United States - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.imagemap.styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2u.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (United_States.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (United_States.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (United_States.html#) (Top)   (United_States.html#Etymology) 1 Etymology     (United_States.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (United_States.html#Indigenous_peoples) 2.1 Indigenous peoples     (United_States.html#European_exploration,_colonization_and_conflict_(1513–1765)) 2.2 European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)     (United_States.html#American_Revolution_and_the_early_republic_(1765–1800)) 2.3 American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)     (United_States.html#Westward_expansion_and_Civil_War_(1800–1865)) 2.4 Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)     (United_States.html#Reconstruction,_Gilded_Age,_and_Progressive_Era_(1866–1917)) 2.5 Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1866–1917)     (United_States.html#World_War_I,_Great_Depression,_and_World_War_II_(1917–1945)) 2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917–1945)     (United_States.html#Cold_War_and_social_revolution_(1945–1991)) 2.7 Cold War and social revolution (1945–1991)     (United_States.html#Contemporary_(1991–present)) 2.8 Contemporary (1991–present)       (United_States.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (United_States.html#Climate) 3.1 Climate     (United_States.html#Biodiversity_and_conservation) 3.2 Biodiversity and conservation       (United_States.html#Government_and_politics) 4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  (United_States.html#Federal_government) 4.1 Federal government   (United_States.html#Legislature) 4.1.1 Legislature     (United_States.html#Executive) 4.1.2 Executive     (United_States.html#Judiciary) 4.1.3 Judiciary       (United_States.html#Subdivisions) 4.2 Subdivisions     (United_States.html#Political_parties) 4.3 Political parties     (United_States.html#Foreign_relations) 4.4 Foreign relations     (United_States.html#Military) 4.5 Military     (United_States.html#Law_enforcement_and_criminal_justice) 4.6 Law enforcement and criminal justice       (United_States.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (United_States.html#Science_and_technology) 5.1 Science and technology   (United_States.html#Spaceflight) 5.1.1 Spaceflight       (United_States.html#Energy) 5.2 Energy     (United_States.html#Transportation) 5.3 Transportation       (United_States.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (United_States.html#Population) 6.1 Population     (United_States.html#Urbanization) 6.2 Urbanization     (United_States.html#Language) 6.3 Language     (United_States.html#Immigration) 6.4 Immigration     (United_States.html#Religion) 6.5 Religion     (United_States.html#Health) 6.6 Health     (United_States.html#Education) 6.7 Education       (United_States.html#Culture_and_society) 7 Culture and society    Toggle Culture and society subsection  (United_States.html#Literature) 7.1 Literature     (United_States.html#Mass_media) 7.2 Mass media     (United_States.html#Theater) 7.3 Theater     (United_States.html#Visual_arts) 7.4 Visual arts     (United_States.html#Music) 7.5 Music     (United_States.html#Fashion) 7.6 Fashion     (United_States.html#Cinema) 7.7 Cinema     (United_States.html#Cuisine) 7.8 Cuisine     (United_States.html#Sports) 7.9 Sports       (United_States.html#See_also) 8 See also     (United_States.html#Notes) 9 Notes     (United_States.html#References) 10 References    Toggle References subsection  (United_States.html#Sources) 10.1 Sources       (United_States.html#External_links) 11 External links    Toggle External links subsection  (United_States.html#Government) 11.1 Government     (United_States.html#History_2) 11.2 History     (United_States.html#Maps) 11.3 Maps             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      United States    332 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0) (Еиду Америкатәи Аштатқәа – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika_Syarikat) (Amirika Syarikat – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80) (Америкэ Штат Зэхэтхэр – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (featured article) (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika) (Verenigde State van Amerika – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD) (የተባበሩት የአሜሪካ ግዛቶች – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilika) (Amilika – Amis) Pangcah   (featured article) (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_Unius) (Estaus Unius – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geanedan_Ricu_America) (Geanedan Ricu America – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (अमेरिका – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9) (الولايات المتحدة – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A1%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90) (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7) (لولايات لمتاحدة د أمريكا – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7) (امريكا – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0) (আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos_d%27Am%C3%A9rica) (Estaos Xuníos d'América – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitci_mokoman_aski) (Kitci mokoman aski – Atikamekw) Atikamekw   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB) (Америкалъул Цолъарал Штатал – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikatanarasokeem) (Amerikatanarasokeem – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istadus_Unidus) (Istadus Unidus – Aymara) Aymar aru   (featured article) (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E) (ABŞ – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C) (آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B) (Америка Ҡушма Штаттары – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Serikat) (Amérika Serikat – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaoanigte_Stootn) (Vaoanigte Stootn – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV) (JAV – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96) (Злучаныя Штаты Амэрыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96) (Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrik_Ser%C3%A8kat) (Amrik Serèkat – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8) (Съединени американски щати – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (अमेरिका – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaeted_Stet_blong_Amerika) (Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika_Sarikat) (Amirika Sarikat – Banjar) Banjar   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%B0%E1%82%8F) (အမေႏရိကန်ႏခမ်းခြွဉ်းဗူႏ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ka_Kelenyalen_Jamanaw) (Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0) (মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D) (ཨ་མེ་རི་ཁ་རྒྱལ་ཕྲན་མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bol.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurka) (Amurka – Bole) Bòo pìkkà   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0) (তিলপারাষ্ট্র – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stado%C3%B9-Unanet_Amerika) (Stadoù-Unanet Amerika – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave) (Sjedinjene Američke Države – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%88) (ᨕᨆᨙᨑᨗᨀ ᨔᨙᨑᨗᨀᨈ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (featured article) (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81) (Америкын Нэгэдэһэн Улас – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (good article) (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica) (Estats Units d'Amèrica – Catalan) Català   (good article) (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB-gu%C3%B3k) (Mī-guók – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88) (Америкин Цхьаьнатоьхна Штаташ – Chechen) Нохчийн   (featured article) (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%C3%ADpong_B%C3%A1ns%C3%A0) (Tinípong Bánsà – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidus) (Estados Unidus – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%8A%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%BF_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%9F) (ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) (ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America) (Stati Uniti d'America – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%C5%9Fma_%C5%9Etatlar%C4%B1) (Amerika Qoşma Ştatları – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9) (Spojené státy americké – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedn%C3%B3n%C3%A9_Kraje_Americzi) (Zjednóné Kraje Americzi – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%94%D1%80%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91_%D1%A4%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%A5%D0%BD%EA%99%91_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%EA%99%91) (Амєрїканьскꙑ Ѥдьнѥнꙑ Дрьжавꙑ – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC) (Америкăри Пĕрлешĕннĕ Штатсем – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unol_Daleithiau_America) (Unol Daleithiau America – Welsh) Cymraeg   (good article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/America) (America – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Staaten) (Vereinigte Staaten – German) Deutsch   (https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_State_Of_America_(USA)) (United State Of America (USA) – Southern Dagaare) Dagaare   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawuut_Matiic) (Pawuut Matiic – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet%C3%AA_Amerika%C3%AA_Yewbiyaey) (Dewletê Amerikaê Yewbiyaey – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Bone_staty_Ameriki) (Zjadnośone staty Ameriki – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat) (Amerika Syarikat – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7) (އެމެރިކާ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B_%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8D) (ཡུ་ནའེ་ཊེཌ་ ཨིས་ཊེཌས་ཨོཕ་ཨ་མི་རི་ཀ། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82) (Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_Un%C3%AE) (Stat Unî – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (featured article) (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usono) (Usono – Esperanto) Esperanto   (featured article) (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriigid) (Ameerika Ühendriigid – Estonian) Eesti   (featured article) (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak) (Ameriketako Estatu Batuak – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaus_Un%C3%ADus) (Estaus Uníus – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) (ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlaaji_Dentu%C9%97i) (Dowlaaji Dentuɗi – Fula) Fulfulde   (good article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvallat) (Yhdysvallat – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameeriga_%C3%9Ctisriigiq) (Ameeriga Ütisriigiq – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanitu_Cokovata_o_Amerika) (Matanitu Cokovata o Amerika – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (featured article) (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%9Blikat%C3%B2) (Amɛlikatò – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis) (États-Unis – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tats-Unis) (Ètats-Unis – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriind_Stoote_foon_Ameerika) (Feriind Stoote foon Ameerika – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A2ts_Un%C3%AEts_di_Americhe) (Stâts Unîts di Americhe – Friulian) Furlan   (featured article) (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Steaten) (Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe_Mheirice%C3%A1) (Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletl%C3%A4ri) (Amerika Birleşik Devletläri – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B) (美國 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tazini) (Étazini – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_St%C3%A0itean_Aonaichte) (Na Stàitean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica) (Estados Unidos de América – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A4_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%86) (آمريکا ايجؤنأبؤ ايالتؤن – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Ret%C3%A3voreku%C3%A9ra_Joaju) (Amérika Retãvorekuéra Joaju – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82) (अमेरिकेचीं संयुक्त राज्यां – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%89_%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0) (𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌾𐌰 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE) (યુનાઇટેડ સ્ટેટ્સ ઓફ અમેરિકા – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mma_Mulo%27usu_Ameerikajat%C3%BC) (Mma Mulo'usu Ameerikajatü – Wayuu) Wayuunaiki   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Frafra) Farefare   (https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plidop%E1%BB%8D_Ayimat%E1%BA%B9n_l%E1%BA%B9_t%E1%BB%8Dn_Am%E1%BA%B9lika_t%E1%BB%8Dn) (Plidopọ Ayimatẹn lẹ tọn Amẹlika tọn – Gun) Gungbe   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatyn_Unnaneysit_America) (Steatyn Unnaneysit America – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarayyar_Amurka) (Tarayyar Amurka – Hausa) Hausa   (featured article) (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet) (Mî-koet – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAmelika_Hui_P%C5%AB_%CA%BBia) (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻia – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA) (ארצות הברית – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave) (Sjedinjene Američke Države – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87ene_staty_Ameriki) (Zjednoćene staty Ameriki – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etazini) (Etazini – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok) (Amerikai Egyesült Államok – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80) (Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգներ – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80) (Ամերիկայի Միացեալ Նահանգներ – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statos_Unite_de_America) (Statos Unite de America – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_States_de_America) (Unit States de America – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njik%E1%BB%8D%CC%80ta%E1%BB%8D%CC%80h%C3%A0) (Njikọ̀taọ̀hà – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannapta_Nunaat) (Tannapta Nunaat – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (featured article) (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_iti_Amerika) (Estados Unidos iti Amerika – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88) (Хетта Америкера Штаташ – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usa) (Usa – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkin) (Bandaríkin – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjedinjene_%C5%A1taty_Ameriky) (Sjedinjene štaty Ameriky – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America) (Stati Uniti d'America – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%A5%E1%90%8A%E1%93%95%E1%91%B2) (ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD) (アメリカ合衆国 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitid_Stiet) (Yunaitid Stiet – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mergu%27e) (mergu'e – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat) (Amérika Sarékat – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98) (ამერიკის შეერთებული შტატები – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qurama_Shtatlar%C4%B1) (Amerika Qurama Shtatları – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwunak_Yeddukklen_n_Temrikt) (Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurka) (Amurka – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80) (Америкэ Штат Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaazuunii) (Etaazuunii – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byin_Badundung_A%CC%B1merika) (A̱byin Badundung A̱merika – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etats-Unis) (Etats-Unis – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Sarikat) (Amerika Sarikat – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika) (Amerika – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B) (Америка Құрама Штаттары – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80) (សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8) (ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lard%C7%9Dwa_America_y%C7%9D) (Lardǝwa America yǝ – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD) (미국 – Korean) 한국어   (https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_%D3%A6%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7) (Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэз – Komi-Permyak) Перем коми   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B) (Американы Бирлешген Штатлары – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%A9%DB%81) (اَمریٖکہ – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenichde_Staate_van_Amerika) (Vereenichde Staate van Amerika – Colognian) Ripoarisch   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA) (Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D3%A6%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%87%D3%A7%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81) (Америкаса Ӧтувтчӧм Штатъяс – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statys_Unys) (Statys Unys – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B) (Америка Кошмо Штаттары – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitates_Foederatae_Americae) (Civitates Foederatae Americae – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Amerika) (Estados Unidos de Amerika – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenegt_Staate_vun_Amerika) (Vereenegt Staate vun Amerika – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%87%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%83_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83) (Американал ЦачӀунхьу Штатру – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Америкадин Садхьанвай Штатар – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statos_Unida_de_America) (Statos Unida de America – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/America) (America – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinegde_Staote_vaan_Amerika) (Vereinegde Staote vaan Amerika – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Un%C3%AFi_d%27America) (Stati Unïi d'America – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stac_Unii_d%27America) (Stac Unii d'America – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_Unid_d%27America) (Stat Unid d'America – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Amer%C3%ADka) (Lisangá lya Ameríka – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2) (ສະຫະລັດອາເມຣິກາ – Lao) ລາວ   (good article) (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Amerikos_Valstijos) (Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikys_Sa%C5%A1kierstuos_Va%C4%BCsteibys) (Amerikys Saškierstuos Vaļsteibys – Latgalian) Latgaļu   (featured article) (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis) (Amerikas Savienotās Valstis – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्तराज्य अमेरिका – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%81) (Америконь Соткс – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etazonia) (Etazonia – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA) (Ушымо Американ Штат-влак – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hononga-o-Amerika) (Hononga-o-Amerika – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Sarikaik) (Amerika Sarikaik – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8) (Соединети Американски Држави – Macedonian) Македонски   (featured article) (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE) (അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകൾ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81) (Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5) (ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF) (အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု – Mon) ဘာသာမန်   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87) (अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%B6%D3%B9) (Америкын Ушымы Штатвлӓжӹ – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat) (Amerika Syarikat – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti) (Stati Uniti – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stados_Ounidos_de_la_Am%C3%A9rica) (Stados Ounidos de la América – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF) (အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8D) (Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA) (آمریکای متحده ایالات – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Aunite_d%27Amereca) (State Aunite d'Amereca – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verienigde_Staoten_van_Amerika) (Verienigde Staoten van Amerika – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigte_Staten) (Verenigte Staten – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat) (Amerika Serikat – Nias) Li Niha   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Staten) (Verenigde Staten – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionati_States_de_Amerika) (Unionati States de Amerika – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%A1%DF%8B%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8F%DF%AB_%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%B2) (ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States) (The United States – South Ndebele) IsiNdebele seSewula   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atats_Unnis_d%27Am%C3%A9thique) (Êtats Unnis d'Améthique – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A1%C3%A1shindoon_Bik%C3%A9yah_A%C5%82hidadiidzoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD) (Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America) (Estats Units d'America – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_Yhtysvallat) (Amerikan Yhtysvallat – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokkummaa_Koonyootaa_Ameerikaa) (Tokkummaa Koonyootaa Ameerikaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE) (ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6) (Америкæйы Иугонд Штаттæ – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C) (ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadonan_Uni_di_Am%C3%A9rika) (Estadonan Uni di Amérika – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tots-Unnis_d%27Anm%C3%A9rike) (Étots-Unnis d'Anmérike – Picard) Picard   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenichde_Schtaade) (Vereenichde Schtaade – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Staaten_von_Amerika) (Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika – Palatine German) Pälzisch   (https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका – Pali) पालि   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stany_Zjednoczone) (Stany Zjednoczone – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_Un%C3%AC_d%27Am%C3%A9rica) (Stat Unì d'América – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) (امریکا – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ppl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejestadoj_Senputzujtuk_ipal_America) (Ejestadoj Senputzujtuk ipal America – Nawat) Nawat   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA) (امریکا متحده ايالات – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukllachasqa_Amirika_Llaqtakuna) (Jukllachasqa Amirika Llaqtakuna – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadis_Unids) (Stadis Unids – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phandle_Staturya_la_Amerikiyake) (Phandle Staturya la Amerikiyake – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leta_z%E2%80%99Unze_Ubumwe_za_Amerika) (Leta z’Unze Ubumwe za Amerika – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii) (Statele Unite ale Americii – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statili_Uniti_ali_America) (Statili Uniti ali America – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%A8re_Aun%C3%ACte_d%27Americhe) (Statère Aunìte d'Americhe – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8) (Соединённые Штаты Америки – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B) (Споєны штаты америцькы – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leta_Zunze_Ubumwe_z%E2%80%99Amerika) (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF) (संयुक्तराज्यानि – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0) (Америка Холбоһуктаах Штааттара – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F) (ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A8rica) (Istados Unidos de Amèrica – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti) (Stati Uniti – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (featured article) (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_States) (Unitit States – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86) (آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerihk%C3%A1_ovttastuvvan_st%C3%A1htat) (Amerihká ovttastuvvan stáhtat – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82K%C3%B6d%C3%B6r%C3%B6-%C3%B4ko_t%C3%AE_Amer%C3%AEka) (ÂKödörö-ôko tî Amerîka – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave) (Sjedinjene Američke Države – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwankn_Munnin_n_Marikan) (Iwankn Munnin n Marikan – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A2%E1%80%99%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5) (မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ် ဢမႄႇရိၵ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA) (අමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty) (Spojené štáty – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%81) (امریکہ – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (featured article) (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEene_dr%C5%BEave_Amerike) (Združene države Amerike – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iunaite_Sitete_o_Amerika) (Iunaite Sitete o Amerika – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_staatah) (Ovtâstum staatah – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadanka_Maraykanka) (Wadanka Maraykanka – Somali) Soomaaliga   (featured article) (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetet_e_Bashkuara_t%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs) (Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës – Albanian) Shqip   (featured article) (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5) (Сједињене Америчке Државе – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondre_Makandrameki) (Kondre Makandrameki – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMelika_(live)) (IMelika (live) – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereende_Stoaten_fon_Amerikoa) (Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rika_Sarikat) (Amérika Sarikat – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marekani) (Marekani – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A3) (ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjednocz%C5%AFne_Sztaty) (Zjednoczůne Sztaty – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuhuwan) (Amuhuwan – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D) (அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika%27) (Amirika' – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81) (ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನೊಲು – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81) (అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలు – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadu_Naklibur_Sira_Am%C3%A9rika_Nian) (Estadu Naklibur Sira Amérika Nian – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE) (Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (good article) (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2) (สหรัฐอเมริกา – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%98%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB) (ኣመሪካ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB) (ኣሜሪካ – Tigre) ትግሬ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikany%C5%88_Birle%C5%9Fen_%C5%9Etatlary) (Amerikanyň Birleşen Ştatlary – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI%C5%A0) (AIŠ – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA) (USA – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pule%CA%BBanga_fakatahataha_%CA%BBAmelika) (Puleʻanga fakatahataha ʻAmelika – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Mewika) (ma Mewika – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Yunaitet_Stet) (Ol Yunaitet Stet – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri) (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirika) (Amirika – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikha) (Amerikha – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B) (Америка Кушма Штатлары – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America) (United States of America – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika) (Amerika – Twi) Twi   (https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenua_Marite) (Fenua Marite – Tahitian) Reo tahiti   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7) (Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсыз – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89) (ئامېرىكا قوشما شىتاتلىرى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8) (Сполучені Штати Америки – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7) (ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari) (Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States – Venda) Tshivenda   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Unii_de_l%27Am%C3%A8rica) (Stati Unii de l'Amèrica – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_%C3%9Chtenzoittud_Valdkundad) (Amerikan Ühtenzoittud Valdkundad – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3) (Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%AAnigde_Stoaten_van_Amerika) (Verênigde Stoaten van Amerika – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamerik%C3%A4n) (Lamerikän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_Unis) (Estats Unis – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos) (Estados Unidos – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diiwaan_yu_Bennoo) (Diiwaan yu Bennoo – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD) (美国 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4) (Америкин Ниицәтә Орн Нутугуд – Kalmyk) Хальмг   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYunayithedi_Steyitsi) (IYunayithedi Steyitsi – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98) (ამერიკაშ აკოართაფილი შტატეფი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%B2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F) (פאראײניגטע שטאטן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (good article) (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_America) (Orílẹ̀ èdè America – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijgoz) (Meijgoz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere%C3%AAnigde_Staeten) (Vereênigde Staeten – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8F) (ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B) (美國 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok) (Bí-kok – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B) (美國 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD) (美国 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMelika) (IMelika – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (United_States.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   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(Extended-protected article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country primarily in North America (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    Several terms  redirect here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_(disambiguation)) (United States (disambiguation)) United States (disambiguation) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(disambiguation)) (America (disambiguation)) America (disambiguation) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_(disambiguation)) (US (disambiguation)) US (disambiguation) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_(disambiguation)) (USA (disambiguation)) USA (disambiguation) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_of_America_(disambiguation)) (The United States of America (disambiguation)) The United States of America (disambiguation) ,  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_States_(disambiguation)) (The States (disambiguation)) The States (disambiguation) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#United%20States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#United%20States)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2026)    United States of America   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(DDD-F-416E_specifications).svg) (Flag of United States) ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) (Flag of the United States) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg) (Coat of arms of United States) ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States#Obverse) (Great Seal of the United States) Coat of arms      Motto:  "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_We_Trust) (In God We Trust) In God We Trust "(United_States.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]    Other traditional mottos:(United_States.html#cite_note-de_facto_Motto-2) [ 2]        (Latin-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_pluribus_unum) (E pluribus unum) E pluribus unum   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language) (Latin language) Latin )  "Out of many, one"  (Latin-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuit_cœptis) (Annuit cœptis) Annuit cœptis   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language) (Latin language) Latin )  "Providence favors our undertakings"  (Latin-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum) (Novus ordo seclorum) Novus ordo seclorum   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language) (Latin language) Latin )  "New order of the ages"      Anthem:  "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner) (The Star-Spangled Banner) The Star-Spangled Banner "(United_States.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]      (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬)  (Bislama ‪(bi)‬)  (বাংলা ‪(bn)‬)  (čeština ‪(cs)‬)  (Lakȟótiyapi ‪(lkt)‬)  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (Esperanto ‪(eo)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (euskara ‪(eu)‬)  (فارسی ‪(fa)‬)  (suomi ‪(fi)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (עברית ‪(he)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (italiano ‪(it)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (조선말 ‪(ko-kp)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (Latina ‪(la)‬)  (Māori ‪(mi)‬)  (മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬)  (Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬)  (polski ‪(pl)‬)  (português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (русский ‪(ru)‬)  (संस्कृतम् ‪(sa)‬)  (Gagana Samoa ‪(sm)‬)  (ไทย ‪(th)‬)  (Tagalog ‪(tl)‬)  (lea faka-Tonga ‪(to)‬)  (Türkçe ‪(tr)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_orthographic.svg) (Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America)    Show globe ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) (U.S. state) states and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) D.C. only)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_insular_areas_SVG.svg) (World map showing the U.S., territories, and freely associated sovereign states)    Show the U.S., (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) its territories , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacts_of_Free_Association) (Compacts of Free Association) Compacts of Free Association states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_Map_of_the_US_EEZ.svg)    Show territories with boundaries of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States) (Exclusive economic zone of the United States) U.S. exclusive economic zone      Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. (United_States.html#cite_note-4) [ a]     (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States&params=38_53_N_77_1_W_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 38°53′N 77°1′W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 38.883°N 77.017°W  / 38.883; -77.017     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Largest city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) (New York City) New York City (United_States.html#cite_note-5) [ b]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States&params=40_43_N_74_0_W_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 40°43′N 74°0′W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 40.717°N 74.000°W  / 40.717; -74.000     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English (United_States.html#cite_note-officiallanguage-10) [ c]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2020)(United_States.html#cite_note-2020CensusData-11) [ 8]    (United_States.html#cite_note-2020InteractiveCensusData-12) [ 9]    (United_States.html#cite_note-13) [ 10]       By race: 61.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans) (White Americans) White  12.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) (African Americans) Black  6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans) (Asian Americans) Asian  1.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) (Native Americans in the United States) Native American  0.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans) (Pacific Islander Americans) Pacific Islander  10.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans) (Multiracial Americans) two or more races  8.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census) (Race and ethnicity in the United States census) other     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  By origin: 81.3% non-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) (Hispanic and Latino Americans) Hispanic or Latino  18.7% Hispanic or Latino     Religion (2025)(United_States.html#cite_note-Gallup-14) [ 11]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)    65% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States) (Christianity in the United States) Christianity 32% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States) (Protestantism in the United States) Protestantism  20% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States) (Catholic Church in the United States) Catholicism  12% other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations) (List of Christian denominations) Christian  1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism) (Mormonism) Mormonism       24% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States) (Irreligion in the United States) unaffiliated  2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jews) (American Jews) Judaism  6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) (Religion in the United States) other religion  3% unanswered     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans) (Americans) American (United_States.html#cite_note-15) [ 12]    (United_States.html#cite_note-demonym-16) [ d]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_United_States) (Politics of United States) Government  Federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) (President of the United States) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States) (Vice President of the United States) Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance) (JD Vance) JD Vance   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) (Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) House Speaker   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Johnson) (Mike Johnson) Mike Johnson   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States) (Chief Justice of the United States) Chief Justice   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts) (John Roberts) John Roberts     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) Congress   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) (United States Senate) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) (American Revolution) Independence  from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain) (Kingdom of Great Britain) Great Britain    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) (United States Declaration of Independence) Declaration   July 4, 1776;  250 years ago  (1776-07-04 )   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_United_States_of_America) (Confederation of United States of America) Confederation   March 1, 1781 (1781-03-01 )   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)) (Treaty of Paris (1783)) Recognition   September 3, 1783 (1783-09-03 )   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) (Constitution of the United States) Constitution   March 4, 1789 (1789-03-04 )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States) (Geography of the United States) Area    • Total area  3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2 )(United_States.html#cite_note-CensusGov2010HTML-17) [ 13]    (United_States.html#cite_note-largestcountry-20) [ e]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 3rd )  • Water (%)  7.0(United_States.html#cite_note-21) [ 16]    (2010)  • Land area  3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ) (3rd)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_United_States) (Demographics of United States) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    341,784,857(United_States.html#cite_note-Vintage2025-22) [ 17]      • 2020 census  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    331,449,281(United_States.html#cite_note-23) [ 18]    (United_States.html#cite_note-pop-24) [ f]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 3rd )  • Density  96.8/sq mi (37.4/km2 ) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 180th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $32.384 trillion(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]    (United_States.html#cite_note-PPP-26) [ g]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 2nd )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $94,430(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 10th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $32.384 trillion(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 1st )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $94,430(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 8th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2024)  (Negative increase) (Negative increase)     41.8(United_States.html#cite_note-27) [ 20]    (United_States.html#cite_note-28) [ h]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.938(United_States.html#cite_note-UNHDR-29) [ 21]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  very high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 17th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) U.S. dollar ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$) ($) $ ) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) USD )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC −4 to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC−12:00) (UTC−12:00) −12 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+10:00) (UTC+10:00) +10 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+11:00) (UTC+11:00) +11    • Summer ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time) (Daylight saving time) DST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC −4 to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC−10:00) (UTC−10:00) −10 (United_States.html#cite_note-time-30) [ i]       Date format (month) mm /(day) dd /(year) yyyy (United_States.html#cite_note-31) [ j]      Calling code (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan) (North American Numbering Plan) +1   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US) (ISO 3166-2:US) US   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us) (.us) .us (United_States.html#cite_note-32) [ 22]        The United States of America (USA ), also known as the United States (U.S. ) or America , is a country primarily located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) (North America) North America .It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal republic consisting of 50 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) (U.S. state) states and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories) (Capital districts and territories) federal capital district , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. The 48 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_states) (Contiguous states) contiguous states border (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada to the north and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico to the south, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-exclave) (Semi-exclave) semi-exclave of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska) (Alaska) Alaska in the northwest and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago) (Archipelago) archipelago of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii) (Hawaii) Hawaii in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean . The United States also asserts sovereignty over five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) major island territories and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) (United States Minor Outlying Islands) various uninhabited islands in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania) (Oceania) Oceania and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean .(United_States.html#cite_note-34) [ k]    It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_country) (Megadiverse country) megadiverse country , with the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) fourth-largest land area (United_States.html#cite_note-39) [ l]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) third-largest population , exceeding 341 million.(United_States.html#cite_note-pop_clock-40) [ m]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians) (Paleo-Indians) Paleo-Indians migrated from North Asia to North America around 15,000 years ago and formed various civilizations. Beginning with the 1607 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia) (Colony of Virginia) settlement of Virginia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) (British colonization of the Americas) British colonization established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) (Thirteen Colonies) Thirteen Colonies . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment) (American Enlightenment) American Enlightenment , spread throughout the colonies in the 18th century, valued (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism) (Republicanism) republicanism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States) (Liberalism in the United States) liberalism . Clashes with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown) (The Crown) British Crown over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation) (No taxation without representation) taxation without parliamentary representation , among other denied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen) (Rights of Englishmen) English rights , sparked the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) (American Revolution) American Revolution , which led to the July 2, 1776, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Resolution) (Lee Resolution) Lee Resolution formally declaring independence from Great Britain. Two days later, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) (United States Declaration of Independence) Declaration of Independence was adopted. Victory in the 1775–1783 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) (American Revolutionary War) Revolutionary War brought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)) (Treaty of Paris (1783)) international recognition of U.S. sovereignty . The U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) (Territorial evolution of the United States) expanded westward through purchase, settlement and conquest of European- and Indigenous-controlled territory. As more states (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union) (Admission to the Union) joined the Union , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) (Slave states and free states) sectional division over slavery led 11 Southern states (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession) (Ordinance of Secession) to secede and form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) (Confederate States of America) Confederate States of America , fighting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)) (Union (American Civil War)) Union in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War) (American Civil War) Civil War of 1861– 1865. With the United States' victory and reunification, slavery (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) was abolished . By 1900, the U.S. emerged as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power) (Great power) great power , a status solidified after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I) (United States in World War I) its involvement in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I . Following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Japan 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor) (Attack on Pearl Harbor) attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_II) (American entry into World War II) entered World War II on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allied side. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II) (Aftermath of World War II) The war's aftermath left the U.S. and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union as rival (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower) (Superpower) superpowers , vying for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical_dominance) (Geopolitical dominance) geopolitical dominance during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 left the U.S. as the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_superpower) (Sole superpower) sole superpower . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) (Federal government of the United States) U.S. federal government was established as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic) (Republic) republic under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution) (United States Constitution) United States Constitution , with executive authority vested in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) (President of the United States) a president . The Constitution created (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution) (Separation of powers under the United States Constitution) a separation of powers among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative) (Legislative) legislative , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments) (United States federal executive departments) executive , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States) (Federal judiciary of the United States) judicial branches. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) Congress is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism) (Bicameralism) bicameral national legislature composed of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives (a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) lower house based on population) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) (United States Senate) Senate (an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) upper house based on equal representation for each state). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States) (Federalism in the United States) Federalism grants substantial autonomy to the 50 states. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country) (Developed country) developed country , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_the_United_States) (International rankings of the United States) United States ranks high in economic competitiveness, innovation, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States) (Higher education in the United States) higher education . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) (Economy of the United States) Its economy accounts for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) over a quarter of nominal global GDP and has been the world's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP) (List of countries by largest historical GDP) since about 1890 . The U.S. is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth) (List of countries by total wealth) wealthiest country , with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income#Household_disposable_income_per_capita_(OECD)) (Disposable household and per capita income) highest disposable household income per capita among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD members, though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States) (Wealth inequality in the United States) its wealth inequality is highly pronounced. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) (Culture of the United States) American culture , shaped by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States) (History of immigration to the United States) centuries of immigration , is diverse and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization) (Americanization) globally influential . The U.S. makes up (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures) (List of countries with highest military expenditures) nearly a third of global military spending and is widely considered to have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) (United States Armed Forces) the most powerful armed forces in the world . A member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States) (International organization membership of the United States) numerous international organizations , it plays a dominant role in global political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_United_States) (Names of the United States) Names of the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonyms_for_the_United_States) (Demonyms for the United States) Demonyms for the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Colonies) (United Colonies) United Colonies , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas) (Naming of the Americas) Naming of the Americas  Documented use of the phrase "United States of America" dates back to January 2, 1776. On that day, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Moylan) (Stephen Moylan) Stephen Moylan , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army) (Continental Army) Continental Army aide to General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington) (George Washington) George Washington , wrote a letter to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)) (Joseph Reed (politician)) Joseph Reed , Washington's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp) (Aide-de-camp) aide-de-camp , seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) (American Revolutionary War) Revolutionary War effort.(United_States.html#cite_note-DeLear-20132-41) [ 28]    (United_States.html#cite_note-42) [ 29]    The first known public usage is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_work) (Anonymous work) anonymous essay published in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia) (Williamsburg, Virginia) Williamsburg newspaper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette) (The Virginia Gazette) The Virginia Gazette  on April 6, 1776.(United_States.html#cite_note-DeLear-20132-41) [ 28]    Sometime on or after June 11, 1776, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) (Thomas Jefferson) Thomas Jefferson wrote "United States of America" in a rough draft of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) (United States Declaration of Independence) Declaration of Independence ,(United_States.html#cite_note-DeLear-20132-41) [ 28]    which was adopted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress) (Second Continental Congress) Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.(United_States.html#cite_note-Davis72-43) [ 30]     The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also common.(United_States.html#cite_note-:1-44) [ 31]    "United States" and "U.S." are the established terms throughout the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) (Federal government of the United States) U.S. federal government , with prescribed rules.(United_States.html#cite_note-46) [ n]    "The States" is an established colloquial shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;(United_States.html#cite_note-47) [ 33]    "stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.(United_States.html#cite_note-48) [ 34]     " America  " is the feminine form of the first name of (Latin-language text) Americus Vesputius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  , the Latinized name of Italian explorer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci) (Amerigo Vespucci) Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512);(United_States.html#cite_note-49) [ o]    it was first used as a place name by the German cartographers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Waldseemüller) (Martin Waldseemüller) Martin Waldseemüller and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ringmann) (Matthias Ringmann) Matthias Ringmann in 1507.(United_States.html#cite_note-50) [ 35]    (United_States.html#cite_note-51) [ p]    Vespucci proposed that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies) (West Indies) West Indies discovered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) (Christopher Columbus) Christopher Columbus in 1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESider2007226-52) [ 36]    (United_States.html#cite_note-53) [ 37]    (United_States.html#cite_note-locnamingofamerica-54) [ 38]    In English, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas_(terminology)) (Americas (terminology)) the term "America" (used without a qualifier) seldom refers to topics unrelated to the United States. "The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas) (Americas) Americas " is the general term to describe the totality of the continents of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) (North America) North and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America) (South America) South America .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson199327–28-55) [ 39]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States) (History of the United States) History of the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a topical guide, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States) (Outline of the history of the United States) Outline of the history of the United States . Indigenous peoples  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) (History of Native Americans in the United States) History of Native Americans in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era) (Pre-Columbian era) Pre-Columbian era  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Palace) (Cliff Palace) Cliff Palace , a settlement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans) (Ancestral Puebloans) ancestors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) (Native Americans in the United States) Native American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_peoples) (Pueblo peoples) Pueblo peoples in present-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_County,_Colorado) (Montezuma County, Colorado) Montezuma County, Colorado , built between (circa) c.  1200 and 1275 (United_States.html#cite_note-56) [ 40]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians) (Paleo-Indians) first inhabitants of North America migrated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia) (Siberia) Siberia approximately 15,000 years ago, either across the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_land_bridge) (Bering land bridge) Bering land bridge or along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)) (Coastal migration (Americas)) now-submerged Ice Age coastline .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlandsonRickVellanoweth200819-57) [ 41]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage201155–58-58) [ 42]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture) (Clovis culture) Clovis culture , which appeared around 11,000 BCE in North America, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersStafford20071122–1126-59) [ 43]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2015173–185-60) [ 44]    Over time, Indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture) (Mississippian culture) Mississippian culture , developed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex) (Eastern Agricultural Complex) agriculture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex) (Southeastern Ceremonial Complex) architecture , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_societies) (Complex societies) complex societies .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockard2010315-61) [ 45]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Post-Archaic_stage) (History of Native Americans in the United States) post-archaic period , the Mississippian cultures were located in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) midwestern , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States) (Eastern United States) eastern , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) southern regions, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples) (Algonquian peoples) Algonquian in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region) (Great Lakes region) Great Lakes region and along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) (East Coast of the United States) Eastern Seaboard , while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam_culture) (Hohokam culture) Hohokam culture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans) (Ancestral Puebloans) Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest) (American Southwest) Southwest .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohansen200651-62) [ 46]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) (Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas) Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European colonizers range from around 500,000(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornton199834-63) [ 47]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540-64) [ 48]    to nearly 10 million.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540-64) [ 48]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainesHainesSteckel200012-65) [ 49]       European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513– 1765)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States) (Colonial history of the United States) Colonial history of the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history) (Colonial American military history) Colonial American military history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States) (Colonial history of the United States) colonial possessions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) (British colonization of the Americas) Britain (the Thirteen Colonies in pink and others in purple), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France) (New France) France (in blue), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain) (Kingdom of Spain) Spain (in orange) in North America, 1750  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) (Christopher Columbus) Christopher Columbus began exploring the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire) (Spanish Empire) Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from what are now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico and Florida to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_México) (Santa Fe de Nuevo México) New Mexico and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California) (Alta California) California . The first Spanish colony in the present-day continental United States was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida) (Spanish Florida) Spanish Florida , chartered in 1513.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVigil2006329-66) [ 50]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2018130-67) [ 51]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19325–6-68) [ 52]    (United_States.html#cite_note-69) [ 53]    After several settlements failed there due to starvation and disease, Spain's first permanent town, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine,_Florida) (Saint Augustine, Florida) Saint Augustine , was founded in 1565.(United_States.html#cite_note-70) [ 54]     France established its own settlements in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Florida) (French Florida) French Florida in 1562, but they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Caroline) (Fort Caroline) Fort Caroline , 1565). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France) (New France) Permanent French settlements were founded much later along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes) (Great Lakes) Great Lakes ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pontchartrain_du_Détroit) (Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit) Fort Detroit , 1701), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River) (Mississippi River) Mississippi River ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis) (St. Louis) St. Louis , 1764) and especially the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico) (Gulf of Mexico) Gulf of Mexico ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans) (New Orleans) New Orleans , 1718).(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetto2007125-71) [ 55]    Early European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nederland) (New Nederland) New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day New York) and the small Swedish colony of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden) (New Sweden) New Sweden (settled 1638 in what became Delaware). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas) (British colonization of the Americas) British colonization of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) (East Coast of the United States) East Coast began with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia) (Colony of Virginia) Virginia Colony (1607) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony) (Plymouth Colony) Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620).(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeelyeSelby2018344-72) [ 56]    (United_States.html#cite_note-73) [ 57]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact) (Mayflower Compact) Mayflower Compact in Massachusetts and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut) (Fundamental Orders of Connecticut) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for local representative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governance) (Self-governance) self-governance and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism) (Constitutionalism) constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.(United_States.html#cite_note-Remini2–32-74) [ 58]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Johnson26–302-75) [ 59]    While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipper20086-76) [ 60]    (United_States.html#cite_note-80) [ q]    Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipper20085-81) [ 64]    (United_States.html#cite_note-82) [ 65]    Along the eastern seaboard, settlers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States) (Slavery in the colonial history of the United States) trafficked Africans through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade) (Atlantic slave trade) Atlantic slave trade , largely to provide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_plantation) (Slave plantation) manual labor on plantations .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997516-83) [ 66]     The original (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) (Thirteen Colonies) Thirteen Colonies (United_States.html#cite_note-84) [ r]    that would later found the United States were administered as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) possessions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British Empire by Crown-appointed governors,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007-85) [ 67]    though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies) (Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies) local governments held elections open to most white male property owners .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1998263-86) [ 68]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERatcliffe2013220-87) [ 69]    The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native American populations;(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200938–39-88) [ 70]    by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200935-89) [ 71]    The colonies' distance from Britain facilitated the entrenchment of self-governance,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtis1764-90) [ 72]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Great_Awakening) (First Great Awakening) First Great Awakening , a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_revival) (Christian revival) Christian revivals , fueled colonial interest in guaranteed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) religious liberty .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner19984–5-91) [ 73]       American Revolution and the early republic (1765– 1800)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776–1789)) (History of the United States (1776–1789)) History of the United States (1776–1789) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789–1815)) (History of the United States (1789–1815)) History of the United States (1789–1815) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) (American Revolution) American Revolution , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States) (Founding Fathers of the United States) Founding Fathers of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_independence.jpg) (See caption.)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)) (Declaration of Independence (painting)) Declaration of Independence  portrait depicts the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five) (Committee of Five) Committee of Five presenting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) (United States Declaration of Independence) the Declaration to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress) (Second Continental Congress) Continental Congress on June 28, 1776, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia) (Philadelphia) Philadelphia .  Following its victory in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War) (French and Indian War) French and Indian War , Britain began to assert greater control over local affairs in the Thirteen Colonies, resulting in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) (American Revolution) growing political resistance . One of the primary grievances of the colonists was the denial of their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen) (Rights of Englishmen) rights as Englishmen , particularly the right to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation) (No taxation without representation) representation in the British government that taxed them . To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Continental_Congress) (First Continental Congress) First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Association) (Continental Association) Continental Association , a colonial boycott of British goods enforced by local "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)) (Committee of safety (American Revolution)) committees of safety " that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord) (Battles of Lexington and Concord) Battles of Lexington and Concord , igniting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) (American Revolutionary War) American Revolutionary War . At the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress) (Second Continental Congress) Second Continental Congress , the colonies appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution) (George Washington in the American Revolution) George Washington Commander-in-Chief of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army) (Continental Army) Continental Army , and created (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five) (Committee of Five) a committee that named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) (Thomas Jefferson) Thomas Jefferson to draft the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) (United States Declaration of Independence) Declaration of Independence . Two days after the Second Continental Congress passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Resolution) (Lee Resolution) Lee Resolution to create an independent, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) (Sovereignty) sovereign nation, the Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungNashRaphael20114–7-92) [ 74]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment) (American Enlightenment) political values of the American Revolution evolved from an armed rebellion demanding reform within an empire to a revolution that created a new social and governing system founded on the defense of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty) (Liberty) liberty and the protection of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law) (Natural law) inalienable natural rights ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_under_the_law) (Equality under the law) equality under the law ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty) (Popular sovereignty) sovereignty of the people ;(United_States.html#cite_note-93) [ 75]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States) (Republicanism in the United States) republicanism over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy) (Monarchy) monarchy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy) (Aristocracy) aristocracy , and other hereditary political power; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_virtue) (Civic virtue) civic virtue ; and an intolerance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption) (Political corruption) political corruption .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuel1972-94) [ 76]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States) (Founding Fathers of the United States) Founding Fathers of the United States , who included Washington, Jefferson, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams) (John Adams) John Adams , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin) (Benjamin Franklin) Benjamin Franklin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton) (Alexander Hamilton) Alexander Hamilton , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay) (John Jay) John Jay , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison) (James Madison) James Madison , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine) (Thomas Paine) Thomas Paine , and many others, were inspired by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanism#Classical_antecedents) (Classical republicanism) Classical , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy) (Renaissance philosophy) Renaissance , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment#Politics) (Age of Enlightenment) Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.(United_States.html#cite_note-95) [ 77]    (United_States.html#cite_note-SEoP-2006-96) [ 78]     Though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation) (Articles of Confederation) Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungNashRaphael20114–7-92) [ 74]    After the British surrender at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown) (Siege of Yorktown) siege of Yorktown in 1781, American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)) (Treaty of Paris (1783)) Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. also gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Florida) (Spanish Florida) Spanish Florida .(United_States.html#cite_note-97) [ 79]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance) (Northwest Ordinance) Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union) (Admission to the Union) admission of new states , rather than the expansion of existing states.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatō1886352-98) [ 80]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States) (Constitution of the United States) U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)) (Constitutional Convention (United States)) Constitutional Convention to overcome certain limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal republic governed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution) (Separation of powers under the United States Constitution) three separate branches that together formed a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checks_and_balances) (Checks and balances) checks and balances .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2020524-99) [ 81]    George Washington (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788–89_United_States_presidential_election) (1788–89 United States presidential election) was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights) (United States Bill of Rights) Bill of Rights (a series of ten amendments to the Constitution) was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2020538–540-100) [ 82]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington's_resignation_as_commander-in-chief) (George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief) Washington's resignation as Commander-in-Chief after the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_control_of_the_military) (Civil control of the military) supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power) (Peaceful transition of power) peaceful transfer of power .(United_States.html#cite_note-BoyerJr.20072-101) [ 83]       Westward expansion and Civil War (1800– 1865)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815–1849)) (History of the United States (1815–1849)) History of the United States (1815–1849) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849–1865)) (History of the United States (1849–1865)) History of the United States (1849–1865)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png) (Historical territorial expansion of the United States)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) (Territorial evolution of the United States) Territorial expansion of the United States   In the late 18th century, American settlers began to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States) (Territorial evolution of the United States) expand westward in larger numbers, many with a sense of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny) (Manifest destiny) manifest destiny .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisleGolson2007238-102) [ 84]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198841–46-103) [ 85]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase) (Louisiana Purchase) Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.(United_States.html#cite_note-104) [ 86]    (United_States.html#cite_note-105) [ 87]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812) (Origins of the War of 1812) Lingering issues with Britain remained , leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812) (War of 1812) War of 1812 , which was fought to a draw.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWait199978-106) [ 88]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams–Onís_Treaty) (Adams–Onís Treaty) Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloseJones1994150-107) [ 89]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Compromise) (Missouri Compromise) Missouri Compromise of 1820, which admitted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri) (Missouri) Missouri as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) (Slave states and free states) slave state and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine#Statehood) (Maine) Maine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there. Primarily, the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_36°30′_north) (Parallel 36°30′ north) 36°30′ parallel .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2019-108) [ 90]     As Americans expanded further into territory inhabited by Native Americans, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Indian_Policy) (Federal Indian Policy) federal government implemented policies of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal) (Indian removal) Indian removal or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans) (Cultural assimilation of Native Americans) assimilation .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrymer2017-109) [ 91]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway2019-110) [ 92]    The most significant such legislation was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act) (Indian Removal Act) Indian Removal Act of 1830 , a key policy of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson) (Andrew Jackson) Andrew Jackson . It resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears) (Trail of Tears) Trail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated 60,000 Native Americans living east of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River) (Mississippi River) Mississippi River were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, causing 13,200 to 16,700 deaths along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march) (Death march) forced march .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198845-111) [ 93]    Settler expansion as well as this influx of Indigenous peoples from the East resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars) (American Indian Wars) American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichno2003-112) [ 94]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillingtonRidge200122-113) [ 95]     During the colonial period, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States) (Slavery in the colonial history of the United States) slavery became legal in all the Thirteen colonies , and by 1770 it provided the main labor force in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States) (Plantation complexes in the Southern United States) large-scale , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antebellum_South#Economic_structure) (Antebellum South) agriculture-dependent economies of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Colonies) (Southern Colonies) Southern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Wright2022-114) [ 96]    and spurred by an active (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States) (Abolitionism in the United States) abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s, states in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States) (Northern United States) the North enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Rodriguez2015XXXIVWright2022-115) [ 97]    At the same time, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-slavery_ideology_in_the_United_States) (Pro-slavery ideology in the United States) support for slavery had strengthened in Southern states , with widespread use of inventions such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin) (Cotton gin) cotton gin (1793) having made slavery immensely profitable for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_class) (Planter class) Southern elites .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200943-116) [ 98]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200427–29-117) [ 99]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007478,_481–482,_587–588-118) [ 100]     The United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_annexation) (Texas annexation) annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199713–21-119) [ 101]    and the 1846 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Treaty) (Oregon Treaty) Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States) (Northwestern United States) American Northwest .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp2010180-120) [ 102]    Dispute with Mexico over Texas led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican–American_War) (Mexican–American War) Mexican–American War (1846– 1848). After the victory of the U.S., Mexico recognized U.S. sovereignty over Texas, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico) (New Mexico) New Mexico , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) (California) California in the 1848 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Cession) (Mexican Cession) Mexican Cession ; the cession's lands also included the future states of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada) (Nevada) Nevada , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado) (Colorado) Colorado and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah) (Utah) Utah .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisleGolson2007238-102) [ 84]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIlwraithMuller200161-121) [ 103]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_gold_rush) (California gold rush) California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_genocide) (California genocide) California genocide of thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the mid-1870s.(United_States.html#cite_note-122) [ 104]    Additional western territories and states were created.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawls199920-123) [ 105]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Minnesota_by_Don_Troiani_(4101092782).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Minnesota_Infantry_Regiment) (1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment) 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment charges a larger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army) (Confederate States Army) Confederate force during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg) (Battle of Gettysburg) Battle of Gettysburg (1863), helping to delay a Confederate breakthrough but sustaining one of the highest casualty rates of any Union regiment in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War) (American Civil War) American Civil War .  Throughout the 1850s, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states) (Slave states and free states) sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by national legislation in the U.S. Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court. In Congress, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850) (Fugitive Slave Act of 1850) Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the forcible return to their enslavers in the South of persons taking refuge in non-slave states, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas–Nebraska_Act) (Kansas–Nebraska Act) Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the Missouri Compromise.(United_States.html#cite_note-124) [ 106]    In its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford) (Dred Scott v. Sandford) Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against an enslaved person brought into non-slave territory, simultaneously declaring the entire Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War) (Origins of the American Civil War) events exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War) (American Civil War) American Civil War (1861–1865).(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray200476-125) [ 107]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200153-126) [ 108]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2012-127) [ 109]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War) (South Carolina in the American Civil War) Beginning with South Carolina , 11 slave-state governments voted to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States) (Secession in the United States) secede from the United States in 1861, joining to create the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America) (Confederate States of America) Confederate States of America . All other state governments remained loyal to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)) (Union (American Civil War)) Union .(United_States.html#cite_note-128) [ s]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkenat201925-129) [ 110]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988236-130) [ 111]    War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederacy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter) (Battle of Fort Sumter) bombarded Fort Sumter .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinovskis19904-131) [ 112]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988273–274-132) [ 113]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation) (Emancipation Proclamation) Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, many freed slaves joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_army) (Union army) Union army .(United_States.html#cite_note-133) [ 114]    The war (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War) (Turning point of the American Civil War) began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg) (Siege of Vicksburg) Siege of Vicksburg and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg) (Battle of Gettysburg) Battle of Gettysburg , and the Confederates surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House) (Battle of Appomattox Court House) Battle of Appomattox Court House .(United_States.html#cite_note-134) [ 115]       Reconstruction, Gilded Age, and Progressive Era (1866– 1917)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865–1917)) (History of the United States (1865–1917)) History of the United States (1865–1917)         An (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Studios) (Edison Studios) Edison Studios film showing immigrants arriving at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island) (Ellis Island) Ellis Island in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor) (New York Harbor) New York Harbor , a major point of entry for European (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States) (Immigration to the United States) immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriceBenton-Short2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_Tb5HMB63xACpgPA51_51]-135) [ 116]    (United_States.html#cite_note-136) [ 117]      Efforts toward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era) (Reconstruction era) reconstruction in the secessionist South had begun as early as 1862,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1935163-137) [ 118]    but it was only after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln) (Assassination of Abraham Lincoln) President Lincoln's assassination that the three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments) (Reconstruction Amendments) Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution were ratified (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865–1896)) (Civil rights movement (1865–1896)) to protect civil rights . The amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes, promised equal protection under the law for all persons, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or previous enslavement.(United_States.html#cite_note-138) [ 119]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner198866–7,_251–261,_446–449-139) [ 120]    (United_States.html#cite_note-140) [ 121]    As a result, African Americans took an active political role in ex-Confederate states in the decade following the Civil War.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1988xxv-141) [ 122]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubois1935381–727-142) [ 123]    The former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union, beginning with Tennessee in 1866 and ending with Georgia in 1870.(United_States.html#cite_note-143) [ 124]    (United_States.html#cite_note-144) [ 125]     National infrastructure, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_telegraph) (First transcontinental telegraph) transcontinental telegraph and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad) (First transcontinental railroad) railroads , spurred growth in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier) (American frontier) American frontier . This was accelerated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts) (Homestead Acts) Homestead Acts , through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the United States was given away free to some 1.6 million homesteaders.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2011275-145) [ 126]    (United_States.html#cite_note-146) [ 127]    From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrants) (Immigrants) immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.(United_States.html#cite_note-147) [ 128]    Most came through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey) (Port of New York and New Jersey) Port of New York , as New York City and other major cities on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) (East Coast of the United States) East Coast became home to large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States) (History of the Jews in the United States) Jewish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans) (Irish Americans) Irish , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans) (Italian Americans) Italian populations. Many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe) (Northern Europe) Northern Europeans as well as significant numbers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans) (German Americans) Germans and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe) (Central Europe) Central Europeans moved to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) Midwest . At the same time, about one million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans) (French-Canadian Americans) French Canadians migrated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec) (Quebec) Quebec to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England) (New England) New England .(United_States.html#cite_note-148) [ 129]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)) (Great Migration (African American)) Great Migration , millions of African Americans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy) (Jim Crow economy) left the rural South for urban areas in the North.(United_States.html#cite_note-149) [ 130]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Purchase) (Alaska Purchase) Alaska was purchased from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire) (Russian Empire) Russia in 1867.(United_States.html#cite_note-150) [ 131]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1877) (Compromise of 1877) Compromise of 1877 is generally considered the end of the Reconstruction era, as it resolved the electoral crisis following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election) (1876 United States presidential election) 1876 presidential election and led President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes) (Rutherford B. Hayes) Rutherford B. Hayes to reduce the role of federal troops in the South.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1988xxvii,_575–587-151) [ 132]    Immediately, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redeemers) (Redeemers) Redeemers began evicting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbaggers) (Carpetbaggers) Carpetbaggers and quickly regained local control of Southern politics in the name of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy) (White supremacy) white supremacy .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward1991-152) [ 133]    (United_States.html#cite_note-153) [ 134]    African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often considered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations) (Nadir of American race relations) nadir of American race relations .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrelease1979-154) [ 135]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasterslordsmid10000bowmpage221_221]-155) [ 136]    A series of Supreme Court decisions, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson) (Plessy v. Ferguson) Plessy v. Ferguson  , emptied the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) Fourteenth and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws) (Jim Crow laws) Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_town) (Sundown town) sundown towns in the Midwest, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States) (Racial segregation in the United States) segregation in communities across the country , which would be reinforced in part by the policy of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining) (Redlining) redlining later adopted by the federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Owners'_Loan_Corporation) (Home Owners' Loan Corporation) Home Owners' Loan Corporation .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare2021-156) [ 137]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution) (Second Industrial Revolution) An explosion of technological advancement , accompanied by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour) (Exploitation of labour) exploitation of cheap immigrant labor ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschmanMogford2009-157) [ 138]    led to rapid economic expansion during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Age) (Gilded Age) Gilded Age of the late 19th century. It continued into the early 20th, when the United States already outpaced the economies of Britain, France, and Germany combined. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycoon) (Tycoon) Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States) (History of rail transportation in the United States) railroad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States) (History of the petroleum industry in the United States) petroleum , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_steel_industry_(1850–1970)) (History of the steel industry (1850–1970)) steel industries, as the United States emerged as a pioneer of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States) (Automotive industry in the United States) automotive industry .(United_States.html#cite_note-158) [ 139]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarsonBonk1999-159) [ 140]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggs20151179-160) [ 141]    (United_States.html#cite_note-161) [ 142]    This fostered the amassing of enormous economic and political power by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)) (Robber baron (industrialist)) a few prominent industrialists , largely through the formation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(business)) (Trust (business)) trusts and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly) (Monopoly) monopolies to prevent competition.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDole1907-162) [ 143]    These changes resulted in significant increases in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality) (Economic inequality) economic inequality , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives) (How the Other Half Lives) slum conditions , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States) (List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States) social unrest , creating a fertile environment for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States) (Labor history of the United States) labor unions to flourish and, to a more limited extent, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States) (Socialism in the United States) socialist movements .(United_States.html#cite_note-163) [ 144]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn2005321–357-164) [ 145]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser201566-165) [ 146]    This period eventually ended with the advent of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era) (Progressive Era) Progressive Era , which was characterized by significant economic, legislative and social reforms.(United_States.html#cite_note-Aldrich2-166) [ 147]    (United_States.html#cite_note-167) [ 148]     Pro-American elements in Hawaii (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom) (Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom) overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy ; the islands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Resolution) (Newlands Resolution) were annexed in 1898. That same year, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippines) (The Philippines) the Philippines , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish–American_War) (Spanish–American War) Spanish–American War . (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)(United_States.html#cite_note-168) [ 149]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War) (Second Samoan Civil War) Second Samoan Civil War .(United_States.html#cite_note-169) [ 150]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) Denmark in 1917 after Danish voters approved the sale in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Danish_West_Indies_status_referendum) (1916 Danish West Indies status referendum) a 1916 referendum .(United_States.html#cite_note-170) [ 151]       World War I, Great Depression, and World War II (1917– 1945)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917–1945)) (History of the United States (1917–1945)) History of the United States (1917–1945)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima,_larger_-_edit1.jpg)   U.S. Marines raise the American flag atop (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Suribachi) (Mount Suribachi) Mount Suribachi during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima) (Battle of Iwo Jima) Battle of Iwo Jima (1945), among the most honored images of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II .  The United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I) (American entry into World War I) entered World War I alongside the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) (Allies of World War I) Allies in 1917 helping to turn the tide against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers) (Central Powers) Central Powers .(United_States.html#cite_note-171) [ 152]    In 1920, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) a constitutional amendment granted nationwide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States) (Women's suffrage in the United States) women's suffrage .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonMeltvedt2021-172) [ 153]    During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communication) (Mass communication) mass communication and early television transformed communications nationwide.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2013410–411-173) [ 154]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929) (Wall Street Crash of 1929) Wall Street Crash of 1929 had triggered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States) (Great Depression in the United States) Great Depression , to which President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal) (New Deal) New Deal plan of "reform, recovery and relief", a series of unprecedented and sweeping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_agencies) (Alphabet agencies) recovery programs and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration) (Works Progress Administration) employment relief projects combined with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_economics) (Regulatory economics) financial reforms and regulations .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxinnStern2007-174) [ 155]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1991-175) [ 156]    (United_States.html#cite_note-176) [ 157]    (United_States.html#cite_note-177) [ 158]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1973-178) [ 159]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism_before_entering_World_War_II) (United States non-interventionism before entering World War II) Initially neutral during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II) (Military history of the United States during World War II) World War II , the U.S. began (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease) (Lend-Lease) supplying war materiel to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allies of World War II in March 1941 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_II) (American entry into World War II) entered the war in December after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Japan 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor) (Attack on Pearl Harbor) attack on Pearl Harbor .(United_States.html#cite_note-Pearl_Harbor2-179) [ 160]    Agreeing to a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_first) (Europe first) Europe first " policy, the U.S. concentrated its wartime efforts on Japan's allies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy) (Fascist Italy) Italy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany) (Nazi Germany) Germany until their final defeat in May 1945. The U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project) (Manhattan Project) developed the first nuclear weapons and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki) (Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki) (Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) historians consider central to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia) (End of World War II in Asia) end of World War II in Asia .(United_States.html#cite_note-180) [ 161]    (United_States.html#cite_note-181) [ 162]    The United States was one of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen) (Four Policemen) Four Policemen " who met to plan the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II) (Aftermath of World War II) post-war world , alongside the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) China .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoopesBrinkley1997100-182) [ 163]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis197225-183) [ 164]    The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_power) (Economic power) economic power and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence) (Sphere of influence) international political influence .(United_States.html#cite_note-184) [ 165]       Cold War and social revolution (1945– 1991)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945–1964)) (History of the United States (1945–1964)) History of the United States (1945–1964) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964–1980)) (History of the United States (1964–1980)) History of the United States (1964–1980) , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980–1991)) (History of the United States (1980–1991)) History of the United States (1980–1991)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Leaders_marching_from_the_Washington_Monument_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial)_-_NARA_-_542010.jpg)   Civil rights activists during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom) (March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. in August 1963  The end of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II in 1945 left the U.S. and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower) (Superpower) superpowers , each with its own political, military, and economic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence) (Sphere of influence) sphere of influence . Geopolitical tensions between the two superpowers soon led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War .(United_States.html#cite_note-Blakemore-20192-185) [ 166]    (United_States.html#cite_note-186) [ 167]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESempa2017-187) [ 168]    The U.S. implemented a policy of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment) (Containment) containment intended to limit the Soviet Union's sphere of influence; engaged in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change#1945–1991:_Cold_War) (United States involvement in regime change) regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviets ; and prevailed in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race) (Space Race) Space Race , which culminated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11) (Apollo 11) first crewed Moon landing in 1969.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrft8AgAAQBAJlpgPA92pgPA85vonepageqffalse_85-96]-188) [ 169]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1988-189) [ 170]     Domestically, the U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post–World_War_II_economic_expansion) (Post–World War II economic expansion) experienced economic growth , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States) (Urbanization in the United States) urbanization , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom) (Mid-20th century baby boom) population growth following World War II .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinchester2013305–308-190) [ 171]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement) (Civil rights movement) civil rights movement emerged, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) (Martin Luther King Jr.) Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.(United_States.html#cite_note-191) [ 172]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society) (Great Society) Great Society plan of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson) (Lyndon B. Johnson) Lyndon B. Johnson 's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution) a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism) (Institutional racism) institutional racism .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1991472-192) [ 173]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s) (Counterculture of the 1960s) counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use) (Recreational drug use) recreational drug use and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolution) (Sexual revolution) sexuality .(United_States.html#cite_note-193) [ 174]    (United_States.html#cite_note-194) [ 175]    It also encouraged (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War) (Draft evasion in the Vietnam War) open defiance of the military draft (leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States) (Conscription in the United States) end of conscription in 1973)(United_States.html#cite_note-195) [ 176]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War) (Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War) wide opposition to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War) (United States in the Vietnam War) U.S. intervention in Vietnam , with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975.(United_States.html#cite_note-196) [ 177]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_liberation_movement_in_the_United_States) (Women's liberation movement in the United States) A societal shift in the roles of women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation starting in the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.(United_States.html#cite_note-197) [ 178]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) (Revolutions of 1989) Fall of Communism and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991 marked the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War) (End of the Cold War) end of the Cold War and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower#After_the_Cold_War) (Superpower) left the United States as the world's sole superpower .(United_States.html#cite_note-198) [ 179]    This cemented the United States' global influence, reinforcing the concept of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Century) (American Century) American Century " as the U.S. dominated international political, cultural, economic, and military affairs.(United_States.html#cite_note-199) [ 180]    (United_States.html#cite_note-200) [ 181]       Contemporary (1991– present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991–2016)) (History of the United States (1991–2016)) History of the United States (1991–2016) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2016–present)) (History of the United States (2016–present)) History of the United States (2016–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973–2001)) (World Trade Center (1973–2001)) Twin Towers in New York City during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) September 11 attacks of 2001  The 1990s saw the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_United_States_boom) (1990s United States boom) longest recorded economic expansion in American history , a dramatic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States#Crime_over_time) (Crime in the United States) decline in U.S. crime rates , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States#Computers_and_information_networks) (Technological and industrial history of the United States) advances in technology . Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web) (World Wide Web) World Wide Web , the evolution of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(original)) (Pentium (original)) Pentium microprocessor in accordance with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law) (Moore's law) Moore's law , rechargeable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery) (Lithium-ion battery) lithium-ion batteries , the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy) (Gene therapy) gene therapy trial, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning) (Cloning) cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. In the 1990s, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project) (Human Genome Project) Human Genome Project was launched, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq) (Nasdaq) Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online.(United_States.html#cite_note-201) [ 182]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War of 1991, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War) (Coalition of the Gulf War) an American-led international coalition of states expelled an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Iraq) (Ba'athist Iraq) Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti201120-202) [ 183]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism) (Pan-Islamism) pan-Islamist militant organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda led to the U.S. launching the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror) (War on terror) war on terror and military interventions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–2021)) (War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)) in Afghanistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War) (Iraq War) Iraq .(United_States.html#cite_note-203) [ 184]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble) (2000s United States housing bubble) U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession) (Great Recession) Great Recession , the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.(United_States.html#cite_note-204) [ 185]     Beginning in the 2010s, and accelerating in the 2020s, the United States has experienced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States) (Political polarization in the United States) increased political polarization (United_States.html#cite_note-205) [ 186]    (United_States.html#cite_note-206) [ 187]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States) (Democratic backsliding in the United States) significant democratic backsliding .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELührmannLindberg20191097-207) [ 188]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Grumbach_2021-208) [ 189]    The country's polarization was violently reflected in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack) (January 6 United States Capitol attack) January 2021 Capitol attack ,(United_States.html#cite_note-Kleinfeld-2023-209) [ 190]    when a mob of insurrectionists(United_States.html#cite_note-Pape-2022-210) [ 191]    supporting President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump entered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol) (United States Capitol) U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful transfer of power(United_States.html#cite_note-211) [ 192]    in an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-coup#Notable_events_described_as_attempted_self-coups) (Self-coup) attempted self-coup d'état . It was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election) (Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election) the first presidential refusal of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power) (Peaceful transition of power) peaceful transfer of power .(United_States.html#cite_note-Multiple_Sources-212) [ 193]    Scholars have broadly classified the United States as transitioning from a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy) (Liberal democracy) liberal democratic polity to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_regime) (Hybrid regime) hybrid regime since 2025.(United_States.html#cite_note-:6-213) [ 194]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States) (Geography of the United States) Geography of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uspaintedrelief.png)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map) (Topographic map) topographic map of the United States  The United States is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.(United_States.html#cite_note-largestcountry-20) [ e]    The 48 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States) (Contiguous United States) contiguous states and the District of Columbia have a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470  km 2 ) .(United_States.html#cite_note-CensusGov2010HTML-17) [ 13]    (United_States.html#cite_note-214) [ 195]    In 2021, the United States had 8% of the Earth's permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of its cropland.(United_States.html#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations-2023-215) [ 196]     Starting in the east, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Plain) (Atlantic Plain) the coastal plain of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)) (Piedmont (United States)) Piedmont plateau region.(United_States.html#cite_note-216) [ 197]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains) (Appalachian Mountains) Appalachian Mountains and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains) (Adirondack Mountains) Adirondack Massif separate the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) (East Coast of the United States) East Coast from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes) (Great Lakes) Great Lakes and the grasslands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) the Midwest .(United_States.html#cite_note-NAU-217) [ 198]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_System) (Mississippi River System) Mississippi River System , the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length) (List of rivers by length) fourth-longest river system , runs predominantly north–south through the center of the country. The flat and fertile (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie) (Prairie) prairie of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains) (Great Plains) Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands) (U.S. Interior Highlands) a highland region in the southeast.(United_States.html#cite_note-NAU-217) [ 198]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canyon_River_Tree_(165872763).jpeg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon) (Grand Canyon) Grand Canyon in Arizona  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains) (Rocky Mountains) Rocky Mountains , west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300  m) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado) (Colorado) Colorado .(United_States.html#cite_note-218) [ 199]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano) (Supervolcano) supervolcano underlying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park) (Yellowstone National Park) Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera) (Yellowstone Caldera) Yellowstone Caldera , is the continent's largest volcanic feature.(United_States.html#cite_note-219) [ 200]    Farther west are the rocky (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin) (Great Basin) Great Basin and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert) (Chihuahuan Desert) Chihuahuan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoran_Desert) (Sonoran Desert) Sonoran , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert) (Mojave Desert) Mojave deserts.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinkham1944-220) [ 201]    In the northwest corner of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona) (Arizona) Arizona , carved by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River) (Colorado River) Colorado River , is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon) (Grand Canyon) Grand Canyon , a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination(United_States.html#cite_note-221) [ 202]    known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range) (Cascade Range) Cascade and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada) (Sierra Nevada) Sierra Nevada mountain ranges run close to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) (West Coast of the United States) Pacific coast . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_United_States) (Extreme points of the United States) lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,(United_States.html#cite_note-222) [ 203]    about 84 miles (135  km) apart.(United_States.html#cite_note-223) [ 204]     At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5  m) , Alaska's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali) (Denali) Denali (also called Mount McKinley) is the highest peak in the country and on the continent.(United_States.html#cite_note-224) [ 205]    Active (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States) (List of volcanoes in the United States) volcanoes in the U.S. are common throughout Alaska's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago) (Alexander Archipelago) Alexander and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands) (Aleutian Islands) Aleutian Islands . Located entirely outside North America, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of volcanic islands, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography) (Physical geography) physiographically and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology) (Ethnology) ethnologically part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia) (Polynesia) Polynesian subregion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania) (Oceania) Oceania .(United_States.html#cite_note-225) [ 206]     In addition to its total land area, the United States has one of the world's largest marine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones) (Exclusive economic zones) exclusive economic zones spanning approximately 4.5 million square miles (11.7 million km2 ) of ocean.(United_States.html#cite_note-226) [ 207]    (United_States.html#cite_note-227) [ 208]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_States) (Climate of the United States) Climate of the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States) (Climate change in the United States) Climate change in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Köppen_Climate_Types_US_50.png)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate types of the United States  With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_meridian_west) (100th meridian west) 100th meridian , the climate ranges from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate) (Humid continental climate) humid continental in the north to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate) (Humid subtropical climate) humid subtropical in the south.(United_States.html#cite_note-228) [ 209]    The western Great Plains are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate) (Semi-arid climate) semi-arid .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGranahanWonkka202432-229) [ 210]    Many mountainous areas of the American West have an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate) (Alpine climate) alpine climate . The climate is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate) (Desert climate) arid in the Southwest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate) (Mediterranean climate) Mediterranean in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_California) (Coastal California) coastal California , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate) (Oceanic climate) oceanic in coastal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon) (Oregon) Oregon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)) (Washington (state)) Washington , and southern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska) (Alaska) Alaska . Most of Alaska is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate) (Subarctic climate) subarctic or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate) (Polar climate) polar . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii) (Hawaii) Hawaii , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida) (South Florida) southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate) (Tropical climate) tropical .(United_States.html#cite_note-230) [ 211]     The United States receives more high-impact (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather) (Extreme weather) extreme weather incidents than any other country.(United_States.html#cite_note-231) [ 212]    (United_States.html#cite_note-232) [ 213]    States bordering the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico) (Gulf of Mexico) Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_in_the_United_States) (Tornadoes in the United States) occur in the country , mainly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley) (Tornado Alley) Tornado Alley .(United_States.html#cite_note-233) [ 214]    Due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change) (Climate change) climate change , extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_waves) (Heat waves) heat waves compared to the 1960s.(United_States.html#cite_note-234) [ 215]    (United_States.html#cite_note-235) [ 216]    (United_States.html#cite_note-236) [ 217]    Since the 1990s, droughts in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States) (Southwestern United States) American Southwest have become more persistent and more severe.(United_States.html#cite_note-237) [ 218]    The regions considered as the most attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.(United_States.html#cite_note-238) [ 219]      Biodiversity and conservation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_the_United_States) (Fauna of the United States) Fauna of the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_the_United_States) (Flora of the United States) Flora of the United States    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bald_eagle_about_to_fly_in_Alaska_(2016).jpg) (A bald eagle)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle) (Bald eagle) bald eagle has been the national emblem of the United States since 1782, and was officially declared the national bird in 2024.(United_States.html#cite_note-239) [ 220]      The U.S. is one of 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries) (Megadiverse countries) megadiverse countries containing large numbers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_of_North_America) (List of endangered animals of North America) endemic species : about 17,000 species of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant) (Vascular plant) vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant) (Flowering plant) flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.(United_States.html#cite_note-240) [ 221]    The United States is home to 428 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal) (Mammal) mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian) (Amphibian) amphibians ,(United_States.html#cite_note-Current_Results_#_of_native_species_in_the_US-241) [ 222]    and around 91,000 insect species.(United_States.html#cite_note-242) [ 223]     There are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States) (List of national parks of the United States) 63 national parks , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_lands) (Federal lands) hundreds of other federally managed monuments, forests, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System) (National Wilderness Preservation System) wilderness areas , administered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service) (National Park Service) National Park Service and other agencies.(United_States.html#cite_note-243) [ 224]    About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,(United_States.html#cite_note-NYTimes_Federal_Land-244) [ 225]    primarily in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) Western States .(United_States.html#cite_note-AKLeg_CRS_Federal_Land-245) [ 226]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States) (Protected areas of the United States) Most of this land is protected , though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.(United_States.html#cite_note-Federal_Land_Ownership-246) [ 227]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Fed_Land_Uses-247) [ 228]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States) (Environmental issues in the United States) Environmental issues in the United States include debates on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resource) (Non-renewable resource) non-renewable resources and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate) (Nuclear power debate) nuclear energy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_prevention_in_the_US) (Pollution prevention in the US) air and water pollution , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity) (Biodiversity) biodiversity , logging and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States) (Deforestation in the United States) deforestation ,(United_States.html#cite_note-248) [ 229]    (United_States.html#cite_note-249) [ 230]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States) (Climate change in the United States) climate change .(United_States.html#cite_note-250) [ 231]    (United_States.html#cite_note-251) [ 232]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) (United States Environmental Protection Agency) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States) (Environmental policy of the United States) addressing most environmental-related issues .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOVPoqXeTYTwCpgPA1_1]-252) [ 233]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System) (National Wilderness Preservation System) idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_Act) (Wilderness Act) Wilderness Act .(United_States.html#cite_note-253) [ 234]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973) (Endangered Species Act of 1973) Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service) (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.(United_States.html#cite_note-Office-254) [ 235]    In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index) (Environmental Performance Index) Environmental Performance Index .(United_States.html#cite_note-255) [ 236]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States) (Politics of the United States) Politics of the United States   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg) (The Capitol Building)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol) (United States Capitol) Capitol Building , seat of legislative government, houses both chambers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress) (U.S. Congress) Congress .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_House_lawn_(long_tightly_cropped).jpg) (The White House)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House) (White House) White House , the president's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_residence) (Executive residence) residence and workplace, includes offices for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States) (Executive Office of the President of the United States) the executive staff .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_Building_at_Dusk.jpg) (The Supreme Court Building)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building) (United States Supreme Court Building) Supreme Court Building houses the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) (Supreme Court of the United States) nation's highest court .     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The United States is a federal republic consisting of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The U.S. asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.(United_States.html#cite_note-HRI-2012-33) [ 23]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010xvii-256) [ 237]    It is the world's oldest surviving federation,(United_States.html#cite_note-257) [ 238]    and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential system of federal government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states worldwide following their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization) (Decolonization) decolonization .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2000-258) [ 239]    The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause) (Supremacy Clause) supreme legal document .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnham200641-259) [ 240]     The United States was the most prominent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy) (Liberal democracy) liberal democracy for much of the 20th and early 21st centuries, but has undergone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States) (Democratic backsliding in the United States) significant democratic backsliding and a shift toward a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_regime) (Hybrid regime) hybrid regime —a political system combining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) autocratic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy) (Democracy) democratic features.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELührmannLindberg20191097-207) [ 188]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Grumbach_2021-208) [ 189]    (United_States.html#cite_note-:4-260) [ 241]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States) (Gerrymandering in the United States) Gerrymandering , the manipulation of districts for political advantage, is widespread and has been driven by 2010s and 2020s Supreme Court rulings.(United_States.html#cite_note-:5-261) [ 242]    There is an ongoing debate among political scientists on whether the country is more appropriately classified as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_autocracy) (Electoral autocracy) electoral autocracy or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiberal_democracy) (Illiberal democracy) illiberal democracy , with few still considering it to meet the criteria of a robust liberal democracy.(United_States.html#cite_note-:6-213) [ 194]    (United_States.html#cite_note-262) [ 243]    (United_States.html#cite_note-:5-261) [ 242]     Federal government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) (Federal government of the United States) Federal government of the United States  Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. The U.S. Constitution establishes a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers) (Separation of powers) separation of powers intended to provide a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checks_and_balances) (Checks and balances) checks and balances to prevent any of the three branches from becoming supreme.(United_States.html#cite_note-263) [ 244]    The three-branch system is known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential system , in contrast to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) (Parliamentary system) parliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world adopted this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonialism) (Postcolonialism) postcolonial Americas.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundquist1997-264) [ 245]     Legislature  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) U.S. Congress is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_legislature) (Bicameral legislature) bicameral legislature made up of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate) (United States Senate) Senate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives . The Senate has 100 members— two residents from each state and elected by that state's voters for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term by the constituency of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts) (List of United States congressional districts) congressional district where they reside. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)) (State legislature (United States)) state's legislature decides the district boundaries, which are contiguous within the state. Every U.S. congressional district is of equivalent population and sends one representative to Congress.(United_States.html#cite_note-265) [ 246]    Election years for senators are staggered so that only one-third of them will be up for election every two years.(United_States.html#cite_note-266) [ 247]    U.S. representatives are all up for election at the same time every two years. The U.S. Congress makes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law) (Federal law) federal law , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war) (Declaration of war) declares war , approves treaties, has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_the_purse) (Power of the purse) power of the purse ,(United_States.html#cite_note-267) [ 248]    and has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States) (Impeachment in the United States) the power of impeachment .(United_States.html#cite_note-268) [ 249]    One of its foremost non-legislative functions is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_investigation) (Congressional investigation) the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch.(United_States.html#cite_note-tws2010Sep11t11-269) [ 250]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_oversight) (Congressional oversight) Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress) (Contempt of Congress) Congress' power to issue subpoenas .(United_States.html#cite_note-tws2010Sep11t13-270) [ 251]    Much of the work of Congress is performed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee) (United States congressional committee) a collection of committees , each appointed for a specific purpose or function. Committee membership is by tradition and statute (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan) (Bipartisan) bipartisan , but all committees are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_(officer)) (Chair (officer)) chaired by a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_party) (Majority party) majority party , who sets the committee agenda.(United_States.html#cite_note-271) [ 252]      Executive  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_President_Donald_J._Trump_(2025).jpg) (Donald Trump)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) (President of the United States) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_2026_Official_Vice_Presidential_Portrait_of_JD_Vance_(cropped).jpg) (JD Vance)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance) (JD Vance) JD Vance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States) (Vice President of the United States) Vice President       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The U.S. president is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the military, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) chief executive of the federal government . The president appoints the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States) (Cabinet of the United States) members of the Cabinet , subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal law and policy through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States) (List of federal agencies in the United States) their respective agencies .(United_States.html#cite_note-272) [ 253]    The president has the ability to veto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)) (Bill (law)) legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States) (Veto power in the United States) presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority#Use_in_governments_around_the_world) (Supermajority) supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States) (Federal pardons in the United States) can issue pardons . Finally, the president has the authority to issue expansive "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_orders) (Executive orders) executive orders " in a number of policy areas, subject to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States) (Judicial review in the United States) judicial review . Candidates for president typically campaign with a vice-presidential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_mate) (Running mate) running mate , and both candidates are typically elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election) (Indirect election) indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College) (United States Electoral College) U.S. Electoral College . There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)) (State legislature (United States)) their state legislature .(United_States.html#cite_note-273) [ 254]    In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required by state law to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus one additional elector for every congressional district in the state, which in effect combines to equal the number of elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution) reelected to the office only once , for one additional four-year term.(United_States.html#cite_note-274) [ t]      Judiciary  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States) (Federal judiciary of the United States) U.S. federal judiciary , whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) (Supreme Court of the United States) U.S. Supreme Court , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals) (United States courts of appeals) U.S. courts of appeals , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court) (United States district court) U.S. district courts . The lowest level in the federal judiciary is the federal district court, which decides all cases considered to be under "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_jurisdiction#Federal_and_state_courts) (Original jurisdiction) original jurisdiction ", such as federal statutes, constitutional law, or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_treaties) (International treaties) international treaties . After a federal district court has decided a case, its ruling may be contested and sent to a higher court, a federal court of appeals. The U.S. judicial system's 12 federal circuits divide the country into 12 separate geographic administrative regions for appeals decisions. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States.(United_States.html#cite_note-FedJud-275) [ 255]    The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States) (Judicial review in the United States) overturns those it finds unconstitutional .(United_States.html#cite_note-FedJud-275) [ 255]    On average, the Supreme Court receives about 7,000 appeals petitions for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writs_of_certiorari) (Writs of certiorari) writs of certiorari each year, but only grants about 80.(United_States.html#cite_note-276) [ 256]    Consisting of nine members led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States) (Chief Justice of the United States) Chief Justice of the United States , the court usually judges each case before it by majority decision. In the case of an impeachment trial in the Senate of a sitting president, the chief justice presides. As with all other federal judges, the members are appointed for life by the sitting president with Senate approval when a vacancy becomes available.(United_States.html#cite_note-277) [ 257]       Subdivisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) (U.S. state) U.S. state , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)) (County (United States)) County (United States) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_country) (Indian country) Indian country , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) Territories of the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States) (List of states and territories of the United States) List of states and territories of the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_by_state) (List of federally recognized tribes by state) List of federally recognized tribes by state , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe) (Federally recognized tribe) Federally recognized tribe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_(+overseas),_administrative_divisions_-_en_-_colored_(zoom).svg) (Territories of the United States)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) Territories of the United States include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) American Samoa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) Guam , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) Northern Mariana Islands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) U.S. Virgin Islands .  In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States) (Federalism in the United States) U.S. federal system , sovereign powers are shared between three levels of government specified in the Constitution: the federal government, the states, and Indian tribes.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1997-278) [ 258]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1942-279) [ 259]    The U.S. also asserts sovereignty over five permanently inhabited territories: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) American Samoa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) Guam , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) Northern Mariana Islands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) U.S. Virgin Islands .(United_States.html#cite_note-HRI-2012-33) [ 23]     Residents of the 50 states are governed by their elected state government, under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States) (State constitutions in the United States) state constitutions compatible with the national constitution , and by elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States) (Local government in the United States) local governments that are administrative divisions of a state.(United_States.html#cite_note-280) [ 260]    States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, which (except in Hawaii) can permit the formation of independent municipalities administered by their own elected representatives. The District of Columbia is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district_of_the_United_States) (Federal district of the United States) a federal district containing the U.S. capital, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. (United_States.html#cite_note-281) [ 261]    The federal district is an administrative division of the federal government.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldstein2017-282) [ 262]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Reservations.png)   Map of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States) (List of Indian reservations in the United States) 326 Indian reservations in the United States; 231 recognized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities) (List of Alaska Native tribal entities) Alaska Native tribes are not shown.  Indian country is made up of 574 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe) (Federally recognized tribe) federally recognized tribes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States) (List of Indian reservations in the United States) 326 Indian reservations . They hold a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government in Washington and are legally defined as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_dependent_nations) (Domestic dependent nations) domestic dependent nations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States) (Tribal sovereignty in the United States) inherent tribal sovereignty rights .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1942-279) [ 259]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1997-278) [ 258]    (United_States.html#cite_note-283) [ 263]    (United_States.html#cite_note-www.justice.gov-2017-284) [ 264]     In addition to the five major territories, the U.S. also asserts sovereignty over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) (United States Minor Outlying Islands) United States Minor Outlying Islands in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean) (Caribbean) Caribbean .(United_States.html#cite_note-HRI-2012-33) [ 23]    The seven undisputed islands without permanent populations are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Island) (Baker Island) Baker Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_Island) (Howland Island) Howland Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Island) (Jarvis Island) Jarvis Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll) (Johnston Atoll) Johnston Atoll , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Reef) (Kingman Reef) Kingman Reef , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll) (Midway Atoll) Midway Atoll , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll) (Palmyra Atoll) Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank) (Bajo Nuevo Bank) Bajo Nuevo Bank , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island) (Navassa Island) Navassa Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranilla_Bank) (Serranilla Bank) Serranilla Bank , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island) (Wake Island) Wake Island is disputed.(United_States.html#cite_note-HRI-2012-33) [ 23]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama) (Alabama) (Alabama)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska) (Alaska) (Alaska)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) (American Samoa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona) (Arizona) (Arizona)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas) (Arkansas) (Arkansas)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) (California) (California)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado) (Colorado) (Colorado)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut) (Connecticut) (Connecticut)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware) (Delaware) (Delaware)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida) (Florida) (Florida)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) (Georgia) (Georgia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) (Guam)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii) (Hawaii) (Hawaii)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho) (Idaho) (Idaho)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois) (Illinois) (Illinois)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana) (Indiana) (Indiana)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa) (Iowa) (Iowa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas) (Kansas) (Kansas)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky) (Kentucky) (Kentucky)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana) (Louisiana) (Louisiana)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine) (Maine) (Maine)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland) (Maryland) (Maryland)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts) (Massachusetts) (Massachusetts)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan) (Michigan) (Michigan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota) (Minnesota) (Minnesota)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi) (Mississippi) (Mississippi)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri) (Missouri) (Missouri)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana) (Montana) (Montana)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska) (Nebraska) (Nebraska)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada) (Nevada) (Nevada)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire) (New Hampshire) (New Hampshire)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey) (New Jersey) (New Jersey)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico) (New Mexico) (New Mexico)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)) (New York) (New York)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina) (North Carolina) (North Carolina)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota) (North Dakota) (North Dakota)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio) (Ohio) (Ohio)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma) (Oklahoma) (Oklahoma)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon) (Oregon) (Oregon)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) (Puerto Rico)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania) (Pennsylvania) (Pennsylvania)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island) (Rhode Island) (Rhode Island)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina) (South Carolina) (South Carolina)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota) (South Dakota) (South Dakota)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee) (Tennessee) (Tennessee)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas) (Texas) (Texas)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) (United States Virgin Islands)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah) (Utah) (Utah)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont) (Vermont) (Vermont)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia) (Virginia) (Virginia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)) (Washington) (Washington)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia) (West Virginia) (West Virginia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin) (Wisconsin) (Wisconsin)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming) (Wyoming) (Wyoming)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware) (Delaware) (Delaware)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland) (Maryland) (Maryland)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire) (New Hampshire) (New Hampshire)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey) (New Jersey) (New Jersey)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts) (Massachusetts) (Massachusetts)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut) (Connecticut) (Connecticut)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (District of Columbia) (District of Columbia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia) (West Virginia) (West Virginia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) (Puerto Rico)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) (United States Virgin Islands)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) (Guam)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) (American Samoa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont) (Vermont) (Vermont)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island) (Rhode Island) (Rhode Island)      Political parties  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States) (Political parties in the United States) Political parties in the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States) (List of political parties in the United States) List of political parties in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_U.S._states) (Political party strength in U.S. states) Political party strength in U.S. states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_state_Legislature_and_Governor_Control.svg)   States and territories by partisan control, as of February 2025:     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) (Democratic Party (United States)) Democratic Party  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) (Republican Party (United States)) Republican Party  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)) (New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)) New Progressive Party  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Divided partisan control   The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party) (Federalist Party) Federalist and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Party) (Anti-Federalist Party) Anti-Federalist parties.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter1969iv-285) [ 265]    Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system) (Two-party system) two-party system , though the parties have changed over time.(United_States.html#cite_note-Blake-2021-286) [ 266]     Since the mid-19th century, the two main national parties have been the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) (Democratic Party (United States)) Democratic Party and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) (Republican Party (United States)) Republican Party . Political scientists and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics) (Comparative politics) comparative political studies classify the modern Democratic Party as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States) (Modern liberalism in the United States) liberal party (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)) (Political positions of the Democratic Party (United States)) whose political platform stands near the ideological (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism) (Centrism) center of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left–right_political_spectrum) (Left–right political spectrum) left–right political spectrum ,(United_States.html#cite_note-287) [ 267]    (United_States.html#cite_note-:7-288) [ 268]    and the modern Republican Party as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism) (Right-wing populism) right-wing populist and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism) (Nationalism) nationalist party (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)) (Political positions of the Republican Party (United States)) whose political platform is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing) (Right-wing) right-wing to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right) (Far-right) far-right .(United_States.html#cite_note-:4-260) [ 241]    (United_States.html#cite_note-289) [ 269]    (United_States.html#cite_note-:7-288) [ 268]      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States) (Foreign relations of the United States) Foreign relations of the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States) (Foreign policy of the United States) Foreign policy of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midtown_Manhattan_Skyline_004_(cropped).jpg) (The United Nations headquarters)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations) (Headquarters of the United Nations) United Nations headquarters has been situated along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River) (East River) East River in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan) (Midtown Manhattan) Midtown Manhattan since 1952; in 1945, the United States was a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_member_of_the_United_Nations) (Founding member of the United Nations) founding member of the UN .  The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, with the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions) (List of countries by number of diplomatic missions) second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  . It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (United_States.html#cite_note-290) [ 270]    and home to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations) (Headquarters of the United Nations) United Nations headquarters .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Headquarters_Agreement''1948-291) [ 271]    The United States is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7) (G7) G7 ,(United_States.html#cite_note-292) [ 272]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 ,(United_States.html#cite_note-293) [ 273]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD intergovernmental organizations.(United_States.html#cite_note-294) [ 274]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States) (List of diplomatic missions in the United States) Almost all countries have embassies and many have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)) (Consul (representative)) consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission) (Diplomatic mission) diplomatic missions with the United States, except (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–United_States_relations) (Iran–United States relations) Iran ,(United_States.html#cite_note-295) [ 275]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea–United_States_relations) (North Korea–United States relations) North Korea ,(United_States.html#cite_note-296) [ 276]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bhutan#Other_countries) (Foreign relations of Bhutan) Bhutan .(United_States.html#cite_note-297) [ 277]    Though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan–United_States_relations) (Taiwan–United States relations) Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.(United_States.html#cite_note-298) [ 278]    The United States regularly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Assurances) (Six Assurances) supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.(United_States.html#cite_note-299) [ 279]    The country's geopolitical attention has increasingly turned to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific) (Indo-Pacific) Indo-Pacific , where the U.S. joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue) (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUKUS) (AUKUS) AUKUS .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadan2022-300) [ 280]    (United_States.html#cite_note-301) [ 281]    (United_States.html#cite_note-302) [ 282]     The United States has a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Relationship) (Special Relationship) Special Relationship " (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom–United_States_relations) (United Kingdom–United States relations) with the United Kingdom (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumbrellSchäfer200945-303) [ 283]    and strong ties (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada–United_States_relations) (Canada–United States relations) with Canada ,(United_States.html#cite_note-304) [ 284]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia–United_States_relations) (Australia–United States relations) Australia ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughn2008-305) [ 285]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand–United_States_relations) (New Zealand–United States relations) New Zealand ,(United_States.html#cite_note-306) [ 286]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines–United_States_relations) (Philippines–United States relations) the Philippines ,(United_States.html#cite_note-307) [ 287]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan–United_States_relations) (Japan–United States relations) Japan ,(United_States.html#cite_note-308) [ 288]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea–United_States_relations) (South Korea–United States relations) South Korea ,(United_States.html#cite_note-309) [ 289]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–United_States_relations) (Israel–United States relations) Israel ,(United_States.html#cite_note-310) [ 290]    and several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union) (Member state of the European Union) European Union countries such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France–United_States_relations) (France–United States relations) France , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy–United_States_relations) (Italy–United States relations) Italy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany–United_States_relations) (Germany–United States relations) Germany , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain–United_States_relations) (Spain–United States relations) Spain , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland–United_States_relations) (Poland–United States relations) Poland .(United_States.html#cite_note-311) [ 291]    The U.S. works closely with its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO allies on military and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security) (National security) national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States) (Organization of American States) Organization of American States and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States–Mexico–Canada_Agreement) (United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement) United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia) (Federated States of Micronesia) Micronesia , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands) (Marshall Islands) Marshall Islands , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau) (Palau) Palau through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association) (Compact of Free Association) Compact of Free Association .(United_States.html#cite_note-FedJud-275) [ 255]    It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India–United_States_relations) (India–United States relations) with India ,(United_States.html#cite_note-312) [ 292]    while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_relations) (China–United States relations) its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.(United_States.html#cite_note-313) [ 293]    (United_States.html#cite_note-314) [ 294]    Beginning in 2014, the U.S. had become (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine–United_States_relations) (Ukraine–United States relations) a key ally of Ukraine .(United_States.html#cite_note-315) [ 295]    (United_States.html#cite_note-316) [ 296]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) (United States Armed Forces) United States Armed Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pentagon,_Headquarters_of_the_US_Department_of_Defense_(cropped2).jpg) (The Pentagon)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon) (The Pentagon) The Pentagon , the headquarters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense) (United States Department of Defense) U.S. Department of Defense in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia) (Arlington County, Virginia) Arlington County, Virginia , is one of the world's largest office buildings with over 6.5  million square feet (600,000  m 2 ) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_space) (Floor space) floor space .  The president is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_United_States) (Commander-in-Chief of the United States) commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense) (United States Secretary of Defense) secretary of defense and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff) (Joint Chiefs of Staff) Joint Chiefs of Staff . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense) (United States Department of Defense) Department of Defense , headquartered at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon) (The Pentagon) the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army) (United States Army) U.S. Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) (United States Marine Corps) Marine Corps , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy) (United States Navy) Navy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) (United States Air Force) Air Force , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force) (United States Space Force) Space Force .(United_States.html#cite_note-317) [ 297]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) (United States Coast Guard) Coast Guard is administered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security) (United States Department of Homeland Security) Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy) (United States Department of the Navy) Department of the Navy in wartime.(United_States.html#cite_note-318) [ 298]    Total strength of the entire military is about 1.3 million active duty with an additional 400,000 in reserve. The United States military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-319) [ 299]    (United_States.html#cite_note-320) [ 300]    The U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States) (Military budget of the United States) spent $954 billion on its military in 2025, which is by far the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures) (List of countries with highest military expenditures) largest amount of any country , making up 33% of global military spending and accounting for 3.1% of the country's GDP.(United_States.html#cite_note-SIPRI-2020-321) [ 301]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States) (Nuclear weapons of the United States) U.S. possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest stockpile after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) (Russia and weapons of mass destruction) that of Russia .(United_States.html#cite_note-Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute-2024-322) [ 302]    The United States has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel) (List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel) third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) Chinese People's Liberation Army and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces) (Indian Armed Forces) Indian Armed Forces .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackett2023-323) [ 303]    In addition to the vast network of military bases on its soil, the U.S. maintains approximately 800 other bases and installations around the world,(United_States.html#cite_note-324) [ 304]    and it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_military_deployments) (United States military deployments) deploys greater than 100 active-duty personnel in each of 25 foreign countries.(United_States.html#cite_note-325) [ 305]    The United States has engaged in over 400 military interventions since its founding in 1776, with over half of these occurring between 1950 and 2019 and 25% occurring in the post–Cold War era.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushiToft2023-326) [ 306]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_defense_forces) (State defense forces) State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(United_States)) (Governor (United States)) the state's governor .(United_States.html#cite_note-327) [ 307]    (United_States.html#cite_note-328) [ 308]    (United_States.html#cite_note-329) [ 309]    By contrast, the 54 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)) (National Guard (United States)) U.S. National Guard organizations(United_States.html#cite_note-330) [ u]    fall under the dual control of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States) (State governments of the United States) state or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) territorial governments and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) (Federal government of the United States) federal government ; their units can also become federalized entities, but SDFs cannot be federalized.(United_States.html#cite_note-331) [ 310]    The National Guard personnel of a state or territory can be federalized by the president under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916#National_Defense_Act_Amendments_of_1933) (National Defense Act of 1916) National Defense Act Amendments of 1933 ; this legislation created the Guard and provides for the integration of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard) (Army National Guard) Army National Guard and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard) (Air National Guard) Air National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.(United_States.html#cite_note-332) [ 311]    The total number of National Guard members is about 430,000, while the estimated combined strength of SDFs is less than 10,000.(United_States.html#cite_note-333) [ 312]      Law enforcement and criminal justice  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States) (Law of the United States) Law of the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) (Law enforcement in the United States) Law enforcement in the United States , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States) (Crime in the United States) Crime in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FBI_Headquarters_-_J._Edgar_Hoover_Building_(53840035941)_b.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover_Building) (J. Edgar Hoover Building) J. Edgar Hoover Building , the headquarters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C.   There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanksHendrixHickman20161-334) [ 313]    Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States) (Sheriffs in the United States) sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_police_(United_States)) (State police (United States)) The state police departments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)) (Police power (United States constitutional law)) have authority in their respective state , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) (Federal law enforcement in the United States) federal agencies such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation) (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service) (United States Marshals Service) U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights) (Civil rights) civil rights , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States) (National security of the United States) national security , enforcing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_courts) (U.S. federal courts) U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws, and interstate criminal activity.(United_States.html#cite_note-335) [ 314]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_(United_States)) (State court (United States)) State courts conduct almost all civil and criminal trials,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManweller200655-336) [ 315]    while federal courts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction) (Subject-matter jurisdiction) adjudicate the much smaller number of civil and criminal cases that relate to federal law .(United_States.html#cite_note-337) [ 316]     There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States) (Incarceration in the United States) American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2026, "these systems hold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_incarceration_rate) (United States incarceration rate) nearly 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,277 juvenile correctional facilities, 220 immigration detention facilities, and 77 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories—at a system-wide cost of at least $445 billion each year."(United_States.html#cite_note-Sawyer-2026-338) [ 317]     Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_prisons) (List of United States federal prisons) federal prisons , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_prisons) (Lists of United States state prisons) state prisons , local jails, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system) (American juvenile justice system) juvenile correctional facilities .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014-339) [ 318]    Federal prisons are run by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons) (Federal Bureau of Prisons) Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold pretrial detainees as well as people who have been convicted of federal crimes.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014-339) [ 318]    State prisons, run by the department of corrections of each state, hold people sentenced and serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014-339) [ 318]    Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014-339) [ 318]    Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency) (Juvenile delinquency) minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.(United_States.html#cite_note-340) [ 319]     In January 2023, the United States had the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate) (List of countries by incarceration rate) sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world— 531 people per 100,000 inhabitants— and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9 million people incarcerated.(United_States.html#cite_note-Sawyer-2025-341) [ 320]    (United_States.html#cite_note-342) [ 321]    (United_States.html#cite_note-WorldPrisonBrief-343) [ 322]    An analysis of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_deaths_in_the_United_States) (Gun deaths in the United States) a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrinshteynHemenway2016-344) [ 323]     The country's legal system is classified by some political scientists and legal scholars as operating under a "partial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law) (Rule of law) rule of law " system, according to two 2026 surveys conducted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Line_Watch) (Bright Line Watch) Bright Line Watch and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) (London School of Economics) London School of Economics .(United_States.html#cite_note-:5-261) [ 242]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) (Economy of the United States) Economy of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obverse_of_the_series_2021_$1_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg) (Obverse of a US$1 bill)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) U.S. dollar is the most-used currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar) (International use of the U.S. dollar) in international transactions and the world's foremost (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency) (Reserve currency) reserve currency .  The U.S. has a highly developed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy) (Mixed economy) mixed economy (United_States.html#cite_note-345) [ 324]    that has been the world's largest nominally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_largest_historical_GDP) (List of countries by largest historical GDP) since about 1890 .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordham2017-346) [ 325]    Its 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) gross domestic product (GDP)(United_States.html#cite_note-PPP-26) [ g]    of more than $29 trillion(United_States.html#cite_note-347) [ 326]    constituted over 25% of nominal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product) (Gross world product) global economic output , or 15% at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) purchasing power parity (PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7) (G7) G7 .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagopianOhanian2012-348) [ 327]    The country ranks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) first in the world by nominal GDP ,(United_States.html#cite_note-349) [ 328]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita .(United_States.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.US-25) [ 19]    In August 2026, the total (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States) (National debt of the United States) U.S. federal government debt passed $40 trillion, having more than doubled in the previous decade.(United_States.html#cite_note-350) [ 329]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Empire_State_Building_from_Rockefeller_Center_New_York_City_dllu_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) (New York City) New York City is the world's principal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center) (Financial center) financial center , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area) (New York metropolitan area) its metropolitan area is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP) (List of cities by GDP) largest metropolitan economy .  Of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500) (Fortune Global 500) 500 largest companies by revenue , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue) (List of largest companies in the United States by revenue) 138 were headquartered in the U.S. in 2025,(United_States.html#cite_note-Fortune-2025-351) [ 330]    the highest number of any country.(United_States.html#cite_note-352) [ 331]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) U.S. dollar is the currency most used (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_use_of_the_U.S._dollar) (International use of the U.S. dollar) in international transactions and the world's foremost (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency) (Reserve currency) reserve currency , backed by the country's dominant economy, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) (United States Armed Forces) its military , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrodollar) (Petrodollar) petrodollar system, its large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury) (U.S. Treasury) U.S. treasuries market , and its linked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodollar) (Eurodollar) eurodollar .(United_States.html#cite_note-federalreserve.gov-353) [ 332]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar#Countries_that_use_US_dollar) (United States dollar) Several countries use it as their official currency , and in others it is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_currency) (De facto currency) de facto currency .(United_States.html#cite_note-Benjamin_J._Cohen_2006,_p._17-354) [ 333]    (United_States.html#cite_note-355) [ 334]    The U.S. has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements) (Free trade agreements) free trade agreements with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_States) (Free trade agreements of the United States) several countries , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States–Mexico–Canada_Agreement) (United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement) USMCA .(United_States.html#cite_note-356) [ 335]    Although the United States has reached a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_economy) (Post-industrial economy) post-industrial level of economic development (United_States.html#cite_note-Collins-2023-357) [ 336]    and is often described as having a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_economy) (Service economy) service economy ,(United_States.html#cite_note-Collins-2023-357) [ 336]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Econ-358) [ 337]    it remains a major industrial power;(United_States.html#cite_note-359) [ 338]    in 2024, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._manufacturing_sector) (U.S. manufacturing sector) U.S. manufacturing sector was the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output) (List of countries by manufacturing output) second-largest by value output after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_China) (Manufacturing in China) China's .(United_States.html#cite_note-360) [ 339]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaming-Wall-Street_BTS_Prodigium-266.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) (New York Stock Exchange) New York Stock Exchange on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street) (Wall Street) Wall Street , the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Major_stock_exchanges) (List of stock exchanges) largest stock exchange by market capitalization (United_States.html#cite_note-NYSEhighestcap-361) [ 340]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) (New York City) New York City is the world's principal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_center) (Financial center) financial center ,(United_States.html#cite_note-362) [ 341]    (United_States.html#cite_note-NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld-363) [ 342]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area) (New York metropolitan area) its metropolitan area is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP) (List of cities by GDP) largest metropolitan economy .(United_States.html#cite_note-NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy-364) [ 343]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange) (New York Stock Exchange) New York Stock Exchange and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq) (Nasdaq) Nasdaq , both located in New York City, are the world's two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges) (List of stock exchanges) largest stock exchanges by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization) (Market capitalization) market capitalization and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_volume) (Trade volume) trade volume .(United_States.html#cite_note-365) [ 344]    (United_States.html#cite_note-sfc.hk-366) [ 345]    The United States is at the forefront of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States) (Science and technology in the United States) technological advancement and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation) (Innovation) innovation in many economic fields, especially in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) (Artificial intelligence) artificial intelligence ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics) (Electronics) electronics and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer) (Computer) computers ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals) (Pharmaceuticals) pharmaceuticals ; and medical, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace) (Aerospace) aerospace and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_equipment) (Military equipment) military equipment .(United_States.html#cite_note-CIA-2018-367) [ 346]    The country's economy is fueled by abundant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource) (Natural resource) natural resources , a well-developed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_the_United_States) (Infrastructure policy of the United States) infrastructure , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_productivity) (List of countries by labour productivity) high productivity .(United_States.html#cite_note-Wright,_Gavin_2007_p._185-368) [ 347]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States) (List of the largest trading partners of the United States) largest trading partners of the United States are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union , Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.(United_States.html#cite_note-369) [ 348]    The United States is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports) (List of countries by imports) largest importer and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports) (List of countries by exports) second-largest exporter .(United_States.html#cite_note-372) [ v]    It is by far the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_service_exports) (List of countries by service exports) largest exporter of services .(United_States.html#cite_note-373) [ 351]     Americans have the highest average (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income) (Household income) household (United_States.html#cite_note-374) [ 352]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage) (List of countries by average wage) employee income among OECD member states, and the fourth-highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income) (Median income) median household income in 2023,(United_States.html#cite_note-375) [ 353]    up from sixth-highest in 2013.(United_States.html#cite_note-Household_Income-376) [ 354]    With personal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_spending) (Consumer spending) consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,(United_States.html#cite_note-377) [ 355]    the U.S. has a heavily (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_economy) (Consumer economy) consumer-driven economy and is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets) (List of largest consumer markets) largest consumer market .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteenkamp2024-378) [ 356]    The U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires) (List of countries by number of billionaires) ranked first in the number of dollar billionaires and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires) (List of countries by number of millionaires) millionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.(United_States.html#cite_note-379) [ 357]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States) (Wealth in the United States) Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiketty2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780674430006page257_257]-380) [ 358]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States) (Wealth inequality in the United States) U.S. wealth inequality increased substantially since the late 1980s,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithZidarZwick2022-381) [ 359]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States) (Income inequality in the United States) income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in 2019.(United_States.html#cite_note-382) [ 360]    In 2024, the country had some of the highest wealth and income inequality levels among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD countries.(United_States.html#cite_note-383) [ 361]    Since the 1970s, there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkin2020-384) [ 362]    while the economy has become more dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capitalism) (Financial capitalism) financial services and stock trading .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottschalk202515-385) [ 363]    In 2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,(United_States.html#cite_note-386) [ 364]    giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD countries.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeeding2005-387) [ 365]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkin2020-384) [ 362]    There were about 771,480 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) (Homelessness in the United States) homeless persons in the U.S. in 2024.(United_States.html#cite_note-388) [ 366]    In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.(United_States.html#cite_note-ers.usda.gov-389) [ 367]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_America) (Feeding America) Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States#Children) (Hunger in the United States) children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where or when they will get their next meal.(United_States.html#cite_note-FactsAbout-390) [ 368]    Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States) (Poverty in the United States) living in poverty .(United_States.html#cite_note-391) [ 369]     The United States has a smaller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state) (Welfare state) welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy) (World Bank high-income economy) high-income countries .(United_States.html#cite_note-392) [ 370]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERank2023116–117-393) [ 371]    It is the only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economy) (Advanced economy) advanced economy that does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statutory_minimum_employment_leave_by_country) (List of statutory minimum employment leave by country) guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally(United_States.html#cite_note-394) [ 372]    and one of a few countries in the world without federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave_in_the_United_States) (Parental leave in the United States) paid family leave as a legal right.(United_States.html#cite_note-395) [ 373]    The United States has a higher percentage of low-income (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States) (Working class in the United States) workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining) (Collective bargaining) collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.(United_States.html#cite_note-396) [ 374]     Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States) (Science and technology in the United States) Science and technology in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States) (Science policy of the United States) Science policy of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Silicon_Valley.jpg)   California's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley) (Silicon Valley) Silicon Valley is the largest and foremost technology and innovation hub in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-397) [ 375]    (United_States.html#cite_note-398) [ 376]      The United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States) (Technological and industrial history of the United States) has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-399) [ 377]    Methods for producing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts) (Interchangeable parts) interchangeable parts and the establishment of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool) (Machine tool) machine tool industry enabled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_system_of_manufacturing) (American system of manufacturing) the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodfriendMcDermott2021-400) [ 378]    By the early 20th century, factory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification) (Electrification) electrification , the introduction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line) (Assembly line) assembly line , and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation) (Automation) labor-saving techniques created the system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production) (Mass production) mass production .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHounshell1984-401) [ 379]     In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTETollefsonVan_Noorden2024-402) [ 380]    though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.(United_States.html#cite_note-403) [ 381]    The U.S. has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending) (List of sovereign states by research and development spending) highest research and development expenditures of any country (United_States.html#cite_note-404) [ 382]    and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.(United_States.html#cite_note-405) [ 383]    In 2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles) (List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles) second-highest number of published scientific papers .(United_States.html#cite_note-406) [ 384]    In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany), according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators) (World Intellectual Property Indicators) World Intellectual Property Indicators .(United_States.html#cite_note-407) [ 385]    In 2025(United_States.html#cite_note-408) [ 386]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaLanvin202519-409) [ 387]    the United States ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index . The United States is considered to be a world leader in the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) (Artificial intelligence) artificial intelligence technology.(United_States.html#cite_note-410) [ 388]    In 2023, the United States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Finance_(magazine)) (Global Finance (magazine)) Global Finance  magazine.(United_States.html#cite_note-411) [ 389]     Spaceflight  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States) (Space policy of the United States) Space policy of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Man_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5903_(cropped).jpg)   Astronaut (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin) (Buzz Aldrin) Buzz Aldrin (with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong) (Neil Armstrong) Neil Armstrong seen in visor reflection) during the 1969 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11) (Apollo 11) Apollo 11 mission, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program) (Apollo program) first of six crewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landings) (Moon landings) Moon landings . The United States is the only country to have landed humans on the Moon.  The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA) (NASA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.(United_States.html#cite_note-412) [ 390]    (United_States.html#cite_note-413) [ 391]    In 1961, the United States became the second country (after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union ) to successfully (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight) (Human spaceflight) launch a human into space . NASA's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program) (Apollo program) Apollo program (1961– 1972) achieved the first crewed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing) (Moon landing) Moon landing with the 1969 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11) (Apollo 11) Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.(United_States.html#cite_note-414) [ 392]    (United_States.html#cite_note-415) [ 393]    Other major endeavors by NASA include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program) (Space Shuttle program) Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),(United_States.html#cite_note-416) [ 394]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program) (Voyager program) Voyager program (1972– present), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope) (Hubble Space Telescope) Hubble and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope) (James Webb Space Telescope) James Webb (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_telescope) (Space telescope) space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),(United_States.html#cite_note-417) [ 395]    (United_States.html#cite_note-418) [ 396]    and the multi-mission (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program) (Mars Exploration Program) Mars Exploration Program ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(rover)) (Spirit (rover)) Spirit  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)) (Opportunity (rover)) Opportunity  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)) (Curiosity (rover)) Curiosity  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)) (Perseverance (rover)) Perseverance  ).(United_States.html#cite_note-419) [ 397]    NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station) (International Space Station) International Space Station (ISS);(United_States.html#cite_note-420) [ 398]    U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)) (Destiny (ISS module)) Destiny  (2001), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)) (Harmony (ISS module)) Harmony  (2007), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)) (Tranquility (ISS module)) Tranquility  (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.(United_States.html#cite_note-421) [ 399]     The United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector) (Private sector) private sector dominates the global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight) (Private spaceflight) commercial spaceflight industry .(United_States.html#cite_note-422) [ 400]    Prominent American spaceflight contractors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin) (Blue Origin) Blue Origin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing) (Boeing) Boeing , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin) (Lockheed Martin) Lockheed Martin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman) (Northrop Grumman) Northrop Grumman , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX) (SpaceX) SpaceX . NASA programs such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program) (Commercial Crew Program) Commercial Crew Program , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services) (Commercial Resupply Services) Commercial Resupply Services , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services) (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) Commercial Lunar Payload Services , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Space_Technologies_for_Exploration_Partnerships) (Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships) NextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.(United_States.html#cite_note-423) [ 401]       Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States) (Energy in the United States) Energy in the United States  In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States) (Petroleum in the United States) petroleum (38%), followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_the_United_States) (Natural gas in the United States) natural gas (36%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States) (Renewable energy in the United States) renewable sources (9%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_the_United_States) (Coal in the United States) coal (9%), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States) (Nuclear power in the United States) nuclear power (9%).(United_States.html#cite_note-424) [ 402]    (United_States.html#cite_note-visu-425) [ 403]    In 2022, the United States constituted about 4% of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population) (World population) world's population , but (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption) (List of countries by energy consumption) consumed around 16% of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption) (World energy consumption) world's energy .(United_States.html#cite_note-426) [ 404]    The U.S. ranks as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions) (List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions) second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China.(United_States.html#cite_note-427) [ 405]     The U.S. is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country) (Nuclear power by country) largest producer of nuclear power , generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity.(United_States.html#cite_note-428) [ 406]    It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country.(United_States.html#cite_note-429) [ 407]    From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.(United_States.html#cite_note-430) [ 408]      Transportation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States) (Transportation in the United States) Transportation in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:45intoI-10_2.jpg)   Interchange between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10) (Interstate 10) Interstate 10 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45) (Interstate 45) Interstate 45 in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston) (Houston) Houston , Texas  The United States' 4  million miles (6.4  million kilometers) of road network, owned almost entirely by state and local governments, is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size) (List of countries by road network size) longest in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-431) [ 409]    (United_States.html#cite_note-432) [ 410]    The extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System) (Interstate Highway System) Interstate Highway System that connects all major U.S. cities is funded mostly by the federal government but maintained by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_insular_area_departments_of_transportation) (List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation) state departments of transportation . The system is further extended by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway#United_States) (State highway) state highways and some private (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road) (Toll road) toll roads . The U.S. is among the ten countries with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita) (List of countries by vehicles per capita) highest vehicle ownership per capita (850 vehicles per 1,000 people) in 2022. A 2022 study found that 76% of U.S. commuters drive alone and 14% ride a bicycle, including bike owners and users of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike-sharing) (Bike-sharing) bike-sharing networks. About 11% use some form of public transportation.(United_States.html#cite_note-433) [ 411]    (United_States.html#cite_note-434) [ 412]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States) (Public transportation in the United States) Public transportation in the United States is well developed in the largest urban areas, notably New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, and the San Francisco Bay Area; otherwise, coverage is generally less extensive than in most other developed countries. The U.S. also has many relatively (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-dependent) (Car-dependent) car-dependent localities.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1995-435) [ 413]     Long-distance intercity travel is provided primarily by airlines, but travel by rail is more common along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor) (Northeast Corridor) Northeast Corridor , where the only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States) (High-speed rail in the United States) high-speed rail in the U.S. that meets international standards operates. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak) (Amtrak) Amtrak , the country's government-sponsored national passenger rail company, has a relatively sparse network compared to that of Western European countries.(United_States.html#cite_note-436) [ 414]    Service is concentrated in the Northeast, California, the Midwest, and the Pacific Northwest.(United_States.html#cite_note-437) [ 415]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_States) (Rail transport in the United States) The country's rail transport network , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size) (List of countries by rail transport network size) longest in the world at 182,412.3  mi (293,564.2  km) ,(United_States.html#cite_note-438) [ 416]    handles mostly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_transport) (Freight transport) freight (United_States.html#cite_note-439) [ 417]    (United_States.html#cite_note-440) [ 418]    (in contrast to more passenger-centered rail in Europe(United_States.html#cite_note-441) [ 419]    ). Because they are often privately owned, U.S. railroads lag behind much of the rest of the world in terms of electrification.(United_States.html#cite_note-442) [ 420]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hartsfield2026.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsfield–Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport) (Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport) Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , serving the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area) (Atlanta metropolitan area) Atlanta metropolitan area , is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic) (List of busiest airports by passenger traffic) busiest airport by passenger traffic with over 75 million passengers as of 2021.(United_States.html#cite_note-BusyAirport-443) [ 421]    (United_States.html#cite_note-444) [ 422]      The United States has an extensive air transportation network. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States) (List of airlines of the United States) U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. The three largest airlines in the world, by total number of passengers carried, are U.S.-based; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines) (American Airlines) American Airlines became the global leader after its 2013 merger with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways) (US Airways) US Airways .(United_States.html#cite_note-445) [ 423]    Of the 50 busiest airports in the world, 16 are in the United States, as well as five of the top 10.(United_States.html#cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-446) [ 424]    The world's busiest airport by passenger volume is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsfield–Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport) (Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport) Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta) (Atlanta) Atlanta, Georgia .(United_States.html#cite_note-BusyAirport-443) [ 421]    (United_States.html#cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-446) [ 424]    In 2022, most of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_States) (List of airports in the United States) 19,969 U.S. airports (United_States.html#cite_note-447) [ 425]    were owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. Some 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation) (General aviation) general aviation . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration) (Transportation Security Administration) Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has provided security at most major airports since 2001. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States) (Inland waterways of the United States) The country's inland waterways are the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length) (List of countries by waterways length) fifth-longest , totaling 25,482  mi (41,009  km) .(United_States.html#cite_note-448) [ 426]    They are used extensively for freight, recreation, and a small amount of passenger traffic. Of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports) (List of busiest container ports) 50 busiest container ports , four are located in the United States, with the busiest in the country being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles) (Port of Los Angeles) Port of Los Angeles .(United_States.html#cite_note-449) [ 427]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States) (Demographics of the United States) Demographics of the United States  Population  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans) (Americans) Americans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States) (Race and ethnicity in the United States) Race and ethnicity in the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population) (List of U.S. states by population) List of U.S. states by population   The 10 most populous U.S. states  (2025 estimates)(United_States.html#cite_note-CensusUpdate2025-450) [ 428]     State Population (millions)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) (California) California   39.4     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas) (Texas) Texas   31.7     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida) (Florida) Florida   23.5     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)) (New York (state)) New York   20.0     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania) (Pennsylvania) Pennsylvania   13.1     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois) (Illinois) Illinois   12.7     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio) (Ohio) Ohio   11.9     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) (Georgia (U.S. state)) Georgia   11.3     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina) (North Carolina) North Carolina   11.2     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan) (Michigan) Michigan   10.1       The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) (United States Census Bureau) U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,(United_States.html#cite_note-451) [ w]    (United_States.html#cite_note-2020CENSUS-452) [ 429]    making the United States the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) third-most-populous country in the world, after India and China.(United_States.html#cite_note-453) [ 430]    The Census Bureau's official 2025 population estimate was 341,784,857, an increase of 3.1% since the 2020 census.(United_States.html#cite_note-Vintage2025-22) [ 17]    According to the Bureau's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._and_World_Population_Clock) (U.S. and World Population Clock) U.S. Population Clock , on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.(United_States.html#cite_note-454) [ 431]    In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widowed) (Widowed) widowed , 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.(United_States.html#cite_note-455) [ 432]    In 2023, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,(United_States.html#cite_note-456) [ 433]    and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_parents_in_the_United_States) (Single parents in the United States) single-parent households in 2019.(United_States.html#cite_note-457) [ 434]    Most Americans live in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb) (Suburb) suburbs of major metropolitan areas. The United States has a diverse population; 37 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestries) (American ancestries) ancestry groups have more than one million members.(United_States.html#cite_note-An2000-458) [ 435]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites) (Non-Hispanic whites) White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_classification)) (Race (human classification)) racial and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.(United_States.html#cite_note-459) [ 436]    (United_States.html#cite_note-460) [ 437]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) (Hispanic and Latino Americans) Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans) (African Americans) African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.(United_States.html#cite_note-An2000-458) [ 435]    Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,(United_States.html#cite_note-An2000-458) [ 435]    and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.(United_States.html#cite_note-461) [ 438]    In 2024, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age) (Median age) median age of the United States population was 39.1 years.(United_States.html#cite_note-462) [ 439]      Urbanization  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_the_United_States) (Urbanization in the United States) Urbanization in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population) (List of United States cities by population) List of United States cities by population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belmont_Court,_Monroe,_NJ_08831.jpg) (Houses near farmland)   Most Americans live in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb) (Suburb) suburbs and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb) (Exurb) exurbs , such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey) (Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey) Monroe Township , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey) (New Jersey) New Jersey , in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area) (New York metropolitan area) New York metropolitan area .  About 82% of Americans live in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area) (Metropolitan statistical area) metropolitan areas , particularly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb) (Suburb) suburbs and outer-ring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exurb) (Exurb) exurbs ;(United_States.html#cite_note-CIA-2018-367) [ 346]    about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.(United_States.html#cite_note-463) [ 440]    In 2024, 346 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population#50_states_and_District_of_Columbia) (List of United States cities by population) incorporated U.S. municipalities had populations over 100,000, 11 cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City) (New York City) New York City , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) (Los Angeles) Los Angeles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago) (Chicago) Chicago , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston) (Houston) Houston —had populations exceeding two million.(United_States.html#cite_note-464) [ 441]    Some 56 U.S. metropolitan areas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_areas#United_States) (Metropolitan statistical areas) have one million or more residents . More recently, the fastest-growing metropolitan areas were in the South, while southern metros along the Mexican border and Gulf Coast metros susceptible to hurricanes declined the most in 2025.(United_States.html#cite_note-CenPopGrowthSlowing-465) [ 442]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metro_area) (New York metro area) New York metro area , which gained the most new residents in 2024, fell to 13th in 2025, due to a fall in immigrants.(United_States.html#cite_note-CenPopGrowthSlowing-465) [ 442]    The top metro areas with rising populations in 2025 were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_metropolitan_area) (Houston metropolitan area) Houston and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Metroplex) (Dallas Metroplex) Dallas–Fort Worth , followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area) (Atlanta metropolitan area) Atlanta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area) (Phoenix metropolitan area) Phoenix and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_metropolitan_area) (Charlotte metropolitan area) Charlotte .(United_States.html#cite_note-CenPopGrowthSlowing-465) [ 442]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_United_States) (Template:Largest metropolitan areas of the United States) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_United_States) (Template talk:Largest metropolitan areas of the United States) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_United_States) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest metropolitan areas of the United States) (Edit this template) e     Largest metropolitan areas in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area) (Metropolitan statistical area) 2025 MSA population estimates from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau) (U.S. Census Bureau) U.S. Census Bureau (United_States.html#cite_note-PopEstCBSA-466) [ 443]        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population) (List of cities in the United States by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States) (List of cities in the United States) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States) (List of regions of the United States) Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population) (List of cities in the United States by population) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population) (List of cities in the United States by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States) (List of cities in the United States) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States) (List of regions of the United States) Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population) (List of cities in the United States by population) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area) (New York metropolitan area) New York  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) (Northeastern United States) Northeast  20,112,448 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Boston) (Greater Boston) Boston  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) (Northeastern United States) Northeast  5,034,221  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area) (Los Angeles metropolitan area) Los Angeles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  12,844,441 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire) (Inland Empire) Riverside–San Bernardino  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  4,769,007  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area) (Chicago metropolitan area) Chicago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) Midwest  9,434,123 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) (San Francisco Bay Area) San Francisco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  4,630,041  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas–Fort_Worth_metroplex) (Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex) Dallas–Fort Worth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  8,477,157 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit) (Metro Detroit) Detroit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) Midwest  4,390,913  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston) (Greater Houston) Houston  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  7,904,627 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area) (Seattle metropolitan area) Seattle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  4,161,883  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area) (Atlanta metropolitan area) Atlanta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  6,482,182 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis–Saint_Paul) (Minneapolis–Saint Paul) Minneapolis–Saint Paul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States) (Midwestern United States) Midwest  3,790,295  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area) (Washington metropolitan area) Washington, D.C.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  6,465,724 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_area) (Tampa Bay area) Tampa–St. Petersburg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  3,418,895  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area) (Miami metropolitan area) Miami  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  6,391,072 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California) (San Diego County, California) San Diego  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  3,282,248  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_metropolitan_area) (Philadelphia metropolitan area) Philadelphia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) (Northeastern United States) Northeast  6,329,118 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_metropolitan_area) (Denver metropolitan area) Denver  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  3,092,037  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area) (Phoenix metropolitan area) Phoenix  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) West  5,228,938 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Orlando) (Greater Orlando) Orlando  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) South  2,957,672       Language  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States) (Languages of the United States) Languages of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Languages_cp-02.svg)   Most spoken languages in the U.S.  While many languages and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialects) (Dialects) dialects are spoken in the United States, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English) (American English) English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.(United_States.html#cite_note-467) [ 444]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) De facto  , English is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language of the United States, and in 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14224) (Executive Order 14224) Executive Order 14224 declared English official.(United_States.html#cite_note-EOWP-6) [ 4]    However, the U.S. has never had a statutory official language, as Congress has never passed a law to designate English as official for all three federal branches. Some laws, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_citizen_of_the_United_States) (Naturalized citizen of the United States) U.S. naturalization requirements , nonetheless standardize English. Twenty-eight states and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) United States Virgin Islands have laws that designate English as the sole official language; 19 states and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia) (District of Columbia) District of Columbia have no official language.(United_States.html#cite_note-468) [ 445]    Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English: Hawaii ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language) (Hawaiian language) Hawaiian ),(United_States.html#cite_note-469) [ 446]    Alaska ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native_languages) (Alaska Native languages) twenty Native languages ),(United_States.html#cite_note-470) [ x]    (United_States.html#cite_note-471) [ 447]    South Dakota ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_language) (Sioux language) Sioux ),(United_States.html#cite_note-LakotaCommon-472) [ 448]    American Samoa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language) (Samoan language) Samoan ), Puerto Rico ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish) (Puerto Rican Spanish) Spanish ), Guam ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamorro_language) (Chamorro language) Chamorro ), and the Northern Mariana Islands ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinian_language) (Carolinian language) Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.(United_States.html#cite_note-473) [ 449]    In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.(United_States.html#cite_note-PuertoRicoTranslation-474) [ 450]     According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey) (American Community Survey) American Community Survey (2020),(United_States.html#cite_note-ACS2021-475) [ 451]    some 245.4 million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States) (Spanish language in the United States) Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States) (Chinese language in the United States) Chinese (3.40 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language_in_the_United_States) (Tagalog language in the United States) Tagalog (1.71 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States) (Vietnamese language in the United States) Vietnamese (1.52 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States) (Arabic language in the United States) Arabic (1.39 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States) (French language in the United States) French (1.18 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language_in_the_United_States) (Korean language in the United States) Korean (1.07 million), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States) (Russian language in the United States) Russian (1.04 million). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States) (German language in the United States) German , spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 881,000 estimated total speakers in 2020.(United_States.html#cite_note-476) [ 452]      Immigration  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States) (Immigration to the United States) Immigration to the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States) (History of immigration to the United States) History of immigration to the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Border_USA_Mexico.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico–United_States_border_wall) (Mexico–United States border wall) Mexico–United States border wall between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego) (San Diego) San Diego (left) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana) (Tijuana) Tijuana (right)  America's immigrant population is by far the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_immigrant_and_emigrant_population) (List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population) largest in absolute terms .(United_States.html#cite_note-UNdef-477) [ 453]    (United_States.html#cite_note-478) [ 454]    In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_immigrants_in_the_United_States) (Second-generation immigrants in the United States) U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.(United_States.html#cite_note-479) [ 455]    In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States) (Undocumented immigrant population of the United States) unauthorized immigrants .(United_States.html#cite_note-KeyFindings-480) [ 456]    In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).(United_States.html#cite_note-481) [ 457]    In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_migration#Legislation) (Chain migration) family reunification ) were granted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)) (Permanent residence (United States)) legal residence .(United_States.html#cite_note-482) [ 458]    The undocumented immigrant population in the U.S. reached a record high of 14 million in 2023.(United_States.html#cite_note-483) [ 459]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) (Religion in the United States) Religion in the United States   Religious affiliation in the U.S., according to a 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc.) (Gallup, Inc.) Gallup poll:(United_States.html#cite_note-Gallup-14) [ 11]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States) (Protestantism in the United States) Protestantism (32%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States) (Catholic Church in the United States) Catholicism (20%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States) (Christianity in the United States) Non-specific Christian (12%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism_in_the_United_States) (Mormonism in the United States) Mormonism (1%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_States) (Judaism in the United States) Judaism (2%)   Other religion (6%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States) (Irreligion in the United States) Unaffiliated (24%)   Unanswered (3%)    (Protestantism (32%))  (Protestantism (32%))  (Catholicism (20%))  (Catholicism (20%))  (Non-specific Christian (12%))  (Non-specific Christian (12%))  (Mormonism (1%))  (Judaism (2%))  (Other religion (6%))  (Other religion (6%))  (Unaffiliated (24%))  (Unaffiliated (24%))  (Unanswered (3%))       The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (First Amendment to the United States Constitution) First Amendment guarantees the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause) (Free Exercise Clause) free exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause) (Establishment Clause) its establishment .(United_States.html#cite_note-Donadio-2021-484) [ 460]    (United_States.html#cite_note-485) [ 461]    Religious practice is widespread, among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level) (List of countries by ethnic and cultural diversity level) most diverse in the world,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlesina2003-486) [ 462]    and profoundly vibrant.(United_States.html#cite_note-pewreligion-487) [ 463]     The country has the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country) (Christianity by country) largest Christian population , which includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country) (Catholic Church by country) fourth-largest population of Catholics .(United_States.html#cite_note-Global_Christianity-488) [ 464]    Other notable faiths include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism) (Judaism) Judaism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hinduism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age) (New Age) New Age , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religions) (Native American religions) Native American religions .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESewell2010-489) [ 465]    Religious practice varies significantly by region.(United_States.html#cite_note-Williams-2023-490) [ 466]    "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_deism) (Ceremonial deism) Ceremonial deism " is common in American culture.(United_States.html#cite_note-491) [ 467]     The overwhelming majority of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans) (Americans) Americans believe in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Power) (Higher Power) higher power or spiritual force, engage in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_practice) (Spiritual practice) spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality) (Spirituality) spiritual .(United_States.html#cite_note-Kallo-2023-492) [ 468]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroeseUecker2022-493) [ 469]    In the Southern United States' "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Belt) (Bible Belt) Bible Belt ", (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism) (Evangelicalism) evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England) (New England) New England and the Western United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unchurched_Belt) (Unchurched Belt) tend to be more secular .(United_States.html#cite_note-Williams-2023-490) [ 466]    (United_States.html#cite_note-494) [ 470]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism) (Mormonism) Mormonism , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorationism) (Restorationism) Restorationist movement founded in the U.S. in 1847,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2008727–728-495) [ 471]    is the predominant religion in Utah and a major religion in Idaho.  Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States) (Health in the United States) Health in the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States) (Healthcare in the United States) Healthcare in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States) (Health insurance in the United States) Health insurance in the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States) (History of public health in the United States) History of public health in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States) (History of medicine in the United States) History of medicine in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_medical_center.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center) (Texas Medical Center) Texas Medical Center in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston) (Houston) Houston is the largest medical complex in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-496) [ 472]    (United_States.html#cite_note-497) [ 473]    In 2018, it employed 120,000 people and treated 10 million patients.(United_States.html#cite_note-498) [ 474]      According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), average U.S. life expectancy at birth reached 79.0 years in 2024, its highest recorded level and an increase of 0.6 years over 2023. The CDC attributed the improvement to a significant fall in the number of fatal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose) (Drug overdose) drug overdoses in the country, noting that "heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States, followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer) (Cancer) cancer and unintentional injuries."(United_States.html#cite_note-499) [ 475]    In 2024, life expectancy at birth for American men rose to 76.5 years (+0.7 years compared to 2023), while life expectancy for women was 81.4 years (+0.3 years).(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuMurphyKochanekArias2026-500) [ 476]    Starting in 1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy) (List of countries by life expectancy) behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries , and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.(United_States.html#cite_note-501) [ 477]     The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate) (List of countries by suicide rate) highest suicide rate among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-income_countries) (High-income countries) high-income countries .(United_States.html#cite_note-502) [ 478]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States) (Obesity in the United States) Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese , and another third is overweight.(United_States.html#cite_note-503) [ 479]    The U.S. healthcare system far (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita) outspends that of any other country , measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.(United_States.html#cite_note-504) [ 480]    The United States is the only developed country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States) (Healthcare reform in the United States) without a system of universal healthcare , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States) (Health insurance coverage in the United States) a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVladeck2003-505) [ 481]    Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid) (Medicaid) Medicaid ) and for those age 65 and older ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)) (Medicare (United States)) Medicare ) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act) (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act .(United_States.html#cite_note-506) [ y]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberlander2010-507) [ 482]    Since the 2022 U.S. Supreme Court decision (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women's_Health_Organization) (Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization) Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization  , which effectively overruled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade) (Roe v. Wade) Roe v. Wade  (1973), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States) (Abortion in the United States) abortion in the United States is no longer federally protected but is subject to the laws of each state or territory.(United_States.html#cite_note-508) [ z]    (United_States.html#cite_note-509) [ 483]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States) (Education in the United States) Education in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg) (Photograph of the University of Virginia)   Some 77% of American college students attend public institutions(United_States.html#cite_note-510) [ 484]    such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia) (University of Virginia) University of Virginia , founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) (Thomas Jefferson) Thomas Jefferson in 1819.  American primary and secondary education, known in the U.S. as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K–12_education_in_the_United_States) (K–12 education in the United States) K–12 ("kindergarten through 12th grade"), is decentralized. School systems are operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education) (United States Department of Education) U.S. Department of Education . In general, children are required to attend school or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States) (Homeschooling in the United States) an approved homeschool from the age of five or six ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten) (Kindergarten) kindergarten or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_grade) (First grade) first grade ) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade) (Twelfth grade) 12th grade , the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.(United_States.html#cite_note-511) [ 485]    The U.S. spends more on education per student than any other country,(United_States.html#cite_note-512) [ 486]    an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.(United_States.html#cite_note-513) [ 487]    Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor's_degree) (Bachelor's degree) bachelor's degree , and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.(United_States.html#cite_note-514) [ 488]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States) (Literacy in the United States) U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.(United_States.html#cite_note-CIA-2018-367) [ 346]    (United_States.html#cite_note-515) [ 489]    The U.S. has produced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country) (List of Nobel laureates by country) most Nobel Prize winners of any country , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates) (List of American Nobel laureates) 411 (having won 413 awards).(United_States.html#cite_note-516) [ 490]    (United_States.html#cite_note-517) [ 491]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States) (Higher education in the United States) U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.(United_States.html#cite_note-518) [ 492]    (United_States.html#cite_note-519) [ 493]    American higher education is dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_system) (State university system) state university systems , although (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_universities_in_the_United_States) (Private universities in the United States) the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States) (Community colleges in the United States) community colleges generally offer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_admissions) (Open admissions) open admissions , lower tuition, and coursework leading to a two-year (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree) (Associate degree) associate degree or a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_program) (Certificate program) non-degree certificate .(United_States.html#cite_note-520) [ 494]     As for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_expenditure) (Public expenditure) public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.(United_States.html#cite_note-education_spending-521) [ 495]    Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_academies) (United States service academies) U.S. service academies , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School) (Naval Postgraduate School) Naval Postgraduate School , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_military_staff_colleges) (US military staff colleges) military staff colleges . Despite some student (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_forgiveness) (Loan forgiveness) loan forgiveness programs in place,(United_States.html#cite_note-522) [ 496]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_debt) (Student debt) student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,(United_States.html#cite_note-523) [ 497]    and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.(United_States.html#cite_note-524) [ 498]       Culture and society  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) (Culture of the United States) Culture of the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States) (Society of the United States) Society of the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States) (Human rights in the United States) Human rights in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Statue_of_Liberty_(cropped).jpg) (The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty) (Statue of Liberty) Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World ) on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Island) (Liberty Island) Liberty Island in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor) (New York Harbor) New York Harbor was an 1886 gift from France that has become an iconic symbol of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream) (American Dream) American Dream .(United_States.html#cite_note-525) [ 499]      The United States is home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_the_United_States) (Multiculturalism in the United States) a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and customs .(United_States.html#cite_note-526) [ 500]    (United_States.html#cite_note-527) [ 501]    The country has been described as having (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)) (Americanism (ideology)) the values of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism) (Individualism) individualism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism) (Left-libertarianism) personal autonomy ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbBaerCurtis1999-528) [ 502]    (United_States.html#cite_note-529) [ 503]    as well as a strong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_ethic) (Work ethic) work ethic (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2010-530) [ 504]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition) (Competition) competitiveness .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1952-531) [ 505]    Voluntary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism) (Altruism) altruism toward others also plays a major role;(United_States.html#cite_note-532) [ 506]    (United_States.html#cite_note-533) [ 507]    (United_States.html#cite_note-534) [ 508]    according to a 2016 study by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation) (Charities Aid Foundation) Charities Aid Foundation , Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_charitable_donation) (List of countries by charitable donation) highest rate in the world by a large margin.(United_States.html#cite_note-535) [ 509]    Americans have traditionally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Americans) (Stereotypes of Americans) been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Creed) (American Creed) American Creed " that emphasizes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed) (Consent of the governed) consent of the governed , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty) (Liberty) liberty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_under_the_law) (Equality under the law) equality under the law , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy) (Democracy) democracy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality) (Social equality) social equality , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights) (Property rights) property rights , and a preference for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_government) (Limited government) limited government .(United_States.html#cite_note-536) [ aa]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2004-537) [ 510]    (United_States.html#cite_note-538) [ 511]    The U.S. has acquired significant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power) (Hard power) hard and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power) (Soft power) soft power through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States) (Foreign relations of the United States) its diplomatic influence , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_power) (Economic power) economic power , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance) (Military alliance) military alliances , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_exports) (Cultural exports) cultural exports such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) (Cinema of the United States) American movies , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) (Music of the United States) music , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States) (Video games in the United States) video games , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) (Sports in the United States) sports , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine) (American cuisine) food .(United_States.html#cite_note-539) [ 512]    (United_States.html#cite_note-540) [ 513]    The influence that the United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization) (Americanization) Americanization .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerghahn2010-541) [ 514]     Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Eurasia) (Afro-Eurasia) Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World) (Old World) Old World ") within the past five centuries.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiorinaPeterson201097-542) [ 515]    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainstream) (wikt:mainstream) Mainstream American culture is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture) (Western culture) Western culture largely derived from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American#Culture) (European American) traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_culture) (African-American culture) traditions brought by slaves from Africa .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway200518–38-543) [ 516]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000116-544) [ 517]    More recent immigration from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American) (Asian American) Asia and especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_culture) (Latin American culture) Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pot) (Melting pot) melting pot , and a heterogeneous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_bowl_(cultural_idea)) (Salad bowl (cultural idea)) salad bowl , with immigrants contributing to, and often (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)) (Assimilation (phonology)) assimilating into, mainstream American culture. Under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (First Amendment to the United States Constitution) First Amendment to the Constitution , the United States is considered to have the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States) (Freedom of speech in the United States) strongest protections of free speech of any country .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman201310,_201-545) [ 518]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_desecration_in_the_United_States) (Flag desecration in the United States) Flag desecration , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States) (Hate speech in the United States) hate speech , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_States) (Blasphemy law in the United States) blasphemy , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lèse-majesté) (Lèse-majesté) lese majesty are all forms of protected expression.(United_States.html#cite_note-546) [ 519]    (United_States.html#cite_note-547) [ 520]    (United_States.html#cite_note-548) [ 521]    A 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.(United_States.html#cite_note-549) [ 522]    Additionally, they are the "most supportive of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States) (Freedom of the press in the United States) freedom of the press and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access) (Right to Internet access) right to use the Internet without government censorship".(United_States.html#cite_note-550) [ 523]    The U.S. is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_liberalism) (Cultural liberalism) socially progressive country(United_States.html#cite_note-551) [ 524]    with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_society) (Permissive society) permissive attitudes surrounding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality) (Human sexuality) human sexuality .(United_States.html#cite_note-Derks-2020-552) [ 525]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States) (LGBTQ rights in the United States) LGBTQ rights in the United States are among the most advanced by global standards.(United_States.html#cite_note-Derks-2020-552) [ 525]    (United_States.html#cite_note-553) [ 526]    (United_States.html#cite_note-554) [ 527]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream) (American Dream) American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high levels of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-economic_mobility_in_the_United_States) (Socio-economic mobility in the United States) social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants.(United_States.html#cite_note-555) [ 528]    (United_States.html#cite_note-556) [ 529]    Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.(United_States.html#cite_note-socialmobility-557) [ 530]    (United_States.html#cite_note-CAP-558) [ 531]    (United_States.html#cite_note-559) [ 532]    While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_society) (Classless society) classless society ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutfeld200265-560) [ 533]    scholars identify significant differences between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States) (Social class in the United States) the country's social classes , affecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization) (Socialization) socialization , language, and values.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZweig2004-561) [ 534]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoff-Ginsberg1989-562) [ 535]    Americans tend to greatly value (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics) (Socioeconomics) socioeconomic achievement, but (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_Joe) (Average Joe) being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Keefe2005-563) [ 536]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities) (National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities) National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."(United_States.html#cite_note-564) [ 537]     Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature) (American literature) American literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy) (American philosophy) American philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Twain_by_AF_Bradley.jpg) (Photograph of Mark Twain)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain) (Mark Twain) Mark Twain , whom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner) (William Faulkner) William Faulkner called "the father of American literature"(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelliffe1956-565) [ 538]      Colonial American authors were influenced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke) (John Locke) John Locke and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment) (Age of Enlightenment) Enlightenment philosophers.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013157–159-566) [ 539]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994a503–509-567) [ 540]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution) (American Revolution) American Revolutionary Period (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin) (Benjamin Franklin) Benjamin Franklin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton) (Alexander Hamilton) Alexander Hamilton , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine) (Thomas Paine) Thomas Paine , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson) (Thomas Jefferson) Thomas Jefferson . Shortly before and after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) (American Revolutionary War) Revolutionary War , the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013163-568) [ 541]    (United_States.html#cite_note-569) [ 542]    An early novel is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hill_Brown) (William Hill Brown) William Hill Brown 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Sympathy) (The Power of Sympathy) The Power of Sympathy  , published in 1791. Writer and critic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Neal) (John Neal) John Neal in the early- to mid-19th century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving) (Washington Irving) Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe) (Edgar Allan Poe) Edgar Allan Poe ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELease197280-570) [ 543]    who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson) (Ralph Waldo Emerson) Ralph Waldo Emerson and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller) (Margaret Fuller) Margaret Fuller pioneered the influential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism) (Transcendentalism) Transcendentalism movement;(United_States.html#cite_note-571) [ 544]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoviello2005-572) [ 545]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau) (Henry David Thoreau) Henry David Thoreau , author of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden) (Walden) Walden  , was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States) (Abolitionism in the United States) abolitionism inspired writers, like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe) (Harriet Beecher Stowe) Harriet Beecher Stowe , and authors of slave narratives, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass) (Frederick Douglass) Frederick Douglass . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne) (Nathaniel Hawthorne) Nathaniel Hawthorne 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter) (The Scarlet Letter) The Scarlet Letter  (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville) (Herman Melville) Herman Melville 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick) (Moby-Dick) Moby-Dick  (1851). Major American poets of the 19th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance_(literature)) (American Renaissance (literature)) American Renaissance include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman) (Walt Whitman) Walt Whitman , Melville, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson) (Emily Dickinson) Emily Dickinson .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013444–447-573) [ 546]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994a1228,_1233,_1260-574) [ 547]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain) (Mark Twain) Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James) (Henry James) Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady) (The Portrait of a Lady) The Portrait of a Lady  (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131269–1270-575) [ 548]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994b8–10-576) [ 549]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)) (Naturalism (literature)) Naturalism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literary_regionalism) (American literary regionalism) regionalism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_realism#UnitedStates) (Literary realism) realism were the major literary movements of the period.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131271–1273-577) [ 550]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauter1994b12-578) [ 551]     While (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_modernism) (Literary modernism) modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131850–1851-579) [ 552]    Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Americans) (West Indian Americans) West Indian authors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance) (Harlem Renaissance) Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Age) (Jazz Age) Jazz Age , these writings were a key influence on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Négritude) (Négritude) Négritude  , a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora) (African diaspora) African diaspora .(United_States.html#cite_note-580) [ 553]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilipson2006-581) [ 554]    In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Novel) (Great American Novel) Great American Novel ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132260–2261-582) [ 555]    while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation) (Beat Generation) Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word) (Spoken word) spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132262-583) [ 556]    (United_States.html#cite_note-584) [ 557]    Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_literature) (Experimental literature) experiments with language .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132266–2267-585) [ 558]    Twelve American laureates have won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (Nobel Prize in Literature) Nobel Prize in Literature .(United_States.html#cite_note-586) [ 559]      Mass media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States) (Mass media in the United States) Mass media in the United States  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers_in_the_United_States) (Newspapers in the United States) Newspapers in the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States) (Television in the United States) Television in the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States) (Broadcasting in the United States) Broadcasting in the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States) (Public broadcasting in the United States) Public broadcasting in the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States) (Internet in the United States) Internet in the United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States) (Radio in the United States) Radio in the United States , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States) (Video games in the United States) Video games in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comcast_Philly.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Center) (Comcast Center) Comcast Center in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia) (Philadelphia) Philadelphia , headquarters of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast) (Comcast) Comcast , one of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_companies) (List of telecommunications companies) largest telecommunications companies and media conglomerates  The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Company) (National Broadcasting Company) National Broadcasting Company (NBC), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System) (Columbia Broadcasting System) Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) (American Broadcasting Company) American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company) (Fox Broadcasting Company) Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is the country's major non-commercial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcaster) (Public broadcaster) public broadcast network ;(United_States.html#cite_note-About_PBS-587) [ 560]    it also provides (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_television) (Educational television) educational programming through local PBS stations.(United_States.html#cite_note-588) [ 561]    (United_States.html#cite_note-589) [ 562]    (United_States.html#cite_note-590) [ 563]    (United_States.html#cite_note-591) [ 564]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States) (Cable television in the United States) U.S. cable television system offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.(United_States.html#cite_note-592) [ 565]    In 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting) (Radio broadcasting) broadcast radio , while about 40% listened to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast) (Podcast) podcasts .(United_States.html#cite_note-593) [ 566]    In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission) (Federal Communications Commission) Federal Communications Commission (FCC).(United_States.html#cite_note-594) [ 567]    Public radio broadcasting is largely supplied by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio) (National Public Radio) National Public Radio (NPR), incorporated in February 1970 under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967) (Public Broadcasting Act of 1967) Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 .(United_States.html#cite_note-595) [ 568]     U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today) (USA Today) USA Today  .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaffer2006116-596) [ 569]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish-language_newspapers_published_in_the_United_States) (List of Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States) About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.(United_States.html#cite_note-597) [ 570]    (United_States.html#cite_note-598) [ 571]    With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Company) (Gannett Company) Gannett or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company) (The McClatchy Company) McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_newspaper) (Alternative newspaper) alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice) (The Village Voice) The Village Voice  in New York City and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly) (LA Weekly) LA Weekly  in Los Angeles. The five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites) (List of most-visited websites) most-visited websites in the world are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search) (Google Search) Google , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube) (YouTube) YouTube , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook) (Facebook) Facebook , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram) (Instagram) Instagram , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT) (ChatGPT) ChatGPT — all of them American-owned. Other popular platforms used include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(social_network)) (X (social network)) X (formerly Twitter) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)) (Amazon (company)) Amazon .(United_States.html#cite_note-alexa-topsitesus-599) [ 572]    (United_States.html#cite_note-600) [ 573]    In 2025, the U.S. was the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country) (List of video games markets by country) second-largest video game market by revenue (after China).(United_States.html#cite_note-601) [ 574]    In 2015, the U.S. video game industry consisted of 2,457 companies that employed around 220,000 jobs and generated $30.4 billion in revenue.(United_States.html#cite_note-:0-602) [ 575]    There are 444 game publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.(United_States.html#cite_note-603) [ 576]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference) (Game Developers Conference) Game Developers Conference (GDC), the U.S. is the top location for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_development) (Video game development) video game development , with 58% of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer) (Video game developer) game developers based there in 2025.(United_States.html#cite_note-604) [ 577]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States) (Censorship in the United States) Media freedom was classified as "problematic" by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders in 2026, and scholars have noted a significant rise in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship) (Censorship) censorship and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-censorship) (Self-censorship) self-censorship in recent years.(United_States.html#cite_note-:32-605) [ 578]      Theater  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States) (Theater in the United States) Theater in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Various_Pictures_from_New_York_City_-_September,_2025.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater) (Broadway theater) Broadway theaters in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan) (Theater District, Manhattan) Theater District, Manhattan   The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom) (Theatre of the United Kingdom) British theater .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxon2011-606) [ 579]    By the middle of the 19th century, America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shows) (Tom Shows) Tom Shows , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showboat) (Showboat) showboat theater and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show) (Minstrel show) minstrel show .(United_States.html#cite_note-607) [ 580]    The central hub of the American theater scene is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan) (Theater District, Manhattan) Theater District in Manhattan , with its divisions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre) (Broadway theatre) Broadway , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway) (Off-Broadway) off-Broadway , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-off-Broadway) (Off-off-Broadway) off-off-Broadway .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondréWatermeier1998-608) [ 581]     Many movie and television (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity) (Celebrity) celebrities have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_theater_in_the_United_States) (Regional theater in the United States) regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_theater) (Community theater) community theater culture.(United_States.html#cite_note-609) [ 582]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards) (Tony Awards) Tony Awards recognize excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan) (Manhattan) Manhattan . The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_theatre_in_the_United_States) (Regional theatre in the United States) regional theater .(United_States.html#cite_note-610) [ 583]      Visual arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) (Visual art of the United States) Visual art of the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States) (Architecture of the United States) Architecture of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gothic) (American Gothic) American Gothic  (1930) by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Wood) (Grant Wood) Grant Wood is one of the most famous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) (Visual art of the United States) American paintings and is widely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody) (Parody) parodied .(United_States.html#cite_note-BBC-611) [ 584]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art_of_the_United_States) (Folk art of the United States) Folk art in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_america) (Colonial america) colonial America grew out of artisanal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workmanship) (Workmanship) craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culture) (High culture) high art , which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.(United_States.html#cite_note-612) [ 585]    Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking) (Woodworking) woodworking and primitive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States) (Sculpture of the United States) sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art) (Renaissance art) Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did— and far longer than those in Western Europe.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman201310,_201-545) [ 518]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School) (Hudson River School) Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)) (Realism (arts)) naturalism . The 1913 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Show) (Armory Show) Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art) (Modern art) modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1988-613) [ 586]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Realism) (American Realism) American Realism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Regionalism) (American Regionalism) American Regionalism sought to reflect and give America new ways of looking at itself. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_O'Keeffe) (Georgia O'Keeffe) Georgia O'Keeffe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden_Hartley) (Marsden Hartley) Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_modernism) (American modernism) American modernism . Major artistic movements such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism) (Abstract expressionism) abstract expressionism of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock) (Jackson Pollock) Jackson Pollock and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning) (Willem de Kooning) Willem de Kooning and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art) (Pop art) pop art of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol) (Andy Warhol) Andy Warhol and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein) (Roy Lichtenstein) Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz) (Alfred Stieglitz) Alfred Stieglitz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steichen) (Edward Steichen) Edward Steichen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lange) (Dorothea Lange) Dorothea Lange , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Weston) (Edward Weston) Edward Weston , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Der_Zee) (James Van Der Zee) James Van Der Zee , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams) (Ansel Adams) Ansel Adams , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks) (Gordon Parks) Gordon Parks .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport199167-614) [ 587]     The tide of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism) (Modernism) modernism and then (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism) (Postmodernism) postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright) (Frank Lloyd Wright) Frank Lloyd Wright , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson) (Philip Johnson) Philip Johnson , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry) (Frank Gehry) Frank Gehry .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansonJanson2003955-615) [ 588]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Metropolitan Museum of Art in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan) (Manhattan) Manhattan is the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum) (Art museum) art museum in the United States(United_States.html#cite_note-METLargestArtMuseum-616) [ 589]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums) (List of largest art museums) fourth-largest in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-617) [ 590]      Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) (Music of the United States) Music of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_2022a.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum) (Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum) Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) (Nashville, Tennessee) Nashville, Tennessee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk_music) (American folk music) American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music) (Folk music) folk music , contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles) (British Isles) British Isles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europe) (Mainland Europe) mainland Europe , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_music) (African-American music) Africa .(United_States.html#cite_note-afc-618) [ 591]    The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.(United_States.html#cite_note-619) [ 592]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo) (Banjo) Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show) (Minstrel show) Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinans1976-620) [ 593]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShi2016378-621) [ 594]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar) (Electric guitar) electric guitar , first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll) (Rock and roll) rock and roll .(United_States.html#cite_note-axe-622) [ 595]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer) (Synthesizer) synthesizer , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism) (Turntablism) turntablism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music) (Electronic music) electronic music were also largely developed in the U.S. Elements from folk idioms such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues) (Blues) blues and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music) (Old-time music) old-time music were adopted and transformed into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music) (Popular music) popular genres with global audiences. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) (Jazz) Jazz grew from blues and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime) (Ragtime) ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.C._Handy) (W.C. Handy) W.C. Handy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton) (Jelly Roll Morton) Jelly Roll Morton . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong) (Louis Armstrong) Louis Armstrong and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington) (Duke Ellington) Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailswhatwashotroller00biddpage_ix]-623) [ 596]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music) (Country music) Country music developed in the 1920s,(United_States.html#cite_note-624) [ 597]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music) (Bluegrass music) bluegrass (United_States.html#cite_note-625) [ 598]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues) (Rhythm and blues) rhythm and blues in the 1940s,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbettJanssenLundPfannestiel2014[httpsopenstaxorgbooksus-historypages28-4-popular-culture-and-mass-media_28.4]-626) [ 599]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sfn_with_unknown_parameters#6%20=%20VickeryUnited%20States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sfn_with_unknown_parameters#7%20=%202014United%20States)  and rock and roll in the 1950s.(United_States.html#cite_note-axe-622) [ 595]    In the 1960s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan) (Bob Dylan) Bob Dylan emerged from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk_music_revival) (American folk music revival) folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.(United_States.html#cite_note-627) [ 600]    The musical forms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock) (Punk rock) punk and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop) (Hip hop) hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunk2016-628) [ 601]     The United States has the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets) (List of largest recorded music markets) largest music market , with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022,(United_States.html#cite_note-629) [ 602]    and is the largest exporter of music.(United_States.html#cite_note-630) [ 603]    (United_States.html#cite_note-631) [ 604]    Most of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels) (Record label) major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America) (Recording Industry Association of America) Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).(United_States.html#cite_note-632) [ 605]    Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra) (Frank Sinatra) Frank Sinatra (United_States.html#cite_note-633) [ 606]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley) (Elvis Presley) Elvis Presley ,(United_States.html#cite_note-634) [ 607]    became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar) (Superstar) global celebrities and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists) (List of best-selling music artists) best-selling music artists ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailswhatwashotroller00biddpage_ix]-623) [ 596]    as have artists of the late 20th century, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson) (Michael Jackson) Michael Jackson ,(United_States.html#cite_note-RIAA-635) [ 608]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna) (Madonna) Madonna ,(United_States.html#cite_note-636) [ 609]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston) (Whitney Houston) Whitney Houston ,(United_States.html#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2023-637) [ 610]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey) (Mariah Carey) Mariah Carey ,(United_States.html#cite_note-638) [ 611]    and of the early 21st century, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem) (Eminem) Eminem ,(United_States.html#cite_note-639) [ 612]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears) (Britney Spears) Britney Spears ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-640) [ 613]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga) (Lady Gaga) Lady Gaga ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-640) [ 613]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry) (Katy Perry) Katy Perry ,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490-640) [ 613]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift) (Taylor Swift) Taylor Swift and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyoncé) (Beyoncé) Beyoncé .(United_States.html#cite_note-641) [ 614]      Fashion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) (Fashion in the United States) Fashion in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture) (Haute couture) Haute couture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_model) (Fashion model) fashion models on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwalk) (Catwalk) catwalk during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) (New York Fashion Week) New York Fashion Week   The United States has the world's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparel) (Apparel) apparel market by revenue.(United_States.html#cite_note-642) [ 615]    Apart from professional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_attire) (Business attire) business attire , American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneaker) (Sneaker) sneakers , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans) (Jeans) jeans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirts) (T-shirts) T-shirts , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_cap) (Baseball cap) baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.(United_States.html#cite_note-AmericanClassicFashion-643) [ 616]    New York, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) (New York Fashion Week) its Fashion Week , is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_capital) (Fashion capital) fashion capitals , along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) (Paris Fashion Week) Paris , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) (Milan Fashion Week) Milan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) (London Fashion Week) London . A study demonstrated that general proximity to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan) (Garment District, Manhattan) Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-GarmentDistrictNYCFashionSymbolUS-644) [ 617]     A number of well-known (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_label) (Designer label) designer labels , among them (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) (Tommy Hilfiger (company)) Tommy Hilfiger , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) (Ralph Lauren Corporation) Ralph Lauren , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ford_(brand)) (Tom Ford (brand)) Tom Ford and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) (Calvin Klein (fashion house)) Calvin Klein , are headquartered in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan) (Manhattan) Manhattan .(United_States.html#cite_note-645) [ 618]    (United_States.html#cite_note-646) [ 619]    Labels cater to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_market) (Niche market) niche markets , such as preteens. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) (New York Fashion Week) New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion shows in the world, and is held twice each year in Manhattan;(United_States.html#cite_note-USNYCFashionWeekGlobalIndustryTonesetter-647) [ 620]    the annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Gala) (Met Gala) Met Gala , also in Manhattan, has been called the fashion world's "biggest night".(United_States.html#cite_note-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight1-648) [ 621]    (United_States.html#cite_note-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight2-649) [ 622]      Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) (Cinema of the United States) Cinema of the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hollywood_sign_(8485145044).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Sign) (Hollywood Sign) Hollywood Sign in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills) (Hollywood Hills) Hollywood Hills , often regarded as the symbol of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_film_industry) (American film industry) American film industry   The U.S. film industry has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hollywood) (Global Hollywood) a worldwide influence and following . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) (Hollywood, Los Angeles) Hollywood , a district in central Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymous) (Metonymous) metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.(United_States.html#cite_note-650) [ 623]    (United_States.html#cite_note-651) [ 624]    (United_States.html#cite_note-652) [ 625]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_film_studios) (Major film studios) major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films) (List of highest-grossing films) most commercially successful movies selling the most tickets in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerrigan201018-653) [ 626]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisDickinsonPattiVillarejo2015299-654) [ 627]     Largely centered in the New York City region from its beginnings in the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century,(United_States.html#cite_note-655) [ 628]    (United_States.html#cite_note-656) [ 629]    (United_States.html#cite_note-657) [ 630]    (United_States.html#cite_note-658) [ 631]    the U.S. film industry has since been primarily based in and around Hollywood. Nonetheless, American film companies have been subject to the forces of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization) (Globalization) globalization in the 21st century, and an increasing number of films are made elsewhere.(United_States.html#cite_note-659) [ 632]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards) (Academy Awards) Academy Awards , popularly known as "the Oscars", have been held annually by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences) (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences) Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrowneHuber2004236-660) [ 633]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes) (Golden Globes) Golden Globes have been held annually since January 1944.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroon2014338-661) [ 634]     The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema) (Classical Hollywood cinema) Golden Age of Hollywood ", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,(United_States.html#cite_note-662) [ 635]    with screen actors such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne) (John Wayne) John Wayne and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) (Marilyn Monroe) Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.(United_States.html#cite_note-663) [ 636]    (United_States.html#cite_note-664) [ 637]    In the 1970s, "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hollywood) (New Hollywood) New Hollywood ", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreven201323-665) [ 638]    was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II) (Aftermath of World War II) post-war period .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison199811-666) [ 639]    The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_platform) (Streaming platform) streaming platforms , which came to rival traditional cinema.(United_States.html#cite_note-RE-667) [ 640]    (United_States.html#cite_note-668) [ 641]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine) (American cuisine) American cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-11-28_14_46_15_A_single_serving_of_Thanksgiving_Dinner_in_the_Parkway_Village_section_of_Ewing_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner) (Thanksgiving dinner) Thanksgiving dinner with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_turkey) (Roast turkey) roast turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potatoes) (Mashed potatoes) mashed potatoes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_cucumber) (Pickled cucumber) pickles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn) (Corn) corn , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candied_yams) (Candied yams) candied yams , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_jelly) (Cranberry jelly) cranberry jelly , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food) (Shrimp and prawn as food) shrimps , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing) (Stuffing) stuffing , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_peas) (Green peas) green peas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviled_eggs) (Deviled eggs) deviled eggs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_salad) (Green salad) green salad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce) (Apple sauce) apple sauce   Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food) (Turkey as food) turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato) (Sweet potato) sweet potatoes , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) corn , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbita) (Cucurbita) squash , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup) (Maple syrup) maple syrup . Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash) (Succotash) succotash . Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_flour) (Wheat flour) wheat flour ,(United_States.html#cite_note-Wheat-669) [ 642]    beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.(United_States.html#cite_note-670) [ 643]    (United_States.html#cite_note-671) [ 644]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_crops) (New World crops) New World crops , especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin) (Pumpkin) pumpkin , corn, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes) (Potatoes) potatoes , and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)) (Thanksgiving (United States)) Thanksgiving , when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMintz1996134-672) [ 645]     Characteristic American dishes such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie) (Apple pie) apple pie , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_chicken) (Fried chicken) fried chicken , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut) (Doughnut) doughnuts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fries) (French fries) french fries , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese) (Macaroni and cheese) macaroni and cheese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream) (Ice cream) ice cream , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger) (Hamburger) hamburgers , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog) (Hot dog) hot dogs , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_in_the_United_States) (Pizza in the United States) American pizza derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiner20011-673) [ 646]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoe19995-674) [ 647]    (United_States.html#cite_note-675) [ 648]    (United_States.html#cite_note-676) [ 649]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine) (Mexican-American cuisine) Mexican dishes such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burritos) (Burritos) burritos and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacos) (Tacos) tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine) (American Chinese cuisine) adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine) (Italian-American cuisine) pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.(United_States.html#cite_note-IFT-677) [ 650]     American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef) (Chef) chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_Institute_of_America) (Culinary Institute of America) Culinary Institute of America was founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Cramer_Angell) (Katharine Cramer Angell) Katharine Angell and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Roth) (Frances Roth) Frances Roth . This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.(United_States.html#cite_note-678) [ 651]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FTfbs-679) [ 652]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_restaurant_industry) (United States restaurant industry) United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,(United_States.html#cite_note-Brownfield-2020-680) [ 653]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Ramirez-681) [ 654]    and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.(United_States.html#cite_note-Brownfield-2020-680) [ 653]    It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.(United_States.html#cite_note-Noguchi-2020-682) [ 655]    (United_States.html#cite_note-683) [ 656]    The United States is home to over 220 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_star) (Michelin star) Michelin-starred restaurants, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_3-star_restaurants_in_the_United_States) (List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United States) 14 of which were awarded three stars .(United_States.html#cite_note-684) [ 657]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wine) (American wine) Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_wine) (New Mexico wine) first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.(United_States.html#cite_note-685) [ 658]    (United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirchellSteel2013-686) [ 659]    (United_States.html#cite_note-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p.-687) [ 660]    In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_wine) (California wine) California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine . With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500  km 2 ) under vine, the United States is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wine_production) (List of countries by wine production) fourth-largest wine-producing country in the world, after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine) (Italian wine) Italy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_wine) (Spanish wine) Spain , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wine) (French wine) France .(United_States.html#cite_note-Sotheby,_p._462-688) [ 661]    (United_States.html#cite_note-Oxford,_p._719-689) [ 662]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diner) (Diner) classic American diner , a casual restaurant type originally intended for the working class, emerged during the 19th century from converted railroad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_car) (Dining car) dining cars made stationary. The diner soon evolved into purpose-built structures whose number expanded greatly in the 20th century.(United_States.html#cite_note-690) [ 663]    The American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-food) (Fast-food) fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950s_American_automobile_culture) (1950s American automobile culture) car culture .(United_States.html#cite_note-691) [ 664]    American restaurants developed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in) (Drive-in) drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-through) (Drive-through) drive-through format by the 1940s.(United_States.html#cite_note-drivethru-692) [ 665]    (United_States.html#cite_note-693) [ 666]    American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant) (Fast-food restaurant) fast-food restaurant chains, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald's) (McDonald's) McDonald's , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King) (Burger King) Burger King , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A) (Chick-fil-A) Chick-fil-A , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Fried_Chicken) (Kentucky Fried Chicken) Kentucky Fried Chicken , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkin'_Donuts) (Dunkin' Donuts) Dunkin' Donuts and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fast_food_restaurant_chains#United_States) (List of fast food restaurant chains) many others , have numerous outlets around the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-Pavlova-2019-694) [ 667]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) (Sports in the United States) Sports in the United States and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics) (United States at the Olympics) United States at the Olympics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:121229-F-PB123-001_(8343236202).jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football) (College football) collegiate-level game of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football) (American football) American football , the most popular sport in the U.S.  The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States) (American football in the United States) American football , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_in_the_United_States) (Basketball in the United States) basketball , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States) (Baseball in the United States) baseball , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States) (Soccer in the United States) soccer , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_the_United_States) (Ice hockey in the United States) ice hockey .(United_States.html#cite_note-695) [ 668]    Their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada) (Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada) premier leagues are, respectively, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League) (National Football League) National Football League , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (National Basketball Association) National Basketball Association , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) (Major League Baseball) Major League Baseball , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer) (Major League Soccer) Major League Soccer , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League) (National Hockey League) National Hockey League .(United_States.html#cite_note-696) [ 669]    (United_States.html#cite_note-697) [ 670]    (United_States.html#cite_note-698) [ 671]    (United_States.html#cite_note-699) [ 672]    All these leagues, excluding soccer, are considered to be preeminent in their respective sports worldwide. While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_in_the_United_States) (Volleyball in the United States) volleyball , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding) (Skateboarding) skateboarding , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding) (Snowboarding) snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.(United_States.html#cite_note-700) [ 673]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse_in_the_United_States) (Lacrosse in the United States) Lacrosse and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_in_the_United_States) (Surfing in the United States) surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.(United_States.html#cite_note-liss-701) [ 674]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports_market_in_the_United_States) (Professional sports market in the United States) U.S. professional sports market was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.(United_States.html#cite_note-702) [ 675]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling) (Professional wrestling) Professional wrestling was widely popularized in the country, with the United States serving as the home country for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment) (World Wrestling Entertainment) World Wrestling Entertainment and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling) (All Elite Wrestling) All Elite Wrestling , the two largest wrestling promotions in the world. American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States.(United_States.html#cite_note-703) [ 676]    Though American football does not have a substantial following in other nations, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,254)(United_States.html#cite_note-704) [ 677]    and highest value ($23 billion in 2024) of any professional sports league in the world.(United_States.html#cite_note-705) [ 678]    Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport) (National sport) national sport " since the late 19th century. The most-watched (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_sport) (Individual sport) individual sports in the U.S. are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_in_the_United_States) (Golf in the United States) golf and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing) (Auto racing) auto racing , particularly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR) (NASCAR) NASCAR and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar) (IndyCar) IndyCar .(United_States.html#cite_note-706) [ 679]    (United_States.html#cite_note-707) [ 680]     On the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_athletics_in_the_United_States) (College athletics in the United States) collegiate level , earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,(United_States.html#cite_note-si-708) [ 681]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football) (College football) college football and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball) (College basketball) basketball attract large audiences, as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_tournament) (NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament) NCAA March Madness tournament and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff) (College Football Playoff) College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.(United_States.html#cite_note-709) [ 682]    In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as the main feeder system for professional and Olympic sports, with significant exceptions such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball) (Minor League Baseball) Minor League Baseball . This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosandich2002471-710) [ 683]     Eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) (Olympic Games) Olympic Games have taken place in the United States, beginning with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics) (1904 Summer Olympics) 1904 Summer Olympics in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri) (St. Louis, Missouri) St. Louis, Missouri .(United_States.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchausWenn2007224-711) [ 684]    The U.S. is scheduled to host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics) (2028 Summer Olympics) 2028 Summer Olympics in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles) (Los Angeles) Los Angeles and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_Winter_Olympics) (2034 Winter Olympics) 2034 Winter Olympics in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City) (Salt Lake City) Salt Lake City . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics) (United States at the Olympics) U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.(United_States.html#cite_note-712) [ 685]    (United_States.html#cite_note-713) [ 686]    (United_States.html#cite_note-714) [ 687]     In other international competition, the United States is the home of a number of prestigious events, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America's_Cup) (America's Cup) America's Cup , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Baseball_Classic) (World Baseball Classic) World Baseball Classic , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(tennis)) (U.S. Open (tennis)) U.S. Open , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament) (Masters Tournament) Masters Tournament . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men's_national_soccer_team) (United States men's national soccer team) U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup) (United States at the FIFA World Cup) eleven World Cups , while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women's_national_soccer_team) (United States women's national soccer team) women's national team has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup) won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (FIFA Women's World Cup) FIFA Women's World Cup and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Summer_Olympics) (Football at the Summer Olympics) Olympic soccer tournament four and five times, respectively.(United_States.html#cite_note-715) [ 688]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup) (1999 FIFA Women's World Cup) 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was hosted by the United States. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women's_World_Cup_final) (1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final) Its final match was attended by 90,185, setting the world record for largest women's sporting event crowd at the time.(United_States.html#cite_note-716) [ 689]    The United States hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup) (1994 FIFA World Cup) 1994 FIFA World Cup and co-hosted, along with Canada and Mexico, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup) (2026 FIFA World Cup) 2026 FIFA World Cup .(United_States.html#cite_note-717) [ 690]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States) (Portal:United States) United States portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_U.S._state_topics) (Lists of U.S. state topics) Lists of U.S. state topics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States) (Outline of the United States) Outline of the United States     Notes   (United_States.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   D.C. stands for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia) (District of Columbia) District of Columbia , the formal name of the U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_district) (Federal district) federal district .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   Officially New York but commonly called New York City to avoid confusion with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)) (New York (state)) state of the same name   (United_States.html#cite_ref-officiallanguage_10-0) ↑   Per (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_14224) (Executive Order 14224) Executive Order 14224 .(United_States.html#cite_note-EOWP-6) [ 4]    (United_States.html#cite_note-EONYT-7) [ 5]    States and territories variously recognize English only, English plus one or more local languages, or no language at all. See (United_States.html#Language) § Language . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress) (U.S. Congress) U.S. Congress has never passed legislation designating an official language at the federal level, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution) (U.S. Constitution) U.S. Constitution does not specify an official language.(United_States.html#cite_note-8) [ 6]    (United_States.html#cite_note-9) [ 7]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-demonym_16-0) ↑   The historical and informal demonym (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee) (Yankee) Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, and northeasterners since the 18th century. Other terms, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usonia_(name)) (Usonia (name)) Usonian , are rare. For all lesser used terms, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonyms_for_the_United_States) (Demonyms for the United States) Demonyms for the United States .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-largestcountry_20-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-largestcountry_20-1) 2   At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2 ), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China . By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada , if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes) (Great Lakes) Great Lakes ), the U.S. ranks fourth, after Russia, Canada, and China.  Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2 )(United_States.html#cite_note-CIA_Factbook_Area-18) [ 14]     Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2 )(United_States.html#cite_note-BritannicaUS-19) [ 15]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-pop_24-0) ↑   This figure excludes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico and the other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States) (Unincorporated territories of the United States) unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._census) (U.S. census) U.S. census statistics.   (United_States.html#cite_ref-PPP_26-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-PPP_26-1) 2   U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP calculations.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   After adjustment for taxes and transfers  (United_States.html#cite_ref-time_30-0) ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States) (Time in the United States) Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.   (United_States.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_the_United_States) (Date and time notation in the United States) Date and time notation in the United States .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   The five major territories outside the union of states are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) American Samoa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) Guam , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) Northern Mariana Islands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands) (United States Virgin Islands) U.S. Virgin Islands . The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Island) (Baker Island) Baker Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland_Island) (Howland Island) Howland Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Island) (Jarvis Island) Jarvis Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll) (Johnston Atoll) Johnston Atoll , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman_Reef) (Kingman Reef) Kingman Reef , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll) (Midway Atoll) Midway Atoll , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll) (Palmyra Atoll) Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank) (Bajo Nuevo Bank) Bajo Nuevo Bank , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island) (Navassa Island) Navassa Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranilla_Bank) (Serranilla Bank) Serranilla Bank , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island) (Wake Island) Wake Island is disputed.(United_States.html#cite_note-HRI-2012-33) [ 23]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   The United States' world ranking by total area depends on how the country's area is measured. See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) List of countries and dependencies by area for information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates for the total areas of China and the United States: The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  lists China as the third-largest country (after Russia and Canada), with a total area of 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2 ).(United_States.html#cite_note-35) [ 24]    (United_States.html#cite_note-36) [ 25]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) CIA World Factbook  lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States), with a total area of 3,705,410 sq mi (9,596,960 km2 ).(United_States.html#cite_note-CIA_Factbook_Area-18) [ 14]    (United_States.html#cite_note-37) [ 26]      Both sources exclude Taiwan as well as Chinese coastal and territorial waters from China's total. However, the CIA World Factbook includes U.S. coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them. Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 3,677,649 sq mi (9,525,067 km2 ), which is less than either source's figure for China.(United_States.html#cite_note-38) [ 27]    (United_States.html#cite_note-BritannicaUS-19) [ 15]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-pop_clock_40-0) ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) (United States Census Bureau) U.S. Census Bureau 's latest official population estimate of 341,784,857 residents (2025)(United_States.html#cite_note-Vintage2025-22) [ 17]    is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: (https://www.census.gov/popclock/) www.census.gov/popclock   (United_States.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   The official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office_Style_Manual) (U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual) U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S." and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",(United_States.html#cite_note-gpo-stylemanual-45) [ 32]    "United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States" must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but "United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation) (United States Steel Corporation) United States Steel Corporation ).(United_States.html#cite_note-gpo-stylemanual-45) [ 32]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   "Americus", which is derived from the Old High German first name "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_(name)) (Emmerich (name)) Emmerich "  (United_States.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   Americus comes from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin) (Medieval Latin) Medieval Latin name (Medieval Latin-language text) Emericus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Medieval_Latin-language_text)  (for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Emeric_of_Hungary) (Saint Emeric of Hungary) Saint Emeric of Hungary ), itself derived from the Old High German name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerich_(name)) (Emmerich (name)) Emmerich .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-80) ↑   From the late 15th century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange) (Columbian exchange) Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic) (Virgin soil epidemic) that up to 95 percent of the Indigenous populations , especially in the Caribbean, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics) (Native American disease and epidemics) perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization ;(United_States.html#cite_note-77) [ 61]    remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.(United_States.html#cite_note-78) [ 62]    (United_States.html#cite_note-79) [ 63]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire) (Province of New Hampshire) New Hampshire , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay) (Province of Massachusetts Bay) Massachusetts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony) (Connecticut Colony) Connecticut , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations) (Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) Rhode Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York) (Province of New York) New York , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey) (Province of New Jersey) New Jersey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania) (Province of Pennsylvania) Pennsylvania , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Colony) (Delaware Colony) Delaware , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Maryland) (Province of Maryland) Maryland , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia) (Colony of Virginia) Virginia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina) (Province of North Carolina) North Carolina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina) (Province of South Carolina) South Carolina , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia) (Province of Georgia) Georgia   (United_States.html#cite_ref-128) ↑   The Confederate States of America was formed by the following states, each state government of which formally declared its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_from_the_United_States) (Secession from the United States) secession from the United States : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War) (South Carolina in the American Civil War) South Carolina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Mississippi in the American Civil War) Mississippi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Florida in the American Civil War) Florida , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Alabama in the American Civil War) Alabama , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Georgia in the American Civil War) Georgia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Louisiana in the American Civil War) Louisiana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Texas in the American Civil War) Texas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Virginia in the American Civil War) Virginia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Arkansas in the American Civil War) Arkansas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War) (Tennessee in the American Civil War) Tennessee , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War) (North Carolina in the American Civil War) North Carolina .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   Per the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution) (Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution) U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three , proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961  (United_States.html#cite_ref-330) ↑   One for each state, the District of Columbia, and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands  (United_States.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.(United_States.html#cite_note-370) [ 349]    However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.(United_States.html#cite_note-371) [ 350]      (United_States.html#cite_ref-451) ↑   This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico) (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rico , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam) (Guam) Guam , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands) (U.S. Virgin Islands) U.S. Virgin Islands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa) (American Samoa) American Samoa , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands) (Northern Mariana Islands) Northern Mariana Islands ) and minor island possessions.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-470) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiaq_language) (Inupiaq language) Inupiaq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Siberian_Yupik_language) (Central Siberian Yupik language) Siberian Yupik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup'ik_language) (Central Alaskan Yup'ik language) Central Alaskan Yup'ik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alutiiq_language) (Alutiiq language) Alutiiq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_language) (Aleut language) Unanga (Aleut), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaʼina_language) (Denaʼina language) Denaʼina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language) (Deg Xinag language) Deg Xinag , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holikachuk_language) (Holikachuk language) Holikachuk , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyukon_language) (Koyukon language) Koyukon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language) (Upper Kuskokwim language) Upper Kuskokwim , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwichʼin_language) (Gwichʼin language) Gwichʼin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language) (Lower Tanana language) Tanana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language) (Upper Tanana language) Upper Tanana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanacross_language) (Tanacross language) Tanacross , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hän_language) (Hän language) Hän , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahtna_language) (Ahtna language) Ahtna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyak_language) (Eyak language) Eyak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit_language) (Tlingit language) Tlingit , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_language) (Haida language) Haida , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect) (Coast Tsimshian dialect) Tsimshian   (United_States.html#cite_ref-506) ↑   Also known less formally as Obamacare  (United_States.html#cite_ref-508) ↑   As of 2026, 41 states had some specific restriction on abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, before fetal viability; 12 states prohibited abortion after fetal viability, generally during the third trimester; and 13 states banned abortion from the time of conception.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-536) ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Creed) (American Creed) American Creed , written by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyler_Page) (William Tyler Page) William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918.      References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (United_States.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_36_of_the_United_States_Code) (Title 36 of the United States Code) 36 U.S.C.  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/36/302) § 302   (United_States.html#cite_ref-de_facto_Motto_2-0) ↑   (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf) "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State) (U.S. Department of State) U.S. Department of State , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs) (Bureau of Public Affairs) Bureau of Public Affairs . 2003. Retrieved February 12, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seal+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F27807.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508) An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America (H.R. 14). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress) (71st United States Congress) 71st United States Congress . March 3, 1931. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=An+Act+To+make+The+Star-Spangled+Banner+the+national+anthem+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=71st+United+States+Congress&rft.date=1931-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuscode.house.gov%2Fstatviewer.htm%3Fvolume%3D46%26page%3D1508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-EOWP_6-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-EOWP_6-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vivian Ho; Rachel Pannett (March 1, 2025). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/) "A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Trump+order+made+English+the+official+language+of+the+U.S.+What+does+that+mean%3F&rft.date=2025-03-01&rft.au=Vivian+Ho&rft.au=Rachel+Pannett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2025%2F03%2F01%2Ftrump-english-official-language-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-EONYT_7-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Broadwater, Luke (March 1, 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html) "Trump Signs Order to Designate English as Official Language of the U.S." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html) Archived from the original on March 2, 2025. Retrieved March 1, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Signs+Order+to+Designate+English+as+Official+Language+of+the+U.S.&rft.date=2025-03-01&rft.aulast=Broadwater&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F03%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-order-english-official-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html) "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States" . CNN. May 20, 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211219223355/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html) Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FYI%3A+English+isn%27t+the+official+language+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F20%2Fus%2Fenglish-us-official-language-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFaingold2018) Faingold 2018 , p. 8. "The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress."  (United_States.html#cite_ref-2020CensusData_11-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html) "2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census) (United States Census) United States Census  . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Illuminates+Racial+and+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2021%2F08%2Fimproved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-2020InteractiveCensusData_12-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476) "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census) (United States Census) United States Census  . Retrieved August 13, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=Race+and+Ethnicity+in+the+United+States%3A+2010+Census+and+2020+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2Frace-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html%3FlinkId%3D100000060666476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity) "A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data" . NPR. August 13, 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Breakdown+of+2020+Census+Demographic+Data&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F08%2F13%2F1014710483%2F2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Gallup_14-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Gallup_14-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx) "In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc.) (Gallup, Inc.) Gallup  . 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=In+Depth%3A+Topics+A+to+Z+%28Religion%29&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F1690%2FReligion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee) Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio  . 1963. p. 336. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compton%27s+Pictured+Encyclopedia+and+Fact-index%3A+Ohio&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuV5tvKPO684C%26q%3D%2522national%2Bnicknames%2522%2BYankee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-CensusGov2010HTML_17-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CensusGov2010HTML_17-1) 2   Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html) "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census.gov) (Census.gov) Census.gov  . August 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2020 . reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=State+Area+Measurements+and+Internal+Point+Coordinates&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2F2010%2Fgeo%2Fstate-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_Area_18-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CIA_Factbook_Area_18-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html) "Area" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html) the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-BritannicaUS_19-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-BritannicaUS_19-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts) "United States" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Archived from (https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts) the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2F616563%2FUnited-States-quick-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state) "The Water Area of Each State" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey) (United States Geological Survey) United States Geological Survey . 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Area+of+Each+State&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fspecial-topics%2Fwater-science-school%2Fscience%2Fhow-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Vintage2025_22-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Vintage2025_22-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Vintage2025_22-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html) "National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) (United States Census Bureau) United States Census Bureau . January 27, 2025. Retrieved January 28, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Population+Totals+and+Components+of+Change%3A+April+1%2C+2020+to+July+1%2C+2025&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2025-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-national-total.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html) "U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census) (United States Census) United States Census  . Retrieved April 26, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau+Today+Delivers+State+Population+Totals+for+Congressional+Apportionment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2021%2F04%2F2020-census-data-release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-2) 3  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-3) 4  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-4) 5  (United_States.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.US_25-5) 6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . April 14, 2026. Retrieved April 18, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html) "Income in the United States: 2024" . Census.gov . p. 52. Retrieved November 2, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Income+in+the+United+States%3A+2024&rft.pages=52&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2025%2Fdemo%2Fp60-286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_29-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . May 6, 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2025. Retrieved May 6, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Evans, Jacob (August 31, 2025). (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5xdp427veo) "How sheer luck made this tiny Caribbean island millions from its web address" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service) (BBC World Service) BBC World Service  . Retrieved December 9, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=How+sheer+luck+made+this+tiny+Caribbean+island+millions+from+its+web+address&rft.date=2025-08-31&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcn5xdp427veo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-HRI-2012_33-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-HRI-2012_33-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-HRI-2012_33-2) 3  (United_States.html#cite_ref-HRI-2012_33-3) 4  (United_States.html#cite_ref-HRI-2012_33-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm) "Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights" . U.S. State Department. December 30, 2011. Item 22, 27, 80. Retrieved April 6, 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Core+Document+to+U.N.+Committee+on+Human+Rights&rft.pages=Item+22%2C+27%2C+80&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2F179780.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf) "U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution" (PDF) . U.S. General Accounting Office Report. November 1997. pp. 1, 6, 39n. Archived from (https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf) the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Insular+Areas%3A+application+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pages=1%2C+6%2C+39n&rft.pub=U.S.+General+Accounting+Office+Report&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Farchive%2F1998%2Fog98005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)       (United_States.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/China) "China" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190727034401/https://www.britannica.com/place/China) Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/totalarea.htm) "Total surface area as of 19 January 2007" . United Nations Statistics Division . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203020257/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/totalarea.htm) Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Total+surface+area+as+of+19+January+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fenvironment%2Ftotalarea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2013.zip) "China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2013 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved November 23, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2Fdownload%2Ffactbook-2013.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-38) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States) "United States" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150528012641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States) Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUnited-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-DeLear-20132_41-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-DeLear-20132_41-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-DeLear-20132_41-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013). (https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer) "Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor) (The Christian Science Monitor) The Christian Science Monitor  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Who+coined+%27United+States+of+America%27%3F+Mystery+might+have+intriguing+answer&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=DeLear&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2013%2F0704%2FWho-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fay, John (July 15, 2016). (https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html) "The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IrishCentral) (IrishCentral) IrishCentral  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+Irishman+who+named+the+%27United+States+of+America%27&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2FThe-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Davis72_43-0) ↑   (United_States.html#Davis96) Davis 1996 , p. 7.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:1_44-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200920175638/https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/) "Is USA A Noun Or Adjective?" . Dictionary.com . March 9, 2017. Archived from (https://www.dictionary.com/e/is-usa-a-noun/) the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Is+USA+A+Noun+Or+Adjective%3F&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fe%2Fis-usa-a-noun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-gpo-stylemanual_45-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-gpo-stylemanual_45-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/) U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual  . January 12, 2017. pp. 222– 223. Retrieved September 3, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=222-223&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/the-states) " "The States" " . Longman dictionary . Retrieved September 27, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+States%22&rft.btitle=Longman+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fthe-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stateside) "Stateside" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster) (Merriam-Webster) Merriam-Webster  . September 27, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stateside&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2024-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fstateside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci) "Amerigo Vespucci" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120710004308/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/626894/Amerigo-Vespucci) Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amerigo+Vespucci&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F626894%2FAmerigo-Vespucci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESider2007226_52-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSider2007) Sider 2007 , p. 226.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Szalay, Jessie (September 20, 2017). (https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html) "Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Science) (Live Science) Live Science . Retrieved June 23, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amerigo+Vespucci%3A+Facts%2C+Biography+%26+Naming+of+America&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Szalay&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F42510-amerigo-vespucci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-locnamingofamerica_54-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Allen, Erin (July 4, 2016). (https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/07/how-did-america-get-its-name/#:~:text=America%20is%20named%20after%20Amerigo,part%20of%20a%20separate%20continent) "How Did America Get Its Name?" . Library of Congress Blog . Retrieved September 3, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Blog&rft.atitle=How+Did+America+Get+Its+Name%3F&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Floc%2F2016%2F07%2Fhow-did-america-get-its-name%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAmerica%2520is%2520named%2520after%2520Amerigo%2Cpart%2520of%2520a%2520separate%2520continent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson199327–28_55-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWilson1993) Wilson 1993 , pp. 27–28.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/cliff-palace) "Cliff Palace" at Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 31, 2024.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlandsonRickVellanoweth200819_57-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFErlandsonRickVellanoweth2008) Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage201155–58_58-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSavage2011) Savage 2011 , pp. 55–58.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatersStafford20071122–1126_59-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWatersStafford2007) Waters & Stafford 2007 , pp. 1122–1126.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery2015173–185_60-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFlannery2015) Flannery 2015 , pp. 173–185.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockard2010315_61-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLockard2010) Lockard 2010 , p. 315.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohansen200651_62-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJohansen2006) Johansen 2006 , p. 51.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornton199834_63-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFThornton1998) Thornton 1998 , p. 34.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540_64-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerdueGreen200540_64-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFPerdueGreen2005) Perdue & Green 2005 , p. 40.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainesHainesSteckel200012_65-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHainesHainesSteckel2000) Haines, Haines & Steckel 2000 , p. 12.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVigil2006329_66-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFVigil2006) Vigil 2006 , p. 329.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2018130_67-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHudson2018) Hudson 2018 , p. 130.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19325–6_68-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDavis1932) Davis 1932 , pp. 5–6.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2002). "Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain". (https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/menendz/menendz1.htm) A Short History of Florida  . University of South Florida. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedro+Menendez+de+Aviles+Claims+Florida+for+Spain&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Florida&rft.pub=University+of+South+Florida&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Florida+Center+for+Instructional+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2Fflorida%2Flessons%2Fmenendz%2Fmenendz1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npr.org/2015/02/28/389682893/not-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first) "Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First" . NPR. February 28, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Not+So+Fast%2C+Jamestown%3A+St.+Augustine+Was+Here+First&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F02%2F28%2F389682893%2Fnot-so-fast-jamestown-st-augustine-was-here-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetto2007125_71-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPetto2007) Petto 2007 , p. 125.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeelyeSelby2018344_72-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSeelyeSelby2018) Seelye & Selby 2018 , p. 344.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBellahMadsenSullivanSwidler1985) Bellah et al. 1985 , p.  220   (United_States.html#cite_ref-Remini2–32_74-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRemini2007) Remini 2007 , pp.  2–3 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Johnson26–302_75-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJohnson1997) Johnson 1997 , pp.  26–30 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipper20086_76-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRipper2008) Ripper 2008 , p. 6.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFEhrenpreisEhrenpreis2022) Ehrenpreis & Ehrenpreis 2022 , pp. 288–294  (United_States.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJoseph2016) Joseph 2016 , p. 590  (United_States.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFStannard1993) Stannard 1993 , p. xii  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERipper20085_81-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRipper2008) Ripper 2008 , p. 5.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (United_States.html#Calloway1998) Calloway, 1998 , p. 55  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997516_83-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFThomas1997) Thomas 1997 , p. 516.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilhartzElliott2007_85-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBilhartzElliott2007) Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1998263_86-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWood1998) Wood 1998 , p. 263.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERatcliffe2013220_87-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRatcliffe2013) Ratcliffe 2013 , p. 220.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200938–39_88-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWaltonRockoff2009) Walton & Rockoff 2009 , pp. 38–39.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200935_89-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWaltonRockoff2009) Walton & Rockoff 2009 , p. 35.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtis1764_90-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFOtis1764) Otis 1764 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner19984–5_91-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner1998) Foner 1998 , pp. 4–5.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungNashRaphael20114–7_92-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungNashRaphael20114–7_92-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFYoungNashRaphael2011) Young, Nash & Raphael 2011 , pp. 4–7.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuel1972_94-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBuel1972) Buel 1972 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   Becker et al (2002), ch 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-SEoP-2006_96-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/republicanism/) "Republicanism" . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . June 19, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Republicanism&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Frepublicanism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, Hunter (ed.). (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp) "British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783" . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British-American+Diplomacy%3A+The+Paris+Peace+Treaty+of+September+30%2C+1783&rft.pub=The+Avalon+Project+at+Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Fparis.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatō1886352_98-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSatō1886) Satō 1886 , p. 352.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2020524_99-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner2020) Foner 2020 , p. 524.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2020538–540_100-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner2020) Foner 2020 , pp. 538–540.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-BoyerJr.20072_101-0) ↑   (United_States.html#Boyer) Boyer, 2007 , pp. 192–193  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlisleGolson2007238_102-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlisleGolson2007238_102-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFCarlisleGolson2007) Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 238.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198841–46_103-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcPherson1988) McPherson 1988 , pp. 41–46.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150329214632/https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf) "Louisiana Purchase" (PDF) . National Park Service. Archived from (https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf) the original (PDF) on March 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louisiana+Purchase&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fjeff%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2Flouisiana_purchase.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harriss, Joseph A. (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/) "How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Louisiana+Purchase+Changed+the+World&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhow-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWait199978_106-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWait1999) Wait 1999 , p. 78.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKloseJones1994150_107-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFKloseJones1994) Klose & Jones 1994 , p. 150.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2019_108-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHammond2019) Hammond 2019 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrymer2017_109-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFrymer2017) Frymer 2017 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalloway2019_110-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCalloway2019) Calloway 2019 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson198845_111-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcPherson1988) McPherson 1988 , p. 45.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichno2003_112-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMichno2003) Michno 2003 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillingtonRidge200122_113-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBillingtonRidge2001) Billington & Ridge 2001 , p. 22.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Wright2022_114-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007) Walker Howe 2007 , p. 52–54; (United_States.html#CITEREFWright2022) Wright 2022 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe200752–54Rodriguez2015XXXIVWright2022_115-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007) Walker Howe 2007 , p. 52–54; (United_States.html#CITEREFRodriguez2015) Rodriguez 2015 , p. XXXIV; (United_States.html#CITEREFWright2022) Wright 2022 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonRockoff200943_116-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWaltonRockoff2009) Walton & Rockoff 2009 , p. 43.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200427–29_117-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGordon2004) Gordon 2004 , pp. 27–29.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker_Howe2007478,_481–482,_587–588_118-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWalker_Howe2007) Walker Howe 2007 , pp. 478, 481–482, 587–588.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199713–21_119-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMorrison1997) Morrison 1997 , pp. 13–21.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp2010180_120-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFKemp2010) Kemp 2010 , p. 180.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIlwraithMuller200161_121-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcIlwraithMuller2001) McIlwraith & Muller 2001 , p. 61.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMeyerSnowSnowCohen2001) Meyer et al. 2001 , From 1800 to 1900 : "The discovery of gold in California in 1848 proved a momentous watershed for native people in the West. Hordes of single men stampeded to find fortune. Unrestrained by family, community, or church, they decimated the native population near the goldfields. California natives suffered the most complete genocide in U.S. history." (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wolf, Jessica. (https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans) "Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans" . UCLA Newsroom . Retrieved July 8, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Revealing+the+history+of+genocide+against+California%27s+Native+Americans&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Fstories%2Frevealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (United_States.html#CITEREFMadley2016) Madley 2016  (United_States.html#CITEREFSmithers2012) Smithers 2012 , p.  339 : "The genocidal intent of California settlers and government officials was acted out in numerous battles and massacres (and aided by technological advances in weaponry, especially after the Civil War), in the abduction and sexual abuse of Indian women, and in the economic exploitation of Indian child labourers" (United_States.html#CITEREFBlackhawk2023) Blackhawk 2023 , p.  38 : "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states"    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawls199920_123-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRawls1999) Rawls 1999 , p. 20.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/kansas-nebraska-act) "Milestone documents: Kansas– Missouri Act (1854)" . National Archives (Washington, D.C.). July 12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestone+documents%3A+Kansas%26ndash%3BMissouri+Act+%281854%29&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fmilestone-documents%2Fkansas-nebraska-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray200476_125-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMurray2004) Murray 2004 , p. 76.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200153_126-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLewis2001) Lewis 2001 , p. 53.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2012_127-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWoods2012) Woods 2012 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilkenat201925_129-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSilkenat2019) Silkenat 2019 , p. 25.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988236_130-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcPherson1988) McPherson 1988 , p. 236.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinovskis19904_131-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFVinovskis1990) Vinovskis 1990 , p. 4.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1988273–274_132-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcPherson1988) McPherson 1988 , pp. 273–274.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/) "The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration) (National Archives and Records Administration) U.S. National Archives and Records Administration  . August 15, 2016. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.atitle=The+Fight+for+Equal+Rights%3A+Black+Soldiers+in+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Feducation%2Flessons%2Fblacks-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-134) ↑   Davis, Jefferson. (https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/surrender+at+Appomattox) A Short History of the Confederate States of America  , 1890, 2010. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-175-82358-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-175-82358-8) 978-1-175-82358-8  . Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriceBenton-Short2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_Tb5HMB63xACpgPA51_51]_135-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPriceBenton-Short2008) Price & Benton-Short 2008 , p. (https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51) 51 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/) "Overview + History | Ellis Island" . Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island . March 4, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statue+of+Liberty+%26+Ellis+Island&rft.atitle=Overview+%2B+History+%7C+Ellis+Island&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statueofliberty.org%2Fellis-island%2Foverview-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubois1935163_137-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDubois1935) Dubois 1935 , p. 163.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-138) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082340/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm) "U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments" . www.senate.gov . Archived from (https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm) the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Landmark+Legislation%3A+Thirteenth%2C+Fourteenth%2C+%26+Fifteenth+Amendments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FCivilWarAmendments.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner198866–7,_251–261,_446–449_139-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner1988) Foner 1988 , pp. 66–7, 251–261, 446–449.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv) "The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution" . National Constitution Center – The 15th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082444/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendment/amendment-xv) Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center+%E2%80%93+The+15th+Amendment+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.atitle=The+15th+Amendment+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Finteractive-constitution%2Famendment%2Famendment-xv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1988xxv_141-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner1988) Foner 1988 , p. xxv.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubois1935381–727_142-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDubois1935) Dubois 1935 , pp. 381–727.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Glass, Andrew (July 24, 2008). (https://www.politico.com/story/2008/07/tenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990) "Tenn. is readmitted to the Union July 24, 1866" . Politico . Retrieved May 11, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Tenn.+is+readmitted+to+the+Union+July+24%2C+1866&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2008%2F07%2Ftenn-is-readmitted-to-the-union-july-24-1866-011990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Glass, Andrew (July 15, 2014). (https://www.politico.com/story/2014/07/georgia-civil-war-108886) "Georgia is readmitted to Union July 15, 1870" . Politico . Retrieved April 12, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Georgia+is+readmitted+to+Union+July+15%2C+1870&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F07%2Fgeorgia-civil-war-108886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2011275_145-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBlack2011) Black 2011 , p. 275.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/) The Homestead Act of 1862  ; Archives.gov  (United_States.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976) series C89–C119, pp. 105–109  (United_States.html#cite_ref-148) ↑   Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) covers the history of all the main groups  (United_States.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration) "The Great Migration (1910–1970)" . National Archives. May 20, 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migration+%281910%E2%80%931970%29&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fafrican-americans%2Fmigrations%2Fgreat-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-150) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase) "Purchase of Alaska, 1867" . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 23, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Purchase+of+Alaska%2C+1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1866-1898%2Falaska-purchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner1988xxvii,_575–587_151-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFoner1988) Foner 1988 , pp. xxvii, 575–587.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward1991_152-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWoodward1991) Woodward 1991 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-153) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust) (Drew Gilpin Faust) Drew Gilpin Faust ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner) (Eric Foner) Eric Foner ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_E._Walker) (Clarence E. Walker) Clarence E. Walker . (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/) "White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Experience) (American Experience) American Experience  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=White+Southern+Responses+to+Black+Emancipation&rft.au=Drew+Gilpin+Faust&rft.au=Eric+Foner&rft.au=Clarence+E.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Freconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrelease1979_154-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFTrelease1979) Trelease 1979 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmasterslordsmid10000bowmpage221_221]_155-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBowman1993) Bowman 1993 , p. (https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221) 221 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare2021_156-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWare2021) Ware 2021 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschmanMogford2009_157-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHirschmanMogford2009) Hirschman & Mogford 2009 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The Pit Boss (February 26, 2021). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210425053945/https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history) "The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History" . Rumble On . Archived from (https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history) the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rumble+On&rft.atitle=The+Pit+Stop%3A+The+American+Automotive+Industry+Is+Packed+With+History&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.au=The+Pit+Boss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitstop.rumbleon.com%2Famerican-automotive-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarsonBonk1999_159-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCarsonBonk1999) Carson & Bonk 1999 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiggs20151179_160-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRiggs2015) Riggs 2015 , p. 1179.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maddison, Angus. (https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2003/09/the-world-economy_g1gh38a7/9789264104143-en.pdf) "The World Economy: Historical Statistics" (PDF) . OECD . Retrieved February 16, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=The+World+Economy%3A+Historical+Statistics&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Foecd%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Freports%2F2003%2F09%2Fthe-world-economy_g1gh38a7%2F9789264104143-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDole1907_162-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDole1907) Dole 1907 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_&_Company) (W. W. Norton & Company) W. W. Norton & Company . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91267-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91267-8) 978-0-393-91267-8  , p. 589.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinn2005321–357_164-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFZinn2005) Zinn 2005 , pp. 321–357.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser201566_165-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFraser2015) Fraser 2015 , p. 66.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Aldrich2_166-0) ↑   Aldrich, Mark. Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5405-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5405-7) 978-0-8018-5405-7  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-167) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/) "Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress" . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA . Retrieved November 11, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Progressive+Era+to+New+Era%2C+1900-1929+%7C+U.S.+History+Primary+Source+Timeline+%7C+Classroom+Materials+at+the+Library+of+Congress+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fclassroom-materials%2Funited-states-history-primary-source-timeline%2Fprogressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war) "The Spanish–American War, 1898" . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War%2C+1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1866-1898%2Fspanish-american-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-169) ↑   Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa . New York: Octagon Books, 1975.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/) "Virgin Islands History" . Vinow.com. Retrieved January 5, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+Islands+History&rft.pub=Vinow.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinow.com%2Fgeneral_usvi%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-0070-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-0070-3) 978-0-7386-0070-3  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonMeltvedt2021_172-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLarsonMeltvedt2021) Larson & Meltvedt 2021 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester2013410–411_173-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWinchester2013) Winchester 2013 , pp. 410–411.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxinnStern2007_174-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFAxinnStern2007) Axinn & Stern 2007 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1991_175-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGregory1991) Gregory 1991 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains/) "Mass Exodus From the Plains" . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation. 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Mass+Exodus+From+the+Plains&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fsurviving-the-dust-bowl-mass-exodus-plains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fanslow, Robin A. (April 6, 1997). (https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html) "The Migrant Experience" . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress. Retrieved October 5, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Folklore+Center&rft.atitle=The+Migrant+Experience&rft.date=1997-04-06&rft.aulast=Fanslow&rft.aufirst=Robin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fafctshtml%2Ftsme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1973_178-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFStein1973) Stein 1973 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Pearl_Harbor2_179-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yamasaki, Mitch. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf) "Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History" (PDF) . World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from (https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf) the original (PDF) on December 13, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+and+America%27s+Entry+into+World+War+II%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=World+War+II+Internment+in+Hawaii&rft.aulast=Yamasaki&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiiinternment.org%2Fstatic%2Fush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-180) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kingston, Jeff (August 6, 2016). (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/) "Why did Japan surrender in World War II?" . The Japan Times . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Why+did+Japan+surrender+in+World+War+II%3F&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2016%2F08%2F06%2Fcommentary%2Fjapan-surrender-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-181) ↑   Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day . New York: Oxford University Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2887-7) (Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2887-7) 978-4-7700-2887-7  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoopesBrinkley1997100_182-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHoopesBrinkley1997) Hoopes & Brinkley 1997 , p. 100.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis197225_183-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGaddis1972) Gaddis 1972 , p. 25.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-184) ↑   Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York: Vintage. p. 358. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72019-5) 978-0-679-72019-5  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Blakemore-20192_185-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blakemore, Erin (March 22, 2019). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/) "What was the Cold War?" . National Geographic . Archived from (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/) the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=What+was+the+Cold+War%3F&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Fcold-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-186) ↑   Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174) A Companion to Europe Since 1945  . Wiley. p. 79. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89024-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-118-89024-0) 978-1-118-89024-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-89024-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyNcCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESempa2017_187-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSempa2017) Sempa 2017 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlakeley2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrft8AgAAQBAJlpgPA92pgPA85vonepageqffalse_85-96]_188-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBlakeley2009) Blakeley 2009 , pp. (https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA92&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false) 85-96 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1988_189-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCollins1988) Collins 1988 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinchester2013305–308_190-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWinchester2013) Winchester 2013 , pp. 305–308.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement/) "The Civil Rights Movement" . PBS. Retrieved January 5, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Rights+Movement&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Feyesontheprize-milestones-civil-rights-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1991472_192-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBrinkley1991) Brinkley 1991 , p. 472.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy) "Playboy: American Magazine" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . August 25, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Playboy%3A+American+Magazine&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPlayboy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-194) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan (February 12, 2022). (https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html) "The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact" . study.com . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=The+Sexual+Revolution+Origins+and+Impact&rft.date=2022-02-12&rft.au=Svetlana+Ter-Grigoryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Flearn%2Flesson%2Fsexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-195) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.archives.gov/st-louis/selective-service) "Selective Service Records" . National Archives . August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Selective+Service+Records&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fst-louis%2Fselective-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-196) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Levy, Daniel (January 19, 2018). (https://web.archive.org/web/20211014120640/https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true) "Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  . Archived from (https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true) the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Protests+Against+the+Vietnam+War+in+1968&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5106608%2Fprotest-1968%2F%3Famp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-197) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf) "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook" (PDF) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. p. 11. Retrieved March 21, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Labor+Force%3A+A+Databook&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fcps%2Fwlf-databook-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGaĭdar2007) Gaĭdar 2007 , p.  102 ; (United_States.html#CITEREFHowell2006) Howell 2006 , p.  352 ; (United_States.html#CITEREFKissinger2011) Kissinger 2011 , pp.  781–884 ; (United_States.html#CITEREFMann2009) Mann 2009 , p.  432 (United_States.html#CITEREFHayes2009) Hayes 2009   (United_States.html#cite_ref-199) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frum, David (December 24, 2014). (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/the-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower/384034/) "The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) (The Atlantic) The Atlantic  . Retrieved December 10, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+of+How+America+Became+an+Economic+Superpower&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F12%2Fthe-real-story-of-how-america-became-an-economic-superpower%2F384034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2014/jun/13/ken-paxton/us-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii/) "U.S. army was smaller than the army for Portugal before World War II" . Politifact . Retrieved January 23, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politifact&rft.atitle=U.S.+army+was+smaller+than+the+army+for+Portugal+before+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ftexas%2Fstatements%2F2014%2Fjun%2F13%2Fken-paxton%2Fus-army-was-smaller-army-portugal-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  CFI Team. (https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/) "NASDAQ" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Finance_Institute) (Corporate Finance Institute) Corporate Finance Institute  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/) Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Finance+Institute&rft.atitle=NASDAQ&rft.au=CFI+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Fcareer-map%2Fsell-side%2Fcapital-markets%2Fnasdaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti201120_202-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHolsti2011) Holsti 2011 , p. 20.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-203) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walsh, Kenneth T. (December 9, 2008). (https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy) "The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy" . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+%27War+on+Terror%27+Is+Critical+to+President+George+W.+Bush%27s+Legacy&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2008%2F12%2F09%2Fthe-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (United_States.html#CITEREFAtkins2011) Atkins 2011 , p.  872  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Edward (February 15, 2008). (https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html) "Overview: The Iraq War" . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overview%3A+The+Iraq+War&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Ftimestopics%2Ftopics_iraq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (United_States.html#CITEREFJohnson2005) Johnson 2005 , p.  159  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae (December 21, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1) "Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today) (USA Today) USA Today  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . Archived from (https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1) the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Key+moments+in+the+Iraq+War&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.aulast=Durando&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Green%2C+Shannon+Rae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Firaq%2Fstory%2F2011-12-21%2Firaq-war-timeline%2F52147680%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)      (United_States.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hilsenrath, Jon; Ng, Serena; Paletta, Damian (September 18, 2008). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947) "Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947) Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Worst+Crisis+Since+%2730s%2C+With+No+End+Yet+in+Sight&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft.aulast=Hilsenrath&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Ng%2C+Serena&rft.au=Paletta%2C+Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB122169431617549947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-205) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Geiger, Abigail (June 12, 2014). (https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/) "Political Polarization in the American Public" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center  . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Political+Polarization+in+the+American+Public&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F06%2F12%2Fpolitical-polarization-in-the-american-public%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Murray, Mark; Marquez, Alexandra (June 15, 2023). (https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559) "Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization" . NBC News . Retrieved June 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Here%27s+what%27s+driving+America%27s+increasing+political+polarization&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Marquez%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fmeet-the-press%2Fmeetthepressblog%2Fs-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELührmannLindberg20191097_207-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELührmannLindberg20191097_207-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFLührmannLindberg2019) Lührmann & Lindberg 2019 , p. 1097.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Grumbach_2021_208-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Grumbach_2021_208-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFGrumbach2021) Grumbach 2021 . "Prominent cross-national measures of democracy from the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem), Bright Line Watch, and Freedom House, which had once ranked the country as a global leader, show a U.S. democracy slipping toward 'mixed regime' or 'illiberal democracy' status."  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Kleinfeld-2023_209-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kleinfeld, Rachel (September 5, 2023). (https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/polarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-states-what-the-research-says?lang=en) "Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved September 13, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Polarization%2C+Democracy%2C+and+Political+Violence+in+the+United+States%3A+What+the+Research+Says&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Kleinfeld&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2023%2F09%2Fpolarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-states-what-the-research-says%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Pape-2022_210-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pape) (Robert Pape) Pape, Robert (January 5, 2022). (https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/) "American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021" . cpost.uchicago.edu . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago) (University of Chicago) University of Chicago , Chicago Project on Security and Threats. Retrieved September 13, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpost.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=American+Face+of+Insurrection%3A+Analysis+of+Individuals+Charged+for+Storming+the+US+Capitol+on+January+6%2C+2021&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpost.uchicago.edu%2Fpublications%2Famerican_face_of_insurrection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-211) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rutenberg, Jim; Becker, Jo; Lipton, Eric; Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 31, 2021). (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html) "77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220618033335/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html) Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=77+Days%3A+Trump%27s+Campaign+to+Subvert+the+Election&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft.aulast=Rutenberg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jo&rft.au=Lipton%2C+Eric&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Ftrump-election-lie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Multiple_Sources_212-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harvey, Michael (2022). "Introduction: History's Rhymes". In Harvey, Michael (ed.). (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey) Donald Trump in Historical Perspective  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003110361-1) 10.4324/9781003110361-1 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-11036-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-003-11036-1) 978-1-003-11036-1  . As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+History%27s+Rhymes&rft.btitle=Donald+Trump+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003110361-1&rft.isbn=978-1-003-11036-1&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781003110361-1%2Fintroduction-michael-harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (p. 3) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13) "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations" . Government and Opposition . 58 (4): 789– 806. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13) 10.1017/gov.2022.13  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F72654) 10945/72654  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248033246) 248033246 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=The+Trump+self-coup+attempt%3A+comparisons+and+civil%E2%80%93military+relations&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=789-806&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10945%2F72654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248033246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2022.13&rft.aulast=Pion-Berlin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bruneau%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Goetze%2C+Richard+B.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fgov.2022.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Castañeda, Ernesto; Jenks, Daniel (April 17, 2023). Costa, Bruno Ferreira; Parton, Nigel (eds.). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238) "January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States" . Social Sciences . 12 (4). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPI) (MDPI) MDPI : 238. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238) 10.3390/socsci12040238  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-0760) 2076-0760 . What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=January+6th+and+De-Democratization+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsocsci12040238&rft.issn=2076-0760&rft.aulast=Casta%C3%B1eda&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Jenks%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsocsci12040238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). (https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/) Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality (Report). Brookings Institution. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . [Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to –  in his own words –  "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 –  an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Trump+on+Trial%3A+A+Guide+to+the+January+6+Hearings+and+the+Question+of+Criminality&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Ayer%2C+Donald&rft.au=Perry%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Bookbinder%2C+Noah&rft.au=Perry%2C+E.+Danya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Ftrump-on-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   Eastman v Thompson, et al.  , (https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf)  8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 , 44 (S.D. Cal. May 28, 2022) ("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower –  it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself."). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Graham, David A. (January 6, 2021). (https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/) "This Is a Coup" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) (The Atlantic) The Atlantic  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/) Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=This+Is+a+Coup&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2021%2F01%2Fattempted-coup%2F617570%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Musgrave, Paul (January 6, 2021). (https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/) "This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?" . Foreign Policy . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/) Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=This+Is+a+Coup.+Why+Were+Experts+So+Reluctant+to+See+It+Coming%3F&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fcoup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Solnit, Rebecca (January 6, 2021). (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt) "Call it what it was: a coup attempt" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt) Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Call+it+what+it+was%3A+a+coup+attempt&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Solnit&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fjan%2F06%2Ftrump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Coleman, Justine (January 6, 2021). (https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt) "GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)) (The Hill (newspaper)) The Hill  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt) Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=GOP+lawmaker+on+violence+at+Capitol%3A+%27This+is+a+coup+attempt%27&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jacobson, Louis (January 6, 2021). (https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/) "Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact) (PolitiFact) PolitiFact  . Retrieved January 7, 2021 . A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolitiFact&rft.atitle=Is+this+a+coup%3F+Here%27s+some+history+and+context+to+help+you+decide&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2Fjan%2F06%2Fcoup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barry, Dan; Frenkel, Sheera (January 7, 2021). (Free registration required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html) " 'Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html) Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Be+There.+Will+Be+Wild%21%27%3A+Trump+All+but+Circled+the+Date&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Frenkel%2C+Sheera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fcapitol-mob-trump-supporters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Duignan, Brian (August 4, 2021). (https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack) "January 6 U.S. Capitol attack" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack) Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2021 . Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=January+6+U.S.+Capitol+attack&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FJanuary-6-U-S-Capitol-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)       (United_States.html#cite_ref-:6_213-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:6_213-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Klaas) (Brian Klaas) Klaas, Brian (September 9, 2025). (https://blogs.lse.ad.uk/europpblog/2025/09/19/brian-klaas-is-the-united-states-still-a-democracy-competitive-authoritarian-system) "Is The United States Still A Democracy?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) (London School of Economics) London School of Economics  . Retrieved April 9, 2026 . Political scientists continue to debate this topic, but few would classify the United States as a robust democracy. It is either a democracy in crisis that is barely clinging onto the label, or one that has tipped over the edge into competitive authoritarianism - and I believe it's the latter.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Is+The+United+States+Still+A+Democracy%3F&rft.date=2025-09-09&rft.aulast=Klaas&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ad.uk%2Feuroppblog%2F2025%2F09%2F19%2Fbrian-klaas-is-the-united-states-still-a-democracy-competitive-authoritarian-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as) "Field Listing: Area" . The World Factbook . cia.gov. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as) the original on July 7, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing%3A+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F279.html%23as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations-2023_215-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023  . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcc8166en) 10.4060/cc8166en . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2) (Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2) 978-92-5-138262-2  . Retrieved December 13, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138262-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-216) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia) "Geographic Regions of Georgia" . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Info&rft.atitle=Geographic+Regions+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu%2Ftopics%2Fgeography%2Farticle%2Fgeographic-regions-of-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-NAU_217-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-NAU_217-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lew, Alan. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html) "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US" . GSP 220—Geography of the United States . North Arizona University. Archived from (https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html) the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GSP+220%E2%80%94Geography+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=PHYSICAL+GEOGRAPHY+OF+THE+US&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.nau.edu%2Fcourses%2Falew%2Fgsp220%2Ftext%2Fchapters%2Fch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-218) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harms, Nicole. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html) "Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range" . USA Today . Archived from (https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html) the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Facts+About+the+Rocky+Mountain+Range&rft.aulast=Harms&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Frocky-mountain-range-11967.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  O'Hanlon, Larry (March 14, 2005). (https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html) "America's Explosive Park" . Discovery Channel. Archived from (https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html) the original on March 14, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Explosive+Park&rft.pub=Discovery+Channel&rft.date=2005-03-14&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fconvergence%2Fsupervolcano%2Funder%2Funder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinkham1944_220-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFTinkham1944) Tinkham 1944 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100928184338/http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon) "Executive Summary of Grand Canyon Tourism" (PDF) . Northern Arizona University. Archived from (http://www.nau.edu/hrm/ahrrc/reports/G_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf#search=grandcanyon) the original (PDF) on September 28, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary+of+Grand+Canyon+Tourism&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nau.edu%2Fhrm%2Fahrrc%2Freports%2FG_C_EXEC_SUMMARY.pdf%23search%3Dgrandcanyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829) "Mount Whitney, California" . Peakbagger. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Whitney%2C+California&rft.pub=Peakbagger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D2829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1) "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)" . Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+Distance+and+Azimuths+Between+2+Sets+of+Coordinates+%28Badwater+36-15-01-N%2C+116-49-33-W+and+Mount+Whitney+36-34-43-N%2C+118-17-31-W%29&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Ffcc-bin%2Fdistance%3Fdlat%3D36%26mlat%3D15%26slat%3D01%26ns%3D1%26dlon%3D116%26mlon%3D49%26slon%3D33%26ew%3D1%26dlat2%3D36%26mlat2%3D34%26slat2%3D43%26sn%3D1%26dlon2%3D118%26mlon2%3D17%26slon2%3D31%26we%3D1%26iselec%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-224) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Poppick, Laura (August 28, 2013). (https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html) "US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained" . LiveScience. Retrieved May 2, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Tallest+Mountain%27s+Surprising+Location+Explained&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.aulast=Poppick&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-225) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html) "Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America?" . WorldAtlas . January 12, 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html) Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Is+Hawaii+a+Part+of+Oceania+or+North+America%3F&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fis-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/2011/012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf) "The United States is an Ocean Nation" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA) (NOAA) NOAA  . Retrieved September 14, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=The+United+States+is+an+Ocean+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.noaa.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2011%2F012711_gcil_maritime_eez_map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-227) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8456) "Marine Regions · United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)" . www.marineregions.org . Retrieved September 15, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marineregions.org&rft.atitle=Marine+Regions+%C2%B7+United+States+Exclusive+Economic+Zone+%28EEZ%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineregions.org%2Fgazetteer.php%3Fp%3Ddetails%26id%3D8456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-228) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boyden, Jennifer. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html) "Climate Regions of the United States" . USA Today . Archived from (https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html) the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Climate+Regions+of+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Boyden&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fclimate-regions-united-states-21570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGranahanWonkka202432_229-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMcGranahanWonkka2024) McGranahan & Wonkka 2024 , p. 32.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf) "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF) . Archived from (https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 26, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Map+of+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+Climate+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpdf%2Fkottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rice, Doyle. (https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/) "USA has the world's most extreme weather" . USA Today . Retrieved May 17, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=USA+has+the+world%27s+most+extreme+weather&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fweather%2F2013%2F05%2F16%2Fextreme-weather-north-america%2F2162501%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Borenstein, Seth (April 2, 2023). (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes) "Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes" . PBS News . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=Why+the+U.S.+is+leading+the+world+in+extreme+weather+catastrophes&rft.date=2023-04-02&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fscience%2Fwhy-the-u-s-is-leading-the-world-in-extreme-weather-catastrophes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Perkins, Sid (May 11, 2002). (https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp) "Tornado Alley, USA" . Science News . Archived from (https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp) the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Tornado+Alley%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-05-11&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Sid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticles%2F20020511%2Fbob9.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  US Environmental Protection Agency (March 26, 2025). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250530120153/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate) "Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate" . www.epa.gov . Archived from (https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate) the original on May 30, 2025. Retrieved June 9, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Indicators%3A+Weather+and+Climate&rft.date=2025-03-26&rft.au=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimate-indicators%2Fweather-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  US Environmental Protection Agency (April 18, 2025). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213757/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves) "Climate Change Indicators: Heat Waves" . www.epa.gov . Archived from (https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves) the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Indicators%3A+Heat+Waves&rft.date=2025-04-18&rft.au=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimate-indicators%2Fclimate-change-indicators-heat-waves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  US Global Change Research Program. (http://www.globalchange.gov/indicators/heat-waves) "Heat Waves" . GlobalChange.gov . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250630043645/https://globalchange.gov/indicators/heat-waves) Archived from the original on June 30, 2025. Retrieved June 9, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalChange.gov&rft.atitle=Heat+Waves&rft.au=US+Global+Change+Research+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalchange.gov%2Findicators%2Fheat-waves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-237) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  US EPA, OAR (December 2024). (https://web.archive.org/web/20170105075435/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest) "A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest" . www.epa.gov . Archived from (https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/southwest) the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look%3A+Temperature+and+Drought+in+the+Southwest&rft.date=2024-12&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimate-indicators%2Fsouthwest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Waldron, Lucas; Lustgarten, Abrahm (November 10, 2020). (https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there) "Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable. Americans Are Still Moving There" . Propublica . Rhodium Group. Retrieved November 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Propublica&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Will+Make+Parts+of+the+U.S.+Uninhabitable.+Americans+Are+Still+Moving+There.&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft.au=Lustgarten%2C+Abrahm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fclimate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-239) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koch, Alexandra (December 25, 2024). (https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/its-official-biden-signs-new-law-designates-bald-eagle-national-bird) "It's official: Biden signs new law, designates bald eagle as 'national bird' " . FOX 13 Seattle. Retrieved December 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+official%3A+Biden+signs+new+law%2C+designates+bald+eagle+as+%27national+bird%27&rft.pub=FOX+13+Seattle&rft.date=2024-12-25&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox13seattle.com%2Fnews%2Fits-official-biden-signs-new-law-designates-bald-eagle-national-bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-240) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morin, Nancy. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf) "Vascular Plants of the United States" (PDF) . Plants . National Biological Service. Archived from (https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf) the original (PDF) on July 24, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Vascular+Plants+of+the+United+States&rft.au=Morin%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fungaljungal.org%2Fpapers%2FNational_Biological_Service.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Current_Results_#_of_native_species_in_the_US_241-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osborn, Liz. (https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php) "Number of Native Species in United States" . Current Results Nexus. Retrieved January 15, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Native+Species+in+United+States&rft.pub=Current+Results+Nexus&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentresults.com%2FEnvironment-Facts%2FPlants-Animals%2Fnumber-of-native-species-in-united-states.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm) "Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)" . Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 20, 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Numbers+of+Insects+%28Species+and+Individuals%29&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2FEncyclopedia_SI%2Fnmnh%2Fbuginfo%2Fbugnos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/index.htm) "National Park FAQ" . nps . National Park Service. Retrieved May 8, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps&rft.atitle=National+Park+FAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Faboutus%2Fnational-park-system.htm%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-NYTimes_Federal_Land_244-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lipton, Eric; Krauss, Clifford (August 23, 2012). (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0) "Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 18, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Giving+Reins+to+the+States+Over+Drilling&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F08%2F24%2Fus%2Fromney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-AKLeg_CRS_Federal_Land_245-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (March 3, 2017). (https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224) Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Retrieved June 18, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Federal+Land+Ownership%3A+Overview+and+Data&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Carol+H.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Laura+A.&rft.au=Argueta%2C+Carla+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akleg.gov%2Fbasis%2Fget_documents.asp%3Fsession%3D31%26docid%3D47224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Federal_Land_Ownership_246-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf) "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data" (PDF) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Federal+Land+Ownership%3A+Overview+and+Data&rft.aulast=Gorte&rft.aufirst=Ross+W.&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Carol+Hardy.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Laura+A.&rft.au=Marc+R.%2C+Rosenblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR42346.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Fed_Land_Uses_247-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm) "Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development" . doi.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from (https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm) the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doi.gov&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Federal+Programs+to+Promote+Resource+Use%2C+Extraction%2C+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Fpmb%2Foepc%2Fwetlands2%2Fv2ch6.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The National Atlas of the United States of America (January 14, 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html) "Forest Resources of the United States" . Nationalatlas.gov. Archived from (https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html) the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+Resources+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Nationalatlas.gov&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.au=The+National+Atlas+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalatlas.gov%2Farticles%2Fbiology%2Fa_forest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-249) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080228031404/https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf) "Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050" (PDF) . 2003. Archived from (https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf) the original (PDF) on February 28, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+Use+Changes+Involving+Forestry+in+the+United+States%3A+1952+to+1997%2C+With+Projections+to+2050&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpnw%2Fpubs%2Fgtr587.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-250) ↑   (United_States.html#Daynes) Daynes & Sussman, 2010 , pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78  (United_States.html#cite_ref-251) ↑   Hays, Samuel P. (2000). A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOVPoqXeTYTwCpgPA1_1]_252-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCollin2006) Collin 2006 , p. (https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1) 1 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-253) ↑   Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness , pp. 29– 32  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Office_254-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1) Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service  . General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing. 2003. pp. 1– 3, 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-3997-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-3997-4) 978-1-4289-3997-4  . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+species+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.pages=1-3%2C+42&rft.pub=General+Accounting+Office%2C+Diane+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8BEuUPJb58C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-255) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://epi.yale.edu/measure/2024/EPI) "Environmental Performance Index" . epi.yale.edu . July 10, 2024. Retrieved July 10, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epi.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Environmental+Performance+Index&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepi.yale.edu%2Fmeasure%2F2024%2FEPI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnuf2010xvii_256-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFOnuf2010) Onuf 2010 , p. xvii.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-257) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Desjardins, Jeff (August 8, 2019). (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/) "Mapped: The world's oldest democracies" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum  . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Mapped%3A+The+world%27s+oldest+democracies&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.aulast=Desjardins&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F08%2Fcountries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2000_258-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRyan2000) Ryan 2000 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnham200641_259-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBurnham2006) Burnham 2006 , p. 41.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:4_260-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:4_260-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf) "DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era?" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Institute) (V-Dem Institute) V-Dem Institute  . March 17, 2026. Retrieved March 22, 2026 . One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the "third wave of autocratization." Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V-Dem+Institute&rft.atitle=DEMOCRACY+REPORT+2026%3A+Unraveling+The+Democratic+Era%3F&rft.date=2026-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fv-dem.net%2Fdocuments%2F75%2FV-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-:5_261-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:5_261-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:5_261-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2026/05/01/political-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly/) "Political scientists studying democracy and autocracy think that US democracy has declined significantly" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics) (London School of Economics) London School of Economics  . May 1, 2026. Retrieved May 30, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Political+scientists+studying+democracy+and+autocracy+think+that+US+democracy+has+declined+significantly&rft.date=2026-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fusappblog%2F2026%2F05%2F01%2Fpolitical-scientists-studying-democracy-and-autocracy-think-that-us-democracy-has-declined-significantly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-262) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Langfitt, Frank (April 22, 2025). (https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5340753/trump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist) "Hundreds of scholars say U.S. is swiftly heading toward authoritarianism" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR  . Retrieved May 25, 2026 . A survey of more than 500 political scientists finds that the vast majority think the United States is moving swiftly from liberal democracy toward some form of authoritarianism.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+scholars+say+U.S.+is+swiftly+heading+toward+authoritarianism&rft.date=2025-04-22&rft.aulast=Langfitt&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2025%2F04%2F22%2Fnx-s1-5340753%2Ftrump-democracy-authoritarianism-competive-survey-political-scientist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-263) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Killian, Johnny H. Ed. (https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm) "Constitution of the United States" . The Office of the Secretary of the Senate. Retrieved February 11, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=The+Office+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Senate&rft.au=Killian%2C+Johnny+H.+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fcivics%2Fconstitution_item%2Fconstitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundquist1997_264-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSundquist1997) Sundquist 1997 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-265) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives) "The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article)" . Khan Academy . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Senate+and+the+House+of+Representatives%3A+lesson+overview+%28article%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fus-government-and-civics%2Fus-gov-interactions-among-branches%2Fus-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives%2Fa%2Flesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-266) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210) "US midterm election: What you need to know – DW – 11/07/2022" . Deutsche Welle . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240216134445/https://www.dw.com/en/us-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know/a-63656210) Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=US+midterm+election%3A+What+you+need+to+know+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+11%2F07%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fus-midterm-election-what-you-need-to-know%2Fa-63656210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211115122604/https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm) "The Legislative Branch" . United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Archived from (https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm) the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legislative+Branch&rft.pub=United+States+Diplomatic+Mission+to+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusa.usembassy.de%2Fgovernment-legislative.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-268) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm) "The Process for impeachment" . ThinkQuest. Archived from (https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm) the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Process+for+impeachment&rft.pub=ThinkQuest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F25673%2Fprocess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-tws2010Sep11t11_269-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Broder, David S. (March 18, 2007). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html) "Congress's Oversight Offensive" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115602/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html) Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congress%27s+Oversight+Offensive&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F16%2FAR2007031601989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-tws2010Sep11t13_270-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ferraro, Thomas (April 25, 2007). (https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425) "House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425) Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=House+committee+subpoenas+Rice+on+Iraq&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSN2518728220070425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-271) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100707024139/http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf) "Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct" (PDF) . Archived from (http://ethics.house.gov/Media/PDF/110th%20Committee%20Rules.pdf) the original (PDF) on July 7, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+%E2%80%93+Committee+on+Standards+of+Official+Conduct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethics.house.gov%2FMedia%2FPDF%2F110th%2520Committee%2520Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-272) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/) "The Executive Branch" . The White House . Retrieved February 11, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbidenwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Four-government%2Fthe-executive-branch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-273) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350) "Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 | Constitution Center" . National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center+%E2%80%93+constitutioncenter.org&rft.atitle=Interpretation%3A+Article+II%2C+Section+1%2C+Clauses+2+and+3+%7C+Constitution+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fthe-constitution%2Farticles%2Farticle-ii%2Fclauses%2F350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FedJud_275-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FedJud_275-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FedJud_275-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T. (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC) Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988374-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988374-5) 978-0-19-988374-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+of+American+Democracy%3A+The+Judicial+Branch&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988374-5&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kermit+L.&rft.au=McGuire%2C+Kevin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6rWCaMAdUzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4) Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test  . Government Printing Office. p. 4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-091708-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-16-091708-0) 978-0-16-091708-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+about+the+United+States%3A+Quick+Civics+Lessons+for+the+Naturalization+Test&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-16-091708-0&rft.au=U.S.+Citizenship+and+Immigration+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8X1CzvBXHksC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Giddens-White, Bryon (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC) The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch  . Heinemann Library. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-6608-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4034-6608-2) 978-1-4034-6608-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+and+the+Judicial+Branch&rft.pub=Heinemann+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2&rft.aulast=Giddens-White&rft.aufirst=Bryon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbZw3bJsWtUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zelden, Charles L. (2007). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld) The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics   . ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-702-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-702-9) 978-1-85109-702-9  . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judicial+Branch+of+Federal+Government%3A+People%2C+Process%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-702-9&rft.aulast=Zelden&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudicialbranchof0000zeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx) "Federal Courts" . United States Courts. Retrieved October 19, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Courts&rft.pub=United+States+Courts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2FFederalCourts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)       (United_States.html#cite_ref-276) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scotusblog.com/supreme-court-procedure/) "Supreme Court Procedure" . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved October 20, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCOTUSblog&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Procedure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2Fsupreme-court-procedure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-277) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cossack, Roger (July 13, 2000). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12) "Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life" . CNN . Archived from (https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/) the original on July 12, 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Beyond+politics%3A+Why+Supreme+Court+justices+are+appointed+for+life&rft.date=2000-07-13&rft.aulast=Cossack&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2000%2FLAW%2F07%2Fcolumns%2Fcossack.scotus.07.12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1997_278-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1997_278-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFO'Connor1997) O'Connor 1997 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1942_279-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1942_279-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFCohen1942) Cohen 1942 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-280) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Levy, Robert A. (October 2011). (https://www.cato.org/policy-report/september/october-2011/rights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism#) "Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism" . Cato Institute . Retrieved January 13, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Rights%2C+Powers%2C+Dual+Sovereignty%2C+and+Federalism&rft.date=2011-10&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpolicy-report%2Fseptember%2Foctober-2011%2Frights-powers-dual-sovereignty-federalism%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-281) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code) (Title 8 of the United States Code) 8 U.S.C.  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101) § 1101 (a)(36) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code) (Title 8 of the United States Code) 8 U.S.C.  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101) § 1101 (a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code) (Title 8 of the United States Code) 8 U.S.C.  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101a) § 1101a   (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldstein2017_282-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFeldstein2017) Feldstein 2017 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-283) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federal-indian-reservation#:~:text=There%20are%20approximately%20326%20Indian,%2C%20communities%2C%20etc.).) "What is a federal Indian reservation?" . bia.gov . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs) (Bureau of Indian Affairs) Bureau of Indian Affairs . August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bia.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+a+federal+Indian+reservation%3F&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bia.gov%2Ffaqs%2Fwhat-federal-indian-reservation%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThere%2520are%2520approximately%2520326%2520Indian%2C%252C%2520communities%252C%2520etc.%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-www.justice.gov-2017_284-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/attorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty) "Attorney General June 1, 1995 Memorandum on Indian Sovereignty" . www.justice.gov . March 8, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Attorney+General+June+1%2C+1995+Memorandum+on+Indian+Sovereignty&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchives%2Fag%2Fattorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstadter1969iv_285-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHofstadter1969) Hofstadter 1969 , p. iv.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Blake-2021_286-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blake, Aaron (November 25, 2021). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/27/why-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics/) "Why are there only two parties in American politics?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved May 4, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Why+are+there+only+two+parties+in+American+politics%3F&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F27%2Fwhy-are-there-only-two-parties-in-american-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-287) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMartonePiccio2023) Martone & Piccio 2023 , p.  167 . "The American Democratic Party, typically labelled as a centre party (Armingeon et al., 2018), contributes to the incidence of this group of parties."  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:7_288-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-:7_288-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chinoy, Sahil (June 26, 2019). (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/26/opinion/sunday/republican-platform-far-right.html) "What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved April 26, 2026 . The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Happened+to+America%27s+Political+Center+of+Gravity%3F&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Chinoy&rft.aufirst=Sahil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Frepublican-platform-far-right.html%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F06%2F26%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Frepublican-platform-far-right.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-289) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346) "An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)) (SSRN (identifier)) SSRN  (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4739346) 4739346 . Retrieved April 26, 2026 . Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+International+Far-Right+Alliance%3F+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+the+Linkages+Between+the+Republican+Party+and+European+Far-Right+Parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4739346%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4739346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-290) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members) "Current Members" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) United Nations Security Council  . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.atitle=Current+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsecuritycouncil%2Fcontent%2Fcurrent-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''United_Nations_Headquarters_Agreement''1948_291-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Headquarters_Agreement1948) United Nations Headquarters Agreement 1948 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145403/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed) "Where is the G7 Headed?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Council on Foreign Relations) Council on Foreign Relations  . New York City. June 28, 2022. Archived from (https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed) the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Where+is+the+G7+Headed%3F&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwhere-g7-headed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-293) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/) "The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State  . July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+G20%3A+Building+a+More+Peaceful%2C+Stable%2C+and+Prosperous+World+Together&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fthe-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-294) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/) "Our global reach" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD  . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Our+global+reach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fabout%2Fmembers-and-partners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fialho, Livia Pontes; Wallin, Matthew (August 1, 2013). Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran (Report). American Security Project. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06070) resrep06070 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reaching+for+an+Audience%3A+U.S.+Public+Diplomacy+Towards+Iran&rft.pub=American+Security+Project&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep06070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fialho&rft.aufirst=Livia+Pontes&rft.au=Wallin%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-296) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oliver, Alex; Graham, Euan (December 19, 2017). (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336) "Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . London. Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Which+are+the+countries+still+talking+to+North+Korea%3F&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Graham%2C+Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42351336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-297) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ferraro, Matthew F. (December 22, 2014). (https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/) "The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)) (The Diplomat (magazine)) The Diplomat  . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Stronger+Bhutanese-American+Ties&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Matthew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fthe-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-298) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice) "US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris" . South China Morning Post . September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=US+will+continue+to+strengthen+%27unofficial+ties%27+with+Taiwan%2C+says+Harris&rft.date=2022-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3194126%2Fus-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ruwitch, John (September 22, 2020). (https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister) "Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Formal+Ties+With+U.S.%3F+Not+For+Now%2C+Says+Taiwan+Foreign+Minister&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft.aulast=Ruwitch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F09%2F22%2F915818283%2Fformal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadan2022_300-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMadan2022) Madan 2022 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-301) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saaliq, Sheikh (May 26, 2026). (https://apnews.com/article/india-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715) "Quad ministers announce new Indo-Pacific initiatives on maritime security and energy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press  . Retrieved May 26, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Quad+ministers+announce+new+Indo-Pacific+initiatives+on+maritime+security+and+energy&rft.date=2026-05-26&rft.aulast=Saaliq&rft.aufirst=Sheikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Findia-quad-rubio-1c7426e104b7663ed01a727f943c9715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-302) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Wentong (December 5, 2025). (https://www.thediplomaticaffairs.com/2025/12/05/aukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership/) "AUKUS and the Reconfiguration of Indo-Pacific Security: An Analysis of the Trilateral Security Partnership" . thediplomaticaffairs.com . Retrieved May 30, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomaticaffairs.com&rft.atitle=AUKUS+and+the+Reconfiguration+of+Indo-Pacific+Security%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Trilateral+Security+Partnership&rft.date=2025-12-05&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Wentong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thediplomaticaffairs.com%2F2025%2F12%2F05%2Faukus-and-the-reconfiguration-of-indo-pacific-security-an-analysis-of-the-trilateral-security-partnership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumbrellSchäfer200945_303-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDumbrellSchäfer2009) Dumbrell & Schäfer 2009 , p. 45.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-304) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ek, Carl & Fergusson, Ian F. (September 3, 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064224/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf) "Canada–U.S. Relations" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%E2%80%93U.S.+Relations&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft.au=Ek%2C+Carl&rft.au=Fergusson%2C+Ian+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2F96-397.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughn2008_305-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFVaughn2008) Vaughn 2008 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-306) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vaughn, Bruce (May 27, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210122111903/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf) "New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 22, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand%3A+Background+and+Bilateral+Relations+with+the+United+States&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL32876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-307) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lum, Thomas (January 3, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201651/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf) "The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf) the original (PDF) on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+the+Philippines+and+U.S.+Interests&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft.au=Lum%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL33233.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chanlett-Avery, Emma; et al. (June 8, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200113063914/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf) "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan-U.S.+Relations%3A+Issues+for+Congress&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.au=Chanlett-Avery%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FRL33436.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-309) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Manyin, Mark E.; Chanlett-Avery, Emma; Nikitin, Mary Beth (July 8, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064241/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf) "U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf) the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.%E2%80%93South+Korea+Relations%3A+Issues+for+Congress&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.aulast=Manyin&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft.au=Chanlett-Avery%2C+Emma&rft.au=Nikitin%2C+Mary+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FR41481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-310) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zanotti, Jim (July 31, 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190305033453/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf) "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf) the original (PDF) on March 5, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+Background+and+U.S.+Relations&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.au=Zanotti%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmideast%2FRL33476.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-311) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/) "U.S. Relations With Poland" . State.gov . January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Relations+With+Poland&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fu-s-relations-with-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-312) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf) "INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF) . White House. Retrieved February 3, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDO-+PACIFIC+STRATEGY+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES&rft.pub=White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbidenwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2FU.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-313) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meidan, Michal (July 1, 2019). US-China: The Great Decoupling (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Institute_for_Energy_Studies) (Oxford Institute for Energy Studies) Oxford Institute for Energy Studies . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep33982) resrep33982 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=US-China%3A+The+Great+Decoupling&rft.pub=Oxford+Institute+for+Energy+Studies&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep33982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meidan&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-314) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bala, Sumathi (March 28, 2023). (https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html) "U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says" . CNBC. Retrieved May 7, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.-China+relations+are+going+downhill+with+%27no+trust%27+on+either+side%2C+Stephen+Roach+says&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft.aulast=Bala&rft.aufirst=Sumathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F03%2F28%2Fus-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-315) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rumer, Eugene; Sokolsky, Richard (June 20, 2019). (https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/06/thirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken?lang=en) "Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace) (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace  . Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Thirty+Years+of+U.S.+Policy+Toward+Russia%3A+Can+the+Vicious+Circle+Be+Broken%3F&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.aulast=Rumer&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Sokolsky%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2019%2F06%2Fthirty-years-of-us-policy-toward-russia-can-the-vicious-circle-be-broken%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-316) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Macias, Amanda (June 17, 2022). (https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html) "Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia" . CNBC. Retrieved September 28, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here%27s+a+look+at+the+%245.6+billion+in+firepower+the+U.S.+has+committed+to+Ukraine+in+its+fight+against+Russia&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft.aulast=Macias&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F06%2F17%2Frussia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.war.gov/about/our-forces) "Our Forces" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense) (United States Department of Defense) United States Department of Defense . Retrieved July 12, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Forces&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.war.gov%2Fabout%2Four-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged July 2026) dead link   ]     (United_States.html#cite_ref-318) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lindsay, James M. (August 4, 2021). (https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard) "Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!" . New York City: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Council on Foreign Relations) Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved July 16, 2022 . During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+231st+Birthday+to+the+United+States+Coast+Guard%21&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fhappy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16761057) "United States country profile" . BBC News . January 27, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=United+States+country+profile&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-16761057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-320) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ryan, Missy; Jeong, Andrew; Masih, Niha; Sands, Leo; Somasundaram, Praveena; Wu, Daniel; Haspel, Tamar; Dougherty, Jesse; Nusbaum, Spencer (April 1, 2021). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/china-us-military-technology/2021/03/31/acc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html) "The U.S. system created the world's most advanced military. Can it maintain an edge?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved July 6, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+system+created+the+world%27s+most+advanced+military.+Can+it+maintain+an+edge%3F&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Missy&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Masih%2C+Niha&rft.au=Sands%2C+Leo&rft.au=Somasundaram%2C+Praveena&rft.au=Wu%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Haspel%2C+Tamar&rft.au=Dougherty%2C+Jesse&rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Fchina-us-military-technology%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Facc2d9f4-866c-11eb-8a67-f314e5fcf88d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-SIPRI-2020_321-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2026-04/2604_milex_2025.pdf#page=2) "Trends in Military Expenditure 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute) (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2026. Retrieved April 26, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Military+Expenditure+2025&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.date=2026-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2026-04%2F2604_milex_2025.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute-2024_322-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now) "Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now | SIPRI" . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Role+of+nuclear+weapons+grows+as+geopolitical+relations+deteriorate%E2%80%94new+SIPRI+Yearbook+out+now+%7C+SIPRI&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2F2024%2Frole-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackett2023_323-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHackett2023) Hackett 2023 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harris, Johnny (May 18, 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states) "Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?" . Vox . Archived from (https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states) the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+does+the+US+have+800+military+bases+around+the+world%3F&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F5%2F18%2F8600659%2Fmilitary-bases-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf) "Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)" (PDF) . Department of Defense. March 31, 2010. Archived from (https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf) the original (PDF) on July 24, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Active+Duty+Military+Personnel+Strengths+by+Regional+Area+and+by+Country+%28309A%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiadapp.dmdc.osd.mil%2Fpersonnel%2FMILITARY%2Fhistory%2Fhst1003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushiToft2023_326-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFKushiToft2023) Kushi & Toft 2023 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://statedefenseforce.com/) "StateDefenseForce.com" . StateDefenseForce.com . September 17, 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StateDefenseForce.com&rft.atitle=StateDefenseForce.com&rft.date=2024-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatedefenseforce.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-328) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sgaus.org/) "State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States" . sgaus.org . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgaus.org&rft.atitle=State+Guard+Association+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Supporting+the+State+Defense+Forces+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgaus.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-329) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109) "32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops" . LII / Legal Information Institute . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=32+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+109+-+Maintenance+of+other+troops&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F32%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250909195612/https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/) "National Guard: FAQ" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard) (United States National Guard) United States National Guard . Archived from (https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/) the original on September 9, 2025. Retrieved August 23, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Guard%3A+FAQ&rft.pub=United+States+National+Guard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalguard.mil%2FAbout-the-Guard%2FArmy-National-Guard%2FFAQ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx) "Legal Basis of the National Guard" . Army National Guard. 2013. Archived from (http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx) the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Basis+of+the+National+Guard&rft.pub=Army+National+Guard&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arng.army.mil%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2FPages%2FConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-333) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2023-demographics-report.pdf) "2023 Demographics Profile of the Military Community" (PDF) . Military OneSource . Retrieved May 18, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+OneSource&rft.atitle=2023+Demographics+Profile+of+the+Military+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload.militaryonesource.mil%2F12038%2FMOS%2FReports%2F2023-demographics-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanksHendrixHickman20161_334-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBanksHendrixHickman2016) Banks, Hendrix & Hickman 2016 , p. 1.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-335) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm) "U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do" . Chiff.com. Archived from (https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm) the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Federal+Law+Enforcement+Agencies%2C+Who+Governs+%26+What+They+Do&rft.pub=Chiff.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiff.com%2Fpolice%2Ffederal-police-agencies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManweller200655_336-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFManweller2006) Manweller 2006 , p. 55.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts) "Introduction To The Federal Court System" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney) (United States Attorney) United States Attorney  . Washington, D.C.: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice) (United States Department of Justice) United States Department of Justice . November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Attorney&rft.atitle=Introduction+To+The+Federal+Court+System&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fusao%2Fjustice-101%2Ffederal-courts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Sawyer-2026_338-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter (March 11, 2026). (https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2026.html) "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2026" . Prison Policy Initiative . Retrieved April 1, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prison+Policy+Initiative&rft.atitle=Mass+Incarceration%3A+The+Whole+Pie+2026&rft.date=2026-03-11&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonpolicy.org%2Freports%2Fpie2026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014_339-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014_339-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014_339-2) 3  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETravisWesternRedburn2014_339-3) 4   (United_States.html#CITEREFTravisWesternRedburn2014) Travis, Western & Redburn 2014 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-340) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Foundation, The Annie E. Casey (November 14, 2020). (https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention) "Juvenile Detention Explained" . The Annie E. Casey Foundation . Retrieved July 6, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Annie+E.+Casey+Foundation&rft.atitle=Juvenile+Detention+Explained&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=The+Annie+E.+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aecf.org%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-juvenile-detention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Sawyer-2025_341-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter (March 11, 2025). (https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html) "Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025" . Prison Policy Initiative . Retrieved May 19, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prison+Policy+Initiative&rft.atitle=Mass+Incarceration%3A+The+Whole+Pie+2025&rft.date=2025-03-11&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prisonpolicy.org%2Freports%2Fpie2025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america) United States of America . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Prison_Brief) (World Prison Brief) World Prison Brief .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-WorldPrisonBrief_343-0) ↑   (http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest) Highest to Lowest (https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total) Archived November 18, 2023, at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Prison_Brief) (World Prison Brief) World Prison Brief (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See the (http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data) WPB main data page and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrinshteynHemenway2016_344-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGrinshteynHemenway2016) Grinshteyn & Hemenway 2016 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Moffatt, Mike (January 27, 2020). (https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547) "A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market" . ThoughtCo . Retrieved May 30, 2025 . The US has a mixed economy because both private businesses and the government are important.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=A+Mixed+Economy%3A+The+Role+of+the+Market&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft.aulast=Moffatt&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Foverview-of-a-mixed-economy-1147547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordham2017_346-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFordham2017) Fordham 2017 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/USA) "United States Datasets" . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved February 10, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=United+States+Datasets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FUSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagopianOhanian2012_348-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHagopianOhanian2012) Hagopian & Ohanian 2012 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and) "Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits" . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce) (United States Department of Commerce) U.S. Department of Commerce . March 30, 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product%2C+Fourth+Quarter+and+Year+2022+%28Third+Estimate%29%2C+GDP+by+Industry%2C+and+Corporate+Profits&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Fnews%2F2023%2Fgross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Race, Michael; Velasquez, Francisco (August 20, 2026). (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70gp8252ejo) "US national debt passes $40tn after doubling in a decade" . BBC . Retrieved August 21, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=US+national+debt+passes+%2440tn+after+doubling+in+a+decade&rft.date=2026-08-20&rft.aulast=Race&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Velasquez%2C+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc70gp8252ejo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Fortune-2025_351-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/) "Global 500" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500) (Fortune Global 500) Fortune Global 500  . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune+Global+500&rft.atitle=Global+500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Franking%2Fglobal500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hyam, Benji (November 29, 2023). (https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/) "Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023" . www.growandconvert.com . Retrieved July 16, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.growandconvert.com&rft.atitle=Most+Profitable+Companies%3A+U.S.+vs.+Rest+of+the+World%2C+2023&rft.date=2023-11-29&rft.aulast=Hyam&rft.aufirst=Benji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.growandconvert.com%2Fresearch%2Fmost-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-federalreserve.gov_353-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf) "The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere" (PDF) . Retrieved August 24, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Implementation+of+Monetary+Policy+%E2%80%93+The+Federal+Reserve+in+the+International+Sphere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Fpf%2Fpdf%2Fpf_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Benjamin_J._Cohen_2006,_p._17_354-0) ↑   Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money , Princeton University Press, 2006, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11666-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11666-2) 978-0-691-11666-2  ; cf . "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frommer's) (Frommer's) Frommer's Vietnam , 2006, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79816-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-471-79816-3) 978-0-471-79816-3  , p. 17.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-355) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year) "US GDP Growth Rate by Year" . multpl.com . US Bureau of Economic Analysis. March 31, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=multpl.com&rft.atitle=US+GDP+Growth+Rate+by+Year&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multpl.com%2Fus-gdp-growth-rate%2Ftable%2Fby-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements) "United States free trade agreements" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative) (Office of the United States Trade Representative) Office of the United States Trade Representative  . Retrieved May 31, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+United+States+Trade+Representative&rft.atitle=United+States+free+trade+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustr.gov%2Ftrade-agreements%2Ffree-trade-agreements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Collins-2023_357-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Collins-2023_357-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Collins, Michael (August 11, 2023). (https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working) "The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndustryWeek) (IndustryWeek) IndustryWeek  . Retrieved August 10, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndustryWeek&rft.atitle=The+Post-Industrial+Service+Economy+Isn%27t+Working+for+the+Middle+Class&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.industryweek.com%2Fthe-economy%2Fdata-and-statistics%2Farticle%2F21271497%2Fthe-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Econ_358-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html) "USA Economy in Brief" . U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs. Archived from (https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html) the original on March 12, 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Economy+in+Brief&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+State%2C+International+Information+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusinfo.state.gov%2Fproducts%2Fpubs%2Feconomy-in-brief%2Fpage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-359) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp) "The State of Manufacturing in the United States" . International Trade Administration. July 2010. Archived from (https://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp) the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Manufacturing+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=International+Trade+Administration&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrade.gov%2Fmanufactureamerica%2Ffacts%2Ftg_mana_003019.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true) "Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing%2C+Value+Added+%28Current+US%24%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.IND.MANF.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-NYSEhighestcap_361-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry (April 9, 2021). (https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/) "NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange" . Forbes . Retrieved July 24, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=NYSE%3A+What+Is+The+New+York+Stock+Exchange&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.au=Kat+Tretina+and+Benjamin+Curry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fadvisor%2Finvesting%2Fnyse-new-york-stock-exchange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-362) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jones, Huw (March 24, 2022). (https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/) "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . Retrieved July 29, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+York+widens+lead+over+London+in+top+finance+centres+index&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnew-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld_363-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/) "The Global Financial Centres Index 35" . Long Finance. March 21, 2024. Retrieved May 1, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+35&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fpublications%2Flong-finance-reports%2Fthe-global-financial-centres-index-35%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy_364-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ghosh, Iman (September 24, 2020). (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/) "This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output" . World Economic Forum. Retrieved March 5, 2023 . The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+3D+map+shows+the+U.S.+cities+with+the+highest+economic+output&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Iman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2020%2F09%2Funited-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-365) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics) "Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges" . WFE. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Reports+%E2%80%93+World+Federation+of+Exchanges&rft.pub=WFE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-exchanges.org%2Four-work%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-sfc.hk_366-0) ↑   (http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf) Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012) . Securities and Exchange Commission (China).  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CIA-2018_367-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CIA-2018_367-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CIA-2018_367-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073924/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/) "The World Factbook: United States" . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/) the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+United+States&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Funited-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Wright,_Gavin_2007_p._185_368-0) ↑   Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny , ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6545-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6545-8) 978-0-8213-6545-8  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-369) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html) "Top Trading Partners – October 2022" . U.S. Census Bureau. October 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Trading+Partners+%E2%80%93+October+2022&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fforeign-trade%2Fstatistics%2Fhighlights%2Ftop%2Ftop1612yr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf) "World Trade Statistical Review 2019" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization  . p. 100. Retrieved May 31, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=World+Trade+Statistical+Review+2019&rft.pages=100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fres_e%2Fstatis_e%2Fwts2019_e%2Fwts2019_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-371) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.TOTL.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true) "Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$)" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved May 24, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Exports+of+goods%2C+services+and+primary+income+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBX.GSR.TOTL.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false) "Service exports (BoP, current US$)" . World Bank. Retrieved August 4, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Service+exports+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBX.GSR.NFSV.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue%26year_high_desc%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/) "Income" . Better Life Index . OECD. Retrieved September 28, 2019 . In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Better+Life+Index&rft.atitle=Income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecdbetterlifeindex.org%2Ftopics%2Fincome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/) "Median Income by Country 2023" . Wisevoter . Retrieved July 28, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisevoter&rft.atitle=Median+Income+by+Country+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwisevoter.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fmedian-income-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Household_Income_376-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en) "Society at a Glance 2014" . Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators . OECD Publishing. March 18, 2014. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1787%2Fsoc_glance-2014-en) 10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20072-2) (Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20072-2) 978-92-64-20072-2  . Retrieved May 29, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+at+a+Glance+2014%3A+OECD+Social+Indicators&rft.atitle=Society+at+a+Glance+2014&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2Fsoc_glance-2014-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-20072-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsocial-issues-migration-health%2Fsociety-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN) (Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA) "Personal Consumption Expenditures" . fred.stlouisfed.org . March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Personal+Consumption+Expenditures&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FPCECA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteenkamp2024_378-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSteenkamp2024) Steenkamp 2024 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Napoletano, E. (October 20, 2023). (https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth.) "Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor" . Forbes . Retrieved November 20, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Here%27s+How+Many+Billionaires+And+Millionaires+Live+In+The+U.S.+%E2%80%93+Forbes+Advisor&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.aulast=Napoletano&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fadvisor%2Fretirement%2Fhow-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAs%2520of%25202023%2C%2520there%2520are%2Cyour%2520own%2520definition%2520of%2520wealth.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiketty2014[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780674430006page257_257]_380-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPiketty2014) Piketty 2014 , p. (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257) 257 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithZidarZwick2022_381-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSmithZidarZwick2022) Smith, Zidar & Zwick 2022 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/) "Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved July 27, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Income+inequality+in+America+is+the+highest+it%27s+been+since+Census+Bureau+started+tracking+it%2C+data+shows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2Fincome-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/society-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en/full-report/income-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html) "Society at a glance 2024: OECD social indicators" . OECD . June 20, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Society+at+a+glance+2024%3A+OECD+social+indicators&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fsociety-at-a-glance-2024_918d8db3-en%2Ffull-report%2Fincome-and-wealth-inequalities_7ac4178f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkin2020_384-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkin2020_384-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFHopkin2020) Hopkin 2020 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottschalk202515_385-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGottschalk2025) Gottschalk 2025 , p. 15.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Long, Heather (September 12, 2017). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html) "U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+middle-class+incomes+reached+highest-ever+level+in+2016%2C+Census+Bureau+says&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says%2F2017%2F09%2F12%2F7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmeeding2005_387-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSmeeding2005) Smeeding 2005 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-388) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Casey, Michael (December 27, 2024). (https://apnews.com/article/homelessness-population-count-2024-hud-migrants-2e0e2b4503b754612a1d0b3b73abf75f) "US homelessness up 18% as affordable housing remains out of reach for many" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press  . Retrieved August 25, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=US+homelessness+up+18%25+as+affordable+housing+remains+out+of+reach+for+many&rft.date=2024-12-27&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhomelessness-population-count-2024-hud-migrants-2e0e2b4503b754612a1d0b3b73abf75f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-ers.usda.gov_389-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics) "USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics" . ers.usda.gov . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024909/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx) Archived from the original on January 19, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ers.usda.gov&rft.atitle=USDA+ERS+%E2%80%93+Key+Statistics+%26+Graphics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Ftopics%2Ffood-nutrition-assistance%2Ffood-security-in-the-us%2Fkey-statistics-graphics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FactsAbout_390-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts) "Facts About Child Hunger in America | Feeding America" . feedingamerica.org . Retrieved December 4, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=feedingamerica.org&rft.atitle=Facts+About+Child+Hunger+in+America+%7C+Feeding+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feedingamerica.org%2Fhunger-in-america%2Fchild-hunger-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-391) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html) "National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023" . Census.gov . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=National+Poverty+in+America+Awareness+Month%3A+January+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fstories%2Fpoverty-awareness-month.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-392) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joumard, Isabelle; Pisu, Mauro; Bloch, Debbie (2012). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140513203915/https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf) "Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers" (PDF) . OECD. Archived from (https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf) the original (PDF) on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tackling+income+inequality+The+role+of+taxes+and+transfers&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Joumard&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Pisu%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Debbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Feco%2Fpublic-finance%2FTacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERank2023116–117_393-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRank2023) Rank 2023 , pp. 116–117.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-394) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Min, Sarah (May 24, 2019). (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays/) "1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays" . CBS News . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=1+in+4+workers+in+U.S.+don%27t+get+any+paid+vacation+time+or+holidays&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fone-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-395) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bernard, Tara Siegel (February 22, 2013). (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html) "In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe" . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Paid+Family+Leave%2C+U.S.+Trails+Most+of+the+Globe&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Tara+Siegel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F23%2Fyour-money%2Fus-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Van Dam, Andrew (July 4, 2018). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on) "Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world" . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+it+great+to+be+a+worker+in+the+U.S.%3F+Not+compared+with+the+rest+of+the+developed+world.&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2018%2F07%2F04%2Fis-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-397) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lee, Dave (July 16, 2015). (https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-33546194) "Silicon Valley: 'Centre of the universe' - but for how long?" . BBC News . Retrieved August 17, 2025 . It was this secret sauce [...] that provided the spark for the biggest and most powerful technology hub in the world.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley%3A+%27Centre+of+the+universe%27+-+but+for+how+long%3F&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-33546194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-398) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cellan-Jones, Rory (February 7, 2020). (https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51412210) "Tech Tent - has Silicon Valley still got it?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC  . Retrieved August 17, 2025 . For decades it has been the beating heart of the tech industry, the place where the future is created and where anyone who wants to be part of it has to come in search of inspiration and funding.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Tech+Tent+-+has+Silicon+Valley+still+got+it%3F&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Cellan-Jones&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-51412210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-399) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mowery, David. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220127224449/https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/) "Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990" . OpenMind . Archived from (https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/) the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenMind&rft.atitle=Technological+Change+and+the+Evolution+of+the+U.S.+%22National+Innovation+System%22%2C+1880-1990&rft.aulast=Mowery&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbvaopenmind.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Ftechnological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodfriendMcDermott2021_400-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGoodfriendMcDermott2021) Goodfriend & McDermott 2021 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHounshell1984_401-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHounshell1984) Hounshell 1984 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETollefsonVan_Noorden2024_402-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFTollefsonVan_Noorden2024) Tollefson & Van Noorden 2024 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-403) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond) "U.S. science no longer leads the world. Here's how top advisers say the nation should respond" . www.science.org . Retrieved February 10, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+science+no+longer+leads+the+world.+Here%27s+how+top+advisers+say+the+nation+should+respond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fu-s-science-no-longer-leads-world-here-s-how-top-advisers-say-nation-should-respond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-404) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Desjardins, Jeff (December 18, 2018). (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/) "Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D" . www.weforum.org . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weforum.org&rft.atitle=Innovators+wanted%3A+these+countries+spend+the+most+on+R%26D&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft.aulast=Desjardins&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2018%2F12%2Fhow-much-countries-spend-on-r-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-405) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fleming, Sean (November 16, 2020). (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/) "These countries spend the most on research and development" . www.weforum.org . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weforum.org&rft.atitle=These+countries+spend+the+most+on+research+and+development&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2020%2F11%2Fcountries-spending-research-development-gdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-406) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020) "SJR – International Science Ranking" . Scimagojr.com . Retrieved February 5, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scimagojr.com&rft.atitle=SJR+%E2%80%93+International+Science+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scimagojr.com%2Fcountryrank.php%3Forder%3Ditp%26ord%3Ddesc%26year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-407) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  World Intellectual Property Organization. (2021). (https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN) World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021  . World IP Indicators (WIPI). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.44461) 10.34667/tind.44461 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3329-3) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3329-3) 978-92-805-3329-3  . Retrieved April 27, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Indicators+2021&rft.series=World+IP+Indicators+%28WIPI%29&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization+%28WIPO%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.44461&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3329-3&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fpublications%2Fen%2Fdetails.jsp%3Fid%3D4571%26plang%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-408) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/united-states-of-america) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved October 16, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Funited-states-of-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaLanvin202519_409-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDuttaLanvin2025) Dutta & Lanvin 2025 , p. 19.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-410) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hai.stanford.edu/news/global-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai) "Global AI Power Rankings: Stanford HAI Tool Ranks 36 Countries in AI" . hai.stanford.edu . November 21, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hai.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Global+AI+Power+Rankings%3A+Stanford+HAI+Tool+Ranks+36+Countries+in+AI&rft.date=2024-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhai.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2Fglobal-ai-power-rankings-stanford-hai-tool-ranks-36-countries-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-411) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Getzoff, Marc (December 1, 2023). (https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/) "Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023" . Global Finance Magazine . Retrieved July 29, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Finance+Magazine&rft.atitle=Most+Technologically+Advanced+Countries+In+The+World+2023&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.aulast=Getzoff&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgfmag.com%2Fdata%2Fnon-economic-data%2Fmost-advanced-countries-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-412) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year.) "65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA – NASA" . July 26, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=65+Years+Ago%3A+The+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Act+of+1958+Creates+NASA+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2F65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPresident%2520Eisenhower%2520signed%2520the%2520National%2Cof%2520the%2520International%2520Geophysical%2520Year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-413) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA) "National Aeronautics and Space Administration | US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+%7C+US+Space+Agency+%26+Exploration+Achievements+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNASA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-414) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program) "Apollo | History, Missions, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . August 29, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Apollo+%7C+History%2C+Missions%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2FApollo-space-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-415) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/) "The Apollo Missions" . The Apollo Missions . July 4, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Apollo+Missions&rft.atitle=The+Apollo+Missions&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fthought-leadership%2Fthe-apollo-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-416) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/) "Space Shuttle – NASA" . Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Shuttle+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fspace-shuttle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-417) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts) "Quick Facts" . HubbleSite . Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HubbleSite&rft.atitle=Quick+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fquick-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-418) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts) "Quick Facts" . Webb . August 12, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webb&rft.atitle=Quick+Facts&rft.date=2024-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebbtelescope.org%2Fquick-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-419) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/) "Mars Exploration – NASA Science" . science.nasa.gov . February 27, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Mars+Exploration+%E2%80%93+NASA+Science&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary-science%2Fprograms%2Fmars-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-420) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/) "International Space Station Facts and Figures – NASA" . Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Space+Station+Facts+and+Figures+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Finternational-space-station%2Fspace-station-facts-and-figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-421) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Howell, Elizabeth (August 24, 2022). (https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html) "International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking" . Space.com (updated, last ed.). Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=International+Space+Station%3A+Facts%2C+History+%26+Tracking&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F16748-international-space-station.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-422) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/11/companies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter/) "Companies are commercializing outer space. Do government programs still matter?" . Washington Post . January 11, 2022. Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Companies+are+commercializing+outer+space.+Do+government+programs+still+matter%3F&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F01%2F11%2Fcompanies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-423) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/) "Commercial Space – NASA" . Retrieved September 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+Space+%E2%80%93+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhumans-in-space%2Fcommercial-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-424) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/) "U.S. energy facts explained – consumption and production – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" . eia.gov . Retrieved November 21, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eia.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+energy+facts+explained+%E2%80%93+consumption+and+production+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fenergyexplained%2Fus-energy-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-visu_425-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/) "Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon" . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. March 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Flow+Charts%3A+Charting+the+Complex+Relationships+among+Energy%2C+Water%2C+and+Carbon&rft.pub=Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflowcharts.llnl.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-426) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&t=1) "What is the United States' share of world energy consumption?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration) (Energy Information Administration) U.S. Energy Information Administration  . November 5, 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&rft.atitle=What+is+the+United+States%27+share+of+world+energy+consumption%3F&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftools%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq.php%3Fid%3D87%26t%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-427) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  US Environmental Protection Agency, OAR (February 8, 2017). (https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks) "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks" . US EPA . Retrieved December 3, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Inventory+of+U.S.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+and+Sinks&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fghgemissions%2Finventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-428) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power) "Nuclear Power in the USA - World Nuclear Association" . world-nuclear.org . Retrieved March 1, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Power+in+the+USA+-+World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fcountries-t-z%2Fusa-nuclear-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-429) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rouse, Sabina (November 5, 2019). (https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/) "Where are the world's 449 nuclear reactors?" . World Economic Forum . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250214075151/https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/11/countries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change/) Archived from the original on February 14, 2025. Retrieved March 1, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Where+are+the+world%27s+449+nuclear+reactors%3F&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Sabina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fstories%2F2019%2F11%2Fcountries-that-have-the-most-nuclear-power-alternative-energy-electricity-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-430) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/us-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050) "U.S. Sets Targets to Triple Nuclear Energy Capacity by 2050" . Energy.gov . November 12, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Sets+Targets+to+Triple+Nuclear+Energy+Capacity+by+2050&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fne%2Farticles%2Fus-sets-targets-triple-nuclear-energy-capacity-2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-431) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison) "Roadways – The World Factbook" . Cia.gov . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison) the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia.gov&rft.atitle=Roadways+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Froadways%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-432) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html) "Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface" . United States Department of Transportation . Archived from (https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html) the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Public+Road+and+Street+Mileage+in+the+United+States+by+Type+of+Surface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rita.dot.gov%2Fbts%2Fsites%2Frita.dot.gov.bts%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fnational_transportation_statistics%2Fhtml%2Ftable_01_04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-433) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/) "Cars still dominate the American commute" . World Economic Forum . May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Cars+still+dominate+the+American+commute&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2022%2F05%2Fcommute-america-sustainability-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-434) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Humes, Edward (April 12, 2016). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160412125602/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/) "The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) (The Atlantic) The Atlantic  . Archived from (Paid subscription required) (https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/absurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life/476346/) the original  on April 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Absurd+Primacy+of+the+Automobile+in+American+Life&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.aulast=Humes&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2016%2F04%2Fabsurd-primacy-of-the-car-in-american-life%2F476346%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1995_435-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBlack1995) Black 1995 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-436) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Delouya, Samantha (November 25, 2023). (https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/25/business/why-doesnt-the-us-have-more-passenger-trains/index.html) "Why doesn't the US have more passenger trains?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . Retrieved July 4, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Why+doesn%27t+the+US+have+more+passenger+trains%3F&rft.date=2023-11-25&rft.aulast=Delouya&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fwhy-doesnt-the-us-have-more-passenger-trains%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-437) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/businessplanning/Amtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf#page=5) "Amtrak Five Year Service Line Plans" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak) (Amtrak) Amtrak  . March 16, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amtrak&rft.atitle=Amtrak+Five+Year+Service+Line+Plans&rft.date=2019-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Fbusinessplanning%2FAmtrak-Service-Line-Plans-FY20-24.pdf%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-438) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181124012056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2121rank.html) "Railways – The World Factbook" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison) the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Railways+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Frailways%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-439) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM) "Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data" . Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2021. Archived from (https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM) the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 16, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seasonally+Adjusted+Transportation+Data&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Transportation+Statistics&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transtats.bts.gov%2Fosea%2Fseasonaladjustment%2F%3FPageVar%3DRAIL_PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-440) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (April 24, 2017). (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/nyregion/amtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html) "Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved April 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amtrak+at+a+Junction%3A+Invest+in+Improvements%2C+or+Risk+Worsening+Problems&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Fitzsimmons&rft.aufirst=Emma+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Famtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-441) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The Antiplanner (May 13, 2016). (https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=11847) "Comparing European and American Transport" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparing+European+and+American+Transport&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.au=The+Antiplanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fti.org%2Fantiplanner%2F%3Fp%3D11847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-442) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thomas, Maddock (March 7, 2023). (https://brownpoliticalreview.org/us-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership/) "US Railroads Lag Behind the World in Railroad Electrification, and the Reason is Private Ownership" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Political_Review) (Brown Political Review) Brown Political Review  . Retrieved March 9, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brown+Political+Review&rft.atitle=US+Railroads+Lag+Behind+the+World+in+Railroad+Electrification%2C+and+the+Reason+is+Private+Ownership&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Maddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrownpoliticalreview.org%2Fus-railroads-lag-behind-the-world-in-railroad-electrification-and-the-reason-is-private-ownership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-BusyAirport_443-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-BusyAirport_443-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hunter, Marnie (April 11, 2022). (https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html) "This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest" . CNN . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=This+US+airport+has+reclaimed+its+title+as+the+world%27s+busiest&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Marnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fworlds-busiest-airports-2021%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-444) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-) "Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport" . March 31, 2014. Archived from (https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-) the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+World+Airport+Traffic+and+Rankings+2013%E2%80%94High+Growth+Dubai+Moves+Up+to+7th+Busiest+Airport&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci.aero%2FNews%2FReleases%2FMost-Recent%2F2014%2F03%2F31%2FPreliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-445) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx) "Scheduled Passengers Carried" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association) (International Air Transport Association) International Air Transport Association (IATA) . 2011. Archived from (https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx) the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Passengers+Carried&rft.pub=International+Air+Transport+Association+%28IATA%29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iata.org%2Fpublications%2Fpages%2Fwats-passenger-carried.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-PANYNJ_2021_report_446-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-PANYNJ_2021_report_446-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf) "2021 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey) (Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) Port Authority of New York and New Jersey  . April 2022. p. 32. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Authority+of+New+York+and+New+Jersey&rft.atitle=2021+Airport+Traffic+Report&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panynj.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fairports%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-general-info%2Fannual-atr%2FATR_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-447) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa) "Number of U.S. Airports" . Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved December 15, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+U.S.+Airports&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Transportation+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bts.gov%2Fcontent%2Fnumber-us-airportsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-448) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005407/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison) "Waterways – The World Factbook" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison) the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Waterways+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fwaterways%2Fcountry-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-449) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193707/https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports) "The Top 50 Container Ports" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Shipping_Council) (World Shipping Council) World Shipping Council  . Washington, D.C. Archived from (https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports) the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Shipping+Council&rft.atitle=The+Top+50+Container+Ports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldshipping.org%2Ftop-50-ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-CensusUpdate2025_450-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2026/population-growth-slows.html) "U.S. population growth slows due to historic decline in net international migration" . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 27, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+population+growth+slows+due+to+historic+decline+in+net+international+migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2026%2Fpopulation-growth-slows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-2020CENSUS_452-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt) "Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census) (United States Census) United States Census  . Retrieved April 26, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census&rft.atitle=Census+Bureau%27s+2020+Population+Count&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2021%2F2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid%3D2020CENSUS%26src%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-453) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard) "World Population Dashboard" . United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved February 12, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Dashboard&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fdata%2Fworld-population-dashboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-454) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/popclock/) "Population Clock" . Census.gov . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Population+Clock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopclock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-455) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html) "Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present" . Historical Marital Status Tables . U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 11, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marital+Status+Tables&rft.atitle=Table+MS-1.+Marital+Status+of+the+Population+15+Years+Old+and+Over%2C+by+Sex%2C+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+1950+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Ffamilies%2Fmarital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-456) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saric, Ivana (April 25, 2024). (https://www.axios.com/2024/04/25/us-births-drop-2023) "Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom" . Axios. Retrieved July 1, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Births+dropped+in+2023%2C+ending+pandemic+baby+boom&rft.pub=Axios&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Saric&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2024%2F04%2F25%2Fus-births-drop-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-457) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/) "U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households" . Pew Research Center . December 12, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=U.S.+has+world%27s+highest+rate+of+children+living+in+single-parent+households&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Fu-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-An2000_458-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-An2000_458-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-An2000_458-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) "Ancestry 2000" (PDF) . U.S. Census Bureau. June 2004. (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry+2000&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fc2kbr-35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-459) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html) "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010" . Census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=The+Chance+That+Two+People+Chosen+at+Random+Are+of+Different+Race+or+Ethnicity+Groups+Has+Increased+Since+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2021%2F08%2F2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-460) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf) "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF) . U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from (https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf) the original (PDF) on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+52.+Population+by+Selected+Ancestry+Group+and+Region%3A+2009&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F2012%2Ftables%2F12s0052.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-461) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usa.gov/indian-tribes-alaska-native) "Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities | USAGov" . www.usa.gov . Retrieved April 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usa.gov&rft.atitle=Federally+recognized+American+Indian+tribes+and+Alaska+Native+entities+%7C+USAGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa.gov%2Findian-tribes-alaska-native&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-462) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilder, Kristie; Mackun, Paul. (https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/06/metro-areas-median-age.html) "Median Age in 192 Metro Areas Higher Than National Median of 39.1" . Census.gov . Retrieved July 4, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=Median+Age+in+192+Metro+Areas+Higher+Than+National+Median+of+39.1&rft.aulast=Wilder&rft.aufirst=Kristie&rft.au=Mackun%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2025%2F06%2Fmetro-areas-median-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-463) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en) "United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area" . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from (https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en) the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States%E2%80%94Urban%2FRural+and+Inside%2FOutside+Metropolitan+Area&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FGCTTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-state%3Dgct%26-ds_name%3DDEC_2000_SF1_U%26-_box_head_nbr%3DGCT-P1%26-mt_name%3D%26-_caller%3Dgeoselect%26-geo_id%3D%26-format%3DUS-1%26-_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-464) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html) "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022" . Census.gov . Retrieved November 26, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-CenPopGrowthSlowing_465-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CenPopGrowthSlowing_465-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-CenPopGrowthSlowing_465-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/census-population-growth-slowing-us-metro-areas-steepest-declines/) "Census shows population growth in U.S. metro areas" . CBS News . March 26, 2026. Retrieved March 30, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Census+shows+population+growth+in+U.S.+metro+areas&rft.date=2026-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fcensus-population-growth-slowing-us-metro-areas-steepest-declines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-PopEstCBSA_466-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html#v2025) "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2020-2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau) (United States Census Bureau) United States Census Bureau , Population Division. March 26, 2026. Retrieved March 26, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+and+Micropolitan+Statistical+Areas+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2025&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Population+Division&rft.date=2026-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html%23v2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-467) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaur, Harmeet (May 20, 2018). (https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html) "FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States" . CNN . Retrieved May 11, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=FYI%3A+English+isn%27t+the+official+language+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Harmeet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F20%2Fus%2Fenglish-us-official-language-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-468) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/) "States Where English Is the Official Language" . The Washington Post . August 12, 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=States+Where+English+Is+the+Official+Language&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fgovbeat%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2Fstates-where-english-is-the-official-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-469) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html) "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4" . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from (https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html) the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Hawaii%2C+Article+XV%2C+Section+4&rft.pub=Hawaii+Legislative+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=1978-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.gov%2Flrb%2Fcon%2Fconart15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-471) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chapel, Bill (April 21, 2014). (https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official) "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official" . NPR. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alaska+OKs+Bill+Making+Native+Languages+Official&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.aulast=Chapel&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2014%2F04%2F21%2F305688602%2Falaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-LakotaCommon_472-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/) "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Leader) (Argus Leader) Argus Leader . Retrieved March 26, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Dakota+recognizes+official+indigenous+language&rft.pub=Argus+Leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fargusleader.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fsouth-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem%2F3245113002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-473) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siebens, Julie; Julian, Tiffany (December 2011). (https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-10.pdf) "Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010" (PDF) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 5, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Native+North+American+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2006%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Siebens&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Julian%2C+Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2011%2Facs%2Facsbr10-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-PuertoRicoTranslation_474-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/) "Translation in Puerto Rico" . Puerto Rico Channel . Archived from (https://www.puertorico.com/translation/) the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Puerto+Rico+Channel&rft.atitle=Translation+in+Puerto+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertorico.com%2Ftranslation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-ACS2021_475-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.census.gov/table?q=B16001:+LANGUAGE+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+BY+ABILITY+TO+SPEAK+ENGLISH+FOR+THE+POPULATION+5+YEARS+AND+OVER&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=true) "ACS B16001" . ACS B16001 . U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 26, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+B16001&rft.atitle=ACS+B16001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3DB16001%3A%2BLANGUAGE%2BSPOKEN%2BAT%2BHOME%2BBY%2BABILITY%2BTO%2BSPEAK%2BENGLISH%2BFOR%2BTHE%2BPOPULATION%2B5%2BYEARS%2BAND%2BOVER%26g%3D0100000US%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2021.B16001%26moe%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-476) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  U.S. Census Bureau. (https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2020.B16001?q=B16001&y=2020) Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over . data.census.gov (Report). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 24, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Language+spoken+at+home+by+ability+to+speak+English+for+the+population+5+years+and+over&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSDT5Y2020.B16001%3Fq%3DB16001%26y%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-UNdef_477-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (August 2019). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190917201246/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf) "International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation" (PDF) . United Nations. Archived from (https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf) the original (PDF) on September 17, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Migrant+Stock+2019+Documentation&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2019-08&rft.au=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fdata%2Festimates2%2Fdocs%2FMigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-478) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190917201247/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx) "UN Migrant Stock Total 2019" . United Nations. Archived from (https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx) the original on September 17, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Migrant+Stock+Total+2019&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmigration%2Fdata%2Festimates2%2Fdata%2FUN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-479) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states) "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute) (Migration Policy Institute) Migration Policy Institute  . March 14, 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Frequently+Requested+Statistics+on+Immigrants+and+Immigration+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Ffrequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-KeyFindings_480-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190617180226/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/) "Key findings about U.S. immigrants" . Pew Research Center. June 17, 2019. Archived from (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/) the original on June 17, 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+findings+about+U.S.+immigrants&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2019%2F06%2F17%2Fkey-findings-about-u-s-immigrants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-481) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf) "Immigrants in the United States" (PDF) . americanimmigrationcouncil.org . September 21, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanimmigrationcouncil.org&rft.atitle=Immigrants+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fimmigrants_in_the_united_states_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-482) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.prb.org/articles/who-are-americas-immigrants/) "Who Are America's Immigrants?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau) (Population Reference Bureau) Population Reference Bureau  . May 22, 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.atitle=Who+Are+America%27s+Immigrants%3F&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2Farticles%2Fwho-are-americas-immigrants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-483) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/2025/08/21/u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population-reached-a-record-14-million-in-2023/) "U.S. Unauthorized Immigrant Population Reached a Record 14 Million in 2023" . Pew Research Center . August 21, 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=U.S.+Unauthorized+Immigrant+Population+Reached+a+Record+14+Million+in+2023&rft.date=2025-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Frace-and-ethnicity%2F2025%2F08%2F21%2Fu-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population-reached-a-record-14-million-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Donadio-2021_484-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Donadio, Rachel (November 22, 2021). (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/) "Why Is France So Afraid of God?" . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 25, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+Is+France+So+Afraid+of+God%3F&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft.aulast=Donadio&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2021%2F12%2Ffrance-god-religion-secularism%2F620528%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-485) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances.) "First Amendment" . Constitution Annotated . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) United States Congress . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitution+Annotated&rft.atitle=First+Amendment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.congress.gov%2Fconstitution%2Famendment-1%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCongress%2520shall%2520make%2520no%2520law%2Cfor%2520a%2520redress%2520of%2520grievances.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlesina2003_486-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFAlesina2003) Alesina 2003 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-pewreligion_487-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fahmy, Dalia (July 31, 2018). (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/) "Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/) Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Americans+are+far+more+religious+than+adults+in+other+wealthy+nations&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Dalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2018%2F07%2F31%2Famericans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_488-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  ANALYSIS (December 19, 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx) "Global Christianity" . Pewforum.org. Archived from (https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx) the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=ANALYSIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-exec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESewell2010_489-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSewell2010) Sewell 2010 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Williams-2023_490-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Williams-2023_490-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Williams, Daniel (March 1, 2023). (https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html) " 'Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_Today) (Christianity Today) Christianity Today  . Retrieved March 25, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=%27Christian+America%27+Isn%27t+Dying.+It%27s+Dividing.&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2023%2Ffebruary-web-only%2Fchristianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-491) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Merriam, Jesse; Lupu, Ira; Elwood, F; Davis, Eleanor (August 28, 2008). (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/) "On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity?" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved March 31, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=On+Ceremonial+Occasions%2C+May+the+Government+Invoke+a+Deity%3F&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Lupu%2C+Ira&rft.au=Elwood%2C+F&rft.au=Davis%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2008%2F08%2F28%2Fon-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Kallo-2023_492-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kallo, Becka; et al. (December 7, 2023). (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/12/07/spirituality-among-americans/) "Spirituality Among Americans" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved December 8, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Spirituality+Among+Americans&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Kallo&rft.aufirst=Becka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Fspirituality-among-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroeseUecker2022_493-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFroeseUecker2022) Froese & Uecker 2022 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-494) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fahmy, Dalia; Smith, Gregory A.; Cooperman, Alan; Alper, Becka A.; Mohamed, Besheer; Rotolo, Chip; Tevington, Patricia; Nortey, Justin; Kallo, Asta; Diamant, Jeff (February 26, 2025). (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/) "Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center  . Retrieved April 22, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Decline+of+Christianity+in+the+U.S.+Has+Slowed%2C+May+Have+Leveled+Off&rft.date=2025-02-26&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Dalia&rft.au=Smith%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Cooperman%2C+Alan&rft.au=Alper%2C+Becka+A.&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Besheer&rft.au=Rotolo%2C+Chip&rft.au=Tevington%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Nortey%2C+Justin&rft.au=Kallo%2C+Asta&rft.au=Diamant%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2025%2F02%2F26%2Fdecline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2008727–728_495-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHowe2008) Howe 2008 , pp. 727–728.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-496) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/) "About Us" . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmc.edu%2Fabout-tmc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-497) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180) "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek) (Newsweek) Newsweek  . August 19, 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Texas+Medical+Center%2C+largest+medical+complex+in+the+world%2C+reaches+98+percent+ICU+capacity&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Ftexas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-498) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_07052018-1.pdf) "TMC Facts & Figures" (PDF) . Retrieved November 19, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TMC+Facts+%26+Figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmc.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FTMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_07052018-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-499) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db548.htm) "U.S. life expectancy hits record high as drug overdose deaths decline in 2024" . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . January 29, 2026. Retrieved February 1, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=U.S.+life+expectancy+hits+record+high+as+drug+overdose+deaths+decline+in+2024&rft.date=2026-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fproducts%2Fdatabriefs%2Fdb548.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuMurphyKochanekArias2026_500-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFXuMurphyKochanekArias2026) Xu et al. 2026 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-501) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Achenbach, Joel (November 26, 2019). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html) " 'There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved December 19, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27There%27s+something+terribly+wrong%27%3A+Americans+are+dying+young+at+alarming+rates&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhealth%2Ftheres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates%2F2019%2F11%2F25%2Fd88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-502) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy) "New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations | Commonwealth Fund" . Commonwealthfund.org . January 30, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealthfund.org&rft.atitle=New+International+Report+on+Health+Care%3A+U.S.+Suicide+Rate+Highest+Among+Wealthy+Nations+%7C+Commonwealth+Fund&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthfund.org%2Fpress-release%2F2020%2Fnew-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-503) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090110002418/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm) "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Archived from (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm) the original on January 10, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prevalence+of+Overweight+and+Obesity+Among+Adults%3A+United+States%2C+2003%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%2C+National+Center+for+Health+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fproducts%2Fpubs%2Fpubd%2Fhestats%2Foverweight%2Foverwght_adult_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-504) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf) "The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?" (PDF) . University of Maine. 2001. Archived from (https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf) the original (PDF) on March 9, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Healthcare+System%3A+The+Best+in+the+World+or+Just+the+Most+Expensive%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Maine&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdll.umaine.edu%2Fble%2FU.S.%2BHCweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)     (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVladeck2003_505-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFVladeck2003) Vladeck 2003 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberlander2010_507-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFOberlander2010) Oberlander 2010 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-509) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state) "Abortion regulations by state" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballotpedia) (Ballotpedia) Ballotpedia  . April 2, 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260616004753/https://ballotpedia.org/Abortion_regulations_by_state) Archived from the original on June 16, 2026. Retrieved June 16, 2026 . HIGHLIGHTS As of April 2, 2026, 41 states restricted abortions at specific stages of pregnancy. The remaining nine states and Washington, D.C., did not. Of the 41 states that restricted abortion, 12 restricted abortion beginning at the stage of fetal viability, which was defined in Roe v. Wade . Thirteen states restricted abortion after conception.     (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballotpedia&rft.atitle=Abortion+regulations+by+state&rft.date=2026-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FAbortion_regulations_by_state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-510) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics) (National Center for Education Statistics) National Center for Education Statistics . "(https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cha) U.S. Undergraduate Enrollment ". Accessed July 29, 2024.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-511) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp) "Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ..." U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 10, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ages+for+Compulsory+School+Attendance+...&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+Education%2C+National+Center+for+Education+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd02%2Fdt150.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-512) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rushe, Dominic (September 7, 2018). (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea) "The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . Retrieved August 29, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+US+spends+more+on+education+than+other+countries.+Why+is+it+falling+behind%3F&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.aulast=Rushe&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fsep%2F07%2Fus-education-spending-finland-south-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-513) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66) "Fast Facts: Expenditures" . nces.ed.gov . April 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Fast+Facts%3A+Expenditures&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Ffastfacts%2Fdisplay.asp%3Fid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-514) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html) "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022" . U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Educational+Attainment+in+the+United+States%3A+2022&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2022%2Fdemo%2Feducational-attainment%2Fcps-detailed-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-515) ↑   For more detail on U.S. literacy, see (https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF) A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century , U.S. Department of Education (2003).  (United_States.html#cite_ref-516) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes) "All Nobel Prizes" . Nobel Foundation. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Prizes&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fall-nobel-prizes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-517) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings) "2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_&_World_Report) (U.S. News & World Report) U.S. News & World Report  . Retrieved April 27, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2022%E2%80%932023+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-518) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fink, Jenni (October 22, 2019). (https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768) "U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities" . Newsweek . Retrieved April 18, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=U.S.+Schools+Take+8+of+10+Top+Spots+on+U.S.+News%27+Best+Global+Universities&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fus-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-519) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education) "Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education" . U.S. News & World Report . April 19, 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Countries+for+Education%3A+North+American+and+European+countries+are+seen+as+offering+the+best+opportunities+for+education.&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-countries%2Fbest-countries-for-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-520) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pannoni, Alexandra; Kerr, Emma (July 14, 2020). (https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college) "Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_&_World_Report) (U.S. News & World Report) U.S. News & World Report  . Retrieved July 9, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Community+Colleges%3A+FAQ&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft.aulast=Pannoni&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fcommunity-colleges%2Farticles%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-community-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-education_spending_521-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/) "U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows" . CBS. Associated Press. June 25, 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130726002619/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows) Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+education+spending+tops+global+list%2C+study+shows&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-522) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/) "The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects" . USAFacts . Retrieved July 15, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USAFacts&rft.atitle=The+Biden+administration+cancelled+%249.5B+in+student+loan+debt.+Here%27s+who+it+affects.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusafacts.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-523) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hess, Abigail Johnson (December 22, 2020). (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/22/us-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html) "U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years" . CNBC. Retrieved January 8, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+student+debt+has+increased+by+more+than+100%25+over+the+past+10+years&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Abigail+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F12%2F22%2Fus-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-524) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dickler, Jessica; Nova, Annie (May 6, 2022). (https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/this-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html) "This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis" . CNBC. Retrieved July 8, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+is+how+student+loan+debt+became+a+%241.7+trillion+crisis&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft.aulast=Dickler&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Nova%2C+Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F05%2F06%2Fthis-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-525) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307) "Statue of Liberty" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage) (World Heritage) World Heritage  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO . Retrieved January 4, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-526) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Volokh, Eugene (January 17, 2015). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/27/the-american-tradition-of-multiculturalism/) "The American tradition of multiculturalism" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved July 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+American+tradition+of+multiculturalism&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fthe-american-tradition-of-multiculturalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-527) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jackson, Lucas (August 22, 2014). (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206) "America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News) (NBC News) NBC News  . Retrieved July 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=America%27s+Tipping+Point%3A+Most+Of+U.S.+Now+Multicultural%2C+Says+Group&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Famericas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbBaerCurtis1999_528-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGrabbBaerCurtis1999) Grabb, Baer & Curtis 1999 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-529) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marsh, Abigail (May 26, 2021). (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/opinion/individualism-united-states-altruism.html) "Everyone Thinks Americans Are Selfish. They're Wrong" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved July 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Everyone+Thinks+Americans+Are+Selfish.+They%27re+Wrong.&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F05%2F26%2Fopinion%2Findividualism-united-states-altruism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter2010_530-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPorter2010) Porter 2010 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1952_531-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFStephens1952) Stephens 1952 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-532) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf) "World Giving Index 2022" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation) (Charities Aid Foundation) Charities Aid Foundation  . September 9, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charities+Aid+Foundation&rft.atitle=World+Giving+Index+2022&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgood2give.ngo%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F09%2F2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-533) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism) "Country-level estimates of altruism" . Our World in Data . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Country-level+estimates+of+altruism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fcross-country-variation-in-altruism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-534) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marsh, Abigail (February 5, 2018). (https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one) "Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+A+More+Individualistic+World+Also+Be+A+More+Altruistic+One%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2F13.7%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2F581873428%2Fcould-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-535) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf) "GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charities_Aid_Foundation) (Charities Aid Foundation) Charities Aid Foundation . January 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GROSS+DOMESTIC+PHILANTHROPY%3A+An+international+analysis+of+GDP%2C+tax+and+giving&rft.pub=Charities+Aid+Foundation&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafonline.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fabout-us-policy-and-campaigns%2Fgross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington2004_537-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHuntington2004) Huntington 2004 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-538) ↑   Hoeveler, J. David, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges , Rowman & Littlefield, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4839-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4839-8) 978-0-7425-4839-8  , 2007, p. xi.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-539) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fergie, Dexter (March 24, 2022). (https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review) "How American Culture Ate the World" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic) (The New Republic) The New Republic  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583) 0028-6583 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=How+American+Culture+Ate+the+World&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Fergie&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F165836%2Famerican-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-540) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shah, Ritula (November 19, 2014). (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29536648) "Is US monopoly on the use of soft power at an end?" . BBC News . Retrieved February 14, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+US+monopoly+on+the+use+of+soft+power+at+an+end%3F&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ritula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-29536648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerghahn2010_541-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBerghahn2010) Berghahn 2010 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiorinaPeterson201097_542-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFiorinaPeterson2010) Fiorina & Peterson 2010 , p. 97.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway200518–38_543-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHolloway2005) Holloway 2005 , pp. 18–38.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2000116_544-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJohnson2000) Johnson 2000 , p. 116.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman201310,_201_545-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman201310,_201_545-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFColeman2013) Coleman 2013 , pp. 10, 201.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-546) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad) "Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . September 19, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Held+Dear+In+U.S.%2C+Free+Speech+Perplexing+Abroad&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F09%2F19%2F161439562%2Fheld-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-547) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liptak, Adam (June 11, 2008). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html) "Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S."  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved February 21, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hate+speech+or+free+speech%3F+What+much+of+West+bans+is+protected+in+U.S.&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F11iht-hate.4.13645369.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-548) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Durkee, Alison (April 25, 2018). (https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment) "What if we didn't... have the First Amendment?" . Mic . Retrieved February 6, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=What+if+we+didn%27t...+have+the+First+Amendment%3F&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Durkee&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F188402%2Fwhat-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-549) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wike, Richard (October 12, 2016). (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/) "Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved February 6, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Americans+more+tolerant+of+offensive+speech+than+others+in+the+world&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Wike&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F10%2F12%2Famericans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-550) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gray, Alex (November 8, 2016). (https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/) "Freedom of speech: which country has the most?" . World Economic Forum . Retrieved February 6, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+speech%3A+which+country+has+the+most%3F&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2016%2F11%2Ffreedom-of-speech-country-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-551) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFNorris2023) Norris 2023 . "As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK (quote text omitted) ... "  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Derks-2020_552-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Derks-2020_552-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFDerksvan_den_Berg2020) Derks & van den Berg 2020 , p.  338 . "(quote text omitted) ... (the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities (quote text omitted) ... "  (United_States.html#cite_ref-553) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Leveille, Dan (December 4, 2009). (https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index) "LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equaldex) (Equaldex) Equaldex  . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . 13.) United States  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equaldex&rft.atitle=LGBT+Equality+Index%3A+The+most+LGBT-friendly+countries+in+the+world&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft.aulast=Leveille&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equaldex.com%2Fequality-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-554) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGarretson2018) Garretson 2018 . "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling."  (United_States.html#cite_ref-555) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clifton, Jon (March 21, 2013). (https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx) "More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S." Gallup. Retrieved January 10, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+100+Million+Worldwide+Dream+of+a+Life+in+the+U.S.+More+than+25%25+in+Liberia%2C+Sierra+Leone%2C+Dominican+Republic+want+to+move+to+the+U.S.&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F161435%2F100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-556) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kulkarni, Jay (January 12, 2022). (https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/) "Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  . Retrieved July 24, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Attracting+Immigrant+Talent+With+A+New+American+Dream&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fforbesbusinesscouncil%2F2022%2F01%2F12%2Fattracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-socialmobility_557-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf) "A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries" (PDF) . Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth . OECD. 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy+Reforms%3A+Going+for+Growth&rft.atitle=A+Family+Affair%3A+Intergenerational+Social+Mobility+across+OECD+Countries&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Ftax%2Fpublic-finance%2Fchapter%25205%2520gfg%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-CAP_558-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/) "Understanding Mobility in America" . Center for American Progress . April 26, 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.atitle=Understanding+Mobility+in+America&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2Feconomy%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04%2F26%2F1917%2Funderstanding-mobility-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-559) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gould, Elise (October 10, 2012). (https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/) "U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute) (Economic Policy Institute) Economic Policy Institute  . Retrieved July 15, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=U.S.+lags+behind+peer+countries+in+mobility&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epi.org%2Fpublication%2Fusa-lags-peer-countries-mobility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutfeld200265_560-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGutfeld2002) Gutfeld 2002 , p. 65.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZweig2004_561-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFZweig2004) Zweig 2004 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoff-Ginsberg1989_562-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFHoff-Ginsberg1989) Hoff-Ginsberg 1989 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Keefe2005_563-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFO'Keefe2005) O'Keefe 2005 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-564) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities) "National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register) (Federal Register) Federal Register  . Retrieved October 1, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=National+Foundation+on+the+Arts+and+the+Humanities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fagencies%2Fnational-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelliffe1956_565-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJelliffe1956) Jelliffe 1956 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013157–159_566-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 157–159.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauter1994a503–509_567-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994a) Lauter 1994a , pp. 503–509.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013163_568-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , p. 163.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-569) ↑   Mulford, Carla. (https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7/page/705/mode/1up) "Enlightenment Voices, Revolutionary Visions." In (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994a) Lauter 1994a , pp.  705–707 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELease197280_570-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLease1972) Lease 1972 , p. 80.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-571) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Finseth, Ian Frederick. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html) "The Emergence of Transcendentalism" . American Studies @ The University of Virginia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Virginia) (The University of Virginia) The University of Virginia . Archived from (http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma95/finseth/trans.html) the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Studies+%40+The+University+of+Virginia&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Transcendentalism&rft.aulast=Finseth&rft.aufirst=Ian+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~ma95%2Ffinseth%2Ftrans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoviello2005_572-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCoviello2005) Coviello 2005 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine2013444–447_573-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 444–447.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauter1994a1228,_1233,_1260_574-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994a) Lauter 1994a , pp. 1228, 1233, 1260.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131269–1270_575-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 1269–1270.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauter1994b8–10_576-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994b) Lauter 1994b , pp. 8–10.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131271–1273_577-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 1271–1273.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauter1994b12_578-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994b) Lauter 1994b , p. 12.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20131850–1851_579-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 1850–1851.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-580) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortense_Spillers) (Hortense Spillers) Spillers, Hortense . (https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1579) "The New Negro Renaissance." In (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994b) Lauter 1994b , pp.  1579–1585 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilipson2006_581-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPhilipson2006) Philipson 2006 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132260–2261_582-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 2260–2261.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132262_583-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , p. 2262.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-584) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLauter1994b) Lauter 1994b , pp.  1975–1977 . "(https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/1972) Literature of the Cold War ".  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymLevine20132266–2267_585-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBaymLevine2013) Baym & Levine 2013 , pp. 2266–2267.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-586) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature/all/) "All Nobel Prizes in Literature" . The Nobel Prize . Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=All+Nobel+Prizes+in+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fall-nobel-prizes-in-literature%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-About_PBS_587-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://pbs.org/about/about-pbs/overview/) "About PBS – Overview" . PBS. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180907224131/http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/overview/) Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+PBS+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpbs.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-pbs%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-588) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Terbo, William. (https://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/TMSud_Documentaries.htm) "Video Documentaries" . Tesla Memorial Society . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025950/http://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/TMSud_Documentaries.htm) Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023 .  "Tesla, Master of Lightning", New Voyage Communications for PBS Television Network, 2000, 90 minutes.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tesla+Memorial+Society&rft.atitle=Video+Documentaries&rft.aulast=Terbo&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslamemorialsociety.org%2FTMSud_Documentaries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-589) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/ray-suarez) "Ray Suarez" . Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220612035410/https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/ray-suarez) Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . Suarez joined the PBS NewsHour in 1999 and was a senior correspondent for the evening news program on the PBS television network until 2013.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Council+for+Ethics+in+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ray+Suarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegiecouncil.org%2Fpeople%2Fray-suarez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-590) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122359/https://www.insidepeacemovie.com/pbs/) "PBS Television Broadcasts" . Inside Peace . Archived from (https://www.insidepeacemovie.com/pbs/) the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved July 14, 2022 . We are pleased to announce the release of Inside Peace throughout the PBS television network in the United States.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Peace&rft.atitle=PBS+Television+Broadcasts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidepeacemovie.com%2Fpbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-591) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211111083755/https://www.wfyi.org/federal-funding-for-public-broadcasting) "Federal Funding for Public Broadcasting" . WFYI. Archived from (https://www.wfyi.org/federal-funding-for-public-broadcasting) the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Funding+for+Public+Broadcasting&rft.pub=WFYI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfyi.org%2Ffederal-funding-for-public-broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-592) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html) "Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . October 12, 2015. Archived from (https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html) the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Streaming+TV+Services%3A+What+They+Cost%2C+What+You+Get&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2015%2F10%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fap-us-streaming-tv-options.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-593) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/) "Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet" . Washington, D.C.: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . June 29, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audio+and+Podcasting+Fact+Sheet&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fjournalism%2Ffact-sheet%2Faudio-and-podcasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-594) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-367270A1.pdf) "BROADCAST STATION TOTALS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2020" (PDF) . docs.fcc.gov . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=BROADCAST+STATION+TOTALS+AS+OF+SEPTEMBER+30%2C+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fcc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fattachments%2FDOC-367270A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-595) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130722235307/https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history) "History: NPR" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . June 20, 2013. Archived from (https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history) the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History%3A+NPR&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fabout-npr%2F192827079%2Foverview-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaffer2006116_596-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFShaffer2006) Shaffer 2006 , p. 116.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-597) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish) "Spanish Newspapers in United States" . W3newspapers. Retrieved August 5, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Newspapers+in+United+States&rft.pub=W3newspapers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3newspapers.com%2Fusa%2Fspanish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-598) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm) "Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA: Hispanic Newspapers: Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU" . Onlinenewspapers.com. Archived from (https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm) the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Language+Newspapers+in+the+USA%3A+Hispanic+Newspapers%3A+Peri%C3%B3discos+en+Espa%C3%B1ol+en+los+EE.UU&rft.pub=Onlinenewspapers.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinenewspapers.com%2Fusstate%2Fspanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-alexa-topsitesus_599-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US) "Top Sites in United States" . Alexa. 2021. Archived from (https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US) the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Sites+in+United+States&rft.pub=Alexa&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Ftopsites%2Fcountries%2FUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-600) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/) "Similarweb Top Websites Ranking" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarweb) (Similarweb) Similarweb  . January 9, 2026. Retrieved January 9, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Similarweb&rft.atitle=Similarweb+Top+Websites+Ranking&rft.date=2026-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.similarweb.com%2Ftop-websites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-601) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://newzoo.com/resources/rankings/top-10-countries-by-game-revenues) "Top countries and markets by video game revenues" . Newzoo . Retrieved October 28, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newzoo&rft.atitle=Top+countries+and+markets+by+video+game+revenues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewzoo.com%2Fresources%2Frankings%2Ftop-10-countries-by-game-revenues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-:0_602-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Takahashi, Dean (February 15, 2017). (https://gamesbeat.com/the-u-s-game-industry-has-2457-companies-supporting-220000-jobs/) "The U.S. game industry has 2,457 companies supporting 220,000 jobs" . GamesBeat . Retrieved July 4, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesBeat&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+game+industry+has+2%2C457+companies+supporting+220%2C000+jobs&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamesbeat.com%2Fthe-u-s-game-industry-has-2457-companies-supporting-220000-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-603) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theesa.com/video-game-impact-map/state/california/) "California (CA)" . ESA Impact Map . July 20, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA+Impact+Map&rft.atitle=California+%28CA%29&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theesa.com%2Fvideo-game-impact-map%2Fstate%2Fcalifornia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-604) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://80.lv/articles/number-of-devs-aged-45-or-older-has-tripled-since-2015) "Number of Devs Aged 45 or Older Has Tripled Since 2015" . 80.lv . March 25, 2025. Retrieved July 4, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=80.lv&rft.atitle=Number+of+Devs+Aged+45+or+Older+Has+Tripled+Since+2015&rft.date=2025-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F80.lv%2Farticles%2Fnumber-of-devs-aged-45-or-older-has-tripled-since-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-:32_605-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2026) "Index 2026 – Global score" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders  . Retrieved May 1, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Index+2026+%E2%80%93+Global+score&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex%3Fyear%3D2026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxon2011_606-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSaxon2011) Saxon 2011 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-607) ↑   Meserve, Walter J. An Outline History of American Drama, New York: Feedback/Prospero, 1994.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELondréWatermeier1998_608-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFLondréWatermeier1998) Londré & Watermeier 1998 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-609) ↑   Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).  (United_States.html#cite_ref-610) ↑   Staff (undated). (http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/about/index.html) "Who's Who" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002914/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/about/index.html) Archived December 23, 2016, at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . tonyawards.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-BBC_611-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Güner, Fisun (February 8, 2017). (https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170208-how-american-gothic-became-an-icon) "How American Gothic became an icon" . BBC. Retrieved March 2, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+American+Gothic+became+an+icon&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCner&rft.aufirst=Fisun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20170208-how-american-gothic-became-an-icon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-612) ↑   American folk art the art of the common man in America, 1750-1900. New York, N.Y.: The Museum of Modern Art. 1932.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1988_613-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBrown1988) Brown 1988 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport199167_614-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDavenport1991) Davenport 1991 , p. 67.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansonJanson2003955_615-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFJansonJanson2003) Janson & Janson 2003 , p. 955.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-METLargestArtMuseum_616-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lester, Alfred (December 6, 1993). (https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-the-louvre-tourism-on-the-grand-scale-1465736.html) "Letter: The Louvre: tourism on the grand scale" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent) (The Independent) The Independent  . Retrieved December 2, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Letter%3A+The+Louvre%3A+tourism+on+the+grand+scale&rft.date=1993-12-06&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fletter-the-louvre-tourism-on-the-grand-scale-1465736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-617) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-art-museums-in-the-world.html) "The Largest Art Museums In The World" . WorldAtlas . May 30, 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Art+Museums+In+The+World&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-largest-art-museums-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-afc_618-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guide/folkmusicandsong.html) "Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress)" . Loc.gov . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loc.gov&rft.atitle=Folk+Music+and+Song%3A+American+Folklife+Center%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2Fguide%2Ffolkmusicandsong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-619) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://music.si.edu/story/musical-crossroads) "Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music" . Smithsonian . September 22, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Musical+Crossroads%3A+African+American+Influence+on+American+Music&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.si.edu%2Fstory%2Fmusical-crossroads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinans1976_620-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFWinans1976) Winans 1976 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShi2016378_621-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFShi2016) Shi 2016 , p. 378.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-axe_622-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-axe_622-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://invention.si.edu/invention-electric-guitar) "The Invention of the Electric Guitar" . Lemelson Center Studies in Invention and Innovation . Smithsonian Institution. April 18, 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lemelson+Center+Studies+in+Invention+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+the+Electric+Guitar&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvention.si.edu%2Finvention-electric-guitar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailswhatwashotroller00biddpage_ix]_623-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailswhatwashotroller00biddpage_ix]_623-1) 2   (United_States.html#CITEREFBiddle2001) Biddle 2001 , p. (https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/) ix .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-624) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stoia, Nicholas (October 21, 2014). (https://blog.oup.com/2014/10/early-blues-country-music/) "Early blues and country music" . OUP blog . Oxford University Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OUP+blog&rft.atitle=Early+blues+and+country+music&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft.aulast=Stoia&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fearly-blues-country-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-625) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/art/bluegrass-music) "Bluegrass music" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bluegrass+music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fbluegrass-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbettJanssenLundPfannestiel2014[httpsopenstaxorgbooksus-historypages28-4-popular-culture-and-mass-media_28.4]_626-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFCorbettJanssenLundPfannestiel2014) Corbett et al. 2014 , (https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/28-4-popular-culture-and-mass-media) 28.4 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-627) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rollingstone.com/interactive/lists-100-greatest-songwriters/#bob-dylan) "No. 1 Bob Dylan" . Rolling Stone . April 10, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=No.+1+Bob+Dylan&rft.date=2020-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Finteractive%2Flists-100-greatest-songwriters%2F%23bob-dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunk2016_628-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFFunk2016) Funk 2016 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-629) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.riaa.com/reports/2022-year-end-music-industry-revenue-report-riaa/) "2022 Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report" . Record Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 26, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+Year-End+Music+Industry+Revenue+Report&rft.pub=Record+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Freports%2F2022-year-end-music-industry-revenue-report-riaa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-630) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Posada, Susana Pérez (November 6, 2025). (https://www.bellinghamherald.com/entertainment/article312069840.html) "Made in the USA: American artists rule Spotify at home and abroad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bellingham_Herald) (The Bellingham Herald) The Bellingham Herald . Retrieved May 28, 2026 . America exports more music than any other country.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Made+in+the+USA%3A+American+artists+rule+Spotify+at+home+and+abroad&rft.pub=The+Bellingham+Herald&rft.date=2025-11-06&rft.aulast=Posada&rft.aufirst=Susana+P%C3%A9rez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellinghamherald.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle312069840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-631) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Savage, Mark (June 16, 2021). (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57486272) "British music exports reach a record high" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC . Retrieved May 28, 2026 . According to the BPI, the UK is still the largest exporter of music in the world, after the USA [...]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+music+exports+reach+a+record+high&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-57486272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-632) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hennessy, Eoin (March 27, 2014). (https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/how-american-music-took-over-the-world/) "How American Music Took Over the World" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_Times) (The University Times) The University Times  . Retrieved April 28, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+Times&rft.atitle=How+American+Music+Took+Over+the+World&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitytimes.ie%2F2014%2F03%2Fhow-american-music-took-over-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-633) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/12/08/10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world/76381754/) "10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world" . USA Today . December 8, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=10+ways+that+Frank+Sinatra+changed+the+world&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fmusic%2F2015%2F12%2F08%2F10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world%2F76381754%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-634) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-universal-music-elvis-idCAKCN2M40UH) "Universal Music can't help falling for Elvis Presley, to manage song catalog" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Universal+Music+can%27t+help+falling+for+Elvis+Presley%2C+to+manage+song+catalog&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-universal-music-elvis-idCAKCN2M40UH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-RIAA_635-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.riaa.com/michael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification/) "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification" . Recording Industry Association of America. December 16, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+%27Thriller%27+First+Ever+30X+Multi-Platinum+RIAA+Certification&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fmichael-jacksons-thriller-first-ever-30x-multi-platinum-riaa-certification%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-636) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marcos, Carlos (August 17, 2022). (https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-08-17/madonna-has-been-scandalizing-people-for-40-years-and-nobodys-going-to-stop-her.html) "Madonna has been scandalizing people for 40 years, and nobody's going to stop her" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_País) (El País) El País  . Retrieved August 17, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Madonna+has+been+scandalizing+people+for+40+years%2C+and+nobody%27s+going+to+stop+her&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fculture%2F2022-08-17%2Fmadonna-has-been-scandalizing-people-for-40-years-and-nobodys-going-to-stop-her.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Rolling_Stone-2023_637-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/whitney-houston-11-1234643211/) "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time" . Rolling Stone . January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+200+Greatest+Singers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-singers-all-time-1234642307%2Fwhitney-houston-11-1234643211%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-638) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://grammy.com/news/mariah-carey-global-impact-award-recording-academy-honors-black-music-collective) "Mariah Carey To Receive Global Impact Award At Recording Academy Honors Presented By The Black Music Collective" . Grammy Awards. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240202011657/https://www.grammy.com/news/mariah-carey-global-impact-award-recording-academy-honors-black-music-collective) Archived from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mariah+Carey+To+Receive+Global+Impact+Award+At+Recording+Academy+Honors+Presented+By+The+Black+Music+Collective&rft.pub=Grammy+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammy.com%2Fnews%2Fmariah-carey-global-impact-award-recording-academy-honors-black-music-collective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-639) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914224707/http://www.southpawer.com/2017/09/12/eminem-guinness-world-records/) "11 Guinness World Records Eminem Still Holds" . September 12, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+Guinness+World+Records+Eminem+Still+Holds&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southpawer.com%2F2017%2F09%2F12%2Feminem-guinness-world-records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490_640-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490_640-1) 2  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmondson2013490_640-2) 3   (United_States.html#CITEREFEdmondson2013) Edmondson 2013 , p. 490.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-641) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.sky.com/story/taylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828) "Taylor Swift and Beyoncé reporters wanted by biggest newspaper chain in US" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News) (Sky News) Sky News . September 14, 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231109015600/https://news.sky.com/story/taylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828) Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift+and+Beyonc%C3%A9+reporters+wanted+by+biggest+newspaper+chain+in+US&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ftaylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-642) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uniformmarket.com/statistics/global-apparel-industry-statistics) "Global Apparel Industry Statistics (2024)" . uniformmarket.com . June 19, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uniformmarket.com&rft.atitle=Global+Apparel+Industry+Statistics+%282024%29&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniformmarket.com%2Fstatistics%2Fglobal-apparel-industry-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-AmericanClassicFashion_643-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/01/style/american-style-classics/) "American Classics How seven everyday clothing items became American style staples" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN . Retrieved December 4, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Classics+How+seven+everyday+clothing+items+became+American+style+staples.&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F01%2Fstyle%2Famerican-style-classics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-GarmentDistrictNYCFashionSymbolUS_644-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Caplin, John (September 1, 2021). (https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncaplan/2021/09/01/made-in-new-york-the-future-of-new-york-citys-historic-garment-district/) "Made In New York: The Future Of New York City's Historic Garment District" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  . Retrieved December 5, 2023 . Spanning just about 20 square blocks between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square) (Times Square) Times Square and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Station_(New_York)) (Penn Station (New York)) Penn Station along (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) (Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)) Seventh Avenue (also known as "Fashion Avenue"), the vibrant and always-busy neighborhood has a long and rich history that has become synonymous with American fashion since its inception more than a century ago.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Made+In+New+York%3A+The+Future+Of+New+York+City%27s+Historic+Garment+District&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft.aulast=Caplin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjohncaplan%2F2021%2F09%2F01%2Fmade-in-new-york-the-future-of-new-york-citys-historic-garment-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-645) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.calvinklein.us/en/about-us.html) "About Calvin Klein, Inc" . calvinklein.us . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calvinklein.us&rft.atitle=About+Calvin+Klein%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvinklein.us%2Fen%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-646) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://corporate.ralphlauren.com/our-company) "About US – Polo Ralph Lauren" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) (Ralph Lauren Corporation) Ralph Lauren Corporation  . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ralph+Lauren+Corporation&rft.atitle=About+US+%E2%80%93+Polo+Ralph+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.ralphlauren.com%2Four-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-USNYCFashionWeekGlobalIndustryTonesetter_647-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juarez, Diana (October 4, 2023). (https://thefordhamram.com/93053/news/fashion-week/) "The Economic Impact of New York Fashion Week" . The Fordham Ram . Retrieved December 5, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fordham+Ram&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Impact+of+New+York+Fashion+Week&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.aulast=Juarez&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefordhamram.com%2F93053%2Fnews%2Ffashion-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight1_648-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bauman, Ali (May 1, 2023). (https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/met-gala-2023-red-carpet/) "Met Gala 2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl Lagerfeld" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News) (CBS News) CBS News . Retrieved April 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Met+Gala+2023%3A+Fashion%27s+biggest+night+honors+Karl+Lagerfeld&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnewyork%2Fnews%2Fmet-gala-2023-red-carpet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-MetGalaFashion'sBiggestNight2_649-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.glamour.com/story/met-gala-2024-how-to-watch) "Met Gala 2024: How to Watch Fashion's Biggest Night" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) (Glamour (magazine)) Glamour . April 29, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Met+Gala+2024%3A+How+to+Watch+Fashion%27s+Biggest+Night&rft.pub=Glamour&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamour.com%2Fstory%2Fmet-gala-2024-how-to-watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-650) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VbOAAAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA193) Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California  . By(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_controller) (Office controller) Office of Controller Los Angeles, CA (1914). 1914. Retrieved February 22, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Controller+of+the+City+of+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=ByOffice+of+Controller+Los+Angeles%2C+CA+%281914%29&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VbOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHollywood%2Bmerged%2Bwith%2BCity%2Bof%2BLos%2BAngeles%2Bin%2B1910%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-651) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=cPo2AQAAMAAJ&q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&pg=PA173) Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year  . By (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_auditor) (State auditor) Auditor's Office of Los Angeles, CA (1913). 1913. Retrieved February 22, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Auditor+of+the+City+of+Los+Angeles+California+of+the+Financial+Affairs+of+the+Corporation+in+Its+Capacity+as+a+City+for+the+Fiscal+Year&rft.pub=By+Auditor%27s+Office+of+Los+Angeles%2C+CA+%281913%29&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPo2AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHollywood%2Bmerged%2Bwith%2BCity%2Bof%2BLos%2BAngeles%2Bin%2B1910%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-652) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707) "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer" (Press release). United Nations. May 5, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria+surpasses+Hollywood+as+world%27s+second-largest+film+producer&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D30707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerrigan201018_653-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFKerrigan2010) Kerrigan 2010 , p. 18.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavisDickinsonPattiVillarejo2015299_654-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDavisDickinsonPattiVillarejo2015) Davis et al. 2015 , p. 299.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-655) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kannapell, Andrea (October 4, 1998). (https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html) "Getting the Big Picture; The Film Industry Started Here and Left. Now It's Back, and the State Says the Sequel Is Huge" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191219034718/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/nyregion/getting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html) Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Big+Picture%3B+The+Film+Industry+Started+Here+and+Left.+Now+It%27s+Back%2C+and+the+State+Says+the+Sequel+Is+Huge.&rft.date=1998-10-04&rft.au=Kannapell%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Fgetting-big-picture-film-industry-started-here-left-now-it-s-back-state-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-656) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002140/https://www.the-numbers.com/market/) "Market Data" . The Numbers . Archived from (https://www.the-numbers.com/market/) the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=Market+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Fmarket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-657) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amith, Dennis (January 1, 2011). (https://j-entonline.com/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/) "Before Hollywood There Was Fort Lee, N.J.: Early Movie Making in New Jersey (a J!-ENT DVD Review)" . J!-ENT. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043615/http://j-entonline.com/blu-ray-dvd-reviews/dvd-reviews-film-tv/before-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review/) Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2023 . When Hollywood, California, was mostly orange groves, Fort Lee, New Jersey, was a center of American film production.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+Hollywood+There+Was+Fort+Lee%2C+N.J.%3A+Early+Movie+Making+in+New+Jersey+%28a+J%21-ENT+DVD+Review%29&rft.pub=J%21-ENT&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.au=Amith%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fj-entonline.com%2Fbefore-hollywood-there-was-fort-lee-n-j-early-movie-making-in-new-jersey-a-j-ent-dvd-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-658) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rose, Lisa (April 29, 2012). (http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html) "100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ.com) (NJ.com) NJ.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115649/https://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/04/100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html) Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2023 . Back in 1912, when Hollywood had more cattle than cameras, Fort Lee was the center of the cinematic universe. Icons from the silent era like Mary Pickford, Lionel Barrymore, and Lillian Gish crossed the Hudson River via ferry to emote on Fort Lee back lots.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+years+ago%2C+Fort+Lee+was+the+first+town+to+bask+in+movie+magic&rft.pub=NJ.com&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft.au=Rose%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F04%2F100_years_ago_fort_lee_was_the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-659) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222) "John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore' " . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=John+Landis+Rails+Against+Studios%3A+%27They%27re+Not+in+the+Movie+Business+Anymore%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrowneHuber2004236_660-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDrowneHuber2004) Drowne & Huber 2004 , p. 236.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroon2014338_661-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFKroon2014) Kroon 2014 , p. 338.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-662) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Matthews, Charles (June 3, 2011). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html) "Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s" . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Book+explores+Hollywood+%27Golden+Age%27+of+the+1960s-%2770s&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fbook-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2FAGh5xJIH_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-663) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Banner, Lois (August 5, 2012). (https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2012-aug-05-la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805-story.html) "Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Marilyn+Monroe%2C+the+eternal+shape+shifter&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.aulast=Banner&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fla-xpm-2012-aug-05-la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-664) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rick, Jewell (August 8, 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html) "John Wayne, an American Icon" . University of Southern California. Archived from (https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html) the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wayne%2C+an+American+Icon&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Rick&rft.aufirst=Jewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fuscnews%2Fstories%2F15465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreven201323_665-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFGreven2013) Greven 2013 , p. 23.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison199811_666-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMorrison1998) Morrison 1998 , p. 11.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-RE_667-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz) (Matt Zoller Seitz) Seitz, Matt Zoller (April 29, 2019). (https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame) "What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com) (RogerEbert.com) RogerEbert.com  . Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved July 21, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RogerEbert.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+Next%3A+Avengers%2C+MCU%2C+Game+of+Thrones%2C+and+the+Content+Endgame&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Matt+Zoller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Fmzs%2Favengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-668) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Avery, Hannah (January 18, 2023). (https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry) "US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantar_Group) (Kantar Group) Kantar Group  . Retrieved April 29, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kantar+Group&rft.atitle=US+streaming+market+growth+continues%2C+despite+changes+in+the+industry&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kantar.com%2Finspiration%2Ftechnology%2Fus-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Wheat_669-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/) "Wheat Info" . Wheatworld.org . Archived from (https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/) the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wheatworld.org&rft.atitle=Wheat+Info&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheatworld.org%2Fwheat-info%2Ffast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-670) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html) "Traditional Indigenous Recipes" . American Indian Health and Diet Project. Retrieved September 15, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Indigenous+Recipes&rft.pub=American+Indian+Health+and+Diet+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faihd.ku.edu%2Frecipes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-671) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akenuwa, Ambrose (July 1, 2015). (https://books.apple.com/us/book/is-the-united-states-still-the-land-of-the/id1017814038) Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?  . Lulu Press. pp. 92– 94. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-26112-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-329-26112-9) 978-1-329-26112-9  . Retrieved November 20, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+United+States+Still+the+Land+of+the+Free+and+Home+to+the+Brave%3F&rft.pages=92-94&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-329-26112-9&rft.aulast=Akenuwa&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.apple.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2Fis-the-united-states-still-the-land-of-the%2Fid1017814038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMintz1996134_672-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFMintz1996) Mintz 1996 , p. 134.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiner20011_673-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFDiner2001) Diner 2001 , p. 1.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoe19995_674-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFPoe1999) Poe 1999 , p. 5.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-675) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cawthon, Haley (December 31, 2020). (https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2020/12/31/consumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html) "KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests" . The Business Journals . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Business+Journals&rft.atitle=KFC+is+America%27s+favorite+fried+chicken%2C+data+suggests&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft.aulast=Cawthon&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Flouisville%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2F31%2Fconsumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-676) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Russell, Joan (May 23, 2016). (https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/america/the-history-of-the-pizza/) "How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food" . Paste . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste&rft.atitle=How+Pizza+Became+America%27s+Favorite+Food&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Ffood%2Famerica%2Fthe-history-of-the-pizza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-IFT_677-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klapthor, James N. (August 23, 2003). (https://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003) "What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003" . Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists. Retrieved June 19, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%2C+When%2C+and+Where+Americans+Eat+in+2003&rft.pub=Newswise%2FInstitute+of+Food+Technologists&rft.date=2003-08-23&rft.au=Klapthor%2C+James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswise.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-678) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ciachef.edu/our-story/) "Our Story: CIA History | Culinary Institute of America" . ciachef.edu . Retrieved October 11, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ciachef.edu&rft.atitle=Our+Story%3A+CIA+History+%7C+Culinary+Institute+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciachef.edu%2Four-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FTfbs_679-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Averbuch, Bonnie (September 2015). (https://foodtank.com/news/2015/09/attention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school/) "Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Tank) (Food Tank) Food Tank . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attention+Food+Entrepreneurs%3A+School%27s+Back+in+Business&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Averbuch&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodtank.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2Fattention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Brownfield-2020_680-0) 1  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Brownfield-2020_680-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brownfield, Andy (March 20, 2020). (https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2020/03/20/cincinnati-restaurants-ask-feds-for-coronavirus.html) "Cincinnati restaurants ask feds for coronavirus bailout" . login.research.cincinnatilibrary.org . Retrieved March 22, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=login.research.cincinnatilibrary.org&rft.atitle=Cincinnati+restaurants+ask+feds+for+coronavirus+bailout&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.aulast=Brownfield&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fcincinnati%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F20%2Fcincinnati-restaurants-ask-feds-for-coronavirus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Ramirez_681-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramirez, Elva. (https://www.forbes.com/sites/elvaramirez/2020/03/19/the-restaurant-industry-needs-a-coronavirus-bailout-will-they-get-it/) "The Restaurant Industry Needs A Coronavirus Bailout. Will They Get It?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  . Retrieved March 22, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Restaurant+Industry+Needs+A+Coronavirus+Bailout.+Will+They+Get+It%3F&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Elva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Felvaramirez%2F2020%2F03%2F19%2Fthe-restaurant-industry-needs-a-coronavirus-bailout-will-they-get-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Noguchi-2020_682-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Noguchi, Yuki (March 22, 2020). (https://www.npr.org/2020/03/22/819189939/closed-all-at-once-restaurant-industry-faces-collapse) "Closed All At Once: Restaurant Industry Faces Collapse" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . Retrieved March 22, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Closed+All+At+Once%3A+Restaurant+Industry+Faces+Collapse&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft.aulast=Noguchi&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F03%2F22%2F819189939%2Fclosed-all-at-once-restaurant-industry-faces-collapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-683) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.msnbc.com/stephanie-ruhle/watch/restaurant-industry-reeling-from-coronavirus-80967237571) "Restaurant industry reeling from coronavirus" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC) (MSNBC) MSNBC . Retrieved March 22, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restaurant+industry+reeling+from+coronavirus&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fstephanie-ruhle%2Fwatch%2Frestaurant-industry-reeling-from-coronavirus-80967237571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-684) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://guide.michelin.com/en/us/restaurants/3-stars-michelin) "3 Stars – The MICHELIN Guide USA" . guide.michelin.com . Retrieved April 17, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guide.michelin.com&rft.atitle=3+Stars+%E2%80%93+The+MICHELIN+Guide+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fen%2Fus%2Frestaurants%2F3-stars-michelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-685) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235146/http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf) "World Wine Situation and Outlook" (PDF) . The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). August 2006. pp. 7– 9. Archived from (https://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf) the original (PDF) on April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Wine+Situation+and+Outlook&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=The+Foreign+Agricultural+Service+%28FAS%29&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fagx%2FISMG%2FGlobal%2520Wine%2520Report%2520Final%2520Aug2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirchellSteel2013_686-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFBirchellSteel2013) Birchell & Steel 2013 .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-New_Mexico._Office_of_Cultural_Affairs_1995_p._687-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs (1995). (https://books.google.com/books?id=nvoRAQAAIAAJ) Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico  . New Mexico Magazine. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937206-39-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-937206-39-3) 978-0-937206-39-3  . Retrieved November 15, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanted+Lifeways%3A+The+History%2C+Museums%2C+Arts+%26+Festivals+of+New+Mexico&rft.pub=New+Mexico+Magazine&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-937206-39-3&rft.au=New+Mexico.+Office+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvoRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Sotheby,_p._462_688-0) ↑   T. Stevenson, The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition, p. 462, Dorling Kindersly, 2005, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1324-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-1324-2) 978-0-7566-1324-2  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-Oxford,_p._719_689-0) ↑   J. Robinson, ed. The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition, p. 719; Oxford University Press, 2006, (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2) 978-0-19-860990-2  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-690) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/the-history-of-the-american-diner/) "The History of the American Diner" . pastemagazine.com . September 5, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pastemagazine.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+American+Diner&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Ffood%2Fthe-history-of-the-american-diner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-691) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npr.org/2023/12/11/1198909271/1a-draft-12-11-2023) "America's Love Of Drive-thrus" . NPR . December 11, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=America%27s+Love+Of+Drive-thrus&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F11%2F1198909271%2F1a-draft-12-11-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-drivethru_692-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm) "When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?" . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisegeek.org&rft.atitle=When+Was+the+First+Drive-Thru+Restaurant+Created%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.org%2Fwhen-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-693) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sheldon, Andrew (July 23, 2020). (https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/cars-trucks/auto-history/history-of-the-drive-thru/) "The History of the Drive-Thru in America" . Your AAA Network . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+AAA+Network&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Drive-Thru+in+America&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.northeast.aaa.com%2Fdaily%2Flife%2Fcars-trucks%2Fauto-history%2Fhistory-of-the-drive-thru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-Pavlova-2019_694-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pavlova, Rada (April 8, 2019). (https://globalist.yale.edu/in-the-magazine/globalization-of-american-fast-food-chains-the-pinnacle-of-effective-management-and-adaptability/) "Globalization of American Fast-Food Chains: the Pinnacle of Effective Management and Adaptability – The Yale Globalist" . The Yale Globalist . Retrieved May 4, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Globalist&rft.atitle=Globalization+of+American+Fast-Food+Chains%3A+the+Pinnacle+of+Effective+Management+and+Adaptability+%E2%80%93+The+Yale+Globalist&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Pavlova&rft.aufirst=Rada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalist.yale.edu%2Fin-the-magazine%2Fglobalization-of-american-fast-food-chains-the-pinnacle-of-effective-management-and-adaptability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-695) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.gallup.com/poll/4735/sports.aspx) "Sports" . Gallup, Incorporated. September 25, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports&rft.pub=Gallup%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F4735%2Fsports.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-696) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://careers.nba.com/history/) "History of the NBA" . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBA.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+NBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareers.nba.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-697) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mlb.com/official-information/about-mlb) "About MLB" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Advanced_Media) (MLB Advanced Media) MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+MLB&rft.pub=MLB+Advanced+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fofficial-information%2Fabout-mlb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-698) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mlssoccer.com/about/) "About MLS Soccer" . mlssoccer.com . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlssoccer.com&rft.atitle=About+MLS+Soccer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlssoccer.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-699) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nhl.com/info/about-the-nhl) "About the NHL" . NHL.com . Retrieved June 8, 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHL.com&rft.atitle=About+the+NHL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhl.com%2Finfo%2Fabout-the-nhl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-700) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Krasnoff, Lindsay Sarah (December 26, 2017). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/) "How the NBA went global"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171226153302/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/) Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+NBA+went+global&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft.aulast=Krasnoff&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmade-by-history%2Fwp%2F2017%2F12%2F26%2Fhow-the-nba-went-global%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-liss_701-0) ↑   Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970), p. 13.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-702) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618) "Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012" . Reuters . June 18, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Global+sports+market+to+hit+%24141+billion+in+2012&rft.date=2008-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-703) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Krane, David K. (October 30, 2002). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337) "Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport" . Harris Interactive. Archived from (https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337) the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professional+Football+Widens+Its+Lead+Over+Baseball+as+Nation%27s+Favorite+Sport&rft.pub=Harris+Interactive&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.au=Krane%2C+David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisinteractive.com%2FInsights%2FHarrisVault8482.aspx%3FPID%3D337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  MacCambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York: Random House. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50454-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50454-9) 978-0-375-50454-9  .  (United_States.html#cite_ref-704) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guliza, Anthony (August 14, 2019). (https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years) "How the NFL took over America in 100 years" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN) (ESPN) ESPN . Retrieved May 8, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+NFL+took+over+America+in+100+years&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft.aulast=Guliza&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F27321898%2Fhow-nfl-took-america-100-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-705) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fischer, Ben (April 3, 2026). (https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2025/04/10/sources-nfl-revenue-passes-23-billion-in-latest-fiscal-year/) "Sources: NFL revenue passes $23B in latest FY" . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved April 3, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Sources%3A+NFL+revenue+passes+%2423B+in+latest+FY&rft.date=2026-04-03&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsbusinessjournal.com%2FArticles%2F2025%2F04%2F10%2Fsources-nfl-revenue-passes-23-billion-in-latest-fiscal-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-706) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf) "As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport" (PDF) . Harris Interactive . January 16, 2014. Archived from (https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf) the original (PDF) on March 9, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harris+Interactive&rft.atitle=As+American+as+Mom%2C+Apple+Pie+and+Football%3F+Football+continues+to+trump+baseball+as+America%27s+Favorite+Sport&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrisinteractive.com%2Fvault%2FHarris%2520Poll%25205%2520-%25202014%2520Fave%2520Sport_1.16.14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-707) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cowen, Tyler; Grier, Kevin (February 9, 2012). (https://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football) "What Would the End of Football Look Like?" . Grantland/ESPN. Retrieved February 12, 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Would+the+End+of+Football+Look+Like%3F&rft.pub=Grantland%2FESPN&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.au=Cowen%2C+Tyler&rft.au=Grier%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grantland.com%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F7559458%2Fcte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-si_708-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Axson, Scooby (March 7, 2018). (https://www.si.com/college/2018/03/07/ncaa-1-billion-revenue) "Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues" . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 12, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Sports+Illustrated%3A+NCAA+Reports+%241.1+Billion+in+Revenues&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.aulast=Axson&rft.aufirst=Scooby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fcollege%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2Fncaa-1-billion-revenue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-709) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx) "Passion for College Football Remains Robust" . National Football Foundation. March 19, 2013. Archived from (https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx) the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passion+for+College+Football+Remains+Robust&rft.pub=National+Football+Foundation&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.footballfoundation.org%2Ftabid%2F567%2FArticle%2F53380%2FPassion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosandich2002471_710-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFRosandich2002) Rosandich 2002 , p. 471.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchausWenn2007224_711-0) ↑   (United_States.html#CITEREFSchausWenn2007) Schaus & Wenn 2007 , p. 224.  (United_States.html#cite_ref-712) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250110013648/https://greatestsportingnation.com/) "Greatest Sporting Nation" . greatestsportingnation.com . Archived from (https://greatestsportingnation.com/) the original on January 10, 2025. Retrieved April 11, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greatestsportingnation.com&rft.atitle=Greatest+Sporting+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreatestsportingnation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-713) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/sports/olympics/the-1000-medals-of-the-united-states/) "1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=1%2C000+times+gold+%E2%80%93+The+thousand+medals+of+Team+USA+%E2%80%93+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fthe-1000-medals-of-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-714) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chase, Chris (February 7, 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20211115140052/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts) "The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings" . USA Today . Archived from (https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/) the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=The+10+most+fascinating+facts+about+the+all-time+Winter+Olympics+medal+standings&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftw.usatoday.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fwinter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Loumena, Dan (February 6, 2014). (https://www.latimes.com/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206-story.html) "With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28, 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=With+Sochi+Olympics+approaching%2C+a+history+of+Winter+Olympic+medals&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Loumena&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fla-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-715) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carlisle, Jeff (April 6, 2020). (https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer) "MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN) (ESPN) ESPN . Retrieved May 5, 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLS+Year+One%2C+25+seasons+ago%3A+The+Wild+West+of+training%2C+travel%2C+hockey+shootouts+and+American+soccer&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fsoccer%2Fmajor-league-soccer%2Fstory%2F4082408%2Fmls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-716) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gerson, Aria (July 10, 2020). (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2020/07/10/1999-womens-world-cup-uswnt-iconic-moments-brandi-chastain/5405459002/) "Impact of 1999 Women's World Cup went far beyond Brandi Chastain's iconic goal" . USA Today . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Impact+of+1999+Women%27s+World+Cup+went+far+beyond+Brandi+Chastain%27s+iconic+goal&rft.date=2020-07-10&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Aria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Fsoccer%2F2020%2F07%2F10%2F1999-womens-world-cup-uswnt-iconic-moments-brandi-chastain%2F5405459002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)    (United_States.html#cite_ref-717) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wamsley, Laurel (June 16, 2022). (https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement) "The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR) (NPR) NPR . Retrieved April 16, 2023 . 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(https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210) The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO) (ABC-CLIO) ABC-CLIO . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-921-9) 978-1-59884-921-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Encyclopedia%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-921-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDDIgWRN_HQC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Axinn, June; Stern, Mark J. (2007). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-52215-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-205-52215-6) 978-0-205-52215-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Welfare%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Response+to+Need&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-205-52215-6&rft.aulast=Axinn&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Stern%2C+Mark+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Banks, Duren; Hendrix, Joshua; Hickman, Mathhew (October 2016). (https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf) "National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice) (U.S. Department of Justice) U.S. Department of Justice  : 1. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=National+Sources+of+Law+Enforcement+Employment+Data&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016-10&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Duren&rft.au=Hendrix%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Hickman%2C+Mathhew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjs.ojp.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fnsleed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Baym) (Nina Baym) Baym, Nina ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Levine) (Robert S. Levine) Levine, Robert S. , eds. (2013). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_American_Literature) (The Norton Anthology of American Literature) The Norton Anthology of American Literature  (Shorter 8th ed.). New York, New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_&_Company) (W. W. Norton & Company) W. W. Norton & Company . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91885-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91885-4) 978-0-393-91885-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+American+Literature&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Shorter+8th&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91885-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Bellah) (Robert N. Bellah) Bellah, Robert N. ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Madsen_(sociologist)) (Richard Madsen (sociologist)) Madsen, Richard ; Sullivan, William M.; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Swidler) (Ann Swidler) Swidler, Ann ; Tipton, Steven M. (1985). (https://books.google.com/books?id=5DQHmykT6u4C&pg=PA220) Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press) (University of California Press) University of California Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05388-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05388-5) 978-0-520-05388-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)) (OL (identifier)) OL  (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7708974M) 7708974M – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books) (Google Books) Google Books . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habits+of+the+Heart%3A+Individualism+and+Commitment+in+American+Life&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7708974M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05388-5&rft.aulast=Bellah&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Richard&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Swidler%2C+Ann&rft.au=Tipton%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DQHmykT6u4C%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Berghahn, Volker R. (February 2010). "The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians". Cold War History . 10 (1): 107– 130. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740903388566) 10.1080/14682740903388566 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2745) 1468-2745 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144459911) 144459911 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+History&rft.atitle=The+debate+on+%27Americanization%27+among+economic+and+cultural+historians&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-130&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144459911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14682740903388566&rft.aulast=Berghahn&rft.aufirst=Volker+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . 13 (5): 225– 232. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2500%2F108854192778817040) 10.2500/108854192778817040 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1483570) 1483570 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy+and+Asthma+Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Epidemic+Infectious+Diseases+in+the+Discovery+of+America&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=225-232&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2500%2F108854192778817040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1483570&rft.aulast=Bianchine&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Russo%2C+Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Biddle, Julian (2001). (https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/) What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America  . New York: Citadel. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2311-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2311-8) 978-0-8065-2311-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Was+Hot%21%3A+Five+Decades+of+Pop+Culture+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2311-8&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatwashotroller00bidd%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh) Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sharpe) (M. E. Sharpe) M. E. Sharpe . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1817-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1817-7) 978-0-7656-1817-7  – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive) (Internet Archive) Internet Archive . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Currents+in+American+History%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1817-7&rft.aulast=Bilhartz&rft.aufirst=Terry+D.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Alan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurrentsinameric0000bilh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Allen_Billington) (Ray Allen Billington) Billington, Ray Allen ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ridge_(historian)) (Martin Ridge (historian)) Ridge, Martin (2001) [1949]. (https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22) Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press) (University of New Mexico Press) University of New Mexico Press . p. (https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22) 22 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1981-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1981-4) 978-0-8263-1981-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westward+Expansion%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Frontier&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Ray+Allen&rft.au=Ridge%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestwardexpansio00bill%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Birchell, D.B.; Steel, G. (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=5f0kvgAACAAJ) New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History  . American Palate Series (in Italian). American Palate. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-643-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-643-2) 978-1-60949-643-2  . Retrieved November 15, 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mexico+Wine%3A+An+Enchanting+History&rft.series=American+Palate+Series&rft.pub=American+Palate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-643-2&rft.aulast=Birchell&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rft.au=Steel%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5f0kvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Alan (1995). Urban mass transportation planning . New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education) (McGraw Hill Education) McGraw Hill Education . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005557-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005557-5) 978-0-07-005557-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31045097) 31045097 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+mass+transportation+planning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Education&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31045097&rft.isbn=978-0-07-005557-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)) (Jeremy Black (historian)) Black, Jeremy (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275) Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871  . Indiana University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35660-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35660-4) 978-0-253-35660-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+America%3A+The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+North+America%2C+1519%E2%80%931871&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35660-4&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIst_CSWOqIC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Blackhawk) (Ned Blackhawk) Blackhawk, Ned (2023). " 'The Centrality of Dispossession': Native American Genocide and Settler Colonialism". In Blackhawk, Ned; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kiernan) (Ben Kiernan) Kiernan, Ben ; Madley, Benjamin; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebe_Taylor) (Rebe Taylor) Taylor, Rebe (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Genocide . Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . pp. 23– 45. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108765480.002) 10.1017/9781108765480.002 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Centrality+of+Dispossession%27%3A+Native+American+Genocide+and+Settler+Colonialism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.pages=23-45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108765480.002&rft.aulast=Blackhawk&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blakeley, Ruth (2009). (https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/) State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68617-4) 978-0-415-68617-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-68617-4&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bowman, Shearer Davis (1993). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm) Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers   . Oxford UP. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536394-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536394-4) 978-0-19-536394-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+and+Lords%3A+Mid-19th-Century+U.S.+Planters+and+Prussian+Junkers&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536394-4&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Shearer+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterslordsmid10000bowm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boyer, Paul S.; Clark Jr., Clifford E.; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC) The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People  . Vol. 1. Cengage Learning. p. 588. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-80161-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-618-80161-9) 978-0-618-80161-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Vision%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=588&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-80161-9&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Clark+Jr.%2C+Clifford+E.&rft.au=Kett%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+Neal&rft.au=Sitkoff%2C+Harvard&rft.au=Woloch%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KT3lI76-0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brinkley, Alan (January 1991). "Great Society". In Eric Foner; John Arthur Garraty (eds.). The Reader's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51372-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-395-51372-9) 978-0-395-51372-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Society&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+American+History&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=1991-01&rft.isbn=978-0-395-51372-9&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, Milton W. (1988). (https://archive.org/details/storyofarmorysho00brow) The Story of the Armory Show  (2nd ed.). New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Press) (Abbeville Press) Abbeville Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-795-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-89659-795-2) 978-0-89659-795-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Armory+Show&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89659-795-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Milton+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofarmorysho00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buel, Richard (1972). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/securingrevoluti0000buel) Securing the revolution; ideology in American politics, 1789-1815   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801491474) (Special:BookSources/978-0801491474) 978-0801491474  – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive) (Internet Archive) Internet Archive . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+revolution%3B+ideology+in+American+politics%2C+1789-1815&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0801491474&rft.aulast=Buel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecuringrevoluti0000buel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Burnham, William (2006). (https://archive.org/details/introductiontola0000burn) Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States  (4th ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_(publisher)) (West (publisher)) Thomson West . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-06661-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-314-06661-9) 978-0-314-06661-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Law+and+Legal+System+of+the+United+States&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Thomson+West&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-314-06661-9&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontola0000burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Calloway, Colin G. (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC) New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press) (Johns Hopkins University Press) JHU Press . p. 229. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5959-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5959-5) 978-0-8018-5959-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Worlds+for+All%3A+Indians%2C+Europeans%2C+and+the+Remaking+of+Early+America&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedYbAZ7ECEoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Calloway, Colin G. (2019). First peoples: a documentary survey of American Indian history (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-319-10491-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-319-10491-7) 978-1-319-10491-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035393060) 1035393060 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+peoples%3A+a+documentary+survey+of+American+Indian+history&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s%2C+Macmillan+Learning&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035393060&rft.isbn=978-1-319-10491-7&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007). Manifest destiny and the expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 238. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-834-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-834-7) 978-1-85109-834-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659807062) 659807062 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifest+destiny+and+the+expansion+of+America&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Turning+Points+in+History+Series&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F659807062&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-834-7&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Rodney+P.&rft.au=Golson%2C+J.+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carson, Thomas; Bonk, Mary (1999). "Industrial Revolution". Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History . Gale. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrial+Revolution&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Economic+History&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Bonk%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cohen, Felix S. (1942). (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74149) Handbook of federal Indian law: with reference tables and index  . Washington, D.C.: GPO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/42038386) 42038386 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+federal+Indian+law%3A+with+reference+tables+and+index&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F42038386&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Felix+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.74149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cohen, Eliot A. (July–August 2004). (https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower) "History and the Hyperpower" . Foreign Affairs . Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 14, 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=History+and+the+Hyperpower&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-08&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Eliot+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F59919%2Feliot-a-cohen%2Fhistory-and-the-hyperpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriella_Coleman) (Gabriella Coleman) Coleman, Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press) (Princeton University Press) Princeton University Press . pp. 10, 201. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14461-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14461-0) 978-0-691-14461-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coding+Freedom&rft.pages=10%2C+201&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14461-0&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Collin, Robert W. (2006). The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act . Greenwood Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33341-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33341-5) 978-0-313-33341-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environmental+Protection+Agency%3A+Cleaning+Up+America%27s+Act&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33341-5&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)) (Michael Collins (astronaut)) Collins, Michael (1988). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll) Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space   . New York: Grove Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1011-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1011-4) 978-0-8021-1011-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liftoff%3A+The+Story+of+America%27s+Adventure+in+Space&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1011-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliftoff00coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Corbett, P. Scott; Janssen, Volker; Lund, John M.; Pfannestiel, Todd; Waskiewicz, Sylvie; Vickery, Paul (2014). (https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/1-introduction) U.S. History  . Houston, Texas: OpenStax at Rice University. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+History&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pub=OpenStax+at+Rice+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=P.+Scott&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Volker&rft.au=Lund%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Pfannestiel%2C+Todd&rft.au=Waskiewicz%2C+Sylvie&rft.au=Vickery%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenstax.org%2Fbooks%2Fus-history%2Fpages%2F1-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Coviello, Peter (2005). "Transcendentalism". (https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195156539.001.0001/acref-9780195156539-e-0294?rskey=lw57LH&result=1) The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530772-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530772-6) 978-0-19-530772-6  . Retrieved October 23, 2011 – via Oxford Reference Online. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcendentalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530772-6&rft.aulast=Coviello&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195156539.001.0001%2Facref-9780195156539-e-0294%3Frskey%3Dlw57LH%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm) "Country Profile: United States of America" . BBC News . London. April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+United+States+of+America&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1217752.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davenport, Alma (1991). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&pg=PA67) The History of Photography: An Overview  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press) (University of New Mexico Press) University of New Mexico Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2076-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2076-6) 978-0-8263-2076-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Photography%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhca5H_rJZnUC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davis, Frederick T. (1932). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230105002618/http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf:21231) "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513" . The QUARTERLY Periodical of THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY . XI (1). Archived from (http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A21231) the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+QUARTERLY+Periodical+of+THE+FLORIDA+HISTORICAL+SOCIETY&rft.atitle=The+Record+of+Ponce+de+Leon%27s+Discovery+of+Florida%2C+1513&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Frederick+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalmm.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fucf%253A21231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davis, Kenneth C. (1996). (https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518) Don't know much about the Civil War  . New York: William Marrow and Company. p. (https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518) 518 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11814-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-688-11814-3) 978-0-688-11814-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+know+much+about+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=William+Marrow+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-688-11814-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontknowmuchabou00davi_1%2Fpage%2F518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davis, Glyn; Dickinson, Kay; Patti, Lisa; Villarejo, Amy (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299) Film Studies: A Global Introduction  . Abingdon: Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62338-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62338-0) 978-1-317-62338-0  . Retrieved August 24, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Studies%3A+A+Global+Introduction&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62338-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+Kay&rft.au=Patti%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Villarejo%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnXABgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Daynes, Byron W.; Sussman, Glen (2010). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn) White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A&M_University_Press) (Texas A&M University Press) Texas A&M University Press . p. 320. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-254-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-254-1) 978-1-60344-254-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670419432) 670419432 . Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+House+Politics+and+the+Environment%3A+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670419432&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-254-1&rft.aulast=Daynes&rft.aufirst=Byron+W.&rft.au=Sussman%2C+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitehousepoliti0000dayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Derks, Marco; van den Berg, Mariecke (2020). Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing) (Springer International Publishing) Springer International Publishing . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-56326-4) (Special:BookSources/978-3-030-56326-4) 978-3-030-56326-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Discourses+About+Homosexuality+and+Religion+in+Europe+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-56326-4&rft.aulast=Derks&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=van+den+Berg%2C+Mariecke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dole, Charles F. (1907). "The Ethics of Speculation". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly) (The Atlantic Monthly) The Atlantic Monthly  . Vol. C, no. December 1907. pp. 812– 818. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Speculation&rft.volume=C&rft.issue=December+1907&rft.pages=812-818&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Dole&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dubois, W. E. B. (1935). (https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruct00duborich) Black Reconstruction: an essay toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880  . New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Reconstruction%3A+an+essay+toward+a+history+of+the+part+which+black+folk+played+in+the+attempt+to+reconstruct+democracy+in+America%2C+1860-1880&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Co.&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackreconstruct00duborich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dumbrell, John; Schäfer, Axel (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45) America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87270-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87270-3) 978-0-203-87270-3  . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+%27Special+Relationships%27%3A+Foreign+and+Domestic+Aspects+of+the+Politics+of+Alliance&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87270-3&rft.aulast=Dumbrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+Axel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLy-NKnQitIC%26q%3Duk%2Bus%2Bspecial%2Brelationship%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html) Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) 978-92-805-3797-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025%3A+Innovation+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3797-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2025%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edmondson, Jacqueline (2013). (Free registration required) (https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA556) Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories that Shaped our Culture [ 4 volumes] : An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture   . ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39348-8) 978-0-313-39348-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+American+Life%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Songs%2C+Styles%2C+Stars%2C+and+Stories+that+Shaped+our+Culture+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Songs%2C+Styles%2C+Stars%2C+and+Stories+That+Shaped+Our+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39348-8&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRfOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ehrenpreis, Jamie E.; Ehrenpreis, Eli D. (April 2022). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8785365) "A Historical Perspective of Healthcare Disparity and Infectious Disease in the Native American Population" . The American Journal of the Medical Sciences . 363 (4): 288– 294. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2022.01.005) 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.005 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9629) 0002-9629 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8785365) 8785365  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35085528) 35085528 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Perspective+of+Healthcare+Disparity+and+Infectious+Disease+in+the+Native+American+Population&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-294&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8785365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9629&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35085528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjms.2022.01.005&rft.aulast=Ehrenpreis&rft.aufirst=Jamie+E.&rft.au=Ehrenpreis%2C+Eli+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8785365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Vellanoweth, Rene L. (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&pg=PA19) A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County  . California: University of Utah Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-879-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-879-7) 978-0-87480-879-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Canyon+Through+Time%3A+Archaeology%2C+History%2C+and+Ecology+of+the+Tecolote+Canyon+Area%2C+Santa+Barbara+County&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-879-7&rft.aulast=Erlandson&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.&rft.au=Rick%2C+Torben+C.&rft.au=Vellanoweth%2C+Rene+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGeTv2lmb79UC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Faingold, Eduardo D. (2018). Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories . Lexington Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Rights+and+the+Law+in+the+United+States+and+Its+Territories&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Faingold&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Feldstein, Sylvan G.; Fabozzi, Frank J. (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC) The Handbook of Municipal Bonds  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_&_Sons) (John Wiley & Sons) John Wiley & Sons . p. 1376. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04494-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04494-0) 978-1-118-04494-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Municipal+Bonds&rft.pages=1376&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-04494-0&rft.aulast=Feldstein&rft.aufirst=Sylvan+G.&rft.au=Fabozzi%2C+Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJuc4fb1Fx1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Feldstein, Martin (March 2017). (https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw23221) "Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research) (National Bureau of Economic Research) National Bureau of Economic Research  . Cambridge, Massachusetts. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw23221) 10.3386/w23221  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Why+is+Growth+Better+in+the+United+States+Than+in+Other+Industrial+Countries%3F&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw23221&rft.aulast=Feldstein&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw23221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_P._Fiorina) (Morris P. Fiorina) Fiorina, Morris P. ; Peterson, Paul E. (2010). The New American democracy (7th ed.). London: Longman. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-78016-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-205-78016-7) 978-0-205-78016-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+democracy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-205-78016-7&rft.aulast=Fiorina&rft.aufirst=Morris+P.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Flannery, Tim (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mkkyBgAAQBAJ) The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples  . Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9109-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9109-0) 978-0-8021-9109-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Frontier%3A+An+Ecological+History+of+North+America+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9109-0&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkkyBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Foner, Eric (1988). (https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam0000fone_q8w6/page/n9/mode/2up) Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877  . New York: Harper & Row. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-235451-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-06-235451-8) 978-0-06-235451-8  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915826909) 915826909 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+American+Freedom&rft.pages=4-5&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04665-6&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofamericanf00fone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Foner, Eric (2020). (https://archive.org/details/give-me-liberty-an-american-history-eric-foner-z-lib.org_20220819) Give Me Liberty: An American History  . Vol. 1 (6th ed.). New York, New York; London, England: W.W. Norton. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-44123-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-44123-9) 978-0-393-44123-9  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0898588x17000116) 10.1017/s0898588x17000116 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-588X) 0898-588X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148917255) 148917255 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=Protectionist+Empire%3A+Trade%2C+Tariffs%2C+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1890%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-192&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148917255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0898-588X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0898588x17000116&rft.aulast=Fordham&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fraser, Steve; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gerstle) (Gary Gerstle) Gerstle, Gary (1989). (https://books.google.com/books?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&pg=PA229) The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980  . American History: Political science. Princeton University Press. p. 311. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00607-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00607-9) 978-0-691-00607-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+New+Deal+Order%3A+1930%E2%80%931980&rft.series=American+History%3A+Political+science&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00607-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Gerstle%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyd4GqkP5XYgC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fraser, Steve (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company) (Little, Brown and Company) Little, Brown and Company . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-18543-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-316-18543-1) 978-0-316-18543-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Acquiescence%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+American+Resistance+to+Organized+Wealth+and+Power&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-316-18543-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Froese, Paul; Uecker, Jeremy E. (September 2022). (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12810) "Prayer in America: A Detailed Analysis of the Various Dimensions of Prayer" . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 61 (3– 4): 663– 689. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12810) 10.1111/jssr.12810  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Prayer+in+America%3A+A+Detailed+Analysis+of+the+Various+Dimensions+of+Prayer&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=663-689&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253439298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-8294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjssr.12810&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Uecker%2C+Jeremy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjssr.12810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frymer, Paul (2017). Building an American empire: the era of territorial and political expansion . Princeton, New Jersey: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press) (Princeton University Press) Princeton University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8535-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8535-0) 978-1-4008-8535-0  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/981954623) 981954623 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+an+American+empire%3A+the+era+of+territorial+and+political+expansion&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F981954623&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8535-0&rft.aulast=Frymer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Funk, Clayton (August 2016). "9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge". 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9) 978-0-231-12239-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12239-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gaĭdar, E.T. (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=bDSfnxYjVwAC&pg=PA102) Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia  . Washington, D.C.: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution#Publications) (Brookings Institution) Brookings Institution Press . pp. 190– 205. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3114-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3114-6) 978-0-8157-3114-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse+of+an+Empire%3A+Lessons+for+Modern+Russia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=190-205&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3114-6&rft.aulast=Ga%C4%ADdar&rft.aufirst=E.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDSfnxYjVwAC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Galloway, Patricia K., ed. (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=zzGphaI83EUC&pg=PA329) "The Expedition and the Struggle for Justice" . The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "discovery" in the Southeast . University of Nebraska Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7132-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7132-6) 978-0-8032-7132-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Expedition+and+the+Struggle+for+Justice&rft.btitle=The+Hernando+de+Soto+Expedition%3A+History%2C+Historiography%2C+and+%22discovery%22+in+the+Southeast&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7132-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzGphaI83EUC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vigil, Ralph H. "(https://books.google.com/books?id=zzGphaI83EUC&pg=PA329) The Expedition and the Struggle for Justice ". In (United_States.html#CITEREFGalloway2006) Galloway (2006) .    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Garretson, Jeremiah (2018). "A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States". The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press) (New York University Press) New York University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-5007-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-5007-5) 978-1-4798-5007-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Transformed+Society%3A+LGBT+Rights+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Gay+Rights%3A+How+Activism+and+Coming+Out+Changed+Public+Opinion&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-5007-5&rft.aulast=Garretson&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Goodfriend, Marvin; McDermott, John (February 24, 2021). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Growth&rft.atitle=The+American+System+of+economic+growth&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-75&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7902180%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-7020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33642936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10887-021-09186-x&rft.aulast=Goodfriend&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=McDermott%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7902180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steele_Gordon) (John Steele Gordon) Gordon, John Steele (2004). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord) An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power   . HarperCollins. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Violent+Death+Rates%3A+The+US+Compared+with+Other+High-income+OECD+Countries%2C+2010&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-273&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2015.10.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26551975&rft.aulast=Grinshteyn&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Hemenway%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjmed.com%2Farticle%2FS0002-9343%2815%2901030-X%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grumbach, Jacob M. (December 2021). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422000934) "Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review) (American Political Science Review) American Political Science Review  . 117 (3): 967– 984. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance.+2023&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-50895-5&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haines, Michael Robert; Haines, Michael R.; Steckel, Richard H. (2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12) A Population History of North America  . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49666-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49666-7) 978-0-521-49666-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+North+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49666-7&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rft.au=Haines%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Steckel%2C+Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPdgiysIVcgC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hagopian, Kip; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ohanian) (Lee Ohanian) Ohanian, Lee (August 2012). (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566) "The Mismeasure of Inequality" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Review) (Policy Review) Policy Review  (174). Hoover Institution. Archived from (https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566) the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mismeasure+of+Inequality&rft.issue=174&rft.date=2012-08&rft.aulast=Hagopian&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft.au=Ohanian%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy-review%2Farticle%2F123566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hammond, John Craig (March 2019). (Paid subscription required) (https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz002) "President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History) (The Journal of American History) The Journal of American History  . 105 (4): 843– 867. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaz002) 10.1093/jahist/jaz002 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=President%2C+Planter%2C+Politician%3A+James+Monroe%2C+the+Missouri+Crisis%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Slavery&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=843-867&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaz002&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=John+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjaz002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasia_Diner) (Hasia Diner) Diner, Hasia (2001). Hungering for America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungering+for+America%3A+Italian%2C+Irish%2C+and+Jewish+Foodways+in+the+Age+of+Migration&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Hasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Huber, Patrick (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&pg=PA236) The 1920s  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group) (Greenwood Publishing Group) Greenwood Publishing Group . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32013-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32013-2) 978-0-313-32013-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1920s&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32013-2&rft.aulast=Drowne&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Morgan&rft.au=Huber%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCecCHiI95dYC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hayes, Nick (November 6, 2009). (https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war) "Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinnPost) (MinnPost) MinnPost  . Retrieved March 11, 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MinnPost&rft.atitle=Looking+back+20+years%3A+Who+deserves+credit+for+ending+the+Cold+War%3F&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fpolitics-policy%2F2009%2F11%2Flooking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hirschman, Charles; Mogford, Elizabeth (December 2009). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760060) "Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920" . Social Science Research . 38 (4): 897– 920. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ssresearch.2009.04.001) 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-089X) 0049-089X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760060) 2760060  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20160966) 20160966 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=Immigration+and+the+American+Industrial+Revolution+From+1880+to+1920&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=897-920&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2760060%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0049-089X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20160966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ssresearch.2009.04.001&rft.aulast=Hirschman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Mogford%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2760060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hoff-Ginsberg, Erika (April 1989). (https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED309843) Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech (Report). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) – via Education Resource Information Center. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Effects+of+Social+Class+and+Interactive+Setting+on+Maternal+Speech&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Child+Health+and+Human+Development+%28NIH%29&rft.date=1989-04&rft.aulast=Hoff-Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED309843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)  Republished with revisions as (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hoff-Ginsberg, Erika (1991). "Mother-Child Conversation in Different Social Classes and Communicative Settings". Child Development . 62 (4): 782– 796. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x) 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3920) 0009-3920 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1935343) 1935343 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Mother-Child+Conversation+in+Different+Social+Classes+and+Communicative+Settings&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=782-796&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0009-3920&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1935343&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x&rft.aulast=Hoff-Ginsberg&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hofstadter, Richard (1969). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wG5rCKm8SmAC&q=%E2%80%9Cdid+not+believe+in+parties+as+such,+scorned+those+that+they+were+conscious+of+as+historical+models%22) The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840  . University of California Press. p. iv. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01389-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01389-6) 978-0-520-01389-6  . Retrieved October 5, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+a+Party+System%3A+The+Rise+of+Legitimate+Opposition+in+the+United+States%2C+1780-1840&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01389-6&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwG5rCKm8SmAC%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259Cdid%2Bnot%2Bbelieve%2Bin%2Bparties%2Bas%2Bsuch%2C%2Bscorned%2Bthose%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bconscious%2Bof%2Bas%2Bhistorical%2Bmodels%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American culture (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21749-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21749-3) 978-0-253-21749-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanisms+in+American+culture&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21749-3&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_R._Holsti) (Ole R. Holsti) Holsti, Ole R. (November 7, 2011). "The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War". American Public Opinion on the Iraq War . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press) (University of Michigan Press) University of Michigan Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03480-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03480-2) 978-0-472-03480-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+Iraq+before+the+Iraq+War&rft.btitle=American+Public+Opinion+on+the+Iraq+War&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03480-2&rft.aulast=Holsti&rft.aufirst=Ole+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (1997). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/fdrcreationofun00hoop) FDR and the Creation of the U.N   . Yale University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2) 978-0-300-08553-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+Creation+of+the+U.N&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08553-2&rft.aulast=Hoopes&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrcreationofun00hoop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Hopkin) (Jonathan Hopkin) Hopkin, Jonathan (2020). (https://books.google.com/books?id=IyXTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87) "American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy" . Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Nightmare%3A+How+Neoliberalism+Broke+US+Democracy&rft.btitle=Anti-System+Politics%3A+The+Crisis+of+Market+Liberalism+in+Rich+Democracies&rft.pages=87-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190699765.003.0004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-069976-5&rft.aulast=Hopkin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyXTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Hounshell) (David A. Hounshell) Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore, Maryland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press) (Johns Hopkins University Press) Johns Hopkins University Press , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2975-8) 978-0-8018-2975-8  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/83016269) 83016269 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104810110) 1104810110  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+American+System+to+Mass+Production%2C+1800%E2%80%931932%3A+The+Development+of+Manufacturing+Technology+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104810110&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83016269&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2975-8&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Howe, Daniel Walker (2008). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe) What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848   . New York: Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7) 978-0-19-507894-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Howell, Buddy Wayne (2006). The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5290-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5290-9) 978-0-8203-5290-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+Spain%2C+Warriors+of+the+Sun%3A+Hernando+de+Soto+and+the+South%27s+Ancient+Chiefdoms&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5290-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeapFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington) (Samuel P. Huntington) Huntington, Samuel P. (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core) "Chapters 2–4" . (https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt) Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity  . Simon & Schuster. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87053-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87053-3) 978-0-684-87053-3  . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+2%E2%80%934&rft.btitle=Who+are+We%3F%3A+The+Challenges+to+America%27s+National+Identity&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87053-3&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xiYiybkE8kC%26q%3Dcore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&pg=PT955) History of Art: The Western Tradition  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall) (Prentice Hall) Prentice Hall . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-182895-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-13-182895-7) 978-0-13-182895-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Art%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-182895-7&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Horst+Woldemar&rft.au=Janson%2C+Anthony+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMYHuvhWBH4C%26pg%3DPT955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano . Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faulkner+at+Nagano&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kenkyusha%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Jelliffe&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johansen, Bruce (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=yiKgBuSUPUIC&dq=native+american+history+archaic+period&pg=PA51) The Native Peoples of North America: A History, Volume 1  . Rutgers University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3899-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3899-0) 978-0-8135-3899-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Native+Peoples+of+North+America%3A+A+History%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3899-0&rft.aulast=Johansen&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiKgBuSUPUIC%26dq%3Dnative%2Bamerican%2Bhistory%2Barchaic%2Bperiod%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johnson, Paul (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC) A History of the American People  . HarperCollins. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-195213-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-06-195213-5) 978-0-06-195213-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-06-195213-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXSVQjz1_tMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Turner_Johnson) (James Turner Johnson) Johnson, James Turner (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein) The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_&_Littlefield) (Rowman & Littlefield) Rowman & Littlefield . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4956-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4956-2) 978-0-7425-4956-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+to+Oust+Saddam+Hussein%3A+Just+War+and+the+New+Face+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSF7U27JsLC4C%26q%3Diraq%2Binvasion%2Bremoves%2Bhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johnson, Fern L. (2000). Speaking culturally: language diversity in the United States . Sage Publications. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5912-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5912-5) 978-0-8039-5912-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+culturally%3A+language+diversity+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Fern+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joseph, Paul (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590) The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives  . Sage Publications. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-5988-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-5988-5) 978-1-4833-5988-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Encyclopedia+of+War%3A+Social+Science+Perspectives&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Didw0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kemp, Roger L. (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180) Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works  . McFarland. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4210-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4210-2) 978-0-7864-4210-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+American+Democracy%3A+A+Collection+of+Essential+Works&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHawgM-WnlUC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kerrigan, Finola (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&pg=PA18) Film Marketing  . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8683-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8683-9) 978-0-7506-8683-9  . Retrieved February 4, 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Marketing&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8683-9&rft.aulast=Kerrigan&rft.aufirst=Finola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufMdvuuTQ7MC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger) (Henry Kissinger) Kissinger, Henry (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731) Diplomacy  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster) (Simon & Schuster) Simon & Schuster . pp. 781– 784. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2631-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2631-8) 978-1-4391-2631-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy&rft.pages=781-784&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IZboamhb5EC%26pg%3DPA731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klose, Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994). (https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150) United States History to 1877  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.E.S._Publishing) (B.E.S. Publishing) B.E.S. Publishing . p. (https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150) 150 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-1834-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-1834-9) 978-0-8120-1834-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+History+to+1877&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=B.E.S.+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9&rft.aulast=Klose&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft.au=Jones%2C+Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstateshist00klos_0%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kroon, Richard W. (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338) A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms  . McFarland. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5740-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5740-3) 978-0-7864-5740-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%2FV+A+to+Z%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Media%2C+Entertainment+and+Other+Audiovisual+Terms&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3&rft.aulast=Kroon&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjmNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kushi, Sidita; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Toft) (Monica Toft) Toft, Monica (April 2023). (Paid subscription required) (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220027221117546) "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions, 1776–2019"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Conflict_Resolution) (Journal of Conflict Resolution) Journal of Conflict Resolution  . 67 (4): 752– 779. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220027221117546) 10.1177/00220027221117546 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027) 0022-0027 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Military+Intervention+Project%3A+A+New+Dataset+on+US+Military+Interventions%2C+1776%E2%80%932019&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=752-779&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220027221117546&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft.aulast=Kushi&rft.aufirst=Sidita&rft.au=Toft%2C+Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00220027221117546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Larson, Elizabeth C.; Meltvedt, Kristi R. (2021). (https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45805) "Women's suffrage: fact sheet" . CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service) . Report / Congressional Research Service. Retrieved August 9, 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CRS+Reports+%28Library+of+Congress.+Congressional+Research+Service%29&rft.atitle=Women%27s+suffrage%3A+fact+sheet&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rft.au=Meltvedt%2C+Kristi+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fdetails%3Fprodcode%3DR45805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994a). (https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7) The Heath Anthology of American Literature  . Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-32972-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-669-32972-8) 978-0-669-32972-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heath+Anthology+of+American+Literature&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-669-32972-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheathanthologyof00v1unse_e3d7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lauter, Paul, ed. (1994b). (https://archive.org/details/heathanthologyof02laut/page/n2/mode/1up) The Heath Anthology of American Literature  . Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath and Company. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-32973-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-669-32973-5) 978-0-669-32973-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heath+Anthology+of+American+Literature&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-669-32973-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheathanthologyof02laut%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lease, Benjamin (1972). That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0) 978-0-226-46969-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Wild+Fellow+John+Neal+and+the+American+Literary+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46969-0&rft.aulast=Lease&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis, Harold T. (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53) Christian Social Witness  . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-188-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-188-9) 978-1-56101-188-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Social+Witness&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56101-188-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harold+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkr-xNru5vZkC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lien, Arnold Johnson (1913). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ) Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law  . Vol. 54. New York: Columbia University. p. 604. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+History%2C+Economics%2C+and+Public+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Lien&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYpVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lockard, Craig (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=k91sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315) Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume B: From 600 to 1750  . Cengage Learning. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79083-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79083-7) 978-1-111-79083-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+Networks%2C+and+Transitions%2C+Volume+B%3A+From+600+to+1750&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-111-79083-7&rft.aulast=Lockard&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk91sCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Londré, Felicia Hardison; Watermeier, Daniel J. (1998). The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present . Continuum. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1079-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1079-5) 978-0-8264-1079-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024855967) 1024855967 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+North+American+Theater%3A+From+Pre-Columbian+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024855967&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1079-5&rft.aulast=Londr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Felicia+Hardison&rft.au=Watermeier%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lührmann) (Anna Lührmann) Lührmann, Anna ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffan_I._Lindberg) (Staffan I. Lindberg) Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019). (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1582029) "A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?" . Democratization . 26 (7): 1097. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1582029) 10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150992660) 150992660 . Now evidence is mounting that a global reversal is challenging a series of established democracies, including the United States who were downgraded by both Freedom House and V-Dem in 2018.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democratization&rft.atitle=A+third+wave+of+autocratization+is+here%3A+what+is+new+about+it%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1097&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1582029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150992660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=L%C3%BChrmann&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Staffan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13510347.2019.1582029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Madan, Tanvi (October 2022). "The Quad as a Security Actor". Asia Policy . 17 (4): 49– 56. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasp.2022.0065) 10.1353/asp.2022.0065 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1559-2960) 1559-2960 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Quad+as+a+Security+Actor&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=49-56&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasp.2022.0065&rft.issn=1559-2960&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=Tanvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Madley, Benjamin (2016). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/americangenocide0000madl) An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23069-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23069-7) 978-0-300-23069-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Genocide%3A+The+United+States+and+the+California+Indian+Catastrophe%2C+1846-1873.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23069-7&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericangenocide0000madl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mann, James (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12) The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books) (Penguin Books) Penguin Books . p. 432. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-8639-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-8639-9) 978-1-4406-8639-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebellion+of+Ronald+Reagan%3A+A+History+of+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBgZyXNIrvB4C%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Manweller, Mathew (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55) "Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts" . In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.). The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%2C+The+Roles%2C+Functions%2C+and+Powers+of+State+Courts&rft.btitle=The+Judicial+Branch+of+State+Government%3A+People%2C+Process%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=37-96&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-751-7&rft.aulast=Manweller&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dong5k8n97P4C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Martone, Vittorio; Piccio, Daniela R. (2023). "Political institutions, governments, and parties". In Carlo Trigilia (ed.). Capitalisms and Democracies: Can Growth and Equality be Reconciled? . Routledge Advances in Sociology. Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003297130) 10.4324/9781003297130 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29713-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-003-29713-0) 978-1-003-29713-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+institutions%2C+governments%2C+and+parties&rft.btitle=Capitalisms+and+Democracies%3A+Can+Growth+and+Equality+be+Reconciled%3F&rft.series=Routledge+Advances+in+Sociology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003297130&rft.isbn=978-1-003-29713-0&rft.aulast=Martone&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft.au=Piccio%2C+Daniela+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McGranahan, Devan Allen; Wonkka, Carissa L. (2024). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffire7010032) "Pyrogeography of the Western Great Plains: A 40-Year History of Fire in Semi-Arid Rangelands" . Fire . 7 (1). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+The+Historical+Geography+of+a+Changing+Continent&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8&rft.aulast=McIlwraith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Edward+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthamericahist00mcil%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson) (James M. McPherson) McPherson, James M. (1988). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era) (Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era) Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era  . Oxford, England; New York, New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+History+and+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+United+States+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195082098.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508209-8&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Snow%2C+D.&rft.au=Snow%2C+D.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+C.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&rft.au=Thornton%2C+R.&rft.au=Grinde%2C+D.&rft.au=Dilworth%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195082098.001.0001%2Facref-9780195082098-e-0758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michno, Gregory (2003). Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Press_Publishing_Company) (Mountain Press Publishing Company) Mountain Press Publishing Company . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-468-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-468-9) 978-0-87842-468-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Wars%3A+Western+Battles+and+Skirmishes%2C+1850%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87842-468-9&rft.aulast=Michno&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mintz, Sidney Wilfred (1996). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0) Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past   . Beacon Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0/page/134) 134 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3938-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3938-8) 978-0-7914-3938-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passport+to+Hollywood%3A+Hollywood+Films%2C+European+Directors&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWRif68I3igC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Murray, Stuart (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76) Atlas of American Military History  . Infobase Publishing. p. 76. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3025-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3025-5) 978-1-4381-3025-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+American+Military+History&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ_sy7mmmxQC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Norris) (Pippa Norris) Norris, Pippa (February 2023). (Paid subscription required) (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023) "Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality?"  . Political Studies . 71 (1): 145– 174. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00323217211037023) 10.1177/00323217211037023 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217) 0032-3217 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238647612) 238647612 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Cancel+Culture%3A+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-174&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238647612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00323217211037023&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00323217211037023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oberlander, Jonathan (June 2010). (https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447) "Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed" . Health Affairs . 29 (6): 1112– 1116. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447) 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715) 0278-2715 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20530339) 20530339 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+Third+Sovereign%3A+Indian+Tribal+Courts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Fparams%3D%2Fcontext%2Ftlr%2Farticle%2F2107%2F%26path_info%3D11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  O'Keefe, Kevin (2005). (https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee) The Average American  . New York: PublicAffairs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-270-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-270-1) 978-1-58648-270-1  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Federal+Republic%3A+Jurisdictional+Controversies+in+the+United+States%2C+1775%E2%80%931787&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0038-6&rft.aulast=Onuf&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcUgLPqmfuYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Otis_Jr.) (James Otis Jr.) Otis, James (1764). (https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678) The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved  . Boston: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Edes) (Benjamin Edes) Edes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gill_(printer)) (John Gill (printer)) Gill . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rights+of+the+British+Colonies+Asserted+and+Proved&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Edes+and+Gill&rft.date=1764&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_52678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Petto, Christine M. (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZiaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125) When France Was King of Cartography: The Patronage and Production of Maps in Early Modern France  . Lexington Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6247-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6247-7) 978-0-7391-6247-7  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Harlem+Renaissance+as+Postcolonial+Phenomenon&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-160&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40027037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Philipson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Piketty) (Thomas Piketty) Piketty, Thomas (2014). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century) (Capital in the Twenty-First Century) Capital in the Twenty-First Century  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belknap_Press) (Belknap Press) Belknap Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43000-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43000-6) 978-0-674-43000-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-43000-6&rft.aulast=Piketty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Poe, Tracy N. (February 1999). "The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 1915–1947". American Studies International . 37 (1). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies+International&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Soul+Food+in+Black+Urban+Identity%3A+Chicago%2C+1915%E2%80%931947&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1999-02&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.aufirst=Tracy+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Porter, Gayle (November 2010). "Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Ethics) (Journal of Business Ethics) Journal of Business Ethics  . 96 (4). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science+Business_Media) (Springer Science+Business Media) Springer : 535– 550. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-010-0481-6) 10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29789736) 29789736 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143991044) 143991044 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Work+Ethic+and+Ethical+Work%3A+Distortions+in+the+American+Dream&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-550&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143991044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29789736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-010-0481-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Price) (Marie Price) Price, Marie ; Benton-Short, Lisa (2008). Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press) (Syracuse University Press) Syracuse University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3186-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3186-6) 978-0-8156-3186-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+to+the+Metropolis%3A+The+Rise+of+Immigrant+Gateway+Cities&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Benton-Short%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Quirk, Joel (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC) The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking  . University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 344. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4333-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4333-8) 978-0-8122-4333-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Slavery+Project%3A+From+the+Slave+Trade+to+Human+Trafficking&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqxK4KlqKYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Robert_Rank) (Mark Robert Rank) Rank, Mark Robert (2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hGewEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116) The Poverty Paradox: Understanding Economic Hardship Amid American Prosperity  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021263-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021263-6) 978-0-19-021263-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poverty+Paradox%3A+Understanding+Economic+Hardship+Amid+American+Prosperity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021263-6&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=Mark+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGewEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ratcliffe, Donald (2013). "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828". Journal of the Early Republic . 33 (2): 219– 254. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjer.2013.0033) 10.1353/jer.2013.0033 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-1275) 0275-1275 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145135025) 145135025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Vote+and+the+Rise+of+Democracy%2C+1787%E2%80%931828&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-254&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145135025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0275-1275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjer.2013.0033&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rawls, James J. (1999). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20) A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press) (University of California Press) University of California Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21771-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21771-3) 978-0-520-21771-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Golden+State%3A+Mining+and+Economic+Development+in+Gold+Rush+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21771-3&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUPUsIaHZTm0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Remini, Robert V. (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC) The House: The History of the House of Representatives  . HarperCollins. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-134111-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-06-134111-3) 978-0-06-134111-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House%3A+The+History+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-134111-3&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAM6J6IoQFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Riggs, Thomas (2015). Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Gale. 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Ryan, David; Pungong, Victor (eds.). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780333977958) The United States and Decolonization  . Springer. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780333977958) 10.1057/9780333977958 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F72726) 1887/72726 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40644-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40644-9) 978-1-349-40644-9  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Public+Policy%3A+Economic+Inequality+and+Poverty%3A+The+United+States+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=955-983&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0038-4941.2005.00331.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154642286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smeeding&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith, Matthew; Zidar, Owen; Zwick, Eric (2022). "Top Wealth in America: New Estimates under Heterogeneous Returns". The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 138 : 515– 573. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqje%2Fqjac033) 10.1093/qje/qjac033 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533) 0033-5533 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-694-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-694-5) 978-1-61044-694-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+America%3A+Democracy+and+Public+Policy+in+an+Age+of+Inequality&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-694-5&rft.aulast=Soss&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJttyjBoyb3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stannard) (David Stannard) Stannard, David E. (1993). (https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan) American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World  . New York: Oxford University Press. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Incarceration+in+the+United+States%3A+Exploring+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F18613&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014nap..book18613N&rft.isbn=978-0-309-29801-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F18613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_W._Trelease) (Allen W. Trelease) Trelease, Allen W. (1979). White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction . New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_&_Row) (Harper & Row) Harper & Row . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21168-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21168-3) 978-0-313-21168-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+The+Ku+Klux+Klan+Conspiracy+and+Southern+Reconstruction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21168-3&rft.aulast=Trelease&rft.aufirst=Allen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "United Nations Headquarters Agreement". The American Journal of International Law . 42 (2). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press : 445– 447. April 1948. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2193692) 10.2307/2193692 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2193692) 2193692 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+A+Social+History+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+Exploratory+Essays&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39559-5&rft.aulast=Vinovskis&rft.aufirst=Maris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vladeck, Bruce (January 2003). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447684) "Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health) (American Journal of Public Health) American Journal of Public Health  . 93 (1): 16– 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.93.1.16) 10.2105/ajph.93.1.16 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Class+Got+To+Do+With+It%2C+American+Society+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg)     This article incorporates text from a  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content) (Free content) free content work.  Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0  ( (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf) license statement/permission ).  Text taken from  (https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​   ,  FAO,  FAO. 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(Washington, D.C.) federal district  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_enclave) (Federal enclave) federal enclaves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation) (Indian reservation) Indian reservations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) insular zones  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands) (United States Minor Outlying Islands) minor outlying islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States) (Lists of populated places in the United States) populated places  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state) (U.S. state) states    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States) (List of earthquakes in the United States) Earthquakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States) (List of extreme points of the United States) Extreme points  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States) (List of islands of the United States) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States) (List of mountains of the United States) Mountains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States) (List of mountain peaks of the United States) peaks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States) (List of mountain ranges) ranges  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains) (Appalachian Mountains) Appalachian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains) (Rocky Mountains) Rocky  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada) (Sierra Nevada) Sierra Nevada    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service) (National Park Service) National Park Service (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System) (List of areas in the United States National Park System) National Parks    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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States) (Eastern United States) Eastern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States) (Northern United States) Northern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States) (Northeastern United States) Northeastern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States) (Northwestern United States) Northwestern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States) (Southern United States) Southern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States) (Southeastern United States) Southeastern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States) (Southwestern United States) Southwestern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States) (Western United States) Western    Longest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States) (List of rivers of the United States) rivers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River) (Arkansas River) Arkansas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River) (Colorado River) Colorado  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River) (Columbia River) Columbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River) (Mississippi River) Mississippi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River) (Missouri River) Missouri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South) (Red River of the South) Red (South)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande) (Rio Grande) Rio Grande  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_River) (Yukon River) Yukon    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States) (Time in the United States) Time  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States) (Water supply and sanitation in the United States) Water supply and sanitation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States) (List of World Heritage Sites in the United States) World Heritage Sites            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departments) Executive departments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government) (Independent agencies of the United States government) Independent agencies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community) (United States Intelligence Community) Intelligence Community (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence) (Director of National Intelligence) Director of National Intelligence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency) (National Security Agency) National Security Agency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office) (National Reconnaissance Office) National Reconnaissance Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States) (Federal law enforcement in the United States) Law enforcement 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(Transportation Security Administration) TSA    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)) (Office of Inspector General (United States)) Inspectors general  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service) (United States federal civil service) Civil service  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States) (Public policy of the United States) Public policy      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) Legislative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives) (United States House of Representatives) House of Representatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_representatives) (List of current United States representatives) current members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives) (Speaker of the United States House of Representatives) Speaker    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Accountability Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office) (United States Government Publishing Office) Government Publishing Office      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States) (Federal judiciary of the United States) Judicial  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) (Supreme Court of the United States) Supreme Court (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States) (Chief Justice of the United States) Chief Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) (Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States) Associate Justices  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States) (List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States) list    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals) (United States courts of appeals) Courts of appeals 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United States Code      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States) (Uniformed services of the United States) Uniformed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) (United States Armed Forces) Armed Forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army) (United States Army) Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) (United States Marine Corps) Marine Corps  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy) (United States Navy) Navy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force) (United States Air Force) Air Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force) (United States Space Force) Space Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) (United States Coast Guard) Coast Guard  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)) (National Guard (United States)) National Guard    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps) (NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps) NOAA Corps  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps) (United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps) Public Health Service Corps           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States) (State governments of the United States) State , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia) (Government of the District of Columbia) Federal District , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States) (Territories of the United States) Territorial   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_constitutional_officer) (State constitutional officer) Executive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(United_States)) (Governor (United States)) Governor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors) (List of current United States governors) list    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)) (Lieutenant governor (United 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)) (Republican Party (United States)) Republican  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)) (Third party (U.S. politics)) Third parties    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States) (List of federal political scandals in the United States) Scandals                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) (Economy of the United States) Economy    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector) (Economy of the United States by sector) By sector (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States) (Agriculture in the United States) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States) (Banking in the United States) Banking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States) (Communications in the United States) Communications  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States) (Rail transportation in the United States) Rail transportation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States) (Transportation policy of the United States) Transportation policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States) (Transportation safety in the United States) Transportation safety  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States) (Trucking industry in the United States) Trucking industry           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States) (Category:Society of the United States) Society    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States) (Culture of the United States) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(culture)) (Americana (culture)) Americana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States) (Architecture in the United States) Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) (Cinema of the United States) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States) (Crime in the United States) Crime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine) (American cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States) (Dance in the United States) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States) (Demographics of the United States) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States) (Economy of the United States) Economic issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) (Affluence in the United States) affluence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States) (Eviction in the United States) eviction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States) (Homeownership in the United States) homeownership  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States) (Household income in the United States) household income  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States) (Income inequality in the United States) income inequality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class) (American middle class) middle class  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States) (Personal income in the United States) personal income  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States) (Poverty in the United States) poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States) (Standard of living in the United States) standard of living  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) (Affluence in the United States) wealth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States) (Working class in the United States) working class    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States) (Education in the United States) Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States) (Educational attainment in the United States) attainment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States) (Literacy in the United States) literacy    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States) (Family in the United States) Family  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) (Fashion in the United States) Fashion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) (Flag of the United States) Flag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States) (List of flags of the United States) list    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States) (Folklore of the United States) Folklore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States) (Public holidays in the United States) Holidays (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States) (Federal holidays in the United States) Federal holidays    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) (Homelessness in the United States) Homelessness  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States) (Housing in the United States) Housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States) (Human rights in the United States) Human rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States) (Languages of the United States) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English) (American English) American English  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas) (Indigenous languages of the Americas) Indigenous languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language) (American Sign Language) ASL    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_United_States) (List of libraries in the United States) Libraries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature) (American literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States) (Mass media in the United States) Media (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_journalism) (History of American journalism) journalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States) (Internet in the United States) internet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers) (History of American newspapers) newspapers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States) (Radio in the United States) radio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States) (Television in the United States) television    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States) (Music of the United States) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States) (Naming in the United States) Names  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner) (The Star-Spangled Banner) National anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States) (National symbols of the United States) National symbols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(personification)) (Columbia (personification)) Columbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rushmore) (Mount Rushmore) Mount Rushmore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty) (Statue of Liberty) Statue of Liberty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam) (Uncle Sam) Uncle Sam    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans) (Americans) People  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy) (American philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States) (Political ideologies in the United States) Political ideologies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States) (Race and ethnicity in the United States) Race  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States) (Religion in the United States) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States) (Sexuality in the United States) Sexuality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States) (Social class in the United States) Social class  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States) (Society of the United States) Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States) (Sports in the United States) Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States) (History of sports in the United States) history    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States) (Theater in the United States) Theater  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States) (Transportation in the United States) Transportation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States) (Video games in the United States) Video games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States) (Visual art of the United States) Visual art      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States) (Social class in the United States) Social class   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States) (Affluence in the United States) Affluence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream) (American Dream) American Dream  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States) (Educational attainment in the United States) Educational attainment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States) (Homelessness in the United States) Homelessness  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States) (Homeownership in the United States) Homeownership  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States) (Household income in the United States) Household income  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States) (Income inequality in the United States) Income inequality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_middle_class) (American middle class) Middle class  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States) (Personal income in the United States) Personal income  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States) (Poverty in the United States) Poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States) (Standard of living in the United States) Standard of living       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States) (Health in the United States) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States) (Aging of the United States) Aging  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States) (Healthcare in the United States) Healthcare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States) (Abortion in the United States) Abortion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States) (Birth control in the United States) Birth control  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States) (Prenatal care in the United States) Prenatal care  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States) (Hospice care in the United States) Hospice care  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States) (Immigrant health care in the United States) Immigrant health care  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States) (Healthcare rationing in the United States) Rationing    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States) (Health care finance in the United States) Health care finance (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States) (Health insurance costs in the United States) Health insurance costs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States) (Health care prices in the United States) Health care prices  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States) (Prescription drug prices in the United States) Prescription drug prices    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States) (Disability in the United States) Disability  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States) (Health insurance in the United States) Health insurance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States) (Food safety in the United States) Food safety  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States) (Physician shortage in the United States) Physician shortage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States) (Poverty and health in the United States) Poverty and health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States) (Race and health in the United States) Race and health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States) (Obesity in the United States) Obesity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States) (Medical deserts in the United States) Medical deserts  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