6– 7. Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afrobarometer&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Round+9+summary+of+results&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrobarometer.org%2Fpublication%2Fethiopia-round-9-summary-of-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-bx_302-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-bx_302-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abegaz B (1 June 2005). (http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf) "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities" (PDF) . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+A+Model+Nation+of+Minorities&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Abegaz&rft.aufirst=Berhanu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbxabeg.people.wm.edu%2FEthiopia.Census%2520Portrait.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-303) ↑   Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9  August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-first_seven_305-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davis LD (1990). (https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342) The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)  . Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418/page/342) 342 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5616-7) 978-0-8146-5616-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Seven+Ecumenical+Councils+%28325%E2%80%93787%29%3A+Their+History+and+Theology+%28Theology+and+Life+Series+21%29&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier%2FLiturgical+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leo+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418%2Fpage%2F342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Ofcansky_306-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thomas P Ofcansky LB (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=R3M0V0VfgiMC) Ethiopia: A Country Study  . Kessinger Publishing. pp. 130– 41. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1857-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1857-9) 978-1-4191-1857-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=130-41&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-1857-9&rft.aulast=Thomas+P.+Ofcansky&rft.aufirst=LaVerle+Berry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3M0V0VfgiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-307) ↑   (Kater, 2000).  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (Dorman et al., 2009, p. 622).  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-309) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160729030811/http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html) "Ethiopia MDG Report (2014)" . UNDP in Ethiopia . Archived from (http://www.et.undp.org/content/ethiopia/en/home/library/mdg/EthiopiaMDG2014.html) the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP+in+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+MDG+Report+%282014%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.et.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fethiopia%2Fen%2Fhome%2Flibrary%2Fmdg%2FEthiopiaMDG2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-310) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170810103934/http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia) "WaterAid UK – Where we work – Ethiopia" . www.wateraid.org . Archived from (http://www.wateraid.org/uk/where-we-work/page/ethiopia) the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wateraid.org&rft.atitle=WaterAid+UK+%E2%80%93+Where+we+work+%E2%80%93+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wateraid.org%2Fuk%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fpage%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-311) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/75.htm) "Ethiopia – Health and Welfare" . Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 16 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+%E2%80%93+Health+and+Welfare&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fethiopia%2F75.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-312) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110202190732/https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf) "Global distribution of health workers in WHO Member States" (PDF) . The World Health Report 2006 . World Health Organization. Archived from (https://www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/06_annex4_en.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Health+Report+2006&rft.atitle=Global+distribution+of+health+workers+in+WHO+Member+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2006%2Fannex%2F06_annex4_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-313) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mhinnovation.net/resources/national-mental-health-strategy-ethiopia) "National Mental Health Strategy of Ethiopia" . Mental Health Innovation Network . 14 August 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Health+Innovation+Network&rft.atitle=National+Mental+Health+Strategy+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhinnovation.net%2Fresources%2Fnational-mental-health-strategy-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-314) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.healthdata.org/ethiopia) "Ethiopia" . Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . 9 September 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Health+Metrics+and+Evaluation&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthdata.org%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-315) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hanlon C, Eshetu T, Alemayehu D, Fekadu A, Semrau M, Thornicroft G, Kigozi F, Marais DL, Petersen I, Alem A (8 June 2017). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465569) "Health system governance to support scale up of mental health care in Ethiopia: a qualitative study" . International Journal of Mental Health Systems . 11 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13033-017-0144-4) 10.1186/s13033-017-0144-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465569) 5465569  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603550) 28603550 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mental+Health+Systems&rft.atitle=Health+system+governance+to+support+scale+up+of+mental+health+care+in+Ethiopia%3A+a+qualitative+study&rft.volume=11&rft.artnum=38&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5465569%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28603550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13033-017-0144-4&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Eshetu%2C+Tigist&rft.au=Alemayehu%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Fekadu%2C+Abebaw&rft.au=Semrau%2C+Maya&rft.au=Thornicroft%2C+Graham&rft.au=Kigozi%2C+Fred&rft.au=Marais%2C+Debra+Leigh&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Inge&rft.au=Alem%2C+Atalay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5465569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-316) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html) "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank" . Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels . Retrieved 17 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Hunger+Index+%28GHI%29+-+peer-reviewed+annual+publication+designed+to+comprehensively+measure+and+track+hunger+at+the+global%2C+regional%2C+and+country+levels&rft.atitle=Global+Hunger+Index+Scores+by+2024+GHI+Rank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhungerindex.org%2Franking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Teferra D, Altbach PG (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=RROdAAAAMAAJ) African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook  . Indiana University Press. pp. 316– 25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34186-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34186-0) 978-0-253-34186-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Higher+Education%3A+An+International+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=316-25&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34186-0&rft.aulast=Teferra&rft.aufirst=Damtew&rft.au=Altbach%2C+Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRROdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-318) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wenr.wes.org/2018/11/education-in-ethiopia) "Education in Ethiopia" . WENR . 15 November 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WENR&rft.atitle=Education+in+Ethiopia&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2018%2F11%2Feducation-in-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.neaeagovet.com/national-exam/) "Ethiopian National Exam Result 2022–2023" . NEAEA 2022 . Retrieved 4 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEAEA+2022&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+National+Exam+Result+2022%E2%80%932023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neaeagovet.com%2Fnational-exam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-stategov_320-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180913112452/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf) "List of Ethiopian Public Universities" (PDF) . Archived from (https://photos.state.gov/libraries/ethiopia/956093/PDF%20Files/List%20of%20Ethiopian%20Public%20Universities.pdf) the original (PDF) on 13 September 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Ethiopian+Public+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fethiopia%2F956093%2FPDF%2520Files%2FList%2520of%2520Ethiopian%2520Public%2520Universities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-321) ↑   According to the (https://ewkete.com/2019/05/30/growth-of-education/) UN's UNESCO and other's a larger number of private higher education institutions are growing in numbers  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Engel J. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095615/http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf) "Ethiopia's progress in education: A rapid and equitablension of access – Summary" (PDF) . Development Progress . Overseas Development Institute. Archived from (http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/case-study-summary/ethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf) the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Development+Progress&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+progress+in+education%3A+A+rapid+and+equitablension+of+access+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.developmentprogress.org%2Fsites%2Fdevelopmentprogress.org%2Ffiles%2Fcase-study-summary%2Fethiopia_web_master_final_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-323) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  IIEP-UNESCO (2017). (http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/en/search/site?f%5b0%5d=im_field_countries%3A1076) "Search Result: Ethiopia's plans and policies" . Planipolis . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planipolis&rft.atitle=Search+Result%3A+Ethiopia%27s+plans+and+policies&rft.date=2017&rft.au=IIEP-UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanipolis.iiep.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fsearch%2Fsite%3Ff%5B0%5D%3Dim_field_countries%253A1076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  UNESCO (2015). (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002317/231724e.pdf) National EFA review, 2015  (PDF) . UNESCO. p. 8. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+EFA+review%2C+2015&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002317%2F231724e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html) "Literacy" . The World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html) the original on 24 November 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Literacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-326) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United Nations (January 2015). (http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2015-ethiopia) "National Human Development Report 2015 Ethiopia" . United Nations Human Development Reports . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=National+Human+Development+Report+2015+Ethiopia&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fnational-human-development-report-2015-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  UIS. (http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EDULIT_DS&popupcustomise=true&lang=en) "Education" . data.uis.unesco.org . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.uis.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Education&rft.au=UIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.uis.unesco.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DEDULIT_DS%26popupcustomise%3Dtrue%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-328) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis IM (27 August 1976). (Paid subscription required) (https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1976.0061) "The peoples and cultures of Ethiopia"  . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences . 194 (1114): 7– 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976RSPSB.194....7L) 1976RSPSB.194....7L . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061) 10.1098/rspb.1976.0061 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4649) 0080-4649 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11482) 11482 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46723065) 46723065 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+peoples+and+cultures+of+Ethiopia&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1114&rft.pages=7-16&rft.date=1976-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46723065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976RSPSB.194....7L&rft.issn=0080-4649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11482&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1976.0061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-329) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101405/http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm) "Festivals & Holidays" . www.ethioembassy.org.uk . Archived from (http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact%20file/a-z/festivals.htm) the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethioembassy.org.uk&rft.atitle=Festivals+%26+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethioembassy.org.uk%2Ffact%2520file%2Fa-z%2Ffestivals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-330) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ethiopian-epiphany-01491) "UNESCO - Ethiopian epiphany" . ich.unesco.org . Retrieved 7 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Ethiopian+epiphany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fethiopian-epiphany-01491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230927-in-a-divided-ethiopia-the-orthodox-mark-meskel-celebration) "In a divided Ethiopia, the Orthodox mark Meskel celebration" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24) (France 24) France 24  . 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=In+a+divided+Ethiopia%2C+the+Orthodox+mark+Meskel+celebration&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20230927-in-a-divided-ethiopia-the-orthodox-mark-meskel-celebration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ethiopiantribune.com/2025/09/meskel-%e1%88%98%e1%88%b0%e1%89%80%e1%88%8d-2018/) " 'The Cross Shines in Exile' Meskel Radiance at London Debretsion" . Ethiopian Tribune . 27 September 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethiopian+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27The+Cross+Shines+in+Exile%27+Meskel+Radiance+at+London+Debretsion&rft.date=2025-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopiantribune.com%2F2025%2F09%2Fmeskel-%25e1%2588%2598%25e1%2588%25b0%25e1%2589%2580%25e1%2588%258d-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-333) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Di Cesare C (December 2025). (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/398420989_The_Ethiopian_Meskel_festival_in_Rome) "The Ethiopian Meskel festival in Rome" . Retrieved 26 July 2026 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate) (ResearchGate) ResearchGate . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Meskel+festival+in+Rome&rft.date=2025-12&rft.aulast=Di+Cesare&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F398420989_The_Ethiopian_Meskel_festival_in_Rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-334) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3521) "Commemoration Feast of the Finding of the True Holy Cross of Christ" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemoration+Feast+of+the+Finding+of+the+True+Holy+Cross+of+Christ&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Farchives%2Fmultimedia%2Fdocument-3521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:05_335-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abdo M. (https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/3160168/file/5874552.pdf) "Legal Pluralism Vs. Human Rights Issues: Sharia Courts and Human Rights Concerns in the Light of the Federal /constitution of Ethiopia" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Pluralism+Vs.+Human+Rights+Issues%3A+Sharia+Courts+and+Human+Rights+Concerns+in+the+Light+of+the+Federal+%2Fconstitution+of+Ethiopia&rft.aulast=Abdo&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F3160168%2Ffile%2F5874552.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-336) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bramen L. (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ramadana-moveable-fast-66315554/) "Ramadan—A Moveable Fast" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ramadan%E2%80%94A+Moveable+Fast&rft.aulast=Bramen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Framadana-moveable-fast-66315554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.brandeis.edu/spiritual-life/resources/guide-to-observances/ramadan.html) "Ramadan" . www.brandeis.edu . Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brandeis.edu&rft.atitle=Ramadan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fspiritual-life%2Fresources%2Fguide-to-observances%2Framadan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://britishonlinearchives.com/posts/category/notable-days/751/good-friday-2024) "Good Friday 2024" . British Online Archives . Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Online+Archives&rft.atitle=Good+Friday+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishonlinearchives.com%2Fposts%2Fcategory%2Fnotable-days%2F751%2Fgood-friday-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35880795) "Why can't the date of Easter be fixed?" . BBC News . 25 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+can%27t+the+date+of+Easter+be+fixed%3F&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35880795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-341) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://et.usembassy.gov/holiday-calendar/) "Holiday Calendar" . U.S Embassy in Ethiopia . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S+Embassy+in+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Holiday+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fet.usembassy.gov%2Fholiday-calendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.evisa.gov.et/ethiopianfestival) "Ethiopian Festival" . eVISA . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eVISA&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evisa.gov.et%2Fethiopianfestival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-343) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250905035216/https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/) "Irreechaa" . addisstandard.com . Archived from (https://addisstandard.com/irreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt/) the original on 5 September 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=addisstandard.com&rft.atitle=Irreechaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Firreecha-what-it-is-and-what-it-isnt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-344) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_38770) "Irreecha Festival Celebrated Colorfully Depicting Oromo's Culture with Spectacular Traditional Attires" . ENA English . Retrieved 10 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENA+English&rft.atitle=Irreecha+Festival+Celebrated+Colorfully+Depicting+Oromo%27s+Culture+with+Spectacular+Traditional+Attires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.et%2Fweb%2Feng%2Fw%2Fen_38770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://realitysandwich.com/the-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual/) "The Use of DMT in Early Masonic Ritual" . Reality Sandwich . 27 April 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reality+Sandwich&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+DMT+in+Early+Masonic+Ritual&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealitysandwich.com%2Fthe-use-of-dmt-in-early-masonic-ritual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-348) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-styles/a3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia/) "Aksumite architecture: Architecture of Ethiopia" . Rethinking The Future . 19 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+The+Future&rft.atitle=Aksumite+architecture%3A+Architecture+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.re-thinkingthefuture.com%2Farchitectural-styles%2Fa3377-aksumite-architecture-architecture-of-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220102060408/http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html) "Architecture of Aksun and Lalibela" . kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au . Archived from (http://kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au/modules/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116/architecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634/index.html) the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kolibri.teacherinabox.org.au&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+Aksun+and+Lalibela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkolibri.teacherinabox.org.au%2Fmodules%2Fen-boundless%2Fwww.boundless.com%2Fart-history%2Ftextbooks%2Fboundless-art-history-textbook%2Fafrica-before-1800-ce-17%2Farchitecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-116%2Farchitecture-of-aksun-and-lalibela-506-6634%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alòs-Moner AM. (https://www.academia.edu/11314717) "Gondarine Art and Architecture (HaAh 523) – Course Syllabus" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gondarine+Art+and+Architecture+%28HaAh+523%29+%E2%80%93+Course+Syllabus&rft.aulast=Al%C3%B2s-Moner&rft.aufirst=Andreu+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11314717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:4_351-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:4_351-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:4_351-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nosnitsin D (2012). (https://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993) "Ethiopian Manuscripts and Ethiopian Manuscript Studies. A brief Overview and Evaluation" . Gazette du livre médiéval . 58 (1): 1– 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgalim.2012.1993) 10.3406/galim.2012.1993 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+du+livre+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Manuscripts+and+Ethiopian+Manuscript+Studies.+A+brief+Overview+and+Evaluation&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgalim.2012.1993&rft.aulast=Nosnitsin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fgalim_0753-5015_2012_num_58_1_1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-HeldmanSeyon_352-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marilyn Eiseman Heldman, Frē Ṣeyon (1994). (https://books.google.com/books?id=KmTQt--tqjMC&pg=PA75) The Marian Icons of the Painter Frē Ṣeyon: A Study of Fifteenth-century Ethiopian Art, Patronage, and Spirituality  . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03540-8) (Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03540-8) 978-3-447-03540-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marian+Icons+of+the+Painter+Fr%C4%93+%E1%B9%A2eyon%3A+A+Study+of+Fifteenth-century+Ethiopian+Art%2C+Patronage%2C+and+Spirituality&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03540-8&rft.au=Marilyn+Eiseman+Heldman&rft.au=Fr%C4%93+%E1%B9%A2eyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmTQt--tqjMC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:02_353-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smidt WG (2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810125109/http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf) "Gorgoryos and Ludolf: The Ethiopian and German Fore-Fathers of Ethiopian Studies: An Ethiopian scholar's 1652 visit to Thuringia" (PDF) . ITYOP̣IS: Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities . Archived from (http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf) the original (PDF) on 10 August 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITYOP%CC%A3IS%3A+Northeast+African+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Gorgoryos+and+Ludolf%3A+The+Ethiopian+and+German+Fore-Fathers+of+Ethiopian+Studies%3A+An+Ethiopian+scholar%27s+1652+visit+to+Thuringia&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Smidt&rft.aufirst=Wolbert+G.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ityopis.org%2FIssues-Extra_files%2Fityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Teweldebirhan S (21 April 2013). (https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/3442/Remembering-Baalu-Girma) "Remembering Baalu Girma" . Ezega . Retrieved 29 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ezega&rft.atitle=Remembering+Baalu+Girma&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.aulast=Teweldebirhan&rft.aufirst=Seble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezega.com%2FNews%2FNewsDetails%2F3442%2FRemembering-Baalu-Girma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-355) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ayele T (1 September 2023). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpli.2023.26) "Haddis Alemayehu's Vision of the Old World: Literary Realism and the Tragedy of History in the Amharic Novel Fikir iske Mekabir" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University) (Cambridge University) Cambridge University  . 10 (3): 353– 376. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpli.2023.26) 10.1017/pli.2023.26  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University&rft.atitle=Haddis+Alemayehu%27s+Vision+of+the+Old+World%3A+Literary+Realism+and+the+Tragedy+of+History+in+the+Amharic+Novel+Fikir+iske+Mekabir&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-376&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fpli.2023.26&rft.aulast=Ayele&rft.aufirst=Tesfaye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fpli.2023.26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adera T (1995). "From Apologist to Critic: The Dilemma of Bealu Girma". Northeast African Studies . 2 (1): 135– 144. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnas.1995.0030) 10.1353/nas.1995.0030 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931195) 41931195 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Apologist+to+Critic%3A+The+Dilemma+of+Bealu+Girma&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-144&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnas.1995.0030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41931195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adera&rft.aufirst=Taddesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-357) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Getachew F (2 March 2015). (https://allafrica.com/stories/201503030351.html#:~:text=Evaluated%20from%20the%20point%20of%20view%20of%20the%20person's%20exceptionally) "Ethiopia: Haddis Alemayehu - the Unique Personality in Ethiopian Literature" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ethiopian_Herald) (The Ethiopian Herald) The Ethiopian Herald  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ethiopian+Herald&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Haddis+Alemayehu+-+the+Unique+Personality+in+Ethiopian+Literature&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.aulast=Getachew&rft.aufirst=Fitsum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201503030351.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEvaluated%2520from%2520the%2520point%2520of%2520view%2520of%2520the%2520person%27s%2520exceptionally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:9_358-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:9_358-1) 2  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:9_358-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aga MT. (https://allaboutethio.com/20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html) "20 Of The Best Poets And Poems of Ethiopia (Qene included) — allaboutETHIO" . allaboutethio.com . Retrieved 18 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allaboutethio.com&rft.atitle=20+Of+The+Best+Poets+And+Poems+of+Ethiopia+%28Qene+included%29+%E2%80%94+allaboutETHIO&rft.aulast=Aga&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallaboutethio.com%2F20-must-read-poems-of-ethiopia-best-ethiopian-poetry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-359) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wendybelcher.com/african-literature/tsegaye-gebre-medhin/) "Tsegaye gebre medhin - Wendy Laura Belcher" . wendybelcher.com . Retrieved 27 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wendybelcher.com&rft.atitle=Tsegaye+gebre+medhin+-+Wendy+Laura+Belcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendybelcher.com%2Fafrican-literature%2Ftsegaye-gebre-medhin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poet/mengistu-lemma/) "Mengistu Lemma" . Poetry Translation Centre . Retrieved 27 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Translation+Centre&rft.atitle=Mengistu+Lemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetrytranslation.org%2Fpoet%2Fmengistu-lemma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Abdullahi_361-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abdullahi MD (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA170) Culture and Customs of Somalia  . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31333-2) 978-0-313-31333-2  . Somali music, a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia, the Sudan, or even Arabia, can be recognised by its own tunes and styles.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Somalia&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31333-2&rft.aulast=Abdullahi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Diriye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Nu918tYMB8C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Tekle_362-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tekle A (1994). (https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&pg=PA197) Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation  . The Red Sea Press. p. 197. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-97-4) 978-0-932415-97-4  . Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture, religion, traditions, history and aspirations ... They appreciate similar foods and spices, beverages and sweets, fabrics and tapestry, lyrics and music, and jewellery and fragrances.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+from+conflict+to+cooperation&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-97-4&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-363) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.styaredcuisine.com/about.html) "About St. Yared – St. Yared Ethiopian Cuisine & Coffeehaus – Indianapolis IN" . www.styaredcuisine.com . Retrieved 25 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.styaredcuisine.com&rft.atitle=About+St.+Yared+%E2%80%93+St.+Yared+Ethiopian+Cuisine+%26+Coffeehaus+%E2%80%93+Indianapolis+IN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.styaredcuisine.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: url-status ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status) (Category:CS1 maint: url-status) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aga MT. (https://allaboutethio.com/tmusic.html) "Music in Ethiopia — allaboutETHIO" . allaboutethio.com . Retrieved 9 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allaboutethio.com&rft.atitle=Music+in+Ethiopia+%E2%80%94+allaboutETHIO&rft.aulast=Aga&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallaboutethio.com%2Ftmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-Wilfpag_365-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Page WF (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ) Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), Volume 2  . Facts on File. p. 230. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4472-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4472-6) 978-0-8160-4472-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+history+and+culture%3A+African+kingdoms+%28500+to+1500%29%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4472-6&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Willie+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK1aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-366) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tamrat T (2008). "Ethiopian Calendar & Millennia Highlights". International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 3 (2): 177– 88. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828897) 27828897 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Calendar+%26+Millennia+Highlights&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-88&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27828897%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tamrat&rft.aufirst=Tadesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-auto1_367-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57443424) "Ethiopia: The country where a year lasts 13 months" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . 10 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+country+where+a+year+lasts+13+months&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-57443424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-368) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Doyle LR. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081029073246/http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm) "The Borana Calendar Reinterpreted" . tusker.com . Archived from (http://www.tusker.com/Archaeo/art.currentanthro.htm) the original on 29 October 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tusker.com&rft.atitle=The+Borana+Calendar+Reinterpreted&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tusker.com%2FArchaeo%2Fart.currentanthro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-369) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jeffrey J (21 December 2017). (http://www.ipsnews.net/2017/12/ethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKana%E2%80%9D%20translates%20as%20something%20between,of%20the%20prime%20time%20market) "Ethiopia's New Addiction – And What It Says About Media Freedom" . Inter Press Service News Agency . Retrieved 28 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inter+Press+Service+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%27s+New+Addiction+%E2%80%93+And+What+It+Says+About+Media+Freedom&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2017%2F12%2Fethiopias-new-addiction-says-media-freedom%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259CKana%25E2%2580%259D%2520translates%2520as%2520something%2520between%2Cof%2520the%2520prime%2520time%2520market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349401) "Ethiopia media guide" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . 26 April 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+media+guide&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13349401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:3_371-0) 1  (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-:3_371-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gaffey C (1 June 2017). (http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-internet-blocked-618806) "Why has Ethiopia pulled its mobile internet access again?" . Newsweek . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Why+has+Ethiopia+pulled+its+mobile+internet+access+again%3F&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.aulast=Gaffey&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fethiopia-internet-blocked-618806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/ethiopia/) "Ethiopia Internet Users" . Internet Live Stats . 1 July 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Live+Stats&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Internet+Users&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetlivestats.com%2Finternet-users%2Fethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36940906) "What is behind Ethiopia's wave of protests?" . BBC News . 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+behind+Ethiopia%27s+wave+of+protests%3F&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-36940906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html) "Ethiopia blocks social media sites over exam leak" . Al Jazeera . 11 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+blocks+social+media+sites+over+exam+leak&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2Fethiopia-blocks-social-media-sites-exam-leak-160711183939642.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sharkov D (12 July 2016). (http://www.newsweek.com/ethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581) "Ethiopia has shut down social media and here's why" . Newsweek . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+has+shut+down+social+media+and+here%27s+why&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Sharkov&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fethiopia-blocks-social-media-facebook-twitter-instagram-scandal-479581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-376) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Standard A (5 July 2022). (https://addisstandard.com/the-gumma-film-award/?amp=1) "Gumma Film Awards" . Addis Standard . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addis+Standard&rft.atitle=Gumma+Film+Awards&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Standard&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisstandard.com%2Fthe-gumma-film-award%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180806193600/https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival) "Addis International Film Festival" . Human Rights Film Network . Archived from (https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival) the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Film+Network&rft.atitle=Addis+International+Film+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org%2Ffilmfestival%2Faddis-international-film-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-378) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230705210553/https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113) "Ethiopian International Film Festival" . ethiopianfilminitiative.org . Archived from (https://ethiopianfilminitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=470:the-ethiopian-international-film-festival&catid=68&Itemid=113) the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethiopianfilminitiative.org&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+International+Film+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethiopianfilminitiative.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D470%3Athe-ethiopian-international-film-festival%26catid%3D68%26Itemid%3D113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.tadias.com/12/01/2011/the-simpsons-episode-well-received-by-ethiopians-on-social-media-elsewhere/) "The Simpsons Episode Well-Received by Ethiopians On Social Media" . Tadias Magazine . 1 December 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tadias+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Simpsons+Episode+Well-Received+by+Ethiopians+On+Social+Media&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tadias.com%2F12%2F01%2F2011%2Fthe-simpsons-episode-well-received-by-ethiopians-on-social-media-elsewhere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Seleshe S, Jo C, Lee M (2014). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597829) "Meat Consumption Culture in Ethiopia" . Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources . 34 (1): 7– 13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.5851%2Fkosfa.2014.34.1.7) 10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.1.7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2234-246X) 2234-246X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4597829) 4597829  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760739) 26760739 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+for+Food+Science+of+Animal+Resources&rft.atitle=Meat+Consumption+Culture+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597829%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2234-246X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26760739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5851%2Fkosfa.2014.34.1.7&rft.aulast=Seleshe&rft.aufirst=Semeneh&rft.au=Jo%2C+Cheorun&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mooha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4597829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-381) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jeffrey J (6 February 2019). (https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa) "Ethiopian food: The 15 greatest dishes" . CNN . Retrieved 27 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+food%3A+The+15+greatest+dishes&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fethiopian-food-best-dishes-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.tigraionline.com/bahlina.html) "Culture of the people of Tigrai" . Tigrai Online. Retrieved 3 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+the+people+of+Tigrai&rft.pub=Tigrai+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tigraionline.com%2Fbahlina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.olympic.org/ethiopia) "Ethiopian Olympic Committee" . International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 3 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Olympic+Committee&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bloor S (25 April 2012). (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2012/apr/25/athletics-olympics-2012) "50 stunning Olympic moments: Abebe Bikila's 1960 marathon victory – in pictures" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 14 October 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=50+stunning+Olympic+moments%3A+Abebe+Bikila%27s+1960+marathon+victory+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bloor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2Fgallery%2F2012%2Fapr%2F25%2Fathletics-olympics-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-385) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.olympic.org/news/barefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph) "Athletics – Abebe Bikila (ETH)" . International Olympic Committee . 13 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.atitle=Athletics+%E2%80%93+Abebe+Bikila+%28ETH%29&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fbarefooted-bikila-steps-in-for-heroic-marathon-triumph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)    (Ethiopia.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mehrish A (31 October 2022). (https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/history-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon) "History makers: Ethiopia's role in the creation of CAF, AFCON" . FIFA. Retrieved 1 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+makers%3A+Ethiopia%27s+role+in+the+creation+of+CAF%2C+AFCON&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Mehrish&rft.aufirst=Akshat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifaplus%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fhistory-makers-ethiopias-role-in-the-creation-of-caf-afcon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)       General sources   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769–1855) . London, England: Longmans. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+The+Era+of+the+Princes%3B+The+Challenge+of+Islam+and+the+Re-unification+of+the+Christian+Empire+%281769%E2%80%931855%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Abir%2C+Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Beshah, Girma, Aregay, Merid Wolde (1964). The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) . Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+the+Union+of+the+Churches+in+Luso-Ethiopian+Relations+%281500%E2%80%931632%29&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Junta+de+Investiga%C3%A7%C3%B5es+do+Ultramar+and+Centro+de+Estudos+Hist%C3%B3ricos+Ultramarinos&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Beshah%2C+Girma&rft.au=Aregay%2C+Merid+Wolde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Connel D, Killion T (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea . The Scarecrow. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5952-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5952-4) 978-0-8108-5952-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Eritrea&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5952-4&rft.aulast=Connel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Killion%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lyons T (1996). (https://www.academia.edu/9622394) "Closing the Transition: the May 1995 Elections in Ethiopia" . The Journal of Modern African Studies . 34 (1): 121– 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00055233) 10.1017/S0022278X00055233 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155079488) 155079488 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Closing+the+Transition%3A+the+May+1995+Elections+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-42&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00055233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155079488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9622394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223427/http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf) Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity  (PDF) . Edinburgh: University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0106-6) 978-0-7486-0106-6  . Archived from (http://www.dskmariam.org/artsandlitreature/litreature/pdf/aksum.pdf) the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksum%3A+An+African+Civilisation+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0106-6&rft.au=Munro-Hay%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dskmariam.org%2Fartsandlitreature%2Flitreature%2Fpdf%2Faksum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pankhurst R (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC) The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century  . The Red Sea Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6) 978-0-932415-19-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valdes Vivo, Raul (1977). Ethiopia's Revolution . New York, NY: International Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0556-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0556-3) 978-0-7178-0556-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%27s+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0556-3&rft.au=Valdes+Vivo%2C+Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)       Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell G, Miers S, Miller J (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgm69dJt4DcC&pg=PA219) Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic  . Ohio University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1723-2) 978-0-8214-1723-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery%3A+Africa%2C+the+Indian+Ocean+world%2C+and+the+medieval+north+Atlantic&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1723-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft.au=Miers%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Miller%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgm69dJt4DcC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cana FR, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward_Gleichen) (Lord Edward Gleichen) Gleichen AE (1911). (s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia) "Abyssinia"   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 82– 95. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=82-95&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rft.au=Gleichen%2C+Albert+Edward+Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference)   Deguefé, Taffara (2006). Minutes of an Ethiopian Century , Shama Books, Addis Ababa, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99944-0-003-7) (Special:BookSources/99944-0-003-7) 99944-0-003-7  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Henze PB (2004). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia . Shama Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931253-28-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-931253-28-4) 978-1-931253-28-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Shama+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-931253-28-4&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   Hoskins, G. A. (1835), (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74151) Travels in Ethiopia  , above the second cataract of the Nile: exhibiting the state of that country, and its various inhabitants, under the dominion of Mohammed Ali. Hugues Fontaine, Un Train en Afrique. African Train , Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes / Shama Books. Édition bilingue français / anglais. Traduction : Yves-Marie Stranger. Postface : Jean-Christophe Belliard. Avec des photographies de Matthieu Germain Lambert et Pierre Javelot. Addis Abeba, 2012, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99944-867-1-7) (Special:BookSources/978-99944-867-1-7) 978-99944-867-1-7  . English and French. (http://www.africantrain.org/) UN TRAIN EN AFRIQUE  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Keller E (1991). Revolutionary Ethiopia From Empire to People's Republic . Indiana University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20646-6) 978-0-253-20646-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Ethiopia+From+Empire+to+People%27s+Republic&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20646-6&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marcus HG (1975). The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844–1913 . Oxford: Clarendon. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Menelik+II%3A+Ethiopia%2C+1844%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)  Reprint, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea, 1995. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56902-009-4) (Special:BookSources/1-56902-009-4) 1-56902-009-4  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marcus HG (2002). A History of Ethiopia (updated ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22479-7) 978-0-520-22479-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22479-7&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   Mauri, Arnaldo (2010). Monetary developments and decolonisation in Ethiopia , Acta Universitatis Danubius Œconomica, VI, n. 1/2010, pp. 5–16. (http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/oeconomica/article/view/337-319) Monetary Developments and Decolonisation in Ethiopia and WP (http://ideas.repec.org./p/mil/wpdepa/2010-15.html) Monetary developments and decolonisation in Ethiopia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mockler A (1984). Haile Selassie's War . New York: Random House. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haile+Selassie%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Mockler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)  Reprint, New York: Olive Branch, 2003. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902669-53-2) (Special:BookSources/0-902669-53-2) 0-902669-53-2  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervla_Murphy) (Dervla Murphy) Murphy, Dervla (1968). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Ethiopia_with_a_Mule) (In Ethiopia with a Mule) In Ethiopia with a Mule  . London: Century, 1984, cop. 1968. N.B .: An account of the author's travels in Ethiopia. 280 p., ill. with a b&w map. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-3044-9) (Special:BookSources/0-7126-3044-9) 0-7126-3044-9   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rubenson S (2003). The Survival of Ethiopian Independence (4th ed.). Hollywood, CA: Tsehai. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-7-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-7-6) 978-0-9723172-7-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survival+of+Ethiopian+Independence&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+CA&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Tsehai&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9723172-7-6&rft.aulast=Rubenson&rft.aufirst=Sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia) (Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia) Selassie I H (1999). My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I . Translated by Edward Ullendorff. Chicago: Frontline. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-948390-40-1) 978-0-948390-40-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+and+Ethiopia%27s+Progress%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Emperor+Haile+Selassie+I&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Frontline&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-948390-40-1&rft.aulast=Selassie+I.&rft.aufirst=Haile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2003). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica) (Encyclopaedia Aethiopica) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica  , Vol. 1: A–C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , Vol. 2: D–Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Siegbert Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2007). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , Vol. 3: He–N. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Siegbert Uhlig & Alessandro Bausi, et al. (eds.) (2010). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica) (Encyclopaedia Aethiopica) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica  , Vol. 4: O–X. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Alessandro Bausi & S. Uhlig, et al. (eds.) (2014). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica) (Encyclopaedia Aethiopica) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica  , Vol. 5: Y–Z and addenda, corrigenda, overview tables, maps and general index. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zewde B (2001). (https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderne00bahr) A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991  (2nd ed.). Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1440-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1440-8) 978-0-8214-1440-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Ethiopia%2C+1855%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Athens%2C+OH&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1440-8&rft.aulast=Zewde&rft.aufirst=Bahru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderne00bahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopia)   (Public Domain)    This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source_attribution)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/) Country Studies  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division . 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Health (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia) (Healthcare in Ethiopia) Healthcare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia) (Maternal health in Ethiopia) Maternal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_health_in_Ethiopia) (Women's health in Ethiopia) Women's    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia) (Human rights in Ethiopia) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia) (LGBT rights in Ethiopia) LGBT    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia) (Human trafficking in Ethiopia) Human trafficking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia) (Languages of Ethiopia) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia) (Law enforcement in Ethiopia) Law enforcement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians) (Ethiopians) People  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia) (Polygamy in Ethiopia) Polygamy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia) (Public holidays in Ethiopia) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia) (Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia) Water and sanitation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia) (Women in Ethiopia) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia) (Culture of Ethiopia) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Forward,_Dear_Mother_Ethiopia) (March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia) Anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_art) (Ethiopian art) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia) (Cinema of Ethiopia) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_Ethiopia) (Clothing in Ethiopia) Clothing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine) (Ethiopian cuisine) Cuisine ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_wine) (Ethiopian wine) wine ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_literature) (Ethiopian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia) (Media in Ethiopia) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia) (Music of Ethiopia) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_Ethiopia) (Radio in Ethiopia) Radio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia) (Religion in Ethiopia) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia) (Sport in Ethiopia) Sports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Ethiopia) (Television in Ethiopia) Television  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia) (List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia) World Heritage Sites           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia) (Outline of Ethiopia) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethiopia) (Category:Ethiopia) Category         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Links to related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia) (Template:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia) (Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia) (Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Sites in (Ethiopia.html) Ethiopia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia) (List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia) List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum) (Axum) Aksum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bale_Mountains_National_Park) (Bale Mountains National Park) Bale Mountains National Park  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeo_Zone) (Gedeo Zone) Gedeo Cultural Landscape  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi) (Fasil Ghebbi) Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar) (Harar) Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso) (Konso) Konso Cultural Landscape  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awash_River) (Awash River) Lower Valley of the Awash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_River) (Omo River) Lower Valley of the Omo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melka_Kunture) (Melka Kunture) Melka Kunture and Balchit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-Hewn_Churches,_Lalibela) (Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela) Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simien_Mountains_National_Park) (Simien Mountains National Park) Simien National Park  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiya_(archaeological_site)) (Tiya (archaeological site)) Tiya     (Ethiopia.html) (Ethiopia) (Ethiopia)           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (Template talk:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia) (Ethnic groups in Ethiopia) Ethnic groups in Ethiopia (by ethnolinguistic classification)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages) (Afroasiatic languages) Afro-Asiatic   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages) (Cushitic languages) Cushitic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people) (Afar people) Afar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaw_people) (Agaw people) Agaw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamir_people) (Xamir people) Xamir    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbore_people) (Arbore people) Arbore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awi_people) (Awi people) Awi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daasanach_people) (Daasanach people) Daasanach  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danta_people) (Danta people) Danta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabra_people) (Gabra people) Gabra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeo_people) (Gedeo people) Gedeo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_people) (Hadiya people) Hadiya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leemo_Hadiya) (Leemo Hadiya) Leemo Hadiya    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaba_people) (Halaba people) Halaba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irob_people) (Irob people) Irob  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambaata_people) (Kambaata people) Kambaata  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebena_people) (Kebena people) Kebena  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konso_people) (Konso people) Konso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(East_Africa)) (Maya (East Africa)) Maya (†) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people) (Oromo people) Oromo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsi_people) (Arsi people) Arsi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azebo_Oromo) (Azebo Oromo) Azebo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barento) (Barento) Barento  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituu) (Ituu) Ituu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujii) (Gujii) Gujii  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaa) (Machaa) Machaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orma_(clan)) (Orma (clan)) Orma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulama) (Tulama) Tulama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollo_Oromo) (Wollo Oromo) Wollo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qemant_people) (Qemant people) Qemant  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saho_people) (Saho people) Saho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_people) (Sidama people) Sidama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis) (Somalis) Somali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamai_people) (Tsamai people) Tsamai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyto_(African_caste)) (Weyto (African caste)) Weyto      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages) (Semitic languages) Semitic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_people) (Amhara people) Amhara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_people) (Argobba people) Argobba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia) (History of the Jews in Ethiopia) Ethiopian Jews / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel) (Beta Israel) Beta Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Abraham) (Beta Abraham) Beta Abraham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falash_Mura) (Falash Mura) Falash Mura    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafat_people) (Gafat people) Gafat (†) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaturi_people) (Gaturi people) Gaturi (†) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people) (Gurage people) Gurage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebo_people) (Chebo people) Chebo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soddo_Gurage_people) (Soddo Gurage people) Soddo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harari_people) (Harari people) Harari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harla_people) (Harla people) Harla (†) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt'e_people) (Silt'e people) Silt'e  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolane_people) (Wolane people) Wolane  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrayans) (Tigrayans) Tigrayan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werji_people) (Werji people) Werji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zay_people) (Zay people) Zay      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotic_languages) (Omotic languages) Omotic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aari_people) (Aari people) Aari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banna_people) (Banna people) Banna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketo_people) (Basketo people) Basketo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_people) (Bench people) Bench  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara_people) (Chara people) Chara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawro_people) (Dawro people) Dawro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_people) (Dizi people) Dizi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorze_people) (Dorze people) Dorze  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamo_people) (Gamo people) Gamo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofa_people) (Gofa people) Gofa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamar_people) (Hamar people) Hamar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafficho_people) (Kafficho people) Kafficho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konta_people) (Konta people) Konta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koore_people) (Koore people) Koore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maale_people) (Maale people) Maale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinasha_people) (Shinasha people) Shinasha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people) (Welayta people) Wolaitans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem_people) (Yem people) Yemsa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayse_people?action=edit&redlink=1) (Zayse people (page does not exist)) Zayse           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages) (Nilo-Saharan languages) Nilo-Saharan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilotic_languages) (Nilotic languages) Nilotic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuak_people) (Anuak people) Anuak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maban_people) (Maban people) Maban  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuer_people) (Nuer people) Nuer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyangatom_people) (Nyangatom people) Nyangatom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanqella) (Shanqella) Shanqella      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmic_languages) (Surmic languages) Surmic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichepo_people) (Kichepo people) Kichepo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwegu_people) (Kwegu people) Kwegu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majang_people) (Majang people) Majang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekan_people) (Mekan people) Mekan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murle_people) (Murle people) Murle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursi_people) (Mursi people) Mursi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surma_people) (Surma people) Surma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirma_people) (Tirma people) Tirma      Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_people) (Berta people) Berta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumuz_people) (Gumuz people) Gumuz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwama_people) (Kwama people) Kwama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shita_people) (Shita people) Shita           Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongota_people?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ongota people (page does not exist)) Ongota  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabo_people) (Shabo people) Shabo      Immigrants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_settlement_in_Africa) (African-American settlement in Africa) African Americans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia) (Armenians in Ethiopia) Armenians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia) (Chinese people in Ethiopia) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia) (Greeks in Ethiopia) Greeks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia) (Italians of Ethiopia) Italians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia) (Jamaicans in Ethiopia) Jamaicans         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethiopian_community) (Template:Ethiopian community) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopian_community) (Template talk:Ethiopian community) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian_community) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopian community) (Edit this template) e     Ethiopian diaspora   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Australian) (Ethiopian Australian) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Canadian) (Ethiopian Canadian) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Denmark) (Ethiopians in Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel) (Ethiopian Jews in Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy) (Ethiopians in Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Norway) (Ethiopians in Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Sweden) (Ethiopians in Sweden) Sweden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_the_United_Kingdom) (Ethiopians in the United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_American) (Ethiopian American) United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopian_Americans_in_Baltimore) (History of Ethiopian Americans in Baltimore) Baltimore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Washington,_D.C.) (Ethiopians in Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ethiopia,_Los_Angeles) (Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles) Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa) (Template:Medieval Horn of Africa) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa) (Template talk:Medieval Horn of Africa) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa) (Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Horn of Africa) (Edit this template) e     Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) (Horn of Africa) Horn of Africa    States  Islamic sultanates and empires (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) (Adal Sultanate) Adal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuran_Empire) (Ajuran Empire) Ajuran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa) (Imamate of Aussa) Aussa Imamate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar) (Sultanate of Harar) Sultanate of Harar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat) (Sultanate of Ifat) Ifat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu) (Sultanate of Mogadishu) Mogadishu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunni_Sultanate) (Tunni Sultanate) Tunni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa) (Sultanate of Aussa) Aussa Sultanate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Arababni) (Sultanate of Arababni) Arababni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_Sultanate?action=edit&redlink=1) (Argobba Sultanate (page does not exist)) Argobba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymallal) (Aymallal) Aymallal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bale) (Sultanate of Bale) Bale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Baqulin) (Sultanate of Baqulin) Baqulin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak) (Sultanate of Dahlak) Dahlak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobe'a) (Dobe'a) Dobe'a  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate) (Dankali Sultanate) Dankali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bazin) (Kingdom of Bazin) Bazin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgin) (Kingdom of Belgin) Belgin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dara) (Sultanate of Dara) Dara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dawaro) (Sultanate of Dawaro) Dawaro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabaal_people?action=edit&redlink=1) (Gabaal people (page does not exist)) Gabaal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz_province) (Ganz province) Ganz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidaya) (Gidaya) Gidaya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage) (Gurage) Gurage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate) (Hadiya Sultanate) Hadiya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar) (Sultanate of Harar) Harar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jarin) (Kingdom of Jarin) Jarin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(Ethiopia)) (Maya (Ethiopia)) Maya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(historical_region)) (Mora (historical region)) Mora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagash) (Kingdom of Nagash) Nagash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qita'a) (Kingdom of Qita'a) Qita'a  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharkha) (Sharkha) Sharkha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa) (Sultanate of Showa) Sultanate of Showa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tankish) (Kingdom of Tankish) Tankish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werji_people) (Werji people) Werjih      Christian kingdoms and empires (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassel) (Ambassel) Ambassel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agame) (Agame) Agame  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkele_Guzay) (Akkele Guzay) Akkele Guzay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amhara_province) (Amhara province) Amhara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angot) (Angot) Angot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medri_Bahri) (Medri Bahri) Bahr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begemder) (Begemder) Begemder  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugna) (Bugna) Bugna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delanta) (Delanta) Delanta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembela) (Dembela) Dembela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderta_province) (Enderta province) Enderta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entitcho?action=edit&redlink=1) (Entitcho (page does not exist)) Entitcho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheralta?action=edit&redlink=1) (Gheralta (page does not exist)) Gheralta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamasien) (Hamasien) Hamasien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramat?action=edit&redlink=1) (Haramat (page does not exist)) Haramat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasta) (Lasta) Lasta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Tsade?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mai-Tsade (page does not exist)) Mai-Tsade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembien_province?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tembien province (page does not exist)) Tembien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_province) (Tigray province) Tigray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tselemt) (Tselemt) Tselemt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salowa?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salowa (page does not exist)) Salowa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semada?action=edit&redlink=1) (Semada (page does not exist)) Semada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serae) (Serae) Serae  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shewa) (Shewa) Shewa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrata_province?action=edit&redlink=1) (Efrata province (page does not exist)) Efrata , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geshe_province?action=edit&redlink=1) (Geshe province (page does not exist)) Geshe ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_province?action=edit&redlink=1) (Shire province (page does not exist)) Shire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_(district)) (Wag (district)) Wag      Kingdom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel) (Beta Israel) Beta Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dembiya) (Dembiya) Dembiya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gafat) (Gafat) Gafat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojjam) (Gojjam) Gojjam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldebba?action=edit&redlink=1) (Waldebba (page does not exist)) Waldebba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Semien) (Kingdom of Semien) Semien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegera) (Wegera) Wegera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwara_Province) (Qwara Province) Qwara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsegede) (Tsegede) Tsegede  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolqayt) (Wolqayt) Wolqayt      Kingdom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot) (Kingdom of Damot) Damot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawro_people) (Dawro people) Dawro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Enarya?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kingdom of Enarya (page does not exist)) Enarya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Janjero) (Kingdom of Janjero) Janjero  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa) (Kingdom of Kaffa) Kaffa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheka_(kingdom)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Sheka (kingdom) (page does not exist)) Sheka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolayta_people) (Wolayta people) Wolayta      Sidama kingdoms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahargamo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bahargamo (page does not exist)) Bahargamo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzamo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Buzamo (page does not exist)) Buzamo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garo) (Kingdom of Garo) Garo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambaata_people) (Kambaata people) Kambaata  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot) (Kingdom of Damot) Kingdom of Damot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidama_people) (Sidama people) Sidamo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigamo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Sigamo (page does not exist)) Sigamo      Wolaita kingdoms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita) (Kingdom of Wolaita) Kingdom of Wolaita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot) (Kingdom of Damot) Kingdom of Damot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welayta_people) (Welayta people) Welayta           Events (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian–Adal_War) (Ethiopian–Adal War) Ethiopian–Adal War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_conquest_of_Ethiopia?action=edit&redlink=1) (Adal conquest of Ethiopia (page does not exist)) Adal conquest of Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_migrations) (Oromo migrations) Oromo migrations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts_(1538–57)) (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–57)) First Ajuran-Portuguese war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts_(1580–89)) (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1580–89)) Second Ajuran-Portuguese war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_migrations) (Isaaq migrations) Isaaq migrations      Dynasties (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty) (Solomonic 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit) (3rd BRICS summit) Sanya 2011  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit) (4th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit) (5th BRICS summit) Durban 2013  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit) (6th BRICS summit) Fortaleza 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit) (7th BRICS summit) Ufa 2015  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit) (8th BRICS summit) Goa 2016  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit) (9th BRICS summit) Xiamen 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit) (10th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit) (11th BRICS summit) Brasília 2019  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit) (12th BRICS summit) Saint Petersburg 2020  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit) (13th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit) (14th BRICS summit) Beijing 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit) (15th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit) (16th BRICS summit) Kazan 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit) (17th BRICS summit) Rio de Janeiro 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_BRICS_summit) (18th BRICS summit) India 2026      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BRICS_summit_attendees) (List of BRICS summit attendees) Leaders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Modi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) (South Africa)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) (Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Sisi  (Ethiopia.html) (Ethiopia) (Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Ahmed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) (Iran)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) (United Arab Emirates)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan) (Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan) Al Nahyan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) (Indonesia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo      Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (BRICS U-17 Football Cup) BRICS U-17 Football Cup (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2016 Goa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2018 Johannesburg    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Games) (BRICS Games) BRICS Games (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games) (2024 BRICS Games) 2024 Kazan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Athletics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games) Badminton  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Gymnastics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Breaking at the 2024 BRICS Games) Breaking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatic_rock_and_roll_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Acrobatic rock and roll at the 2024 BRICS Games) Acrobatic rock and roll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_football_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital football at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_basketball_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital basketball at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital basketball        Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement) (BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement) BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Cable) (BRICS Cable) BRICS Cable  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League) (BRICS Universities League) BRICS Universities League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Development_Bank) (New Development Bank) New Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_PAY) (BRICS PAY) BRICS PAY  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC_(economics_term)) (BRIC (economics term)) BRIC (economics term)                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ethiopia) (Portal:Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000405575014) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/132211363) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000639-6) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205830) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm4PwJjwQwWdt7T4CJDq) WorldCat       National (Ethiopia) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081279) United States    (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12123982d) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12123982d) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562056) Japan   (Etiopie) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129135&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451088) Spain   (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125095) Portugal   (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90759603) Norway   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554828905171) Israel   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005707772209366) Croatia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/96699ab4-4bbf-332e-b037-b0119821f792) MusicBrainz area       Artists 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Landlocked_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1270)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1270s_establishments)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&oldid=1370542401) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopia&oldid=1370542401 "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethiopia) (Category:Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BRICS_nations) (Category:BRICS nations) BRICS nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa) (Category:Countries in Africa) Countries in Africa  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