Nigeria - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Nigeria.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Nigeria.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nigeria) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nigeria) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Nigeria.html#) (Top)   (Nigeria.html#Etymology) 1 Etymology     (Nigeria.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Nigeria.html#Prehistory) 2.1 Prehistory     (Nigeria.html#Early_history) 2.2 Early history     (Nigeria.html#Pre-colonial_era) 2.3 Pre-colonial era     (Nigeria.html#British_colonisation_and_independence) 2.4 British colonisation and independence     (Nigeria.html#Early_republic_and_civil_war) 2.5 Early republic and civil war     (Nigeria.html#Military_dictatorship_and_coups) 2.6 Military dictatorship and coups     (Nigeria.html#1999–present) 2.7 1999–present       (Nigeria.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Nigeria.html#Hydrology) 3.1 Hydrology     (Nigeria.html#Vegetation) 3.2 Vegetation     (Nigeria.html#Environmental_issues) 3.3 Environmental issues       (Nigeria.html#Politics) 4 Politics    Toggle Politics subsection  (Nigeria.html#Government) 4.1 Government     (Nigeria.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.2 Administrative divisions     (Nigeria.html#Law) 4.3 Law     (Nigeria.html#Foreign_relations) 4.4 Foreign relations     (Nigeria.html#Military) 4.5 Military     (Nigeria.html#Communal_conflicts) 4.6 Communal conflicts       (Nigeria.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Nigeria.html#Agriculture) 5.1 Agriculture     (Nigeria.html#Oil_and_natural_gas) 5.2 Oil and natural gas     (Nigeria.html#Energy) 5.3 Energy   (Nigeria.html#Electricity) 5.3.1 Electricity       (Nigeria.html#Manufacturing_and_technology) 5.4 Manufacturing and technology     (Nigeria.html#Internet_and_telecommunications) 5.5 Internet and telecommunications     (Nigeria.html#Tourism) 5.6 Tourism     (Nigeria.html#Transport) 5.7 Transport   (Nigeria.html#Roads) 5.7.1 Roads     (Nigeria.html#Rail_transport) 5.7.2 Rail transport     (Nigeria.html#Air_transport) 5.7.3 Air transport         (Nigeria.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Nigeria.html#Languages) 6.1 Languages     (Nigeria.html#Religion) 6.2 Religion     (Nigeria.html#Health) 6.3 Health     (Nigeria.html#Education) 6.4 Education     (Nigeria.html#Crime) 6.5 Crime     (Nigeria.html#Poverty) 6.6 Poverty     (Nigeria.html#Human_rights) 6.7 Human rights       (Nigeria.html#Culture) 7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Nigeria.html#Literature) 7.1 Literature     (Nigeria.html#Music) 7.2 Music     (Nigeria.html#Cinema) 7.3 Cinema     (Nigeria.html#Festival) 7.4 Festival     (Nigeria.html#Cuisine) 7.5 Cuisine     (Nigeria.html#Fashion) 7.6 Fashion     (Nigeria.html#Sports) 7.7 Sports       (Nigeria.html#See_also) 8 See also     (Nigeria.html#Notes) 9 Notes     (Nigeria.html#References) 10 References    Toggle References subsection  (Nigeria.html#Bibliography) 10.1 Bibliography       (Nigeria.html#Further_reading) 11 Further reading     (Nigeria.html#External_links) 12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Nigeria    285 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0) (Нигериа – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5) (Нигерие – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri%C3%AB) (Nigerië – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB) (ናይጄሪያ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicheria) (Nicheria – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria) (Naijiria – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाईजीरिया – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) (نيجيريا – Arabic) العربية   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) (نيجيريا – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) (نايجيريا – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (নাইজেৰিয়া – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixeria) (Nixeria – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजेरिया – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqirya) (Niqirya – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87) (نیجریه – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%C4%97j%C4%97) (Nigerėjė – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerya) (Nigerya – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F) (Нігерыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F) (Нігерыя – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजीरिया – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naejiria) (Naejiria – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria) (Nijeria – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (নাইজেরিয়া – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D) (ནི་ཇི་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bol.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeriya) (Nijeriya – Bole) Bòo pìkkà   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE) (নাইজেরিয়া – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria) (Nigèria – Catalan) Català   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigyeriya) (Nigyeriya – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AF) (ᏂᏥᎵᏯ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (نێجیریا – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9rie) (Nigérie – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri%C3%B4) (Nigeriô – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Welsh) Cymraeg   (recommended article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – German) Deutsch   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeria) (Naijeria – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicerya) (Nicerya – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजेरिया – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%96%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7) (ނައިޖީރިއާ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naidzeria) (Naidzeria – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1) (Νιγηρία – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%9Derio) (Niĝerio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeria) (Nigeeria – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87) (نیجریه – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naajeeriya) (Naajeeriya – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeri%C3%A4) (Nigeeriä – Võro) Võro   (featured article) (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C9%94nlint%C3%B2) (Awɔnlintò – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C2%B7%C3%A8ria) (Nig·èria – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeeria) (Nigeeria – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigearia) (Nigearia – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nig%C3%A9ir) (An Nigéir – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E) (尼日利亞 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A9rya) (Nijérya – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ACgeiria) (Nìgeiria – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixeria) (Nixeria – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87) (نيجريه – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nih%C3%A9ria) (Nihéria – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE) (નાઇજીરિયા – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Frafra) Farefare   (https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijilia) (Naijilia – Gun) Gungbe   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Naigeer) (Yn Naigeer – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeriya) (Najeriya – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naigeria) (Naigeria – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94) (ניגריה – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजीरिया – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijerya) (Nijerya – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Նիգերիա – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Նիճերիա – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria) (Naijiria – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitchiriaq) (Naitchiriaq – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADger%C3%ADa) (Nígería – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2) (ナイジェリア – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiiria) (Naijiiria – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nixerias) (nixerias – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (ნიგერია – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijirya) (Nijirya – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanj%C3%A8eriya) (Lanjèeriya – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeriya) (Naijeriya – Jju) Jju   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naajeeriya) (Naajeeriya – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeriya) (Naijeriya – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeria) (Nizeria – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6) (នីហ្សេរីយ៉ា – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF) (ನೈಜೀರಿಯ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84) (나이지리아 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (نایجیریا – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjerya) (Nîjerya – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeri) (Nijeri – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria) (Nijeria – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeria) (Nijeria – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeria) (Nizeria – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigereja) (Nigereja – Latgalian) Latgaļu   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C4%93rija) (Nigērija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигэрия – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizeri%C3%A0) (Nizerià – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81itiria) (Ngāitiria – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Нигерија – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF) (നൈജീരിയ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5) (ꯅꯥꯢꯖꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नायजेरिया – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%A1erja) (Niġerja – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (နိုင်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (نیجریا – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजेरिया – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नाइजेरिया – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Novial) Novial   (https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Nigeria) (I-Nigeria – South Ndebele) IsiNdebele seSewula   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhinii_Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9n%C3%A9z%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Naakaii Łizhinii Biʼéénézí Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria) (Nigèria – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerii) (Nigerii – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naayijeeriyaa) (Naayijeeriyaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8) (Нигери – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86) (ਨਾਈਜੀਰੀਆ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naija) (Naija – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Palatine German) Pälzisch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (نائیجیریا – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) (نايجېريا – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/INigeria) (INigeria – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihirya) (Nihirya – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (နိုင်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Arakanese) ရခိုင်   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerie) (Nigerie – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F) (Ніґерія – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijeriya) (Nijeriya – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (नैजीरिया – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F) (ᱱᱟᱭᱡᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A8ria) (Nigèria – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeirie) (Nigeirie – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) (نائيجيريا – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizer%C3%AFa) (Nizerïa – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijirya) (Nijirya – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8) (မိူင်းၼၢႆႇၵျီးရီးယႃး – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80) (නයිජීරියාව – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerija) (Nigerija – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijeriya) (Naijeriya – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayjeeriya) (Nayjeeriya – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Нигерија – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INayijeriya) (INayijeriya – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%A9ria) (Nigéria – Sundanese) Sunda   (recommended article) (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%98%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%8E%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%80) (ꠘꠣꠁꠎꠦꠞꠤꠀ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83igeryjo) (Ńigeryjo – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE) (நைஜீரியா – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE) (నైజీరియా – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C3%A9ria) (Nijéria – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2) (ประเทศไนจีเรีย – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%82%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB) (ናይጂሪያ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeri%C3%BDa) (Nigeriýa – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerij%C9%99) (Nigerijə – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Tswana) Setswana   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Naselija) (ma Naselija – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naijiria) (Naijiria – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijerya) (Nijerya – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayjeriya) (Nayjeriya – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Twi) Twi   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Нигерия – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95) (نىگېرىيە – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F) (Нігерія – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (نائیجیریا – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriya) (Nigeriya – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niz%C3%A8ria) (Nizèria – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerii) (Nigerii – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriy%C3%A4n) (Nigeriyän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidjeria) (Nidjeria – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niseeriya) (Niseeriya – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A) (尼日利亚 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/INigeria) (INigeria – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (ნიგერია – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2) (ניגעריע – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (good article) (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0%C3%ACj%C3%ADr%C3%AD%C3%A0) (Nàìjíríà – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niheria) (Niheria – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0) (ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E) (尼日利亞 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E) (尼日利亞 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E) (奈及利亞 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INigeria) (INigeria – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1033#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Nigeria.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Nigeria) (Discuss improvements to 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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nigeria) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nigeria) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1371435516) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nigeria&id=1371435516&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNigeria) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nigeria&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1033) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nigeria) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nigeria) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1033) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=8_N_10_E_region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 8°N 10°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 8°N 10°E  / 8; 10     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected due to vandalism) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in West Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_(disambiguation)) (Nigeria (disambiguation)) Nigeria (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   "Naijá" redirects here. For the language sometimes referred to by the same name, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin) (Nigerian Pidgin) Nigerian Pidgin . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Not to be confused with the neighbouring country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism#Nigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Nigeria)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_Nigerian_English_from_July_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Nigerian_English)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2025)    Federal Republic of Nigeria   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg) (Flag of Nigeria) (Flag of Nigeria)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria) (Flag of Nigeria) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg) (Coat of arms of Nigeria) (Coat of arms of Nigeria)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria) (Coat of arms of Nigeria) Coat of arms      Motto:  "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"  Anthem:  "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee) (Nigeria, We Hail Thee) Nigeria, We Hail Thee "   (English ‪(en)‬)  (medžuslovjansky ‪(isv)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg)    Show map of Africa     Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja) (Abuja) Abuja  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=9_4_N_7_29_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9°4′N 7°29′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 9.067°N 7.483°E  / 9.067; 7.483     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Largest city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos   Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_English) (Nigerian English) English   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria) (Languages of Nigeria) Recognised languages  List (Nigeria.html#cite_note-nigeria.languages-1) [ 1]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-2) [ a]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language) (Hausa language) Hausa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language) (Yoruba language) Yoruba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language) (Igbo language) Igbo      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_languages) (Regional languages) Regional languages (Nigeria.html#cite_note-3) [ 2]     Over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria) (Languages of Nigeria) 525 languages (Nigeria.html#cite_note-4) [ 3]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2018)(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Africa:_Nigeria-5) [ 4]       25% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people) (Hausa people) Hausa  21% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba  18% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo  6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fulani  3.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people) (Ibibio people) Ibibio  2.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people) (Kanuri people) Kanuri  2.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people) (Tiv people) Tiv  1.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people) (Ijaw people) Ijaw  19.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups) (Demographics of Nigeria) others      Religion (2018)(Nigeria.html#cite_note-6) [ 5]       53.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria) (Islam in Nigeria) Islam  45.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria) (Christianity in Nigeria) Christianity 35.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Nigeria) (Protestantism in Nigeria) Protestantism  10.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria) (Catholic Church in Nigeria) Catholicism    0.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria) (Religion in Nigeria) other      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians) (Nigerians) Nigerian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria) (Politics of Nigeria) Government  Federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) (Presidential republic) presidential republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Bola Tinubu   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nigeria) (Vice President of Nigeria) Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashim_Shettima) (Kashim Shettima) Kashim Shettima   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Nigeria) (President of the Senate of Nigeria) Senate President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godswill_Akpabio) (Godswill Akpabio) Godswill Akpabio   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria) (Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria) House Speaker   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajudeen_Abbas) (Tajudeen Abbas) Tajudeen Abbas   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria) (Chief Justice of Nigeria) Chief Justice   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudirat_Kekere-Ekun) (Kudirat Kekere-Ekun) Kudirat Kekere-Ekun     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)) (National Assembly (Nigeria)) National Assembly   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria) (Senate of Nigeria) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)) (House of Representatives (Nigeria)) House of Representatives   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria) (History of Nigeria) Independence  from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) United Kingdom    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Northern Nigeria Protectorate) Northern Nigeria Protectorate   1 January 1900  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Southern Nigeria Protectorate   1 January 1900  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria) (Colonial Nigeria) Unification of Nigeria   1 January 1914  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria) (Federation of Nigeria) Declared independent as a sovereign state   1 October 1960  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_First_Republic) (Nigerian First Republic) Became a republic   1 October 1963  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria) (Constitution of Nigeria) Current constitution   29 May 1999    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria) (Geography of Nigeria) Area    • Total  923,769 km2 (356,669 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 31st )  • Water (%)  1.4  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria) (Demographics of Nigeria) Population   • 2026 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    242,747,130(Nigeria.html#cite_note-7) [ 6]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 6th )  • Density  249.8/km2 (647.0/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 57th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $2.424 trillion(Nigeria.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-8) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 19th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $9,994(Nigeria.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-8) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 135th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $377.365 billion(Nigeria.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-8) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 46th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $1,556(Nigeria.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.NG-8) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 173rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2020)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     35.1(Nigeria.html#cite_note-9) [ 8]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.560(Nigeria.html#cite_note-HDI-10) [ 9]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  medium   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 164th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_naira) (Nigerian naira) Naira (₦) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) NGN )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +01:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Time) (West Africa Time) WAT )  Date format dd/mm/yyyy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Nigeria) (Telephone numbers in Nigeria) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Nigeria) (Telephone numbers in Nigeria) +234   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NG) (ISO 3166-2:NG) NG   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ng) (.ng) .ng     Nigeria ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-11) [ b]    officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West Africa between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahel to the north and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea) (Gulf of Guinea) Gulf of Guinea in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres (356,669  mi 2 ) . With (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria) (Demographics of Nigeria) a population of more than 242 million, it is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population) (List of African countries by population) most populous country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) world's sixth-most populous country . Nigeria borders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger–Nigeria_border) (Niger–Nigeria border) the north , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad–Nigeria_border) (Chad–Nigeria border) the northeast , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon–Nigeria_border) (Cameroon–Nigeria border) the east , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin–Nigeria_border) (Benin–Nigeria border) the west . Nigeria is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation) (Federation) federal republic comprising 36 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nigeria) (States of Nigeria) states and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria) (Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria) Federal Capital Territory , where its capital, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja) (Abuja) Abuja , is located. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_cities_by_population) (List of Nigerian cities by population) largest city in Nigeria by population is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos , one of the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities) (List of largest cities) metropolitan areas in the world and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population) (List of cities in Africa by population) second largest in Africa . Nigeria is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_state) (Multinational state) multinational state inhabited by more than (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria) (Demographics of Nigeria) 250 ethnic groups speaking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria) (Languages of Nigeria) 500 distinct languages , all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-12) [ 10]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-13) [ 11]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-14) [ 12]    The three largest ethnic groups are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people) (Hausa people) Hausa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo together constituting over 60% of the total population.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-15) [ 13]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_English) (Nigerian English) English .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-16) [ 14]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria) (Constitution of Nigeria) Nigeria's constitution ensures (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) freedom of religion .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-17) [ 15]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-18) [ 16]    The country is divided roughly in half between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims) (Muslims) Muslims and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians) (Christians) Christians ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) (Traditional African religions) indigenous religions , such as those native to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinani) (Odinani) Igbo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion) (Yoruba religion) Yoruba ethnicities, are in the minority.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-USEN-19) [ 17]     Nigeria has been home to several indigenous material cultures, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers) (Nigerian traditional rulers) pre-colonial states and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms) (Sahelian kingdoms) kingdoms since the second (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium) (Millennium) millennium BC. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok_culture) (Nok culture) Nok culture , (circa) c.  1500 BC , marks one of the earliest known civilisations in the region. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms) (Hausa Kingdoms) Hausa Kingdoms inhabited the north, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people) (Edo people) Edo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin) (Kingdom of Benin) Kingdom of Benin in the south, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri) (Kingdom of Nri) Kingdom of Nri in the southeast, and in the southwest the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire) (Oyo Empire) Empire of Oyo . The present-day territory of Nigeria was home to a vast array of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state) (City-state) city-states . In the early 19th century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_jihads) (Fula jihads) Fulani Jihads culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate) (Sokoto Caliphate) Sokoto Caliphate . The modern state originated with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria) (Colonial Nigeria) British colonialization in the 19th century, taking its present territorial shape with the merging of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Northern Nigeria Protectorate) Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British set up administrative and legal structures and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy) (Nigerian Chieftaincy) incorporated traditional monarchs as a form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_rule) (Indirect rule) indirect rule .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-20) [ 18]     Nigeria officially gained (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence) (Independence) independence as a federation on 1 October 1960. From 1967 to 1970, the country was ravaged by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) civil war , followed by a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria) (Military dictatorship in Nigeria) military dictatorships (as well as an unstable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Shagari) (Shehu Shagari) democracy from 1979 to 1983 ), until a stable democracy was established in 1999. However, the work of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Nigeria)) (Independent National Electoral Commission (Nigeria)) Nigerian Electoral Commission (INEC) has been criticised both nationally and internationally for lacking transparency.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-21) [ 19]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-22) [ 20]     Nigeria is one of Africa’s largest economies, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt . It is regarded as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market) (Emerging market) emerging market by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank . Nigeria is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power in Africa and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power in international affairs. Nigeria is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union and a member of many international organisations, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) Commonwealth of Nations , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) NAM ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-23) [ 21]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States) (Economic Community of West African States) Economic Community of West African States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC .   Etymology  The name (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nigeria) (wikt:Nigeria) Nigeria  derives from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River running through the country. This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Shaw,_Lady_Lugard) (Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard) Flora Shaw . The neighbouring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Niger) (Republic of Niger) Republic of Niger takes its name from the same river. The origin of the name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  , which originally applied to only the middle reaches of the Niger River, is uncertain. The word is likely an alteration of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg name egerew n-iger ewen ("river of rivers") used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu) (Timbuktu) Timbuktu before 19th-century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa) (Scramble for Africa) European colonialism .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-24) [ 22]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-25) [ 23]    Before Flora Shaw suggested the name Nigeria , other proposed names included Royal Niger Company Territories , Central Sudan , Niger Empire , Niger Sudan , and Hausa Territories .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-26) [ 24]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria) (History of Nigeria) History of Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history) (Timeline of Nigerian history) Timeline of Nigerian history  Prehistory  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Nigeria) (Prehistory of Nigeria) Prehistory of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok) (Nok) Nok sculpture, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta) (Terracotta) terracotta   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam) (Kainji Dam) Kainji Dam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavation) (Archaeological excavation) excavations showed ironworking by the 2nd century BC. The transition from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic times to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age) (Iron Age) Iron Age was accomplished without intermediate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) bronze production. Some have suggested the technology moved west from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley) (Nile Valley) Nile Valley . But the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa) (Iron metallurgy in Africa) Iron Age in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years, as well as predating it in the Nile Valley. More recent research suggests that iron metallurgy was developed independently in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Tylecote_1975_see_below-27) [ 25]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-28) [ 26]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-29) [ 27]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Holl-2020#2-30) [ 28]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok_culture) (Nok culture) Nok civilisation thrived between 1500 BC and 200 AD.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-31) [ 29]    It produced life-sized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta) (Terracotta) terracotta figures that are some of the earliest known sculptures in Africa(Nigeria.html#cite_note-PB_2014-32) [ 30]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-33) [ 31]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-34) [ 32]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-archaeology-35) [ 33]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-36) [ 34]    and independently invented iron smelting by about 550 BC and possibly a few centuries earlier.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Tylecote_1975_see_below-27) [ 25]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Eggert_2014_51–59-28) [ 26]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Eggert_2014_53–54-29) [ 27]    Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsukka) (Nsukka) Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria: dating to 2000 BC at the site of Lejja(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-37) [ 35]    and to 750 BC at the site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)) (Opi (archaeological site)) Opi .  Early history  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500) (History of Nigeria before 1500) History of Nigeria before 1500  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_Chronicle) (Kano Chronicle) Kano Chronicle  highlights an ancient history dating to around 999 AD of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms) (Hausa Kingdoms) Hausa city state of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano) (Kingdom of Kano) Kano , with other major Hausa cities (or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Bakwai) (Hausa Bakwai) Hausa Bakwai ) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daura) (Daura) Daura , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadejia) (Hadejia) Biram , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Katsina) (Kingdom of Katsina) Katsina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zazzau) (Kingdom of Zazzau) Kingdom of Zazzau , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano) (Rano) Rano , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir) (Gobir) Gobir all having recorded histories dating back to the 10th century.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri) (Kingdom of Nri) Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Juang3-38) [ 36]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-39) [ 37]    Nri was ruled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Nri) (List of rulers of Nri) Eze Nri , and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_culture) (Igbo culture) Igbo culture . Nri and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguleri) (Aguleri) Aguleri , where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_(king)) (Eri (king)) Eri .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-40) [ 38]    In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax_process) (Lost wax process) lost wax process were from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu) (Igbo-Ukwu) Igbo-Ukwu , a city under Nri influence.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Juang3-38) [ 36]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg)   Royal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_ivory_mask) (Benin ivory mask) Benin ivory mask , one of Nigeria's most recognised artifacts. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empire) (Benin Empire) Benin Empire , 16th century.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba had developed one of the earliest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state) (City-state) city-states in Africa by the 8th century known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifẹ) (Ifẹ) Ile Ife , which would become the heart of the later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife_Empire) (Ife Empire) Ife Empire while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire) (Oyo Empire) Oyo and other Yoruba states became more prominent in the 12th(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Falola_Heaton_Early_states_and_societies-41) [ 39]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-42) [ 40]    and 14th(Nigeria.html#cite_note-43) [ 41]    centuries, respectively. The oldest signs of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human) (Human) human settlement at Ife's current site date back to the 9th century,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Falola_Heaton_Early_states_and_societies-41) [ 39]    and its material culture includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta) (Terracotta) Terracotta and Bronze figures. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin) (Kingdom of Benin) Kingdom of Benin , founded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people) (Edo people) Edo people , was a major West African power. Its densely populated capital ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City) (Benin City) Benin City ) served as a central hub for regional and transatlantic trade in cloth, ivory, pepper, and salt.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-44) [ 42]     Written documentation of Nigerian history from native sources dates back to at least the 14th century. In the 1390s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mais_of_Kanem–Bornu) (List of mais of Kanem–Bornu) Mai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biri_III_Uthman) (Biri III Uthman) Biri III Uthman wrote a letter to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquq) (Barquq) Barquq , Sultan of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) (Mamluk Sultanate) Egypt at the time.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:17-45) [ 43]    He complained about slave raids on the local Muslim population by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Judham) (Banu Judham) Judham Arabs , who he described as polytheists who deviated from true religion.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:17-45) [ 43]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem–Bornu_Empire) (Kanem–Bornu Empire) Kanem–Bornu Empire was a long-lived major Islamic power in the region. Originally based in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem_(historical_region)) (Kanem (historical region)) Kanem region , the ruling dynasty relocated southwest to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_(historical_region)) (Bornu (historical region)) Borno in the late fourteenth century. Kanem–Bornu established extensive diplomatic and trade networks reaching North Africa and Europe. Under rulers such as Mai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Alooma) (Idris Alooma) Idris Alooma , much of Hausaland was brought into tributary status under Borno.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Siollun_2025-46) [ 44]      Pre-colonial era  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500–1800)) (History of Nigeria (1500–1800)) History of Nigeria (1500–1800)  In the 16th century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries) (Portuguese discoveries) Portuguese explorers were the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe) (Ethnic groups in Europe) Europeans to begin important, direct trade with the peoples of southern Nigeria, at the port they named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos (formerly Eko) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland) (Yorubaland) Yoruba land and in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar) (Calabar) Calabar along the region (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa) (Slave Coast of West Africa) Slave Coast . Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) (Atlantic slave trade) Atlantic slave trade .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-diverse-slavery-47) [ 45]    The port of Calabar on the historical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra) (Bight of Biafra) Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the largest slave-trading posts in West Africa in this era. Other major slaving ports were located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagry) (Badagry) Badagry , Lagos on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Benin) (Bight of Benin) Bight of Benin , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Island) (Bonny Island) Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-diverse-slavery-47) [ 45]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-slave-trade-48) [ 46]    The majority of those taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-49) [ 47]    Usually, the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour) (Forced labour) forced labour ; they were sometimes gradually acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. Slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Several kingdoms that directly or indirectly participated in the Atlantic slave trade were associated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin) (Kingdom of Benin) Benin Empire in the south, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire) (Oyo Empire) Oyo Empire in the southwest, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy) (Aro Confederacy) Aro Confederacy in the southeast. In contrast, the kingdoms associated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade) (Trans-Saharan slave trade) Trans-Saharan slave trade were linked to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms) (Hausa Kingdoms) Hausa states , as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people) (Kanuri people) Kanuri -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem-Bornu_Empire) (Kanem-Bornu Empire) Kanem-Bornu Empire .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Savage1992-50) [ 48]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-51) [ 49]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-52) [ 50]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-diverse-slavery-47) [ 45]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-slave-trade-48) [ 46]    Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th centuries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-53) [ 51]    Oyo, at its territorial zenith in the late 17th to early 18th centuries, extended its influence from western Nigeria to modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG)   Depiction of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City) (Benin City) Benin City by a Dutch illustrator in 1668. The wall-like structure in the centre probably represents the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Benin) (Walls of Benin) walls of Benin , housing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_bronze) (Benin bronze) Benin bronze decorated historic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_the_Oba_of_Benin) (Royal Palace of the Oba of Benin) Benin City Palace .  In the north, the incessant fighting amongst the Hausa city-states and the decline of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem–Bornu_Empire) (Kanem–Bornu Empire) Bornu Empire allowed the Fulani people to gain headway into the region. Until this point, the Fulani, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad) (Nomad) nomadic foreign ethnic group, primarily traversed the semi-desert region with cattle. They largely avoided engaging in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade) (Trade) trade , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture) (Agriculture) agriculture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-building) (State-building) state-building , and other activities common among other West African peoples. At the beginning of the 19th century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio) (Usman dan Fodio) Usman dan Fodio led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_War) (Fulani War) a successful jihad against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms) (Hausa Kingdoms) Hausa Kingdoms , He accused the Hausa of not being true (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims) (Muslims) Muslims and subsequently established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate) (Sokoto Caliphate) Sokoto Caliphate (Nigeria.html#cite_note-54) [ 52]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:4-55) [ 53]    . The Sokoto Caliphate relied heavily on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery) (Slavery) slavery , with large-scale plantation slavery, concubinage, and domestic servitude. While the primary source of new slaves were the newly conquered Hausa peoples, raids on non-Muslim communities and other ethnic groups accused of not being true Muslims persisted.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:4-55) [ 53]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Murray2021-56) [ 54]    The caliphate as a whole became one of the largest slave societies in 19th-century Africa. This empire, grew rapidly under his rule and that of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Sokoto) (List of Sultans of Sokoto) his descendants , who sent out (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_jihads) (Fula jihads) invading armies in every direction. The Sokoto Caliphate sought to link the eastern and western Sudan regions while attempting to expand southward into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland) (Yorubaland) Yoruba country . It conquered parts of the old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Empire) (Oyo Empire) Oyo Empire (modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State) (Kwara State) Kwara ), and attempted to penetrate deeper into the heart of Yorubaland. However, the Yoruba forces of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan) (Ibadan) Ibadan delivered a decisive defeat to the invaders at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Òsogbo) (Battle of Òsogbo) Battle of Osogbo , halting their jihad and successfully protecting the sovereign integrity of Yoruba territory. The sultan sent out emirs to establish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty) (Suzerainty) suzerainty over the previous conquered territories and promote Islamic civilisation; the emirs in turn became increasingly rich and powerful through trade and slavery. By the 1890s, the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa) (Slavery in Africa) slave population , about two million, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate) (Caliphate) Caliphate . The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-57) [ 55]    By the time of its break-up in 1903 into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial African states.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-58) [ 56]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-59) [ 57]    (Page / location: 136) :  136    A changing legal imperative (the outlawing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) (Atlantic slave trade) Atlantic slave trade in 1807) and economic imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry. The slave trade continued after the ban, as illegal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smugglers) (Smugglers) smugglers purchased slaves along the coast from native slavers. Britain's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron) (West Africa Squadron) West Africa Squadron sought to intercept the smugglers at sea. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_people) (Saro people) rescued slaves were taken to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown) (Freetown) Freetown , a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of slaves freed by Britain.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-60) [ 58]      British colonisation and independence  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria) (Colonial Nigeria) Colonial Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria) (Federation of Nigeria) Federation of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lagos_Colony_(1888–1906).svg)   Flag of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Colony) (Lagos Colony) Lagos Colony   Britain intervened in the Lagos kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave-trade-friendly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoko) (Kosoko) Oba Kosoko , helping to install the amenable Oba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitoye) (Akitoye) Akitoye and signing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Between_Great_Britain_and_Lagos,_1_January_1852) (Treaty Between Great Britain and Lagos, 1 January 1852) Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1  January 1852. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) Britain annexed Lagos as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony) (Crown colony) crown colony in August 1861 with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Treaty_of_Cession) (Lagos Treaty of Cession) Lagos Treaty of Cession . British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther) (Samuel Ajayi Crowther) Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Nigeria) (Church of Nigeria) bishop of the Anglican Church .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-61) [ 59]    In 1885, British claims to a West African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence) (Sphere of influence) sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference) (Berlin Conference) Berlin Conference . The following year, it chartered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company) (Royal Niger Company) Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie) (George Taubman Goldie) George Taubman Goldie . By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company had vastly succeeded in subjugating the independent southern kingdoms along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River , the British conquered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empire) (Benin Empire) Benin in 1897, and, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War) (Anglo-Aro War) Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The defeat of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule. In 1900, the company's territory came under the direct control of the British government and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Southern Nigeria Protectorate as a British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate) (Protectorate) protectorate and part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British Empire . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tcitp_d012_frederick_john_dealtry_lugard_and_wife.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard) (Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard) The Lord and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Shaw,_Lady_Lugard) (Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard) Lady Lugard , 1908  By 1902, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British) (The British) the British had begun plans to move north into the Sokoto Caliphate. British General Lord (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard) (Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard) Frederick Lugard was tasked by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office) (Colonial Office) Colonial Office to implement the agenda. Lugard used rivalries between many of the emirs in the southern reach of the caliphate and the central Sokoto administration to prevent any defence as he worked towards the capital. As the British approached the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_(city)) (Sokoto (city)) Sokoto , Sultan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_I) (Muhammadu Attahiru I) Muhammadu Attahiru I organised a quick defence of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi) (Mahdi) Mahdist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegira) (Hegira) hijra  . In the northeast, the decline of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem–Bornu_Empire) (Kanem–Bornu Empire) Bornu Empire gave rise to the British-controlled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_Emirate) (Borno Emirate) Borno Emirate , which established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Garbai_of_Borno) (Abubakar Garbai of Borno) Abubakar Garbai of Borno as ruler.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-62) [ 60]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_of_Kano-1911.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abbas_(Emir_of_Kano)) (Muhammad Abbas (Emir of Kano)) Emir of Kano with cavalry, 1911  In 1903, the British victory in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kano_(1903)) (Battle of Kano (1903)) Battle of Kano gave them a logistical edge in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kwatarkwashi) (Battle of Kwatarkwashi) pacifying the heartland of the Sokoto Caliphate and parts of the former Bornu Empire. On 13 March 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Grand_Vizier) (Sokoto Grand Vizier) vizier of the caliphate officially conceded to British rule. The British appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Attahiru_II) (Muhammadu Attahiru II) Muhammadu Attahiru II as the new caliph. Lugard abolished the caliphate but retained the title sultan as a symbolic position in the newly organised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Northern Nigeria Protectorate) Northern Nigeria Protectorate . This remnant became known as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Sultanate_Council) (Sokoto Sultanate Council) Sokoto Sultanate Council ". In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining northern forces of Attahiru. The caliphate forces in the south continued to resist the British and Germans in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Wars) (Adamawa Wars) Adamawa Wars . By 1907, resistance to European rule in the area had been quelled.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-63) [ 61]     On 1 January 1914, the British formally united the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Southern Nigeria Protectorate) Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (Northern Nigeria Protectorate) Northern Nigeria Protectorate into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria) (Colonial Nigeria) Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Colony) (Lagos Colony) Lagos Colony . Inhabitants of the southern region sustained more interaction, economic and cultural, with the British and other Europeans owing to the coastal economy.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-64) [ 62]    Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic legitimist tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-65) [ 63]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism) (Nigerian nationalism) Nigerian nationalism first emerged in the 1920s, with its most significant figure being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Macaulay) (Herbert Macaulay) Herbert Macaulay . His vision aimed to bring all Nigerians together and demand independence.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-66) [ 64]    By the mid-20th century, following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa) (Decolonisation of Africa) wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. In response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the eve of independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present day. The balance between north and south was also expressed in Nigeria's political life. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria, slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-67) [ 65]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-slave-trade-48) [ 46]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_Cameroons_2d-600px.jpg)   1953 postage stamp with portrait of Queen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II) (Elizabeth II) Elizabeth II   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nnamdi_Azikiwe_PC_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe) (Nnamdi Azikiwe) Nnamdi Azikiwe , first President of Nigeria (1963–1966)  Nigeria gained a degree of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governance) (Self-governance) self-rule in 1954, and full independence from the United Kingdom on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Nigeria)) (Independence Day (Nigeria)) 1 October 1960 , as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria) (Federation of Nigeria) Federation of Nigeria with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa) (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nigeria) (Prime Minister of Nigeria) Prime Minister , while retaining the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960–1963)) (Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)) Monarch of Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II) (Elizabeth II) Elizabeth II , as nominal head of state and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria) (Queen of Nigeria) Queen of Nigeria . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe) (Nnamdi Azikiwe) Nnamdi Azikiwe replaced the colonial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general) (Governor-general) governor-general in November 1960. At independence, the cultural and political differences were sharp among Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups: the Hausa in the north, Igbo in the east, and Yoruba in the west.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-JBS2-68) [ 66]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system) (Westminster system) Westminster system of government was retained, and thus the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President 's powers were generally ceremonial.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-69) [ 67]    The parliamentary system of government had Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as Prime Minister and Nnamdi Azikiwe as the ceremonial president. The founding government was a coalition of conservative parties: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_People's_Congress) (Northern People's Congress) Northern People's Congress led by Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello) (Ahmadu Bello) Ahmadu Bello , a party dominated by Muslim northerners, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons) (National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons) National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. The opposition consisted of the comparatively liberal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Group_(Nigeria)) (Action Group (Nigeria)) Action Group , which was largely dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba and led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo) (Obafemi Awolowo) Obafemi Awolowo . An imbalance was created in the polity as a result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_British_Cameroons_referendum) (1961 British Cameroons referendum) 1961 plebiscite . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cameroons) (Southern Cameroons) Southern Cameroons opted to join the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Republic of Cameroon while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cameroon) (British Cameroon) Northern Cameroons chose to join Nigeria. The northern part of the country became larger than the southern part. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa_(1962).jpg) (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa) (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa , Nigeria's first Prime Minister during the 1st Republic    Early republic and civil war  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic) (First Nigerian Republic) First Nigerian Republic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) Nigerian Civil War  At Nigeria's independence in 1960, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British colonial authorities, distrustful of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo peoples, handed disproportionate power to the Northern elites.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:6-70) [ 68]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:9-71) [ 69]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:10-72) [ 70]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:15-73) [ 71]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:16-74) [ 72]    In large this was due to the fact that the British had enjoyed far greater cooperation through indirect rule with the Hausa-Fulani aristocracy, who had been far more submissive and offered significantly less resistance than the leaders of the Yoruba and Igbo peoples collectively.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:6-70) [ 68]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:9-71) [ 69]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:10-72) [ 70]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:15-73) [ 71]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:16-74) [ 72]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria) (Northern Region, Nigeria) Northern Region gained more seats in parliament than the southerner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria) (Eastern Region, Nigeria) Eastern and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_of_Nigeria) (Western Region of Nigeria) Western regions combined—this would cement Northern dominance in Nigerian politics for years to come. Resentment among southern politicians precipitated into political chaos in the country. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo) (Obafemi Awolowo) Obafemi Awolowo , Premier of Western Region, was accused of attempting to overthrow the government. This followed a period of conflict between the AG regional government and the central government. In spite of the flimsiness of the evidence presented by the government's prosecutors, he was convicted. With incarceration of Awolowo, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Akintola) (Samuel Akintola) Samuel Akintola took over as the premier of Western Region. Because Akintola was an ally of Ahmadu Bello, the undisputed strong man of Nigeria, Akintola was criticised as being a tool of the North.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Jorre,_p._30-75) [ 73]    As premier of the West, Akintola presided over the most chaotic era in Western Region—one which earned it the nickname "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West) (Wild West) the Wild-Wild West ". However, as late as Thursday, 13 January 1966, Balewa had announced that the federal government was not going to intervene in the West.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Jorre,_p._30-75) [ 73]    However, the very next day, Akintola, premier of the West met with his ally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello) (Ahmadu Bello) Ahmadu Bello , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardauna_of_Sokoto) (Sardauna of Sokoto) Sardauna of Sokoto , premier of the North and party boss of NPC party to which Balewa belonged.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Jorre,_p._30-75) [ 73]    At the same time a top-level security conference in Lagos was taking place which was attended by most of the country's senior army officers. All of this activity created rumours that the Balewa government would be forced to crack down on lawlessness in the West using military might.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Jorre,_p._30-75) [ 73]     The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led to two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'état) (Coup d'état) military coups in 1966. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d'état) (1966 Nigerian coup d'état) first coup was in January 1966 and was led mostly by soldiers under Majors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Ifeajuna) (Emmanuel Ifeajuna) Emmanuel Ifeajuna (of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo tribe), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukwuma_Kaduna_Nzeogwu) (Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu) Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria) (Northern Region, Nigeria) Northerner of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria) (Eastern Region, Nigeria) Eastern extraction) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adewale_Ademoyega) (Adewale Ademoyega) Adewale Ademoyega (a Yoruba from the West). The coup plotters succeeded in assassinating Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello) (Ahmadu Bello) Ahmadu Bello and Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa) (Abubakar Tafawa Balewa) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa alongside prominent leaders of the Northern Region and Premier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladoke_Akintola) (Ladoke Akintola) Samuel Akintola of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_State_(Nigeria)) (Western State (Nigeria)) Western Region , but the plotters struggled to form a central government. Senate President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwafor_Orizu) (Nwafor Orizu) Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army) (Nigerian Army) Army , under the command of another Igbo officer, Major General(Nigeria.html#cite_note-76) [ 74]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi) (Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi) Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi . Later, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nigerian_counter-coup) (1966 Nigerian counter-coup) counter-coup of 1966 , supported primarily by Northern military officers, facilitated the rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon) (Yakubu Gowon) Yakubu Gowon as military head of state. Tension rose between north and south; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom) (1966 anti-Igbo pogrom) Igbos in northern cities suffered persecution and many fled to the Eastern Region.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-77) [ 75]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra) (Biafra) Republic of Biafra in June 1967, when it declared its independence from the rest of Nigeria  In May 1967, Governor of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria) (Eastern Region, Nigeria) Eastern Region Lt. Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu) (C. Odumegwu Ojukwu) Emeka Ojukwu declared the region independent from the federation as a state called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra) (Biafra) Republic of Biafra as a result of the continuous and systematically planned attacks against Igbos and those of Eastern extraction, popularly known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom) (1966 anti-Igbo pogrom) 1966 pogroms .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-78) [ 76]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-79) [ 77]    This declaration precipitated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) Nigerian Civil War which began as the official Nigerian government side attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967, at Garkem. The 30-month war, with a long (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra) (Blockade of Biafra) blockade of Biafra and its isolation from trade and international relief, ended in January 1970.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-DDRS-80) [ 78]    Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region during the 30-month civil war range from one to three million.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-81) [ 79]    The UK and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union were the main military backers of the Nigerian government, with Nigeria utilising air support from Egyptian pilots provided by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-82) [ 80]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-83) [ 81]    while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel aided the Biafrans. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Congolese government under President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko) (Mobutu Sese Seko) Joseph-Désiré Mobutu took an early stand on the Biafran secession, voicing strong support for the Nigerian federal government(Nigeria.html#cite_note-84) [ 82]    and deploying thousands of troops to fight against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Nigeria) (Separatist movements of Nigeria) secessionists .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-85) [ 83]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-86) [ 84]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ondervoede_kinderen,_Bestanddeelnr_921-5788_(cropped).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra) (Blockade of Biafra) blockade of Biafra during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) resulted in a famine that ultimately cost at least a million lives.  Following the war, Nigeria enjoyed an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_boom) (Oil boom) oil boom in the 1970s, during which the country joined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC and received huge oil revenues. Despite these revenues, the military government did little to improve the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living) (Standard of living) standard of living , help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subsidies to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-87) [ 85]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Nigerian_coup_d'état) (1975 Nigerian coup d'état) coup in July 1975 , led by Generals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Musa_Yar'Adua) (Shehu Musa Yar'Adua) Shehu Musa Yar'Adua and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nanven_Garba) (Joseph Nanven Garba) Joseph Garba , ousted Gowon,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201142–43Derfler201181-88) [ 86]    who fled to Britain.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerfler201182-89) [ 87]    The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's autocratic rule with a triumvirate of three brigadier generals whose decisions could be vetoed by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Council_of_Nigeria_(1966–1979)) (Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1966–1979)) Supreme Military Council . For this triumvirate, they convinced General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed) (Murtala Muhammed) Murtala Muhammed to become military head of state, with General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo) (Olusegun Obasanjo) Olusegun Obasanjo as his second-in-command, and General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Danjuma) (Theophilus Danjuma) Theophilus Danjuma as the third.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201143Derfler201181-90) [ 88]    Together, the triumvirate introduced austerity measures to stem inflation, established a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, replaced all military governors with new officers, and launched "Operation Deadwood" through which they fired 11,000 officials from the civil service.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201144-91) [ 89]     Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_Suka_Dimka) (Buka Suka Dimka) Buka Suka Dimka launched a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Nigerian_coup_d'état_attempt) (1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt) February 1976 coup attempt ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-92) [ 90]    during which General Murtala Muhammed was assassinated. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military, and his coup failed, forcing him to flee.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148-93) [ 91]    After the coup attempt, General Olusegun Obasanjo was appointed military head of state.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148–49Derfler201185-94) [ 92]    Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe201150Derfler201185-95) [ 93]    Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General Shehu Yar'Adua as his replacement and second-in-command as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nigeria) (Vice President of Nigeria) Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General Theophilus Danjuma as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Nigeria)) (Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)) Chief of Army Staff , the three went on to re-establish control over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_military_juntas_of_1966–79_and_1983–99) (Nigerian military juntas of 1966–79 and 1983–99) military regime and organised the military's transfer of power programme: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nigeria) (States of Nigeria) states creation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_boundary_delimitation) (Electoral boundary delimitation) national delimitation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria) (Local government areas of Nigeria) local government reforms and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria#1979_constitution_(Second_Republic)) (Constitution of Nigeria) constitutional drafting committee for a new republic.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-96) [ 94]      Military dictatorship and coups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria) (Military dictatorship in Nigeria) Military dictatorship in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Nigeria) (Military coups in Nigeria) Military coups in Nigeria  The military carefully planned the return to civilian rule putting in place measures to ensure that political parties had broader support than witnessed during the first republic. In 1979, five political parties competed in a series of elections in which Alhaji (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Shagari) (Shehu Shagari) Shehu Shagari of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Nigeria) (National Party of Nigeria) National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was elected president. All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. On 1 October 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Obasanjo peacefully transferred power to Shagari, becoming the first head of state in Nigerian history to willingly step down.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-97) [ 95]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shehu_Shagari_1980-10-07.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Shagari) (Shehu Shagari) Shehu Shagari was the first elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983.  In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Nigerian_presidential_election) (1983 Nigerian presidential election) August 1983 , Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide victory, with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Nigerian_parliamentary_election) (1983 Nigerian parliamentary election) majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. However, the elections were marred by violence, and allegations of widespread vote-rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. There were also uncertainties, such as in the first republic, that political leaders may be unable to govern properly.

The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Nigerian_coup_d'état) (1983 Nigerian coup d'état) 1983 military coup d'état was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the government and the installation of Major General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari) (Muhammadu Buhari) Muhammadu Buhari as head of state. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-98) [ 96]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida) (Ibrahim Babangida) Ibrahim Babangida overthrew Buhari in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Nigerian_coup_d'état) (1985 Nigerian coup d'état) coup d'état of 1985 . Babangida established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Political_Bureau_of_1986) (Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986) Nigerian Political Bureau in 1986 which made recommendations for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. In 1989, Babangida started making plans for the transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. Babangida survived the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Nigerian_coup_d'état_attempt) (1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt) 1990 Nigerian coup d'état attempt , then postponed a promised return to democracy to 1992.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-99) [ 97]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdulsalami_Abubakar_detail_DF-SC-02-04323.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar) (Abdulsalami Abubakar) Abdulsalami Abubakar , military ruler in 1998, saw the return to democracy in 1999.  Babangida legalised the formation of political parties and formed the two-party system with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)) (Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)) Social Democratic Party and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Convention) (National Republican Convention) National Republican Convention ahead of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Nigerian_parliamentary_election) (1992 Nigerian parliamentary election) 1992 general elections . He urged all Nigerians to join either of the parties, which Chief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Ige) (Bola Ige) Bola Ige referred to as "two leper hands". The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_presidential_election) (1993 Nigerian presidential election) 1993 presidential election held on 12 June was the first since the military coup of 1983. The results, though not officially declared by the National Electoral Commission, showed the duo of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshood_Abiola) (Moshood Abiola) Moshood Abiola and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Gana_Kingibe) (Baba Gana Kingibe) Baba Gana Kingibe of the Social Democratic Party defeated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Tofa) (Bashir Tofa) Bashir Tofa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Ugoh) (Sylvester Ugoh) Sylvester Ugoh of the National Republican Convention by over 2.3 million votes. However, Babangida annulled the elections, leading to massive civilian protests that effectively shut down the country for weeks. In August 1993, Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish power to a civilian government but not before appointing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shonekan) (Ernest Shonekan) Ernest Shonekan head of an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ernest_Shonekan) (Cabinet of Ernest Shonekan) interim national government .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-100) [ 98]    Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-101) [ 99]     Shonekan's interim government, the shortest in the political history of the country, was overthrown in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d'état) (1993 Nigerian coup d'état) coup d'état of 1993 led by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha) (Sani Abacha) Sani Abacha , who used military force on a wide scale to end the crisis of the Third Republic. In 1995, Abacha's regime hanged environmentalist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa) (Ken Saro-Wiwa) Ken Saro-Wiwa on trumped-up charges in the deaths of four (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people) (Ogoni people) Ogoni elders, which caused Nigerian's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_from_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations) suspension from the Commonwealth . Lawsuits under the American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Tort_Statute) (Alien Tort Statute) Alien Tort Statute against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell) (Royal Dutch Shell) Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of Shell's Nigerian operation, settled out of court.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-102) [ 100]    Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to Abacha were discovered in 1999.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-103) [ 101]    The regime came to an end in 1998 when the dictator died in the villa. Abacha looted money to offshore accounts in Western European banks and maintained his grip on power through arrests and bribing generals and politicians. His successor, General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar) (Abdulsalami Abubakar) Abdulsalami Abubakar , adopted a new constitution on 5 May 1999, which provided for multiparty elections.   1999–present  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic) (Fourth Nigerian Republic) Fourth Nigerian Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olusegun_Obasanjo_DD-SC-07-14396-cropped.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo) (Olusegun Obasanjo) Olusegun Obasanjo served as president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007.  On 29 May 1999, Abubakar handed over power to the winner of the 1999 presidential election, former military ruler General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo) (Olusegun Obasanjo) Olusegun Obasanjo , as President of Nigeria. Obasanjo had been in prison under the dictatorship of Abacha. Obasanjo's inauguration heralded the beginning of the Fourth Nigerian Republic,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-104) [ 102]    ending a 39-year period of short-lived democracies, civil war and military dictatorship. Although the elections that brought Obasanjo to power and allowed him to run for a second term in the 2003 presidential elections were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria made significant progress in democratisation under Obasanjo.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-105) [ 103]     In the 2007 general elections, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua) (Umaru Musa Yar'Adua) Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party came to power. The international community, which had observed the Nigerian elections to promote a free and fair process, condemned these elections as seriously flawed.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-106) [ 104]    Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010, and Vice President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan) (Goodluck Jonathan) Goodluck Jonathan had been sworn in by the Senate three months earlier as acting president to succeed Yar'Adua.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-107) [ 105]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-108) [ 106]    Jonathan won the 2011 presidential election; the polls went smoothly and with relatively little violence or electoral fraud.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-New_York2-109) [ 107]    Jonathan's tenure saw an economic recovery that made Nigeria the leading economic power in Africa.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-110) [ 108]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-111) [ 109]    The Jonathan administration also saw an unparalleled increase in corruption, with as many as 20 billion US dollars said to have been lost to the Nigerian state through the national oil company. Above all, however, Jonathan's tenure saw the emergence of a wave of terror by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency) (Boko Haram insurgency) Boko Haram insurgency , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoza_massacre) (Gwoza massacre) Gwoza massacre and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibok_schoolgirls_kidnapping) (Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping) Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in 2014.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-112) [ 110]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bola_Tinubu_portrait.jpg)   Chief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Bola Tinubu is serving as President of Nigeria since 29 May 2023.  Ahead of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nigerian_general_election) (2015 Nigerian general election) general election of 2015 , a merger of the biggest opposition parties in Nigeria – the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Congress_of_Nigeria) (Action Congress of Nigeria) Action Congress of Nigeria , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_for_Progressive_Change) (Congress for Progressive Change) Congress for Progressive Change , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party) (All Nigeria Peoples Party) All Nigeria Peoples Party , a faction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Grand_Alliance) (All Progressives Grand Alliance) All Progressives Grand Alliance and the new PDP (a faction of serving governors of the ruling People's Democratic Party) – formed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress) (All Progressives Congress) All Progressives Congress led by current president Bola Ahmed Tinubu. At the time, it was the most expensive election ever to be held on the African continent (being surpassed only by the elections of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election) (2019 Nigerian general election) 2019 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election) (2023 Nigerian presidential election) 2023 ). The new mega-opposition party chose as their candidate for the election former military dictator Muhammadu Buhari. Buhari's campaign in 2015 was popular and built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter—he won the election by over two million votes. Observers generally praised the election as being fair.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-113) [ 111]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-114) [ 112]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-115) [ 113]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-116) [ 114]    The election marked the first time an incumbent president had lost re-election in Nigeria. Insecurity heightened drastically under Buhari with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict) (Nigerian bandit conflict) banditry , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency) (Boko Haram insurgency) insurgency and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Nigeria) (Separatist movements of Nigeria) separatist agitations increasingly widespread. The economy also experienced two recessions and global oil shocks as a result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria) (COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria) COVID-19 pandemic . Buhari was reelected in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nigerian_general_election) (2019 Nigerian general election) 2019 presidential election ; he died two years after leaving office.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-117) [ 115]     Four major candidates, amongst other less popular candidates, vied for the presidency in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election) (2023 Nigerian presidential election) 2023 presidential election . For the first time since the return of democracy, no former military ruler ran for president, marking a strengthening of democracy and faith in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria) (Constitution of Nigeria) multiparty constitution . The election also saw the rise of metonymic supporters of the new candidates, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obidient_Movement) (Obidient Movement) Obidient movement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Obi) (Peter Obi) Peter Obi , previously governor of Anambra State, widely appealed to young, urban voters and has his core base in the Southeast;(Nigeria.html#cite_note-118) [ 116]    and the Kwankwassiya of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiu_Kwankwaso) (Rabiu Kwankwaso) Rabiu Kwankwaso , former governor of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_State) (Kano State) Kano State in the Northwest.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-119) [ 117]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Bola Tinubu of the ruling party won the disputed election with 36.61% of the vote,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-120) [ 118]    though both runners-up claimed victory and litigation continued in an election tribunal.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-121) [ 119]    Tinubu was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bola_Tinubu) (Inauguration of Bola Tinubu) inaugurated on 29 May 2023.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-122) [ 120]    His government faced ongoing domestic challenges, including widespread (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_in_Nigeria) (Kidnapping in Nigeria) kidnapping in Nigeria .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-123) [ 121]    On 29 May 2024, Tinubu signed a law reinstating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee) (Nigeria, We Hail Thee) Nigeria, We Hail Thee  , the national anthem from 1960 to 1978, replacing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arise,_O_Compatriots) (Arise, O Compatriots) Arise, O Compatriots  . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_States_strikes_in_Nigeria) (2025 United States strikes in Nigeria) United States carried out a strike against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province) (Islamic State – West Africa Province) Islamic State militants in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_(Nigeria)) (North West (Nigeria)) northwest Nigeria on 25 December 2025 at the request of Tinubu's government, marking the first foreign military intervention in post-independence Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-124) [ 122]    U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump stated the strike was to protect against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria) (Religious violence in Nigeria) alleged violence against Christians in the north.   Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria) (Geography of Nigeria) Geography of Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria) (Climate change in Nigeria) Climate change in Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Nigeria) (Geology of Nigeria) Geology of Nigeria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria) (Wildlife of Nigeria) Wildlife of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_Topography.png)   Topography of Nigeria  Nigeria is located in western Africa on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea) (Gulf of Guinea) Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768  km 2 (356,669  mi 2 ) ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-125) [ 123]    making it the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 31st-largest country . Its borders span 4,047 kilometres (2,515  mi) , and it shares borders with Benin (773  km or 480  mi ), Niger (1,497  km or 930  mi ), Chad (87  km or 54  mi ), and Cameroon (including the separatist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambazonia) (Ambazonia) Ambazonia ) 1,690  km or 1,050  mi . Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline) (Coastline) coastline is at least 853  km (530  mi) .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-126) [ 124]    Nigeria lies between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_parallel_north) (4th parallel north) 4° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_parallel_north) (14th parallel north) 14°N , and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_meridian_east) (2nd meridian east) 2° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_meridian_east) (15th meridian east) 15°E . The highest point in Nigeria is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappal_Waddi) (Chappal Waddi) Chappal Waddi at 2,419  m (7,936  ft) . The main rivers are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benue_River) (Benue River) Benue , which converge and empty into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta) (Niger Delta) Niger Delta . This is one of the world's largest river deltas and the location of a large area of Central African (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove) (Mangrove) mangroves . Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge and form a Y-shape).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-encarta22-127) [ 125]    To the southwest of the Niger is a "rugged" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(geography)) (Highland (geography)) highland . To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau) (Mambilla Plateau) Mambilla Plateau , the highest plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon , where the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane) (Montane) montane land is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamenda_Highlands) (Bamenda Highlands) Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg) ()   Climate map of Nigeria  The far south is defined by its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate) (Tropical rainforest climate) tropical rainforest climate , where annual rainfall is 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (60 to 80  in) per year.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai52-128) [ 126]    In the southeast stands the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obudu_Plateau) (Obudu Plateau) Obudu Plateau . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_plain) (Coastal plain) Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-encarta22-127) [ 125]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_swamp) (Mangrove swamp) Mangrove swamps are found along the coast.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai42-129) [ 127]     The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross–Sanaga–Bioko_coastal_forests) (Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests) Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion) (Ecoregion) ecoregion , an important centre for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity) (Biodiversity) biodiversity . It is a habitat for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_(animal)) (Drill (animal)) drill primate , which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar) (Calabar) Calabar , Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)) (Cross River (Nigeria)) Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population and has been (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross–Niger_transition_forests) (Cross–Niger transition forests) replaced by grassland . Everything in between the far south and the far north is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna) (Savanna) savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60  in) per year.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai52-128) [ 126]    The savannah zone's three categories are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_forest–savanna_mosaic) (Guinean forest–savanna mosaic) Guinean forest-savanna mosaic , Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai42-129) [ 127]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megachad_en_disappearance_of_lake_chad.jpg)   Shrinking of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad in north-eastern Nigeria, with the outline of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles) (British Isles) British Isles for size comparison  Hydrology  Nigeria is divided into two main catchment areas – that of Lake Chad and that of the Niger. The Niger catchment area covers about 63% of the country. The main tributary of the Niger is the Benue, whose tributaries extend beyond Cameroon into Cameroon into Chad and the Sharie catchment area. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20  in) per year, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara Desert is encroaching.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai52-128) [ 126]    In the dry northeast corner of the country lies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad , on a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad_Basin_Commission) (Lake Chad Basin Commission) shared water boundary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_boundary_delimitation) (National boundary delimitation) delimitation with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The Chad Basin is fed from the north-eastern quarter of Nigeria. The Bauchi Plateau forms the watershed between the Niger/Benue and Komadugu Yobe river systems. The flat plains of north-eastern Nigeria are geographically part of the Chad Basin, where the course of the El Beid River forms the border with Cameroon, from the Mandara Mountains to Lake Chad. The Komadugu Yobe river system gives rise to the internationally important Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and Ox-bow lakes around Lake Nguru in the rainy season.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-130) [ 128]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-131) [ 129]    Other rivers of the northeast include the Ngadda and the Yedseram, both of which flow through the Sambisa swamps, thus forming a river system. The river system of the northeast is also a major river system.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-132) [ 130]    In addition, Nigeria has numerous coastal rivers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Chad_from_Apollo_7.jpg)   Photo of Lake Chad from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7) (Apollo 7) Apollo 7 , 1968  Over the last million years, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad in the far north-east of Nigeria has dried up several times for a few thousand years and just as often growing to many times its current size. In recent decades its surface area has been reduced considerably, which may also be due to humans taking water from the inlets to irrigate agricultural land.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-133) [ 131]      Vegetation  Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah) (Savannah) savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane) (Montane) montane land (least common and mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border). Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai4-134) [ 132]     Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)) (Cross River (Nigeria)) Cross River deltas, is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_mangroves) (Central African mangroves) mangrove swamp . North of this is a freshwater swamp, containing different vegetation from the saltwater mangrove swamps, and north of that is a rainforest.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai4-134) [ 132]     The savannah zone's three categories are divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_forest–savanna_mosaic) (Guinean forest–savanna mosaic) Guinean forest-savanna mosaic , made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, with short grasses and short trees; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-gai4-134) [ 132]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mambilla_Plateau,_Nigeria_01.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau) (Mambilla Plateau) Mambilla Plateau in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria   Environmental issues  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nigeria) (Deforestation in Nigeria) Deforestation in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta) (Environmental issues in the Niger Delta) Environmental issues in the Niger Delta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerian-deforrestation-b.jpg) (Nigerian deforrestation 1981 – 2020)   Deforestation in Nigeria 1981–2020(Nigeria.html#cite_note-135) [ 133]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management) (Waste management) Waste management including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment) (Sewage treatment) sewage treatment , the linked processes of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation) (Soil retrogression and degradation) soil degradation , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) (Climate change) climate change are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-136) [ 134]     Climate change  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria) (Climate change in Nigeria) Climate change in Nigeria .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Nigeria&action=edit) edit ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Chad’s_shrinking_waters_ESA418540.gif)   Satellite image of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad) (Lake Chad) Lake Chad , showing it shrinking between 1984 and 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Nigeria_with_bars_with_labels.png)   Temperature change in Nigeria; each bar represents the average temperature over that year.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria) (Climate change in Nigeria) Climate change in Nigeria has caused increasing temperatures and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall) (Rainfall) rainfall variability (increasing in coastal areas and declining in continental areas) resulting in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought) (Drought) drought , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification) (Desertification) desertification , rising sea levels, erosion, floods, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm) (Thunderstorm) thunderstorms , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire) (Wildfire) bush fires , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslides) (Landslides) landslides , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradation) (Land degradation) land degradation and more frequent, extreme weather conditions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:8-137) [ 135]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) (Climate change) Climate change is leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_loss) (Biodiversity loss) biodiversity loss , reduced food and water security, increasing poverty, conflict, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_displacement) (Human displacement) displacement , economic instability and negative health outcomes in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:10-138) [ 136]    Nigeria is highly vulnerable to and not well prepared to deal with the effects of climate change.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-139) [ 137]    The agricultural sector is particularly most vulnerable.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-140) [ 138]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climate_and_weather_in_Nigeria_04.jpg)   A thick layer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan) (Harmattan) Harmattan fog in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_State) (Enugu State) Enugu State   Nigeria is in the top 25 highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) (Greenhouse gas) greenhouse gas emitters, contributing 0.8% of the global total (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_intensity) (Emission intensity) emissions. (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:9-141) [ 139]    Nigeria has committed to cut (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas) (Greenhouse gas) greenhouse gas emissions by 20% on its own, and by 47% if it receives international support, by 2030. The country has also committed to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net-zero_emissions) (Net-zero emissions) net zero by 2060.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-142) [ 140]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-143) [ 141]    Nigeria's climate change (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation) (Climate change mitigation) mitigation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation) (Climate change adaptation) adaptation plans focus on agriculture and food security (through e.g.: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture) (Climate-smart agriculture) climate-smart agriculture ), forests and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity) (Biodiversity) biodiversity , water resources, energy and infrastructure (e.g.: transitioning to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (Renewable energy) renewable energies like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy) (Solar energy) solar ), health, human settlement, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)) (Industry (economics)) industry and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce) (Commerce) commerce , transportation and communication.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-144) [ 142]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-145) [ 143]    While there is some discussion about necessary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_building) (Capacity building) capacity building at the individual, group and community level to engage in climate change responses, there is less attention given to higher levels of capacity building at the state and national level.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_Haider-146) [ 144]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts)    Deforestation  In 2005, Nigeria had the highest rate of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation in the world, according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-147) [ 145]    That year, 12.2%, the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares, had been forested in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%. Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_cover) (Forest cover) forest cover or around 6,145,000 hectares.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-148) [ 146]    Nigeria had a 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.2/10, ranking it 82nd globally out of 172 countries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-149) [ 147]     Pollution  Waste management poses problems in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity) (Megacity) megacity like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities, which are linked to economic development, population growth, and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubwa,_Abuja) (Kubwa, Abuja) Kubwa community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, and the like. Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanisation, poverty, and the lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in the country's major cities. Some of the solutions have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_in_Nigeria) (Groundwater in Nigeria) groundwater .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-150) [ 148]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta) (Niger Delta) Nigeria's Delta region is one of the most polluted regions in the world due to serious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill) (Oil spill) oil spills and other environmental problems caused by its oil industry.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-151) [ 149]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-152) [ 150]    The heavy contamination of the air, ground and water with toxic pollutants is often used as an example of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide) (Ecocide) ecocide .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-153) [ 151]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-154) [ 152]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-155) [ 153]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-156) [ 154]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-157) [ 155]    In additional to the environmental damage it has caused (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta) (Conflict in the Niger Delta) conflict in the Delta region . Illegal oil refineries, in which local operators convert stolen crude oil into petrol and diesel, are considered particularly "dirty, dangerous and lucrative".(Nigeria.html#cite_note-158) [ 156]    Safety and environmental aspects are usually ignored. Refining petroleum also inevitably produces heavy oil, which is "cracked" into lighter fuel components in regular plants at great technical expense. Illegal refineries do not have these technical capabilities and "dispose" of the heavy oil where it then accumulates. The lighter components of crude oil ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane) (Methane) methane to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane) (Butane) butane , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutane) (Isobutane) isobutane ) create a certain risk of explosion, which often leads to disasters at illegal plants.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-159) [ 157]    In 2022, Nigeria suffered 125 deaths from explosions at local, illegal refineries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-160) [ 158]     In 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_State_lead_poisoning_outbreak) (Zamfara State lead poisoning outbreak) exposed to lead-containing soil from informal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining) (Gold mining) gold mining within the northern state of Zamfara. While estimates vary, it is thought that upwards of 400 children died of acute (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning) (Lead poisoning) lead poisoning .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-161) [ 159]       Politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria) (Politics of Nigeria) Politics of Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Nigeria) (Political parties in Nigeria) Political parties in Nigeria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria) (Elections in Nigeria) Elections in Nigeria  Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria.svg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria) (Coat of arms of Nigeria) Coat of arms of Nigeria in current use  Nigeria is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal republic modelled after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-162) [ 160]    with 36 states and the capital Abuja as an independent unit. The executive power is exercised by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President . The president is both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) head of the federal government . The president is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election) (Direct election) elected by popular vote to a maximum of two four-year terms.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-factbook3-163) [ 161]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governors_in_nigeria?action=edit&redlink=1) (State governors in nigeria (page does not exist)) State governors , like the president, are elected for four years and may serve a maximum of two terms. The president's power is limited by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria) (Senate of Nigeria) Senate and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)) (House of Representatives (Nigeria)) House of Representatives , which are combined in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism) (Bicameralism) bicameral body called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)) (National Assembly (Nigeria)) National Assembly . The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats, with the number of seats per state determined by population.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-factbook3-163) [ 161]     The Nigerian president is elected in a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes and more than 25% of the votes in at least 24 of the 36 states.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-164) [ 162]    If no candidate reaches this hurdle, a second round of voting takes place between the leading candidate and the next candidate who received the majority of votes in the highest number of states. By convention, presidential candidates take a running mate (candidate for the vice presidency) who is both ethnically and religiously the opposite of themselves. There is no law prescribing this, yet all presidential candidates since the existence of the Fourth Republic until 2023 adhered to this rule. However, this principle of religious and ethnic diversity in leadership was ignored in the 2023 General Elections, where the candidate for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress) (All Progressives Congress) All Progressives Congress , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Bola Ahmed Tinubu , a Muslim, selected another Muslim, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashim_Shettima) (Kashim Shettima) Senator Kashim Shettima , as running mate.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-165) [ 163]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-166) [ 164]      Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria) (Subdivisions of Nigeria) Subdivisions of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Nigeria.svg) ()   Map of Nigeria with administrative divisions  Nigeria is divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nigeria) (States of Nigeria) thirty-six states and one (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria) (Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria) Federal Capital Territory , which are further sub-divided into 774 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria) (Local government areas of Nigeria) local government areas . In some contexts, the states are aggregated into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria) (Geopolitical zones of Nigeria) six geopolitical zones : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_(Nigeria)) (North West (Nigeria)) North West , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(Nigeria)) (North East (Nigeria)) North East , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central,_Nigeria) (North Central, Nigeria) North Central , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_(Nigeria)) (South West (Nigeria)) South West , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(Nigeria)) (South East (Nigeria)) South East , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_South) (South South) South South .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-167) [ 165]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-168) [ 166]     Nigeria has five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_cities_by_population) (List of Nigerian cities by population) cities with a population of over a million (from largest to smallest): (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)) (Kano (city)) Kano , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan) (Ibadan) Ibadan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City) (Benin City) Benin City and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt) (Port Harcourt) Port Harcourt . Lagos is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Africa) (List of most populous cities in Africa) largest city in Africa , with a population of over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population) (List of metropolitan areas by population) 12 million in its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) (Urban area) urban area .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-felix2-169) [ 167]     The south of the country in particular is characterised by very strong urbanisation and a relatively large number of cities. According to an estimate from 2015,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-170) [ 168]    there are 20 cities in Nigeria with more than 500,000 inhabitants, including ten cities with a population of one million.  Law  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Nigeria) (Law of Nigeria) Law of Nigeria  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria) (Constitution of Nigeria) Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the country. There are four distinct legal systems in Nigeria, which include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law) (English law) English law , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law) (Common law) common law , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law) (Customary law) customary law , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia law : English law in Nigeria consists of the collection of British laws from colonial times. Common law is the collection of authoritative judicial decisions in the field of civil law (so-called precedents) that have been handed down in the country concerned – in this case Nigeria. (This system is mainly found in Anglo-Saxon countries; in continental Europe, on the other hand, codified and, as far as possible, abstracted civil law predominates, as in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code) (Napoleonic Code) Napoleonic Code in France).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-171) [ 169]     Customary law is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secret societies and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbo) (Egbo) Èkpè and Okónkò of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igboland) (Igboland) Igboland and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people) (Ibibio people) Ibibioland .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-172) [ 170]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria) (Sharia in Nigeria) Sharia in Nigeria (also known as Islamic Law) used to be used only in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Nigeria) (Northern Nigeria) Northern Nigeria , where (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam is the predominant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion) (Religion) religion . It is also being used in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State) (Lagos State) Lagos State , Oyo State, Kwara State, Ogun State, and Osun State by Muslims. Muslim penal codes are not the same in every state and they differentiate in punishment and offences according to religious affiliation (for example, alcohol consumption and distribution).  The country has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_branch) (Judicial branch) judicial branch , the highest court of which is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria) (Supreme Court of Nigeria) Supreme Court of Nigeria .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-173) [ 171]      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria) (Foreign relations of Nigeria) Foreign relations of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MinForeignAffairs.jpg) ()   The Ministry of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs) (Foreign Affairs) Foreign Affairs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja) (Abuja) Abuja   Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made African unity the centrepiece of its foreign policy.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-174) [ 172]    One exception to the African focus was Nigeria's close relationship with Israel throughout the 1960s. Israel sponsored and oversaw the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-175) [ 173]     Nigeria's foreign policy was put to the test in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa) (Southern Africa) Southern Africa . Nigeria backed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress) (African National Congress) African National Congress by taking a committed tough line about the South African government. Nigeria was a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity) (Organisation of African Unity) Organisation for African Unity (now the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union ) and had tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria played a leading role in regional integration in West Africa, partnering with neighboring states to spearhead the creation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States) (Economic Community of West African States) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-ECOWAS_History_Official-176) [ 174]    It subsequently became the primary military and financial backbone—acting as the regional standard-bearer—for the ECOWAS Monitoring Group ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOMOG) (ECOMOG) ECOMOG ), leading peacekeeping and intervention efforts during the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-US_State_Dept_ECOWAS-177) [ 175]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-178) [ 176]     With this Africa-centred stance, Nigeria readily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) sent troops to the Congo at the behest of the United Nations shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time). Nigeria also supported several Pan-African and pro-self-government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angola) (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) MPLA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAPO) (SWAPO) SWAPO in Namibia, and aiding opposition to the minority governments of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence) (Mozambican War of Independence) Portuguese Mozambique , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War) (Rhodesian Bush War) Rhodesia . Nigeria retains membership in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement . In late November 2006, it organised an Africa-South America Summit in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja) (Abuja) Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-179) [ 177]    Nigeria is also a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court) (International Criminal Court) International Criminal Court and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) Commonwealth of Nations . It was temporarily expelled from the latter in 1995 when ruled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha) (Sani Abacha) Abacha regime . Nigeria has remained a key player in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry) (Petroleum industry) international oil industry since the 1970s and maintains membership in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC , which it joined in July 1971. Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria) (Petroleum industry in Nigeria) status as a major petroleum producer figures prominently in its sometimes volatile international relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country) (Developed country) developed countries , notably the United States, and with developing countries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-180) [ 178]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Development_Agency) (French Development Agency) Agence Française de Développement (AFD) supports large infrastructure and environmental projects in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-181) [ 179]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-182) [ 180]    Since 2000, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Nigeria_relations) (China–Nigeria relations) Chinese–Nigerian trade relations have risen exponentially. There has been an increase in total trade of over 10.3 billion dollars between the two nations from 2000 to 2016.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency-183) [ 181]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Civil_Engineering_Construction_Corporation) (China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation) CCECC and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC) (CRRC) CRRC have also financed infrastructure projects (rail network, ports, airports) in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-184) [ 182]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-185) [ 183]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-186) [ 184]    However, the structure of the Chinese–Nigerian trade relationship has become a major political issue for the Nigerian state. Chinese exports account for around 80 per cent of total bilateral trade volumes.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency-183) [ 181]    This has resulted in a serious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade) (Balance of trade) trade imbalance , with Nigeria importing ten times more than it exports to China.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency-183) [ 181]    Subsequently, Nigeria's economy is becoming over-reliant on cheap imports to sustain itself, resulting in a clear decline in Nigerian industry under such arrangements.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency-183) [ 181]     Continuing its Africa-centred foreign policy, Nigeria introduced the idea of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_union) (Currency union) single currency for West Africa known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco_(currency)) (Eco (currency)) Eco under the presumption that it would be led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_naira) (Nigerian naira) naira . But on 21 December 2019, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ivory_Coast) (List of heads of state of Ivory Coast) Ivorian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara) (Alassane Ouattara) Alassane Ouattara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Emmanuel Macron , and multiple other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States) (Economic Community of West African States) UEMOA states announced that they would merely rename the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_franc) (CFA franc) CFA franc instead of replacing the currency as originally intended.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-187) [ 185]    As of 2021, the Eco currency has been delayed to 2027.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-188) [ 186]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces) (Nigerian Armed Forces) Nigerian Armed Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZSU-23-4_Shilka_01.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army) (Nigerian Army) Nigerian Army self-propelled anti-aircraft gun  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces) (Nigerian Armed Forces) Nigerian Armed Forces are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military) (Military) combined military forces of Nigeria. The Nigerian military is the largest and widely recognised as the strongest military in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) Sub-Saharan-Africa , ranking third overall on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) African continent , only behind (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria (Nigeria.html#cite_note-189) [ 187]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-190) [ 188]    . It consists of three uniformed service branches: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army) (Nigerian Army) Nigerian Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Navy) (Nigerian Navy) Nigerian Navy , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force) (Nigerian Air Force) Nigerian Air Force . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria) (President of Nigeria) President of Nigeria functions as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the armed forces, exercising his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria) (Constitution of Nigeria) constitutional authority through the Ministry of Defence, which is responsible for the management of the military and its personnel. The operational head of the AFN is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Nigeria)) (Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)) Chief of the Defence Staff , who is subordinate to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Nigeria) (Defence Minister of Nigeria) Nigerian Defence Minister . With a force of more than 223,000 active personnel, the Nigerian military is one of the largest uniformed combat services in Africa.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-191) [ 189]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Iwelumo-1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force) (Nigerian Air Force) Nigerian Air Force (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-24) (Mi-24) Mi-24 attack helicopter  Nigeria had 143,000 troops in the armed forces (army 100,000, navy 25,000, air force 18,000) and another 80,000 personnel for "gendarmerie & paramilitary" in 2020, according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) International Institute for Strategic Studies .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:8-192) [ 190]    It spent just under 0.4 per cent of its economic output, or US$1.6 billion, on its armed forces in 2017.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-193) [ 191]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-194) [ 192]    In 2022, it budgeted US$2.26 billion for the armed forces.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:8-192) [ 190]      Communal conflicts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder–farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria) (Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria) Communal conflicts in Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria) (Religious violence in Nigeria) Religious violence in Nigeria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict) (Nigerian bandit conflict) Nigerian bandit conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BokoHaram_deaths_by_state.jpg)   Attacks by Boko Haram, 2011 to October 2022. Each figure represents 1,000 deaths.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:5-195) [ 193]      The predominantly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people) (Kanuri people) Kanuri -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram) (Boko Haram) Boko Haram and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict) (Nigerian bandit conflict) bandit conflict have been responsible for numerous serious attacks with thousands of casualties since mid-2010. Since then, according to the Council on Foreign Relations' Nigeria Security Tracker, over 41,600 lives have been lost to this conflict (as of October 2022).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:5-195) [ 193]    The United Nations refugee agency UNHCR counts about 1.8 million internally displaced persons and about 200,000 Nigerian refugees in neighbouring countries. The Boko Haram-affected states agreed in February 2015 to establish an 8,700-strong Multinational Joint Task Force to jointly fight Boko Haram. By October 2015, Boko Haram had been driven out of all the cities it controlled and almost all the counties in northeastern Nigeria. In 2016, Boko Haram split and in 2022, 40,000 fighters surrendered.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-196) [ 194]    The splinter group (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_–_West_Africa_Province) (Islamic State – West Africa Province) ISWAP (Islamic State in West Africa) remains active. The fight against Boko Haram, other sectarians, and criminals, has been accompanied by increasing police attacks. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Council on Foreign Relations) Council on Foreign Relations ' Nigeria Security Tracker counted 1,086 deaths from Boko Haram attacks and 290 deaths from police violence in the first 12 months of its establishment in May 2011. In the 12 months after October 2021, 2,193 people died from police violence and 498 from Boko Haram and ISWAP,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:5-195) [ 193]    according to the NST. The Nigerian police are notorious for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantism) (Vigilantism) vigilante justice .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:5-195) [ 193]     The Niger Delta saw intense (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict) (2016 Niger Delta conflict) attacks on oil infrastructure in 2016 by militant groups such as the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), the Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and the Pan Niger Delta Forum (PANDEF). In response, the new Buhari government pursued a dual strategy of repression and negotiation. In late 2016, the Nigerian federal government resorted to the gambit of offering the militant groups a 4.5 billion naira (US$144 million) contract to guard oil infrastructure. Most accepted. The contract was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompolo#Arrest_warrant) (Tompolo) renewed in August 2022 , but led to fierce disputes among the above-mentioned groups over the distribution of the funds. Representatives speak of "war"(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:7-197) [ 195]    – against each other. The high propensity for violence and the pettiness of the leaders, as well as the complete absence of social and environmental arguments in this dispute(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:7-197) [ 195]    give rise to fears that the militant groups, despite their lofty names, have discarded responsibility for their region and ethnic groups and have moved into the realm of protection rackets and self-enrichment. In any case, the pipelines in the Niger Delta are not very effectively "guarded" – the pollution of the Niger Delta with stolen crude oil and (Nigeria.html#Oil_spills) illegally produced heavy fuel oil continued unhindered after 2016.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-198) [ 196]     In central Nigeria, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder–farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria) (Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria) conflicts between Muslim Fulani herders and indigenous Christian farmers flared up again, especially in Kaduna, Plateau, Taraba and Benue states. In individual cases, these clashes have claimed several hundred lives. Conflict over land and resources is increasing due to the ongoing desertification in northern Nigeria, population growth and the generally tense economic situation.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-199) [ 197]     In June 2022, a massacre took place in the St. Francis Xavier Church, in Owo. The Government blamed ISWAP for the murder of over 50 parishioners, but locals suspect Fulani herdsmen's involvement.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-200) [ 198]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria) (Economy of Nigeria) Economy of Nigeria  Nigeria's economy is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of African countries by GDP (nominal)) third largest in Africa , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 46th-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 19th-largest by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP .  As of 2023, Nigeria's economy is classified as lower-middle-income.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-201) [ 199]    Before 1999, economic development was hindered by years of military rule, corruption, and mismanagement. In the decades thereafter, the restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms led to rapid growth. In 2011, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup) (Citigroup) Citigroup projected that Nigeria would have the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2050.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-202) [ 200]     In April 2026, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_Russell) (FTSE Russell) FTSE Russell upgraded Nigeria from ‘unclassified’ to ‘frontier market’.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-203) [ 201]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody's_Ratings) (Moody's Ratings) Moody’s (Nigeria.html#cite_note-204) [ 202]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S&P_Global_Ratings) (S&P Global Ratings) S&P (Nigeria.html#cite_note-205) [ 203]    upgraded Nigeria in their rankings in 2025 and 2026. Five out of seven African tech (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)) (Unicorn (finance)) unicorns are based in Nigeria,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-206) [ 204]    and just under a third of all African tech start-ups originate from Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-207) [ 205]    The metropolis of Lagos is the leading financial centre in West and Central Africa. Nigeria accounts for 28 per cent of all African fintech companies and is a leading hub for venture capital (VC) funding, having attracted the highest share of funding for African fintech companies – around 36 per cent – between 2020 and the first half of 2024.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-208) [ 206]     Alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola , Nigeria was among the African countries with the highest trade surpluses in 2025.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-209) [ 207]    In early 2026, Nigeria recorded its highest quarterly trade surplus since its foundation in 1914.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-210) [ 208]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank forecasts that Nigeria will achieve its highest economic growth in the last 10 years in 2026/2027.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-211) [ 209]     Nigeria is an economic leader in Africa in several industries, including energy, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market) (Financial market) financial markets , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication) (Medication) pharmaceuticals , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_industry) (Entertainment industry) entertainment . Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Nigeria) (Banking in Nigeria) financial services sector is well-developed, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds, and investment banks.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-212) [ 210]    After petroleum, the largest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance) (Remittance) remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-tribune.com.ng2-213) [ 211]     Nigeria also has an abundant supply of under-exploited natural resources, including coal, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite) (Bauxite) bauxite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalite) (Tantalite) tantalite , gold, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin) (Tin) tin , iron ore, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone) (Limestone) limestone , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium) (Niobium) niobium , lead and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc) (Zinc) zinc .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-214) [ 212]    The country's gold production in 2015 was 8 metric tons.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-215) [ 213]    Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-216) [ 214]     Agriculture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria) (Agriculture in Nigeria) Agriculture in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palm_nuts_put_out_to_dry.jpg)   Nigerian palm nuts put out to dry  In 2021, about 23.4% of Nigeria's GDP was contributed by agriculture, forestry and fishing combined.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-217) [ 215]    Nigeria is the world's largest producer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava_production_in_Nigeria) (Cassava production in Nigeria) cassava .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:2-218) [ 216]    Additional major crops include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) millet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)) (Yam (vegetable)) yam beans , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor) (Sorghum bicolor) guinea corn (sorghum).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-219) [ 217]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean) (Cocoa bean) Cocoa is the principal agricultural export, and one of the country's most significant non-petroleum products.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-220) [ 218]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-221) [ 219]    Nigeria is also one of the world's top twenty exporters of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber) (Natural rubber) natural rubber , generating $20.9 million in 2019.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-222) [ 220]     Before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) Nigerian Civil War and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_boom) (Oil boom) oil boom , Nigeria was self-sufficient in food,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-223) [ 221]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:11-224) [ 222]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-225) [ 223]    and agriculture was the principal foreign exchange earner.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-226) [ 224]    Though the Nigerian government promoted the use of inorganic fertilisers in the 1970s,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-pasquini2-227) [ 225]    agriculture failed to keep pace with population growth and Nigeria now relies upon food imports to feed its people.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:11-224) [ 222]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-228) [ 226]    In 2022, it was spending US$6.7 billion yearly for food imports, four times its income from food exports.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:2-218) [ 216]     Nigeria's rice production increased by 10% from 2017/18 to 2021/22, reaching 5 million tonnes per year,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-229) [ 227]    but it failed to keep up with rising demand. Consequently, rice imports remained steady at 2 million tonnes annually. In August 2019, Nigeria closed its border with Benin and other neighbouring countries to stop rice smuggling into the country as part of efforts to boost local production.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-230) [ 228]     Nigeria exports unhusked rice while relying on imports for processed husked rice, the country's staple food. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imota_rice_mill) (Imota rice mill) rice mill in Imota , near Lagos, was opened in 2023 to handle processing domestically, improve the balance of trade, bolster the labour market, and reduce transport and middleman costs, with design targets to support 250,000 direct and indirect jobs and produce 2.5 million 50-kg bags of rice annually. However, severe shortages of raw paddy, security disruptions, and high logistics costs have prevented the facility from reaching capacity, keeping Nigeria dependent on foreign rice imports.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-231) [ 229]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-GuardianImota2025-232) [ 230]      Oil and natural gas  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria) (Petroleum industry in Nigeria) Petroleum industry in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_theft_in_Nigeria) (Oil theft in Nigeria) Oil theft in Nigeria  Nigeria is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production) (List of countries by oil production) 15th largest producer of petroleum in the world , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports) (List of countries by oil exports) 6th largest exporter , and has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) 9th largest proven reserves . Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy and politics, accounting for about 80% of government earnings. Nigeria also has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves) (List of countries by natural gas proven reserves) 9th largest proven natural gas reserves estimated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC ; the government's value of its about 206.53 trillion cubic feet has been valued at $803.4 trillion.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-233) [ 231]    Natural gas is seen as having the potential to unlock an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_miracle) (Economic miracle) economic miracle on the Niger River.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-234) [ 232]    Nigeria each year loses to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_flare) (Gas flare) gas flaring an estimate of US$2.5 billion,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-235) [ 233]    and over 120,000 barrels of oil per day to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_theft_in_Nigeria) (Oil theft in Nigeria) crude theft in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta) (Niger Delta) Niger Delta , its main oil-producing region.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-236) [ 234]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-237) [ 235]    This has led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea) (Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea) piracy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta) (Conflict in the Niger Delta) conflict for control in the region and has led to disruptions in production preventing the country from meeting its OPEC quota and exporting petroleum at full capability.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-238) [ 236]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg)   Overflight photo of the creeks of the Niger Delta  Nigeria has a total of 159 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir) (Petroleum reservoir) oil fields and 1,481 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well) (Oil well) wells in operation according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Petroleum_Resources) (Department of Petroleum Resources) Department of Petroleum Resources .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-NDES2-239) [ 237]    The most productive region of the nation is the coastal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Basin_(geology)) (Niger Delta Basin (geology)) Niger Delta Basin in the Niger Delta or "south-south" region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil fields. Most of Nigeria's oil fields are small and scattered, and as of 1990, these small fields accounted for 62.1% of all Nigerian production. This contrasts with the sixteen largest fields which produced 37.9% of Nigeria's petroleum at that time.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-politicaleconomy2-240) [ 238]    Petrol was Nigeria's main import commodity until 2021, accounting for 24% of import volume.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-241) [ 239]     The Niger Delta Nembe Creek oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from the middle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene) (Miocene) Miocene (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta) (River delta) deltaic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone) (Sandstone) sandstone -(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale) (Shale) shale in an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline) (Anticline) anticline (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_trap) (Petroleum trap) structural trap at a depth of 2 to 4 kilometres (7,000 to 13,000 feet) .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-242) [ 240]    In June 2013, Shell announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-ShellNigeria2-243) [ 241]     The supply of natural gas to Europe, threatened by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)) (Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)) Russo-Ukrainian war , pushed projects to transport Nigerian natural gas via pipelines to Morocco or Algeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-244) [ 242]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-245) [ 243]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-246) [ 244]    As of May 2022, however, there are no results on this yet. Thanks to the success of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangote_refinery) (Dangote refinery) Dangote refinery , which opened in 2023, Nigeria is transforming from an oil exporter into a fuel and fertiliser exporter.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-247) [ 245]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-248) [ 246]      Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria) (Energy in Nigeria) Energy in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_083_Kainji_Dam._The_water_flows_from_four_openings.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_Dam) (Kainji Dam) Kainji Dam on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River , built in the 1960s  Nigeria's energy consumption is much more than its generation capacity. Most of the energy comes from traditional fossil fuels, which account for 73% of total primary production. The rest is from hydropower (27%). Since independence, Nigeria has tried to develop a domestic nuclear industry for energy. Nigeria opened 2004 a Chinese-origin research reactor at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University) (Ahmadu Bello University) Ahmadu Bello University and has sought the support of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) International Atomic Energy Agency to develop plans for up to 4,000 MW of nuclear capacity by 2027 according to the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear Power for Generation of Electricity. In 2007, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua) (Umaru Musa Yar'Adua) Umaru Yar'Adua urged the country to embrace nuclear power to meet its growing energy needs. In 2017, Nigeria signed the UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons) (Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons) Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-249) [ 247]    In April 2015, Nigeria began talks with Russia's state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosatom) (Rosatom) Rosatom to collaborate on the design, construction and operation of four nuclear power plants by 2035, the first of which will be in operation by 2025. In June 2015, Nigeria selected two sites for the planned construction of the nuclear plants. Neither the Nigerian government nor Rosatom would disclose the specific locations of the sites, but it is believed that the nuclear plants will be sited in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State) (Akwa Ibom State) Akwa Ibom State and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State) (Kogi State) Kogi State . The sites are planned to house two plants each. In 2017 agreements were signed for the construction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itu_nuclear_power_plant) (Itu nuclear power plant) Itu nuclear power plant . Electricity  According to the survey, 94% of Nigerians are connected to the national grid, but only 57% have their electricity consumption recorded by an electricity meter.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:12-250) [ 248]    Only 1% of Nigerians surveyed reported having electricity 24 hours a day. 68% have electricity 1 to 9 hours a day, according to the NIO. Two-thirds of Nigerians, or 66%, pay up to 10,000 Naira (US$13) a month for electricity, which is almost 3% of the average income in Nigeria.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:12-250) [ 248]    Over two-thirds of respondents, or 67%, were willing to pay more for uninterrupted electricity supply. Power generators are owned by 21% of Nigerians, while 14% use solar energy.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:12-250) [ 248]       Manufacturing and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria) (Automotive industry in Nigeria) Automotive industry in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Nigeria) (Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria) Pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_EduSat-1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_EduSat-1) (Nigeria EduSat-1) Nigeria EduSat-1 , the first satellite built by Nigeria by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Technology_Akure) (Federal University of Technology Akure) Federal University of Technology Akure   Nigeria has a manufacturing industry that includes leather and textiles (centred in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)) (Kano (city)) Kano , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta) (Abeokuta) Abeokuta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha) (Onitsha) Onitsha , and Lagos), plastics and processed food. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State) (Ogun State) Ogun is considered to be Nigeria's current industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-251) [ 249]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-252) [ 250]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-253) [ 251]    The city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba,_Abia) (Aba, Abia) Aba in the south-eastern part of the country is well known for handicrafts and shoes, known as "Aba made".(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Naijalitz-254) [ 252]    Nigeria has a market of 720,000 cars per year, but less than 20% of these are produced domestically.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:1-255) [ 253]     In 2016, Nigeria was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_production_by_country) (Cement production by country) leading cement producer south of the Sahara, ahead of South Africa.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-256) [ 254]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliko_Dangote) (Aliko Dangote) Aliko Dangote , Nigeria's richest inhabitant, based his wealth on cement production, as well as agricultural commodities.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-257) [ 255]    According to its own information, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaokuta_Steel_Mill) (Ajaokuta Steel Mill) Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited produces 1.3 million tonnes of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel) (Steel) steel per year.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-258) [ 256]    However, steel plants in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina_(city)) (Katsina (city)) Katsina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos) (Jos) Jos and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osogbo) (Osogbo) Osogbo no longer appear to be active.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-259) [ 257]     In June 2019, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_EduSat-1) (Nigeria EduSat-1) Nigeria EduSat-1 was deployed from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station) (International Space Station) International Space Station . It is the first satellite that was built in Nigeria, which followed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites) (Nigerian weather and communications satellites) many other Nigerian satellites that were built by other countries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-260) [ c]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-:3-261) [ 258]    In 2021, Nigeria hosts about 60 percent of the pharmaceutical production capacity in Africa,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-262) [ 259]    the larger pharmaceutical companies are located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-263) [ 260]    The pharmaceutical producer with the most employees in Nigeria is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emzor_Pharmaceutical_Industries?action=edit&redlink=1) (Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries (page does not exist)) Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-264) [ 261]    Nigeria has a few electronic manufacturers like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinox?action=edit&redlink=1) (Zinox (page does not exist)) Zinox , the first branded Nigerian computer, and manufacturers of electronic gadgets such as tablet PCs.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-265) [ 262]    As of January 2022, Nigeria is the host to 5 out of the 7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn_(company)) (Unicorn (company)) unicorn companies in Africa.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-266) [ 263]      Internet and telecommunications  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria) (Telecommunications in Nigeria) Telecommunications in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikidata_for_Libraries_and_Librarians_in_Nigeria_69.jpg)   Nigerian librarians editing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata) (Wikidata) Wikidata database  The Nigerian telecommunications market is one of the fastest-growing in the world, with major emerging market operators (like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTN_Group) (MTN Group) MTN , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9mobile?action=edit&redlink=1) (9mobile (page does not exist)) 9mobile , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtel) (Airtel) Airtel and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globacom) (Globacom) Globacom ) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-267) [ 264]    Nigeria's ICT sector has experienced much growth, representing 10% of the nation's GDP in 2018 as compared to just 1% in 2001.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-268) [ 265]    Lagos is regarded as one of the largest technology hubs in Africa with its thriving tech ecosystem.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-269) [ 266]    According to a survey by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Association) (GSM Association) GSM Association , 92% of adult Nigerian men and 88% of women owned a mobile phone.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-270) [ 267]    Using various measures including but not limited to illegal arrest, taking down of websites, passport seizures, and restricted access to bank accounts, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria#Internet_censorship_and_surveillance) (Telecommunications in Nigeria) Nigerian government is punishing citizens for expressing themselves on the internet and working to stifle internet freedom.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-271) [ 268]      Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria) (Tourism in Nigeria) Tourism in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Òwú_Waterfalls.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owu_waterfalls) (Owu waterfalls) Owu waterfalls , visited by Nigerian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education) (Undergraduate education) undergraduates   Tourism in Nigeria centres largely on events, because of the country's ample amount of ethnic groups, but also includes rain forests, savannahs, waterfalls, and other natural attractions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-suntra2-272) [ 269]    Abuja is home to several parks and green areas. The largest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Abuja)) (Millennium Park (Abuja)) Millennium Park , was designed by architect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredi_Nicoletti) (Manfredi Nicoletti) Manfredi Nicoletti and officially opened in December 2003. After the re-modernisation project achieved by the administration of Governor Raji Babatunde Fashola, Lagos is gradually becoming a major tourist destination. Lagos is currently taking steps to become a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city) (Global city) global city . The 2009 Eyo carnival (a yearly festival originating from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iperu,_Ogun) (Iperu, Ogun) Iperu Remo , Ogun State) was a step toward world city status. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and fast-paced community.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-METRO2-273) [ 270]    Lagos has become an important location for African and black cultural identity.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-274) [ 271]     Lagos has sandy beaches by the Atlantic Ocean, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegushi_Beach) (Elegushi Beach) Elegushi Beach and Alpha Beach. Lagos also has many private beach resorts including Inagbe Grand Beach Resort and several others in the outskirts. Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local hotels such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eko_Hotels_and_Suites) (Eko Hotels and Suites) Eko Hotels and Suites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Palace_Hotel) (Federal Palace Hotel) Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational chains such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental) (InterContinental) Intercontinental Hotel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels_and_Resorts) (Sheraton Hotels and Resorts) Sheraton , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Points_by_Sheraton) (Four Points by Sheraton) Four Points by Sheraton . Other places of interest include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa_Square) (Tafawa Balewa Square) Tafawa Balewa Square , Festac town, The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Art_Gallery) (Nike Art Gallery) Nike Art Gallery , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Park_(Lagos)) (Freedom Park (Lagos)) Freedom Park , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_Lagos) (Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos) Cathedral Church of Christ .  Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria) (Transport in Nigeria) Transport in Nigeria  Due to Nigeria's location in the centre of West Africa, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria) (Transport in Nigeria) transport plays a major role in the national service sector . Government investments have seen an increase in extensive road repairs and new construction has been carried out gradually as states in particular spend their share of increased government allocations. Representative of these improvements is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Niger_bridge) (Second Niger bridge) Second Niger Bridge near Onitsha, which was largely completed in 2022.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-275) [ 272]    A 2017 World Bank report on logistics hubs in Africa placed the country in fourth place, behind Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Sao Tome,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-276) [ 273]    but in 2021, Nigeria joined the World Logistics Passport, a private sector group working to increase the efficiency of global trade.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-277) [ 274]     Roads  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Nigeria) (Roads in Nigeria) Roads in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Trans-African_Highways.PNG)   Map of trans-African automobile routes  Four trans-African automobile routes pass through Nigeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schild_TAH8.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos-Mombasa_Highway) (Lagos-Mombasa Highway) Lagos-Mombasa Highway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schild_TAH2.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers-Lagos_Highway) (Algiers-Lagos Highway) Algiers-Lagos Highway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schild_TAH7.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar-Lagos_Highway) (Dakar-Lagos Highway) Dakar-Lagos Highway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schild_TAH5.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar-Ndjamena_Highway) (Dakar-Ndjamena Highway) Dakar-Ndjamena Highway   Nigeria has the largest road network in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West Africa . It covers about 200,000 km, of which 60,000 km are asphalted. Nigeria's roads and highways handle 90% of all passenger and freight traffic. It contributes N2.4trn ($6.4bn) to GDP in 2020. The federal government is responsible for 35,000 km of the road network. The motorway links of important economic centres such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos -(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan) (Ibadan) Ibadan , Lagos-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagry) (Badagry) Badagry and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_(city)) (Enugu (city)) Enugu -(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha) (Onitsha) Onitsha have been renovated.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-278) [ 275]     The rest of the road network is a state matter and therefore in very different shape, depending on the state. Economically strong states such as Lagos, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_State) (Anambra State) Anambra and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State) (Rivers State) Rivers receive particularly poor evaluations.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-279) [ 276]    Most roads were built in the 1980s and early 1990s. Poor maintenance and inferior materials have worsened the condition of the roads. Travelling is very difficult. Especially during the rainy season, the use of secondary roads is sometimes almost impossible due to potholes.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-280) [ 277]    Road bandits often take advantage of this situation for their criminal purposes.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-281) [ 278]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-282) [ 279]      Rail transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Nigeria) (Rail transport in Nigeria) Rail transport in Nigeria  Railways have undergone a massive revamping with projects such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos–Kano_Standard_Gauge_Railway) (Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway) Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway being completed connecting cities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_State) (Kano State) Kano , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_(city)) (Kaduna (city)) Kaduna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja) (Abuja) Abuja , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan) (Ibadan) Ibadan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Rail_Mass_Transit) (Lagos Rail Mass Transit) Lagos Rail Mass Transit controls transport in Lagos with two currently operating services: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(Lagos_Transit)) (Red Line (Lagos Transit)) Red Line and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Lagos_Transit)) (Blue Line (Lagos Transit)) Blue Line . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Light_Rail) (Abuja Light Rail) Abuja Light Rail controls rail services in Abuja and currently has one operating service, the Blue Line.  Air transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Nigeria) (List of airports in Nigeria) List of airports in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arik_Air_Hifly_A340-500_CS-TFW_in_LHR.jpg)   An A340-500 of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arik_Air) (Arik Air) Arik Air   The Nigerian aviation industry generated 198.62 billion naira (€400 million) in 2019, representing a contribution of 0.14% to GDP. It was the fastest-growing sector of the Nigerian economy in 2019. Passenger traffic increased from 9,358,166 in 2020 to 15,886,955 in 2021, a significant increase of over 69%. Aircraft movements increased by more than 46% from 2020 to 2021. Total freight volumes were 191 tonnes in 2020 but increased to 391 tonnes in 2021.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-283) [ 280]    In December 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe_International_Airport) (Chinua Achebe International Airport) Anambra International Cargo Airport started its operation.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-284) [ 281]    In April 2022, the second terminal of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport) (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) Murtala Muhammed International Airport has been inaugurated. It will increase the capacity of the airport to 14 million passengers per year.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-285) [ 282]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Peace,_5N-BQP,_Boeing_737-33R.jpg)   B737-300 of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Peace) (Air Peace) Air Peace   There are 54 airports in Nigeria, The principal airports are:(Nigeria.html#cite_note-286) [ 283]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport) (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe_International_Airport) (Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport) Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallam_Aminu_Kano_International_Airport) (Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport) Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport in Kano, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akanu_Ibiam_International_Airport) (Akanu Ibiam International Airport) Akanu Ibiam International Airport in Enugu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Airport) (Port Harcourt International Airport) Port Harcourt International Airport in Port Harcourt.  Nigeria had in the past operated a state-owned airline (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Airways) (Nigeria Airways) Nigeria Airways which was over-indebted in 2003 and was bought by the British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Group) (Virgin Group) Virgin Group ; since 28 June 2005, it has flown under the name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Nigeria) (Air Nigeria) Virgin Nigeria Airways . At the end of 2008, the Virgin Group announced its withdrawal from the airline; since September 2009 the airline has been operating as Nigerian Eagle Airlines. The largest airline in Nigeria is privately owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Peace) (Air Peace) Air Peace , founded in 2012.    Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria) (Demographics of Nigeria) Demographics of Nigeria  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria) (Social class in Nigeria) Social class in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png) ()   Population density (persons per square kilometre) in Nigeria  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations estimates that the population of Nigeria in 2021 was at 213,401,323 (Nigeria.html#cite_note-UN_WPP-287) [ 284]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-288) [ 285]    distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% were aged 55–64, and 3.1% were aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-People_and_Society:_Population22-289) [ 286]    Nigeria is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population#Sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) world's sixth-most populous country . The birth rate is 35.2 births/1,000 population and the death rate is 9.6 deaths/1,000 population as of 2017, while the total fertility rate is 5.07 children born/woman.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-People_and_Society:_Population22-289) [ 286]    Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-IEApop20112-290) [ 287]    Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa(Nigeria.html#cite_note-291) [ 288]    and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as of 2017; however, exactly how populous is a subject of speculation.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-auto12-292) [ 289]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria-demography.svg)   Historical population of Nigeria (1950–2020)  Millions of Nigerians have emigrated during times of economic hardship, primarily to Europe, North America and Australia. It is estimated that over a million Nigerians have emigrated to the United States and constitute the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_American) (Nigerian American) Nigerian American populace. Individuals in many such Diasporic communities have joined the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society, a national association of Yoruba descendants in North America.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-293) [ 290]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-294) [ 291]    Nigeria's largest city is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos . Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950(Nigeria.html#cite_note-295) [ 292]    to an estimated 13.4 million in 2017.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Major_Urban_Areas:_Population-296) [ 293]     Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people) (Hausa people) Hausa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo , together accounting for more than 60% of the population, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people) (Edo people) Edo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people) (Ijaw people) Ijaw , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fulɓe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people) (Kanuri people) Kanuri , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people) (Urhobo people) Urhobo-Isoko , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people) (Ibibio people) Ibibio , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people) (Ebira people) Ebira , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_people) (Nupe people) Nupe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbagyi_people) (Gbagyi people) Gbagyi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)) (Jukun people (West Africa)) Jukun , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_people) (Igala people) Igala , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_people) (Idoma people) Idoma , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people) (Ogoni people) Ogoni and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people) (Tiv people) Tiv account for between 35 and 40%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-NGeo-297) [ 294]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Belt) (Middle Belt) Middle Belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap_people) (Atyap people) Atyap , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people) (Berom people) Berom , Goemai, Igala, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofyar_people) (Kofyar people) Kofyar , Pyem, and Tiv.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-felix2-169) [ 167]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-298) [ 295]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-299) [ 296]    There are small minorities of British, American, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin) (Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin) Indian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria) (Chinese people in Nigeria) Chinese (est. 50,000),(Nigeria.html#cite_note-300) [ 297]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Zimbabweans) (White Zimbabweans) white Zimbabwean ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-301) [ 298]    Japanese, Greek, Syrian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Nigerians) (Lebanese Nigerians) Lebanese immigrants. Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations. Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria) (Languages of Nigeria) Languages of Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria_linguistical_map_1979.svg)   Map of Nigeria's linguistic groups  The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa) (Languages of Africa) languages of Africa : the majority are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger–Congo_languages) (Niger–Congo languages) Niger-Congo languages, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language) (Igbo language) Igbo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language) (Yoruba language) Yoruba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_language) (Ibibio language) Ibibio , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_languages) (Ijaw languages) Ijaw , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fulfulde , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_languages) (Ogoni languages) Ogoni , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_language) (Edo language) Edo . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_language) (Kanuri language) Kanuri , spoken in the northeast, primarily in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State) (Borno State) Borno and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobe_State) (Yobe State) Yobe State , is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages) (Nilo-Saharan languages) Nilo-Saharan family, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language) (Hausa language) Hausa is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages) (Afroasiatic languages) Afroasiatic language. Some of the largest of these have derived standardised languages from several different dialects and are widely spoken by their respective ethnic groups. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country, owing to the influence of British colonisation which ended in 1960. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin) (Nigerian Pidgin) Nigerian Pidgin English , first used by British and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa) (Slavery in Africa) African slavers to facilitate the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) (Atlantic slave trade) Atlantic slave trade in the late 17th century,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-302) [ 299]    has replaced the native language for many Nigerians. Of the 525 known languages that have been spoken in Nigeria at some time in its history, eight are now extinct.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-303) [ 300]    Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin) (Pidgin) Pidgin " or "Broken" (Broken English), became a popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca , though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. It is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Region.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-304) [ 301]     In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. Many French speakers from surrounding countries have influenced the English spoken in the border regions of Nigeria and some Nigerian citizens have become fluent enough in French to work in the surrounding countries.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-305) [ 302]    Despite the official declaration of French as the second official language in 1996 by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha) (Sani Abacha) Sani Abacha , the policy has remained largely theoretical. Inadequate qualified teachers, lack of sustained political will, and the dominance of English have prevented the country from becoming fully bilingual.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-o351-306) [ 303]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-d227-307) [ 304]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria) (Religion in Nigeria) Religion in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Religious_map_of_Nigeria,_2022.png)   Predominant religion by Nigerian state according to the 2022 Afrobarometer survey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NG-Sharia.png)   Nigerian states that implement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria) (Sharia in Nigeria) some form of sharia law (in green)  Nigeria is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian minority, as well as a tiny minority of adherents of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) (Traditional African religions) traditional African religions and other religions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Cia_19-308) [ 305]    The Christian share of Nigeria's population is in decline because of the lower (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) fertility rate compared to Muslims in the country.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-309) [ 306]    As in other parts of Africa where Islam and Christianity are dominant, religious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism) (Syncretism) syncretism with the traditional African religions is common.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-310) [ 307]     A 2012 report on religion and public life by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3% of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8% was Muslim, and 1.9% were followers of indigenous and other religions (such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_animism) (Hausa animism) Bori in the North) or unaffiliated.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Pew_Forum_on_Religion2-311) [ 308]    However, in a report released by Pew Research Center in 2015, the Muslim population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060, according to the report, Muslims will account for about 60% of the country.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-312) [ 309]    The 2010 census of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives) (Association of Religion Data Archives) Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 48.8% of the total population was Christian, slightly larger than the Muslim population of 43.4%, while 7.5% were members of other religions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-auto2-313) [ 310]    However, these estimates should be taken with caution because sample data is mostly collected from major urban areas in the south, which are predominantly Christian.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Regional_Distribution_of_Christians2-314) [ 311]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-315) [ 312]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-316) [ 313]    According to a 2018 estimate in The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Factbook) (World Factbook) World Factbook by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) CIA , the population is estimated to be 53.5% Muslim, 45.9% Christian (10.6% Catholic and 35.3% Protestant and other Christian), and 0.6% as other.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-317) [ 314]    As of 2020, the Pew Research Center reported that Nigeria's Muslim majority numbered around 56.1% while the country's Christian share had declined to 43%.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:22-318) [ 315]     Islam dominates northwestern Nigeria and northeastern Nigeria (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups). In the west, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba people are predominantly Christian with a significant Muslim minority in addition to a few adherents of traditional religions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-319) [ 316]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism) (Protestantism) Protestant and locally cultivated Christianity are widely practised in Western areas, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church) (Catholic Church) Catholicism is a more prominent Christian feature of southeastern Nigeria. Both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism are observed in the Ibibio, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_people) (Efik people) Efik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people) (Ijaw people) Ijo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people) (Ogoni people) Ogoni lands of the south. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbos (predominant in the east) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people) (Ibibio people) Ibibio (south) are 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-320) [ 317]    Charismatic religious groups such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Pentecostalism) (African Pentecostalism) Pentecostal churches (18 per cent of the population) play a major role.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-321) [ 318]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Belt) (Middle Belt) middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be majority Christians and members of traditional religions, with a significant Muslim minority.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-322) [ 319]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria) (Health in Nigeria) Health in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paediatric_ward,_General_hospital,_Ilorin.jpg)   Paediatric ward, General hospital, Ilorin  Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-323) [ 320]    Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Initiative) (Bamako Initiative) Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-324) [ 321]    The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based health care reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-325) [ 322]     Almost half of Nigerians, or 48%, report that they or a household member has fallen ill in the last three months. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) (Malaria) Malaria had been diagnosed in 88% of the cases and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever) (Typhoid fever) typhoid fever in 32%.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:13-326) [ 323]    High blood pressure was in third place with 8%. For symptoms of malaria, 41% of Nigerians turn to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital) (Hospital) hospital , 22% to a chemist's shop, 21% to a pharmacy and 11% seek cure through herbs.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:13-326) [ 323]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) (Tuberculosis) Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health issue in Nigeria, ranking among the top countries with high TB burdens globally.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-327) [ 324]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polio_Vaccination_-_Nigeria_(16869996070).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_eradication) (Polio eradication) Polio vaccination in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State) (Adamawa State) Adamawa State , northeastern Nigeria, 2014  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria) (HIV/AIDS in Nigeria) HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower than in other African nations such as Botswana or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV) (HIV) HIV prevalence rate among adults of ages 15–49 was 1.5 per cent.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:0-328) [ 325]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) (Life expectancy) Life expectancy in Nigeria is 54.7 years on average,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:0-328) [ 325]    and 71% and 39% of the population have access to improved water sources and improved (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation) (Sanitation) sanitation , respectively.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-329) [ 326]    As of 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the infant mortality is 74.2 deaths per 1,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birth_(human)) (Live birth (human)) live births .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-330) [ 327]     In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nigeria) (University of Nigeria) University of Nigeria to help people with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukaemia) (Leukaemia) leukaemia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma) (Lymphoma) lymphoma , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease) (Sickle cell disease) sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation) (Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) bone marrow transplant , which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-McNeil-331) [ 328]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic) (Western African Ebola virus epidemic) 2014 Ebola outbreak , Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region; the unique method of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing) (Contact tracing) contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries such as the United States when Ebola threats were discovered.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Matt_Schiavenza-332) [ 329]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-The_Punch-333) [ 330]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-Vanguard-334) [ 331]     The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital_flight) (Human capital flight) brain drain ", because of emigration by skilled Nigerian doctors to North America and Europe. In 1995, an estimated 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practising in the United States alone, which is about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-335) [ 332]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria) (Education in Nigeria) Education in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abisogun_Leigh_Science_Building,_Faculty_of_Science,_Lagos_State_University.jpg)   Abisogun Leigh Science Building, for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State_University) (Lagos State University) Lagos State University 's Faculty of Science  Education in Nigeria is overseen by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_(Nigeria)) (Federal Ministry of Education (Nigeria)) Ministry of Education . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria) (Local government areas of Nigeria) Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten) (Kindergarten) kindergarten , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education) (Primary education) primary education , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education) (Secondary education) secondary education and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education) (Tertiary education) tertiary education . After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-CP2006-336) [ 333]     Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. Nearly 10.5 million Nigerian children aged 5–14 years are not in school. Only 61% of 6–11 year-olds regularly attend primary school.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-337) [ 334]    The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four, five or six years of university education leading to a bachelor's degree.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-CP2006-336) [ 333]    The government has majority control of university education. Tertiary education in Nigeria consists of universities (public and private), polytechnics, monotechnics, and colleges of education. The country has a total of 138 universities, with 40 federally owned, 39 state-owned, and 59 privately owned. Nigeria was ranked 105th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-338) [ 335]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-339) [ 336]      Crime  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria) (Crime in Nigeria) Crime in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria) (List of massacres in Nigeria) List of massacres in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerian_female_police.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force) (Nigeria Police Force) Nigerian police officer at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyo_festival) (Eyo festival) Eyo festival in Lagos  The security situation in Nigeria is considered inadequate despite political stability. 68% of Nigerians feel "not safe" in their country. 77% do not know of an alarm number ("helpline") for emergencies.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:14-340) [ 337]    Nigerians, according to the above survey, fear being robbed (24%) or kidnapped (also 24%), being victims of armed bandits or of petty theft (both 8%), or being harmed in the herdsmen-farmers conflict (also 8%).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:14-340) [ 337]    This is followed by "ritual killings" (4%) and "Boko Haram" (3.5%). Respondents see "more security personnel and better training" (37%), "reduction of unemployment" (13%) and "prayers / divine intervention" (8%) as promising countermeasures.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-:14-340) [ 337]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crime_rate_nigeria_uk.jpg)   Homicides by Nigerian state per year and per 1 million inhabitants, comparing the UK and Turkey (source: Nigeria Security Tracker 1/2020-6/2023)  The number of homicides in Nigeria varies greatly depending on the state. Metropoles such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_(city)) (Enugu (city)) Enugu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)) (Kano (city)) Kano and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan) (Ibadan) Ibadan are much safer than rural areas. Kano has better homicide statistics than Britain, with one and one-half homicides per year and one million inhabitants – which can be explained by the fact that the region's religious and morality police not only monitor the morality of the inhabitants and crack down on drug users, but also have a curbing effect on murder and manslaughter.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-341) [ 338]    This contrasts with other cities that are also Islamic, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiduguri) (Maiduguri) Maiduguri and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_(city)) (Kaduna (city)) Kaduna , which have worrying statistics on homicides. There is some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea) (Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea) piracy in the Gulf of Guinea , with attacks directed at all types of vessels. However, security measures on board of mentioned vessels have recently meant that pirates are now more likely to attack fishing villages.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-342) [ 339]     Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a type of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam) (Advance-fee scam) advance-fee scam along with a form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick) (Confidence trick) confidence trick . The victim is talked into sending money or bank account information to the scammer on the premise that a larger amount of money will be transferred to them. In reality, the scammer collects money from the victim with no payout occurring.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-343) [ 340]    In 2003, the Nigerian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission) (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) Economic and Financial Crimes Commission was created to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-344) [ 341]    The EFCC is quite active.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-345) [ 342]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-346) [ 343]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-347) [ 344]      Poverty  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria) (Poverty in Nigeria) Poverty in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absolute_poverty_by_zone_in_Nigeria.svg)   The total expenditure of food and non-food produce a poverty incidence of 60.2 percent or 89,096,000 Nigerians living in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty) (Poverty) poverty . This measure is used for poverty headcount comparison across countries. Poverty Line is N54,401.16.  According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund , 32% of Nigeria's population lives in extreme poverty (as of 2017), living on less than US$2.15 a day.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-348) [ 345]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank stated in March 2022 that the number of poor Nigerians had increased by 5 million to 95.1 million during the Covid period.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-349) [ 346]    Accordingly, 40% of Nigerians live below the poverty line of US$1.90 as handled by the World Bank.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-350) [ 347]     The poverty rate may be overestimated due to a lack of information on the extremely huge (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_sector) (Informal sector) informal sector of the economy.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-351) [ 348]    Despite the undoubted existence of slums in Nigeria, for example, the fact that 92% of men and 88% of women in Nigeria own a mobile phone(Nigeria.html#cite_note-352) [ 349]    is difficult to reconcile with the poverty percentages published by the IMF and the World Bank.  Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria) (Human rights in Nigeria) Human rights in Nigeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria) (LGBT rights in Nigeria) LGBT rights in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protesters_at_the_endSARS_protest_in_Lagos,_Nigeria_19.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_SARS) (End SARS) End SARS is a decentralised social movement and series of mass protests against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality) (Police brutality) police brutality in Nigeria.  Nigeria's human rights record remains poor.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights2-353) [ 350]    According to the U.S. Department of State,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights2-353) [ 350]    the most significant human rights problems are the use of excessive force by security forces, impunity for abuses by security forces, arbitrary arrests, prolonged pretrial detention, judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary, rape, torture and other cruel, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment) (Inhuman or degrading treatment) inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for prostitution and forced labour, societal violence and vigilante killings, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria) (Child labour in Nigeria) child labour , child abuse and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria) (Child sexual abuse in Nigeria) child sexual exploitation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria) (Domestic violence in Nigeria) domestic violence , discrimination based on ethnicity, region and religion. Nigeria is a state party of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women) (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-354) [ 351]    It also has signed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo_Protocol) (Maputo Protocol) Maputo Protocol , an international treaty on women's rights, and the African Union Women's Rights Framework.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-355) [ 352]    Discrimination based on sex is a significant human rights issue. Forced marriages are common.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-356) [ 353]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria) (Child marriage in Nigeria) Child marriage remains common in Northern Nigeria;(Nigeria.html#cite_note-357) [ 354]    39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls under 18 was introduced on a federal level in 2008.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-358) [ 355]    There is rampant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria) (Polygamy in Nigeria) polygamy in Northern Nigeria .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-359) [ 356]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria) (Domestic violence in Nigeria) Domestic violence is common . Women have fewer land rights.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-360) [ 357]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_death) (Maternal death) Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-361) [ 358]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria) (Female genital mutilation in Nigeria) Female genital mutilation is common , although a ban was implemented in 2015.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-362) [ 359]    At least half a million suffer from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urogenital_fistula) (Urogenital fistula) vaginal fistula , largely as a result of lack of medical care.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-363) [ 360]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-364) [ 361]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria) (Gender inequality in Nigeria) Women face a large amount of inequality politically in Nigeria, being subjugated to a bias that is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism) (Sexism) sexist and reinforced by socio-cultural, economic and oppressive ways.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-365) [ 362]    Women throughout the country were only politically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation) (Emancipation) emancipated in 1979.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-366) [ 363]    Yet husbands continue to dictate the votes for many women, which upholds the patriarchal system.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-365) [ 362]    Most workers in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_economy) (Informal economy) informal sector are women.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-367) [ 364]    Women's representation in government since independence from Britain is very poor. Women have been reduced to sideline roles in appointive posts throughout all levels of government and still make up a tiny minority of elected officials.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723-365) [ 362]    But nowadays with more education available to the public, Nigerian women are taking steps to have more active roles in the public, and with the help of different initiatives, more businesses are being started by women. Under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria) (Sharia in Nigeria) Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offences such as alcohol consumption, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria) (LGBT rights in Nigeria) homosexuality ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-368) [ 365]    infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-UKtravel2-369) [ 366]    The local religious police, the Hisbah, enforce Sharia law. Despite this potentially orthodox stance, no one has been executed in Nigeria on the orders of an Islamic Sharia court since 2002.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-370) [ 367]     Nigeria is considered to be one of the most (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia) (Homophobia) homophobic countries in the world.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-pewglobal.org2-371) [ 368]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-372) [ 369]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-373) [ 370]    Nigeria’s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_Sex_Marriage_(Prohibition)_Act_2013) (Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013) anti-LGBT laws are among the most draconian in the world and criminalise not only queer people, but also their ‘supporters’(Nigeria.html#cite_note-374) [ 371]    , such as family members and close friends.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-375) [ 372]    These laws enjoy the support of a large majority of the population. In a 2018 poll, 96 per cent of Nigerians said they were opposed to same-sex relationships (although 75 per cent of them were not aware of any such relationships within their personal circle).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-376) [ 373]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria) (Culture of Nigeria) Culture of Nigeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nigeria) (Mass media in Nigeria) Mass media in Nigeria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria) (Censorship in Nigeria) Censorship in Nigeria  Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_literature) (Nigerian literature) Nigerian literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinua_Achebe,_1966_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe) (Chinua Achebe) Chinua Achebe , winner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize) (Booker Prize) Booker Prize 2007 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels) (Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels) Peace Award of the German book trade 2002  Most Nigerian literature is written in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English ,(Nigeria.html#cite_note-377) [ 374]    partly because this language is understood by most Nigerians. Literature in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language) (Yoruba language) Yoruba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language) (Hausa language) Hausa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language) (Igbo language) Igbo languages (the three most populous language groups in Nigeria) does exist, however, and in the case of the Hausa, for example, can look back on a centuries-old tradition. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka) (Wole Soyinka) Wole Soyinka won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (Nobel Prize in Literature) Nobel Prize for literature in 1986. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Okri) (Ben Okri) Ben Okri won the prestigious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize) (Booker Prize) Booker Prize in 1991; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe) (Chinua Achebe) Chinua Achebe did the same in 2007. Achebe also won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels) (Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels) Peace Award of the German Book Trade in 2002. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Shoneyin) (Lola Shoneyin) Lola Shoneyin has won several awards for her book (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Lives_of_Baba_Segi's_Wives_(novel)) (The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives (novel)) The Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives .  Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria) (Music of Nigeria) Music of Nigeria  The earliest known form of popular music in Nigeria was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music) (Palm-wine music) palm-wine music which dominated the music landscape in the 1920s. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_King) (Tunde King) Tunde King was a prominent name in the genre.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-theconversation-378) [ 375]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-sunng-379) [ 376]     The 1930s saw the emergence of Onitsha Native Orchestra. They explored various social themes and trends in their native singing style.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-theconversation-378) [ 375]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-sunng-379) [ 376]     In the 1950s and 1960s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife) (Highlife) Highlife music became a popular staple in the country with regional genres such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_highlife) (Igbo highlife) Igbo Highlife . A notable exponent of the genre were the genre's first Nigerian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band) (Boy band) boy band (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Brothers_International) (Oriental Brothers International) Oriental Brothers International , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Benson) (Bobby Benson) Bobby Benson , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Stephen_Osita_Osadebe) (Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe) Osita Osadebe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Olaiya) (Victor Olaiya) Victor Olaiya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Lawson) (Rex Lawson) Rex Lawson , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Sir_Warrior) (Dr Sir Warrior) Dr Sir Warrior and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_De_Coque) (Oliver De Coque) Oliver De Coque .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-theconversation-378) [ 375]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-sunng-379) [ 376]     The 1970s was the era of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti) (Fela Kuti) Fela Kuti , the pioneer of Afrobeat genre – fused from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife) (Highlife) Highlife , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) (Jazz) Jazz and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music) (Yoruba music) Yoruba Music . Fela later evolved into social activism and black consciousness.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-theconversation-378) [ 375]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-sunng-379) [ 376]     In the 1980s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sunny_Adé) (King Sunny Adé) King Sunny Ade achieved success with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jùjú_music) (Jùjú music) Juju Music . Another prominent singer of the era is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Onyeabor) (William Onyeabor) William Onyeabor , who is known for his fusion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk) (Funk) Funk Music and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco) (Disco) Disco .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-theconversation-378) [ 375]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-380) [ 377]     By the 1990s, reggae music transitioned into the music scene. Prominent reggae artiste of the era was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majek_Fashek) (Majek Fashek) Majek Fashek . By the mid-1990s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop) (Hip-hop) hip-hop began to gain popularity, led by acts such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remedies) (The Remedies) Remedies , Trybes Men, JJC, etc. Throughout the years, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife) (Highlife) highlife music retained its popularity in the country. At the turn of the century, famous 2000s acts like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Square) (P-Square) P-Square , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Baba) (2Baba) 2face , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'banj) (D'banj) Dbanj were credited to have made tremendous impact in the evolution of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeats) (Afrobeats) Afrobeats and its popularisation on the international stage.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-381) [ 378]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-382) [ 379]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-383) [ 380]     In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-384) [ 381]    Over a decade later, the Afrobeat genre has widely taken over, with artist like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido) (Davido) Davido , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizkid) (Wizkid) Wizkid and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna_Boy) (Burna Boy) Burna Boy .  Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria) (Cinema of Nigeria) Cinema of Nigeria   Top five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Nigerian_films) (List of highest-grossing Nigerian films) highest grossing Nigerian films as at 2024: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Jenifa) (Everybody Loves Jenifa) Everybody Loves Jenifa (₦1.7 billion) - 2024 film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Judah) (A Tribe Called Judah) A Tribe Called Judah (₦1.4 billion) - 2023 film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_Buka_Street) (Battle on Buka Street) Battle on Buka Street (₦668 million) - 2022 film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omo_Ghetto:_The_Saga) (Omo Ghetto: The Saga) Omo Ghetto: The Saga  (₦636 million) - 2020 film(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Top_20_films_9th_15th_April_2021_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria-385) [ 382]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakada:_Bad_and_Boujee) (Alakada: Bad and Boujee) Alakada: Bad and Boujee (₦460 million) - 2024 film    The Nigerian film industry is known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollywood) (Nollywood) Nollywood (a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_word) (Blend word) blend of "Nigeria" and "Hollywood")(Nigeria.html#cite_note-386) [ 383]    and is now the second-largest producer of movies in the world, having surpassed Hollywood. Only India's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood) (Bollywood) Bollywood is larger. Nigerian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studios) (Film studios) film studios are based in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)) (Kano (city)) Kano , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_(city)) (Enugu (city)) Enugu , and form a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa 's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cinema) (Digital cinema) digital filming and editing technologies.
The 2009 thriller film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Figurine) (The Figurine) The Figurine  heightened the media attention towards the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema) (New Nigerian Cinema) New Nigerian Cinema revolution. The film was a critical and commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Thorburn,_Jane2-387) [ 384]    The 2010 film (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijé) (Ijé) Ijé  by Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Nigeria) (List of highest-grossing films in Nigeria) highest-grossing Nigerian film ; a record it held for four years until it was overtaken in 2014 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun_(film)) (Half of a Yellow Sun (film)) Half of a Yellow Sun  (2013).(Nigeria.html#cite_note-The_Economist2-388) [ 385]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-389) [ 386]    By 2016, this record was held by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Party_(2016_film)) (The Wedding Party (2016 film)) The Wedding Party  by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi_Adetiba) (Kemi Adetiba) Kemi Adetiba . ‘(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Father's_Shadow) (My Father's Shadow) My Father’s Shadow ’ by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinola_Davies_Jr.) (Akinola Davies Jr.) Akinola Davies Jr. won awards at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cannes_Film_Festival) (2025 Cannes Film Festival) Cannes and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Film_Awards) (British Academy Film Awards) BAFTAs in 2025.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-390) [ 387]     By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record-breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$4.1 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion), making it the third most valuable film industry in the world behind the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India . It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-391) [ 388]    (Nigeria.html#cite_note-392) [ 389]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.B._Joshua) (T.B. Joshua) T.B. Joshua 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_TV) (Emmanuel TV) Emmanuel TV , originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-393) [ 390]      Festival  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_in_Nigeria) (Festivals in Nigeria) Festivals in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ofala_Onitsha_13.jpg)   Ofala Festival of Onitsha People  There are many festivals in Nigeria, some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-OnlineNigeria2-394) [ 391]    The Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working with the states to upgrade the traditional festivals, which may become important sources of tourism revenue.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-Oxford20102-395) [ 392]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine) (Nigerian cuisine) Nigerian cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jollof_rice_with_fried_fish_and_plantains_garnished_with_cucumber_and_tomatoes.jpg) (Jollof rice with fried fish and plantain, garnished with cucumber and tomatoes)   Jollof rice with fried fish and plantain, garnished with cucumber and tomatoes  Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs, and flavourings are used in conjunction with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil) (Palm oil) palm oil or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut) (Peanut) groundnut oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper) (Chili pepper) chilli peppers . Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suya) (Suya) Suya is usually sold in urban areas especially during night-time.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-396) [ 393]      Fashion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) (Fashion in Nigeria) Fashion in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adire_Market_Week.jpg) (Àdìrẹ, colourful Nigerian tie-dyed fabric)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)) (Adire (textile art)) Àdìrẹ   The fashion industry in Nigeria contributes significantly to the country's economics. Casual attire is commonly worn but formal and traditional styles are also worn depending on the occasion. Nigeria is known not only for its fashionable textiles and garments, but also for its fashion designers who have increasingly gained international recognition. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromonitor_International) (Euromonitor International) Euromonitor estimates the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) Sub-Saharan fashion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)) (Market (economics)) market to be worth $31 billion, with Nigeria accounting for 15% of these $31 billion.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-397) [ 394]    Nigeria is not only known for their many fashion textiles and garment pieces that are secret to their culture. They also produced many fashion designers who have developed many techniques and businesses along the way.  Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Nigeria) (Sports in Nigeria) Sports in Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIG-ARG_(2).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team) (Nigeria national football team) Nigeria at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) (2018 FIFA World Cup) 2018 FIFA World Cup   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport, and the country has its own (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Professional_Football_League) (Nigeria Professional Football League) professional football league . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team) (Nigeria national football team) Nigeria's national football team , known as the "Super Eagles", has played in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (FIFA World Cup) FIFA World Cup on six occasions ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup) (1994 FIFA World Cup) 1994 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup) (1998 FIFA World Cup) 1998 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup) (2002 FIFA World Cup) 2002 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup) (2010 FIFA World Cup) 2010 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup) (2014 FIFA World Cup) 2014 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) (2018 FIFA World Cup) 2018 ). In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked fifth in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings) (FIFA World Rankings) FIFA World Rankings , the highest ranking achieved by an African team. They won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations) (Africa Cup of Nations) Africa Cup of Nations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_African_Cup_of_Nations) (1980 African Cup of Nations) 1980 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_African_Cup_of_Nations) (1994 African Cup of Nations) 1994 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations) (2013 Africa Cup of Nations) 2013 , and have also hosted both the U17 and U20 FIFA World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics) (1996 Summer Olympics) 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic football.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-398) [ 395]     Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket and track and field.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-399) [ 396]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_men's_national_basketball_team) (Nigeria men's national basketball team) Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it became the first African team to beat the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men's_national_basketball_team) (United States men's national basketball team) United States men's national team .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-400) [ 397]    In earlier years, Nigeria qualified for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics) (Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics) 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_men's_national_basketball_team) (Greece men's national basketball team) Greece and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men's_national_basketball_team) (Lithuania men's national basketball team) Lithuania .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-401) [ 398]    Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in America, Europe and Asia. These players include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame) (Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame) Basketball Hall of Famer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon) (Hakeem Olajuwon) Hakeem Olajuwon , and later players in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (National Basketball Association) NBA . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Premier_League_(basketball)) (Nigerian Premier League (basketball)) Nigerian Premier League has become one of the biggest and most-watched basketball competitions in Africa. The games have aired on Kwese TV and have averaged a viewership of over a million people.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-402) [ 399]     Nigeria made history by qualifying the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsled) (Bobsled) bobsled team for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics) (Winter Olympics) Winter Olympics from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics) (Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics) the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-403) [ 400]    In the early 1990s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble) (Scrabble) Scrabble was made an official sport in Nigeria; by the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-404) [ 401]    In 2018, the Nigerian Curling Federation was established to introduce a new sport to the country in order to make the game part of the curriculum at the elementary, high school, and university levels. At the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Mixed_Doubles_Curling_Championship) (2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship) 2019 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship in Norway, Nigeria won their first international match beating France 8–5.(Nigeria.html#cite_note-405) [ 402]     Nigeria's women's and men's national teams in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball) (Beach volleyball) beach volleyball competed at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup) (2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup) 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-406) [ 403]    The country's U21 national teams qualified for the 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Beach_Volleyball_U21_World_Championships) (FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships) FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-407) [ 404]     Nigeria is the birthplace of the sport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loofball) (Loofball) loofball .(Nigeria.html#cite_note-408) [ 405]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria) (Portal:Nigeria) Nigeria portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria) (Outline of Nigeria) Outline of Nigeria     Notes   (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-2) ↑   Nigeria recognises many indigenous languages, with Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo among the most widely spoken across different regions.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /('n' in 'nigh') n (/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide') aɪ (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ (/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam') dʒ (/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near') ɪər (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i (/ə/: 'a' in 'about') ə  /   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/En-us-Nigeria.ogg/En-us-Nigeria.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg) (File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) ny-JEER -ee-ə  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language) (Hausa language) Hausa : Najeriya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hausa-language_text)  Hausa pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) [ nàː.(d)ʒéː.rí.jàː]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hausa_IPA)  (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ha-Najeriya.ogg/Ha-Najeriya.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)  listen    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ha-Najeriya.ogg) (File:Ha-Najeriya.ogg) ⓘ   , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_language) (Igbo language) Igbo : Naìjíríyà (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Igbo-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language) (Yoruba language) Yoruba : Nàìjíríà (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yoruba-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin_language) (Nigerian Pidgin language) Nigerian Pidgin : Naijá (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nigerian_Pidgin-language_text)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) [ ˈnaɪ.dʒə]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Nigerian_Pidgin_IPA)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula : Naajeeriya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyap_language) (Tyap language) Tyap : Naijeriya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tyap-language_text)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-260) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites) (Nigerian weather and communications satellites) NigeriaSat-1 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites) (Nigerian weather and communications satellites) NigeriaSat-2 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_weather_and_communications_satellites) (Nigerian weather and communications satellites) NigeriaSat-X , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NigComSat-1) (NigComSat-1) NigComSat-1 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NigComSat-1) (NigComSat-1) NigComSat-1 R      References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-nigeria.languages_1-0) ↑   (https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Languages) "Languages of Nigeria" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNigeria%2FLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng) "Languages of Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue) (Ethnologue) Ethnologue . (https://web.archive.org/web/20080915183101/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG) Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blench, Roger (2014). An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages . Oxford: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+Of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Africa:_Nigeria_5-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Africa: Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20251205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society) "Nigeria § People and Society" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2025 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria+%C2%A7+People+and+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20251205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20251205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2025 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20251205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_8-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_8-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_8-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.NG_8-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092) "Poverty and Inequality Index" . National Bureau of Statistics . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210413210925/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/1092) Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+Inequality+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng%2Fdownload%2F1092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-HDI_10-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx) "Human Development Report 2023/24" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 13 March 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx) Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05) "Ethnicity in Nigeria" . PBS. 5 April 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171006235712/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05/) Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2007-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Farts%2Fafrica-jan-june07-ethnic_04-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG) "Nigeria" . Ethnologue . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210227084603/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG) Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). (http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html) "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html) Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+diversity+in+Africa+and+Europe+%E2%80%93+Languages+Of+The+World&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fgeolinguistics%2Flinguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200923163518/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf) "Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF) . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/NI-summary.pdf) the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+CIA+World+Factbook+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fattachments%2Fsummaries%2FNI-summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mann, Charles C. (1990). (https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf) "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033702/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED397681.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choosing+an+Indigenous+Official+Language+for+Nigeria&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED397681.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria) "Nigerian Constitution" . Nigeria Law . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160525192058/http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm#Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria) Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nigeria+Law&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeria-law.org%2FConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm%23Powers_of_Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-18) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/) "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations" . Pew Research Center . April 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/) Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+countries+with+the+10+largest+Christian+populations+and+the+10+largest+Muslim+populations&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fthe-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-USEN_19-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20201018101915/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf) "Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF) . United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from (https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf) the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=United+States+Embassy+in+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fnigeria%2F487468%2Fpdfs%2FNigeria%2520overview%2520Fact%2520Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Achebe, Nwando. The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe . Bloomington. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00507-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00507-6) 978-0-253-00507-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916) 707092916 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+female+king+of+colonial+Nigeria+%3A+Ahebi+Ugbabe&rft.place=Bloomington&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707092916&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00507-6&rft.aulast=Achebe&rft.aufirst=Nwando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency/) "2023 elections: EU faults INEC, says process distorted, lacks transparency" . Vanguard . 27 February 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=2023+elections%3A+EU+faults+INEC%2C+says+process+distorted%2C+lacks+transparency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2023%2F02%2F2023-elections-eu-faults-inec-says-process-distorted-lacks-transparency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  NedMedia (3 June 2023). (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJSloGAWyPk) "Peter Obi Court Evidence: INEC Gives Laughable Reasons For Objection & Denying CTCs, Full Analysis" . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Peter+Obi+Court+Evidence%3A+INEC+Gives+Laughable+Reasons+For+Objection+%26+Denying+CTCs%2C+Full+Analysis&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft.au=NedMedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlJSloGAWyPk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam) "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/) Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-Aligned+Movement+%28NAM%29+%E2%80%93+The+Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Feducation-center%2Ftreaties-and-regimes%2Fnon-aligned-movement-nam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   The Arabic name nahr al-anhur is a direct translation of the Tuareg.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger) "Online Etymological Dictionary " . Etymonline.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170702152902/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Niger) Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kperogi, Farooq A. (https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1) "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria" . Notes From Atlanta . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230811040153/https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2019/04/natasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html?m=1) Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Natasha+H.+Akpoti%27s+Wildly+Inaccurate+History+of+Nigeria&rft.aulast=Kperogi&rft.aufirst=Farooq+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farooqkperogi.com%2F2019%2F04%2Fnatasha-h-akpotis-wildly-inaccurate.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Tylecote_1975_see_below_27-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Tylecote_1975_see_below_27-1) 2   Tylecote 1975 (see below)  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_28-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_51–59_28-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context . Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51– 59. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+iron+in+West+and+Central+Africa&rft.btitle=Nok%3A+African+Sculpture+in+Archaeological+Context&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=51-59&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_29-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Eggert_2014_53–54_29-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eggert, Manfred (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=BBn1BQAAQBAJ&q=Nok+Breunig&pg=PA38) "Early iron in West and Central Africa" . In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context . Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53– 54. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937248462) (Special:BookSources/9783937248462) 9783937248462  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+iron+in+West+and+Central+Africa&rft.btitle=Nok%3A+African+Sculpture+in+Archaeological+Context&rft.place=Frankfurt%2C+Germany&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783937248462&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBn1BQAAQBAJ%26q%3DNok%2BBreunig%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Holl-2020#2_30-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holl, Augustin F. C. (2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.63) 10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085458-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085458-4) 978-0-19-085458-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+African+Metallurgies&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.63&rft.isbn=978-0-19-085458-4&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/History) "Nigeria – Colonialism, Independence, Civil War" . Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231002112646/https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/History) Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+Colonialism%2C+Independence%2C+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNigeria%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-PB_2014_32-0) ↑   Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "(http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/) Exploring the Nok Enigma (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112232/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kahlheber/) Archived 4 March 2016 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fagg, B. E. B. (1959). "The Nok Culture in Prehistory". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria . 1 (4): 288– 293. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41970639) 41970639 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Nigeria&rft.atitle=The+Nok+Culture+in+Prehistory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-293&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41970639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fagg&rft.aufirst=B.+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-archaeology_35-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=Nok+terracotta+earliest) Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives  (13, revised ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning) (Cengage Learning) Cengage Learning . p. 194. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57367-8) 978-0-495-57367-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+Non-Western+Perspectives&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=13%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57367-8&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlVeuxIgjwQC%26q%3DNok%2Bterracotta%2Bearliest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm) "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" . Metmuseum.org. 2 June 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191024215836/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nok/hd_nok.htm) Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nok+Terracottas+%28500+B.C.%E2%80%93200+A.D.%29+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fnok%2Fhd_nok.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_37-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. (https://www.academia.edu/4103707) "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja" . Academia.edu . University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201206183226/https://www.academia.edu/4103707/Iron_and_its_influence_on_the_prehistoric_site_of_Lejja) Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Iron+and+its+influence+on+the+prehistoric+site+of+Lejja&rft.aulast=Eze%E2%80%93Uzomaka&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4103707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Juang3_38-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Juang3_38-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juang, Richard M. (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA597) Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2  . ABC-CLIO. p. 597. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7) 978-1-85109-441-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+history%3A+a+multidisciplinary+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft.aulast=Juang&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hrbek, Ivan (1992). (https://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&pg=PA254) Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century  . James Currey Publishers. p. 254. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-093-9) 978-0-85255-093-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+seventh+to+the+eleventh+Century&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-093-9&rft.aulast=Hrbek&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDFcD0BuekQC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC) Worship as Body Language  . Liturgical Press. p. 93. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6151-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6151-2) 978-0-8146-6151-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040705/https://books.google.com/books?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worship+as+Body+Language&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6151-2&rft.aulast=Uzukwu&rft.aufirst=E.+Elochukwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hhmzVrYPHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Falola_Heaton_Early_states_and_societies_41-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Falola_Heaton_Early_states_and_societies_41-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). "Early states and societies, 9000 BCE – 1500 CE". A History of Nigeria . pp. 16– 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711) 10.1017/CBO9780511819711 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+states+and+societies%2C+9000+BCE+%E2%80%93+1500+CE&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=16-38&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Laitin, David D. (1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&pg=PA111) Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press) (University of Chicago Press) University of Chicago Press . p. 111. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0) 978-0-226-46790-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+culture%3A+politics+and+religious+change+among+the+Yoruba&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46790-0&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHbrDvGQEbUC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Shillington) (Kevin Shillington) Shillington, Kevin ; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&pg=PA385) Peoples of Africa, Volume 1  . Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5) 978-0-7614-7158-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7158-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Paren%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Steele%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh5yHfcF-8C%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/kingdom-benin) "The Kingdom of Benin" . Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Benin&rft.pub=Pitt+Rivers+Museum%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prm.ox.ac.uk%2Fkingdom-benin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:17_45-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:17_45-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holl, Augustin F. C.; Levy, Thomas E. (1993). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/3210370) "From the Nile Valley to the Chad Basin: Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa Arab Settlements"  . The Biblical Archaeologist . 56 (4): 172– 173. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210370) 10.2307/3210370 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210370) 3210370 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=From+the+Nile+Valley+to+the+Chad+Basin%3A+Ethnoarchaeology+of+Shuwa+Arab+Settlements&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=172-173&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210370%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin+F.+C.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F3210370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Siollun_2025_46-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siollun, Max (2025). The Forgotten Era: Nigeria Before British Rule . Pluto Press. pp. 63– 66. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Era%3A+Nigeria+Before+British+Rule&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.aulast=Siollun&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_47-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_47-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-diverse-slavery_47-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gordon, April A. (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&pg=PA54) Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook  . ABC-CLIO. pp. 44– 54. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8) 978-1-57607-682-8  . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%27s+Diverse+Peoples%3A+A+Reference+Sourcebook&rft.pages=44-54&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-682-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=April+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH26pO3vwmHoC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-slave-trade_48-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-slave-trade_48-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-slave-trade_48-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo) Historical Dictionary of Nigeria   . Scarecrow Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo/page/n373) 328 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6316-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6316-3) 978-0-8108-6316-3  . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6316-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Genova%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000falo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ANzFx1O95eAC&pg=PA78) Environment and Economics in Nigeria  . Routledge. p. 78. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66247-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66247-8) 978-1-136-66247-8  . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environment+and+Economics+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-66247-8&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Paddock%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANzFx1O95eAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Savage1992_50-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Savage, Elizabeth (1992). (https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=091961157) The Human Commodity: Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Human+Commodity%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Trans-Saharan+Slave+Trade&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D091961157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wright, John (3 April 2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA46PBGp0tUC) The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17987-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17987-9) 978-1-134-17987-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Saharan+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17987-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZA46PBGp0tUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gellar, Sheldon (March 1972). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/african-perspectives-papers-in-the-history-politics-and-economics-of-africa-presented-to-thomas-hodgkin-edited-by-christopher-allen-and-r-w-johnson-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1970-pp-439-1750/1E8E6963049D3EC4CD6FD7610637E149) "African Perspectives: Papers in the History, Politics, and Economics of Africa Presented to Thomas Hodgkin. Edited by Christopher Allen and R. W. Johnson. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Pp. 439. $17.50.)"  . American Political Science Review . 66 (1): 222– 223. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1959313) 10.2307/1959313 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554) 0003-0554 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1959313) 1959313 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=African+Perspectives%3A+Papers+in+the+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economics+of+Africa+Presented+to+Thomas+Hodgkin.+Edited+by+Christopher+Allen+and+R.+W.+Johnson.+%28Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1970.+Pp.+439.+%2417.50.%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=222-223&rft.date=1972-03&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1959313%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1959313&rft.aulast=Gellar&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fafrican-perspectives-papers-in-the-history-politics-and-economics-of-africa-presented-to-thomas-hodgkin-edited-by-christopher-allen-and-r-w-johnson-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1970-pp-439-1750%2F1E8E6963049D3EC4CD6FD7610637E149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz) (Helen Chapin Metz) Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). (http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm) "Nigeria: A Country Study – The Slave Trade" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies) (Library of Congress Country Studies) Library of Congress Country Studies . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110623172414/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm) Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+%E2%80%93+The+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Philips, John Edward (2017). (https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jis/article/view/176685) "Causes of the Jihad of Usman Ɗan Fodio: a historiographical review" . Journal for Islamic Studies . 36 : 18– 58. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-7062) 0257-7062 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Causes+of+the+Jihad+of+Usman+%C6%8Aan+Fodio%3A+a+historiographical+review&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=18-58&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0257-7062&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Fjis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F176685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:4_55-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:4_55-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Last, Murray (1967). (http://archive.org/details/sokotocaliphate0000last) The Sokoto Caliphate  . Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.pub=%5BNew+York%5D+Humanities+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsokotocaliphate0000last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Murray2021_56-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Last, Murray (26 April 2021). Spear, Thomas (ed.). (Paid subscription required) (https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553500140) "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Sokoto Caliphate"  . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (1 ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.882) 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.882 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-785172-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-785172-2) 978-0-19-785172-2  . Retrieved 20 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trade+in+the+Sokoto+Caliphate&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.882&rft.isbn=978-0-19-785172-2&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F61663%2Fchapter%2F553500140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN) (Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   Shillington, Kevin, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_African_History) (Encyclopedia of African History) Encyclopedia of African History  . (U of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adam, Abba Idris (20 June 2014). "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio". Journal of Modern Education Review . 4 (6): 457– 465. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.15341%2Fjmer%282155-7993%29%2F06.04.2014%2F007) 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/06.04.2014/007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Education+Review&rft.atitle=Re-inventing+Islamic+Civilization+in+the+Sudanic+Belt%3A+The+Role+of+Sheikh+Usman+Dan+Fodio&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=457-465&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15341%2Fjmer%282155-7993%29%2F06.04.2014%2F007&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Abba+Idris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ5YEAAAQBAJ&dq=info:QQoBnb_okD4J:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA136) The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005009-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005009-2) 978-0-19-005009-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Nigerian+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005009-2&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQ5YEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinfo%3AQQoBnb_okD4J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture , ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 109  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Peterson, Derek R. (2010). Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic . Ohio University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4305-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4305-7) 978-0-8214-4305-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1048753101) 1048753101 . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Muse) (Project Muse) Project MUSE  (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/597) 597 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolitionism+and+Imperialism+in+Britain%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Atlantic&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1048753101&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4305-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Derek+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hiribarren, Vincent (2013). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362066) "A European and African Joint-Venture: Writing a Seamless History of Borno (1902-1960)" . History in Africa . 40 : 77– 98. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fhia.2013.6) 10.1017/hia.2013.6 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413) 0361-5413 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26362066) 26362066 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=A+European+and+African+Joint-Venture%3A+Writing+a+Seamless+History+of+Borno+%281902-1960%29&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=77-98&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0361-5413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26362066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fhia.2013.6&rft.aulast=Hiribarren&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26362066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gomez-Perez, Muriel (1 June 2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=9U_pbcmLhgYC) Islam politique au sud du Sahara - Identités, discours et enjeux  (in French). KARTHALA Editions. pp. 386, 387, 388, 389. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3927-8) (Special:BookSources/978-2-8111-3927-8) 978-2-8111-3927-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+politique+au+sud+du+Sahara+-+Identit%C3%A9s%2C+discours+et+enjeux&rft.pages=386%2C+387%2C+388%2C+389&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.isbn=978-2-8111-3927-8&rft.aulast=Gomez-Perez&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U_pbcmLhgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). "Transition to British Colonial Rule, 1850 – 1903". A History of Nigeria . pp. 85– 109. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711) 10.1017/CBO9780511819711 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transition+to+British+Colonial+Rule%2C+1850+%E2%80%93+1903&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=85-109&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lovejoy, Paul E.; Hogendorn, Jan S. (1993). Slow Death for Slavery . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511563065) 10.1017/CBO9780511563065 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37469-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37469-9) 978-0-521-37469-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slow+Death+for+Slavery&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511563065&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37469-9&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft.au=Hogendorn%2C+Jan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kunle Ayano. (https://encyclopaediaafricana.com/herbert-macaulay/) "Herbert Macaulay" . Encyclopaedia Africana . Retrieved 10 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Africana&rft.atitle=Herbert+Macaulay&rft.au=Kunle+Ayano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopaediaafricana.com%2Fherbert-macaulay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml) "The end of slavery" . The Story of Africa . BBC News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200723083115/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml) Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+Africa&rft.atitle=The+end+of+slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1624_story_of_africa%2Fpage56.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-JBS2_68-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies . 11 (4): 435– 447. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193478101100404) 10.1177/002193478101100404 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784073) 2784073 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Black+Studies&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Political+Parties%3A+Their+Role+in+Modernizing+the+Political+System%2C+1920%E2%80%931966&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-447&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002193478101100404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2784073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Udofia%2C+O.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210818121408/https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf) "The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF) . 1963. Archived from (https://www.dawodu.com/const63.pdf) the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawodu.com%2Fconst63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:6_70-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:6_70-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wiki.rschooltoday.com/sites/uploaded-files/596/455/aN16K2/TheBritishColonialLegacyInNorthernNigeriaYusufuTuraki.pdf) "The British Colonial Legacy In Northern Nigeria Yusufu Turaki" (PDF) . wiki.rschooltoday.com . Retrieved 12 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.rschooltoday.com&rft.atitle=The+British+Colonial+Legacy+In+Northern+Nigeria+Yusufu+Turaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.rschooltoday.com%2Fsites%2Fuploaded-files%2F596%2F455%2FaN16K2%2FTheBritishColonialLegacyInNorthernNigeriaYusufuTuraki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:9_71-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:9_71-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michael Crowder (1 January 1966). (http://archive.org/details/storyofnigeria0000mich) Story of Nigeria  . Internet Archive. Faber. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1966-01-01&rft.au=Michael+Crowder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofnigeria0000mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:10_72-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:10_72-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ajayi, David Olayinka (June 2022). (https://doi.org/10.18820%2F24150509%2FSJCH47.v1.3) "British Colonial Policies and the Challenge of National Unity in Nigeria, 1914-2014" . Southern Journal for Contemporary History . 47 (1): 27– 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.18820%2F24150509%2FSJCH47.v1.3) 10.18820/24150509/SJCH47.v1.3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Journal+for+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=British+Colonial+Policies+and+the+Challenge+of+National+Unity+in+Nigeria%2C+1914-2014&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-50&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18820%2F24150509%2FSJCH47.v1.3&rft.aulast=Ajayi&rft.aufirst=David+Olayinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18820%252F24150509%252FSJCH47.v1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:15_73-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:15_73-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Crowder, Michael (1968). (http://archive.org/details/westafricaunderc00crow) West Africa under colonial rule  . Internet Archive. Evanston [Ill.] Northwestern University Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Africa+under+colonial+rule&rft.pub=Evanston+%5BIll.%5D+Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestafricaunderc00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:16_74-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:16_74-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin (2008). (http://archive.org/details/historyofnigeria0000falo) A history of Nigeria  . Internet Archive. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+UK+%3B+New+York+%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnigeria0000falo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Jorre,_p._30_75-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Jorre,_p._30_75-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Jorre,_p._30_75-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Jorre,_p._30_75-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  de St Jorre, John (1972). The Nigerian Civil War . Hodder and Stoughton. p. 30. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12640-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-340-12640-0) 978-0-340-12640-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-340-12640-0&rft.aulast=de+St+Jorre&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). (https://www.theafricareport.com/182958/aguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony/amp/) "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony" . The Africa Report . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230223001544/https://www.theafricareport.com/182958/aguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony/amp/) Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Aguiyi-Ironsi%3A+The+murder+that+birthed+Nigeria%27s+northern+hegemony&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft.aulast=Irede&rft.aufirst=Akin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F182958%2Faguiyi-ironsi-the-murder-that-birthed-nigerias-northern-hegemony%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). "Instability and civil war, 1960 – 1970". A History of Nigeria . pp. 158– 180. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711) 10.1017/CBO9780511819711 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instability+and+civil+war%2C+1960+%E2%80%93+1970&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=158-180&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm) "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds" . BBC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120305112039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm) Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Reopening+Nigeria%27s+civil+war+wounds&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Senan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6657259.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108887748) 10.1017/9781108887748 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88774-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88774-8) 978-1-108-88774-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Republic+of+Biafra&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108887748&rft.isbn=978-1-108-88774-8&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-DDRS_80-0) ↑   "Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). (http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm) "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies) (Library of Congress Country Studies) Library of Congress Country Studies . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003652/http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm) Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+%E2%80%93+Civil+War&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180820081648/https://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php) "The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence " . Litencyc.com. Archived from (http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php) the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biafra+War+and+the+Age+of+Pestilence&rft.pub=Litencyc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Ftheliterarymagazine%2Fbiafra.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-83) ↑   Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970 .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stearns, Jason K. (2012). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Glory_of_Monsters) (Dancing in the Glory of Monsters) Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa  . PublicAffairs. p. 115. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-159-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-159-7) 978-1-61039-159-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1329373863) 1329373863 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+in+the+Glory+of+Monsters%3A+The+Collapse+of+the+Congo+and+the+Great+War+of+Africa&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1329373863&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-159-7&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Jason+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wrong, Michela (2000). In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in the Congo . Fourth Estate. p. 266. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-421-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-421-3) 978-1-84115-421-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Mr.+Kurtz%3A+Living+on+the+Brink+of+Disaster+in+the+Congo&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-421-3&rft.aulast=Wrong&rft.aufirst=Michela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria , Institute of International Studies, University of California, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87725-166-5) (Special:BookSources/0-87725-166-5) 0-87725-166-5  .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201142–43Derfler201181_88-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , pp. 42–43; (Nigeria.html#CITEREFDerfler2011) Derfler 2011 , p. 81.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDerfler201182_89-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFDerfler2011) Derfler 2011 , p. 82.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201143Derfler201181_90-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , p. 43; (Nigeria.html#CITEREFDerfler2011) Derfler 2011 , p. 81.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201144_91-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , p. 44.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joliba (13 February 2015). (https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/) "Failed Coup Attempt of 1976" . Joliba . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230627112021/https://joliba-africa.com/2015/02/13/failed-coup-attempt-of-1976/) Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joliba&rft.atitle=Failed+Coup+Attempt+of+1976&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=Joliba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoliba-africa.com%2F2015%2F02%2F13%2Ffailed-coup-attempt-of-1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148_93-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , p. 48.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201148–49Derfler201185_94-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , pp. 48–49; (Nigeria.html#CITEREFDerfler2011) Derfler 2011 , p. 85.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe201150Derfler201185_95-0) ↑   (Nigeria.html#CITEREFIliffe2011) Iliffe 2011 , p. 50; (Nigeria.html#CITEREFDerfler2011) Derfler 2011 , p. 85.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-96) ↑   African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Online, Tribune (17 April 2025). (https://tribuneonlineng.com/there-was-no-time-i-decided-to-leave-politics-in-1976-i-even-contested-for-councillorship-in-ijebu-division-and-won/) " 'There was no time I decided to leave politics. In 1976 I even contested for councillorship in Ijebu Division and won' " . Tribune Online . Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+Online&rft.atitle=%27There+was+no+time+I+decided+to+leave+politics.+In+1976+I+even+contested+for+councillorship+in+Ijebu+Division+and+won%27&rft.date=2025-04-17&rft.aulast=Online&rft.aufirst=Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribuneonlineng.com%2Fthere-was-no-time-i-decided-to-leave-politics-in-1976-i-even-contested-for-councillorship-in-ijebu-division-and-won%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   "Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3  March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2026)) verification needed   ]    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siollun, Max (2018). "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria". In Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics . pp. 272– 287. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.13) 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7) 978-0-19-880430-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Military+Affairs+and+Military+Culture+in+Post-Transition+Nigeria&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Nigerian+Politics&rft.pages=272-287&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880430-7&rft.aulast=Siollun&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-100) ↑   Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean , 6 September 1993.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2026)) verification needed   ]    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-101) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyediran, Oyeleye, eds. (1997). Transition Without End . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781685856199) 10.1515/9781685856199 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68585-619-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-68585-619-9) 978-1-68585-619-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transition+Without+End&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781685856199&rft.isbn=978-1-68585-619-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://wiwavshell.org/) "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al" . Center for Constitutional Rights . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065947/http://wiwavshell.org/) Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Constitutional+Rights&rft.atitle=Wiwa+et+al+v.+Royal+Dutch+Petroleum+et+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiwavshell.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   "Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.   (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar) "Abdusalam Abubakar" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215600/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2391/Abdusalam-Abubakar) Archived 4 May 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). "Civil society and democratic transition, 1984 – 2007". A History of Nigeria . pp. 209– 242. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711) 10.1017/CBO9780511819711 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+society+and+democratic+transition%2C+1984+%E2%80%93+2007&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=209-242&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032839/http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf) "Final Report" (PDF) . EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from (http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf) the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report&rft.pub=EU+Election+Observation+Mission+Nigeria+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eueom-ng.org%2FFiles%2Ffinal_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-107) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html) "NASS confirms Sambo as vice president" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nigerian_Voice) (The Nigerian Voice) The Nigerian Voice  . 18 May 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200805081015/https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/24352/nass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html) Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nigerian+Voice&rft.atitle=NASS+confirms+Sambo+as+vice+president&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenigerianvoice.com%2Fmovie%2F24352%2Fnass-confirm-sambo-as-vice-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-108) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427025349/http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203) "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President" . MyOndoState.Com. Archived from (http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203) the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Assembly+confirms+Sambo+as+Vice+President&rft.pub=MyOndoState.Com&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft.aulast=Akinlade&rft.aufirst=Muruf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myondostate.com%2Fmyondostate%2Fnewssend.php%3Fid%3D203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-New_York2_109-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&hp) "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190824165122/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1) Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nigerians+Vote+in+Presidential+Election&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F17nigeria.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Times, Premium (23 December 2014). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html) "Nigerian economy among world's largest – Jonathan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085504/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html) Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=Nigerian+economy+among+world%27s+largest+%E2%80%93+Jonathan&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Premium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F173732-nigerian-economy-among-worlds-largest-jonathan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  eribake, akintayo (24 December 2014). (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/) "Nigeria's economy among largest in the world — Jonathan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085507/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/nigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan/) Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+economy+among+largest+in+the+world+%E2%80%94+Jonathan&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=eribake&rft.aufirst=akintayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fnigerias-economy-among-largest-world-jonathan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html) "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221004085505/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html) Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=Missing+%2420+bn%3A+Sanusi+faults+Alison-Madueke%2C+says+audit+report+proves+at+least+%2418.5bn+lost&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Udo&rft.aufirst=Bassey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2F182926-missing-20-bn-sanusi-faults-alison-madueke-says-audit-report-proves-at-least-18-5bn-lost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858) "Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins" . BBC . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125205929/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858) Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Nigeria+election%3A+Muhammadu+Buhari+wins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-32139858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/) "Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. 1 April 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192325/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/) Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Obama+praises+Nigeria%27s+president+for+conceding+defeat&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fobama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/) "APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat" . The Nation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150708183124/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/) Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=APC+praises+Jonathan+for+conceding+defeat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fnew%2Fapc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/) "Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat" . Channels Television. 31 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192329/https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/) Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anyaoku+Praises+Jonathan+For+Conceding+Defeat&rft.pub=Channels+Television&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelstv.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fanyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  AfricaNews (27 February 2019). (https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/) "Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president" . Africanews . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200924063323/https://www.africanews.com/2019/02/27/buhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president/) Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Buhari+beats+Atiku+to+secure+re-election+as+Nigeria+president&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=AfricaNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F02%2F27%2Fbuhari-beats-atiku-to-secure-re-election-as-nigeria-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lasisi, Olukayode Joshua (29 September 2022). (https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/) "Peter Obi leads in new poll, Google search interest" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessDay_(Nigeria)) (BusinessDay (Nigeria)) BusinessDay  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1595-8590) 1595-8590 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221202040603/https://businessday.ng/politics/article/peter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest/) Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessDay&rft.atitle=Peter+Obi+leads+in+new+poll%2C+Google+search+interest&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.issn=1595-8590&rft.aulast=Lasisi&rft.aufirst=Olukayode+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessday.ng%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2Fpeter-obi-leads-in-new-poll-google-search-interest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-119) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Olurounbi, Eromo Egbejule,Ruth. (https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard) "How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race" . aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230924073749/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard) Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=How+Rabiu+Kwankwaso+became+wildcard+in+Nigerian+presidential+race&rft.aulast=Olurounbi&rft.aufirst=Eromo+Egbejule%2CRuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2023%2F2%2F1%2Fkwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023) "Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers" . aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230809010308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023) Archived from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria+presidential+election+results+2023+by+the+numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F2%2F28%2Fnigeria-presidential-election-results-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote) "Nigeria local elections open in shadow of contested national vote" . www.aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230818143649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/18/nigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote) Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria+local+elections+open+in+shadow+of+contested+national+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F18%2Fnigeria-local-elections-open-in-shadow-of-contested-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari) "Bola Tinubu sworn in as Nigeria's president, succeeds Buhari" . www.aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230906193842/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/29/tinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari) Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Bola+Tinubu+sworn+in+as+Nigeria%27s+president%2C+succeeds+Buhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F29%2Ftinubu-sworn-in-as-nigerias-president-succeeds-buhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-123) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Emmanuel Akinwotu (16 January 2024). (https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html) "A kidnapping of six sisters and a murder has gripped Nigeria" . DevOne Africa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240219180223/https://devone.com.ng/2024/01/shocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html) Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DevOne+Africa&rft.atitle=A+kidnapping+of+six+sisters+and+a+murder+has+gripped+Nigeria&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.au=Emmanuel+Akinwotu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevone.com.ng%2F2024%2F01%2Fshocking-kidnapping-and-murder-of-six-sisters-grips-nigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-launches-strikes-against-islamic-state-militants-northwest-nigeria-trump-says-2025-12-25/) "US launches strike against Islamic State militants in northwest Nigeria" . Reuters . 25 December 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+launches+strike+against+Islamic+State+militants+in+northwest+Nigeria&rft.date=2025-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fus-launches-strikes-against-islamic-state-militants-northwest-nigeria-trump-says-2025-12-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) "Rank Order – Area" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Africa :: Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 17 May 2011. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  *Note that coastlines, and borders based on rivers or natural features, are fractals, the length of which is imprecise and depends on the measurement convention adopted.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-encarta22_127-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-encarta22_127-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20031111170137/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html) "Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta) (Encarta) Encarta  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft) (Microsoft) Microsoft . Archived from (https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html) the original on 11 November 2003. Retrieved 19 July 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761557915%2FNigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai52_128-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai52_128-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai52_128-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075757/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html) "Regions Used to Interpret the Complexity of Nigeria" . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa) (University of Northern Iowa) University of Northern Iowa . Archived from (http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html) the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Regions+Used+to+Interpret+the+Complexity+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai42_129-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai42_129-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html) "The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria" . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa) (University of Northern Iowa) University of Northern Iowa . Archived from (http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html) the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-130) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lameed, Ga (3 August 2012). "Species diversity and richness of wild birds in Dagona-Waterfowl sanctuary, Nigeria". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development . 12 (53): 6460– 6478. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.18697%2Fajfand.53.9745) 10.18697/ajfand.53.9745 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F55847) 1807/55847  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Food%2C+Agriculture%2C+Nutrition+and+Development&rft.atitle=Species+diversity+and+richness+of+wild+birds+in+Dagona-Waterfowl+sanctuary%2C+Nigeria&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=6460-6478&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F55847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18697%2Fajfand.53.9745&rft.aulast=Lameed&rft.aufirst=Ga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-131) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002082125/http://cbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org/sectors.php) "Chad Basin National Park" . 2 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chad+Basin+National+Park&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbnp.nigeriaparkservice.org%2Fsectors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-132) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105554/http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english) "TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LAKE CHAD BASIN" . 4 March 2016. Archived from (http://lakechad.iwlearn.org/publications/reports/lake-cha-basin-tda-report-english) the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRANSBOUNDARY+DIAGNOSTIC+ANALYSIS+OF+THE+LAKE+CHAD+BASIN&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakechad.iwlearn.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Flake-cha-basin-tda-report-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bearak, Max; Moriarty, Dylan; Ledur, Júlia. (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/) "Africa's rising cities" . Washington Post . Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+rising+cities&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Moriarty%2C+Dylan&rft.au=Ledur%2C+J%C3%BAlia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Finteractive%2F2021%2Fafrica-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai4_134-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai4_134-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-gai4_134-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html) "The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria" . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa) (University of Northern Iowa) University of Northern Iowa . Archived from (http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html) the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-135) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fashae, Olutoyin (2017). (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbgeo-2017-0010) "Geospatial Analysis of Changes in Vegetation Cover over Nigeria" . Bulletin of Geography . 13 (13): 17– 27. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BGPGS..13...17F) 2017BGPGS..13...17F . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbgeo-2017-0010) 10.1515/bgeo-2017-0010  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Geography&rft.atitle=Geospatial+Analysis+of+Changes+in+Vegetation+Cover+over+Nigeria&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fbgeo-2017-0010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BGPGS..13...17F&rft.aulast=Fashae&rft.aufirst=Olutoyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fbgeo-2017-0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ayeni, Victor (7 September 2024). (https://punchng.com/experts-express-concerns-over-environmental-degradation-consequences/) "Experts express concerns over environmental degradation consequences" . Punch Newspapers . Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Experts+express+concerns+over+environmental+degradation+consequences&rft.date=2024-09-07&rft.aulast=Ayeni&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fexperts-express-concerns-over-environmental-degradation-consequences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:8_137-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Olaniyi, O.A.; Olutimehin, I.O.; Funmilayo, O.A. (2019). (https://doi.org/10.22161%2Fijreh.3.3.3) "Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria Ecosystem" . International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research . 3 (3): 92– 100. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.22161%2Fijreh.3.3.3) 10.22161/ijreh.3.3.3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Rural+Development%2C+Environment+and+Health+Research&rft.atitle=Review+of+Climate+Change+and+Its+effect+on+Nigeria+Ecosystem&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=92-100&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22161%2Fijreh.3.3.3&rft.aulast=Olaniyi&rft.aufirst=O.A.&rft.au=Olutimehin%2C+I.O.&rft.au=Funmilayo%2C+O.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22161%252Fijreh.3.3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:10_138-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Butu, Hemen Mark; Okeke, Chukwueloka Udechukwu; Okereke, Chukwumerije (10 October 2022). Mbungu, Grace (ed.). (https://afripoli.org/climate-change-adaptation-in-nigeria-strategies-initiatives-and-practices#) "Climate Change Adaptation in Nigeria: Strategies, Initiatives, and Practices" . Africa Policy Research Institute . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Nigeria%3A+Strategies%2C+Initiatives%2C+and+Practices&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft.aulast=Butu&rft.aufirst=Hemen+Mark&rft.au=Okeke%2C+Chukwueloka+Udechukwu&rft.au=Okereke%2C+Chukwumerije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafripoli.org%2Fclimate-change-adaptation-in-nigeria-strategies-initiatives-and-practices%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-139) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  University of Notre Dame. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250303150416/https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/) "Rankings // Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative // University of Notre Dame" . Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative . Archived from (https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/) the original on 3 March 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Global+Adaptation+Initiative&rft.atitle=Rankings+%2F%2F+Notre+Dame+Global+Adaptation+Initiative+%2F%2F+University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.au=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgain.nd.edu%2Four-work%2Fcountry-index%2Frankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ani, Kelechi Johnmary; Anyika, Vincent Okwudiba; Mutambara, Emmanuel (1 January 2021). (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJCCSM-11-2020-0119) "The impact of climate change on food and human security in Nigeria" . International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management . 14 (2): 148– 167. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJCCSM-11-2020-0119) 10.1108/IJCCSM-11-2020-0119  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-8692) 1756-8692 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climate+Change+Strategies+and+Management&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+climate+change+on+food+and+human+security+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-167&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJCCSM-11-2020-0119&rft.issn=1756-8692&rft.aulast=Ani&rft.aufirst=Kelechi+Johnmary&rft.au=Anyika%2C+Vincent+Okwudiba&rft.au=Mutambara%2C+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1108%252FIJCCSM-11-2020-0119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_:9_141-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jones, Matthew W.; Peters, Glen P.; Gasser, Thomas; Andrew, Robbie M.; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Gütschow, Johannes; Houghton, Richard A.; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Pongratz, Julia (13 November 2024), (https://zenodo.org/records/14054503) National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.14054503) 10.5281/zenodo.14054503 , retrieved 7 March 2025  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+contributions+to+climate+change+due+to+historical+emissions+of+carbon+dioxide%2C+methane+and+nitrous+oxide&rft.date=2024-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.14054503&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Matthew+W.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Glen+P.&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Robbie+M.&rft.au=Schwingshackl%2C+Clemens&rft.au=G%C3%BCtschow%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Houghton%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Friedlingstein%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Pongratz%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F14054503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-142) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Climate Watch. (https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/NGA?end_year=2021&start_year=1990) "Nigeria" . www.climatewatchdata.org . Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climatewatchdata.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.au=Climate+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatewatchdata.org%2Fcountries%2FNGA%3Fend_year%3D2021%26start_year%3D1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Climate Action Tracker (13 July 2023). (https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/nigeria/) "Nigeria" . climateactiontracker.org . Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climateactiontracker.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft.au=Climate+Action+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateactiontracker.org%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okafor, Chukwuebuka C.; Ajaero, Charles C.; Madu, Christian N.; Nzekwe, Chinelo A.; Otunomo, Festus A.; Nixon, Nduji N. (6 September 2021). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu16167048) "Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Nigeria: A Review" . Sustainability . 16 (16): 7048. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu16167048) 10.3390/su16167048  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050) 2071-1050 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Mitigation+and+Adaptation+in+Nigeria%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=7048&rft.date=2021-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu16167048&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Okafor&rft.aufirst=Chukwuebuka+C.&rft.au=Ajaero%2C+Charles+C.&rft.au=Madu%2C+Christian+N.&rft.au=Nzekwe%2C+Chinelo+A.&rft.au=Otunomo%2C+Festus+A.&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Nduji+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu16167048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Federal Republic of Nigeria (2021). (https://web.archive.org/web/20240415111849/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria-Adaptation-Communication-UNFCCC-2.pdf) "Adaptation Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" (PDF) . unfccc.int . Archived from (https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria-Adaptation-Communication-UNFCCC-2.pdf) the original (PDF) on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unfccc.int&rft.atitle=Adaptation+Communication+to+the+United+Nations+Framework+Convention+on+Climate+Change+%28UNFCCC%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Federal+Republic+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource%2FNigeria-Adaptation-Communication-UNFCCC-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Nigeria_Haider_146-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haider, H. (https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/climate-change-in-nigeria-impacts-and-responses) "Climate Change in Nigeria: Impacts and Responses" . GOV.UK . Retrieved 11 April 2021 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3) 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057) 7723057  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507) 33293507 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-150) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ogbonna, D.N.; Ekweozor, I.K.E.; Igwe, F.U. (2002). "Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria". Ambio . 31 (1): 55– 57. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0055%3Awmatfe%5D2.0.co%3B2) 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[ 0055:wmatfe] 2.0.co; 2 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315211) 4315211 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Waste+Management%3A+A+Tool+for+Environmental+Protection+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-57&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1639%2F0044-7447%282002%29031%5B0055%3Awmatfe%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4315211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ogbonna&rft.aufirst=D.N.&rft.au=Ekweozor%2C+I.K.E.&rft.au=Igwe%2C+F.U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-151) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Donatus, Peter (15 October 2016). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230903201403/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis) "Shell's Nigeria ecocide is creating a refugee crisis" . greenleft.org.au . Archived from (https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis) the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greenleft.org.au&rft.atitle=Shell%27s+Nigeria+ecocide+is+creating+a+refugee+crisis&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.aulast=Donatus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Fshell%25E2%2580%2599s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleft.org.au%2Fcontent%2Fshell%25E2%2580%2599s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-152) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and) "UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental Contamination and Threats to Human Health" . UNEP . 7 August 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230708085021/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and) Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP&rft.atitle=UNEP+Ogoniland+Oil+Assessment+Reveals+Extent+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Threats+to+Human+Health&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fstory%2Funep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-153) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142) " 'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction" . NBC News. 7 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622071013/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/ecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142) Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ecocide%27+movement+pushes+for+a+new+international+crime%3A+Environmental+destruction&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fecocide-movement-pushes-new-international-crime-environmental-destruction-n1263142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-154) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria) "Fighting ecocide in Nigeria" . theecologist.org . 5 February 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231206022748/https://theecologist.org/2014/feb/05/fighting-ecocide-nigeria) Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theecologist.org&rft.atitle=Fighting+ecocide+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheecologist.org%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F05%2Ffighting-ecocide-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-155) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://unpo.org/article/19131) "UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making?" . unpo.org . 2 November 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161752/https://unpo.org/article/19131) Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Ogoni%3A+An+Ecocide+in+the+Making%3F&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F19131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-156) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster) "How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster" . The Guardian . 22 August 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040706/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/22/ecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+an+ecocide+law+could+prevent+another+Nigerian+oil+disaster&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2011%2Faug%2F22%2Fecocide-law-nigerian-oil-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.mongabay.com/2023/06/spotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts/) "Spotlighting oil majors' 'ecocide' of Niger Delta: Q&A with Michael J. Watts" . Mongabay Environmental News . 2 June 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162730/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/06/spotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts/) Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=Spotlighting+oil+majors%27+%27ecocide%27+of+Niger+Delta%3A+Q%26A+with+Michael+J.+Watts&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2023%2F06%2Fspotlighting-oil-majors-ecocide-of-niger-delta-qa-with-michael-j-watts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61216157) "Nigeria's illegal oil refineries: Dirty, dangerous, lucrative" . BBC News. 26 April 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221010091114/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61216157) Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+illegal+oil+refineries%3A+Dirty%2C+dangerous%2C+lucrative&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-61216157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-159) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okereke, Chukwumerije; Emodi, Nnaemeka Vincent; Diemuodeke, Ogheneruona E. (9 May 2022). (https://theconversation.com/three-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459) "Three things that can go wrong at an illegal oil refinery in Nigeria" . The Conversation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221012233230/https://theconversation.com/three-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459) Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Three+things+that+can+go+wrong+at+an+illegal+oil+refinery+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Okereke&rft.aufirst=Chukwumerije&rft.au=Emodi%2C+Nnaemeka+Vincent&rft.au=Diemuodeke%2C+Ogheneruona+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthree-things-that-can-go-wrong-at-an-illegal-oil-refinery-in-nigeria-182459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onukwue, Alexander (25 April 2022). (https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/) "Nigeria's illegal oil refineries keep killing people" . Quartz . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221015193024/https://qz.com/africa/2158492/nigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people/) Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+illegal+oil+refineries+keep+killing+people&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft.aulast=Onukwue&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fafrica%2F2158492%2Fnigerias-illegal-oil-refineries-keep-killing-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bashir, Muhammed; Umar-Tsafe, Nasir; Getso, Kabiru; Kaita, Ibrahim M.; Nasidi, Abdulsalami; Sani-Gwarzo, Nasir; Nguku, Patrick; Davis, Lora; Brown, Mary Jean (18 April 2014). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779393) "Assessment of blood lead levels among children aged ≤ 5 years—Zamfara State, Nigeria, June–July 2012" . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 63 (15): 325– 327. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779393) 5779393  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739340) 24739340 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+blood+lead+levels+among+children+aged+%E2%89%A4+5+years%E2%80%94Zamfara+State%2C+Nigeria%2C+June%E2%80%93July+2012&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=325-327&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779393%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24739340&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rft.au=Umar-Tsafe%2C+Nasir&rft.au=Getso%2C+Kabiru&rft.au=Kaita%2C+Ibrahim+M.&rft.au=Nasidi%2C+Abdulsalami&rft.au=Sani-Gwarzo%2C+Nasir&rft.au=Nguku%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Davis%2C+Lora&rft.au=Brown%2C+Mary+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-162) ↑   Charles Mwalimu. The Nigerian Legal System: Public Law . Peter Lang. 2005. (https://books.google.com/books?id=QWrGlYsCwPIC&pg=PA6) p. 6 (https://web.archive.org/web/20230405100311/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWrGlYsCwPIC&pg=PA6) Archived 5 April 2023 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-factbook3_163-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-factbook3_163-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency (United States). 14 February 2022. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thecable.ng/patrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states) "Patrick Obahiagbon: Labour Party won't get 25% of votes in 24 states" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheCable) (TheCable) TheCable  . 4 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221015201541/https://www.thecable.ng/patrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states) Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheCable&rft.atitle=Patrick+Obahiagbon%3A+Labour+Party+won%27t+get+25%25+of+votes+in+24+states&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecable.ng%2Fpatrick-obahiagbon-labour-party-wont-get-25-of-votes-in-24-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-165) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://dailytrust.com/breaking-why-i-didnt-choose-a-christian-running-mate-tinubu) "2023: Why I Didn't Choose A Christian Running Mate – Tinubu" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Trust) (Daily Trust) Daily Trust  . 10 July 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034451/https://dailytrust.com/breaking-why-i-didnt-choose-a-christian-running-mate-tinubu) Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Trust&rft.atitle=2023%3A+Why+I+Didn%27t+Choose+A+Christian+Running+Mate+%E2%80%93+Tinubu&rft.date=2022-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fbreaking-why-i-didnt-choose-a-christian-running-mate-tinubu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-166) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Odeniyi, Solomon (10 July 2022). (https://punchng.com/can-fumes-over-tinubus-choice-of-muslim-running-mate/) "CAN fumes over Tinubu's choice of Muslim running mate" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220829140223/https://punchng.com/can-fumes-over-tinubus-choice-of-muslim-running-mate/) Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=CAN+fumes+over+Tinubu%27s+choice+of+Muslim+running+mate&rft.date=2022-07-10&rft.aulast=Odeniyi&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fcan-fumes-over-tinubus-choice-of-muslim-running-mate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-167) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/) "Constitution amendment: What the people want" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. 4 November 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301141957/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/) Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Constitution+amendment%3A+What+the+people+want&rft.date=2012-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fconstitution-amendment-what-the-people-want%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130511123924/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203%3Ayouth-speak&Itemid=730) "Constitutional review: Nigeria needs broader representation" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. 6 December 2012. Archived from (http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778:constitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203:youth-speak&Itemid=730) the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Constitutional+review%3A+Nigeria+needs+broader+representation&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngrguardiannews.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-%26catid%3D203%3Ayouth-speak%26Itemid%3D730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-felix2_169-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-felix2_169-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015018/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm) "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details" . Reuters. Archived from (http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm) the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+gives+census+result%2C+avoids+risky+details&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FL29819278.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/cities/agglos/) "Nigeria: States & Agglomerations – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" . citypopulation.de . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123432/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/cities/agglos/) Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+States+%26+Agglomerations+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fnigeria%2Fcities%2Fagglos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siliquini-Cinelli, Luca; Hutchison, Andrew (6 April 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ifDgAAQBAJ&q=English+law+in+Nigeria+is+derived+from+the+colonial+Nigeria%2C+while+common+law+is+a+development+from+its+post+colonial+independence.&pg=PA173) The Constitutional Dimension of Contract Law: A Comparative Perspective  . Springer. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49843-0) (Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49843-0) 978-3-319-49843-0  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040706/https://books.google.com/books?id=l9ifDgAAQBAJ&q=English+law+in+Nigeria+is+derived+from+the+colonial+Nigeria%2C+while+common+law+is+a+development+from+its+post+colonial+independence.&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q=English%20law%20in%20Nigeria%20is%20derived%20from%20the%20colonial%20Nigeria%2C%20while%20common%20law%20is%20a%20development%20from%20its%20post%20colonial%20independence.&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Dimension+of+Contract+Law%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.isbn=978-3-319-49843-0&rft.aulast=Siliquini-Cinelli&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9ifDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEnglish%2Blaw%2Bin%2BNigeria%2Bis%2Bderived%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bcolonial%2BNigeria%252C%2Bwhile%2Bcommon%2Blaw%2Bis%2Ba%2Bdevelopment%2Bfrom%2Bits%2Bpost%2Bcolonial%2Bindependence.%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  ProjectSolutionz (22 June 2021). (https://projectsolutionz.com.ng/law-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria/) "Law and the political structure in Nigeria" . ProjectSolutionz . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220708043422/https://projectsolutionz.com.ng/law-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria/) Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProjectSolutionz&rft.atitle=Law+and+the+political+structure+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.au=ProjectSolutionz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojectsolutionz.com.ng%2Flaw-and-the-political-structure-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-173) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Africa :: Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency (United States). 12 September 2022. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-174) ↑   Young, Andrew (20 July 2006) (http://allafrica.com/stories/200607200078.html) "Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size" , This Day (Nigeria).  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   Burkett, Elinor (2009) Golda , HarperCollins, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-187395-0) (Special:BookSources/0-06-187395-0) 0-06-187395-0  , p. 202.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-ECOWAS_History_Official_176-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ecowas.int/history-2/) "History" . Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Economic+Community+of+West+African+States+%28ECOWAS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecowas.int%2Fhistory-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_ECOWAS_177-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/fs/15437.htm) "Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Fact Sheet" . U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Community+of+West+African+States+%28ECOWAS%29+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fp%2Faf%2Frls%2Ffs%2F15437.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-178) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sesay, Max A. (1996). "Civil War and Collective Intervention in Liberia". Review of African Political Economy . 23 (67): 35– 52. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4006227) 4006227 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Civil+War+and+Collective+Intervention+in+Liberia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=35-52&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4006227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sesay&rft.aufirst=Max+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-179) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110518172006/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm) "ASAS – Africa-South America Summit" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union . 30 November 2006. Archived from (http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm) the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASAS+%E2%80%93+Africa-South+America+Summit&rft.pub=African+Union&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-union.org%2Froot%2Fau%2FConferences%2FPast%2F2006%2FNovember%2FSummitASA%2Fsummit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-180) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shaw, Timothy M. (January 1984). "The State of Nigeria: Oil Crises, Power Bases and Foreign Policy". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines . 18 (2): 393– 405. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00083968.1984.10804070) 10.1080/00083968.1984.10804070 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/484337) 484337 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies+%2F+Revue+canadienne+des+%C3%A9tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Nigeria%3A+Oil+Crises%2C+Power+Bases+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393-405&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00083968.1984.10804070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F484337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-181) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV1y16ocZfg) "LASWA Partners French Agency To Improve Water Transportation" . TVC News Nigeria . 31 October 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVC+News+Nigeria&rft.atitle=LASWA+Partners+French+Agency+To+Improve+Water+Transportation&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwV1y16ocZfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-182) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzJz1GeObgI) "AFD inspects Interchange hubs project" . LAMATA TV . 6 June 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LAMATA+TV&rft.atitle=AFD+inspects+Interchange+hubs+project&rft.date=2026-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnzJz1GeObgI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency_183-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency_183-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency_183-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Taylor_Pathology_of_Dependency_183-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taylor, Ian (2018). "The Pathology of Dependency". In Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics . pp. 742– 760. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.49) 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.49 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880430-7) 978-0-19-880430-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pathology+of+Dependency&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Nigerian+Politics&rft.pages=742-760&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198804307.013.49&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880430-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-184) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idsSz5ouprE) "Red Line Train Handover 2026" . YouTube . LAMATA TV. 3 July 2026. 7:00. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Red+Line+Train+Handover+2026&rft.pages=7%3A00&rft.date=2026-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DidsSz5ouprE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-185) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okojie, Kelvin (10 August 2023). (https://businessday.ng/news/article/china-could-influence-nigerias-govt-with-its-loans-says-u-s/) "China could influence Nigeria's govt with its loans, says U.S" . Business Day . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Day&rft.atitle=China+could+influence+Nigeria%27s+govt+with+its+loans%2C+says+U.S&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft.aulast=Okojie&rft.aufirst=Kelvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessday.ng%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fchina-could-influence-nigerias-govt-with-its-loans-says-u-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-186) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akinteye, Joseph Olatunde (17 June 2025). (https://ijhssm.org/issue_dcp/International%20Cooperation%20in%20Transportation%20Development%20%20A%20Critical%20Analysis%20of%20The%20Partnership%20Between%20Nigeria%20and%20China%20in%20Railway%20Operations.pdf) "International Cooperation in Transportation Development: A Critical Analysis of The Partnership Between Nigeria and China in Railway Operations" (PDF) . ijhssm.org . International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJHSSM). Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ijhssm.org&rft.atitle=International+Cooperation+in+Transportation+Development%3A+A+Critical+Analysis+of+The+Partnership+Between+Nigeria+and+China+in+Railway+Operations&rft.date=2025-06-17&rft.aulast=Akinteye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Olatunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijhssm.org%2Fissue_dcp%2FInternational%2520Cooperation%2520in%2520Transportation%2520Development%2520%2520A%2520Critical%2520Analysis%2520of%2520The%2520Partnership%2520Between%2520Nigeria%2520and%2520China%2520in%2520Railway%2520Operations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-187) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith, Elliot (29 September 2020). (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/west-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html) "West Africa's new currency could now be delayed by five years" . CNBC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014223/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/west-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html) Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+Africa%27s+new+currency+could+now+be+delayed+by+five+years&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F09%2F29%2Fwest-africas-new-currency-could-now-be-delayed-by-five-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mugabi, Isaac (2 July 2021). (https://www.dw.com/en/west-africas-eco-currency-plan-remains-a-pipe-dream/a-58136111) "West Africa's Eco currency remains an illusion" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241222152645/https://www.dw.com/en/west-africas-eco-currency-plan-remains-a-pipe-dream/a-58136111) Archived from the original on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=West+Africa%27s+Eco+currency+remains+an+illusion&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft.aulast=Mugabi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwest-africas-eco-currency-plan-remains-a-pipe-dream%2Fa-58136111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-189) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing-africa.php) "African Military Strength (2026)" . www.globalfirepower.com . Retrieved 12 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalfirepower.com&rft.atitle=African+Military+Strength+%282026%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfirepower.com%2Fcountries-listing-africa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/military-size-by-country) "Military Size by Country 2026" . World Population Review . 7 May 2026. Retrieved 12 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Review&rft.atitle=Military+Size+by+Country+2026&rft.date=2026-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fmilitary-size-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1) "Armed forces personnel, total – Data" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181118135008/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1) Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armed+forces+personnel%2C+total+%E2%80%93+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.TOTL.P1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:8_192-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:8_192-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2022). The Military Balance 2022 . London: Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032279008) (Special:BookSources/9781032279008) 9781032279008  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2022&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032279008&rft.au=The+International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   3_Data for all countries from 1988 to 2017 as a share of GDP.pdf (sipri.org)  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-194) ↑   1_Data for all countries from 1988 to 2017 in constant (2016) USD.pdf (sipri.org)  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:5_195-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:5_195-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:5_195-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:5_195-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gavin, Michelle. (https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483) "Nigeria Security Tracker" . Council on Foreign Relations . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063510/https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483) Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Security+Tracker&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fnigeria%2Fnigeria-security-tracker%2Fp29483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-196) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Agency Report (24 March 2022). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html) "Over 40,000 terrorists surrender to troops – DHQ" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221005072510/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html) Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+terrorists+surrender+to+troops+%E2%80%93+DHQ&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.au=Agency+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F519364-over-40000-terrorists-surrender-to-troops-dhq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:7_197-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:7_197-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bankole, Idowu (15 September 2022). (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/niger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract/) "Niger Delta militants at war over pipelines surveillance contract" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221018071457/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/09/niger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract/) Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Niger+Delta+militants+at+war+over+pipelines+surveillance+contract&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Bankole&rft.aufirst=Idowu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fniger-delta-militants-at-war-over-pipelines-surveillance-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA) "Niger Delta Avengers group says ends ceasefire in Nigeria oil hub – website" . Reuters. 3 November 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221015102943/https://www.reuters.com/article/nigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA) Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Niger+Delta+Avengers+group+says+ends+ceasefire+in+Nigeria+oil+hub+%E2%80%93+website&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnigeria-oil-idUSL8N1N93JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-199) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.crisisgroup.org/rpt/africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict) "Herders against Farmers: Nigeria's Expanding Deadly Conflict | International Crisis Group" . www.crisisgroup.org . 19 September 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crisisgroup.org&rft.atitle=Herders+against+Farmers%3A+Nigeria%27s+Expanding+Deadly+Conflict+%7C+International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Frpt%2Fafrica%2Fnigeria%2F252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  ACN (7 June 2022). (https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/) "ACN statement about the Pentecost massacre in St. Francis Xavier Church in Owo, Nigeria" . ACN International . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221118132704/https://acninternational.org/massacre-in-owo-nigeria/) Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=ACN+statement+about+the+Pentecost+massacre+in+St.+Francis+Xavier+Church+in+Owo%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fmassacre-in-owo-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025) "World Bank country classifications by income level for 2024-2025" . World Bank Blogs . 1 July 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Blogs&rft.atitle=World+Bank+country+classifications+by+income+level+for+2024-2025&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fopendata%2Fworld-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-202) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200619145509/https://www.casade.org/economic-development-nigeria-1914-2014/) "The Economic Development of Nigeria from 1914 to 2014" . CASADE . 20 January 2015. Archived from (https://www.casade.org/economic-development-nigeria-1914-2014/) the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CASADE&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Development+of+Nigeria+from+1914+to+2014&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casade.org%2Feconomic-development-nigeria-1914-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-203) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.lseg.com/en/media-centre/press-releases/ftse-russell/2026/ftse-russell-announces-results-march-2026-semi-annual-country-classification-review-equities-fixed-income) "FTSE Russell announces results of March 2026 semi-annual country classification review for equities and fixed income" . London Stock Exchange Group . 7 April 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Stock+Exchange+Group&rft.atitle=FTSE+Russell+announces+results+of+March+2026+semi-annual+country+classification+review+for+equities+and+fixed+income&rft.date=2026-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lseg.com%2Fen%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpress-releases%2Fftse-russell%2F2026%2Fftse-russell-announces-results-march-2026-semi-annual-country-classification-review-equities-fixed-income&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/moodys-upgrades-nigerias-rating-b3-better-external-fiscal-positions-2025-05-30/) "Moody's upgrades Nigeria's rating to 'B3' on better external and fiscal positions" . Reuters . 30 June 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Moody%27s+upgrades+Nigeria%27s+rating+to+%27B3%27+on+better+external+and+fiscal+positions&rft.date=2025-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmoodys-upgrades-nigerias-rating-b3-better-external-fiscal-positions-2025-05-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-205) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/regulatory/article/-/view/type/HTML/id/3565199) "Ratings On Seven Nigerian Banks Raised To 'B' Following Sovereign Upgrade; Outlooks Stable" . S&P Global . 19 May 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%26P+Global&rft.atitle=Ratings+On+Seven+Nigerian+Banks+Raised+To+%27B%27+Following+Sovereign+Upgrade%3B+Outlooks+Stable&rft.date=2026-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spglobal.com%2Fratings%2Fen%2Fregulatory%2Farticle%2F-%2Fview%2Ftype%2FHTML%2Fid%2F3565199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis, Sharon (21 October 2021). (https://fintechnews.africa/40003/fintech-nigeria/tech-unicorns-in-africa-come-from-fintech/) "5 Out of 7 Tech Unicorns in Africa Come From Fintech" . Fintech . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fintech&rft.atitle=5+Out+of+7+Tech+Unicorns+in+Africa+Come+From+Fintech&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffintechnews.africa%2F40003%2Ffintech-nigeria%2Ftech-unicorns-in-africa-come-from-fintech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-207) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gilbert, Paula (15 September 2022). (https://www.connectingafrica.com/startups/nigeria-leads-african-tech-startup-funding-fintech-dominates) "Nigeria leads African tech startup funding, fintech dominates" . Connecting Africa . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connecting+Africa&rft.atitle=Nigeria+leads+African+tech+startup+funding%2C+fintech+dominates&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectingafrica.com%2Fstartups%2Fnigeria-leads-african-tech-startup-funding-fintech-dominates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-208) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://fintechnews.africa/45002/fintech-nigeria/top-fintechs-in-nigeria/) "Top Fintechs in Nigeria of 2025" . Fintech News . 3 October 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fintech+News&rft.atitle=Top+Fintechs+in+Nigeria+of+2025&rft.date=2025-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffintechnews.africa%2F45002%2Ffintech-nigeria%2Ftop-fintechs-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamagate, Issouf (21 May 2026). (https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2026/05/21/ghana-record-trade-surplus-of-13-6-billion-in-2025/) "Ghana: Record trade surplus of $13.6 billion in 2025" . Financial Afrik . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Afrik&rft.atitle=Ghana%3A+Record+trade+surplus+of+%2413.6+billion+in+2025&rft.date=2026-05-21&rft.aulast=Kamagate&rft.aufirst=Issouf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialafrik.com%2Fen%2F2026%2F05%2F21%2Fghana-record-trade-surplus-of-13-6-billion-in-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-210) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Awodipe, Tobi (9 June 2026). (https://guardian.ng/business-services/nigerias-trade-surplus-surges-by-341-to-n7-55-trillion-in-q1/) "Nigeria's trade surplus surges by 341% to N7.55 trillion in Q1" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+trade+surplus+surges+by+341%25+to+N7.55+trillion+in+Q1&rft.date=2026-06-09&rft.aulast=Awodipe&rft.aufirst=Tobi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fbusiness-services%2Fnigerias-trade-surplus-surges-by-341-to-n7-55-trillion-in-q1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-211) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KV9krbbppI) "World Bank Predicts Nigeria's Economy to Record Fastest Growth in a Decade by 2026/2027" . TVC News Nigeria . 14 January 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVC+News+Nigeria&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Predicts+Nigeria%27s+Economy+to+Record+Fastest+Growth+in+a+Decade+by+2026%2F2027&rft.date=2026-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2KV9krbbppI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-212) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis, Peter (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA168) Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria  . University of Michigan Press. p. 168. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4) 978-0-472-06980-4  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06980-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-tribune.com.ng2_213-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gbola Subair-Abuja (8 September 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317150032/http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy) "Remittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Tribune) (Nigerian Tribune) Nigerian Tribune  . Archived from (http://www.tribune.com.ng/business/tribune-business/item/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy/15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy) the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nigerian+Tribune&rft.atitle=Remittances+from+diaspora+Nigerians+as+lubricant+for+the+economy&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.au=Gbola+Subair-Abuja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribune.com.ng%2Fbusiness%2Ftribune-business%2Fitem%2F15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy%2F15469-remittances-from-diaspora-nigerians-as-lubricant-for-the-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ekene, Mfon Abel (12 March 2020). (https://www.makemoney.ng/natural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list/) "Natural resources in Nigeria and their locations" . MakeMoney.ng . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230610154927/https://www.makemoney.ng/natural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list/) Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MakeMoney.ng&rft.atitle=Natural+resources+in+Nigeria+and+their+locations&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Ekene&rft.aufirst=Mfon+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makemoney.ng%2Fnatural-resources-in-nigeria-and-their-locations-full-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-215) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table) "Gold production" . Our World in Data . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Gold+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgold-production%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-216) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260727163042/https://www.africanmining.co.za/2026/01/01/nigeria-a-rising-mining-powerhouse/) "Nigeria – a rising mining powerhouse?" . African Mining Online. Archived from (https://www.africanmining.co.za/2026/01/01/nigeria-a-rising-mining-powerhouse/) the original on 27 July 2026. Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+a+rising+mining+powerhouse%3F&rft.pub=African+Mining+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanmining.co.za%2F2026%2F01%2F01%2Fnigeria-a-rising-mining-powerhouse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-217) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG) "Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)" . World Bank . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221112053830/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=NG) Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+forestry%2C+and+fishing%2C+value+added+%28%25+of+GDP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS%3Flocations%3DNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:2_218-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:2_218-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/) "Nigeria at a glance|FAO in Nigeria|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" . fao.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163145/https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/) Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria+at+a+glance%7CFAO+in+Nigeria%7CFood+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnigeria%2Ffao-in-nigeria%2Fnigeria-at-a-glance%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/) "Nigeria at a glance" . fao.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163145/https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/) Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Nigeria+at+a+glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnigeria%2Ffao-in-nigeria%2Fnigeria-at-a-glance%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-220) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cadoni, P. (2013), (https://www.fao.org/3/at586e/at586e.pdf) "Analysis of Incentives and Disincentives for Cocoa in Nigeria" (PDF) , Technical notes series, MAFAP , Rome: FAO, (https://web.archive.org/web/20230130065015/https://www.fao.org/3/at586e/at586e.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+notes+series%2C+MAFAP&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Incentives+and+Disincentives+for+Cocoa+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cadoni&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fat586e%2Fat586e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ibirogba, Femi (17 December 2018). (https://guardian.ng/features/stakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy/) "Stakeholders' strategies for re-awakening Nigeria's cocoa economy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141838/https://guardian.ng/features/stakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy/) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 .  "Among the six major agricultural exports of the pre-petroleum exporting years (cocoa, palm oil, palm kernel, rubber, groundnuts and cotton), cocoa is the one still standing tall in terms of non-oil exports," [Professor Adegboyega Oguntade] said.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stakeholders%27+strategies+for+re-awakening+Nigeria%27s+cocoa+economy&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Ibirogba&rft.aufirst=Femi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ffeatures%2Fstakeholders-strategies-for-re-awakening-nigerias-cocoa-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/rubber/reporter/nga) "Rubber in Nigeria | OEC" . OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141839/https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/rubber/reporter/nga) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC+%E2%80%93+The+Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Rubber+in+Nigeria+%7C+OEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fbilateral-product%2Frubber%2Freporter%2Fnga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ekpo, Akpan H. (1986). (https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=119536714) "Food dependency and the Nigerian economy: an ex-post analysis, 1960–80" . The Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies . 28 (2): 257– 273. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141838/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=119536714) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . Up to 1974, the Nigerian economy was self-sufficient in the production of food. In recent years, however, Nigeria has become a net importer of basic foods.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nigerian+Journal+of+Economic+and+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Food+dependency+and+the+Nigerian+economy%3A+an+ex-post+analysis%2C+1960%E2%80%9380&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-273&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Ekpo&rft.aufirst=Akpan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D119536714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:11_224-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:11_224-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nwozor, Agaptus; Olanrewaju, John Shola; Ake, Modupe B. (2019). (https://doi.org/10.36941%2Fajis-2019-0032) "National Insecurity and the Challenges of Food Security in Nigeria" . Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 8 (4): 9– 20. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.36941%2Fajis-2019-0032) 10.36941/ajis-2019-0032  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORE_(identifier)) (CORE (identifier)) CORE output ID  (https://core.ac.uk/outputs/328286959) 328286959 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Insecurity+and+the+Challenges+of+Food+Security+in+Nigeria&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36941%2Fajis-2019-0032&rft.aulast=Nwozor&rft.aufirst=Agaptus&rft.au=Olanrewaju%2C+John+Shola&rft.au=Ake%2C+Modupe+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36941%252Fajis-2019-0032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-225) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okotie, Sylvester (2018). "The Nigerian Economy Before the Discovery of Crude Oil". The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem . pp. 71– 81. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809399-3.00005-7) 10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00005-7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809399-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809399-3) 978-0-12-809399-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nigerian+Economy+Before+the+Discovery+of+Crude+Oil&rft.btitle=The+Political+Ecology+of+Oil+and+Gas+Activities+in+the+Nigerian+Aquatic+Ecosystem&rft.pages=71-81&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809399-3.00005-7&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809399-3&rft.aulast=Okotie&rft.aufirst=Sylvester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ake, Claude (1996). (https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48) Democracy and Development in Africa  . Brookings Institution Press. p. 48. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0220-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0220-7) 978-0-8157-0220-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Development+in+Africa&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0220-7&rft.aulast=Ake&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbs5rTH7GClgC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-pasquini2_227-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pasquini, MW; Alexander, MJ (2005). "Soil fertility management strategies on the Jos Plateau: the need for integrating 'empirical' and 'scientific' knowledge in agricultural development". Geographical Journal . 171 (2): 112– 124. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeogJ.171..112P) 2005GeogJ.171..112P . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4959.2005.00154.x) 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00154.x . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Soil+fertility+management+strategies+on+the+Jos+Plateau%3A+the+need+for+integrating+%27empirical%27+and+%27scientific%27+knowledge+in+agricultural+development&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-124&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4959.2005.00154.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeogJ.171..112P&rft.aulast=Pasquini&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Alexander%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-228) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49367968) "Why Nigeria has restricted food imports" . BBC News. 16 August 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141844/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49367968) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+has+restricted+food+imports&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49367968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-229) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://guardian.ng/features/rice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle/) "Rice pyramids and Nigeria's production puzzle" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. 22 April 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220605085413/https://guardian.ng/features/rice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle/) Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rice+pyramids+and+Nigeria%27s+production+puzzle&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ffeatures%2Frice-pyramids-and-nigerias-production-puzzle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190829113752/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP) "Nigeria closes part of border with Benin to check rice smuggling" . Reuters. 29 August 2019. Archived from (https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP) the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+closes+part+of+border+with+Benin+to+check+rice+smuggling&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFKCN1VJ0PH-OZATP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu) "Lagos today: Like Tinubu like Sanwo-Olu" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheCable) (TheCable) TheCable  . 4 May 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125209/https://www.thecable.ng/lagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu) Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheCable&rft.atitle=Lagos+today%3A+Like+Tinubu+like+Sanwo-Olu&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecable.ng%2Flagos-today-like-tinubu-like-sanwo-olu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-GuardianImota2025_232-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akinfenwa, Gbenga; Falaju, Joke (7 May 2025). (https://guardian.ng/news/how-insecurity-middlemen-drive-up-rice-prices-force-mill-shutdowns/) "How insecurity, middlemen drive up rice prices, force mill shutdowns" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 27 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+insecurity%2C+middlemen+drive+up+rice+prices%2C+force+mill+shutdowns&rft.date=2025-05-07&rft.aulast=Akinfenwa&rft.aufirst=Gbenga&rft.au=Falaju%2C+Joke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fnews%2Fhow-insecurity-middlemen-drive-up-rice-prices-force-mill-shutdowns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nnodim, Okechukwu (29 April 2022). (https://punchng.com/nigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg/) "Nigeria's proven gas reserves worth over $803.4tn – FG" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230421165556/https://punchng.com/nigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg/) Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+proven+gas+reserves+worth+over+%24803.4tn+%E2%80%93+FG&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft.aulast=Nnodim&rft.aufirst=Okechukwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fnigerias-proven-gas-reserves-worth-over-803-4tn-fg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  PricewaterhouseCoopers. (https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/evaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html) "Evaluating Nigeria's Gas Value Chain" . PwC . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022004/https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/evaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html) Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PwC&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Nigeria%27s+Gas+Value+Chain&rft.au=PricewaterhouseCoopers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fng%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fevaluating-nigeria-gas-value-chain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ejiogu, Amanze R. (October 2013). "Gas Flaring in Nigeria: Costs and Policy". Energy & Environment . 24 (6): 983– 998. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnEnv..24..983E) 2013EnEnv..24..983E . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1260%2F0958-305X.24.6.983) 10.1260/0958-305X.24.6.983 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43735213) 43735213 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Gas+Flaring+in+Nigeria%3A+Costs+and+Policy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=983-998&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43735213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1260%2F0958-305X.24.6.983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EnEnv..24..983E&rft.aulast=Ejiogu&rft.aufirst=Amanze+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onuah, Felix (19 August 2022). (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19/) "Nigeria's Buhari worried over large scale crude oil theft" . Reuters. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230614022003/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19/) Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+Buhari+worried+over+large+scale+crude+oil+theft&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigerias-buhari-worried-over-large-scale-crude-oil-theft-2022-08-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-237) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06/) "Shell Nigeria says crude oil theft an existential threat to industry" . Reuters . 7 July 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211125042/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/shell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06/) Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Shell+Nigeria+says+crude+oil+theft+an+existential+threat+to+industry&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fshell-nigeria-says-crude-oil-theft-an-existential-threat-industry-2022-07-06%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Williams, Lizzie (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA26) Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide  . Bradt Travel Guides. p. 26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-239-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-239-2) 978-1-84162-239-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627040707/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-239-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfwuQ71ZbaOcC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-NDES2_239-0) ↑   Environmental Resources Managers Ltd, Niger Delta Environmental Survey Final Report Phase I; Volume I: Environmental and Socio-Economic Characteristics (Lagos: Niger Delta Environmental Survey, September 1997)   (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-politicaleconomy2_240-0) ↑   Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-730014-6) (Special:BookSources/0-19-730014-6) 0-19-730014-6  (Khan, Ahmad)  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-241) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241147) "Reports | National Bureau of Statistics" . nigerianstat.gov.ng . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220617202838/https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241147) Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nigerianstat.gov.ng&rft.atitle=Reports+%7C+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigerianstat.gov.ng%2Felibrary%2Fread%2F1241147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   Nelson, P.H.H., Role of Reflection Seismic in Development of Nembe Creek Field, Nigeria, 1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-306-3) (Special:BookSources/0-89181-306-3) 0-89181-306-3  , pp. 565–576  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-ShellNigeria2_243-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307) "Stakes in four Nigerian oil fields being sold by Shell" . Nigeria Sun. 27 August 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140831130922/http://www.nigeriasun.com/index.php/sid/225153307) Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stakes+in+four+Nigerian+oil+fields+being+sold+by+Shell&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigeriasun.com%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F225153307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-244) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria) "Morocco closer to activating the gas pipeline with Nigeria" . Atalayar . 27 April 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220524103335/https://atalayar.com/en/content/morocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria) Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atalayar&rft.atitle=Morocco+closer+to+activating+the+gas+pipeline+with+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatalayar.com%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fmorocco-closer-activating-gas-pipeline-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-245) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750) "Nigeria's president launches new gas pipeline project" . aa.com.tr . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220522125209/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/natural-gas/nigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project/29750) Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+president+launches+new+gas+pipeline+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fenergy%2Fnatural-gas%2Fnigerias-president-launches-new-gas-pipeline-project%2F29750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-246) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/) "Nigeria-Morocco Gas Pipeline (NMGP) Project Updates" . Construction Review Online . 9 May 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220528231902/https://constructionreviewonline.com/project-timelines/nigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates/) Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Construction+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Nigeria-Morocco+Gas+Pipeline+%28NMGP%29+Project+Updates&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstructionreviewonline.com%2Fproject-timelines%2Fnigeria-morocco-gas-pipeline-nmgp-project-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-247) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/dangote-refinery-eyes-global-dominance-as-it-expands-crude-flexibility-to-130-grades/97dd6x3) "Dangote refinery eyes global dominance as it expands crude flexibility to 130 grades" . Business Insider Africa . 31 May 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Africa&rft.atitle=Dangote+refinery+eyes+global+dominance+as+it+expands+crude+flexibility+to+130+grades&rft.date=2026-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrica.businessinsider.com%2Flocal%2Fmarkets%2Fdangote-refinery-eyes-global-dominance-as-it-expands-crude-flexibility-to-130-grades%2F97dd6x3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.africafc.org/news-and-insights/news/afc-backs-us-7-billion-dangote-fertiliser-expansion-to-strengthen-africas-food-security) "AFC Backs US$7 Billion Dangote Fertiliser Expansion to Strengthen Africa's Food Security" . Africa Finance Corporation . 15 June 2026. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Finance+Corporation&rft.atitle=AFC+Backs+US%247+Billion+Dangote+Fertiliser+Expansion+to+Strengthen+Africa%27s+Food+Security&rft.date=2026-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africafc.org%2Fnews-and-insights%2Fnews%2Fafc-backs-us-7-billion-dangote-fertiliser-expansion-to-strengthen-africas-food-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-249) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en) "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" . United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en) Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:12_250-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:12_250-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:12_250-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.noi-polls.com/post/only-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered) "Only 57 Percent of Nigerian Electricity Customers are Metered" . NOIPolls . 23 June 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163906/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/only-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered) Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOIPolls&rft.atitle=Only+57+Percent+of+Nigerian+Electricity+Customers+are+Metered&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2Fonly-57-percent-of-nigerian-electricity-customers-are-metered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-251) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun/) "Industrial hub: Why more companies are moving to Ogun" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. 19 June 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200924000820/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/06/why-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun/) Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Industrial+hub%3A+Why+more+companies+are+moving+to+Ogun&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fwhy-more-companies-are-moving-to-ogun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-252) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140717030348/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/) "Ogun State's rising investment profile" . Daily NewsWatch. 5 May 2013. Archived from (http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/05/05/ogun-states-rising-investment-profile/) the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogun+State%27s+rising+investment+profile&rft.pub=Daily+NewsWatch&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydailynewswatchng.com%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Fogun-states-rising-investment-profile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-253) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131129151508/http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html) "Ogun State: Nigeria's new Industrial hub" . Online Nigeria News. 27 November 2012. Archived from (http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/top-stories/219914-ogun-state-nigeria%E2%80%99s-new-industrial-hub.html) the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ogun+State%3A+Nigeria%27s+new+Industrial+hub&rft.pub=Online+Nigeria+News&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews2.onlinenigeria.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F219914-ogun-state-nigeria%25E2%2580%2599s-new-industrial-hub.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Naijalitz_254-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210211145905/https://naijalitz.com/) "Nigeria now generates 13,000mw of power, says Minister – Chukwuma" . Naijalitz – No 1 Entertainment Portal. Archived from (https://naijalitz.com/nigeria-now-generates-13000mw-of-power-says-minister/) the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+now+generates+13%2C000mw+of+power%2C+says+Minister+%E2%80%93+Chukwuma&rft.pub=Naijalitz+%E2%80%93+No+1+Entertainment+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaijalitz.com%2Fnigeria-now-generates-13000mw-of-power-says-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:1_255-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria) "A new car assembly plant begins operation in Nigeria" . NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies (CAS) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220704124830/https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/news-events/news/details/a-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria) Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTU-SBF+Centre+for+African+Studies+%28CAS%29&rft.atitle=A+new+car+assembly+plant+begins+operation+in+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.edu.sg%2Fcas%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2Fa-new-car-assembly-plant-begins-operation-in-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-256) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yager, Thomas R. (March 2022). (https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2017-18/myb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf) "The Mineral Industry of Nigeria" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220610111629/https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2017-18/myb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mineral+Industry+of+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-03&rft.aulast=Yager&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fmyb%2Fvol3%2F2017-18%2Fmyb3-2017-18-nigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-257) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Umoh, Ruth (5 December 2018). (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/05/how-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html) "Billionaire Aliko Dangote is the world's richest black person—here's how he made his wealth" . CNBC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326141844/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/05/how-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billionaire+Aliko+Dangote+is+the+world%27s+richest+black+person%E2%80%94here%27s+how+he+made+his+wealth&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Umoh&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fhow-nigerian-aliko-dangote-became-the-worlds-richest-black-person.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-258) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220625011058/https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products) "Products: Ajaokuta Steel Company: ...the Bedrock of Nigeria's Industrialization" . ajaokutasteel.com . Archived from (https://www.ajaokutasteel.com/site/pagef.php?cnt=Products) the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajaokutasteel.com&rft.atitle=Products%3A+Ajaokuta+Steel+Company%3A+...the+Bedrock+of+Nigeria%27s+Industrialization.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaokutasteel.com%2Fsite%2Fpagef.php%3Fcnt%3DProducts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-259) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html) "Nigeria to revive steel rolling mills – Official | Premium Times Nigeria" . 28 April 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220524193627/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/business/159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html) Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+to+revive+steel+rolling+mills+%E2%80%93+Official+%7C+Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fbusiness%2F159578-nigeria-revive-steel-rolling-mills-official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:3_261-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Polycarp, Nwafor (18 May 2017). (https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/) "Nigeria to launch Africa's 1st nanosatellite" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202808/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite/) Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=Nigeria+to+launch+Africa%27s+1st+nanosatellite&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Polycarp&rft.aufirst=Nwafor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fnigeria-launch-africas-1st-nanosatellite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-262) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Onyesi, Chika (6 October 2021). (https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/) " 'Nigeria's pharmaceutical sector dwindling despite 60 percent production capacity' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Post_(Nigeria)) (Daily Post (Nigeria)) Daily Post  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220605182803/https://dailypost.ng/2021/10/06/nigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity/) Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post&rft.atitle=%27Nigeria%27s+pharmaceutical+sector+dwindling+despite+60+percent+production+capacity%27&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Onyesi&rft.aufirst=Chika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailypost.ng%2F2021%2F10%2F06%2Fnigerias-pharmaceutical-sector-dwindling-despite-60-percent-production-capacity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-263) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yahaya, Abdulwali (19 September 2019). (https://web.archive.org/web/20220517172640/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/) "Top 10 Best Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria & Their Products" . Nigerian Infopedia . Archived from (https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/registered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria/) the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nigerian+Infopedia&rft.atitle=Top+10+Best+Pharmaceutical+Companies+in+Nigeria+%26+Their+Products&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft.aulast=Yahaya&rft.aufirst=Abdulwali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigerianinfopedia.com.ng%2Fregistered-pharmaceutical-companies-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-264) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/) "About Emzor Pharmaceutical Industries Limited" . Emzor . 27 December 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220801201737/https://www.emzorpharma.com/about-emzor/) Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emzor&rft.atitle=About+Emzor+Pharmaceutical+Industries+Limited&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emzorpharma.com%2Fabout-emzor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-265) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okonji, Emma (24 October 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20131027075729/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517) "Zinox Introduces Tablet Range of Computers, Plans Commercial Launch" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Day) (This Day) This Day  . Archived from (http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch/162517/) the original on 27 October 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=This+Day&rft.atitle=Zinox+Introduces+Tablet+Range+of+Computers%2C+Plans+Commercial+Launch&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.au=Okonji%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisdaylive.com%2Farticles%2Fzinox-introduces-tablet-range-of-computers-plans-commercial-launch%2F162517%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-266) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://guardian.ng/technology/nigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa/) "Nigeria produces five of seven unicorns in Africa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. 26 January 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221017085459/https://guardian.ng/technology/nigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa/) Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria+produces+five+of+seven+unicorns+in+Africa&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Ftechnology%2Fnigeria-produces-five-of-seven-unicorns-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DeRouen, Karl R. & Bellamy, Paul (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&pg=PA546) International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia  . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 546. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99253-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99253-8) 978-0-275-99253-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&pg=PA546) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Security+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99253-8&rft.au=DeRouen%2C+Karl+R.&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtSLeN4U_C6kC%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-268) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200212033405/https://www.cgdev.org/reader/new-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector) "The New Economy of Africa" . Center For Global Development . Archived from (https://www.cgdev.org/reader/new-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector) the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+For+Global+Development&rft.atitle=The+New+Economy+of+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Freader%2Fnew-economy-africa-opportunities-nigerias-emerging-technology-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-269) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shapshak, Toby. (https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2019/07/11/africas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year/#5ed629bf24c2) "Africa's Booming Tech Hubs Are "Backbone of Tech Ecosystem" Having Grown 40% This Year" . Forbes . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210115164420/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2019/07/11/africas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year/#5ed629bf24c2) Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Booming+Tech+Hubs+Are+%22Backbone+of+Tech+Ecosystem%22+Having+Grown+40%25+This+Year&rft.aulast=Shapshak&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftobyshapshak%2F2019%2F07%2F11%2Fafricas-booming-tech-hubs-are-backbone-of-tech-ecosystem-having-grown-40-this-year%2F%235ed629bf24c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-270) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/) "92% of Nigerian adult males own mobile device, says GSMA" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . 26 June 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153505/https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/) Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=92%25+of+Nigerian+adult+males+own+mobile+device%2C+says+GSMA&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2F92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-271) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Paul, Emmanuel (28 November 2019). (https://techpoint.africa/2019/11/28/nigerias-social-media-bill/) "Everything you need to know about Nigeria's Social Media Bill and what you can do about it" . Techpoint Africa . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210520174826/https://techpoint.africa/2019/11/28/nigerias-social-media-bill/) Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techpoint+Africa&rft.atitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Nigeria%27s+Social+Media+Bill+and+what+you+can+do+about+it&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechpoint.africa%2F2019%2F11%2F28%2Fnigerias-social-media-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-suntra2_272-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Archibong, Maurice (18 March 2004). (https://web.archive.org/web/20070426214225/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm) "Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Nigeria)) (The Sun (Nigeria)) The Sun  . Lagos, Nigeria. Archived from (http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2004/mar/18/travels-mar18-01.htm) the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Gold+mine+waiting+to+be+tapped&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.aulast=Archibong&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnewsonline.com%2Fwebpages%2Ffeatures%2Ftravels%2F2004%2Fmar%2F18%2Ftravels-mar18-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-METRO2_273-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120513124623/http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf) "Managing Metropolitan Lagos" (PDF) . R.Rasaki. Archived from (http://www.africaleadership.org/rc/Managing%20Metropolitan%20Lagos.pdf) the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managing+Metropolitan+Lagos&rft.pub=R.Rasaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaleadership.org%2Frc%2FManaging%2520Metropolitan%2520Lagos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53) Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2  . Oxford University Press. p. 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9) 978-0-19-533770-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041215/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-275) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220625172952/https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/) "Sustainability In The Nigerian Financial Sector – ESRM Africa" . Archived from (https://esrmafrica.org/nigeria-posts-4/) the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainability+In+The+Nigerian+Financial+Sector+%E2%80%93+ESRM+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesrmafrica.org%2Fnigeria-posts-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-276) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210306235701/https://t.guardian.ng/business-services/cote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub/) "Cote d'Ivoire, others ahead of Nigeria on global logistics hub" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. 25 April 2017. Archived from (https://t.guardian.ng/business-services/cote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub/) the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cote+d%27Ivoire%2C+others+ahead+of+Nigeria+on+global+logistics+hub&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft.guardian.ng%2Fbusiness-services%2Fcote-divoire-others-ahead-of-nigeria-on-global-logistics-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-277) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anagor, Amaka (8 October 2021). (https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa/) "Nigeria joins World Logistics Passport as strategic trade hub in West Africa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessDay_(Nigeria)) (BusinessDay (Nigeria)) BusinessDay  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1595-8590) 1595-8590 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230415005457/https://businessday.ng/news/article/nigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa/) Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessDay&rft.atitle=Nigeria+joins+World+Logistics+Passport+as+strategic+trade+hub+in+West+Africa&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.issn=1595-8590&rft.aulast=Anagor&rft.aufirst=Amaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessday.ng%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fnigeria-joins-world-logistics-passport-as-strategic-trade-hub-in-west-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-278) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shuaibu, Faruk (1 May 2022). (https://dailytrust.com/how-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks) "How FG moves to save 35,000km road networks" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Trust) (Daily Trust) Daily Trust  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134253/https://dailytrust.com/how-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks) Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Trust&rft.atitle=How+FG+moves+to+save+35%2C000km+road+networks&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft.aulast=Shuaibu&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fhow-fg-moves-to-save-35000km-road-networks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-279) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://businesselitesafrica.com/2022/04/24/7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria/,%20https://businesselitesafrica.com/2022/04/24/7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria/) "7 States With the Worst Road Networks in Nigeria" . 24 April 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+States+With+the+Worst+Road+Networks+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesselitesafrica.com%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2F7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fbusinesselitesafrica.com%2F2022%2F04%2F24%2F7-states-with-the-worst-road-networks-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged May 2024) permanent dead link   ]     (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-280) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134254/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network) "2.3 Nigeria Road Network – Logistics Capacity Assessment – Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments" . dlca.logcluster.org . Archived from (https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network) the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dlca.logcluster.org&rft.atitle=2.3+Nigeria+Road+Network+%E2%80%93+Logistics+Capacity+Assessment+%E2%80%93+Digital+Logistics+Capacity+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2Fdisplay%2Fpublic%2FDLCA%2F2.3%2BNigeria%2BRoad%2BNetwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-281) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://saharareporters.com/2020/12/16/updated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them) "UPDATED: Motorists List Nigeria's Most Dangerous Roads, Say Bandits Built Dens Along Them | Sahara Reporters" . saharareporters.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134254/https://saharareporters.com/2020/12/16/updated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them) Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saharareporters.com&rft.atitle=UPDATED%3A+Motorists+List+Nigeria%27s+Most+Dangerous+Roads%2C+Say+Bandits+Built+Dens+Along+Them+%7C+Sahara+Reporters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaharareporters.com%2F2020%2F12%2F16%2Fupdated-motorists-list-nigerias-most-dangerous-roads-say-bandits-built-dens-along-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-282) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Babangida, Mohammed (18 May 2022). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html) "Bandits abduct motorists on Abuja – Kaduna highway" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220914134253/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html) Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=Bandits+abduct+motorists+on+Abuja+%E2%80%93+Kaduna+highway&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Babangida&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-news%2F530677-bandits-abduct-motorists-on-abuja-kaduna-highway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-283) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year) "Nigerian airports processed 15.8m passengers in 1 year | Dailytrust" . dailytrust.com . 22 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221020185424/https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year) Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailytrust.com&rft.atitle=Nigerian+airports+processed+15.8m+passengers+in+1+year+%7C+Dailytrust&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytrust.com%2Fnigerian-airports-processed-15-8m-passengers-in-1-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-284) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Report, Agency (9 January 2022). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html) "New Anambra airport records 142 flights, 3,865 passengers in one month — Official" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220226134130/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html) Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=New+Anambra+airport+records+142+flights%2C+3%2C865+passengers+in+one+month+%E2%80%94+Official&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Report&rft.aufirst=Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fregional%2Fssouth-east%2F504810-new-anambra-airport-records-142-flights-3865-passengers-in-one-month-official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-285) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/lagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197) "Lagos Airport's Terminal 2 opens – the Nigerian president wants concessions 'fast-tracked' " . CAPA – Centre for Aviation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220530162124/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/lagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197) Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPA+%E2%80%93+Centre+for+Aviation&rft.atitle=Lagos+Airport%27s+Terminal+2+opens+%E2%80%93+the+Nigerian+president+wants+concessions+%27fast-tracked%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fanalysis%2Freports%2Flagos-airports-terminal-2-opens--the-nigerian-president-wants-concessions-fast-tracked-602197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-286) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koiki, Olusegun (11 December 2025). (https://guardian.ng/news/54-taxes-charges-account-for-35-of-airfare-cost-stifle-traffic-demand/) "54 taxes, charges account for 35% of airfare cost, stifle traffic demand" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=54+taxes%2C+charges+account+for+35%25+of+airfare+cost%2C+stifle+traffic+demand&rft.date=2025-12-11&rft.aulast=Koiki&rft.aufirst=Olusegun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fnews%2F54-taxes-charges-account-for-35-of-airfare-cost-stifle-traffic-demand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_287-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/) "World Population Prospects 2022" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_288-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx) "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950%E2%80%932100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-People_and_Society:_Population22_289-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-People_and_Society:_Population22_289-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "People and Society: Population" . The World Fact Book . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=People+and+Society%3A+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-IEApop20112_290-0) ↑   (http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS) CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (https://web.archive.org/web/20091012151137/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS) Archived 12 October 2009 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  Population 1971–2008 IEA (http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf) pdf (https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf) Archived 6 January 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  pp. 83–85  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-291) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dunne, Daisy (17 February 2023). (https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria/) "The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria" . Carbon Brief . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200825081628/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria/) Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=The+Carbon+Brief+Profile%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fthe-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-auto12_292-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hdr.undp.org/en/data) "Human Development Data (1990–2017)" . United Nations Development Programme. (https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154237/http://hdr.undp.org/en/data) Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 17 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Data+%281990%E2%80%932017%29&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-293) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180309144042/http://www.yorubanation.org/) "Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association of Yoruba descendants in North America" . yorubanation.org. 19 May 2007. Archived from (http://www.yorubanation.org) the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egbe+Omo+Yoruba%2C+National+Association+of+Yoruba+descendants+in+North+America&rft.pub=yorubanation.org&rft.date=2007-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorubanation.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-294) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kent, Mary Mederios; Haub, Carl (December 2005). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110426083256/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx) "The Demographic Divide: What It Is and Why It Matters" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau) (Population Reference Bureau) Population Reference Bureau . Archived from (http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx) the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Demographic+Divide%3A+What+It+Is+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Mary+Mederios&rft.au=Haub%2C+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FArticles%2F2005%2FTheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McDonald, John F.; McMillen, Daniel P. (2010). Urban Economics and Real Estate: Theory and Policy . Wiley Desktop Editions (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59148-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59148-2) 978-0-470-59148-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Economics+and+Real+Estate%3A+Theory+and+Policy&rft.series=Wiley+Desktop+Editions&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-59148-2&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=McMillen%2C+Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Major_Urban_Areas:_Population_296-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Major Urban Areas: Population" . The World Fact Book . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=Major+Urban+Areas%3A+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-NGeo_297-0) ↑   "Nigeria" in Geographica: The complete Atlas of the world , Random House, 2002, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72037-5) (Special:BookSources/0-375-72037-5) 0-375-72037-5    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-298) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis, Peter (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132) Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria  . University of Michigan Press. p. 132. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4) 978-0-472-06980-4  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041237/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06980-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&pg=PA154) Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria  . US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2) 978-1-929223-28-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041216/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&pg=PA154) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-28-2&rft.aulast=Suberu&rft.aufirst=Rotimi+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKeUMmDlPkEC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-300) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Politzer, Malia (August 2008). (http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690) "China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration" . Migration Information Source. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140129114909/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690) Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+and+Africa%3A+Stronger+Economic+Ties+Mean+More+Migration&rft.pub=Migration+Information+Source&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Politzer&rft.aufirst=Malia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-301) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simpson, Sarah (August 2008). (https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html) "Why white Zimbabwean farmers plan to stay in Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor) (The Christian Science Monitor) The Christian Science Monitor  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20080504072806/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html) Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Why+white+Zimbabwean+farmers+plan+to+stay+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F0502%2Fp04s01-woaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-302) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-40975399) "BBC starts Pidgin digital service for West Africa audiences" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . 21 August 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+starts+Pidgin+digital+service+for+West+Africa+audiences&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-40975399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-303) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ebihard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). (http://www.ethnologue.com) "Nigeria" . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International Publications. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190912022921/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG) Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-304) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adegbija, Efurosibina E. (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55) Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study  . Last paragraph: Africa World Press. p. 55. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-173-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-173-9) 978-1-59221-173-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041223/https://books.google.com/books?id=auI_WuBrWncC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism%3A+A+Nigerian+Case+Study&rft.place=Last+paragraph&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-173-9&rft.aulast=Adegbija&rft.aufirst=Efurosibina+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauI_WuBrWncC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-305) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dukeh, Segun (25 November 2025). (https://guardian.ng/nigerian/why-do-nigerians-speak-french/) "Why Do Nigerians Speak French?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)) (The Guardian (Nigeria)) The Guardian  . Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 15 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Nigerians+Speak+French%3F&rft.date=2025-11-25&rft.aulast=Dukeh&rft.aufirst=Segun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fnigerian%2Fwhy-do-nigerians-speak-french%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-o351_306-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ndukauba, Kate Nbunne (22 July 2020). (https://doi.org/10.18535%2Fijsshi%2Fv7i07.07) "French Language and National Development The Case Of Nigeria" . The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention . 7 (07). Valley International: 6080– 6085. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.18535%2Fijsshi%2Fv7i07.07) 10.18535/ijsshi/v7i07.07  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2349-2031) 2349-2031 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+Invention&rft.atitle=French+Language+and+National+Development+The+Case+Of+Nigeria&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=07&rft.pages=6080-6085&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18535%2Fijsshi%2Fv7i07.07&rft.issn=2349-2031&rft.aulast=Ndukauba&rft.aufirst=Kate+Nbunne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18535%252Fijsshi%252Fv7i07.07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-d227_307-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Idowu, ADELEKE Simeon (3 August 2023). (https://www.academia.edu/105238753) "French Language Education in Nigeria: Significance and Status" . Academia.edu . Retrieved 22 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=French+Language+Education+in+Nigeria%3A+Significance+and+Status&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.aulast=Idowu&rft.aufirst=ADELEKE+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F105238753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Cia_19_308-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2020.zip) "Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2020 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 9 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2Fdownload%2Ffactbook-2020.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-309) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McKinnon, Andrew (2021). "Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys". Review of Religious Research . 63 (2): 303– 315. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13644-021-00450-5) 10.1007/s13644-021-00450-5 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F16008) 2164/16008  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Christians%2C+Muslims+and+Traditional+Worshippers+in+Nigeria%3A+Estimating+the+Relative+Proportions+from+Eleven+Nationally+Representative+Social+Surveys&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-315&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F16008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13644-021-00450-5&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-310) ↑   Chitando, Ezra (editor: Afe Adogame): African Traditions in the Study of Religion, Diaspora and Gendered Societies . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge (2016), p. 31. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317184188) (Special:BookSources/9781317184188) 9781317184188  . (https://books.google.com/books?id=VMjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31)  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041224/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived 27 June 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Pew_Forum_on_Religion2_311-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php) "Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Percentages" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012. Archived from (https://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php) the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Table%3A+Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+in+Percentages&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fgrl%2Fpopulation-percentage.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-312) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Diamant, Jeff (April 2019). (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/) "The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210118120245/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/) Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+countries+with+the+10+largest+Christian+populations+and+the+10+largest+Muslim+populations&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Diamant&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F04%2F01%2Fthe-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-auto2_313-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181016175434/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_166_2.asp) "Religious Adherents, 2010 – Nigeria" . World Christian Database. Archived from (http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_166_2.asp) the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Adherents%2C+2010+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&rft.pub=World+Christian+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FinternationalData%2Fcountries%2FCountry_166_2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Regional_Distribution_of_Christians2_314-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/) "Regional Distribution of Christians" . Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012932/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/) Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Distribution+of+Christians&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-315) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/Regional) "Distribution of Christians" . Pew Research Center . 4 June 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+Christians&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-muslim%2FRegional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged January 2023) permanent dead link   ]     (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-316) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/) "The Future of the Global Muslim Population" . Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/) Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Fthe-future-of-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria) "Nigeria – The World Factbook" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA) (CIA) CIA  . 6 February 2024. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Nigeria+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:22_318-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hackett, Conrad (11 November 2025). (https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/11/11/5-facts-about-religion-in-nigeria/) "5 facts about religion in Nigeria" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 23 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+religion+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2025-11-11&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2025%2F11%2F11%2F5-facts-about-religion-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://academic.oup.com/view-large/35408497) "Research note: Exploring survey data for historical and anthropological research: Muslim–Christian relations in south-west Nigeria" . Academic.oup.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220930220115/https://academic.oup.com/view-large/35408497) Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+note%3A+Exploring+survey+data+for+historical+and+anthropological+research%3A+Muslim%E2%80%93Christian+relations+in+south-west+Nigeria&rft.pub=Academic.oup.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fview-large%2F35408497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-320) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140306085141/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/columnist/thursday/jide-osuntokun/46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html) "Nigeria: a secular or multi-religious state – 2" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria)) (The Nation (Nigeria)) The Nation  . Lagos, Nigeria. Archived from (http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/columnist/thursday/jide-osuntokun/46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html) the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+a+secular+or+multi-religious+state+%E2%80%93+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationonlineng.net%2F2011%2Findex.php%2Fcolumnist%2Fthursday%2Fjide-osuntokun%2F46858-nigeria-a-secular-or-multi-religious-state-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-321) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ojo, Matthews A. (https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/watsjournal/article/1003/&path_info=VOL.3__NO.1__2016_ARTICLE_4.pdf) "Pentecostalism and Charismatic Movements in Nigeria: Factors of Growth and Inherent Challenges" (PDF) . The WATS Journal: An Online Journal from West Africa Theological Seminary . 3 (1). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+WATS+Journal%3A+An+Online+Journal+from+West+Africa+Theological+Seminary&rft.atitle=Pentecostalism+and+Charismatic+Movements+in+Nigeria%3A+Factors+of+Growth+and+Inherent+Challenges&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Ojo&rft.aufirst=Matthews+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Fparams%3D%2Fcontext%2Fwatsjournal%2Farticle%2F1003%2F%26path_info%3DVOL.3__NO.1__2016_ARTICLE_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120229202021/http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html) "The Middle Belt: History and politics" . Nasarawastate.org. 29 November 2004. Archived from (http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/culture/11129114540.html) the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Belt%3A+History+and+politics&rft.pub=Nasarawastate.org&rft.date=2004-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasarawastate.org%2Fnewsday%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F11129114540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-323) ↑   Akhtar, Rais (1991), Health Care Patterns and Planning in Developing Countries , Greenwood Press, p. 264.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm) "User fees for health: a background" . Archived from (http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm) the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+fees+for+health%3A+a+background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fhealthsystems%2Fuserfees%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070828093311/http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378) "Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria" . Archived from (http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378) the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effect+of+the+Bamako-Initiative+drug+revolving+fund+on+availability+and+rational+use+of+essential+drugs+in+primary+health+care+facilities+in+south-east+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheapol.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F17%2F4%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:13_326-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:13_326-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.noi-polls.com/post/malaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria) "Malaria Disease: A Worrisome Health Challenge in Nigeria" . NOIPolls . 15 May 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163906/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/malaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria) Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOIPolls&rft.atitle=Malaria+Disease%3A+A+Worrisome+Health+Challenge+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2Fmalaria-disease-a-worrisome-health-challenge-in-nigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://kncvnigeria.org/nigeria-is-among-the-14-high-burden-countries-for-tb/) "Nigeria is among the 14 high burden countries for TB - KNCV Nigeria" . 31 December 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+is+among+the+14+high+burden+countries+for+TB+-+KNCV+Nigeria&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkncvnigeria.org%2Fnigeria-is-among-the-14-high-burden-countries-for-tb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:0_328-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:0_328-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NGA) "| Human Development Reports" . hdr.undp.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210201161539/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/NGA) Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=%7C+Human+Development+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FNGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-329) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://profiles.countdown2030.org/#/cp/NGA) "Countdown Country Profiles" . profiles.countdown2030.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065727/https://profiles.countdown2030.org/#/cp/NGA) Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profiles.countdown2030.org&rft.atitle=Countdown+Country+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.countdown2030.org%2F%23%2Fcp%2FNGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-330) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=NG) "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Nigeria | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210307152327/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=NG) Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Mortality+rate%2C+infant+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29+%E2%80%93+Nigeria+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.IMRT.IN%3Flocations%3DNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-McNeil_331-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McNeil, Donald (11 May 2012). (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/health/a-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html) "Finding a Match, and a Mission: Helping Blacks Survive Cancer" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170411030631/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/12/health/a-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html) Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+a+Match%2C+and+a+Mission%3A+Helping+Blacks+Survive+Cancer&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F12%2Fhealth%2Fa-match-and-a-mission-helping-blacks-battle-cancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Matt_Schiavenza_332-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schiavenza, Matt (14 October 2014). (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/why-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram/381442/) "Why Nigeria Was Able to Beat Ebola, but Not Boko Haram" . The Atlantic . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210126135605/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/why-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram/381442/) Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+Was+Able+to+Beat+Ebola%2C+but+Not+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.aulast=Schiavenza&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F10%2Fwhy-nigeria-stopped-ebola-but-not-boko-haram%2F381442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-The_Punch_333-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/) "US sends experts to study Nigeria's anti-Ebola strategies" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . 3 October 2014. Archived from (http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/) the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=US+sends+experts+to+study+Nigeria%27s+anti-Ebola+strategies&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchng.com%2Fnews%2Fus-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Vanguard_334-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Odiogor, Hugo (2 October 2014). (http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/us-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola/) "US sends medical experts to study how Nigeria tamed Ebola" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)) (Vanguard (Nigeria)) Vanguard  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035212/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/us-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola/) Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanguard&rft.atitle=US+sends+medical+experts+to+study+how+Nigeria+tamed+Ebola&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.aulast=Odiogor&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fus-sends-medical-experts-study-nigeria-tamed-ebola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-335) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anekwe, Mike Chinedu (April 2003). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527134510/http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm) "BRAIN DRAIN: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta_Congress) (Niger Delta Congress) Niger Delta Congress . Archived from (http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm) the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRAIN+DRAIN%3A+THE+NIGERIAN+EXPERIENCE+%281%29&rft.pub=Niger+Delta+Congress&rft.date=2003-04&rft.aulast=Anekwe&rft.aufirst=Mike+Chinedu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerdeltacongress.com%2Fbarticles%2Fbrain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-CP2006_336-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-CP2006_336-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf) "Country Profile – Nigeria" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress) (United States Library of Congress) United States Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. July 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20080527194855/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&rft.pub=United+States+Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNigeria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education) "Education | UNICEF Nigeria" . www.unicef.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240126083302/https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/education) Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Education+%7C+UNICEF+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fnigeria%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/nigeria) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Fnigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html) Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization . p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) 978-92-805-3797-0  . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025%3A+Innovation+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3797-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2025%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:14_340-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:14_340-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-:14_340-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.noi-polls.com/post/7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful) "7 In 10 Nigerians find "state of security" dreadful" . noi-polls.com . 27 May 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231004023643/https://www.noi-polls.com/post/7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful) Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=noi-polls.com&rft.atitle=7+In+10+Nigerians+find+%22state+of+security%22+dreadful&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2F7-in-10-nigerians-find-state-of-security-dreadful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-341) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gavin, Michelle. (https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483) "Nigeria Security Tracker" . Council on Foreign Relations . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181115063510/https://www.cfr.org/nigeria/nigeria-security-tracker/p29483) Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Security+Tracker&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fnigeria%2Fnigeria-security-tracker%2Fp29483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Igwe, Uchenna (17 January 2023). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jan/17/nigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore) "Murder, kidnapping and arson: Nigerian pirates switch targets from ships to shore" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041232/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/jan/17/nigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore) Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Murder%2C+kidnapping+and+arson%3A+Nigerian+pirates+switch+targets+from+ships+to+shore&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft.aulast=Igwe&rft.aufirst=Uchenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2023%2Fjan%2F17%2Fnigeria-pirates-switch-targets-from-ships-to-shore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-343) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.occ.gov/topics/consumers-and-communities/consumer-protection/fraud-resources/types-of-consumer-fraud.html#nigerian) "Types of Consumer Fraud" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency) (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency) Office of the Comptroller of the Currency . 6 April 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Consumer+Fraud&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Comptroller+of+the+Currency&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occ.gov%2Ftopics%2Fconsumers-and-communities%2Fconsumer-protection%2Ffraud-resources%2Ftypes-of-consumer-fraud.html%23nigerian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-344) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/about-efcc/the-establishment-act) "The Establishment Act" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission) (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) Economic and Financial Crimes Commission  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210625141718/https://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/about-efcc/the-establishment-act) Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Establishment+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efccnigeria.org%2Fefcc%2Fabout-efcc%2Fthe-establishment-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sanni, Kunle (4 January 2023). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html) "EFCC secures 3,785 convictions in 2022" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041037/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html) Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=EFCC+secures+3%2C785+convictions+in+2022&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Sanni&rft.aufirst=Kunle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-news%2F574055-efcc-secures-3785-convictions-in-2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-346) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Agbana, Rotimi (20 May 2023). (https://punchng.com/corrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc/) "Corrupt politicians planning to flee before May 29 – EFCC" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041036/https://punchng.com/corrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc/) Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=Corrupt+politicians+planning+to+flee+before+May+29+%E2%80%93+EFCC&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.aulast=Agbana&rft.aufirst=Rotimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fcorrupt-politicians-planning-to-flee-before-may-29-efcc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/nigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head) "Nigeria's President Tinubu suspends anti-corruption agency head" . aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231005041036/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/nigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head) Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+President+Tinubu+suspends+anti-corruption+agency+head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F15%2Fnigerias-president-tinubu-suspends-anti-corruption-agency-head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-348) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2017&locations=NG&start=1985) "Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Nigeria | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132013/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?end=2017&locations=NG&start=1985) Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%242.15+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Nigeria+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Fend%3D2017%26locations%3DNG%26start%3D1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Olawoyin, Oladeinde (30 March 2022). (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html) "Number of poor people in Nigeria to reach 95 million in 2022 – World Bank" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Times) (Premium Times) Premium Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2360-7688) 2360-7688 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221012074437/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html) Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times&rft.atitle=Number+of+poor+people+in+Nigeria+to+reach+95+million+in+2022+%E2%80%93+World+Bank&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.issn=2360-7688&rft.aulast=Olawoyin&rft.aufirst=Oladeinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2F520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/21/afw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty) "Nigeria Poverty Assessment" . World Bank. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221011134326/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/21/afw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty) Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Poverty+Assessment&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2022%2F03%2F21%2Fafw-deep-structural-reforms-guided-by-evidence-are-urgently-needed-to-lift-millions-of-nigerians-out-of-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-351) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yusuf, Aremu (February 2014). (https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/55538/1/MPRA_paper_55538.pdf) "The Informal Sector and Employment Generation in Nigeria" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Informal+Sector+and+Employment+Generation+in+Nigeria.&rft.date=2014-02&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=Aremu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F55538%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_55538.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/) "92% of Nigerian adult males own mobile device, says GSMA" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch) (The Punch) The Punch  . 26 June 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153505/https://punchng.com/92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma/) Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=92%25+of+Nigerian+adult+males+own+mobile+device%2C+says+GSMA&rft.date=2022-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2F92-of-nigerian-adult-males-own-mobile-device-says-gsma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights2_353-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights2_353-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175315/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm) "2008 Human Rights Report: Nigeria" . 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices . United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 25 February 2009. Archived from (https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm) the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2008+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&rft.atitle=2008+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Nigeria&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2008%2Faf%2F119018.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/cedaw/pages/cedawindex.aspx) "OHCHR | Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women" . ohchr.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301183748/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CEDAW/Pages/CEDAWIndex.aspx) Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%26%23124%3B+Committee+on+the+Elimination+of+Discrimination+against+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhrbodies%2Fcedaw%2Fpages%2Fcedawindex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-355) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guilbert, Kieran (17 March 2017). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4) "Failure to pass equality bill betrays Nigerian women, activists say" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201025232111/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4) Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Failure+to+pass+equality+bill+betrays+Nigerian+women%2C+activists+say&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.aulast=Guilbert&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-nigeria-women-lawmaking-idUSKCN0WJ2L4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. (http://www.refworld.org/docid/50b4ab202.html) "Refworld – Nigeria: Prevalence of forced marriage, particularly in Muslim and Yoruba communities; information on legislation, including state protection; ability of women to refuse a forced marriage" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191703/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50b4ab202.html) Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+Nigeria%3A+Prevalence+of+forced+marriage%2C+particularly+in+Muslim+and+Yoruba+communities%3B+information+on+legislation%2C+including+state+protection%3B+ability+of+women+to+refuse+a+forced+marriage&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F50b4ab202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-357) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mark, Monica (2 September 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/02/nigeria-child-brides-religion) "Nigeria's child brides: 'I thought being in labour would never end' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301091348/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/sep/02/nigeria-child-brides-religion) Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+child+brides%3A+%27I+thought+being+in+labour+would+never+end%27&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2013%2Fsep%2F02%2Fnigeria-child-brides-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-358) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clarke, Joe Sandler (11 March 2015). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/11/the-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides) "Nigeria: Child brides facing death sentences a decade after child marriage prohibited" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035118/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/11/the-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides) Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Child+brides+facing+death+sentences+a+decade+after+child+marriage+prohibited&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Joe+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2015%2Fmar%2F11%2Fthe-tragedy-of-nigerias-child-brides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-359) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Shoneyin) (Lola Shoneyin) Shoneyin, Lola (19 March 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/20/polygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition) "Polygamy? No thanks" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130909180216/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/20/polygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition) Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Polygamy%3F+No+thanks&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=Shoneyin&rft.aufirst=Lola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmar%2F20%2Fpolygamy-nigeria-abuja-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aluko, Bioye Tajudeen & Amidu, Abdul–Rasheed (2006). (https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf) "Women and Land Rights Reforms in Nigeria" (PDF) . 5th FIG Regional Conference. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210126044618/https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/accra/papers/ts09/ts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Land+Rights+Reforms+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=5th+FIG+Regional+Conference&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Aluko&rft.aufirst=Bioye+Tajudeen&rft.au=Amidu%2C+Abdul%E2%80%93Rasheed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig.net%2Fresources%2Fproceedings%2Ffig_proceedings%2Faccra%2Fpapers%2Fts09%2Fts09_04_aluko_amidu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-361) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT) "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210214211400/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT) Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Maternal+mortality+ratio+%28modeled+estimate%2C+per+100%2C000+live+births%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.STA.MMRT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-362) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Topping, Alexandra (29 May 2015). (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners) "Nigeria's female genital mutilation ban is important precedent, say campaigners" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210205184606/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners) Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+female+genital+mutilation+ban+is+important+precedent%2C+say+campaigners&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2015%2Fmay%2F29%2Foutlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-363) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oduah, Chika (11 June 2015). (http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/in-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html) "In Nigeria, neglected women bear the shame of fistulas" . america.aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224033157/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/6/11/in-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html) Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=In+Nigeria%2C+neglected+women+bear+the+shame+of+fistulas&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Oduah&rft.aufirst=Chika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F6%2F11%2Fin-nigeria-neglected-women-bear-the-shame-of-fistulas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit/) "The Dutch doctor and the river spirit" . Radio Netherlands Archives . 6 March 2002. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192825/http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit/) Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Netherlands+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+doctor+and+the+river+spirit&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionetherlandsarchives.org%2Fthe-dutch-doctor-and-the-river-spirit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723_365-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723_365-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Ajayi,_Kunle_200723_365-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ajayi, Kunle (March 2007). "Gender Self-Endangering: The Sexist Issue in Nigerian Politics". Journal of Social Sciences . 14 (2): 145– 147. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09718923.2007.11978365) 10.1080/09718923.2007.11978365 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gender+Self-Endangering%3A+The+Sexist+Issue+in+Nigerian+Politics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-147&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09718923.2007.11978365&rft.aulast=Ajayi&rft.aufirst=Kunle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-366) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Azinge, Epiphany (1994). "The Right to Vote in Nigeria: A Critical Commentary on the Open Ballot System". Journal of African Law . 38 (2): 173– 180. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021855300005507) 10.1017/S0021855300005507 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/745393) 745393 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Law&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Vote+in+Nigeria%3A+A+Critical+Commentary+on+the+Open+Ballot+System&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-180&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021855300005507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F745393%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Azinge&rft.aufirst=Epiphany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-367) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Arum, Ifeyinwa; Eze, Nnenna Sandra (24 August 2022). (https://www.runjmss.com/index.php/runojs/article/view/43) "Women and the Informal Sector of Nigerian Economy" . Redeemer's University Journal of Management and Social Sciences . 5 (1). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Redeemer%27s+University+Journal+of+Management+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Informal+Sector+of+Nigerian+Economy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft.aulast=Arum&rft.aufirst=Ifeyinwa&rft.au=Eze%2C+Nnenna+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.runjmss.com%2Findex.php%2Frunojs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-368) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bearak, Max; Cameron, Darla (16 June 2016). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/) "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210623062213/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/) Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Darla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-UKtravel2_369-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110524133652/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3) "Sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria" . Travel advice by country . United Kingdom, Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 20 March 2009. Archived from (http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3) the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+advice+by+country&rft.atitle=Sub+Saharan+Africa%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Ftravel-advice-by-country%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Fnigeria%3Fta%3DlawsCustoms%26pg%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2002/01/08/hrw-condemns-sharia-execution) "HRW condemns Sharia execution" . The New Humanitarian . 8 January 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Humanitarian&rft.atitle=HRW+condemns+Sharia+execution&rft.date=2002-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Fnews%2F2002%2F01%2F08%2Fhrw-condemns-sharia-execution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-pewglobal.org2_371-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/) "The Global Divide on Homosexuality" . pewglobal . 4 June 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/) Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewglobal&rft.atitle=The+Global+Divide+on+Homosexuality&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2013%2F06%2F04%2Fthe-global-divide-on-homosexuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version#general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors) "Country policy and information note: sexual orientation and gender identity or expression, Nigeria, February 2022 (accessible version)" . Gov.uk . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231012014659/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version#general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors) Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Country+policy+and+information+note%3A+sexual+orientation+and+gender+identity+or+expression%2C+Nigeria%2C+February+2022+%28accessible+version%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fnigeria-country-policy-and-information-notes%2Fcountry-policy-and-information-note-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-or-expression-nigeria-february-2022-accessible-version%23general-treatment-by-state-and-non-state-actors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hansford, Amelia (5 September 2023). (https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/05/nigeria-alleged-gay-wedding/) "More than 60 people remanded in jail for attending alleged gay wedding in Nigeria" . PinkNews . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231012014659/https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/09/05/nigeria-alleged-gay-wedding/) Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=More+than+60+people+remanded+in+jail+for+attending+alleged+gay+wedding+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Hansford&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinknews.com%2F2023%2F09%2F05%2Fnigeria-alleged-gay-wedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euaa.europa.eu/country-guidance-nigeria/214-lgbtiq-persons) "2.14. LGBTIQ persons" . EUAA - European Union Agency for Asylum . Retrieved 25 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUAA+-+European+Union+Agency+for+Asylum&rft.atitle=2.14.+LGBTIQ+persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euaa.europa.eu%2Fcountry-guidance-nigeria%2F214-lgbtiq-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/anti-gay-laws-expose-nigerian-lgbtq-community-to-extortion-violence/video-76549604) "Nigeria: LGBTQ+ community faces extortion, violence" . Deutsche Welle . 30 June 2026. Retrieved 25 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+LGBTQ%2B+community+faces+extortion%2C+violence&rft.date=2026-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fanti-gay-laws-expose-nigerian-lgbtq-community-to-extortion-violence%2Fvideo-76549604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-376) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.noi-polls.com/post/may-2010-snap-poll-views-of-nigerians-on-same-sex-relationships) "May 2018 Snap Poll Views of Nigerians on Same-sex Relationships" . NOI Polls . 11 December 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOI+Polls&rft.atitle=May+2018+Snap+Poll+Views+of+Nigerians+on+Same-sex+Relationships&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noi-polls.com%2Fpost%2Fmay-2010-snap-poll-views-of-nigerians-on-same-sex-relationships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm) "About Nigeria" . nigeriaembassygermany.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231015033706/https://nigeriaembassygermany.org/about-nigeria.htm) Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nigeriaembassygermany.org&rft.atitle=About+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnigeriaembassygermany.org%2Fabout-nigeria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-theconversation_378-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-theconversation_378-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-theconversation_378-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-theconversation_378-3) 4  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-theconversation_378-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ngobili, Chijioke (14 July 2022). Blignaut, Charl (ed.). (https://theconversation.com/100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298) "100 years of pop music in Nigeria: What shaped four eras" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.64628%2FAAJ.r95cfkvfr) 10.64628/AAJ.r95cfkvfr . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041348/https://theconversation.com/100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298) Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+years+of+pop+music+in+Nigeria%3A+What+shaped+four+eras&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.64628%2FAAJ.r95cfkvfr&rft.aulast=Ngobili&rft.aufirst=Chijioke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2F100-years-of-pop-music-in-nigeria-what-shaped-four-eras-181298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-sunng_379-0) 1  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-sunng_379-1) 2  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-sunng_379-2) 3  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-sunng_379-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective/?amp) "Nigerians and their music: A historical perspective" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Nigeria)) (The Sun (Nigeria)) The Sun  . Lagos, Nigeria. 10 March 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231016042850/https://sunnewsonline.com/nigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective/?amp) Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Nigerians+and+their+music%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnewsonline.com%2Fnigerians-and-their-music-a-historical-perspective%2F%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/william-onyeabor-mn0000683943) "William Onyeabor Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More" . AllMusic . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231031063653/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/william-onyeabor-mn0000683943) Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=William+Onyeabor+Songs%2C+Albums%2C+Reviews%2C+Bio+%26+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fwilliam-onyeabor-mn0000683943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-381) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oluwafemi, Taiwo (20 February 2023). (https://tooxclusive.com/2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era/) "2face, D'banj, P-Square – Who Was The Biggest Artiste Of Their Era?" . tooXclusive . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://tooxclusive.com/2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era/) Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tooXclusive&rft.atitle=2face%2C+D%27banj%2C+P-Square+%E2%80%93+Who+Was+The+Biggest+Artiste+Of+Their+Era%3F&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.aulast=Oluwafemi&rft.aufirst=Taiwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftooxclusive.com%2F2face-dbanj-p-square-who-was-the-biggest-artiste-of-their-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Azeez, Makinde (8 September 2018). (https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend) "2Baba, D'banj And Psquare – Which One Of Them Is Worth Calling A Musical Legend?" . Naijaloaded . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041350/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend) Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naijaloaded&rft.atitle=2Baba%2C+D%27banj+And+Psquare+%E2%80%93+Which+One+Of+Them+Is+Worth+Calling+A+Musical+Legend%3F&rft.date=2018-09-08&rft.aulast=Azeez&rft.aufirst=Makinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naijaloaded.com.ng%2Fentertainment%2F2baba-dbanj-and-psquare-which-one-of-them-is-worth-calling-a-musical-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  HOPKID (25 April 2023). (https://naijasureguys.com.ng/psquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face/) "PSquare Paved The Way For Afrobeat Not D'banj or 2face" . THE NSG . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231016041349/https://naijasureguys.com.ng/psquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face/) Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+NSG&rft.atitle=PSquare+Paved+The+Way+For+Afrobeat+Not+D%27banj+or+2face&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.au=HOPKID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaijasureguys.com.ng%2Fpsquare-paved-the-way-for-afrobeat-not-dbanj-or-2face%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102925/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html) "AP/CNN: MTV launches first-ever African music award show" . CNN. 22 November 2008. Archived from (http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html) the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AP%2FCNN%3A+MTV+launches+first-ever+African+music+award+show&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F11%2F22%2FMTV.Africa.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Top_20_films_9th_15th_April_2021_-_Cinema_Exhibitors_Association_of_Nigeria_385-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021) "Top 20 Films Report 9th–15th April 2021" . Nigeria: CEAN. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210420090341/https://www.ceanigeria.com/box-office/206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021) Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+20+Films+Report+9th%E2%80%9315th+April+2021&rft.place=Nigeria&rft.pub=CEAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceanigeria.com%2Fbox-office%2F206-top-20-films-report-9th-15th-april-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/lights-camera-africa?story_id=17723124&CFID=153287426&CFTOKEN=59754693) "Lights, camera, Africa" . The Economist . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031741/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2010/12/16/lights-camera-africa?story_id=17723124&CFID=153287426&CFTOKEN=59754693) Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Lights%2C+camera%2C+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchristmas-specials%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Flights-camera-africa%3Fstory_id%3D17723124%26CFID%3D153287426%26CFTOKEN%3D59754693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Thorburn,_Jane2_387-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thorburn, Jane. (http://www.janethorburn.co.uk/nollywood2DoingItRight.html#pixsmall48adfc) "NOLLYWOOD 2 Doing It Right" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052908/http://www.janethorburn.co.uk/nollywood2DoingItRight.html#pixsmall48adfc) Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOLLYWOOD+2+Doing+It+Right&rft.au=Thorburn%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janethorburn.co.uk%2Fnollywood2DoingItRight.html%23pixsmall48adfc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-The_Economist2_388-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket) "Nigerian films try to move upmarket: Nollywood's new scoreboard" . The Economist . 17 July 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180209134216/https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket) Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Nigerian+films+try+to+move+upmarket%3A+Nollywood%27s+new+scoreboard&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbaobab%2F2014%2F07%2Fnigerian-films-try-move-upmarket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-389) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akande, Victor (14 September 2014). (http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/) "Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria)) (The Nation (Nigeria)) The Nation  . Lagos, Nigeria. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130922123311/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/) Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Toronto%3A+Nigerians+disagree+over+new+Nollywood&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.au=Akande%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fnew%2Ftoronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-390) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ritman, Alex (3 November 2025). (https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/bifa-nominations-2025-my-fathers-shadow-pillion-i-swear-1236568217/) " 'My Father's Shadow,' 'Pillion' and 'I Swear' Lead British Independent Film Awards Nominations" . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27My+Father%27s+Shadow%2C%27+%27Pillion%27+and+%27I+Swear%27+Lead+British+Independent+Film+Awards+Nominations&rft.date=2025-11-03&rft.aulast=Ritman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2025%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Fbifa-nominations-2025-my-fathers-shadow-pillion-i-swear-1236568217%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-391) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liston, Enjoli (10 April 2014). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood) "Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight" . The Guardian Newspaper . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140412020045/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood) Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Hello+Nollywood%3A+how+Nigeria+became+Africa%27s+biggest+economy+overnight&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.au=Liston%2C+Enjoli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fapr%2F10%2Fnigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-392) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hazlewood, Phil (7 April 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145853/http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt) "Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt" . Sowetan Live. Archived from (http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt) the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nollywood+helps+Nigeria+kick+South+Africa%27s+economic+butt&rft.pub=Sowetan+Live&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.au=Hazlewood%2C+Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sowetanlive.co.za%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2014%2F04%2F07%2Fnollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-393) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Manasa, Makweembo (11 February 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100710080804/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/) "TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet in Our Midst?" . Zambian Watchdog . Archived from (http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/) the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambian+Watchdog&rft.atitle=TB+Joshua+%E2%80%93+21st+Century+Prophet+in+Our+Midst%3F&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Manasa&rft.aufirst=Makweembo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2F2010%2F02%2F11%2Ftb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-OnlineNigeria2_394-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.onlinenigeria.com/festivals/) "Festivals in Nigeria" . Online Nigeria . (https://web.archive.org/web/20111116020515/http://www.onlinenigeria.com/festivals/) Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Festivals+in+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinenigeria.com%2Ffestivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-Oxford20102_395-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=VFONkYzHco8C&pg=PA243) "Patchwork of Celebration" . The Report: Nigeria 2010 . Oxford Business Group. p. 243. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-14-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-14-9) 978-1-907065-14-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patchwork+of+Celebration&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Nigeria+2010&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-14-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFONkYzHco8C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   Anthonio, H.O. and Isoun, M. (1982), Nigerian Cookbook , Macmillan, Lagos, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-32698-9) (Special:BookSources/0-333-32698-9) 0-333-32698-9  .  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-397) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  None (11 June 2019). (https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/) "The state of Nigeria's Fashion Industry" . stearsng.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220617020333/https://www.stearsng.com/article/the-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry/) Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stearsng.com&rft.atitle=The+state+of+Nigeria%27s+Fashion+Industry&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft.au=None&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stearsng.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-state-of-nigerias-fashion-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-398) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41147762) "World Cup 2018 - which 32 teams have qualified for Russia?" . BBC Sport . 4 September 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2018+-+which+32+teams+have+qualified+for+Russia%3F&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F41147762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-399) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120826193254/http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp) "Nigerian Basketball" . Africabasket.com. 2011. Archived from (http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp) the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigerian+Basketball&rft.pub=Africabasket.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabasket.com%2FNigeria%2Fbasketball.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-400) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Selbe, Nick (10 July 2021). (https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics) "Nigeria Upsets Team USA in Pre-Olympics Exhibition" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) (Sports Illustrated) Sports Illustrated  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070355/https://www.si.com/olympics/2021/07/11/team-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics) Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Upsets+Team+USA+in+Pre-Olympics+Exhibition&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft.aulast=Selbe&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Folympics%2F2021%2F07%2F11%2Fteam-usa-upset-nigeria-tokyo-games-mens-basketball-exhibition-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-401) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20120710072346/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/p/newsid/52642/arti.html) OQTM – Nigeria celebrates 'greatest' victory , fiba.com, accessed 16 December 2012.  (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-402) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nxumalo, Lee (20 December 2020). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/) "Basketball's next frontier is Africa" . New Frame . Archived from (https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/) the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Frame&rft.atitle=Basketball%27s+next+frontier+is+Africa&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft.aulast=Nxumalo&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newframe.com%2Fbasketballs-next-frontier-is-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-403) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Udoh, Colin (17 November 2017). (http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics) "Nigeria bobsled women qualify for Winter Olympics" . ESPN. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125155358/https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics) Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+bobsled+women+qualify+for+Winter+Olympics&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Udoh&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.co.uk%2Fespn%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F21430137%2Fnigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-404) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1) "Why Nigeria produces Scrabble champions" . The Economist . 30 November 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201203174451/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1) Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Nigeria+produces+Scrabble+champions&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fwhy-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions%3Fzid%3D319%26ah%3D17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-405) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230607182418/https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/) "First African curling facility begins development in Nigeria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Curling_Federation) (World Curling Federation) World Curling Federation . 18 June 2020. Archived from (https://worldcurling.org/2020/06/nigeria-rink/) the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+African+curling+facility+begins+development+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=World+Curling+Federation&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldcurling.org%2F2020%2F06%2Fnigeria-rink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-406) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414) "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB) (FIVB) FIVB . 22 June 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414) Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-407) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sunnewsonline.com/beach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde/) "Beach Volleyball: Team Nigeria lands in Cape Verde" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Nigeria)) (The Sun (Nigeria)) The Sun  . Lagos, Nigeria. 25 February 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210829153543/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/beach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde/) Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Beach+Volleyball%3A+Team+Nigeria+lands+in+Cape+Verde&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnewsonline.com%2Fbeach-volleyball-team-nigeria-lands-in-cape-verde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)    (Nigeria.html#cite_ref-408) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.topendsports.com/sport/new/loofball.htm) "About Loofball" . topendsports.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230531105739/https://www.topendsports.com/sport/new/loofball.htm) Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=topendsports.com&rft.atitle=About+Loofball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topendsports.com%2Fsport%2Fnew%2Floofball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)      Bibliography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Derfler, Leslie (2011). The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders: Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Indira Gandhi . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349290512) (Special:BookSources/978-1349290512) 978-1349290512  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Political+Leaders%3A+Olof+Palme%2C+Olusegun+Obasanjo%2C+and+Indira+Gandhi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1349290512&rft.aulast=Derfler&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)) (John Iliffe (historian)) Iliffe, John (2011). Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World . Boydell & Brewer. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010278) (Special:BookSources/9781847010278) 9781847010278  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81pgm) 10.7722/j.ctt81pgm . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/796383923) 796383923 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obasanjo%2C+Nigeria+and+the+World&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F796383923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt81pgm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781847010278&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shillington, Kevin (2005). History of Africa (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333599570) (Special:BookSources/9780333599570) 9780333599570  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780333599570&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)      Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adamolekun, Ladipo (2026). (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003752592) Reflections on Governance and Development in Nigeria  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003752592) 10.4324/9781003752592 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003752592) (Special:BookSources/9781003752592) 9781003752592  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Governance+and+Development+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003752592&rft.isbn=9781003752592&rft.aulast=Adamolekun&rft.aufirst=Ladipo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003752592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morel, E. D. (1912). (https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/71863) Nigeria: Its peoples and its problems  . Smith, Elder & Co. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Its+peoples+and+its+problems&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Morel&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F71863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria (Fourth Dimension, 1983) Dibua, Jeremiah I. Modernization and the Crisis of Development in Africa: The Nigerian Experience (Routledge, 2017) Ekundare, Olufemi R. An Economic History of Nigeria 1860–1960 (Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711) 10.1017/CBO9780511819711 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86294-3) 978-0-521-86294-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nigeria&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511819711&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86294-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Heaton%2C+Matthew+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   Falola, Toyin; and Adam Paddock. Environment and Economics in Nigeria (2012) Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018) (http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/de/94/931b0247425ba03333178c9595d2/de98fbe8-46c3-487e-b684-9d5ba3760418.pdf) online ((https://web.archive.org/web/20220401062344/http://shcas.shnu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/de/94/931b0247425ba03333178c9595d2/de98fbe8-46c3-487e-b684-9d5ba3760418.pdf) Archived 1 April 2022 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hill, Sam (15 January 2020). (https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/black-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW?ocid=spartanntp) "Black China: Africa's First Superpower Is Coming Sooner Than You Think" . Newsweek . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200115191214/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/black-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think/ar-BBYYOwW%3Focid%3Dspartanntp) Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Black+China%3A+Africa%27s+First+Superpower+Is+Coming+Sooner+Than+You+Think&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fblack-china-africas-first-superpower-is-coming-sooner-than-you-think%2Far-BBYYOwW%3Focid%3Dspartanntp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigeria)   Jones, Cunliffe-Peter. My Nigeria: Five Decades of Independence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Nigeria: a country study (U.S. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1992) (https://countrystudies.us/nigeria/) online , comprehensive historical coverage; not copyright. Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African History . (University of Michigan Press, 2005) p. 1401.   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Oronna                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria) (Outline of Nigeria) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria) (Category:Nigeria) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria) (Portal:Nigeria) Portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria) (Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria) (Template talk:Ethnic groups in Nigeria) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria) (Edit this template) e     (Nigeria.html#Ethnic_groups) Ethnic groups in Nigeria    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afemai_people) (Afemai people) Afemai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlo_Ewe) (Anlo Ewe) Anlo Ewe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people) (Anaang people) Anaang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afusari) (Afusari) Afusari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atyap_people) (Atyap people) Atyap  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_people) (Bariba people) Bariba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people) (Berom people) Berom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buduma_people) (Buduma people) Buduma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba_people) (Chamba people) Chamba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka_people) (Defaka people) Defaka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendi_people) (Dendi people) Dendi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarma_people) (Zarma people) Djerma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebira_people) (Ebira people) Ebira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_people) (Edo people) Edo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_people) (Efik people) Efik  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eket) (Eket) Eket  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoi_people) (Ekoi people) Ekoi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleme_people) (Eleme people) Eleme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esan_people) (Esan people) Esan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon_people) (Fon people) Fon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbagyi_people) (Gbagyi people) Gbagyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goemai_language) (Goemai language) Goemai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people) (Hausa people) Hausa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people) (Ibibio people) Ibibio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoma_people) (Idoma people) Idoma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igala_people) (Igala people) Igala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede) (Igede) Igede  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people) (Igbo people) Igbo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpeye_people) (Ekpeye people) Ekpeye  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etche) (Etche) Etche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwerre_people) (Ikwerre people) Ikwerre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwuani_people) (Ukwuani people) Ukwuani    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people) (Ijaw people) Ijaw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bille_tribe) (Bille tribe) Bille  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenni_people) (Engenni people) Engenni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibani_tribe) (Ibani tribe) Ibani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_tribe) (Kalabari tribe) Kalabari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karai-Karai_people) (Karai-Karai people) Karai-Karai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)) (Kula tribe (Rivers State)) Kula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkoro_tribe) (Nkoro tribe) Nkoro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkoroo_people) (Nkoroo people) Nkoroo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolo_people) (Obolo people) Obolo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_people) (Isoko people) Isoko  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsekiri_people) (Itsekiri people) Itsekiri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people) (Iwellemmedan people) Iwellemmedan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)) (Jukun people (West Africa)) Jukun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuku_people) (Kamuku people) Kamuku  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people) (Kanuri people) Kanuri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilba_people) (Kilba people) Kilba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirdi) (Kirdi) Kirdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_people) (Kode people) Kode  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofyar_people) (Kofyar people) Kofyar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoko_people) (Kotoko people) Kotoko  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuteb_people) (Kuteb people) Kuteb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longuda_people) (Longuda people) Longuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafa_people) (Mafa people) Mafa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambila_people) (Mambila people) Mambilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandara_people) (Mandara people) Mandara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumuye_people) (Mumuye people) Mumuye  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundang_people) (Mundang people) Mundang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_people) (Nupe people) Nupe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba_people) (Ogba people) Ogba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogoni_people) (Ogoni people) Ogoni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogu_people) (Ogu people) Ogu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_people) (Saro people) Saro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_people) (Tera people) Tera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangale_people) (Tangale people) Tangale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok_people) (Tarok people) Tarok  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv_people) (Tiv people) Tiv  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people) (Urhobo people) Urhobo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja_people) (Waja people) Waja  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakö_people) (Yakö people) Yakö  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people) (Yoruba people) Yoruba (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_people) (Ijebu people) Ijebu        (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria) (Portal:Nigeria) Nigeria portal       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_of_Nigeria) (Template:States of Nigeria) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_Nigeria) (Template talk:States of Nigeria) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_Nigeria) (Special:EditPage/Template:States of Nigeria) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Nigeria) (States of Nigeria) States of Nigeria    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_(Nigeria)) (North Central (Nigeria)) North Central  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State) Katsina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_State) (Kebbi State) Kebbi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_State) (Sokoto State) Sokoto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_State) (Zamfara State) Zamfara      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(Nigeria)) (North East (Nigeria)) North East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_State) (Adamawa State) Adamawa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi_State) (Bauchi State) Bauchi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State) (Borno State) Borno  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State) (Gombe State) Gombe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraba_State) (Taraba State) Taraba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobe_State) (Yobe State) Yobe      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(Nigeria)) (South East (Nigeria)) South East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abia_State) (Abia State) Abia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_State) (Anambra State) Anambra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi_State) (Ebonyi State) Ebonyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu_State) (Enugu State) Enugu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_State) (Imo State) Imo      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_South) (South South) South South  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State) (Akwa Ibom State) Akwa Ibom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa_State) (Bayelsa State) Bayelsa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State) (Cross River State) Cross River  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_State) (Delta State) Delta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_State) (Edo State) Edo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_State) (Rivers State) Rivers      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_(Nigeria)) (South West (Nigeria)) South West  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State) (Ekiti State) Ekiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State) (Lagos State) Lagos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State) (Ogun State) Ogun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State) (Ondo State) Ondo  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of 15) Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1990  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1991  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1994  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1995  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1996  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_G-15_summit) (9th G-15 summit) 1999  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 2000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 2001  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_G-15_summit) (12th G-15 summit) 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_G-15_summit) (13th G-15 summit) 2006  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_G-15_summit) (14th G-15 summit) 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_G-15_summit) (15th G-15 summit) 2012      Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) Chile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state) (Associated state) Associated states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands) (Cook Islands) Cook Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niue      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands) (Ashmore and Cartier Islands) Ashmore and Cartier Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory) (Australian Antarctic Territory) Australian Antarctic Territory   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands) (Coral Sea Islands) Coral Sea Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands) (Heard Island and McDonald Islands) Heard Island and McDonald Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island) (Norfolk Island) Norfolk Island      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand) (Realm of New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency) (Ross Dependency) Ross Dependency   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau) (Tokelau) Tokelau      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown) (The Crown) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla) (Anguilla) Anguilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda) (Bermuda) Bermuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory) (British Antarctic Territory) British Antarctic Territory   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) (British Virgin Islands) British Virgin Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands) (Cayman Islands) Cayman Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands) (Falkland Islands) Falkland Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar) (Gibraltar) Gibraltar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Guernsey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man) (Isle of Man) Isle of Man  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey) (Jersey) Jersey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat) (Montserrat) Montserrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands) (Pitcairn Islands) Pitcairn Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha) (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) (Turks and Caicos Islands) Turks and Caicos Islands           Source: (https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries) Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States) (Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States) (Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States) (Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States) (Community of Sahel–Saharan States) Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde) (Cape Verde) Cape Verde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (Nigeria.html) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha) (Hissein Brahim Taha) Hissein Brahim Taha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (Nigeria.html) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Template talk:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Council of Ministers of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Council of Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Summit      Members ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  ()      (Nigeria.html) Nigeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey               (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1033#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121578678) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/130803976) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042300-1) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205229) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWvf9xXVHQKFTDpVGCQq) WorldCat       National (Nigeria) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056412) United States    (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868654f) France  (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945159t) 2     (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868654f) BnF data  (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945159t) 2     (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568000) Japan   (Nigérie) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130176&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX452385) Spain   (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4037269) Norway   (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810641409305606) Poland   (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/46452) Vatican   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266066205171) Israel   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005758792609366) Croatia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/1e23d84b-202e-3fc8-8c49-debc71e9eb16) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/8de0c099-0c62-4076-8741-7927d6327c7a) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/NM2HZNFn) UK Parliament       Other (Nigeria) (https://www.idref.fr/026439131) IdRef   (Nigeria) (https://www.idref.fr/027401553) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003460) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035781) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nijerya) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/50734792-6e58-4df1-bf05-b1c03c24ad5e) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&params=8_N_10_E_region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 8°N 10°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 8°N 10°E  / 8; 10     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria#%20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Federal_republics)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G15_nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1960)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_West_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Nigeria)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Africa)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1371435516) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigeria&oldid=1371435516 "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria) (Category:Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations) Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states) (Category:Developing 8 Countries member states) Developing 8 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