Red Sea - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.kartographer.style%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.uls.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (Edit this page) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Red_Sea.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Red_Sea.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Red+Sea) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Red+Sea) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]) Log in       (Log in and more options)  Personal tools  (User menu) (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)  Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Red+Sea) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory)  Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Red+Sea) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Red_Sea.html#) (Top)   (Red_Sea.html#Extent) 1 Extent     (Red_Sea.html#Exclusive_economic_zone) 2 Exclusive economic zone     (Red_Sea.html#Name) 3 Name     (Red_Sea.html#History) 4 History    Toggle History subsection  (Red_Sea.html#Ancient_era) 4.1 Ancient era     (Red_Sea.html#Middle_Ages_and_modern_era) 4.2 Middle Ages and modern era     (Red_Sea.html#Red_Sea_crisis) 4.3 Red Sea crisis       (Red_Sea.html#Oceanography) 5 Oceanography    Toggle Oceanography subsection  (Red_Sea.html#Salinity) 5.1 Salinity     (Red_Sea.html#Tidal_range) 5.2 Tidal range     (Red_Sea.html#Current) 5.3 Current     (Red_Sea.html#Wind_regime) 5.4 Wind regime       (Red_Sea.html#Geology) 6 Geology    Toggle Geology subsection  (Red_Sea.html#Oil_and_gas) 6.1 Oil and gas     (Red_Sea.html#Mineral_resources) 6.2 Mineral resources       (Red_Sea.html#Ecosystem) 7 Ecosystem    Toggle Ecosystem subsection  (Red_Sea.html#List_of_fauna_species_found_in_the_Red_Sea_and_the_Gulf_of_Aqaba) 7.1 List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba     (Red_Sea.html#Crustaceans) 7.2 Crustaceans     (Red_Sea.html#Sea_turtles) 7.3 Sea turtles     (Red_Sea.html#Dolphins) 7.4 Dolphins     (Red_Sea.html#Fish) 7.5 Fish     (Red_Sea.html#Jellyfish_and_cnidarians) 7.6 Jellyfish and cnidarians     (Red_Sea.html#Sharks) 7.7 Sharks     (Red_Sea.html#Billfish) 7.8 Billfish     (Red_Sea.html#Octopuses_and_other_cephalopods) 7.9 Octopuses and other cephalopods     (Red_Sea.html#Rays) 7.10 Rays     (Red_Sea.html#Lobsters) 7.11 Lobsters     (Red_Sea.html#Whales) 7.12 Whales       (Red_Sea.html#Environmental_impacts_of_the_Red_Sea_crisis) 8 Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis    Toggle Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis subsection  (Red_Sea.html#Pollution_through_oil_and_chemical_spills) 8.1 Pollution through oil and chemical spills     (Red_Sea.html#Rising_emissions_through_vessel_rerouting) 8.2 Rising emissions through vessel rerouting     (Red_Sea.html#Biodiversity_loss_and_damage_to_marine_life) 8.3 Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life     (Red_Sea.html#Collapse_of_conservation_governance) 8.4 Collapse of conservation governance       (Red_Sea.html#Desalination_plants) 9 Desalination plants     (Red_Sea.html#Trade) 10 Trade    Toggle Trade subsection  (Red_Sea.html#Tourism) 10.1 Tourism     (Red_Sea.html#Security) 10.2 Security       (Red_Sea.html#Bordering_countries) 11 Bordering countries     (Red_Sea.html#Towns_and_cities) 12 Towns and cities     (Red_Sea.html#See_also) 13 See also     (Red_Sea.html#References) 14 References     (Red_Sea.html#Further_reading) 15 Further reading     (Red_Sea.html#External_links) 16 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Red Sea    181 languages  (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t_Mirah) (Laôt Mirah – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%8C) (Хыплъыжь – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooisee) (Rooisee – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotes_Meer) (Rotes Meer – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD) (ቀይ ባሕር – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roya) (Mar Roya – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%93ada_S%C7%A3) (Rēada Sǣ – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Anyiaan%CC%84) (Okwaan̄ Anyiaan̄ – Obolo) Obolo   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1) (البحر الأحمر – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%A9%DC%90) (ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1) (لبحر لحمر – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1) (البحر الاحمر – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0) (লোহিত সাগৰ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roxu) (Mar Roxu – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4) (БагӀараб ралъад – Avaric) Авар   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_d%C9%99niz) (Qırmızı dəniz – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2) (قیرمیزی دنیز – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99) (Ҡыҙыл диңгеҙ – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Abang) (Segara Abang – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Pula) (Dagat Pula – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0) (Чырвонае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0) (Чырвонае мора – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) (Червено море – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0) (लाल सागर – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Habang) (Laut Habang – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0) (লোহিত সাগর – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Ruz) (Mor Ruz – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveno_more) (Crveno more – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81) (Улаан тэнгис – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roja) (Mar Roja – Catalan) Català   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88%CC%A4ng-h%C4%81i) (È̤ng-hāi – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4) (ЦӀен хӀорд – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Pula) (Dagat Pula – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1) (دەریای سوور – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e) (Rudé moře – Czech) Čeština   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81) (Хĕрлĕ тинĕс – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Coch) (Y Môr Coch – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_R%C3%B8de_Hav) (Det Røde Hav – Danish) Dansk   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotes_Meer) (Rotes Meer – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryao_Sur) (Deryao Sur – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerwjene_m%C3%B3rjo) (Cerwjene mórjo – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA) (ރަތްކަނޑު – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1) (Ερυθρά Θάλασσα – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_maro) (Ruĝa maro – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Rojo) (Mar Rojo – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane_meri) (Punane meri – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Gorria) (Itsaso Gorria – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Colorau) (Mari Colorau – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE) (دریای سرخ – Persian) فارسی   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainenmeri) (Punainenmeri – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B0ahavi%C3%B0) (Reyðahavið – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Rouge) (Mer Rouge – French) Français   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruad_Sia) (Ruad Sia – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reade_See) (Reade See – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Rua) (An Mhuir Rua – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Vermello) (Mar Vermello – Galician) Galego   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Pyt%C3%A3) (Para Pytã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Ruy) (Yn Vooir Ruy – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9ng-h%C3%B3i) (Fùng-hói – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3) (ים סוף – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0) (लाल सागर – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laal_Samundar) (Laal Samundar – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveno_more) (Crveno more – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerwjene_morjo) (Čerwjene morjo – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s-tenger) (Vörös-tenger – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE) (Կարմիր ծով – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE) (Կարմիր Ծով – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik_Mirah) (Tasik Mirah – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Merah) (Laut Merah – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Nalabbasit) (Baybay Nalabbasit – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4) (ЦӀе форд – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_maro) (Reda maro – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0ahaf) (Rauðahaf – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Rosso) (Mar Rosso – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7) (紅海 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Abang) (Sagara Abang – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90) (წითელი ზღვა – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_te%C5%84iz) (Qızıl teńiz – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Azegga%C9%A3) (Ilel Azeggaɣ – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bgu_k%C9%A9s%C9%9B%C9%9Bm%CA%8A%CA%8A) (Teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1shong_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot) (A̱shong Kyai A̱sa̱khwot – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Siyaw) (Lawok Siyaw – Komering) Kumoring   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7) (Қызыл теңіз – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%98) (សមុទ្រ​ក្រហម – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0) (ಕೆಂಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%ED%95%B4) (홍해 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7) (Къызыл тенгиз – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%84%D8%B2%D9%8F%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1) (وۄزُل سَمَندَر – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Sor) (Deryaya Sor – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A7%D1%80%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7) (Гӧрд саридз – Komi) Коми   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7) (Кызыл деңиз – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubrum_mare) (Rubrum mare – Latin) Latina   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout_Mier) (Rout Mier – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB) (Яру гьуьл – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roja) (Mar Roja – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeaj_Zie%C3%AB) (Roeaj Zieë – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Russ) (Mar Russ – Lombard) Lombard   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87) (ທະເລແດງ – Lao) ລາວ   (good article) (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_j%C5%ABra) (Raudonoji jūra – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_j%C5%ABra) (Sarkanā jūra – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0) (लाल सागर – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mena) (Ranomasina Mena – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik_Sirah) (Lauik Sirah – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) (Црвено Море – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD) (ചെങ്കടൽ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81) (Улаан тэнгис – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (लाल समुद्र – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6) (Якшар тангыж – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Merah) (Laut Merah – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-A%C4%A7mar) (Baħar l-Aħmar – Maltese) Malti   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE) (ပင်လယ်နီ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7) (سرخ دریا – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Russo) (Mar Russo – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_See) (Rode See – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0) (रातो सागर – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Zee) (Rode Zee – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudehavet) (Raudehavet – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dehavet) (Rødehavet – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouoge_M%C3%A9) (Rouoge Mé – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD) (Tónteel Łichííʼí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roja) (Mar Roja – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskeimeri) (Ruskeimeri – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaana_Diimaa) (Galaana Diimaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7) (Сырх денджыз – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0) (ਲਾਲ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_K%C3%B2r%C3%A1) (Laman Kòrá – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Czerwone) (Morze Czerwone – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Ross) (Mar Ross – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1) (لال سمندر – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1) (سور سمندر – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Vermelho) (Mar Vermelho – Portuguese) Português   (https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE) (ပင်လယ်နီ – Arakanese) ရခိုင်   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Cotschna) (Mar Cotschna – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Ro%C8%99ie) (Marea Roșie – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) (Красное море – Russian) Русский   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Ruju) (Mare Ruju – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Russu) (Mari Russu – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%B3%D8%A7%DA%99%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A) (ڳاڙهو سمنڊ – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveno_more) (Crveno more – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF) (රතු මුහුද – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A9_more) (Červené more – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8De_morje) (Rdeče morje – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruopsismeer%C3%A2) (Ruopsismeerâ – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_Dzvuku) (Bhahari Dzvuku – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddacas) (Baddacas – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Kuq) (Deti i Kuq – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) (Црвено море – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Beureum) (Laut Beureum – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_havet) (Röda havet – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Shamu) (Bahari ya Shamu – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D) (செங்கடல் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82) (ఎర్ర సముద్రం – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85) (Баҳри Сурх – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87) (ทะเลแดง – Thai) ไทย   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Pula) (Dagat Pula – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/telo_suli_loje) (telo suli loje – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1ldeniz) (Kızıldeniz – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7) (Кызыл диңгез – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C) (Горд зарезь – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2) (قىزىل دېڭىز – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5) (Червоне море – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1) (بحیرہ احمر – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_dengiz) (Qizil dengiz – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Roso) (Mar Roso – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F) (Biển Đỏ – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4o_Z%C3%AAe) (Rôo Zêe – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redamel) (Redamel – Volapük) Volapük   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula_nga_Dagat) (Pula nga Dagat – Waray) Winaray   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7) (红海 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90) (ჭითა ზუღა – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3) (ים סוף – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_Pupa) (Òkun Pupa – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%AF%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96) (ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7) (紅海 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-h%C3%A1i) (Âng-hái – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7) (紅海 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B5%B7) (红海 – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23406#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Red_Sea.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Red_Sea) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Red_Sea.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit) (Edit this page [e]) Edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (Red_Sea.html)  Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit) (Edit this page [e])  Edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Red_Sea) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Red_Sea) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=1370290561) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Red_Sea&id=1370290561&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRed_Sea) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Red_Sea&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Red_Sea) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Red_Sea) Wikiquote   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23406) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=22_N_38_E_region:EG_type:waterbody_scale:1000000) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 22°N 38°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 22°N 38°E  / 22; 38     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the body of water between Asia and Africa. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_(disambiguation)) (Red Sea (disambiguation)) Red Sea (disambiguation) .  ()      This article has multiple issues. Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Red Sea) improve it  or discuss these issues on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Red_Sea) (Talk:Red Sea) talk page  . ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove these messages )  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This article needs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) more citations  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Red Sea) improve this article by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . Find sources:  (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red+Sea%22) "Red Sea"  – (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red+Sea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) news · (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red+Sea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) newspapers · (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red+Sea%22+-wikipedia) books · (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red+Sea%22) scholar · (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red+Sea%22&acc=on&wc=on) JSTOR    (June 2024 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   ()      This article may be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness) (Wikipedia:Vagueness) confusing or unclear to readers .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Red_Sea) (Talk:Red Sea) the talk page . (June 2024 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification)     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2023)    Red Sea  (Map)   Interactive map of Red Sea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.svg)    Map of the Red Sea   Location (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) North Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa) (East Africa) East Africa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia   (Geographical coordinates) Coordinates  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=22_N_38_E_region:EG_type:waterbody_scale:1000000) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 22°N 38°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 22°N 38°E  / 22; 38     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types) (Body of water) Type  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea) (Sea) Sea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)) (Inflow (hydrology)) (Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation) Primary inflows    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)) (Discharge (hydrology)) (Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation) Primary outflows    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb) (Bab-el-Mandeb) Bab-el-Mandeb , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) (Drainage basin) Basin  countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen        Max. length 2,250 km (1,400 mi)  Max. width 355 km (221 mi)  Surface area  438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi)  Average depth  490 m (1,610 ft)  Max. depth 2,730 m (8,960 ft)  Water volume  233,000 km3 (56,000 cu mi)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_image)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_pushpin_map)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt_bathymetry)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_with_mapframe)     This article contains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters) (Help:Special characters) special characters . Without proper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters) (Help:Special characters) rendering support , you may see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character) (Specials (Unicode block)) question marks, boxes, or other symbols .   The Red Sea is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_seas) (Mediterranean seas) mediterranean sea (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Advanced_Ocean_Modeling-1) [ 1]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-2) [ 2]    lying between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa. It is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet) (Inlet) inlet of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean . Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb) (Bab-el-Mandeb) Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden . To the north of the Red Sea lies the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Gulf of Aqaba , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez , which leads to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal . It is underlain by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift) (Red Sea Rift) Red Sea Rift , which is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley) (Great Rift Valley) Great Rift Valley . The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000  km 2 (169,000  sq  mi) ,(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]    is about 2,250  km (1,400  mi) long, and 355  km (221  mi) across at its widest point. It has an average depth of 490  m (1,610  ft) , and in the central Suakin Trough, it reaches its maximum depth of 2,730  m (8,960  ft) .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-4) [ 4]     The Red Sea is quite shallow, with approximately 40% of its area being less than 100  m (330  ft) deep, and approximately 25% being less than 50  m (160  ft) deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral) (Coral) corals . More than 1,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate) (Invertebrate) invertebrate species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical) (Tropical) tropical sea and has been designated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_200) (Global 200) Global 200 ecoregion.   Extent [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=1) (Edit section: Extent) edit  ]   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization) (International Hydrographic Organization) International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-5) [ 5]     On the North. The Southern limits of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulfs of Suez [A line running from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park) (Ras Muhammad National Park) Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwan) (Shadwan) Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa ] and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ((mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=27_57_N_34_36_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 27°57′N 34°36′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 27.950°N 34.600°E  / 27.950; 34.600     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)   ) through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiran_Island) (Tiran Island) Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula ]. On the South. A line joining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisn_Murad) (Hisn Murad) Husn Murad ((mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=12_40_N_43_30_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12°40′N 43°30′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12.667°N 43.500°E  / 12.667; 43.500     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)   ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Siyyan) (Ras Siyyan) Ras Siyyan ((mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea&params=12_29_N_43_20_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12°29′N 43°20′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12.483°N 43.333°E  / 12.483; 43.333     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)   ).   Exclusive economic zone [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=2) (Edit section: Exclusive economic zone) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones) (Exclusive economic zones) Exclusive economic zones in Red Sea:(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-6) [ 6]     Number Country Area (Km2 )  1 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  186,392  2 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  92,513  3 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  91,279  4 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  78,383  5 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen  35,861  6 ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  7,037  Total Red Sea  491,465     Note: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaib_Triangle) (Halaib Triangle) Hala'ib Triangle disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tihama_on_the_Red_Sea_near_Khaukha,_Yemen.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihama) (Tihama) Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empty_Coast_in_Farasan_Island.jpg)   Red Sea coast seen from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan_Islands) (Farasan Islands) Farasan Islands    Name [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=3) (Edit section: Name) edit  ]   The Red Sea has names in many languages of the region: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Modern Standard Arabic :  البحر الأحمر ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; Medieval  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic :  بحر القلزم ,  romanized:  (Arabic-language romanization) Baḥr al-Qulzum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language) (Hebrew language) Hebrew :  הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew) (Romanization of Hebrew) romanized :  (Hebrew-language romanization) hayYām hāʾĀḏōm  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text)  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language) (Biblical Hebrew language) Biblical Hebrew :  יַם־סוּף ,  romanized:  (Biblical Hebrew-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph) (Yam Suph) Yam Sūf   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Coptic :  ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ,  romanized:  (Coptic-language romanization) Phiom Enhah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text)  , or (Coptic-language text) ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ  ,  (Coptic-language romanization) Phiom ǹšari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrinya :  ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ,  romanized:  (Tigrinya-language romanization) Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language) (Somali language) Somali :  Badda Cas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_language) (Afar language) Afar :  Qasa Bad (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afar-language_text)    The English term Red Sea is a direct translation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) (Ancient Greek) Ancient Greek (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization) Erythrà Thálassa  ((Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  ). The sea itself was once referred to as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythraean_Sea) (Erythraean Sea) Erythraean Sea by Europeans. As well as (Latin-language text) Mare Rubrum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin —alternatively, (Latin-language text) Sinus Arabicus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  ((literal translation) lit.   ' Arabian Gulf ' )—the Romans called it (Latin-language text) Pontus Herculis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  ((literal translation) lit.   ' Sea of Hercules ' ).(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-7) [ 7]    Other designations include the Arabic (Arabic-language text) البحر الأحمر  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ((Arabic-language romanization) Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar  ; alternatively, (Arabic-language text) بحر القلزم  ,  (Arabic-language romanization) Baḥr Al-Qulzum  ,  ' the Sea of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clysma) (Clysma) Clysma  ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ); the Coptic (Coptic-language text) ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text)  ((Coptic-language romanization) Phiom ̀nšari  ); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language) (Syriac language) Syriac (Classical Syriac-language text) ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text)  ((Classical Syriac-language romanization) Yammāʾ summāqā  ); the Somali (Somali-language text) Badda Cas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text)  ; and the Tigrinya (Tigrinya-language text) ቀይሕ ባሕሪ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text)  ((Tigrinya-language romanization) Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī  ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichodesmium) (Trichodesmium) Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-britannica-8) [ 8]    A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red refers to the direction south, just as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) (Black Sea) Black Sea 's name may refer to the north. The basis of this theory is that some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages) (Pre-Indo-European languages) Pre-Indo-European languages used color words to refer to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_cardinal_point) (5 cardinal point) cardinal directions .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-ChiTra-9) [ 9]    Writing in the fifth century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE) (BCE) BCE , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus) (Herodotus) Herodotus uses the Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-10) [ 10]     The term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph) (Yam Suph) Yam Suph  ((Biblical Hebrew-language text) יַם־סוּף  ,  ' Sea of Reeds ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text)  ) derives from the tale of God's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parting_of_the_Red_Sea) (Parting of the Red Sea) parting of the Red Sea for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites) (Israelites) Israelites . Historically, it was also known to Western geographers as (Latin-language text) Mare Mecca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  ('Sea of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca ') and (Latin-language romanization) Sinus Arabicus  ('Arabian Gulf').(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-11) [ 11]    Some ancient geographers also called the Red Sea the "Arabian Gulf" or the "Gulf of Arabia".(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-12) [ 12]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-13) [ 13]      History [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=4) (Edit section: History) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg) (icon)      Parts of this section may incorporate text from a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Large_language_models) (Wikipedia:Large language models) large language model , which is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:LLM) (Wikipedia:LLM) prohibited in Wikipedia articles  .It may include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)) (Hallucination (artificial intelligence)) hallucinated information, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO) (Wikipedia:COPYVIO) copyright violations , claims not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V) (Wikipedia:V) verified in cited sources, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OR) (Wikipedia:OR) original research , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fictitious_references) (Wikipedia:Fictitious references) fictitious references . Any such material should be (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit) removed . The reason given is: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Diff/1159139217) (Special:Diff/1159139217) This 2023 edit ; note (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AISIGNS) (Wikipedia:AISIGNS) WP:AISIGNS in undue emphasis on significance, negative parallelism, vocab distribution typical of 2023 LLMs, etc  (January 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_suspected_AI-generated_texts_from_January_2026)   Ancient era [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=5) (Edit section: Ancient era) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C+B-Ship-Fig1-HatshepsuSailingBoat.PNG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egyptian expedition to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt) (Land of Punt) Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut) (Hatshepsut) Hatshepsut   The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egyptians , as they attempted to establish commercial routes to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt) (Land of Punt) Punt . One such expedition took place around 2500 BCE and another around 1500 BCE (by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut) (Hatshepsut) Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-14) [ 14]     The Hebrew Biblical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus) (Book of Exodus) Book of Exodus relates the account of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites) (Israelites) Israelites ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea) (Crossing the Red Sea) crossing the Red Sea , which the Hebrew text calls (Biblical Hebrew-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph) (Yam Suph) Yam Suph   ((Biblical Hebrew-language text) יַם־סוּף  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text)  ). (Biblical Hebrew-language romanization) Yam Suph  was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi) (Rabbi) Rabbi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadia_Gaon) (Saadia Gaon) Saadia Gaon (882‒942 CE), in his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Arabic) (Judeo-Arabic) Judeo-Arabic translation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah) (Torah) Torah , identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as (Judeo-Arabic-language romanization) Baḥar al-Qulzum  , meaning the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez ".(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-15) [ 15]     In the 6th century BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great) (Darius the Great) Darius the Great , who was a prominent ruler of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia) (Persia) Persia , undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea and identify its navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-16) [ 16]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg)   Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade) (Spice trade) spice trade , as described in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea) (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) Periplus of the Erythraean Sea    In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile River to the northern end of the Red Sea at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez) (Suez) Suez . This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor of the modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal , which was constructed in the 19th century and remains one of the world's most important waterways.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-17) [ 17]     Ancient records, including inscriptions, evidence the construction of the canal during Darius's reign. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)) citation needed   ]   In the late 4th century BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean . Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatharchides) (Agatharchides) Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BCE. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea) (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) Periplus of the Erythraean Sea  (or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Red_Sea) (Periplus of the Red Sea) Periplus of the Red Sea  ), a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus) (Periplus) periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-18) [ 18]    The Periplus also describes how (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippalus) (Hippalus) Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India. The Red Sea was favored for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India) (Roman trade with India) Roman trade with India starting with the reign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus) (Augustus) Augustus , when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt , and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states, but traffic volume increased under the Romans. From Indian ports, goods from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China were introduced to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksumite_Empire) (Aksumite Empire) Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century CE.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-19) [ 19]    From antiquity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Slavery in Saudi Arabia) until the 20th century , the Red Sea was also a trade route for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade) (Red Sea slave trade) Red Sea slave trade from Africa to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-20) [ 20]      Middle Ages and modern era [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=6) (Edit section: Middle Ages and modern era) edit  ]   During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages) (Middle Ages) Middle Ages , the Red Sea was an important part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade) (Spice trade) spice trade route. In 1183, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Châtillon) (Raynald of Châtillon) Raynald of Châtillon launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj) (Hajj) Muslim pilgrim convoys to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Mallett2008-21) [ 21]    (Pages: 143–144) :  143–144   The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina caused fury throughout the Muslim world.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Mallett2008-21) [ 21]    (Pages: 146–147) :  146–147   However, it appears that Raynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well-guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world) (Muslim world) Muslim world that Raynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Mallett2008-21) [ 21]    (Pages: 152–153) :  152–153    In 1513, trying to secure that channel to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque) (Afonso de Albuquerque) Afonso de Albuquerque laid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aden_(1513)) (Siege of Aden (1513)) siege to Aden (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-22) [ 22]    but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Mandab) (Bab al-Mandab) Bab al-Mandab , as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to sail these waters. Later in 1524, the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-23) [ 23]     In 1798, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France ordered General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I) (Napoleon I) Napoleon I to invade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt and take control of the Red Sea.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)) citation needed   ]  Although he failed in his mission, the engineer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lepère) (Jean-Baptiste Lepère) Jean-Baptiste Lepère , who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh) (Pharaoh) pharaohs . Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Water_Canal) (Sweet Water Canal) Sweet Water Canal , but none lasted for long. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade) (Red Sea slave trade) Red Sea slave trade attracted substantial international condemnation.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)) citation needed   ]   After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War) (Second World War) Second World War , the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Despite the patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-24) [ 24]      Red Sea crisis [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=7) (Edit section: Red Sea crisis) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) Red Sea crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance) (Axis of Resistance) Iranian-backed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemeni (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthis have attacked Western ships, including warships, next to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_al-Mandeb) (Bab al-Mandeb) Bab al-Mandeb during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war) (Gaza war) Gaza war . One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-25) [ 25]       Oceanography [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=8) (Edit section: Oceanography) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RedSea.A2004273.1050.250m.jpg)   Red Sea image from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA) (NASA) NASA         This video over the south-eastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station.  The Red Sea is between arid land, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) (Desert) desert and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-desert) (Semi-desert) semi-desert .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-26) [ 26]    Many regions of the coastal zone of the Red Sea possess large areas of vigorously growing coral and extensive reef complexes. Due to the tidal currents, low human population, and the minimal development in this climatically inhospitable region, the Red Sea coral reefs are some of the healthiest reef environments in the world.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-27) [ 27]    The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea) (Arabian Sea) Arabian Sea and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean via the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden . These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-28) [ 28]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate) (Climate) climate of the Red Sea is the result of two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon) (Monsoon) monsoon seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-29) [ 29]    Very high surface temperatures and high salinity make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-30) [ 30]    The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26  °C (79  °F) in the north and 30  °C (86  °F) in the south, with only about 2  °C (3.6  °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22  °C (72  °F) . Temperature and visibility remain good, with visibility around 200  m (660  ft) . The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-31) [ 31]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall) (Rainfall) rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 60  mm (2.36  in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm) (Storm) storms . The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 2,050  mm (81  in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers) (The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2023)) when?   ]  underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-32) [ 32]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2023)) verification needed   ]  found surface water temperatures 28  °C (82  °F) in winter and up to 34  °C (93  °F) in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching) (Coral bleaching) coral bleaching , with only 9% infected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassomonas_loyana) (Thalassomonas loyana) Thalassomonas loyana  , the 'white plague' agent. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favia) (Favia) Favia favus  coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills T. loyana .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-33) [ 33]    Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these corals and their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensal) (Commensal) commensal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae) (Algae) algae to determine whether they can be used to rescue bleached corals elsewhere.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-34) [ 34]     Salinity [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=9) (Edit section: Salinity) edit  ]   The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden , an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-35) [ 35]    Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity) (Salinity) salinity ranges from between ~36 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_mil) (Per mil) ‰ in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez , with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater) (Seawater) seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-36) [ 36]      Tidal range [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=10) (Edit section: Tidal range) edit  ]   In general, tide ranges between 0.6  m (2.0  ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9  m (3.0  ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between 0.20  m (0.66  ft) and 0.30  m (0.98  ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such, the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range, the water during high tide inundates the coastal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha) (Sabkha) sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha) (Sabkha) sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoiaba?action=edit&redlink=1) (Shoiaba (page does not exist)) Shoiaba area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3  km (2  mi) , whereas north of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah) (Jeddah) Jeddah in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kharrar?action=edit&redlink=1) (Al-Kharrar (page does not exist)) Al-Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2  km (1.2  mi) . The prevailing north- and northeast winds influence the movement of water from coastal inlets into adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5  m (1.6  ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars, and low islands commonly exceed 1–2  m/s (3–7  ft/s) . Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-37) [ 37]      Current [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=11) (Edit section: Current) edit  ]   Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as 0.5  m (1.6  ft) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2021)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (what does this mean? (October 2021)) clarification needed   ]  and is governed by the wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20  cm/s (6–8  in/s) , whereas in winter the flow is reversed, resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, leading to an overall drift toward the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is 50–60  cm/s (20–24  in/s) with a maximum of 1  m/s (3.3  ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29  cm/s (3–11  in/s) .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)) citation needed   ]    Wind regime [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=12) (Edit section: Wind regime) edit  ]   The northern part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winds) (Winds) winds , with speeds ranging between 7  km/h (4.3  mph) and 12  km/h (7.5  mph) . The rest of the Red Sea and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime) (Regime) regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed) (Speed) speed and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_(geometry,_geography)) (Direction (geometry, geography)) direction with average speed generally increasing northward.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-38) [ 38]     The wind is the driving force in the Red Sea, transporting material as suspended load or bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea by resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from dumping sites to burial sites in a quiescent depositional environment. Wind-generated current (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement) (Measurement) measurement is therefore important for determining sediment dispersal patterns and their role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and submerged coral beds.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-39) [ 39]       Geology [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=13) (Edit section: Geology) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_red_sea.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_storm) (Dust storm) Dust storm over the Red Sea  The Red Sea was formed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula being split from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) (Horn of Africa) Horn of Africa by the movement of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift) (Red Sea Rift) Red Sea Rift . This split started in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene) (Eocene) Eocene and accelerated during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene) (Oligocene) Oligocene . The sea is still widening (in 2005, following three weeks of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic) (Tectonic) tectonic activity. It had grown by 8  m  [26  ft] ),(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-40) [ 40]    and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tuzo_Wilson) (John Tuzo Wilson) John Tuzo Wilson ). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine) (Brine) brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60  °C (140  °F) , saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_(geology)) (Rift (geology)) rift . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)) (Lake Assal (Djibouti)) Lake Asal in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Boschetti-1-41) [ 41]    By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Boschetti-1-41) [ 41]    The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-42) [ 42]     Sometime during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_(period)) (Tertiary (period)) Tertiary , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_el_Mandeb) (Bab el Mandeb) Bab el Mandeb closed, and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-43) [ 43]    Effects causing this would have been: A "race" between the Red Sea widening and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perim_Island) (Perim Island) Perim Island (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano) (Volcano) erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava) (Lava) lava . The lowering of world (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level) (Sea level) sea level during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age) (Ice age) Ice ages because of much water being locked up in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap) (Ice cap) ice caps .  Several volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Tair_island) (Jabal al-Tair island) Jabal al-Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubair_Group) (Zubair Group) Zubair Archipelago , a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, and the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-44) [ 44]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-45) [ 45]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-46) [ 46]    Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than 100  m (330  ft) deep, with about 25% less than 50  m (160  ft) deep.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-britannica-8) [ 8]     Oil and gas [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=14) (Edit section: Oil and gas) edit  ]   Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 801.5  million cubic metres (5,041  million barrels) . Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 3,180  billion cubic metres (112,349  billion cubic feet) . Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 489  million cubic metres (3,077  million barrels) .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-47) [ 47]    Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-48) [ 48]    Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-49) [ 49]    These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Miocene) (Middle Miocene) Middle Miocene . Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick Middle Miocene Maqna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(geology)) (Formation (geology)) Formation is an oil source rock in the basin. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_seep) (Oil seep) Oil seeps occur near the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan_Islands) (Farasan Islands) Farasan Islands , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago) (Dahlak Archipelago) Dahlak Archipelago , along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-50) [ 50]      Mineral resources [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=15) (Edit section: Mineral resources) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This section does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) cite any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) sources  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Red Sea) improve this section by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . (May 2022 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2022)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_sea_stony_beach_taba_egypt.jpg)   Red Sea coast in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba,_Egypt) (Taba, Egypt) Taba, Egypt   In terms of mineral resources, the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic) (Biogenic) Biogenic constituents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofossil) (Nanofossil) Nanofossils ,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera) (Foraminifera) foraminifera , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteropod) (Pteropod) pteropods , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliceous) (Siliceous) siliceous fossils(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanogenic_lake) (Volcanogenic lake) Volcanogenic constituents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff) (Tuff) Tuffites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash) (Volcanic ash) volcanic ash , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite) (Montmorillonite) montmorillonite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristobalite) (Cristobalite) cristobalite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite) (Zeolite) zeolites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment) (Terrigenous sediment) Terrigenous constituents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz) (Quartz) Quartz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar) (Feldspar) feldspars , rock fragments, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica) (Mica) mica , heavy minerals, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_mineral) (Clay mineral) clay minerals (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-51) [ 51]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authigenic) (Authigenic) Authigenic minerals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide_mineral) (Sulfide mineral) Sulfide minerals , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonite) (Aragonite) aragonite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite) (Calcite) calcite , (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protodolomite) (wikt:protodolomite) protodolomite ,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)) (Dolomite (mineral)) dolomite , quartz,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedony) (Chalcedony) chalcedony  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporite) (Evaporite) Evaporite minerals(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-52) [ 52]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite) (Magnesite) Magnesite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum) (Gypsum) gypsum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrite) (Anhydrite) anhydrite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite) (Halite) halite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhalite) (Polyhalite) polyhalite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine) (Brine) Brine precipitate Fe-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorillonite) (Montmorillonite) montmorillonite ,(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethite) (Goethite) goethite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite) (Hematite) hematite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderite) (Siderite) siderite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodochrosite) (Rhodochrosite) rhodochrosite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite) (Pyrite) pyrite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite) (Sphalerite) sphalerite , anhydrite(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)) citation needed   ]      Ecosystem [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=16) (Edit section: Ecosystem) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawksbill_turtle_at_Elphinstone_Reef,_Red_Sea,_Egypt_(35150034493).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle) (Hawksbill sea turtle) Hawksbill sea turtle in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Reef) (Elphinstone Reef) Elphinstone Reef   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nudibranch_egg_ribbon_at_Shaab_Mahmoud.JPG)   Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud  The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example, more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea,(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-fishbase-53) [ 53]    of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-54) [ 54]     Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea—from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fish—have migrated northward and settled in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea . To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Science_Commission) (Mediterranean Science Commission) Mediterranean Science Commission .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-55) [ 55]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_sea_coral_reef.jpg)   Red Sea coral and marine fish  The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the 2,000  km (1,240  mi) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef) (Coral reef) coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropora) (Acropora) acropora and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porites) (Porites) porite corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast, and occasionally other features such as cylinders (e.g., the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)) (Blue Hole (Red Sea)) Blue Hole (Red Sea) at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab) (Dahab) Dahab ). The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudibranch) (Nudibranch) nudibranch , many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-SAW_Yonow-56) [ 56]    Other coastal Red Sea habitats include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grass) (Sea grass) seagrass beds, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake) (Dry lake) salt pans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves) (Mangroves) mangroves and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marshes) (Salt marshes) salt marshes . Furthermore, the deep Red Sea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_pools) (Brine pools) brine pools have been extensively studied for their microbial life, characterized by their diversity and adaptation to extreme environments. The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Mohammed) (Ras Mohammed) Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life. Ras Mohammed is one of the world's top 10 sites recognized by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) (International Union for Conservation of Nature) International Union for Conservation of Nature for effective management of marine ecosystems, and the first marine protected area in Africa and the Middle East.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-57) [ 57]     Due to the high volume of maritime traffic, which accounts for 12–15% of global trade, the Red Sea is considered highly vulnerable to marine pollution, particularly oil spills. Academic literature has increasingly focused on both past disasters and predictive modelling. Studies have modelled spill trajectories and their environmental consequences.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-58) [ 58]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-59) [ 59]    Others have analysed the ecological impact of spills on coral reefs and marine biodiversity and assessed how chemical dispersants and specific oil compounds affect marine fauna and coastal ecosystems.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-60) [ 60]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-61) [ 61]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-62) [ 62]    Public health literature has raised concerns over the spill's impact on respiratory illness and waterborne contamination in coastal populations.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-63) [ 63]     List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=17) (Edit section: List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg) (icon)      This section does not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) cite any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) sources  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Red Sea) improve this section by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) (Help:Referencing for beginners) adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) removed . (November 2025 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2025)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)    Crustaceans [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=18) (Edit section: Crustaceans) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachosquilla_vicina) (Alachosquilla vicina) Alachosquilla vicina   Hairy elbow crab Rusty guard crab Brown guard crab Indo-Pacific hairy hermit crab Grapsus granulosus Furrowed crab Tiny rock crab Soft coral spider crab Purple estuarine rock crab One-horned spider crab Soft coral crab Scaly rock crab Haig's porcelain crab Violet crab Ornamental spider crab Xenia swimming crab Reticulated hermit crab Showy xanthid crab Giant elbow crab White-handed fiddler crab Woodmason's hermit crab Inversed fiddler crab African blue swimming crab Rosy hermit crab Tetralia nigrolineata Setiferous hermit crab Hairy coral crab   Sea turtles [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=19) (Edit section: Sea turtles) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtle) (Green sea turtle) Green sea turtle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle) (Hawksbill sea turtle) Hawksbill sea turtle    Dolphins [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=20) (Edit section: Dolphins) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_dolphin) (Spinner dolphin) Spinner dolphin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin) (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin) Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin) (Common bottlenose dolphin) Common bottlenose dolphin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_humpback_dolphin) (Indian humpback dolphin) Indian humpback dolphin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risso's_dolphin) (Risso's dolphin) Risso's dolphin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantropical_spotted_dolphin) (Pantropical spotted dolphin) Pantropical spotted dolphin    Fish [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=21) (Edit section: Fish) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fishes_of_the_Red_Sea) (List of fishes of the Red Sea) List of fishes of the Red Sea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reef_fish_of_the_Red_Sea) (List of reef fish of the Red Sea) List of reef fish of the Red Sea , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deep_water_fish_of_the_Red_Sea) (List of deep water fish of the Red Sea) List of deep water fish of the Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyretail_Anthias) (Lyretail Anthias) Lyretail anthias (The most commonly found fish in the sea) Red Sea anemonefish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterois_miles) (Pterois miles) Indian lionfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klunzinger's_wrasse) (Klunzinger's wrasse) Klunzinger's wrasse  Indian bullethead parrotfish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohal_tang) (Sohal tang) Sohal tang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_bannerfish) (Red Sea bannerfish) Red Sea bannerfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_puffer) (Masked puffer) Masked puffer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon_butterflyfish) (Raccoon butterflyfish) Raccoon butterflyfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_major_(fish)) (Sergeant major (fish)) Sergeant major  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_moray_eel) (Giant moray eel) Giant moray eel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Picasso_triggerfish) (Arabian Picasso triggerfish) Arabian Picasso triggerfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_parrotfish) (Rusty parrotfish) Rusty parrotfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-spotted_pufferfish) (White-spotted pufferfish) White-spotted pufferfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threadfin_butterflyfish) (Threadfin butterflyfish) Threadfin butterflyfish  Lined bristletooth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluespotted_cornetfish) (Bluespotted cornetfish) Bluespotted cornetfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_tang) (Purple tang) Purple tang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_grouper) (Coral grouper) Coral grouper  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Butterflyfish) (Crown Butterflyfish) Crown butterflyfish  Red Sea goatfish Indian Ocean humbug (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_triggerfish) (Titan triggerfish) Titan triggerfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_boxfish) (Yellow boxfish) Yellow boxfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threespot_dascyllus) (Threespot dascyllus) Threespot dascyllus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangestripe_triggerfish) (Orangestripe triggerfish) Orangestripe triggerfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_angelfish) (Emperor angelfish) Emperor angelfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-edged_lyretail) (Yellow-edged lyretail) Yellow-edged lyretail  Dusky surgeonfish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arothron_stellatus) (Arothron stellatus) Starry pufferfish  Greasy rockrod grouper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_fish) (Napoleon fish) Napoleon fish  Geometric moray eel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharksucker) (Sharksucker) Sharksucker (Also called a remora.) Golden-striped mackerel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_barracuda) (Great barracuda) Great barracuda  Panther flounder Doublebar bream (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_trevally) (Giant trevally) Giant trevally  Zigzag wrasse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogtooth_tuna) (Dogtooth tuna) Dogtooth tuna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needlefish) (Needlefish) Needlefish (Houndfish) Black-barred halfbeak Red Sea garden eel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallscale_scorpionfish) (Smallscale scorpionfish) Smallscale scorpionfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringelip_mullet) (Fringelip mullet) Fringelip mullet  Flathead pomfret (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna) (Yellowfin tuna) Yellowfin tuna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi) (Mahi-mahi) Mahi-mahi    Jellyfish and cnidarians [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=22) (Edit section: Jellyfish and cnidarians) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower_jellyfish) (Cauliflower jellyfish) Cauliflower jellyfish  Mangrove upside-down jelly Amakusa jelly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Jellyfish) (Purple Jellyfish) Pelagic purple jelly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad_jellyfish) (Nomad jellyfish) Nomad jellyfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Jellyfish) (Moon Jellyfish) Moon jellyfish    Sharks [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=23) (Edit section: Sharks) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sharks_in_the_Red_Sea) (List of sharks in the Red Sea) List of sharks in the Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_nurse_shark) (Tawny nurse shark) Tawny nurse shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark) (Whale shark) Whale shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark) (Tiger shark) Tiger shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark) (Whitetip reef shark) Whitetip reef shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_hammerhead) (Great hammerhead) Great hammerhead  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark) (Blacktip reef shark) Blacktip reef shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_reef_shark) (Gray reef shark) Gray reef shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_thresher_shark) (Pelagic thresher shark) Pelagic thresher shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_shark) (Spinner shark) Spinner shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silky_shark) (Silky shark) Silky shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark) (Oceanic whitetip shark) Oceanic whitetip shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot-tail_shark) (Spot-tail shark) Spot-tail shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark) (Longfin mako shark) Longfin mako shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklefin_lemon_shark) (Sicklefin lemon shark) Sicklefin lemon shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark) (Shortfin mako shark) Shortfin mako shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_shark) (Zebra shark) Zebra shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark) (Bull shark) Bull shark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark) (Great white shark) Great white shark (exceptionally rare)   Billfish [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=24) (Edit section: Billfish) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish) (Swordfish) Swordfish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_marlin) (Striped marlin) Striped marlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific_sailfish) (Indo-Pacific sailfish) Indo-Pacific sailfish    Octopuses and other cephalopods [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=25) (Edit section: Octopuses and other cephalopods) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_octopus) (Day octopus) Day octopus  Ornate night octopus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimic_octopus) (Mimic octopus) Mimic octopus  Marbled octopus Red Sea long-arm octopus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid) (Giant squid) Giant squid    Rays [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=26) (Edit section: Rays) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowtail_stingray) (Cowtail stingray) Cowtail stingray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_ray) (Porcupine ray) Porcupine ray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornate_eagle_ray) (Ornate eagle ray) Ornate eagle ray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulate_whipray) (Reticulate whipray) Reticulate whipray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklefin_devil_ray) (Sicklefin devil ray) Sicklefin devil ray  Bluespotted fantail ray Oceanic manta ray   Lobsters [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=27) (Edit section: Lobsters) edit  ]   Pronghorn spiny lobster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_spiny_lobster) (Painted spiny lobster) Painted spiny lobster    Whales [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=28) (Edit section: Whales) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_killer_whale) (False killer whale) False killer whale (one was discovered off the coast of Saudi Arabia in December 2024) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_blue_whale) (Pygmy blue whale) Pygmy blue whale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryde's_whale) (Bryde's whale) Bryde's whale (one was found in Al-Qunfudah) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale) (Blue whale) Blue whale (one was seen in the Gulf of Aqaba in 2018) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale) (Sperm whale) Sperm whale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale) (Humpback whale) Humpback whale (rare to see, as they enter the ocean through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_Al-Mandeb?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bab Al-Mandeb (page does not exist)) Bab Al-Mandeb strait)    Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=29) (Edit section: Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) Red Sea crisis  Since November 2023, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi) (Houthi) Houthi forces have conducted over 100 attacks against commercial and naval vessels, transforming the Red Sea into a high-risk zone for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_disasters) (Environmental disasters) environmental disasters .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-64) [ 64]     Pollution through oil and chemical spills [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=30) (Edit section: Pollution through oil and chemical spills) edit  ]   The sinking of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Rubymar) (MV Rubymar) MV Rubymar in February 2024 created an 18-mile oil slick resulting from approximately 200 tons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil) (Heavy fuel oil) heavy fuel oil and 80 tons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_diesel_oil) (Marine diesel oil) marine diesel oil .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-65) [ 65]    Additionally, the vessel was also carrying 21,000 metric tons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer) (Fertilizer) fertilizer , raising concerns about large-scale nutrient overloading that could trigger extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_blooms) (Algal blooms) algal blooms , potentially leading to seawater contamination and fish mortality.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-66) [ 66]    The vessel sank two weeks after being attacked by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi) (Houthi) Houthi forces, posing risks to marine life, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs) (Coral reefs) coral reefs .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-67) [ 67]    The oil slick drifted toward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan_Islands) (Farasan Islands) Farasan Islands and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago) (Dahlak Archipelago) Dahlak Archipelago and posed a high threat to coastal communities, aquatic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna) (Fauna) fauna and sensitive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems) (Ecosystems) ecosystems in the region.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-68) [ 68]     Similar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill) (Oil spill) oil spills forming around vessels have been reported following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi) (Houthi) Houthi attacks. Some oil sinks to the ground while the rest follows the current and can be washed ashore where it affects (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora) (Flora) flora and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna) (Fauna) fauna .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-69) [ 69]    The August 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion) (Attacks on the Sounion) attacks on the Sounion tanker carrying 150,000 tons of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil) (Crude oil) crude oil represented a further threat, with salvage operations repeatedly hindered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi) (Houthi) Houthi interference before it was safely removed by the EU's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aspides) (Operation Aspides) Operation Aspides .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-70) [ 70]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Tutor) (Attacks on the MV Tutor) attacks on the MV Tutor in June 2024 and on the Chios Lion tanker in July 2024, generating a 136-mile (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_slick) (Oil slick) oil slick , illustrate the systematic pattern of environmental damage from sustained maritime conflict to the Red Sea ecosystem.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-71) [ 71]       Rising emissions through vessel rerouting [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=31) (Edit section: Rising emissions through vessel rerouting) edit  ]   Container vessel traffic through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal declined by approximately 75 percent in 2024 compared to 2023, as many shipping companies rerouted vessels around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope) (Cape of Good Hope) Cape of Good Hope .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-72) [ 72]    Ships that would normally transit through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal now travel 50-60 percent longer distances.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-73) [ 73]    The rerouting adds around 4575 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_miles) (Nautical miles) nautical miles to the sailing distance between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam) (Rotterdam) Rotterdam , increasing voyage durations on average by 12 days.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Notteboom_Haralambides_2024_Red_Sea_Crisis-74) [ 74]    Thus, the rerouting leads to an increase in fuel consumption of up to 33 percent depending on speed, distance and the type of vessel.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-75) [ 75]    The resulting environmental impact manifests as approximately 40 percent increase in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO₂_emissions) (CO₂ emissions) CO₂ emissions per voyage(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-76) [ 76]    , with speed increases potentially amplifying emissions by an additional 14 percent.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-77) [ 77]    The longer round-trip schedules imply that fleets require at least two additional ships to ensure a weekly service. Those supplementary vessels also contribute to total fleet emissions, leading to a 67 percent increase in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO₂_emissions) (CO₂ emissions) CO₂ emissions for a typical Asia-North Europe service operating weekly.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Notteboom_Haralambides_2024_Red_Sea_Crisis-74) [ 74]    Given that maritime shipping accounts for approximately 3 percent of global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) (Greenhouse gas emissions) greenhouse gas emissions , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) Red Sea crisis represents a setback to the international climate goal to reach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net-zero_emissions) (Net-zero emissions) net-zero emissions by or around 2050(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-78) [ 78]    and simultaneously makes it more difficult to comply with the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement) (Paris Agreement) Paris Agreement .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-79) [ 79]    While regional emissions at the Red Sea dropped 60 percent as fewer large vessels transit the waterway, this is offset by substantially increased global emissions resulting from longer rerouting.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-80) [ 80]      Another discussed option for rerouting vessels is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route) (Northern Sea Route) Northern Sea Route , which would reduce sailing distance by up to 40 percent compared to the Red Sea route. This would pose significant ecological risks, including higher per-container emissions due to smaller ship sizes, increased (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon) (Black carbon) black carbon pollution in the fragile (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic) (Arctic) Arctic , and disruption to marine ecosystems. Weak regulatory enforcement in the area and inadequate waste infrastructure further undermine the environmental sustainability of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route) (Northern Sea Route) Northern Sea Route .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-81) [ 81]      Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=32) (Edit section: Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life) edit  ]   The increase in shipping traffic via the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope) (Cape of Good Hope) Cape of Good Hope leads to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_noise_pollution) (Underwater noise pollution) underwater noise pollution on this route, which affects local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish) (Fish) fish stocks and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammals) (Marine mammals) marine mammals .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-82) [ 82]    Additionally, it results in increasing numbers of container losses. The region is associated with hazardous navigation conditions created by intersecting weather systems. In 2024, approximately 200 containers were lost along this passage, accounting for around 35 percent of all recorded container losses in that year.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-83) [ 83]     Furthermore, military operations like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_Guardian) (Prosperity Guardian) Prosperity Guardian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon_Archer) (Poseidon Archer) Poseidon Archer have deployed naval forces from more than fifteen nations in the Red Sea region.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-84) [ 84]    Their military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar) (Sonar) sonar systems can cause behavioral disruptions, habitat displacement, and physiological harm to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life) (Marine life) marine life . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean_species) (Cetacean species) Cetacean species in the Red Sea are particularly vulnerable to acoustic disturbances due to their reliance on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation) (Animal echolocation) echolocation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication) (Underwater acoustic communication) acoustic communication for critical life functions including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation) (Navigation) navigation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging) (Foraging) foraging , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_bonding) (Social bonding) social bonding .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-85) [ 85]    In addition, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthis ' implementation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mines) (Naval mines) naval mines to attack ships poses risks to marine ecosystems and coastal environments, particularly along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni) (Yemeni) Yemeni coast.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-86) [ 86]       Collapse of conservation governance [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=33) (Edit section: Collapse of conservation governance) edit  ]   The Red Sea lacks a comprehensive regional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_treaty) (Environmental treaty) environmental treaty comparable to, for example, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_Convention) (Barcelona Convention) Barcelona Convention regarding the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_regulation) (Environmental regulation) Environmental regulation is dispersed among national agencies and the regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-87) [ 87]    However, it has limited enforcement capacity as many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_states) (Coastal states) coastal states lack resources for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring) (Environmental monitoring) monitoring and rapid response.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-88) [ 88]    The region's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area) (Marine Protected Area) Marine Protected Areas are characterized as poorly coordinated and weakly implemented even under conditions prior to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) Red Sea crisis .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-89) [ 89]    Emergency cooperation efforts like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSO_Safer) (FSO Safer) FSO Safer oil offloading in August 2023(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-90) [ 90]    and the successful salvage operation, led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU) (EU) EU 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Aspides) (Operation Aspides) Operation Aspides , regarding the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion) (Attacks on the Sounion) attacks on the Sounion demonstrate potential for coordinated action against environmental threats in the region.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-91) [ 91]    At the same time, the inability to replicate such cooperation for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Rubymar) (MV Rubymar) MV Rubymar incident reveals how active conflict constrains environmental response capacity.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-92) [ 92]       Desalination plants [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=34) (Edit section: Desalination plants) edit  ]   There is extensive demand for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination) (Desalination) desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine) (Brine) brine and treatment chemicals ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine) (Chlorine) chlorine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fouling_agent) (Anti-fouling agent) anti-scalants ) that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching) (Coral bleaching) bleach and kill (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral) (Coral) corals and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-93) [ 93]      Trade [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=35) (Edit section: Trade) edit  ]   The Red Sea serves an important role in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy) (Global economy) global economy , with cargo vessels traveling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean) (Indo-Mediterranean) between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea every year, thus shortening the path between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia) (Asia) Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) (Europe) Europe almost by half (as compared to traveling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Route) (Cape Route) around Africa via the Atlantic Ocean).(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-94) [ 94]    12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-rsce-95) [ 95]    This includes 30% of global (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship) (Container ship) container traffic.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-rsce-95) [ 95]     Tourism [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=36) (Edit section: Tourism) edit  ]   The sea is known for its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_diving) (Recreational diving) recreational diving sites, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park) (Ras Muhammad National Park) Ras Mohammed , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Thistlegorm) (SS Thistlegorm) SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphinstone_Reef) (Elphinstone Reef) Elphinstone Reef , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ikhwa_Islands) (El Ikhwa Islands) The Brothers , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus_Reef) (Daedalus Reef) Daedalus Reef , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John's_Reef?action=edit&redlink=1) (St. John's Reef (page does not exist)) St. John's Reef , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Island_(Egypt)) (Rocky Island (Egypt)) Rocky Island , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)) (Blue Hole (Red Sea)) Blue Hole in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-96) [ 96]    and less known sites in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanganeb?action=edit&redlink=1) (Sanganeb (page does not exist)) Sanganeb , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington,_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abington, Sudan (page does not exist)) Abington , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angarosh?action=edit&redlink=1) (Angarosh (page does not exist)) Angarosh and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaab_Rumi?action=edit&redlink=1) (Shaab Rumi (page does not exist)) Shaab Rumi . The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hass) (Hans Hass) Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau) (Jacques-Yves Cousteau) Jacques-Yves Cousteau .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Cousteau-97) [ 97]    Popular tourist resorts include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gouna) (El Gouna) El Gouna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada) (Hurghada) Hurghada , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaga) (Safaga) Safaga and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Alam) (Marsa Alam) Marsa Alam , on the west shore of the Red Sea, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm-el-Sheikh) (Sharm-el-Sheikh) Sharm-el-Sheikh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab) (Dahab) Dahab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuweiba) (Nuweiba) Nuweiba , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba,_Egypt) (Taba, Egypt) Taba on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egyptian side of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaï) (Sinaï) Sinaï , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba) (Aqaba) Aqaba in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat) (Eilat) Eilat in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel in an area known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera) (Red Sea Riviera) Red Sea Riviera . The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sharm_El_Sheikh_shark_attacks) (2010 Sharm El Sheikh shark attacks) shark attacks , including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including overfishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building the highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coastline in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-98) [ 98]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack) (2016 Hurghada attack) 2016 Hurghada attack , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack) (2017 Hurghada attack) 2017 Hurghada attack , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Dahab_bombings) (2006 Dahab bombings) 2006 Dahab bombings , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sharm_El_Sheikh_bombings) (2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings) 2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sinai_bombings) (2004 Sinai bombings) 2004 Sinai bombings , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268) (Metrojet Flight 9268) Metrojet Flight 9268  Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-WalshKaraszDeath-99) [ 99]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-RegevCriticalBlow-100) [ 100]      Security [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=37) (Edit section: Security) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis) (Red Sea crisis) Red Sea crisis  The Red Sea is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_road) (Sea road) sea roads between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe) (Europe) Europe , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia) (East Asia) East Asia , and as such has heavy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping) (Shipping) shipping traffic . Government-related bodies responsible for policing the Red Sea area include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Port_Authority) (Port Said Port Authority) Port Said Port Authority , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Authority) (Suez Canal Authority) Suez Canal Authority and the Red Sea Ports Authority of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Maritime_Authority) (Jordan Maritime Authority) the Jordan Maritime Authority , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Port_Authority) (Israel Port Authority) the Israel Port Authority , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Ports_Authority) (Saudi Ports Authority) the Saudi Ports Authority and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Ports_Corporation,_Sudan) (Sea Ports Corporation, Sudan) the Sea Ports Corporation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi) (Houthi) Houthi rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip) (Gaza Strip) Gaza .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-rsce-95) [ 95]    In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes had dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-101) [ 101]    In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian) (Operation Prosperity Guardian) Operation Prosperity Guardian .(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-rsce-95) [ 95]    In addition to the U.S.-led efforts, the European Union launched Operation Aspides in February 2024 to provide naval escorts and protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-102) [ 102]    In January 2025, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2768, calling for an end to Houthi attacks and demanding the release of detained crew from seized vessels.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-103) [ 103]     Beyond inter-state conflict, the Red Sea region is also shaped by non-traditional security threats, including piracy, illicit trafficking, and 'blue crime' – a convergence of arms smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime terrorism within governance gaps.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-104) [ 104]    . In March 2024, Chairman of WeCare Foundation, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Kassis-Mohamed) (Saad Kassis-Mohamed) Saad Kassis-Mohamed , was reported to have called on governments to reinforce maritime security protocols and protect Red Sea trade routes amid shipping disruptions and cargo diversions.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-105) [ 105]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-106) [ 106]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-107) [ 107]    Recent academic assessments highlight the role of 'shadow fleets', unregistered or covert vessels often linked to Iranian or Russian interests, which operate in the Red Sea to evade sanctions and transport illicit goods, including oil, weapons, and narcotics.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-108) [ 108]    While international attention has largely focused on missile and drone attacks, scholars also warn of critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, including damage to undersea cables caused by bottom trawling and sabotage.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-109) [ 109]       Bordering countries [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=38) (Edit section: Bordering countries) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Sea_map.svg)   A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries  The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: Eastern shore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen    Western shore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti     The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-110) [ 110]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-111) [ 111]    The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan and Saudi Arabia.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-112) [ 112]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-113) [ 113]     In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.(Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Barth-114) [ 114]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_note-Makinda-115) [ 115]      Towns and cities [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=39) (Edit section: Towns and cities) edit  ]   Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sokhna) (Ain Sokhna) Ain Sokhna , Egypt (العين السخنة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hudaydah) (Al Hudaydah) Al Hudaydah , Yemen (الحديدة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lith) (Al Lith) Al Lith , Saudi Arabia (الليِّث) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah) (Al Qunfudhah) Al Qunfudhah , Saudi Arabia (القنفذة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Qoseir) (El Qoseir) El Qoseir , Egypt (القصير) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wajh) (Al Wajh) Al Wajh , Saudi Arabia (الوجه) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba) (Aqaba) Aqaba , Jordan (العقبة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asseb) (Asseb) Asseb , Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab) (Dahab) Dahab , Egypt (دهب) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duba,_Saudi_Arabia) (Duba, Saudi Arabia) Duba , Saudi Arabia (ضباء) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat) (Eilat) Eilat , Israel (אילת) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gouna) (El Gouna) El Gouna , Egypt (الجونة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt) (El Tor, Egypt) El Tor , Egypt (الطور) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez) (Suez) Suez , Egypt (السويس) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala'ib) (Hala'ib) Hala'ib , Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haql) (Haql) Haql , Saudi Arabia (حقل) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirgigo) (Hirgigo) Hirgigo , Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada) (Hurghada) Hurghada , Egypt (الغردقة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah) (Jeddah) Jeddah , Saudi Arabia (جدة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizan) (Jizan) Jazan , Saudi Arabia (جازان) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadi_Bay) (Makadi Bay) Makadi Bay , Egypt (خليج مكادي) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Alam) (Marsa Alam) Marsa Alam , Egypt (مرسى علم) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa) (Massawa) Massawa , Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokha) (Mokha) Mokha , Yemen (المُخا) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulhoule) (Moulhoule) Moulhoule , Djibouti (مول هولة) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuweiba) (Nuweiba) Nuweiba , Egypt (نويبع) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan) (Port Sudan) Port Sudan , Sudan (بورت سودان) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabigh) (Rabigh) Rabigh , Saudi Arabia (رابغ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Sedr) (Ras Sedr) Ras Sedr , Egypt (راس سدر) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaga) (Safaga) Safaga , Egypt (سفاجا) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahl_Hasheesh) (Sahl Hasheesh) Sahl Hasheesh , Egypt (سهل حشيش) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh) (Sharm El Sheikh) Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt (شرم الشيخ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_Bay) (Soma Bay) Soma Bay , Egypt (سوما باي) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin) (Suakin) Suakin , Sudan (سواكن) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba,_Egypt) (Taba, Egypt) Taba , Egypt (طابا) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuwal) (Thuwal) Thuwal , Saudi Arabia (ثول) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbu) (Yanbu) Yanbu , Saudi Arabia (ينبع)    See also [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=40) (Edit section: See also) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ocean) (Portal:Ocean) Ocean portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water) (Portal:Water) Water portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_al-Salam_Boccaccio_98) (MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98) MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98  ferry disaster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea) (Crossing the Red Sea) Crossing the Red Sea , a Biblical tale from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus) (Book of Exodus) Book of Exodus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Red_Sea) (List of islands in the Red Sea) List of islands in the Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Dam) (Red Sea Dam) Red Sea Dam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_species_hazardous_to_humans) (Red Sea species hazardous to humans) Red Sea species hazardous to humans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Project) (The Red Sea Project) The Red Sea Project    References [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=41) (Edit section: References) edit  ]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Advanced_Ocean_Modeling_1-0) ↑   Kämpf, Jochen (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=RBOYdrWjhSQC) "5.5.2: Mediterranean Seas" . Advanced Ocean Modelling: Using Open-Source Software . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg) (Heidelberg) Heidelberg : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science+Business_Media) (Springer Science+Business Media) Springer Science & Business Media . p. 138. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642106101) (Special:BookSources/9783642106101) 9783642106101  . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean are the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the Australasian Mediterranean Sea, including the Banda, Java, Sulawesi, and Sulu seas, being connected with the Pacific Ocean.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.5.2%3A+Mediterranean+Seas&rft.btitle=Advanced+Ocean+Modelling%3A+Using+Open-Source+Software&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642106101&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4mpf&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBOYdrWjhSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-2) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sofianos, Sarantis S.; Johns, William E. (2007). (Paid subscription required) (https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003886) "Observations of the summer Red Sea circulation"  . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans . 112 (C6). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRC..112.6025S) 2007JGRC..112.6025S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006jc003886) 10.1029/2006jc003886 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227) 0148-0227 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+summer+Red+Sea+circulation&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=C6&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006jc003886&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JGRC..112.6025S&rft.aulast=Sofianos&rft.aufirst=Sarantis+S.&rft.au=Johns%2C+William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1029%2F2006jc003886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf) "State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006" (PDF) . 16 June 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Marine+Environment+Report+for+the+Red+Sea+and+Gulf+of+Aden%3A+2006&rft.date=2008-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fmeetings%2Fmar%2Febsaws-2015-02%2Fother%2Febsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dinwiddie, Robert (2008). Thomas, Louise (ed.). Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed . London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 452. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2205-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2205-3) 978-0-7566-2205-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean%3A+The+World%27s+Last+Wilderness+Revealed&rft.place=London&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3&rft.aulast=Dinwiddie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF) . International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez) "Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" . www.seaaroundus.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez) Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.seaaroundus.org&rft.atitle=Sea+Around+Us+%7C+Fisheries%2C+Ecosystems+and+Biodiversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Phillips, Carl; Villeneuve, François; Facey, William (2004). "A Latin inscription from South Arabia". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies . 34 : 239– 250. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821) 41223821 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Latin+inscription+from+South+Arabia&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=239-250&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Facey%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-britannica_8-0) 1  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-britannica_8-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea) "Red Sea | sea, Middle East" . Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopedia Britannica. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea) Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+%7C+sea%2C+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Online+Library+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRed-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-ChiTra_9-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190926131326/https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/) "How the Red Sea Got its Name" . Smithsonian Journeys . Archived from (http://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/how-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850/) the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Journeys&rft.atitle=How+the+Red+Sea+Got+its+Name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianjourneys.org%2Fblog%2Fhow-the-red-sea-got-its-name-180950850%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schmitt, Rüdiger (1996). "Considerations on the name of the Black Sea: what can the historian learn from it?". In Leschhorn, Wolfgang; Miron, Auguste V. B.; Miron, Andrei (eds.). Hellas und der griechische Osten: Studien zur Geschichte und Numismatik der griechischen Welt: Festschrift für Peter Robert Franke zum 70. Geburtstag . SDV Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. pp. 219– 224. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930843-12-1) (Special:BookSources/978-3-930843-12-1) 978-3-930843-12-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Considerations+on+the+name+of+the+Black+Sea%3A+what+can+the+historian+learn+from+it%3F&rft.btitle=Hellas+und+der+griechische+Osten%3A+Studien+zur+Geschichte+und+Numismatik+der+griechischen+Welt%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Peter+Robert+Franke+zum+70.+Geburtstag&rft.pages=219-224&rft.pub=SDV+Saarbr%C3%BCcker+Druckerei+und+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-930843-12-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/) "Arabia" . World Digital Library. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/) Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michael D. Oblath (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53) The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources  . Peter Lang. p. 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6716-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6716-0) 978-0-8204-6716-0  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53) Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exodus+itinerary+sites%3A+their+locations+from+the+perspective+of+the+biblical+sources&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6716-0&rft.au=Michael+D.+Oblath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5ya9QVCpIkC%26q%3DRed%2Bsea%2Bas%2BArabian%2Bgulf%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brodziak, Jon (2019). "Fish Stocks/ Overfishing". Encyclopedia of Islands . pp. 310– 311. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520943728-073) 10.1525/9780520943728-073 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94372-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94372-8) 978-0-520-94372-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fish+Stocks%2F+Overfishing&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islands&rft.pages=310-311&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520943728-073&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94372-8&rft.aulast=Brodziak&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). (https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24) Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration  . W.W. Norton & Company. p. (https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/24) 24 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5) 978-0-393-06259-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   Tafsir , Saadia Gaon, s.v. Exodus 15:22, et al .  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele) "Darius' Red Sea Canal Stele | cabinet" . www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/darius-red-sea-canal-stele) Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Darius%27+Red+Sea+Canal+Stele+%7C+cabinet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinet.ox.ac.uk%2Fdarius-red-sea-canal-stele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Colburn, Henry (2021). (https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/) "King Darius' Red Sea Canal" . FEZANA Journal . 35 (4): 27– 30. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/) Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEZANA+Journal&rft.atitle=King+Darius%27+Red+Sea+Canal&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Colburn&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A44609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-18) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). (https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32) Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration  . W.W. Norton & Company. pp. (https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32) 32–33 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5) 978-0-393-06259-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-19) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  East, W. Gordon (1965). (https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174) The Geography behind History  . W.W. Norton & Company. pp. (https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174) 174–175 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00419-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00419-9) 978-0-393-00419-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+behind+History&rft.pages=174-175&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00419-9&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=W.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographybehindh0000east_z8c9%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pargas, Damian A.; Schiel, Juliane, eds. (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-13260-5) 10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13259-9) (Special:BookSources/978-3-031-13259-9) 978-3-031-13259-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Global+Slavery+throughout+History&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-13260-5&rft.isbn=978-3-031-13259-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2025)) page needed   ]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Mallett2008_21-0) 1  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Mallett2008_21-1) 2  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Mallett2008_21-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mallett, Alex (2008). "A Trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 18 (2): 141– 153. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186307008024) 10.1017/S1356186307008024 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755928) 27755928 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Trip+down+the+Red+Sea+with+Reynald+of+Ch%C3%A2tillon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-153&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186307008024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Newitt, M. D. D. (2005). A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668 . London: New York Routledge. p. 87. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23979-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23979-0) 978-0-415-23979-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Portuguese+overseas+expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931668&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=New+York+Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23979-0&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=M.+D.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mathew, K. M. (1988). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136) History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600  . Mittal Publications. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-046-8) (Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-046-8) 978-81-7099-046-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136) Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Portuguese+Navigation+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-046-8&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl3IR3RJTIEC%26q%3DHeitor%2Bda%2BSilveira%2BAden%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.shipuniverse.com/news/piracy-resurges-in-the-indian-ocean-as-red-sea-tensions-escalate/) "Piracy Resurges in the Indian Ocean as Red Sea Tensions Escalate – Ship Universe" . Retrieved 25 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piracy+Resurges+in+the+Indian+Ocean+as+Red+Sea+Tensions+Escalate+%E2%80%93+Ship+Universe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shipuniverse.com%2Fnews%2Fpiracy-resurges-in-the-indian-ocean-as-red-sea-tensions-escalate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sabbagh, Dan (10 January 2024). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/10/houthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault) "Houthis call west's bluff with renewed Red Sea drone assault" . The Guardian . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Houthis+call+west%27s+bluff+with+renewed+Red+Sea+drone+assault&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fjan%2F10%2Fhouthis-call-wests-bluff-with-renewed-red-sea-drone-assault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rasul, Najeeb M.A.; Stewart, Ian C.F., eds. (2015). The Red Sea . Springer Earth System Sciences. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-45201-1) 10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45200-4) (Special:BookSources/978-3-662-45200-4) 978-3-662-45200-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Sea&rft.series=Springer+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-45201-1&rft.isbn=978-3-662-45200-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2026)) page needed   ]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Acker, James; Leptoukh, Gregory; Shen, Suhung; Zhu, Tong; Kempler, Steven (February 2008). "Remotely-sensed chlorophyll a observations of the northern Red Sea indicate seasonal variability and influence of coastal reefs". Journal of Marine Systems . 69 (3– 4): 191– 204. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JMS....69..191A) 2008JMS....69..191A . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.12.006) 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.12.006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Systems&rft.atitle=Remotely-sensed+chlorophyll+a+observations+of+the+northern+Red+Sea+indicate+seasonal+variability+and+influence+of+coastal+reefs&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.12.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JMS....69..191A&rft.aulast=Acker&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Leptoukh%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Shen%2C+Suhung&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Tong&rft.au=Kempler%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sofianos, Sarantis S.; Johns, William E. (2002). (https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JC001184) "An Oceanic General Circulation Model (OGCM) investigation of the Red Sea circulation, 1. Exchange between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean" . Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans . 107 (C11): 3196. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRC..107.3196S) 2002JGRC..107.3196S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JC001184) 10.1029/2001JC001184  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=An+Oceanic+General+Circulation+Model+%28OGCM%29+investigation+of+the+Red+Sea+circulation%2C+1.+Exchange+between+the+Red+Sea+and+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=C11&rft.pages=3196&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JC001184&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRC..107.3196S&rft.aulast=Sofianos&rft.aufirst=Sarantis+S.&rft.au=Johns%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001JC001184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology/Monsoons) "Climate - Monsoon, Rainfall, Seasonal | Britannica" . Encyclopedia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260312110911/https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology/Monsoons) Archived from the original on 12 March 2026. Retrieved 30 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Climate+-+Monsoon%2C+Rainfall%2C+Seasonal+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fclimate-meteorology%2FMonsoons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/sea-water) "Sea Water | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" . www.noaa.gov . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251126103754/https://www.noaa.gov/jetstream/ocean/sea-water) Archived from the original on 26 November 2025. Retrieved 30 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Sea+Water+%7C+National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2Focean%2Fsea-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Jiang_et_al_2009_53843.pdf) "Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea" (PDF) . Geophysical Research Letters . 36 : 1. 10 October 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170809063700/http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Jiang_et_al_2009_53843.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Zonal+surface+wind+jets+across+the+Red+Sea+due+to+mountain+gap+forcing+along+both+sides+of+the+Red+Sea&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2FJiang_et_al_2009_53843.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_2) (BBC 2) BBC 2 television program "Oceans 3/8 The Red Sea ", 8 pm–9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/) "Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral" . New Scientist . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html) Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Virus+power+harnessed+to+protect+Red+Sea+coral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fitzgerald, Sunny (8 April 2020). (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change) "The super-corals of the Red Sea" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Future) (BBC Future) BBC Future . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change) Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+super-corals+of+the+Red+Sea&rft.pub=BBC+Future&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Por, F. D. (6 December 2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65) The Legacy of Tethys: An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant  . Springer Science & Business Media. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0937-3) (Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0937-3) 978-94-009-0937-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://books.google.com/books?id=syn0CAAAQBAJ&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA65) Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tethys%3A+An+Aquatic+Biogeography+of+the+Levant&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-0937-3&rft.aulast=Por&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsyn0CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsalinity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSea%2Bis%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Baverage%2C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hanauer, Eric (1988). (https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67) The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide  . Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-04-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-04-9) 978-0-922769-04-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065001/https://books.google.com/books?id=uh6mcZC8yWIC&q=salinity+of+the+Red+Sea+is+greater+than+the+world+average,&pg=PA67) Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Red+Sea%3A+A+Diver%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Aqua+Quest+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-922769-04-9&rft.aulast=Hanauer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duh6mcZC8yWIC%26q%3Dsalinity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSea%2Bis%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Baverage%2C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/) "Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240216070415/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6701/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Coral+Reefs+of+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba+and+the+Red+Sea+in+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-38) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Patzert, William C. (February 1974). "Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation". Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts . 21 (2): 109– 121. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974DSRA...21..109P) 1974DSRA...21..109P . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-7471%2874%2990068-0) 10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+and+Oceanographic+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Wind-induced+reversal+in+Red+Sea+circulation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-121&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0011-7471%2874%2990068-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974DSRA...21..109P&rft.aulast=Patzert&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morcos, S. A. (1970). "Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea". Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography+and+Marine+Biology%3A+An+Annual+Review&rft.atitle=Physical+and+chemical+oceanography+of+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Morcos&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rose, Paul; Laking, Anne (2008). Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world . London: BBC Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-607505-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84-607505-6) 978-1-84-607505-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceans%3A+Exploring+the+hidden+depths+of+the+underwater+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84-607505-6&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Laking%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_41-0) 1  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_41-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boschetti, Tiziano; Awaleh, Mohamed Osman; Barbieri, Maurizio (2018). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700) "Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines" . Water . 10 (11): 1700. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Water..10.1700B) 2018Water..10.1700B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700) 10.3390/w10111700  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1202448) 11573/1202448  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water&rft.atitle=Waters+from+the+Djiboutian+Afar%3A+a+review+of+strontium+isotopic+composition+and+a+comparison+with+Ethiopian+waters+and+Red+Sea+brines&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1700&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1202448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fw10111700&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Water..10.1700B&rft.aulast=Boschetti&rft.aufirst=Tiziano&rft.au=Awaleh%2C+Mohamed+Osman&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fw10111700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Degens, Egon T.; Ross, David A., eds. (1969). Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6) 10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-27120-9) (Special:BookSources/978-3-662-27120-9) 978-3-662-27120-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Brines+and+Recent+Heavy+Metal+Deposits+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6&rft.isbn=978-3-662-27120-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2025)) page needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_June_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2023)) failed verification   ]    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lehmann, Jenny (2 October 2025). (https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099) "The Red Sea Vanished From Earth for 100,000 Years Until a Catastrophic Flood Brought It Back" . Discover Magazine . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251003192829/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099) Archived from the original on 3 October 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+Vanished+From+Earth+for+100%2C000+Years+Until+a+Catastrophic+Flood+Brought+It+Back&rft.date=2025-10-02&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-red-sea-vanished-from-earth-for-100-000-years-until-a-catastrophic-flood-brought-it-back-48099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065003/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45807839) "MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos" . NBC News . 28 December 2011. Archived from (http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45807839) the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=MSN+%E2%80%93+Outlook%2C+Office%2C+Skype%2C+Bing%2C+Breaking+News%2C+and+Latest+Videos&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45807839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-45) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Israel, Brett (28 December 2011). (http://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html) "New Island Rises in the Red Sea" . LiveScience.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220128081422/https://www.livescience.com/31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html) Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience.com&rft.atitle=New+Island+Rises+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F31004-red-sea-volcanic-island.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oskin, Becky; SPACE.com (30 May 2015). (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands) "Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands" . Scientific American . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150803072542/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/red-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands/) Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+Parts+for+2+New+Islands&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft.au=SPACE.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fred-sea-parts-for-2-new-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Red Sea Basin Province". Fact Sheet (Report). USGS. 2010. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3133%2Ffs20103119) 10.3133/fs20103119  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Ffs20103119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dolson, John C.; Shann, Mark V.; Matbouly, Sayed I.; Hammouda, Hussein; Rashed, Rashed M. (2001). (https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211) "Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Petroleum Potential in Offshore Trends" . GeoArabia . 6 (2): 211– 230. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoAr...6..211D) 2001GeoAr...6..211D . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211) 10.2113/geoarabia0602211  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoArabia&rft.atitle=Egypt+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Petroleum+Potential+in+Offshore+Trends&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-230&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgeoarabia0602211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoAr...6..211D&rft.aulast=Dolson&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Shann%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Matbouly%2C+Sayed+I.&rft.au=Hammouda%2C+Hussein&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Rashed+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2113%252Fgeoarabia0602211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Beydoun, Z. R. (April 1989). "The Hydrocarbon Prospects of the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden: A Review". Journal of Petroleum Geology . 12 (2): 125– 144. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JPetG..12..125B) 1989JPetG..12..125B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-5457.1989.tb00229.x) 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1989.tb00229.x . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Hydrocarbon+Prospects+of+the+Red+Sea-Gulf+of+Aden%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-5457.1989.tb00229.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JPetG..12..125B&rft.aulast=Beydoun&rft.aufirst=Z.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lindquist, Sandra (1998). The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A . US Dept. of the Interior. pp. 6– 7, 9. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Sea+Province%3A+Sudr-Nubia%28%21%29+and+Maqna%28%21%29+Petroleum+Systems%2C+USGS+Open+File+Report+99-50-A&rft.pages=6-7%2C+9&rft.pub=US+Dept.+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lindquist&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sudantribune.com/article55069/) "Sudan, Saudi Arabia discuss minerals exploration in the Red Sea" . Sudan Tribune . 7 October 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241226142414/https://sudantribune.com/article55069/) Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudan%2C+Saudi+Arabia+discuss+minerals+exploration+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle55069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shevchenko, Illia; Engelbrecht, Johann P.; Mostamandi, Suleiman; Stenchikov, Georgiy (1 July 2021). (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aeolia.2021.100717) "Evaluation of minerals being deposited in the Red Sea using gravimetric, size distribution, and mineralogical analysis of dust deposition samples collected along the Red Sea coastal plain" . Aeolian Research . 52 100717. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AeoRe..5200717S) 2021AeoRe..5200717S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aeolia.2021.100717) 10.1016/j.aeolia.2021.100717  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F669667) 10754/669667  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeolian+Research&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+minerals+being+deposited+in+the+Red+Sea+using+gravimetric%2C+size+distribution%2C+and+mineralogical+analysis+of+dust+deposition+samples+collected+along+the+Red+Sea+coastal+plain&rft.volume=52&rft.artnum=100717&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F669667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aeolia.2021.100717&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AeoRe..5200717S&rft.aulast=Shevchenko&rft.aufirst=Illia&rft.au=Engelbrecht%2C+Johann+P.&rft.au=Mostamandi%2C+Suleiman&rft.au=Stenchikov%2C+Georgiy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.aeolia.2021.100717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-fishbase_53-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (2009). (http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5) "FishBase" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5) Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FishBase&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FTrophicEco%2FFishEcoList.php%3Fve_code%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia (ed.). Fishes of the red sea . Geodia Edizioni Internazionali. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8) (Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8) 978-88-87177-42-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+red+sea&rft.pub=Geodia+Edizioni+Internazionali&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-87177-42-8&rft.aulast=Siliotti&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. 2nd Edition. 2021. (F. Briand Ed.) CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco 366 p.(https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20221206224806/https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2021) Archived 6 December 2022 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-SAW_Yonow_56-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yonow, Nathalie (2012). (http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm) "Nature's Best-Dressed" . Saudi Aramco World . Vol. 63, no. 4. Aramco Services Company. pp. 2– 9. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181220045032/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201204/nature.s.best-dressed.htm) Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Nature%27s+Best-Dressed&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-9&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yonow&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201204%2Fnature.s.best-dressed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201812/ras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet) "Ras Mohammed National Park: Egypt's underwater paradise among the best protected marine reserves on the planet | IUCN" . International Union for Conservation of Nature . 3 December 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250625094644/https://iucn.org/news/protected-areas/201812/ras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet) Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. Retrieved 25 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.atitle=Ras+Mohammed+National+Park%3A+Egypt%27s+underwater+paradise+among+the+best+protected+marine+reserves+on+the+planet+%7C+IUCN&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiucn.org%2Fnews%2Fprotected-areas%2F201812%2Fras-mohammed-national-park-egypts-underwater-paradise-among-best-protected-marine-reserves-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abdallah, Ibrahem M.; Chantsev, Valery YU. (November 2022). (https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fejabf.2022.269676) "Modeling marine oil spill trajectory and fate off Hurghada, Red Sea coast, Egypt" . Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries . 26 (6): 41– 61. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fejabf.2022.269676) 10.21608/ejabf.2022.269676  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Journal+of+Aquatic+Biology+and+Fisheries&rft.atitle=Modeling+marine+oil+spill+trajectory+and+fate+off+Hurghada%2C+Red+Sea+coast%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21608%2Fejabf.2022.269676&rft.aulast=Abdallah&rft.aufirst=Ibrahem+M.&rft.au=Chantsev%2C+Valery+YU.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21608%252Fejabf.2022.269676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mittal, H. V. R.; Langodan, Sabique; Zhan, Peng; Li, Shihan; Knio, Omar; Hoteit, Ibrahim (23 August 2021). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8382762) "Hazard assessment of oil spills along the main shipping lane in the Red Sea" . Scientific Reports . 11 (1): 17078. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1117078M) 2021NatSR..1117078M . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-96572-5) 10.1038/s41598-021-96572-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8382762) 8382762  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34426613) 34426613 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Hazard+assessment+of+oil+spills+along+the+main+shipping+lane+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17078&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8382762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34426613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-96572-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1117078M&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=H.+V.+R.&rft.au=Langodan%2C+Sabique&rft.au=Zhan%2C+Peng&rft.au=Li%2C+Shihan&rft.au=Knio%2C+Omar&rft.au=Hoteit%2C+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8382762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Epstein, N.; Bak, R.P.M.; Rinkevich, B. (June 2000). "Toxicity of Third Generation Dispersants and Dispersed Egyptian Crude Oil on Red Sea Coral Larvae". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 40 (6): 497– 503. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MarPB..40..497E) 2000MarPB..40..497E . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2899%2900232-5) 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00232-5 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Toxicity+of+Third+Generation+Dispersants+and+Dispersed+Egyptian+Crude+Oil+on+Red+Sea+Coral+Larvae&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=497-503&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2899%2900232-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MarPB..40..497E&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Bak%2C+R.P.M.&rft.au=Rinkevich%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nukapothula, Sravanthi; Suneel, V.; Yunus, Ali P.; Rao, V. Trinadha; Chen, Chuqun (September 2025). "Impact assessment of oil spills on the Red Sea waters using remote sensing and numerical modeling". Regional Studies in Marine Science . 86 104187. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025RSMS...8604187N) 2025RSMS...8604187N . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rsma.2025.104187) 10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104187 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+Studies+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Impact+assessment+of+oil+spills+on+the+Red+Sea+waters+using+remote+sensing+and+numerical+modeling&rft.volume=86&rft.artnum=104187&rft.date=2025-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rsma.2025.104187&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2025RSMS...8604187N&rft.aulast=Nukapothula&rft.aufirst=Sravanthi&rft.au=Suneel%2C+V.&rft.au=Yunus%2C+Ali+P.&rft.au=Rao%2C+V.+Trinadha&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chuqun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kostianaia, Evgeniia A.; Kostianoy, Andrey; Lavrova, Olga Yu.; Soloviev, Dmitry M. (2020). "Oil Pollution in the Northern Red Sea: A Threat to the Marine Environment and Tourism Development". Environmental Remote Sensing in Egypt . Springer Geophysics. pp. 329– 362. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-39593-3_12) 10.1007/978-3-030-39593-3_12 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-39592-6) (Special:BookSources/978-3-030-39592-6) 978-3-030-39592-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oil+Pollution+in+the+Northern+Red+Sea%3A+A+Threat+to+the+Marine+Environment+and+Tourism+Development&rft.btitle=Environmental+Remote+Sensing+in+Egypt&rft.series=Springer+Geophysics&rft.pages=329-362&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-39593-3_12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-39592-6&rft.aulast=Kostianaia&rft.aufirst=Evgeniia+A.&rft.au=Kostianoy%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Lavrova%2C+Olga+Yu.&rft.au=Soloviev%2C+Dmitry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Huynh, Benjamin Q.; Kwong, Laura H.; Kiang, Mathew V.; Chin, Elizabeth T.; Mohareb, Amir M.; Jumaan, Aisha O.; Basu, Sanjay; Geldsetzer, Pascal; Karaki, Fatima M.; Rehkopf, David H. (11 October 2021). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8682806) "Public health impacts of an imminent Red Sea oil spill" . Nature Sustainability . 4 (12): 1084– 1091. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSu...4.1084H) 2021NatSu...4.1084H . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-021-00774-8) 10.1038/s41893-021-00774-8 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8682806) 8682806  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34926834) 34926834 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Public+health+impacts+of+an+imminent+Red+Sea+oil+spill&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1084-1091&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8682806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34926834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41893-021-00774-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSu...4.1084H&rft.aulast=Huynh&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Q.&rft.au=Kwong%2C+Laura+H.&rft.au=Kiang%2C+Mathew+V.&rft.au=Chin%2C+Elizabeth+T.&rft.au=Mohareb%2C+Amir+M.&rft.au=Jumaan%2C+Aisha+O.&rft.au=Basu%2C+Sanjay&rft.au=Geldsetzer%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Karaki%2C+Fatima+M.&rft.au=Rehkopf%2C+David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8682806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raydan, Noam; Nadimi, Farzin (16 December 2024). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/houthi-shipping-attacks-patterns-and-expectations-2025) "Houthi Shipping Attacks: Patterns and Expectations for 2025" . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Houthi+Shipping+Attacks%3A+Patterns+and+Expectations+for+2025&rft.date=2024-12-16&rft.aulast=Raydan&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Nadimi%2C+Farzin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fhouthi-shipping-attacks-patterns-and-expectations-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mazzucco, Leonardo Jacopo Maria (12 March 2025). (https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) "From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea" . Arab Gulf States Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Gulf+States+Institute&rft.atitle=From+Navigational+Disruptors+to+Ecocriminals%3A+The+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Houthi+Anti-Shipping+Campaign+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft.aulast=Mazzucco&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Jacopo+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsi.org%2Fanalysis%2Ffrom-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content) "Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency" . PAX . 18 July 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118102107/https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content) Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAX&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+Attacks+Lead+to+Environmental+Emergency&rft.date=2025-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaxforpeace.nl%2Fnews%2Fred-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency%2F%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf) "The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation" (PDF) . International Transport Forum . 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250918154118/https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+Crisis+Impacts+on+global+shipping+and+the+case+for+international+co-operation&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-oecd.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frepositories%2Fred-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-68) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mazzucco, Leonardo Jacopo Maria (12 March 2025). (https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) "From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea" . Arab Gulf States Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Gulf+States+Institute&rft.atitle=From+Navigational+Disruptors+to+Ecocriminals%3A+The+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Houthi+Anti-Shipping+Campaign+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft.aulast=Mazzucco&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Jacopo+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsi.org%2Fanalysis%2Ffrom-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-69) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content) "Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency" . PAX . 18 July 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAX&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+Attacks+Lead+to+Environmental+Emergency&rft.date=2025-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaxforpeace.nl%2Fnews%2Fred-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency%2F%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wright, Robert (24 August 2024). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1) "Attack on oil tanker in Red Sea threatens 'severe ecological disaster' "  . Financial Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240918220025/https://www.ft.com/content/7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1) Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Attack+on+oil+tanker+in+Red+Sea+threatens+%27severe+ecological+disaster%27&rft.date=2024-08-24&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F7f886279-fecb-4410-b402-fbf85b9411b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-71) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mazzucco, Leonardo Jacopo Maria (12 March 2025). (https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) "From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea" . Arab Gulf States Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Gulf+States+Institute&rft.atitle=From+Navigational+Disruptors+to+Ecocriminals%3A+The+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Houthi+Anti-Shipping+Campaign+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft.aulast=Mazzucco&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Jacopo+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsi.org%2Fanalysis%2Ffrom-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/the-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state/) "The Red Sea crisis: Renewed attacks keep shipping at risk" . Project 44 . 21 August 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251231004422/https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/the-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state/) Archived from the original on 31 December 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+44&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+crisis%3A+Renewed+attacks+keep+shipping+at+risk&rft.date=2025-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.project44.com%2Fsupply-chain-insights%2Fthe-red-sea-crisis-ceasefire-collapse-leaves-red-sea-in-tumultuous-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/) "The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade" . Freightos . 27 November 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251205062321/https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/) Archived from the original on 5 December 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freightos&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Red+Sea+Crisis+on+Global+Shipping+and+Trade&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freightos.com%2Ffreight-blog%2Fmarket-update%2Fred-sea-crisis-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Notteboom_Haralambides_2024_Red_Sea_Crisis_74-0) 1  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Notteboom_Haralambides_2024_Red_Sea_Crisis_74-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Notteboom, Theo; Haralambides, Hercules; Cullinane, Kevin (March 2024). "The Red Sea Crisis: ramifications for vessel operations, shipping networks, and maritime supply chains". Maritime Economics & Logistics . 26 (1): 1– 20. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41278-024-00287-z) 10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maritime+Economics+%26+Logistics&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+Crisis%3A+ramifications+for+vessel+operations%2C+shipping+networks%2C+and+maritime+supply+chains&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41278-024-00287-z&rft.aulast=Notteboom&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft.au=Haralambides%2C+Hercules&rft.au=Cullinane%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf) "The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation" (PDF) . International Transport Forum . 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+Crisis+Impacts+on+global+shipping+and+the+case+for+international+co-operation&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-oecd.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frepositories%2Fred-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.freightos.com/freight-blog/market-update/red-sea-crisis-impact/) "The Impact of the Red Sea Crisis on Global Shipping and Trade" . Freightos . 27 November 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freightos&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Red+Sea+Crisis+on+Global+Shipping+and+Trade&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freightos.com%2Ffreight-blog%2Fmarket-update%2Fred-sea-crisis-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf) "The Red Sea Crisis Impacts on global shipping and the case for international co-operation" (PDF) . International Transport Forum . 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250918154118/https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/repositories/red-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea+Crisis+Impacts+on+global+shipping+and+the+case+for+international+co-operation&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itf-oecd.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frepositories%2Fred-sea-crisis-impacts-global-shipping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   International Maritime Organization. 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions From Ships, Annex 1—Resolution MEPC.377(80), Marine Environment Protection Committee, Adopted on 7 July 2023, London: International Maritime Organization. (https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf) https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf (https://web.archive.org/web/20240802070852/https://cdn.qualenergia.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resolution-MEPC.37780.pdf) Archived 2 August 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   United Nations. (2015). Paris Agreement. UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1. (https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf) https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (https://web.archive.org/web/20251225150642/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf) Archived 25 December 2025 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-80) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oceanmind.global/knowledge-hub/how-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports/) "How the Red Sea Crisis has impacted international shipping activity and emissions at Saudi ports" . Ocean Mind . 16 July 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251117012421/https://oceanmind.global/knowledge-hub/how-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports/) Archived from the original on 17 November 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Mind&rft.atitle=How+the+Red+Sea+Crisis+has+impacted+international+shipping+activity+and+emissions+at+Saudi+ports&rft.date=2025-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanmind.global%2Fknowledge-hub%2Fhow-the-red-sea-crisis-has-impacted-international-shipping-activity-and-emissions-at-saudi-ports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhu, Shengda; Fu, Xiaowen; Ng, Adolf K.Y.; Luo, Meifeng; Ge, Ying-En (19 May 2018). "The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route". Maritime Policy & Management . 45 (4): 456– 477. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03088839.2018.1443228) 10.1080/03088839.2018.1443228 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maritime+Policy+%26+Management&rft.atitle=The+environmental+costs+and+economic+implications+of+container+shipping+on+the+Northern+Sea+Route&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=456-477&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03088839.2018.1443228&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Shengda&rft.au=Fu%2C+Xiaowen&rft.au=Ng%2C+Adolf+K.Y.&rft.au=Luo%2C+Meifeng&rft.au=Ge%2C+Ying-En&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baraniuk, Chris (21 January 2024). (https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/media/BBC-future-20240121.pdf) "Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships" (PDF) . BBC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250523023850/https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/media/BBC-future-20240121.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2025. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+crisis%3A+What+it+takes+to+reroute+the+world%27s+biggest+cargo+ships&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.aulast=Baraniuk&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupernet.isenberg.umass.edu%2Fmedia%2FBBC-future-20240121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-83) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schuler, Mike (30 June 2025). "Container Losses Rise in 2024 as Red Sea Crisis Forces Riskier Routes". gCaptain . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gCaptain&rft.atitle=Container+Losses+Rise+in+2024+as+Red+Sea+Crisis+Forces+Riskier+Routes&rft.date=2025-06-30&rft.aulast=Schuler&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)   {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  Missing or empty | url= ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url) (Help:CS1 errors) help ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters) "Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters" . International Crisis Group . 21 March 2025. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Calming+the+Red+Sea%27s+Turbulent+Waters&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fgulf-and-arabian-peninsula%2Fyemen%2F248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Southall, Brandon L.; Durban, John W.; Calambokidis, John; Casey, Caroline; Fahlbusch, James A.; Fearnbach, Holly; Flynn, Kiirsten R.; Fregosi, Selene; Friedlaender, Ari S.; Leander, Samantha G. M.; Visser, Fleur (1 October 2024). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495955) "Behavioural responses of common dolphins to naval sonar" . Royal Society Open Science . 11 (10) 240650. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024RSOS...1140650S) 2024RSOS...1140650S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.240650) 10.1098/rsos.240650  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495955) 11495955  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39445093) 39445093 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=Behavioural+responses+of+common+dolphins+to+naval+sonar&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.artnum=240650&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11495955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39445093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.240650&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024RSOS...1140650S&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Brandon+L.&rft.au=Durban%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Calambokidis%2C+John&rft.au=Casey%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Fahlbusch%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Fearnbach%2C+Holly&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Kiirsten+R.&rft.au=Fregosi%2C+Selene&rft.au=Friedlaender%2C+Ari+S.&rft.au=Leander%2C+Samantha+G.+M.&rft.au=Visser%2C+Fleur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11495955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters) "Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters" . International Crisis Group . 21 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251214034443/https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters) Archived from the original on 14 December 2025. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Calming+the+Red+Sea%27s+Turbulent+Waters&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fgulf-and-arabian-peninsula%2Fyemen%2F248-calming-red-seas-turbulent-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://persga.org/programmes/marine-protected-areas-mpas-program/) "Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)" . PERSGA . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260115054254/https://persga.org/programmes/marine-protected-areas-mpas-program/) Archived from the original on 15 January 2026. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PERSGA&rft.atitle=Marine+Protected+Areas+%28MPAs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersga.org%2Fprogrammes%2Fmarine-protected-areas-mpas-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-88) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/177091565292535045/pdf/Middle-East-and-North-Africa-Red-Sea-and-Gulf-of-Aden-Strategic-Ecosystem-Management-Project.pdf) "IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT TF014701 ON A GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF US$3 MILLION TO THE Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) FOR THE Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Strategic Ecosystem Management Project" (PDF) . 28 June 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMPLEMENTATION+COMPLETION+AND+RESULTS+REPORT+TF014701+ON+A+GRANT+IN+THE+AMOUNT+OF+US%243+MILLION+TO+THE+Regional+Organization+for+the+Conservation+of+the+Environment+of+the+Red+Sea+and+Gulf+of+Aden+%28PERSGA%29+FOR+THE+Red+Sea+and+Gulf+of+Aden+Strategic+Ecosystem+Management+Project&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F177091565292535045%2Fpdf%2FMiddle-East-and-North-Africa-Red-Sea-and-Gulf-of-Aden-Strategic-Ecosystem-Management-Project.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-89) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gajdzik, Laura; Green, Alison L.; Cochran, Jesse E.M.; Hardenstine, Royale S.; Tanabe, Lyndsey K.; Berumen, Michael L. (May 2021). "Using species connectivity to achieve coordinated large-scale marine conservation efforts in the Red Sea". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 166 112244. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MarPB.16612244G) 2021MarPB.16612244G . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2021.112244) 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112244 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F668163) 10754/668163  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33740655) 33740655 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Using+species+connectivity+to+achieve+coordinated+large-scale+marine+conservation+efforts+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.volume=166&rft.artnum=112244&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F668163&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33740655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2021.112244&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MarPB.16612244G&rft.aulast=Gajdzik&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Green%2C+Alison+L.&rft.au=Cochran%2C+Jesse+E.M.&rft.au=Hardenstine%2C+Royale+S.&rft.au=Tanabe%2C+Lyndsey+K.&rft.au=Berumen%2C+Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-90) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.undp.org/safer) "Race against time STOP RED SEA OIL SPILL" . UNDP . 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260114193529/https://www.undp.org/safer) Archived from the original on 14 January 2026. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDP&rft.atitle=Race+against+time+STOP+RED+SEA+OIL+SPILL&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Fsafer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-91) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content) "Red Sea Attacks Lead to Environmental Emergency" . PAX . 18 July 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118102107/https://paxforpeace.nl/news/red-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency/#content) Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAX&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+Attacks+Lead+to+Environmental+Emergency&rft.date=2025-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaxforpeace.nl%2Fnews%2Fred-sea-attacks-lead-to-environmental-emergency%2F%23content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mazzucco, Leonardo Jacopo Maria (12 March 2025). (https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) "From Navigational Disruptors to Ecocriminals: The Environmental Impact of the Houthi Anti-Shipping Campaign in the Red Sea" . Arab Gulf States Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260216030522/https://agsi.org/analysis/from-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea/) Archived from the original on 16 February 2026. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Gulf+States+Institute&rft.atitle=From+Navigational+Disruptors+to+Ecocriminals%3A+The+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Houthi+Anti-Shipping+Campaign+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft.aulast=Mazzucco&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+Jacopo+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsi.org%2Fanalysis%2Ffrom-navigational-disruptors-to-ecocriminals-the-environmental-impact-of-the-houthi-anti-shipping-campaign-in-the-red-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mabrook, Badr (August 1994). "Environmental impact of waste brine disposal of desalination plants, Red Sea, Egypt". Desalination . 97 (1– 3): 453– 465. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Desal..97..453M) 1994Desal..97..453M . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-9164%2894%2900108-1) 10.1016/0011-9164(94)00108-1 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desalination&rft.atitle=Environmental+impact+of+waste+brine+disposal+of+desalination+plants%2C+Red+Sea%2C+Egypt&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=453-465&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0011-9164%2894%2900108-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Desal..97..453M&rft.aulast=Mabrook&rft.aufirst=Badr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-94) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (1 November 2017). (https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/) "Geographical Impacts of the Suez and Panama Canals" . New York: Hofstra University. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204437/https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/suez-panama-canal-geography-impacts/) Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+Impacts+of+the+Suez+and+Panama+Canals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hofstra+University&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Rodrigue&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransportgeography.org%2Fcontents%2Fchapter1%2Femergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems%2Fsuez-panama-canal-geography-impacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-rsce_95-0) 1  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-rsce_95-1) 2  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-rsce_95-2) 3  (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-rsce_95-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yerushalmy, Jonathan (20 December 2023). (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/19/red-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade) "Red Sea crisis explained: what is happening and what does it mean for global trade?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+crisis+explained%3A+what+is+happening+and+what+does+it+mean+for+global+trade%3F&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft.aulast=Yerushalmy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2Fdec%2F19%2Fred-sea-shipping-crisis-bp-oil-explained-what-is-happening-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-96) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php) "Scuba Diving in Egypt – Red Sea – Dive The World Vacations" . www.dive-the-world.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130623214316/http://www.dive-the-world.com/diving-sites-red-sea.php) Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dive-the-world.com&rft.atitle=Scuba+Diving+in+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Red+Sea+%E2%80%93+Dive+The+World+Vacations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dive-the-world.com%2Fdiving-sites-red-sea.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Cousteau_97-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Philippe Cousteau Jnr (23 April 2010). (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro) Jacques Cousteau's underworld village in the Red Sea  . BBC Earth. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180627162343/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mTCj-DUHro) Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Cousteau%27s+underworld+village+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.pub=BBC+Earth&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0mTCj-DUHro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village) "Saudi Arabia's 'The Red Sea Project' breaks ground on coastal village" . Al Arabiya English . 20 April 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village) Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+%27The+Red+Sea+Project%27+breaks+ground+on+coastal+village&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Flife-style%2Ftravel-and-tourism%2F2020%2F04%2F20%2FSaudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-WalshKaraszDeath_99-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walsh, Declan; Karasz, Palko (24 August 2018). (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html) "Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html) Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Tourists+Evacuated+From+Hotel+in+Egypt+After+Britons%27+Sudden+Death&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.au=Karasz%2C+Palko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-RegevCriticalBlow_100-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Regev, Dana (15 July 2017). (http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321) "Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow" . DW. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321) Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+tourism+industry+suffers+a+critical+blow&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fegypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow%2Fa-39705321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-101) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos) "The Middle East faces economic chaos" . The Economist . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240121140915/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos) Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Middle+East+faces+economic+chaos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2024%2F01%2F18%2Fthe-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en) "EU launches Operation Aspides" . www.eeas.europa.eu . European External Action Service. 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123424/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en) Archived from the original on 28 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eeas.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EU+launches+Operation+Aspides&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeas.europa.eu%2Feunavfor-aspides_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm) "Security Council Adopts Resolution 2768 (2025), Sustaining Monthly Reporting on Houthi Attacks in Red Sea | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" . press.un.org . United Nations Security Council. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250712162235/https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm) Archived from the original on 12 July 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.un.org&rft.atitle=Security+Council+Adopts+Resolution+2768+%282025%29%2C+Sustaining+Monthly+Reporting+on+Houthi+Attacks+in+Red+Sea+%26%23124%3B+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F2025%2Fsc15965.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Tim (2020). (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.104067) "Blue Crime: Conceptualising Transnational Organised Crime at Sea" . Marine Policy . 119 104067. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPo.11904067B) 2020MarPo.11904067B . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.104067) 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104067  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5) 1983/408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=Blue+Crime%3A+Conceptualising+Transnational+Organised+Crime+at+Sea&rft.volume=119&rft.artnum=104067&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.104067&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020MarPo.11904067B&rft.aulast=Bueger&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.marpol.2020.104067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/) "WeCare calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols" . Sudan Post . 25 March 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251223000127/https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/) Archived from the original on 23 December 2025. Retrieved 19 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Post&rft.atitle=WeCare+calls+for+global+efforts+to+reinforce+maritime+security+protocols&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanspost.com%2Fwecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sudantribune.com/article/283710) "Advocacy initiative calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols" . Sudan Tribune . 25 March 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Advocacy+initiative+calls+for+global+efforts+to+reinforce+maritime+security+protocols&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle%2F283710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-107) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.biztoday.news/2024/03/31/saad-kassis-mohamed-led-wecare-seek-red-sea-travel-security/) "Saad Kassis Mohamed led WeCare seek Red Sea travel security" . Biz Today . 31 March 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biz+Today&rft.atitle=Saad+Kassis+Mohamed+led+WeCare+seek+Red+Sea+travel+security&rft.date=2024-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biztoday.news%2F2024%2F03%2F31%2Fsaad-kassis-mohamed-led-wecare-seek-red-sea-travel-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-108) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/red-sea/calm-red-seas-turbulent-waters) "Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters" . International Crisis Group. 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calming+the+Red+Sea%27s+Turbulent+Waters&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fgulf-and-arabian-peninsula%2Fred-sea%2Fcalm-red-seas-turbulent-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Umanets, Maksym (2024). (https://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf) "Geopolitical Dimensions of the Houthi Interference with Submarine Cable Communications in the Red Sea" (PDF) . Przegląd Geopolityczny . 50 : 51– 67. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library) (Central and Eastern European Online Library) CEEOL  (https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1284998) 1284998 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250522125152/http://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 24 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Geopolityczny&rft.atitle=Geopolitical+Dimensions+of+the+Houthi+Interference+with+Submarine+Cable+Communications+in+the+Red+Sea&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=51-67&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Umanets&rft.aufirst=Maksym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprzeglad.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2FL-03-Umanets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schütz, Karsten I. (1994). "Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt". Interior Rift Basins . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1306%2Fm59582c3) 10.1306/m59582c3 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6298-1091-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-6298-1091-1) 978-1-6298-1091-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Stratigraphy+of+the+Gulf+of+Suez%2C+Egypt&rft.btitle=Interior+Rift+Basins&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2Fm59582c3&rft.isbn=978-1-6298-1091-1&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Karsten+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Richardson, Mark; Arthur, Michael A. (August 1988). "The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis". Marine and Petroleum Geology . 5 (3): 247– 270. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988MarPG...5..247R) 1988MarPG...5..247R . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0264-8172%2888%2990005-0) 10.1016/0264-8172(88)90005-0 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+of+Suez%E2%80%94northern+Red+Sea+neogene+rift%3A+a+quantitive+basin+analysis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-270&rft.date=1988-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0264-8172%2888%2990005-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988MarPG...5..247R&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Arthur%2C+Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rumley, Dennis; Minghi, Julian (3 October 2014). "The Gulf of Aqaba coastline: An evolving border landscape". The Geography of Border Landscapes . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59879-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59879-4) 978-1-317-59879-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+of+Aqaba+coastline%3A+An+evolving+border+landscape&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Border+Landscapes&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59879-4&rft.aulast=Rumley&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Minghi%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Loya, Yossi (2014). "Development and Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba". In Spiegel, Steve L. (ed.). Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203822685) 10.4324/9780203822685 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82268-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82268-5) 978-0-203-82268-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+Protection+of+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba&rft.btitle=Practical+Peacemaking+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203822685&rft.isbn=978-0-203-82268-5&rft.aulast=Loya&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Barth_114-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barth, Hans-Jörg (2002). Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2 . Springer. p. 148. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6) 978-1-4020-0504-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabkha+ecosystems%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0504-6&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)    (Red_Sea.html#cite_ref-Makinda_115-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Makinda, Samuel M. (1987). Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa . Routledge. p. 37. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4662-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4662-5) 978-0-7099-4662-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superpower+diplomacy+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-4662-5&rft.aulast=Makinda&rft.aufirst=Samuel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)       Further reading [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=42) (Edit section: Further reading) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson) (Henry Newton Dickson) Dickson, Henry Newton (1911). (s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Red Sea) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Red_Sea) "Red Sea"   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition) (Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 970– 971. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Red+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=970-971&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745373-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745373-3) 978-0-13-745373-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+Dynamic+Systems&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-745373-3&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=W.+Kenneth&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+Eric+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miran, Jonathan (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=TMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156) "The Red Sea" . In Armitage, David; Bashford, Alison; Sivasundaram, Sujit (eds.). Oceanic Histories . pp. 156– 181. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108399722) 10.1017/9781108399722 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-39972-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-108-39972-2) 978-1-108-39972-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Red+Sea&rft.btitle=Oceanic+Histories&rft.pages=156-181&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108399722&rft.isbn=978-1-108-39972-2&rft.aulast=Miran&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMk-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Potts, D.T.; Gillies, Sean; Scalfano, Perry; Talbert, R.; Elliott, Tom; Becker, Jeffrey (2 March 2021). (http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290) "Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)" . Pleiades. Retrieved 2 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+39290+%28Arabicus+Sinus%2FErythr%28ae%29um%2FRubrum+Mare%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rft.au=Gillies%2C+Sean&rft.au=Scalfano%2C+Perry&rft.au=Talbert%2C+R.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Tom&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F39290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+Sea)     External links [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&action=edit&section=43) (Edit section: External links) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Red Sea at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea) (wikt:Special:Search/Red Sea) Definitions from Wiktionary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Red%20Sea) (c:Red Sea) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Red%20Sea) (q:Red Sea) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea) (s:Special:Search/Red Sea) Texts from Wikisource  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) (Wikibooks logo)    (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea) (b:Special:Search/Red Sea) Textbooks from Wikibooks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red%20Sea) (v:Special:Search/Red Sea) Resources from Wikiversity      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search#v)   (https://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs/) Red Sea Coral Reefs  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html) Red Sea Photography   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:African_seas) (Template:African seas) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:African_seas) (Template talk:African seas) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_seas) (Special:EditPage/Template:African seas) (Edit this template) e     African seas   Oceans and seas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Sea) (Alboran Sea) Alboran Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Sea) (Levantine Sea) Levantine Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea  (Red_Sea.html) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean) (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean      Gulfs and bays (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay) (Abu Qir Bay) Abu Qir Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheïl_Dakhlet?action=edit&redlink=1) (Acheïl Dakhlet (page does not exist)) Acheïl Dakhlet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoceima_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Al Hoceima Bay (page does not exist)) Al Hoceima Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Algiers Bay (page does not exist)) Algiers Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoa_Bay) (Algoa Bay) Algoa Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambas_Bay) (Ambas Bay) Ambas Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Chaves_Bay) (Ana Chaves Bay) Ana Chaves Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_de_Cintra?action=edit&redlink=1) (Angra de Cintra (page does not exist)) Angra de Cintra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antongil_Bay) (Antongil Bay) Antongil Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsiranana_Bay) (Antsiranana Bay) Antsiranana Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab's_Gulf) (Arab's Gulf) Arab's Gulf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_Almeida?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía Almeida (page does not exist)) Baía Almeida  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_da_Condúcia?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía da Condúcia (page does not exist)) Baía da Condúcia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_da_Corimba?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía da Corimba (page does not exist)) Baía da Corimba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Mocambo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía de Mocambo (page does not exist)) Baía de Mocambo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Mossuril?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía de Mossuril (page does not exist)) Baía de Mossuril  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Namibe) (Baía de Namibe) Baía de Namibe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia_de_Porto_Amboim?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baia de Porto Amboim (page does not exist)) Baia de Porto Amboim  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Santa_Marta) (Baía de Santa Marta) Baía de Santa Marta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Sucujaque?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía de Sucujaque (page does not exist)) Baía de Sucujaque  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_de_Tombua?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía de Tombua (page does not exist)) Baía de Tombua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Ambriz?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Ambriz (page does not exist)) Baía do Ambriz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Bengo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Bengo (page does not exist)) Baía do Bengo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Dande?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Dande (page does not exist)) Baía do Dande  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Govuro?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Govuro (page does not exist)) Baía do Govuro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Lúrio?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Lúrio (page does not exist)) Baía do Lúrio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Nzeto?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Nzeto (page does not exist)) Baía do Nzeto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baía_do_Suto?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baía do Suto (page does not exist)) Baía do Suto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_Gorée?action=edit&redlink=1) (Baie de Gorée (page does not exist)) Baie de Gorée  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_Sangareya) (Baie de Sangareya) Baie de Sangareya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandombaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bandombaai (page does not exist)) Bandombaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Anfile) (Bay of Anfile) Bay of Anfile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Arguin) (Bay of Arguin) Bay of Arguin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Arzew?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bay of Arzew (page does not exist)) Bay of Arzew  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Aseb?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bay of Aseb (page does not exist)) Bay of Aseb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Beylul) (Bay of Beylul) Bay of Beylul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Edd?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bay of Edd (page does not exist)) Bay of Edd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Hawakil) (Bay of Hawakil) Bay of Hawakil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Langarano) (Bay of Langarano) Bay of Langarano  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Saint-Augustin) (Bay of Saint-Augustin) Bay of Saint-Augustin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Tangier) (Bay of Tangier) Bay of Tangier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguela_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Benguela Bay (page does not exist)) Benguela Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bera'esoli?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bera'esoli (page does not exist)) Bera'esoli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty's_Bay) (Betty's Bay) Betty's Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Benin) (Bight of Benin) Bight of Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra) (Bight of Biafra) Bight of Biafra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocock's_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bocock's Bay (page does not exist)) Bocock's Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombetoka_Bay) (Bombetoka Bay) Bombetoka Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bootbaai (page does not exist)) Bootbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosluisbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Bosluisbaai (page does not exist)) Bosluisbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Cabinda Bay (page does not exist)) Cabinda Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cross_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Cape Cross Bay (page does not exist)) Cape Cross Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Negro_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Cape Negro Bay (page does not exist)) Cape Negro Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chake-Chake_Bay) (Chake-Chake Bay) Chake-Chake Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameis_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Chameis Bay (page does not exist)) Chameis Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwaka_Bay) (Chwaka Bay) Chwaka Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_Bay_(Namibia)) (Conception Bay (Namibia)) Conception Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuio_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Cuio Bay (page does not exist)) Cuio Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhlet_Nouadhibou) (Dakhlet Nouadhibou) Dakhlet Nouadhibou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalwakteah_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Dalwakteah Bay (page does not exist)) Dalwakteah Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deurloopbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Deurloopbaai (page does not exist)) Deurloopbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doringbaai) (Doringbaai) Doringbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungonab_Bay) (Dungonab Bay) Dungonab Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durissa_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Durissa Bay (page does not exist)) Durissa Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elands_Bay) (Elands Bay) Elands Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_das_Pombas?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada das Pombas (page does not exist)) Enseada das Pombas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_de_São_Braz?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada de São Braz (page does not exist)) Enseada de São Braz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_do_Catumbo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada do Catumbo (page does not exist)) Enseada do Catumbo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_do_Chalungo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada do Chalungo (page does not exist)) Enseada do Chalungo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_do_Quicombo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada do Quicombo (page does not exist)) Enseada do Quicombo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_do_Quitungo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada do Quitungo (page does not exist)) Enseada do Quitungo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enseada_dos_Três_Irmãos?action=edit&redlink=1) (Enseada dos Três Irmãos (page does not exist)) Enseada dos Três Irmãos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equimina_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Equimina Bay (page does not exist)) Equimina Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_Bay) (False Bay) False Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farta_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Farta Bay (page does not exist)) Farta Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernao_Veloso_Bay) (Fernao Veloso Bay) Fernao Veloso Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_Bay) (Foul Bay) Foul Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_se_Baai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Frederik se Baai (page does not exist)) Frederik se Baai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoubbet-el-Kharab) (Ghoubbet-el-Kharab) Ghoubbet-el-Kharab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_Bucht?action=edit&redlink=1) (Grosse Bucht (page does not exist)) Grosse Bucht  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_'Agig) (Gulf of 'Agig) Gulf of 'Agig  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gabès) (Gulf of Gabès) Gulf of Gabès  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea) (Gulf of Guinea) Gulf of Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Hammamet) (Gulf of Hammamet) Gulf of Hammamet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra) (Gulf of Sidra) Gulf of Sidra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura) (Gulf of Tadjoura) Gulf of Tadjoura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tunis) (Gulf of Tunis) Gulf of Tunis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Zula) (Gulf of Zula) Gulf of Zula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafun_Bay_South?action=edit&redlink=1) (Hafun Bay South (page does not exist)) Hafun Bay South  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hann_Bay) (Hann Bay) Hann Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Cove?action=edit&redlink=1) (Harrison Cove (page does not exist)) Harrison Cove  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henties_Bay) (Henties Bay) Henties Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirghīgo_Bahir_Selat’ē?action=edit&redlink=1) (Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)) Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horingbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Horingbaai (page does not exist)) Horingbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hottentotsbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Hottentotsbaai (page does not exist)) Hottentotsbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdiyo?action=edit&redlink=1) (Hurdiyo (page does not exist)) Hurdiyo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Bay) (Hydra Bay) Hydra Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhambane_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Inhambane Bay (page does not exist)) Inhambane Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammer_Bucht?action=edit&redlink=1) (Jammer Bucht (page does not exist)) Jammer Bucht  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Owen_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (John Owen Bay (page does not exist)) John Owen Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawy_Bay) (Kalawy Bay) Kalawy Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwaiyu_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kiwaiyu Bay (page does not exist)) Kiwaiyu Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Lambert Bay (page does not exist)) Lambert Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Lamu Bay (page does not exist)) Lamu Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Langbaai (page does not exist)) Langbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loango_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Loango Bay (page does not exist)) Loango Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobito_Bay) (Lobito Bay) Lobito Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luanda_Bay) (Luanda Bay) Luanda Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lüderitz_Bay) (Lüderitz Bay) Lüderitz Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDougall_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (McDougall Bay (page does not exist)) McDougall Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manza_Bay) (Manza Bay) Manza Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo_Bay) (Maputo Bay) Maputo Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Markusbaai (page does not exist)) Markusbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memba_Bay) (Memba Bay) Memba Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Bay) (Menai Bay) Menai Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meob_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Meob Bay (page does not exist)) Meob Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mietjie_Frans_se_Baai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mietjie Frans se Baai (page does not exist)) Mietjie Frans se Baai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraha_Bahir_Selat’ē?action=edit&redlink=1) (Moraha Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)) Moraha Bahir Selat’ē  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossel_Bay) (Mossel Bay) Mossel Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Möwebaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Möwebaai (page does not exist)) Möwebaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noopbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Noopbaai (page does not exist)) Noopbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_Gulf?action=edit&redlink=1) (Oran Gulf (page does not exist)) Oran Gulf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba_Bay) (Pemba Bay) Pemba Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipas_Bay) (Pipas Bay) Pipas Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaatjieskraalbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Plaatjieskraalbaai (page does not exist)) Plaatjieskraalbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Platbaai (page does not exist)) Platbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plettenbergbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Plettenbergbaai (page does not exist)) Plettenbergbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-Noire_Bay) (Pointe-Noire Bay) Pointe-Noire Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alexandre,_Angola) (Porto Alexandre, Angola) Porto Alexandre, Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinzen_Bucht?action=edit&redlink=1) (Prinzen Bucht (page does not exist)) Prinzen Bucht  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_de_Oro_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Río de Oro Bay (page does not exist)) Río de Oro Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Rock Bay (page does not exist)) Rock Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roode_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Roode Bay (page does not exist)) Roode Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooiwalbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Rooiwalbaai (page does not exist)) Rooiwalbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Saint Francis Bay (page does not exist)) Saint Francis Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Bay_(Eastern_Cape)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) (page does not exist)) Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helena_Bay) (St Helena Bay) St Helena Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sebastian_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Saint Sebastian Bay (page does not exist)) Saint Sebastian Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bay) (Saldanha Bay) Saldanha Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_Harbour) (Sandwich Harbour) Sandwich Harbour  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Sierra Bay (page does not exist)) Sierra Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoonbergbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Skoonbergbaai (page does not exist)) Skoonbergbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurfbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Skurfbaai (page does not exist)) Skurfbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Slangbaai (page does not exist)) Slangbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodwana_Bay) (Sodwana Bay) Sodwana Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofala_Bay) (Sofala Bay) Sofala Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnaasbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Somnaasbaai (page does not exist)) Somnaasbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Spencer Bay (page does not exist)) Spencer Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoegrivierbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Spoegrivierbaai (page does not exist)) Spoegrivierbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struisbaai) (Struisbaai) Struisbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartstraat?action=edit&redlink=1) (Swartstraat (page does not exist)) Swartstraat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Bay) (Table Bay) Table Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Thysbaai (page does not exist)) Thysbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietiesbaai?action=edit&redlink=1) (Tietiesbaai (page does not exist)) Tietiesbaai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungama_Bay?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ungama Bay (page does not exist)) Ungama Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Bay) (Walker Bay) Walker Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Bay_(bay)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Walvis Bay (bay) (page does not exist)) Walvis Bay (bay)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawri_Bay) (Yawri Bay) Yawri Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yof_Bay) (Yof Bay) Yof Bay      Straits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb) (Bab-el-Mandeb) Bab-el-Mandeb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_Iskender) (Bab Iskender) Bab Iskender  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Bolama) (Canal de Bolama) Canal de Bolama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Bolola?action=edit&redlink=1) (Canal de Bolola (page does not exist)) Canal de Bolola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Caió?action=edit&redlink=1) (Canal de Caió (page does not exist)) Canal de Caió  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_São_Vicente) (Canal de São Vicente) Canal de São Vicente  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_do_Meio?action=edit&redlink=1) (Canal do Meio (page does not exist)) Canal do Meio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardafui_Channel) (Guardafui Channel) Guardafui Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_Channel) (Mafia Channel) Mafia Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa_Channel?action=edit&redlink=1) (Massawa Channel (page does not exist)) Massawa Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Channel) (Mozambique Channel) Mozambique Channel‎  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba_Channel) (Pemba Channel) Pemba Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubuk_Channel?action=edit&redlink=1) (Shubuk Channel (page does not exist)) Shubuk Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar) (Strait of Gibraltar) Strait of Gibraltar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily) (Strait of Sicily) Strait of Sicily  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran) (Straits of Tiran) Straits of Tiran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_Strait) (Tigres Strait) Tigres Strait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_Channel) (Zanzibar Channel) Zanzibar Channel      Historical seas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopian_Sea) (Aethiopian Sea) Aethiopian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythraean_Sea) (Erythraean Sea) Erythraean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Zanj) (Sea of Zanj) Sea of Zanj      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oceans) (Portal:Oceans) Oceans portal       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_seas) (Template:List of seas) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas) (Template talk:List of seas) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas) (Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth) (Earth) Earth 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans) (Borders of the oceans) oceans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth) (List of seas on Earth) seas    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean) (Southern Ocean) Antarctic/Southern Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Sea) (Amundsen Sea) Amundsen Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea) (Bellingshausen Sea) Bellingshausen Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Sea) (Cooperation Sea) Cooperation Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea) (Cosmonauts Sea) Cosmonauts Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Sea) (Davis Sea) Davis Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'Urville_Sea) (D'Urville Sea) D'Urville Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea) (King Haakon VII Sea) King Haakon VII Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarev_Sea) (Lazarev Sea) Lazarev Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawson_Sea) (Mawson Sea) Mawson Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea) (Riiser-Larsen Sea) Riiser-Larsen Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea) (Ross Sea) Ross Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia_Sea) (Scotia Sea) Scotia Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somov_Sea) (Somov Sea) Somov Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea) (Weddell Sea) Weddell Sea      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean) (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf) (Amundsen Gulf) Amundsen Gulf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea) (Barents Sea) Barents Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Sea) (Beaufort Sea) Beaufort Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea) (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea) (East Siberian Sea) East Siberian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Sea) (Greenland Sea) Greenland Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia) (Gulf of Boothia) Gulf of Boothia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea) (Kara Sea) Kara Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptev_Sea) (Laptev Sea) Laptev Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Sea) (Lincoln Sea) Lincoln Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora_Sea) (Pechora Sea) Pechora Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea) (Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea) Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea) (Queen Victoria Sea) Queen Victoria Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandel_Sea) (Wandel Sea) Wandel Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea) (White Sea) White Sea      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean) (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea) (Adriatic Sea) Adriatic Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea) (Aegean Sea) Aegean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Sea) (Alboran Sea) Alboran Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea) (American Mediterranean Sea) American Mediterranean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_Sea) (Archipelago Sea) Archipelago Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Sea) (Argentine Sea) Argentine Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay) (Baffin Bay) Baffin Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Sea) (Balearic Sea) Balearic Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea) (Baltic Sea) Baltic Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay) (Bay of Biscay) Bay of Biscay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Bay) (Bothnian Bay) Bay of Bothnia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche) (Bay of Campeche) Bay of Campeche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy) (Bay of Fundy) Bay of Fundy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) (Black Sea) Black Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Sea) (Bothnian Sea) Bothnian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea) (Caribbean Sea) Caribbean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Sea) (Celtic Sea) Celtic Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel) (English Channel) English Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe_Basin) (Foxe Basin) Foxe Basin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Sea) (Greenland Sea) Greenland Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia) (Gulf of Bothnia) Gulf of Bothnia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland) (Gulf of Finland) Gulf of Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea) (Gulf of Guinea) Gulf of Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion) (Gulf of Lion) Gulf of Lion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine) (Gulf of Maine) Gulf of Maine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico) (Gulf of Mexico) Gulf of Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra) (Gulf of Sidra) Gulf of Sidra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence) (Gulf of St. Lawrence) Gulf of St. Lawrence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela) (Gulf of Venezuela) Gulf of Venezuela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay) (Hudson Bay) Hudson Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Sea) (Ionian Sea) Ionian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea) (Irish Sea) Irish Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminger_Sea) (Irminger Sea) Irminger Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay) (James Bay) James Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Sea) (Labrador Sea) Labrador Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Sea) (Levantine Sea) Levantine Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Sea) (Libyan Sea) Libyan Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_Sea) (Ligurian Sea) Ligurian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea) (Myrtoan Sea) Myrtoan Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea) (North Sea) North Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Sea) (Norwegian Sea) Norwegian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea) (Sargasso Sea) Sargasso Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Åland) (Sea of Åland) Sea of Åland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov) (Sea of Azov) Sea of Azov  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Crete) (Sea of Crete) Sea of Crete  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides) (Sea of the Hebrides) Sea of the Hebrides  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara) (Sea of Marmara) Sea of Marmara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Sea) (Thracian Sea) Thracian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea) (Tyrrhenian Sea) Tyrrhenian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea) (Wadden Sea) Wadden Sea      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean) (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea) (Andaman Sea) Andaman Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea) (Arabian Sea) Arabian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal) (Bay of Bengal) Bay of Bengal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Sea) (Flores Sea) Flores Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight) (Great Australian Bight) Great Australian Bight  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden) (Gulf of Aden) Gulf of Aden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Gulf of Aqaba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat) (Gulf of Khambhat) Gulf of Khambhat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch) (Gulf of Kutch) Gulf of Kutch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman) (Gulf of Oman) Gulf of Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Sea) (Laccadive Sea) Laccadive Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Channel) (Mozambique Channel) Mozambique Channel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf  (Red_Sea.html) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea) (Timor Sea) Timor Sea      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea) (Arafura Sea) Arafura Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Sea) (Bali Sea) Bali Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Sea) (Banda Sea) Banda Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Sea) (Bering Sea) Bering Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Sea) (Bismarck Sea) Bismarck Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea) (Bohai Sea) Bohai Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohol_Sea) (Bohol Sea) Bohol Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camotes_Sea) (Camotes Sea) Camotes Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes_Sea) (Celebes Sea) Celebes Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Sea) (Chilean Sea) Chilean Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea) (Coral Sea) Coral Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East China Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska) (Gulf of Alaska) Gulf of Alaska  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr) (Gulf of Anadyr) Gulf of Anadyr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California) (Gulf of California) Gulf of California  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria) (Gulf of Carpentaria) Gulf of Carpentaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca) (Gulf of Fonseca) Gulf of Fonseca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama) (Gulf of Panama) Gulf of Panama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand) (Gulf of Thailand) Gulf of Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin) (Gulf of Tonkin) Gulf of Tonkin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmahera_Sea) (Halmahera Sea) Halmahera Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea) (Java Sea) Java Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_Sea) (Koro Sea) Koro Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Grau) (Mar de Grau) Mar de Grau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molucca_Sea) (Molucca Sea) Molucca Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Gulf) (Moro Gulf) Moro Gulf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea) (Philippine Sea) Philippine Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea) (Salish Sea) Salish Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu_Sea) (Savu Sea) Savu Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan) (Sea of Japan) Sea of Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk) (Sea of Okhotsk) Sea of Okhotsk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seram_Sea) (Seram Sea) Seram Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea) (Seto Inland Sea) Seto Inland Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantar_Sea) (Shantar Sea) Shantar Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea) (Sibuyan Sea) Sibuyan Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Sea) (Solomon Sea) Solomon Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sea) (Sulu Sea) Sulu Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea) (Tasman Sea) Tasman Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_Sea) (Visayan Sea) Visayan Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Philippine_Sea) (West Philippine Sea) West Philippine Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea) (Yellow Sea) Yellow Sea      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin) (Endorheic basin) Endorheic basins  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea) (Aral Sea) Aral Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea) (Caspian Sea) Caspian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea) (Dead Sea) Dead Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea) (Salton Sea) Salton Sea      Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_oceans) (List of ancient oceans) Ancient oceans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean) (Ocean) Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea) (Sea) Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superocean) (Superocean) Superocean      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oceans) (Portal:Oceans) Oceans portal   (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas) (Category:Seas) Category          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea) (Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea) (Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea) (Edit this template) e     Countries bordering the (Red_Sea.html) Red Sea    ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corals) (Template:Corals) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corals) (Template talk:Corals) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corals) (Special:EditPage/Template:Corals) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral) (Coral) Corals and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef) (Coral reef) coral reefs    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexacorallia) (Hexacorallia) Hexacorallia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_coral) (Black coral) Black  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_coral) (Brain coral) Brain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalaphyllia) (Catalaphyllia) Elegance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermatypic_coral) (Hermatypic coral) Hermatypic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectiniidae) (Pectiniidae) Chalice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_coral) (Pillar coral) Pillar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropora) (Acropora) Table (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhorn_coral) (Elkhorn coral) Elkhorn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staghorn_coral) (Staghorn coral) Staghorn    †(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugosa) (Rugosa) Rugose  †(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulata) (Tabulata) Tabulate     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FFS_Table_bottom.jpg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octocorallia) (Octocorallia) Octocorallia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_coral) (Blue coral) Blue  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_pipe_coral) (Organ pipe coral) Organ pipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_fans) (Sea fans) Sea fans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_pen) (Sea pen) Sea pens      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef) (Coral reef) Coral reefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll) (Atoll) Atoll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cay) (Cay) Cay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef) (Coral reef) Coral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral) (Deep-water coral) Deep-water coral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesophotic_coral_reef) (Mesophotic coral reef) mesophotic coral reef    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringing_reef) (Fringing reef) Fringing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microatoll) (Microatoll) Microatoll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish) (Coral reef fish) Coral reef fish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Coral_Reefs) (Census of Coral Reefs) Census of Coral Reefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs) (The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs) The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catlin_Seaview_Survey) (Catlin Seaview Survey) Catlin Seaview Survey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_and_groove_formation) (Spur and groove formation) Spur and groove formation      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef#Distribution) (Coral reef) Coral regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reefs) (List of reefs) List of reefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_coral_reefs) (African coral reefs) African coral reefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Reef) (Amazon Reef) Amazon Reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas) (Andros, Bahamas) Andros, Bahamas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo_Reef) (Apo Reef) Apo Reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_wildlife_of_Baa_Atoll) (Marine wildlife of Baa Atoll) Baa Atoll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_Barrier_Reef) (Belize Barrier Reef) Belize Barrier Reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands) (Coral Sea Islands) Coral Sea Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Triangle) (Coral Triangle) Coral Triangle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_coral_coast) (East African coral coast) East African coral coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary) (Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary) Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef) (Great Barrier Reef) Great Barrier Reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_in_India) (Coral reefs in India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Jamaica) (Coral reefs of Jamaica) Jamaica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Kiribati) (Coral reefs of Kiribati) Kiribati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep) (Lakshadweep) Lakshadweep  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Maldives) (Wildlife of the Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Barrier_Reef_System) (Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System) Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_barrier_reef) (New Caledonian barrier reef) New Caledonia barrier reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningaloo_Coast) (Ningaloo Coast) Ningaloo Reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_in_non-tropical_regions) (Coral in non-tropical regions) Non-tropical regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands) (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Northwestern Hawaiian Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley_Ridge) (Pulley Ridge) Pulley Ridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands) (Raja Ampat Islands) Raja Ampat Islands  (Red_Sea.html) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Solomon_Islands) (Coral reefs of the Solomon Islands) Solomon Archipelago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_coral_reefs) (Southeast Asian coral reefs) Southeast Asian coral reefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu) (Coral reefs of Tuvalu) Tuvalu Archipelago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_the_Virgin_Islands) (Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands) Virgin Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabiji) (Yabiji) Yabiji      Coral diseases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching) (Coral bleaching) Coral bleaching  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_band_disease) (Black band disease) Black band disease  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_eroding_band) (Skeletal eroding band) Skeletal eroding band  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_coral_tissue_loss_disease) (Stony coral tissue loss disease) Stony coral tissue loss disease  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_band_disease) (White band disease) White band disease  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_pox_disease) (White pox disease) White pox disease      Conservation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs) (Environmental issues with coral reefs) Environmental issues with coral reefs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023–2025_global_coral_bleaching_event) (2023–2025 global coral bleaching event) 2023–2025 bleaching event    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_protection) (Coral reef protection) Coral reef protection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_restoration) (Coral reef restoration) Coral reef restoration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resilience_of_coral_reefs) (Resilience of coral reefs) Reef resilience    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_organizations) (Coral reef organizations) Organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance) (Coral Reef Alliance) Coral Reef Alliance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Fins) (Green Fins) Green Fins  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coral_Reef_Society) (International Coral Reef Society) International Coral Reef Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PADI_AWARE) (PADI AWARE) Project AWARE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Ball_Foundation) (Reef Ball Foundation) Reef Ball Foundation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_Check) (Reef Check) Reef Check           Symbiotic algae (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooxanthellae) (Zooxanthellae) Zooxanthellae (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphidinium) (Amphidinium) Amphidinium   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiodinium) (Symbiodinium) Symbiodinium         Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef) (Artificial reef) Artificial reef  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_of_coral) (Aquaculture of coral) Aquaculture of coral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_dermatitis) (Coral dermatitis) Coral dermatitis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_coral) (Precious coral) Precious coral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_rag) (Coral rag) Coral rag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_sand) (Coral sand) Coral sand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralline_algae) (Coralline algae) Coralline algae  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral) (Deep-water coral) Deep-water coral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_coral) (Fire coral) Fire coral         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23406#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://viaf.org/viaf/155944421) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050664-2) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1240414) FAST       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112090) United States   (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964378t) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964378t) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00634145) Japan   (Rudé moře) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134461&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451491) Spain   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565862505171) Israel       Geographic (https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290) Pleiades       Other (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046247) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kizildeniz) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/d826197b-491e-4702-842d-034008d97594) Yale LUX          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_Sea#%20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Egypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Eritrea)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Israel)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Jordan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Saudi_Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Sudan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan_border)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Eritrea%E2%80%93Sudan_border)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_East_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_North_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Middle_East)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Rift_Valley)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gulfs_of_the_Indian_Ocean)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Horn_of_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inlets_of_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marginal_seas_of_the_Indian_Ocean)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_ecoregions)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_border)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Yemen)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Suez_Canal)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Egypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving_sites)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=1370290561) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=1370290561 "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Red_Sea) (Category:Red Sea) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Egypt) (Category:Bodies of water of Egypt) Bodies of water of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Eritrea) (Category:Bodies of water of Eritrea) Bodies of water of Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Israel) (Category:Bodies of water of Israel) Bodies of water of Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Jordan) (Category:Bodies of water of Jordan) Bodies of water of Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Category:Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia) Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Sudan) (Category:Bodies of water of Sudan) Bodies of water of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt%E2%80%93Sudan_border) (Category:Egypt–Sudan border) Egypt–Sudan border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Eritrea%E2%80%93Sudan_border) (Category:Eritrea–Sudan border) Eritrea–Sudan border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_East_Africa) (Category:Geography of East Africa) Geography of East Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_North_Africa) (Category:Geography of North Africa) Geography of North Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Middle_East) (Category:Geography of the Middle East) Geography of the Middle East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia) (Category:Geography of West Asia) Geography of West Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Rift_Valley) (Category:Great Rift Valley) Great Rift Valley  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gulfs_of_the_Indian_Ocean) (Category:Gulfs of the Indian Ocean) Gulfs of the Indian Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Horn_of_Africa) (Category:Horn of Africa) Horn of Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inlets_of_Asia) (Category:Inlets of Asia) Inlets of Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marginal_seas_of_the_Indian_Ocean) (Category:Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean) Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_ecoregions) (Category:Marine ecoregions) Marine ecoregions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_border) (Category:Saudi Arabia–Yemen border) Saudi Arabia–Yemen border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Africa) (Category:Seas of Africa) Seas of Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Asia) (Category:Seas of Asia) Seas of Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Yemen) (Category:Seas of Yemen) Seas of Yemen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Suez_Canal) (Category:Suez Canal) Suez Canal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Egypt) (Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt) Tourist attractions in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving_sites) (Category:Underwater diving sites) Underwater diving sites    Hidden categories: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) (Category:Articles with short description) Articles with short description  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) (Category:Short description is different from Wikidata) Short description is different from Wikidata  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2024) (Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2024) Articles needing additional references from June 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) (Category:All articles needing additional references) All articles needing additional references  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2024) (Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification) (Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification) All Wikipedia articles needing clarification  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) (Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues) Articles with multiple maintenance issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2023) (Category:Use dmy dates from December 2023) Use dmy dates from December 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) (Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata) (Category:Coordinates on Wikidata) Coordinates on Wikidata  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_image) (Category:Articles using infobox body of water without image) Articles using infobox body of water without image  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_pushpin_map) (Category:Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map) Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt_bathymetry) (Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry) Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_with_mapframe) (Category:Articles using infobox body of water with mapframe) Articles using infobox body of water with mapframe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text) Articles containing Arabic-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text) Articles containing Hebrew-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text) Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Coptic-language text) Articles containing Coptic-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tigrinya-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Tigrinya-language text) Articles containing Tigrinya-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Somali-language text) Articles containing Somali-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afar-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Afar-language text) Articles containing Afar-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Latin-language text) Articles containing Latin-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text) Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_suspected_AI-generated_texts_from_January_2026) (Category:Articles containing suspected AI-generated texts from January 2026) Articles containing suspected AI-generated texts from January 2026  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) (Category:All articles with unsourced statements) All articles with unsourced statements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2026) (Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2026) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2026  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2025) (Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2025) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2026) (Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2026) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2026  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time) (Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time) All articles with vague or ambiguous time  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2023) (Category:Vague or ambiguous time from June 2023) Vague or ambiguous time from June 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) (Category:All pages needing factual verification) All pages needing factual verification  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_June_2023) (Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2023) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2021) (Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019) (Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification) (Category:All articles with failed verification) All articles with failed verification  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_June_2023) (Category:Articles with failed verification from June 2023) Articles with failed verification from June 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2022) (Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2022) Articles needing additional references from May 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2025) (Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) (Category:Webarchive template wayback links) Webarchive template wayback links  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2025) (Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2025) Articles needing additional references from November 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL) (Category:CS1 errors: requires URL) CS1 errors: requires URL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference) (Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search) (Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search) Pages using Sister project links with default search  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips) (Category:Articles containing video clips) Articles containing video clips  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension) (Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension) Pages using the Kartographer extension        This page was last edited on 20 August 2026, at 06:42(UTC) . Page was rendered with (https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) (mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) Parsoid . Text is available under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License) (Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use) Terms of Use and (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy) Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the (https://wikimediafoundation.org/) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) Privacy policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) About Wikipedia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) Disclaimers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) Contact Wikipedia  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) Legal & safety contacts  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) Code of Conduct  (https://developer.wikimedia.org) Developers  (https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) Statistics  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) Cookie statement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) Mobile view   (https://www.wikimedia.org/) (Wikimedia Foundation)    (https://www.mediawiki.org/) (Powered by MediaWiki)          Search   (Search Wikipedia)   (Special:Search)  Search      Toggle the table of contents      Red Sea     (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)    (Red_Sea.html#)      181 languages  (Red_Sea.html#)  Add topic