Saudi Arabia - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Saudi_Arabia.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Saudi_Arabia.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Saudi+Arabia) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Saudi+Arabia) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Saudi_Arabia.html#) (Top)   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Etymology) 1 Etymology     (Saudi_Arabia.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Prehistory) 2.1 Prehistory     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Pre-Islamic) 2.2 Pre-Islamic     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Middle_Ages_and_rise_of_Islam) 2.3 Middle Ages and rise of Islam     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Ottoman_Hejaz_and_Portuguese_era) 2.4 Ottoman Hejaz and Portuguese era     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Saud_dynasty_and_unification) 2.5 Saud dynasty and unification     (Saudi_Arabia.html#20th_century) 2.6 20th century     (Saudi_Arabia.html#21st_century) 2.7 21st century       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Biodiversity) 3.1 Biodiversity       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Government_and_politics) 4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Monarchy_and_royal_family) 4.1 Monarchy and royal family     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Al_ash-Sheikh_and_role_of_the_ulema) 4.2 Al ash-Sheikh and role of the ulema     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Legal_system) 4.3 Legal system     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.4 Administrative divisions     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Foreign_relations) 4.5 Foreign relations   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Allegations_of_sponsoring_global_terrorism) 4.5.1 Allegations of sponsoring global terrorism       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Military) 4.6 Military     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Human_rights) 4.7 Human rights       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Agriculture) 5.1 Agriculture     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Water_supply_and_sanitation) 5.2 Water supply and sanitation     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Tourism) 5.3 Tourism       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Language) 6.1 Language     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Religion) 6.2 Religion     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Education) 6.3 Education     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Health_care) 6.4 Health care     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Foreigners) 6.5 Foreigners       (Saudi_Arabia.html#Culture) 7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Saudi_Arabia.html#Religion_in_society) 7.1 Religion in society     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Women_in_society) 7.2 Women in society     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Heritage_sites) 7.3 Heritage sites     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Dress) 7.4 Dress     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Arts_and_entertainment) 7.5 Arts and entertainment     (Saudi_Arabia.html#TV_and_media) 7.6 TV and media     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Cuisine) 7.7 Cuisine     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Sport) 7.8 Sport       (Saudi_Arabia.html#See_also) 8 See also     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Notes) 9 Notes     (Saudi_Arabia.html#References) 10 References     (Saudi_Arabia.html#Bibliography) 11 Bibliography     (Saudi_Arabia.html#External_links) 12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Saudi Arabia    278 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Саудтәи Арабсҭан – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5) (Сауд Арабие – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB) (Saoedi-Arabië – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB) (ሳዑዲ አረቢያ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia) (Saudi arabia – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudisc_Arabea) (Saudisc Arabea – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawudi_Arebia) (Sawudi Arebia – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (सऊदी अरब – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9) (السعودية – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90) (ܣܥܘܕܝܐ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9) (السعودية – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87) (المملكه العربيه السعوديه – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1) (চৌদি আৰৱ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F) (СагӀудиязул ГӀарабия – Avaric) Авар   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (सउदी अरब – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udiyy%C9%99_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan%C4%B1) (Səudiyyə Ərəbistanı – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (سعودی عربیستان – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D2%93%D2%AF%D0%B4_%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B) (Сәғүд Ғәрәбстаны – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabien) (Saudi Arabien – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda_Arab%C4%97j%C4%97) (Sauda Arabėjė – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabya) (Saudi Arabya – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F) (Саудаўская Арабія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F) (Саудаўская Аравія – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Саудитска Арабия – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (सउदी अरब – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebia) (Saudi Arebia – Bislama) Bislama   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE) (သော်ဒီအာရေးဗီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Arabu_ka_Faamamara) (Saudia Arabu ka Faamamara – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC) (সৌদি আরব – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D) (སའུ་དི་ཨ་ར་པི་ཡ། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC) (সৌদি আরব – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saoudat) (Arabia Saoudat – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija) (Saudijska Arabija – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%91_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97) (ᨕᨑ ᨔᨕᨘᨉᨗ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8) (Саудай Арави – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita) (Aràbia Saudita – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C4%80-l%C3%A1-b%C3%A1ik) (Saudi Ā-lá-báik – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C) (СаӀудийн Ӏаьрбийчоь – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudinhong_Arabiya) (Saudinhong Arabiya – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A0) (ᏌᎤᏗ ᎡᎴᏈᎠ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C) (عەرەبستانی سعوودی – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiy_Arabistan) (Saudiy Arabistan – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (good article) (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BAdsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bie) (Saúdská Arábie – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijsk%C3%B4_Arabi%C3%B4) (Saudijskô Arabiô – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95) (Сауд Аравийĕ – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia) (Sawdi Arabia – Welsh) Cymraeg   (good article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereb%C4%B1stan%C3%AA_Seudi) (Erebıstanê Seudi – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabska) (Saudi-Arabska – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (साउदी अरब – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7) (ސައޫދީ އަރަބިއްޔާ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B) (སའུ་དི་ཨེ་ར་སྦི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1) (Σαουδική Αραβία – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda_Arabio) (Sauda Arabio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia) (Saudi Araabia – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C) (عربستان سعودی – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarabe_Sawdiyanke) (Aarabe Sawdiyanke – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Araabia) (Saudi Araabia – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabia) (Saudiarabia – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite) (Arabie saoudite – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_saoudita) (Arabia saoudita – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Araabien) (Saudi-Araabien – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%BBdy-Araabje) (Saûdy-Araabje – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Araib_Sh%C3%A1dach) (An Araib Shádach – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiya) (Saudi Arabiya – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF) (沙特阿拉伯 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Saoudit) (Arabi Saoudit – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0ibia_nan_Sabhd) (Aràibia nan Sabhd – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (عربستان – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1via_Saud%C3%ADta) (Arávia Saudíta – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (सौदी अरेबिया – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE) (સાઉદી અરેબિયા – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Araab_Saudi) (Yn Araab Saudi – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arebiya) (Saudi Arebiya – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%C3%82-l%C3%A2-pak) (Saudi Â-lâ-pak – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_%CA%BBAlapia) (Saudi ʻAlapia – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA) (ערב הסעודית – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (सउदी अरब – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija) (Saudijska Arabija – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawdi-Arabska) (Sawdi-Arabska – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_Sawoudit) (Arabi Sawoudit – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sza%C3%BAd-Ar%C3%A1bia) (Szaúd-Arábia – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Սաուդյան Արաբիա – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Սէուտական Արաբիա – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA) (СаӀудий Ӏарбий мохк – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1di-Arab%C3%ADa) (Sádi-Arabía – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudovska_Arabija) (Saudovska Arabija – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2) (サウジアラビア – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Ariebia) (Saadi Ariebia – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djogu%27e) (djogu'e – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (საუდის არაბეთი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabstan%C4%B1) (Saudiya Arabstanı – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C9%9Budiya) (Suɛudiya – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9) (Сауд Хьэрыпей – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabii-Sah%CA%8Aditi) (Arabii-Sahʊditi – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1udi_A%CC%B1rabya) (Sa̱udi A̱rabya – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B) (Сауд Арабиясы – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F) (អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE) (ಸೌದಿ ಅರೇಬಿಯಾ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84) (사우디아라비아 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Сауд Арабия – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8) (سوٗدی عرب – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebistana_Si%C3%BBd%C3%AE) (Erebistana Siûdî – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Саудса Аравия – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_an_Saud) (Arabi an Saud – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B) (Сауд Арабиясы – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Саоьдуллал Аьрабусттан – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Сауди Арабистан – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudi) (Arabia Saudi – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB) (Saoedi-Arabië – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%AFa) (Arabia Saudïa – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_di_Saudi) (Arabia di Saudi – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8D) (ປະເທດຊາອຸດິອາຣາເບຍ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudo_Arabija) (Saudo Arabija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%ABda_Ar%C4%81bija) (Saūda Arābija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (साउदी अरब – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (साउदी अरब – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Саудонь Арабия – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita) (Arabia Saodita – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9) (Сауд Аравий – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauri_Ar%C4%81pia) (Hauri Arāpia – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Саудиска Арабија – Macedonian) Македонски   (featured article) (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF) (സൗദി അറേബ്യ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1) (Саудын Араб – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5) (ꯁꯥꯎꯗꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯕꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (सौदी अरेबिया – Marathi) मराठी   (featured article) (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Saudi) (Arab Saudi – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabja_Sawdija) (Arabja Sawdija – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita) (Arábia Saudita – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ဆော်ဒီအာရေးဘီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Саудовонь Аравия – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86) (سعودی عربستون – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabie) (Saudi-Arabie – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (साउदी अरब – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE) (साउदी अरबिया – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB) (Saoedi-Arabië – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%B0%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AB) (ߛߎ߰ߘߎ߬ߟߊ߫ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudi) (Arabie Saudi – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD) (Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabii) (Saudi Arabii – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ud_Arabiyaa) (Sa'ud Arabiyaa – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC) (ସାଉଦି ଆରବ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1) (Сауды Арабб – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC) (ਸਾਊਦੀ ਅਰਬ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudita_Arabia) (Saudita Arabia – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_saoudite) (Arabie saoudite – Picard) Picard   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudyjska) (Arabia Saudyjska – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saodita) (Arabia Saodita – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8) (سعودی عرب – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (سعودي عربستان – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita) (Arábia Saudita – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawri_Arapisuyu) (Sawri Arapisuyu – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudita) (Arabia Saudita – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudit%C4%83) (Arabia Saudită – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudesc%C3%A3) (Arabia Saudescã – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabie_Saudite) (Arabie Saudite – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Саудовская Аравия – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F) (Саудьска Арабія – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiya_Sawudite) (Arabiya Sawudite – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC) (सऊदी अरब – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0) (Сауд Арабията – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD) (ᱥᱳᱣᱫᱤ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A0bia_Saudita) (Aràbia Saudita – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabbia_Saudita) (Arabbia Saudita – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabie) (Saudi Arabie – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8) (سعودي عرب – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudijska_Arabija) (Saudijska Arabija – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagldit_Tasa%C9%9Budit) (Tagldit Tasaɛudit – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8) (မိူင်းသေႃႇတီႇဢႃႇရေးပီးယႃး – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA) (සෞදි අරාබිය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bia) (Saudská Arábia – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8) (سعودی عرب – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudova_Arabija) (Saudova Arabija – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabia) (Saudi-Arabia – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudhi_Arabhia) (Saudhi Arabhia – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacuudi_Carabiya) (Sacuudi Carabiya – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saudite) (Arabia Saudite – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Саудијска Арабија – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Arabhiya) (I-Arabhiya – Swati) SiSwati   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-Arabien) (Saudi-Arabien – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiarabien) (Saudiarabien – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia) (Saudia – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%83%EA%A0%96%EA%A0%A4_%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%9B) (ꠍꠃꠖꠤ ꠀꠞꠛ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudyjsk%C5%8F_Arabij%C5%8F) (Saudyjskŏ Arabijŏ – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE) (சவூதி அரேபியா – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia) (Saudi arabia – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE) (సౌదీ అరేబియా – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita) (Arábia Saudita – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D3%A3) (Арабистони Саудӣ – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2) (ประเทศซาอุดีอาระเบีย – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%91%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%A8%E1%89%A5) (ስዑዲ ዓረብ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_Arabystan) (Saud Arabystan – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99udi_%C6%8Fr%C9%99bistan) (Səudi Ərəbistan – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_%CA%BBAlepea) (Sauti ʻAlepea – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Sajusi) (ma Sajusi – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudi_Arabistan) (Suudi Arabistan – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B) (Согуд Гарәбстаны – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Сауд Аравия – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (سەئۇدى ئەرەبىستان – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F) (Саудівська Аравія – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8) (سعودی عرب – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudiya_Arabistoni) (Saudiya Arabistoni – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Saud%C3%ACa) (Arabia Saudìa – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudan_Arabii) (Saudan Arabii – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_X%C3%AA_%C3%9At) (Ả Rập Xê Út – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB) (Saoedi-Arabië – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauda-Larab%C3%A4n) (Sauda-Larabän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeye_sawoudite) (Arabeye sawoudite – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araabi_Sawdit) (Araabi Sawdit – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF) (沙特阿拉伯 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (საუდიშ არაბეთი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2) (סאודי אראביע – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%C3%BAd%C3%AD_Ar%C3%A1b%C3%AD%C3%A0) (Sáúdí Arábíà – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Ahlazbwz) (Saudi Ahlazbwz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoedi-Araobi%C3%AB) (Saoedi-Araobië – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C) (ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF) (沙特阿拉伯 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_A-la-pek) (Saudi A-la-pek – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF) (沙地阿拉伯 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF) (沙特阿拉伯 – Chinese) 中文    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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Saudi_Arabia) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Saudi_Arabia) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&oldid=1371314558) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Saudi_Arabia&id=1371314558&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaudi_Arabia) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Saudi_Arabia&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q851) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Comparative_law_and_justice/Saudi_Arabia) Wikiversity   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q851) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saudi_Arabia&params=24_N_45_E_type:country_region:SA) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 45°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 45°E  / 24; 45     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in West Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    "KSA" and "Saudi Arab" redirect here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSA_(disambiguation)) (KSA (disambiguation)) KSA (disambiguation) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_(disambiguation)) (Saudi (disambiguation)) Saudi .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Saudi%20Arabia)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_April_2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English_with_Oxford_spelling)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020)    Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic-language text) المملكة العربية السعودية  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic )  (Arabic-language romanization) al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg) (Flag of Saudi Arabia) (Flag of Saudi Arabia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Flag of Saudi Arabia) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg) (Emblem of Saudi Arabia) (Emblem of Saudi Arabia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Emblem of Saudi Arabia) Emblem      Motto:  (Arabic-language text) لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada) (Shahada) Shahada  ) "There is no god but (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam) (God in Islam) God ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam) (Prophets and messengers in Islam) messenger of God "(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-5) [ a]      Anthem:  (Arabic-language text) النشيد الوطني السعودي  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia) (National Anthem of Saudi Arabia) (Arabic-language romanization) an-Našīd al-Waṭaniyy as-Suʿūdiyy     "Chant of the Saudi Nation"   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (مصرى ‪(arz)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (فارسی ‪(fa)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (Kumoring ‪(kge)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (slovenščina ‪(sl)‬)  (தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬)  (ไทย ‪(th)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_SAU_-_UNOCHA.svg)    Show map of Saudi Arabia     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saudi_Arabia&params=24_39_N_46_46_E_type:city_region:SA) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°39′N 46°46′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24.650°N 46.767°E  / 24.650; 46.767     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Arabic (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BLG-6) [ 5]      Religion   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Islam in Saudi Arabia) Sunni Islam ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official )(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-7) [ 6]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonyms   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudis) (Saudis) Saudi  Saudi Arabian     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Politics of Saudi Arabia) Government  Unitary Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) (Absolute monarchy) absolute monarchy   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia) (King of Saudi Arabia) King   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Salman of Saudi Arabia) Salman   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia) Crown Prince and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) (Mohammed bin Salman) Mohammed bin Salman     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia) Consultative Assembly (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-10) [ b]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia) (History of Saudi Arabia) Establishment   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Saudi_state) (First Saudi state) Emirate of Diriyah   22 February 1727  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Saudi_state) (Second Saudi state) Emirate of Nejd   1824  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_state#Emirate_of_Riyadh) (Third Saudi state) Emirate of Riyadh   15 January 1902  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_state#Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa) (Third Saudi state) Emirate of Nejd and Hasa   6 May 1913  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_state#Sultanate_of_Nejd) (Third Saudi state) Sultanate of Nejd   2 November 1921  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_state#Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd) (Third Saudi state) Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and Its Dependencies   29 January 1927  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia   23 September 1932  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Basic Law of Saudi Arabia) Current constitution   31 January 1992    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Geography of Saudi Arabia) Area    • Total  2,149,690(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-11) [ 9]     km2 (830,000 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 12th )  • Water (%)  0.7  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Demographics of Saudi Arabia) Population   • 2024 census  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    33,702,731(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-2024_Saudi_census-12) [ 10]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 42nd )  • Density  15/km2 (38.8/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 218th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $2.895 trillion(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-13) [ 11]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 17th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $78,815(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-13) [ 11]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 19th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $1.389 trillion(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-13) [ 11]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 19th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $37,811(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.SA-13) [ 11]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 37th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2013)  (Steady) (Steady)     45.9(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-14) [ 12]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.900(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-UNHDR-15) [ 13]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  very high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 37th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_riyal) (Saudi riyal) Saudi riyal (SR)(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-17) [ c]    ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) SAR )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_Standard_Time) (Saudi Arabia Standard Time) SAST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Telephone numbers in Saudi Arabia) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Telephone numbers in Saudi Arabia) +966   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SA) (ISO 3166-2:SA) SA   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sa) (.sa) .sa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlSaudiah) (AlSaudiah) السعودية.        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TSaudi%20Arabia)   Saudi Arabia ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-18) [ d]    officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA ),(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-19) [ e]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia . Located in the centre of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East , it covers the bulk of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about 2,150,000  km 2 (830,000  sq  mi) , making it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area) (List of Asian countries by area) fifth-largest country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia) (Asia) Asia , the largest in the Middle East, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) twelfth-largest in the world. It is bordered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea to the west; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait to the north; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Arabian Gulf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates to the east; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman to the southeast; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia–Yemen_border) (Saudi Arabia–Yemen border) the south . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-20) [ 15]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-21) [ 16]    Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh ; other major cities include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah) (Jeddah) Jeddah and the two holiest cities in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina . With a population of 33.7 million, Saudi Arabia is the sixth most populous country in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) (Pre-Islamic Arabia) Pre-Islamic Arabia , the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Arabian_Peninsula) (Archaeology of the Arabian Peninsula) archaeological study of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Arabia) (Prehistoric Arabia) prehistory of Saudi Arabia has identified some of the earliest traces of human activity outside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-22) [ 17]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_century) (7th century) seventh century . Islamic prophet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad united the population of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests) (Early Muslim conquests) conquering territories in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) North Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula) (Iberian Peninsula) Iberia within decades.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Abbas-23) [ 18]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Reichl-24) [ 19]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Barber-25) [ 20]    Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun (632–661), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad (661–750), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid (750–1517), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate) (Fatimid Caliphate) Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates, as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties) (List of Muslim states and dynasties) numerous other Muslim states in Asia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Africa#History) (Islam in Africa) Africa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe#Western_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean_Region) (Islam in Europe) Europe . Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud) (Ibn Saud) King Abdulaziz , who united (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd) (Najd) Najd , parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia) (Eastern Arabia) Eastern Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arabia) (South Arabia) South Arabia into a single state through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Unification of Saudi Arabia) a series of military and political campaigns beginning in 1902. The Kingdom is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saudi_state) (Third Saudi state) Third Saudi State and the successor to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Saudi_state) (First Saudi state) First Saudi State (1727–1818) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Saudi_state) (Second Saudi state) Second Saudi State (1824–1891). The country has since been governed as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) (Absolute monarchy) absolute monarchy under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) House of Saud .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-26) [ 21]    In its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Basic Law of Saudi Arabia) Basic Law , Saudi Arabia defines itself as a sovereign Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state) (Islamic state) Islamic state with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Islam in Saudi Arabia) Islam as its official religion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic as its official language. The ultraconservative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabi religious movement within (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Islam was the prevailing political and cultural force until the 2000s.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HT2003:_14-27) [ 22]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-ReferenceA-28) [ 23]    The Saudi government has attracted criticism for various policies such as its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war) (Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war) intervention in the Yemeni Civil War , restrictions on political and civil liberties, and poor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Human rights in Saudi Arabia) human rights record .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-29) [ 24]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-30) [ 25]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-31) [ 26]    Since the mid-2010s, Saudi Arabia has instituted limited and gradual reforms to liberalize social, cultural, and religious life.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-32) [ 27]     Saudi Arabia is considered both a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-33) [ 28]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-34) [ 29]    in addition to being a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-35) [ 30]    Since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) (Petroleum) petroleum was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam_No._7) (Dammam No. 7) discovered in the country in 1938 ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-36) [ 31]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-37) [ 32]    the kingdom has become the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_extraction) (List of countries by oil extraction) second-largest oil producer and leading (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports) (List of countries by oil exports) oil exporter , controlling the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves#Countries) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) second-largest oil reserves and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves) (List of countries by natural gas proven reserves) sixth-largest gas reserves .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:0-38) [ 33]    Saudi Arabia is categorized as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-income_economy) (High-income economy) World Bank high-income economy and is the only Arab country among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 major economies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-39) [ 34]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-40) [ 35]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Economy of Saudi Arabia) Saudi economy is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East) (Economy of the Middle East) largest in the Middle East and the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) nineteenth-largest by nominal GDP and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) seventeenth-largest by PPP . Ranking very high in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-UNDR2014-41) [ 36]    Saudi Arabia offers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Higher education in Saudi Arabia) free university tuition , no personal income tax,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-42) [ 37]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Health care in Saudi Arabia) free universal health care . With its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia) dependence on foreign labour , Saudi Arabia has the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_immigrant_and_emigrant_population) (List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population) third-largest immigrant population , with foreign-born residents comprising roughly 40% of the population.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-43) [ 38]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudis) (Saudis) Saudi Arabians are among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Youth in Saudi Arabia) the world's youngest people , with approximately half being under 25 years old.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-44) [ 39]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-45) [ 40]    Saudi Arabia is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Gulf Cooperation Council) Gulf Cooperation Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC , as well as a dialogue partner of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation .   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) House of Saud and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_(etymology)) (Arab (etymology)) Arab (etymology)  Following the amalgamation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz) (Kingdom of Hejaz) Kingdom of Hejaz and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd) (Sultanate of Nejd) Nejd , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud) (Ibn Saud) Abdulaziz issued a royal decree on 23 September 1932 naming the new state al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic (Arabic-language text) المملكة العربية السعودية  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ), which is normally translated as "the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" in English,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46) [ 41]    but literally means "the Saudi Arab Kingdom ",(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-47) [ 42]    or "the Saudi Kingdom of Arabia " (compare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan) (The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ). The word "Saudi" is derived from the element as-Suʿūdīyya in the Arabic name of the country, which is a type of adjective known as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)) (Nisba (onomastics)) nisba , formed from the dynastic name of the Saudi royal family, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) Al Saud ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  آل سعود (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ). Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the personal possession of the royal family.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-48) [ 43]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Kamrava-49) [ 44]    Al Saud is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name) (Arabic name) Arabic name formed by adding the word Al , meaning "family of" or "House of",(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-50) [ 45]    to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of Al Saud, this is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Muqrin) (Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin) Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin , the father of the dynasty's 18th-century founder, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud) (Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-51) [ 46]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia) (History of Saudi Arabia) History of Saudi Arabia  Prehistory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg)   Anthropomorphic stela (4th millennium BCE), sandstone, 57x27 cm, from El-Maakir-Qaryat al-Kaafa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Saudi_Arabia) (National Museum of Saudi Arabia) National Museum of Saudi Arabia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh )  There is evidence that human habitation in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 125,000 years ago.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-52) [ 47]    A 2011 study found that the first modern humans to spread east across Asia left (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa about 75,000 years ago across the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb) (Bab-el-Mandeb) Bab-el-Mandeb connecting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa) (Horn of Africa) Horn of Africa and Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-53) [ 48]    The Arabian Peninsula is regarded as central to the understanding of evolution and dispersals of humanity. Arabia underwent an extreme environmental fluctuation in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary) (Quaternary) Quaternary that led to profound evolutionary and demographic changes. Arabia's rich (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic) (Lower Paleolithic) Lower Paleolithic record, marked by numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan) (Oldowan) Oldowan -like sites, indicates a significant role in the early hominin colonization of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia) (Eurasia) Eurasia .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-54) [ 49]     In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic period, prominent cultures such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Magar) (Al-Magar) Al-Magar , whose centre lay in modern-day southwestern Najd, flourished. Al-Magar could be considered a "Neolithic Revolution" in human knowledge and handicraft skills.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-55) [ 50]    The culture is characterized as being one of the world's first to involve the widespread domestication of animals, particularly the horse.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-56) [ 51]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-57) [ 52]    Al-Magar statues were made from local stone, and it seems that the statues were fixed in a central building that might have had a significant role in the social and religious life of the inhabitants.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-58) [ 53]     In 2017, hunting scenes showing images of most likely domesticated dogs (resembling the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan_Dog) (Canaan Dog) Canaan Dog ) were discovered in northwestern Saudi Arabia. These rock engravings date back more than 8,000 years, making them the earliest depictions of dogs in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-59) [ 54]     At the end of the 4th millennium BCE, Arabia entered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age ; metals were widely used, and the period was characterized by its 2 m high burials which were simultaneously followed by the existence of numerous temples that included many free-standing sculptures originally painted with red colours.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-60) [ 55]     In May 2021, archaeologists announced that a 350,000-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheulean) (Acheulean) Acheulean site named An Nasim in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ḥaʼil_Province) (Ḥaʼil Province) Hail region could be the oldest human habitation site in northern Saudi Arabia. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic) (Paleolithic) Paleolithic artefacts are similar to material remains uncovered at the Acheulean sites in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nafud) (An Nafud) Nefud Desert .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-61) [ 56]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-62) [ 57]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-63) [ 58]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-64) [ 59]      Pre-Islamic  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia) (Pre-Islamic Arabia) Pre-Islamic Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_at_National_Museum_of_Korea.jpg)   The "Worshipping Servant" statue (2500 BCE), above one metre (3  ft 3  in) in height, is much taller than any possible Mesopotamian or Harappan models. Photo courtesy of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea) (National Museum of Korea) National Museum of Korea .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65) [ 60]      The earliest sedentary culture in Saudi Arabia dates to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period) (Ubaid period) Ubaid period at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosariyah) (Dosariyah) Dosariyah . Climatic change and the onset of aridity may have brought about the end of this phase of settlement, as little archaeological evidence exists from the succeeding millennium.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-66) [ 61]    The settlement of the region picks up again in the period of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun) (Dilmun) Dilmun in the early 3rd millennium. Known records from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk) (Uruk) Uruk refer to a place called Dilmun, associated on several occasions with copper, and in later periods it was a source of imported woods in southern Mesopotamia. Scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern Province , notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout on the coast. It is likely that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarout_Island) (Tarout Island) Tarout Island was the main port and the capital of Dilmun.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65) [ 60]    Mesopotamian inscribed clay tablets suggest that, in the early period of Dilmun, a hierarchical organized political structure existed. In 1966, an earthwork in Tarout exposed an ancient burial field that yielded a large statue dating to the Dilmunite period (mid 3rd millennium BCE). The statue was locally made under the strong Mesopotamian influence on the artistic principle of Dilmun.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65) [ 60]     By 2200 BCE, the centre of Dilmun shifted for unknown reasons from Tarout and the Saudi Arabian mainland to the island of Bahrain, and a highly developed settlement emerged there, where a laborious temple complex and thousands of burial mounds dating to this period were discovered.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180-65) [ 60]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qasr_al_Farid.JPG)   Qaṣr Al-Farīd , the largest of the 131 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cut_architecture) (Rock cut architecture) rock-cut monumental tombs built from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE, with their elaborately ornamented façades, at the extensive ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatean) (Nabatean) Nabatean archaeological site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegra_(Mada'in_Salih)) (Hegra (Mada'in Salih)) Hegra located in the area of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-'Ula) (Al-'Ula) Al-'Ula within (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region) (Al Madinah Region) Al Madinah Region in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz . A UNESCO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) (World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site since 2008.  By the late (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age , a historically recorded people and land ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian) (Midian) Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible. Centred in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia) (Tabuk, Saudi Arabia) Tabouk , it stretched from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Arabah) (Wadi Arabah) Wadi Arabah in the north to the area of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wajh) (Al-Wajh) al-Wajh in the south.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-67) [ 62]    The capital of Midian was Qurayyah,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-ArnoldStrawn2016-68) [ 63]    it consists of a large, fortified citadel encompassing 35 hectares and below it lies a walled settlement of 15 hectares. The city hosted as many as 12,000 inhabitants.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Coogan2001-69) [ 64]    The Bible recounts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)) (Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)) Israel 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian_war) (Midian war) two wars with Midian, in the early 11th century BCE. Politically, the Midianites were described as having a decentralized structure headed by five kings (Evi, Rekem, Tsur, Hur, and Reba); the names appear to be toponyms of important Midianite settlements.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-70) [ 65]    It is common to view that Midian designated a confederation of tribes, the sedentary element settled in the Hijaz while its nomadic affiliates pastured and sometimes pillaged as far away as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)) (Palestine (region)) Palestine .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Midian_p._163-71) [ 66]    The nomadic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midianites) (Midianites) Midianites were one of the earliest exploiters of the domestication of camels that enabled them to navigate through the harsh terrains of the region.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Midian_p._163-71) [ 66]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_a_man_at_National_Museum_of_Korea_01.jpg)   Colossal statue from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-'Ula) (Al-'Ula) Al-'Ula in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz (6th–4th century BCE), it followed the standardized artistic sculpting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan) (Lihyan) Lihyanite kingdom. The original statue was painted with white. ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre) (Louvre) Louvre Museum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) (Paris) Paris )(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-72) [ 67]      At the end of the 7th century BCE, an emerging kingdom appeared in north-western Arabia. It started as a sheikdom of Dedan, which developed into the kingdom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan) (Lihyan) Lihyan .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Lihyan_p._192-73) [ 68]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-74) [ 69]    During this period, Dedan transformed into a kingdom that encompassed a much wider domain.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Lihyan_p._192-73) [ 68]    In the early 3rd century BCE, with bustling economic activity between the south and north, Lihyan acquired large influence suitable to its strategic position on the caravan road.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-75) [ 70]    The Lihyanites ruled over a large domain from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Yathrib in the south and parts of the Levant in the north.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-76) [ 71]    In antiquity, Gulf of Aqaba used to be called Gulf of Lihyan, a testimony to the extensive influence that Lihyan acquired.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HiltonHilton1996-77) [ 72]     The Lihyanites fell into the hands of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans) (Nabataeans) Nabataeans around 65 BCE upon their seizure of Hegra then marching to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayma) (Tayma) Tayma , and to their capital Dedan in 9 BCE. The Nabataeans ruled large portions of north Arabia until their domain was annexed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire , which renamed it (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Petraea) (Arabia Petraea) Arabia Petraea , and remained under the rule of the Romans until 630.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-78) [ 73]      Middle Ages and rise of Islam  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate) (Caliphate) Caliphate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umayyad750ADloc.png)   At its greatest extent, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) covered 11100 000   km 2 ( 4300 000   sq  mi) (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-79) [ 74]    and 62 million people (29 per cent of the world's population),(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Blankinship-80) [ 75]    making it one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires) (List of largest empires) largest empires in history in both area and proportion of the world's population. It was also larger than any previous empire in history.  Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-81) [ 76]    Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era) (Common Era) CE . In the early 7th century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad united the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia) (Tribes of Arabia) various tribes of the peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33-82) [ 77]    Following his death in 632, his followers expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territory in the Iberian Peninsula in the west, to parts of Central and South Asia in the east, in a matter of decades.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Abbas-23) [ 18]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Reichl-24) [ 19]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Barber-25) [ 20]    Arabia became a more politically peripheral region of the Muslim world as the focus shifted to the newly conquered lands.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33-82) [ 77]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab) (Arab) Arabs originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz in particular, founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun (632–661), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad (661–750), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid (750–1517), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate) (Fatimid Caliphate) Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates. From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca) (Sharif of Mecca) Sharif of Mecca , but at most times the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad) (Baghdad) Baghdad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul . Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-84) [ 79]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_-_Imam_Ali_und_Hamza_bei_dem_vorgezogenen_Einzelkampf_in_Badr_gegen_die_Götzendiener.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr) (Battle of Badr) Battle of Badr , 13 March 624 CE  For much of the 10th century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma'ilism) (Isma'ilism) Isma'ili -Shi'ite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians) (Qarmatians) Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf. In 930, the Qarmatians pillaged Mecca, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone) (Black Stone) Black Stone .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-85) [ 80]    In 1077–1078, an Arab sheikh named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Ali_Al_Uyuni) (Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni) Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni defeated the Qarmatians in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia) (Eastern Arabia) Bahrain and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis) (Al-Ahsa Oasis) al-Hasa with the help of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuq Empire and founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyunid_dynasty) (Uyunid dynasty) Uyunid dynasty .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-86) [ 81]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-87) [ 82]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate) (Uyunid Emirate) Uyunid Emirate later underwent expansion, with its territory stretching from Najd to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert) (Syrian Desert) Syrian Desert .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Safa_Khulusi-88) [ 83]    They were overthrown by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usfurids) (Usfurids) Usfurids in 1253.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-89) [ 84]    Usfurid rule was weakened after Persian rulers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus) (Ormus) Hormuz captured Bahrain and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif) (Qatif) Qatif in 1320.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-90) [ 85]    The vassals of Ormuz, the Shia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarwanid_dynasty) (Jarwanid dynasty) Jarwanid dynasty came to rule eastern Arabia in the 14th century.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-JuanCole-91) [ 86]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-92) [ 87]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrids) (Jabrids) Jabrids took control of the region after overthrowing the Jarwanids in the 15th century and clashed with Hormuz for more than two decades over the region for its economic revenues, until finally agreeing to pay (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute) (Tribute) tribute in 1507.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-JuanCole-91) [ 86]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muntafiq) (Al-Muntafiq) Al-Muntafiq tribe later took over the region and came under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty) (Suzerainty) suzerainty . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_(tribe)) (Bani Khalid (tribe)) Bani Khalid tribe later revolted against them in the 17th century and took control.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-93) [ 88]    Their rule extended from Iraq to Oman at its height, and they too came under Ottoman suzerainty.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-94) [ 89]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-95) [ 90]      Ottoman Hejaz and Portuguese era  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_era_in_the_history_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Ottoman era in the history of Saudi Arabia) Ottoman era in the history of Saudi Arabia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk–Portuguese_conflicts) (Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts) Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Portuguese_confrontations) (Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations) Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations  In the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast (the Hejaz, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseer) (Aseer) Aseer and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia) (Eastern Arabia) Al-Ahsa ) to the empire and claimed suzerainty over the interior. One reason was to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts_(1538–1560)) (Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)) thwart Portuguese attempts to attack the Red Sea (hence the Hejaz) and the Indian Ocean.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Bernstein-96) [ 91]    The Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over the next four centuries with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the empire's central authority.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-97) [ 92]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200768-98) [ 93]    These changes contributed to later uncertainties, such as the dispute with Transjordan over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Ma'an) (Occupation of Ma'an) inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an , including the cities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma'an) (Ma'an) Ma'an and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba) (Aqaba) Aqaba .  Saud dynasty and unification  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Unification of Saudi Arabia) Unification of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_Saudi_State_Greatest_Extent.png)   Expansion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah) (Emirate of Diriyah) first Saudi State in 1810  The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as the Al Saud, began at the town of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah) (Diriyah) Diriyah in central Arabia with the accession as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud) (Muhammad bin Saud) Muhammad bin Saud on 22 February 1727.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-99) [ 94]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-100) [ 95]    In 1744 he joined forces with the religious leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab) (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200769–70-101) [ 96]    founder of the Wahhabi movement, a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-102) [ 97]    This alliance provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-103) [ 98]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah) (Emirate of Diriyah) Emirate of Diriyah established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala) (Wahhabi sack of Karbala) sacking Karbala in 1802, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia) capturing Mecca in 1803. In 1818, it was destroyed by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Mohammed Ali Pasha .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-104) [ 99]    The much smaller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd) (Emirate of Nejd) Emirate of Nejd was established in 1824. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the Al Saud contested control of the interior of what was to become Saudi Arabia with another Arabian ruling family, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty) (Rashidi dynasty) Al Rashid , who ruled the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar) (Emirate of Jabal Shammar) Emirate of Jabal Shammar . By 1891, the Al Rashid were victorious and the Al Saud were driven into exile in Kuwait.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Churchill_and_King_Abd_al-Aziz_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg)   British Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill) (Winston Churchill) Winston Churchill and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud) (Ibn Saud) Ibn Saud , the founding father and first king of Saudi Arabia, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Kingdom of Egypt) Egypt in 1945  At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire continued to control or have a suzerainty over most of the peninsula. Subject to this suzerainty, Arabia was ruled by a patchwork of tribal rulers,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Murphy-105) [ 100]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-106) [ 101]    with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca) (Sharif of Mecca) Sharif of Mecca having pre-eminence and ruling the Hejaz.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-107) [ 102]    In 1902, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal) (Abdul Rahman bin Faisal) Abdul Rahman 's son, Abdulaziz—later known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud) (Ibn Saud) Ibn Saud —recaptured control of Riyadh bringing the Al Saud back to Nejd, creating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa) (Emirate of Nejd and Hasa) third "Saudi state" .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    Ibn Saud gained the support of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan) (Ikhwan) Ikhwan , a tribal army inspired by Wahhabism and led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Al-Dawish) (Faisal Al-Dawish) Faisal Al-Dawish , and which had grown quickly after its foundation in 1912.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-108) [ 103]    With the aid of the Ikhwan, Ibn Saud captured Al-Ahsa from the Ottomans in 1913. In 1916, with the encouragement and support of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) Britain (which was fighting the Ottomans in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I ), the Sharif of Mecca, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca) (Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca) Hussein bin Ali , led a pan-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt) (Arab Revolt) Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united Arab state.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-109) [ 104]    Although the revolt failed in its objective, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) (Allies of World War I) the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, and Hussein bin Ali became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz) (Kingdom of Hejaz) King of Hejaz .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-110) [ 105]     Ibn Saud avoided involvement in the Arab Revolt and instead continued his struggle with the Al Rashid. Following the latter's final defeat, he took the title (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd) (Sultanate of Nejd) Sultan of Nejd in 1921. With the help of the Ikhwan, the Kingdom of Hejaz was conquered in 1924–25, and on 10 January 1926, Ibn Saud declared himself king of Hejaz.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-111) [ 106]    For the next five years, he administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]     After the conquest of the Hejaz, the Ikhwan leadership's objective switched to expansion of the Wahhabist realm into the British protectorates of Transjordan, Iraq and Kuwait, and began raiding those territories. This met with Ibn Saud's opposition, as he recognized the danger of a direct conflict with the British. At the same time, the Ikhwan became disenchanted with Ibn Saud's domestic policies which appeared to favour modernization and the increase in the number of non-Muslim foreigners in the country. As a result, they turned against Ibn Saud and, after a two-year struggle, were defeated in 1929 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sabilla) (Battle of Sabilla) Battle of Sabilla , where their leaders were massacred.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-112) [ 107]    On Ibn Saud's behalf, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdulaziz_al_Saud) (Faisal bin Abdulaziz al Saud) Prince Faisal declared the unification on 23 September 1932, and the two kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    That date is now a national holiday called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_National_Day) (Saudi National Day) Saudi National Day .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-113) [ 108]      20th century  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Modern history of Saudi Arabia) Modern history of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpg)   The oil well (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam_No._7) (Dammam No. 7) Dammam No. 7  on March 4, 1938, the day it struck oil in commercial quantities, becoming the first in Saudi Arabia to do so  The new kingdom was reliant on limited agriculture and pilgrimage revenues.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-114) [ 109]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam_No._7) (Dammam No. 7) In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf, and full-scale development of the oil fields began in 1941 under the US-controlled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco) (Saudi Aramco) Aramco (Arabian American Oil Company) . Oil provided Saudi Arabia with economic prosperity and substantial political leverage internationally.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    Cultural life rapidly developed, primarily in the Hejaz, which was the centre for newspapers and radio. However, the large influx of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia) foreign workers in Saudi Arabia in the oil industry increased the pre-existing propensity for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia) (Xenophobia) xenophobia . At the same time, the government became increasingly wasteful and extravagant. By the 1950s this had led to large governmental deficits and excessive foreign borrowing.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    In 1953, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Saud of Saudi Arabia) Saud of Saudi Arabia succeeded as the king of Saudi Arabia. In 1964 he was deposed in favour of his half brother (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Faisal of Saudi Arabia) Faisal of Saudi Arabia , after an intense rivalry, fuelled by doubts in the royal family over Saud's competence. In 1972, Saudi Arabia gained a 20% control in Aramco, thereby decreasing US control over Saudi oil.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BBC_timeline-115) [ 110]    In 1973, Saudi Arabia led an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis) (1973 oil crisis) oil boycott against the Western countries that supported Israel in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War against Egypt and Syria, leading to the quadrupling of oil prices.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    In 1975, Faisal was assassinated by his nephew, Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Musaid) (Faisal bin Musaid) Faisal bin Musaid and was succeeded by his half-brother (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Khalid of Saudi Arabia) King Khalid .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-116) [ 111]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasser_and_Faisal.jpg) (Nasser and Faisal)   Faisal (left) with Egypt's President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo , 1969  By 1976, Saudi Arabia had become the largest oil producer in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-117) [ 112]    Khalid's reign saw economic and social development progress at an extremely rapid rate, transforming the infrastructure and educational system of the country;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    in foreign policy, close ties with the US were developed.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Rasheed_136-137-116) [ 111]    In 1979, two events occurred which greatly concerned the government(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-118) [ 113]    and had a long-term influence on Saudi foreign and domestic policy. The first was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Islamic Revolution . It was feared that the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi'a_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Shi'a Islam in Saudi Arabia) Shi'ite minority in the Eastern Province (which is also the location of the oil fields) might rebel under the influence of their Iranian co-religionists. There were several anti-government uprisings in the region such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising) (1979 Qatif Uprising) 1979 Qatif Uprising .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219-119) [ 114]    The second event was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure) (Grand Mosque Seizure) Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca by Islamist extremists. The militants involved were in part angered by what they considered to be the corruption and un-Islamic nature of the Saudi government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219-119) [ 114]    The government regained control of the mosque after 10 days, and those captured were executed. Part of the response of the royal family was to enforce the much stricter observance of traditional religious and social norms in the country (for example, the closure of cinemas) and to give the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema) (Ulema) ulema a greater role in government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120) [ 115]    Neither entirely succeeded as Islamism continued to grow in strength.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-121) [ 116]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_2003_CIA_map.jpg)   Map of Saudi Arabian administrative regions and roadways  In 1980, Saudi Arabia bought out the American interests in Aramco.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-122) [ 117]    King Khalid died in 1982 and was succeeded by his brother, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Fahd of Saudi Arabia) King Fahd . Fahd continued to develop close relations with the United States and increased the purchase of American and British military equipment.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    The vast wealth generated by oil revenues was beginning to have an even greater impact on Saudi society. It led to rapid technological (but not cultural) modernization, urbanization, mass public education, and the creation of new media. This and the presence of increasingly large numbers of foreign workers greatly affected traditional Saudi norms and values. Although there was a dramatic change in the social and economic life of the country, political power continued to be monopolized by the royal family(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    leading to discontent among many Saudis who began to look for wider participation in government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir1993114-123) [ 118]     In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait spent $25 billion in support of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) (Saddam Hussein) Saddam Hussein in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988);(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-124) [ 119]    however, Saudi Arabia condemned the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait) (Invasion of Kuwait) invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and asked the United States to intervene.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    King Fahd allowed American and coalition troops to be stationed in Saudi Arabia. He invited the Kuwaiti government and many of its citizens to stay in Saudi Arabia, but expelled citizens of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan because of their governments' support of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Iraq) (Ba'athist Iraq) Iraq . In 1991, Saudi Arabian forces were involved both in bombing raids on Iraq and in the land invasion that helped to liberate Kuwait, which became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War (1990–1991).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BBC_timeline-115) [ 110]     Saudi Arabia's relations with the West was one of the issues that led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_militant_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of militant incidents in Saudi Arabia) an increase in Islamist terrorism in Saudi Arabia, as well as Islamist terrorist attacks in Western countries by Saudi nationals. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden) (Osama bin Laden) Osama bin Laden was a Saudi citizen (until stripped of his citizenship in 1994) and was responsible for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings) (1998 United States embassy bombings) 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in East Africa and the 2000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing) (USS Cole bombing) USS Cole bombing near the port of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden) (Aden) Aden , Yemen. 15 of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks) (Hijackers in the September 11 attacks) the hijackers involved in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) September 11 attacks were Saudi nationals.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-125) [ 120]    Many Saudis who did not support the Islamist terrorists were nevertheless deeply unhappy with the government's policies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-126) [ 121]     Islamism was not the only source of hostility to the government. Although extremely wealthy by the 21st century, Saudi Arabia's economy was near stagnant. High taxes and a growth in unemployment have contributed to discontent and have been reflected in a rise in civil unrest, and discontent with the royal family. In response, a number of limited reforms were initiated by King Fahd. In March 1992, he introduced the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Basic Law of Saudi Arabia) Basic Law ", which emphasized the duties and responsibilities of a ruler. In December 1993, the Consultative Council was inaugurated. It is composed of a chairman and 60 members—all chosen by the King. Fahd made it clear that he did not have democracy in mind, saying: "A system based on elections is not consistent with our Islamic creed, which [approves of] government by consultation [shūrā]."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]     In 1995, Fahd suffered a stroke, and the Crown Prince, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Abdullah of Saudi Arabia) Abdullah , became de facto regent; however, his authority was hindered by conflict with Fahd's full brothers (known, with Fahd, as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudairi_Seven) (Sudairi Seven) Sudairi Seven ").(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-127) [ 122]      21st century  Signs of discontent included, in 2003 and 2004, a series of bombings and armed violence in Riyadh, Jeddah, Yanbu and Khobar.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cordesman_2009-128) [ 123]    In February–April 2005, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections) (2005 Saudi Arabian municipal elections) the first-ever nationwide municipal elections were held in Saudi Arabia. Women were not allowed to take part.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]     In 2005, King Fahd died and was succeeded by Abdullah, who continued the policy of minimum reform and clamping down on protests. The king introduced economic reforms aimed at reducing the country's reliance on oil revenue: limited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation) (Deregulation) deregulation , encouragement of foreign investment, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization) (Privatization) privatization . In February 2009, Abdullah announced a series of governmental changes to the judiciary, armed forces, and various ministries to modernize these institutions including the replacement of senior appointees in the judiciary and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_religious_police) (Islamic religious police) Mutaween (religious police) with more moderate individuals and the appointment of the country's first female deputy minister.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica_history-83) [ 78]    On 29 January 2011, hundreds of protesters gathered in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah) (Jeddah) Jeddah in a rare display of criticism against the city's poor infrastructure after flooding killed 11 people.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Montreal-129) [ 124]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump's_Trip_Abroad_globe_cropped.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt) (President of Egypt) Egyptian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi with King Salman, U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump and First Lady (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump) (Melania Trump) Melania participating in the inaugural opening of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Center_to_Combat_Extremism) (Global Center to Combat Extremism) Global Center to Combat Extremism , Sunday, May 21, 2017  Since 2011, Saudi Arabia has been affected by its own (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011–13_Saudi_Arabian_protests) (2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests) Arab Spring protests .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Fisk_troops-130) [ 125]    In response, King Abdullah announced on 22 February 2011 a series of benefits for citizens amounting to $36 billion, of which $10.7 billion was earmarked for housing.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-131) [ 126]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-132) [ 127]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-133) [ 128]    No political reforms were included, though some prisoners indicted for financial crimes were pardoned.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-AlJazeeraEnglishBenefits-134) [ 129]    Abdullah also announced a package of $93 billion, which included 500,000 new homes to a cost of $67 billion, in addition to creating 60000  new security jobs.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-theguardian1-135) [ 130]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-136) [ 131]    Although male-only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2011) (Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2011) municipal elections were held in 2011 ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-alawsat_details-137) [ 132]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-bloom_women-138) [ 133]    Abdullah allowed women to vote and be elected in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2015) (Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015) 2015 municipal elections , and also to be nominated to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia) Shura Council .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-oman_observer_electionday-139) [ 134]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Geography of Saudi Arabia) Geography of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_Topography.png)   Saudi Arabia topography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrat_Khaybar_Space.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrat_Khaybar) (Harrat Khaybar) Harrat Khaybar seen from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station) (International Space Station) International Space Station . Saudi Arabia is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-auto1-140) [ 135]    Lava fields in Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of harrat (the singular is harrah), form one of Earth's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_basalt) (Alkali basalt) alkali basalt regions, covering some 180,000 square kilometres (69,000  sq  mi) .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-auto-141) [ 136]      Saudi Arabia occupies about 80% of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula (the world's largest peninsula),(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Stokes605-142) [ 137]    lying between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_parallel_north) (16th parallel north) 16° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_parallel_north) (33rd parallel north) 33° N , and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_meridian_east) (34th meridian east) 34° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_meridian_east) (56th meridian east) 56° E . Because the country's southeastern and southern borders with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman are not precisely marked, the exact size of the country is undefined.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Stokes605-142) [ 137]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division) (United Nations Statistics Division) United Nations Statistics Division estimates 2149 690   km 2 ( 830000   sq  mi) and lists Saudi Arabia as the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 12th largest state. It is geographically the largest country in the Middle East and on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Plate) (Arabian Plate) Arabian Plate .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-143) [ 138]     Saudi Arabia's geography is dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert) (Arabian Desert) Arabian Desert , associated semi-desert, shrubland, steppes, several mountain ranges, volcanic lava fields and highlands. The 647500   km 2 ( 250001   sq  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub'_al_Khali) (Rub' al Khali) Rub' al Khali ("Empty Quarter") in the southeastern part of the country is the world's largest contiguous sand desert.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-145) [ 140]    Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the world without permanent rivers. The nation features several endorheic lakes, but its hydrology relies primarily on ephemeral watercourses known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadis) (Wadis) wadis , which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia) (List of wadis of Saudi Arabia) are numerous throughout the kingdom . The fertile areas are to be found in the alluvial deposits in wadis, basins, and oases.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    There are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Saudi_Arabia) (List of islands of Saudi Arabia) approximately 1,300 islands in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-146) [ 141]     The main topographical feature is the central plateau which rises abruptly from the Red Sea and gradually descends into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd) (Nejd) Nejd and toward the Persian Gulf. On the Red Sea coast, there is a narrow coastal plain, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihamah) (Tihamah) Tihamah , parallel to which runs along an imposing escarpment. The southwest province of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseer) (Aseer) Aseer is mountainous and contains the 3015   m ( 9892   ft) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_Soudah) (Jabal Soudah) Jabal Soudah , which is the highest point in the country.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    Saudi Arabia is home to more than 2,000 dormant volcanoes.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-auto1-140) [ 135]    Lava fields in Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of harrat (the singular is harrah), form one of Earth's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_basalt) (Alkali basalt) alkali basalt regions, covering some 180,000 square kilometres (69,000  sq  mi) .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-auto-141) [ 136]     Except for the southwestern regions such as Aseer, Saudi Arabia has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate) (Desert climate) desert climate with very high day-time temperatures during the summer and a sharp temperature drop at night. Average summer temperatures are around 45  °C (113  °F) but can be as high as 54  °C (129  °F) . In the winter the temperature rarely drops below 0  °C (32  °F) with the exception of mostly the northern regions of the country where annual snowfall, in particular in the mountainous regions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Province) (Tabuk Province) Tabuk Province , is not uncommon.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-147) [ 142]    The lowest recorded temperature, −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), was measured in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turaif) (Turaif) Turaif .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-SaudiCC-148) [ 143]    Of the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia is likely to experience snowfalls most frequently.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-149) [ 144]     In the spring and autumn the heat is temperate, temperatures average around 29  °C (84  °F) . Annual rainfall is very low. The southern regions differ in that they are influenced by the Indian Ocean (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoons) (Monsoons) monsoons , usually occurring between October and March. An average of 300  mm (12  in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60% of the annual precipitation.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-weather-150) [ 145]     Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Wildlife of Saudi Arabia) Wildlife of Saudi Arabia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_Leopard_Nimr_(8454247265).jpg)     The critically endangered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard) (Arabian leopard) Arabian leopard    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halterstandingshotarabianone.jpg)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse) (Arabian horse) Arabian horse is native to Arabia, and an important element of traditional Arabian folklore.     Saudi Arabia is home to five terrestrial ecoregions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert) (Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert) Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_foothills_savanna) (Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna) Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_montane_woodlands) (Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands) Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert) (Arabian Desert) Arabian Desert , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Nubo-Sindian_tropical_desert_and_semi-desert) (Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert) Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-151) [ 146]    Wildlife includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard) (Arabian leopard) Arabian leopard ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Judas_et_al.,_2006-152) [ 147]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Spalton_et_al.,_2006-153) [ 148]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_wolf) (Arabian wolf) Arabian wolf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena) (Striped hyena) striped hyena , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoose) (Mongoose) mongoose , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baboon) (Baboon) baboon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_hare) (Cape hare) Cape hare , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat) (Sand cat) sand cat , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboa) (Jerboa) jerboa . Animals such as gazelles, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx) (Oryx) oryx , leopards and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah) (Asiatic cheetah) cheetahs (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Nowell1996-154) [ 149]    were relatively numerous until the 19th century, when extensive hunting reduced these animals almost to extinction. The culturally important (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion) (Asiatic lion) Asiatic lion occurred in Saudi Arabia until the late 19th century before it was hunted to extinction in the wild.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Nader_al1989-155) [ 150]    Birds include falcons (which are caught and trained for hunting), eagles, hawks, vultures, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandgrouse) (Sandgrouse) sandgrouse , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbul) (Bulbul) bulbuls . There are several species of snakes, many of which are venomous. Domesticated animals include the legendary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse) (Arabian horse) Arabian horse , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_camel) (Arabian camel) Arabian camel , sheep, goats, cattle, donkeys, chickens, etc. The Red Sea is a rich and diverse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem) (Ecosystem) ecosystem with more than (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fishes_in_the_Red_Sea) (List of fishes in the Red Sea) 1,200 species of fish (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-fishbase-156) [ 151]    around 10% of which are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic) (Endemic) endemic .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-157) [ 152]    This also includes 42 species of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deep_water_fish_of_the_Red_Sea) (List of deep water fish of the Red Sea) deep water fish .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-fishbase-156) [ 151]    The rich diversity is partly owed to the 2000   km ( 1240   mi) of coral reef extending along the coastline; these (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringing_reef) (Fringing reef) fringing reefs are largely formed of stony (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropora) (Acropora) acropora and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porites) (Porites) porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)) (Blue Hole (Red Sea)) Blue Hole at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab) (Dahab) Dahab ). These coastal reefs are also visited by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone) (Pelagic zone) pelagic species, including some of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sharks_in_the_Red_Sea) (List of sharks in the Red Sea) 44 species of shark . There are many offshore reefs including several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll) (Atoll) atolls . Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Reflecting the country's dominant desert conditions, plant life mostly consists of herbs, plants, and shrubs that require little water. The date palm ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera) (Phoenix dactylifera) Phoenix dactylifera  ) is widespread, and is a national symbol.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Politics of Saudi Arabia) Politics of Saudi Arabia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia_-_2020_(49563590728)_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Salman of Saudi Arabia) Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia) (King of Saudi Arabia) King   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2025_Crown_Prince_and_Prime_Minister_Mohammed_bin_Salman_Al_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia_on_November_18_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) (Mohammed bin Salman) Mohammed bin Salman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia) Crown Prince and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia) Prime Minister      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Saudi Arabia is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) (Absolute monarchy) absolute monarchy ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cavendish78-158) [ 153]    however, according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Basic Law of Saudi Arabia) Basic Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia (Islamic law) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran) (Quran) Quran , while the Quran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah) (Sunnah) Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Gerhard-159) [ 154]    No political parties or national elections are permitted.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cavendish78-158) [ 153]    While some critics consider it to be a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism) (Totalitarianism) totalitarian state,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-160) [ 155]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-161) [ 156]    others regard it as lacking aspects of totalitarianism but nevertheless classify it as an authoritarian regime.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-162) [ 157]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-163) [ 158]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-164) [ 159]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  ranked the Saudi government 150th out of 167 in its 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index) (Democracy Index) Democracy Index ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-165) [ 160]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House gave it its lowest "Not Free" rating, giving it a score of 8 out of 100 for 2023.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FH2019-166) [ 161]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices) (V-Dem Democracy Indices) V-Dem Democracy Indices , Saudi Arabia ranks amongst the lowest as a "closed autocracy," ranking at 179th and 167th out of 179 countries in electoral democracy and liberal democracy indices respectively.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-j496-167) [ 162]    Additionally, according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) International IDEA 's Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Saudi Arabia performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in political representation, including credible elections, inclusive suffrage and effective parliament.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-168) [ 163]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-169) [ 164]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-170) [ 165]     In the absence of national elections and political parties,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cavendish78-158) [ 153]    politics in Saudi Arabia takes place in two distinct arenas: within the royal family, the Al Saud, and between the royal family and the rest of Saudi society.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Noreng97-171) [ 166]    Participation in the political process is limited to a relatively small segment of the population and takes the form of the royal family consulting with the ulema, tribal sheikhs, and business elite on major decisions.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    This process is not reported by the Saudi media.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-172) [ 167]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadat_and_Khalid.jpg) (Sadat and Khalid)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Khalid of Saudi Arabia) King Khalid (right) meeting Egypt's president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat) (Anwar Sadat) Anwar Sadat with crown prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Fahd of Saudi Arabia) Fahd in the background at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport) (Cairo International Airport) Cairo Airport in 1975  By custom, all males of full age have a right to petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis) (Majlis) majlis  .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cavendish92-173) [ 168]    In many ways the approach to government differs little from the traditional system of tribal rule. Tribal identity remains strong, and outside of the royal family, political influence is frequently determined by tribal affiliation. Tribal sheikhs continue to exert a considerable degree of influence over local and national events.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    In recent years there have been limited steps to widen political participation such as the establishment of the Consultative Council in the early 1990s and the National Dialogue Forum in 2003.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Rasheed242-174) [ 169]    In 2005, the first municipal elections were held. In 2007, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiance_Council) (Allegiance Council) Allegiance Council was created to regulate the succession.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Rasheed242-174) [ 169]    In 2009, the king made significant personnel changes to the government by appointing reformers to key positions and the first woman to a ministerial post;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-175) [ 170]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-176) [ 171]    however, these changes have been criticized as being too slow or merely cosmetic.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-177) [ 172]     The rule of the Al Saud faces political opposition from four sources: Sunni Islamist activism; liberal critics; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia) Shi'ite minority —particularly in the Eastern Province; and long-standing tribal/(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)) (Regionalism (politics)) regionalist opponents (for example in the Hejaz).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-178) [ 173]    Of these, the minority activists have been the most prominent threat to the government and have in recent years been involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of terrorist incidents in Saudi Arabia) violent incidents in the country .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cordesman_2009-128) [ 123]    However, open protest against the government, even if peaceful, is not tolerated.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-179) [ 174]     Monarchy and royal family  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) House of Saud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Visit_of_King_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia_State_Dinner_Receiving_Line_with_Ivana_Trump_and_Donald_Trump_in_East_Room_-_DPLA_-_1a44d05819eab8ba3dcf7a6883ad92ba.jpg)   King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Fahd of Saudi Arabia) Fahd with US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) (Ronald Reagan) Ronald Reagan and future US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump in 1985. The US and Saudi Arabia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone) (Operation Cyclone) supplied money and arms to the anti-Soviet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen) (Mujahideen) mujahideen  fighters in Afghanistan.  The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    with royal decrees forming the basis of the country's legislation.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Campbell-180) [ 175]    The prime minister presides over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia) Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia) Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia . The king has usually been also the prime minister, with two exceptions: Crown Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Faisal of Saudi Arabia) Faisal , who was prime minister during the reign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Saud of Saudi Arabia) King Saud ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-181) [ 176]    and Crown Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Bin_Salman) (Mohammed Bin Salman) Mohammed Bin Salman , the current prime minister since 2022.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-182) [ 177]    The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allows it to control most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement at all levels of government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-183) [ 178]    The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7000  , with most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of Ibn Saud.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FT_Saud-184) [ 179]    The key ministries are generally reserved for the royal family,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Cavendish78-158) [ 153]    as are the 13 regional governorships.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200715-185) [ 180]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_Chuck_Hagel_walks_with_Saudi_Deputy_Minister_of_Defense_Prince_Fahd_bin_Abdullah_before_departing_Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia,_on_April_24,_2013_130424-D-BW835-179.jpg)   As many as 500 princes, government ministers, and business people, including Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_bin_Abdullah_bin_Mohammed_Al_Saud) (Fahd bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud) Fahd bin Abdullah , were arrested by Saudi Arabian authorities as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Saudi_Arabian_purge) (2017 Saudi Arabian purge) 2017 Saudi Arabian purge .  The Saudi government(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-186) [ 181]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-187) [ 182]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-188) [ 183]    and the royal family(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-189) [ 184]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-190) [ 185]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-191) [ 186]    have often been accused of corruption over many years,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199373Bowen2007108-192) [ 187]    and this continues into the 21st century.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-193) [ 188]    In a country that is said to "belong" to the royal family and is named for them,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Kamrava-49) [ 44]    the lines between state assets and the personal wealth of senior princes are blurred.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FT_Saud-184) [ 179]    The extent of corruption has been described as systemic(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-194) [ 189]    and endemic,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-195) [ 190]    and its existence was acknowledged(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-196) [ 191]    and defended(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-197) [ 192]    by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan) (Bandar bin Sultan) Prince Bandar bin Sultan (a senior member of the royal family)(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-198) [ 193]    in an interview in 2001.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-PBS-199) [ 194]     In its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index for 2010, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International) (Transparency International) Transparency International gave Saudi Arabia a score of 4.7 (on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 is "highly corrupt" and 10 is "highly clean").(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-200) [ 195]    Saudi Arabia has undergone a process of political and social reform, such as to increase public transparency and good governance, but nepotism and patronage are widespread when doing business in the country; the enforcement of the anti-corruption laws is selective and public officials engage in corruption with impunity. As many as 500 people, including prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople, were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017–2019_Saudi_Arabian_purge) (2017–2019 Saudi Arabian purge) arrested in an anti-corruption campaign in November 2017.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-201) [ 196]      Al ash-Sheikh and role of the ulema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh_Senate_of_Poland_02.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_Al_ash-Sheikh) (Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh) Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz) (Bogdan Borusewicz) Bogdan Borusewicz in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Senate) (Polish Senate) Polish Senate , 26 May 2014  Saudi Arabia is unique in giving the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama) (Ulama) ulema (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) a direct role in government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Goldstein118-202) [ 197]    The preferred ulema are of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement) (Salafi movement) Salafi movement . The ulema have been a key influence in major government decisions, for example the imposition of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis) (1973 oil crisis) oil embargo in 1973 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) invitation to foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990 .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-meforum.org-203) [ 198]    In addition, they have had a major role in the judicial and education systems(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-204) [ 199]    as well as a monopoly of authority over socio-religious affairs.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hassner-205) [ 200]     By the 1970s, as a result of oil wealth and the modernization initiated by King Faisal, important changes to Saudi society were underway, and the power of the ulema was in decline.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-206) [ 201]    However, this changed following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure) (Grand Mosque seizure) seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979 by Islamist radicals.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199321-207) [ 202]    The government's response to the crisis included strengthening the ulema's powers and increasing their financial support:(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120) [ 115]    in particular, they were given greater control over the education system(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbir199321-207) [ 202]    and were allowed to enforce the stricter observance of Wahhabi rules of moral and social behaviour.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hegghammer24-120) [ 115]    After his accession to the throne in 2005, King Abdullah took steps to reduce the powers of the ulema, for instance transferring control over girls' education to the Ministry of Education.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-208) [ 203]     The ulema have historically been led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_ash-Sheikh) (Al ash-Sheikh) Al ash-Sheikh ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-209) [ 204]    the country's leading religious family.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hassner-205) [ 200]    The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab) (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab , the 18th-century founder of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabism which dominates Saudi society.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-210) [ 205]    The family is second in prestige only to the Al Saud (the royal family)(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Long11-211) [ 206]    with whom they formed a "mutual support pact"(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IBP-212) [ 207]    and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-meforum.org-203) [ 198]    The pact, which persists to this day,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-IBP-212) [ 207]    is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters while upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-213) [ 208]    thereby using its religious-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority) (Moral authority) moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-214) [ 209]    Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished in recent decades,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Mattar-215) [ 210]    they still hold the most important religious posts and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hassner-205) [ 200]      Legal system  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Legal system of Saudi Arabia) Legal system of Saudi Arabia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Crime in Saudi Arabia) Crime in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqra.jpg)   Verses from the Quran. The Quran is the official constitution of the country and a primary source of law. Saudi Arabia is unique in enshrining a religious text as a political document.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen200713-216) [ 211]      The primary source of law is the Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia derived from the teachings of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran) (Quran) Quran and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah) (Sunnah) Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Campbell-180) [ 175]    Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent, allowing judges to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision. Thus, divergent judgments arise even in apparently identical cases,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Sharia_Inc_Courts-217) [ 212]    making predictability of legal interpretation difficult.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-218) [ 213]    Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali) (Hanbali) Hanbali (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab) (Madhhab) school of jurisprudence ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh) (Fiqh) fiqh  ) found in pre-modern texts and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith) (Hadith) hadith .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Haffner58-219) [ 214]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-220) [ 215]    In 2021, Saudi Arabia announced judicial reforms to entirely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codification_(law)) (Codification (law)) codify its laws and eliminate discrepancies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-221) [ 216]     Royal decrees are the other main source of law but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to Sharia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Campbell-180) [ 175]    Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labour, commercial and corporate law. Additionally, traditional tribal law and custom remain significant.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-222) [ 217]    Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-223) [ 218]    Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the king, and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Campbell268-224) [ 219]     Retaliatory punishments, or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas) (Qisas) Qisas , are practised: for instance, an eye can be surgically removed at the insistence of a victim who lost his own eye.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Economist_Cruel-225) [ 220]    Families of someone unlawfully killed can choose between demanding the death penalty or granting clemency in return for a payment of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyya) (Diyya) diyya (blood money) by the perpetrator.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-226) [ 221]      Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Regions of Saudi Arabia) Regions of Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Governorates of Saudi Arabia) Governorates of Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions) (Regions) regions (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-227) [ 222]    ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  مناطق إدارية (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; manatiq idāriyya , sing. منطقة إدارية; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintaqah) (Mintaqah) mintaqah idariyya ). The regions are further divided into 118 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Governorates of Saudi Arabia) governorates ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  محافظات (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; muhafazat , sing. محافظة; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhafazah) (Muhafazah) muhafazah  ). This number includes the 13 regional capitals, which have a different status as municipalities ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  أمانة (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; amanah ) headed by mayors ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  أمين (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; amin ). The governorates are further subdivided into sub-governorates ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  مراكز (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaz_(country_subdivision)) (Markaz (country subdivision)) marakiz  , sing. مركز; markaz ). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Province) (Tabuk Province) Tabuk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bahah_Province) (Al-Bahah Province) Bahah  — –  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province) (Al-Jawf Province) Jawf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)) Madinah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Province) (Mecca Province) Makkah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazan_Province) (Jazan Province) Jizan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ḥaʼil_Province) (Ḥaʼil Province) Ha'il  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Borders_Province) (Northern Borders Province) Northern Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'Asir_Province) ('Asir Province) Asir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qassim_Province) (Al-Qassim Province) Qasim  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Province) (Riyadh Province) Riyadh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran_Province) (Najran Province) Najran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern Province     Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia) Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia  The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia is officially focused on cooperation with the oil-exporting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf) (Arab states of the Persian Gulf) Gulf States , the unity of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World) (Arab World) Arab world , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah) (Ummah) Islamic solidarity , and support for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations and multilateralism. It joined the UN in 1945(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46) [ 41]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-228) [ 223]    and is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf) (Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf) Gulf Cooperation Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_World_League) (Muslim World League) Muslim World League , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-229) [ f]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Saudi_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs-230) [ 224]    Saudi Arabia joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization in 2005 and plays a prominent role in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Bank) (The World Bank) World Bank , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46) [ 41]    Although part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement , Saudi Arabia is generally considered pro-Western.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-231) [ 225]     Since co-founding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC in 1960, Saudi Arabia's oil pricing policy has officially aimed to stabilize the world oil market and moderate sharp price movements so as not to jeopardize Western economies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia-46) [ 41]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-232) [ 226]    In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_embargo) (Oil embargo) oil embargo against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and other Western nations that supported Israel in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-233) [ 227]    The embargo caused an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis) (1973 oil crisis) oil crisis with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-234) [ 228]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations) (Saudi Arabia–United States relations) Saudi Arabia and the United States are strategic allies;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BBC_News-235) [ 229]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-236) [ 230]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-237) [ 231]    the U.S. has been the most influential foreign power in the kingdom since the end of World War II.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-238) [ 232]    Saudi Arabia's role in the 1991 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War , particularly the stationing of American troops on Saudi soil from 1991, prompted the development of a hostile Islamist response internally.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-239) [ 233]    As a result, Saudi Arabia has, to some extent, distanced itself from the U.S.; for example, it refused to support or participate in the U.S.-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War) (Iraq War) invasion of Iraq in 2003.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia remains a key strategic ally of the U.S. and a leading importer of American arms.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-240) [ 234]    In 2017, American President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump and King Salman signed a series of letters of intent for Saudi Arabia to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_States–Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal) (2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal) purchase arms from the United States totalling $350 billion over 10 years.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-cnbc-20170520-241) [ 235]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-242) [ 236]     Since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman took power in 2017, Saudi Arabia has pursued closer ties with both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Saudi_Arabia_relations) (China–Saudi Arabia relations) China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia–Saudi_Arabia_relations) (Russia–Saudi Arabia relations) Russia as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_(international_relations)) (Balancing (international relations)) balancing move away from its traditional reliance on the United States. This has involved an increase in both economic and political cooperation, such as elevating Sino-Saudi relations to that of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_partnerships_of_China) (List of diplomatic partnerships of China) comprehensive strategic partnership as well as forming an agreement with Russia to reduce oil production among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC nations during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)) (Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)) Ukraine War .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-243) [ 237]     Saudi Arabia has traditionally sought to preserve the regional status quo by using its financial, diplomatic, and military resources to limit the effects of revolutionary uprisings in neighbouring countries.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-244) [ 238]    It has engaged in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict) (Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict) proxy conflict with Iran since the 1979 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Islamic Revolution , which had called for the overthrow of monarchies and Sunni dominance. The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia can be seen as the geopolitical extension of the wider Sunni-Shia conflict, with both sides being the flagship state for their respective sides. The consequences of the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring (2010–2012) led to increasing alarm within the Saudi monarchy over the rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran 's influence in the region.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-245) [ 239]    These fears were reflected in comments of King Abdullah,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-NYT_Abdullah-208) [ 203]    who privately urged the United States to attack Iran and "cut off the head of the snake".(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-246) [ 240]    However, tensions between the rivals have cooled in recent years due to diplomatic dialogue. Despite being allies with The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE) (UAE) UAE on several organizations, they have been locked in a proxy war over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014–present)) (Yemeni civil war (2014–present)) Yemeni civil war (2014–present) in which the Emiratis have supported secessionists against the pro-Saudi central government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-247) [ 241]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict.png)   Major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict) (Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict locations

Iran shown in green, KSA shown in orange  Saudi Arabia has been seen as a moderating influence in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_conflict) (Arab–Israeli conflict) Arab–Israeli conflict , periodically putting forward a peace plan between Israel and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people) (Palestinian people) Palestinians and condemning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) (Hezbollah) Hezbollah .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-248) [ 242]     In 2017, as part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Nuclear power in Saudi Arabia) its nuclear power (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia) programme , Saudi Arabia planned to extract uranium domestically, taking a step towards self-sufficiency in producing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel) (Nuclear fuel) nuclear fuel .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-249) [ 243]    Subsequently, the kingdom has been exploring foreign partnerships for constructing its first civil nuclear reactors, including with the United States, China, Russia, South Korea, and France.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-250) [ 244]     Saudi Arabia has sought to build greater relations with other Asian countries as well, particularly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh . Saudi Arabia sees South Korea as a key business partner in multiple core sectors and has signed a mutual defence agreement with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:8-251) [ 245]    Despite having close relations with Pakistan for decades, India has emerged as another key economic partner with Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:8-251) [ 245]     Allegations of sponsoring global terrorism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_and_state-sponsored_terrorism) (Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism) Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism  Saudi Arabia has been accused of sponsoring Islamic terrorism.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-252) [ 246]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-253) [ 247]    According to former Iraqi Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki) (Nouri al-Maliki) Nouri al-Maliki in March 2014, Saudi Arabia along with Qatar provided political, financial, and media support to terrorists against the Iraqi government.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-254) [ 248]    Similarly, former President of Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad noted in 2015 that the sources of the extreme ideology of the terrorist organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant) (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) ISIS and other such (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism) (Salafi jihadism) Salafist extremist groups are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahabism that has been supported by the royal family of Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-255) [ 249]     Relations with the U.S. became strained following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) 9/11 terror attacks .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-256) [ 250]    American politicians and media accused the Saudi government of supporting terrorism and tolerating a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist) (Jihadist) jihadist  culture.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-257) [ 251]    According to former U.S. Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) (Hillary Clinton) Hillary Clinton in December 2010, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qaida, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) (Taliban) Taliban , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeT) (LeT) LeT and other terrorist groups... Donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to Sunni terrorist groups worldwide."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Guardian_05122010-258) [ 252]    The Saudi government denies these claims or that it exports religious or cultural extremism.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-259) [ 253]    In September 2016, the U.S. Congress passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Against_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_Act) (Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act) Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the 11 September attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks) (Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks) its government's alleged role in the attacks .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-260) [ 254]    In 2014, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al_Sheikh) (Abdulaziz Al Sheikh) Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Sheikh , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia) Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia and Chairman of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Senior_Scholars_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Council of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)) Council of Senior Scholars , issued a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa) (Fatwa) fatwa explicitly prohibiting joining or supporting terrorist organizations such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) ISIS and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-261) [ 255]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) U.S. Department of State , "Saudi Arabia plays an important role in working toward a peaceful and prosperous future for the region and is a strong partner in security and counterterrorism efforts and in military, diplomatic, and financial cooperation."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-262) [ 256]    A significant Saudi counterterrorism success was the foiling of a 2010 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_transatlantic_aircraft_bomb_plot) (2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot) cargo plane bomb plot .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-263) [ 257]    In December 2015, Saudi Arabia announced the formation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition) (Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition) Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition , an alliance of Muslim-majority countries aimed at combating terrorism and extremism.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-264) [ 258]     Since 2016 the kingdom has started to back off from exporting Islamic fundamentalism.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-265) [ 259]    Several reforms took place including curbing the powers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)) religious police ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:4-266) [ 260]    and no longer funding the construction of mosques abroad.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-267) [ 261]       Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Military_Forces) (Saudi Arabian Military Forces) Saudi Arabian Military Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Saudi_Arabia) (List of wars involving Saudi Arabia) List of wars involving Saudi Arabia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partner_Nations_Conduct_Training_during_Eager_Lion_2022_220914-A-XQ828-461.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams) (M1 Abrams) M1 Abrams of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Land_Forces) (Royal Saudi Land Forces) Royal Saudi Land Forces    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Saudi_Navy_frigate_Al_Dammam_(816)_in_May_2014.JPG)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Riyadh-class_frigate) (Al Riyadh-class frigate) Al-Riyadh -class frigate of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy) (Royal Saudi Navy) Royal Saudi Navy    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RSAF_Typhoon_at_Malta_-_Gordon_Zammit.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon) (Eurofighter Typhoon) Eurofighter Typhoon of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force) (Royal Saudi Air Force) Royal Saudi Air Force      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia) Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia are under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Ministry of Defence (Saudi Arabia)) Ministry of Defence and consist of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army) (Saudi Arabian Army) Royal Saudi Land Forces (including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Royal_Guard_Regiment) (Saudi Royal Guard Regiment) Royal Guard ), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force) (Royal Saudi Air Force) Air Force , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy) (Royal Saudi Navy) Navy , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense_Forces) (Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces) Air Defence , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force) (Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force) Strategic Missile Force ; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard) (Saudi Arabian National Guard) Saudi Arabian National Guard , which is under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Guard) (Ministry of National Guard) Ministry of National Guard , is made up of tribal forces loyal to the Saudi royal family and plays a role in both domestic security and foreign defence.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-iiss2023-268) [ 262]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIAfactbook-269) [ 263]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:5-270) [ 264]    Additionally, the kingdom has several paramilitary forces under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)) Minister of Interior , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Border_Guard) (General Directorate of Border Guard) Saudi Arabian Border Guard , Facilities Security Force, and Coast Guard.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:5-270) [ 264]    The primary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations) (Special operations) special operations and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism) (Counter-terrorism) counterterrorism units are the Special Security Force and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Emergency_Force) (Saudi Emergency Force) Emergency Force under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security) (Presidency of State Security) Presidency of State Security , which combines all counterterrorism and intelligence services and reports directly to the king. As of 2023, there are 127,000 active personnel in the Armed Forces, 130,000 in the National Guard, and 24,500 in the paramilitary security forces. Saudi Arabia has one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures) (List of countries with highest military expenditures) world's highest military expenditures in both proportional and absolute terms, at approximately US$80.3 billion (roughly 7% of GDP) according to a 2024 estimate by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute) (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI); this places the country seventh in the world, behind the United States, China, Russia, Germany, India, and the United Kingdom. Spending on defence and security has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and was about US$78.4 billion as of 2019.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:23-271) [ 265]    A 2023 estimate by SIPRI ranked Saudi Arabia fourth in the world in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita) (List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita) per capita military spending . The kingdom was the world's second largest arms importer from 2019 to 2023.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-272) [ 266]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-273) [ 267]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn_International_Centre_for_Conflict_Studies) (Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies) BICC , Saudi Arabia is the 28th most militarized country in the world and possesses the second-best military equipment qualitatively in the region, after Israel.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-274) [ 268]    Its modern high-technology arsenal makes Saudi Arabia among the world's most densely armed nations.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_2006-275) [ 269]     Saudi Arabia has security relationships with the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which provide training and weapons;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-defensenews20152-276) [ 270]    the kingdom is the largest recipient of U.S. arms in the world, accounting for 12 percent of all U.S. arms exports in 2024.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-277) [ 271]    Saudi Arabia has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan–Saudi_Arabia_relations#Security_relations) (Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations) long-standing military relationship with Pakistan and is speculated to have secretly funded the latter's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) (Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction) atomic bomb programme with the intention of purchasing its atomic weapons;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-QV-278) [ 272]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-SPO-279) [ 273]    in September 2025, both countries entered into a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Mutual_Defence_Agreement) (Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement) mutual defence pact . Since 2018, Saudi Arabia has repeatedly expressed willingness to acquire or develop nuclear weapons in the event that its chief regional rival, Iran, develops one.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-280) [ 274]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-281) [ 275]     In March 2015, Saudi Arabia mobilized 150,000 troops and 100 fighter jets to support its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war) (Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war) intervention in the civil war in neighbouring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-282) [ 276]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HRW_2015-11-26_WMT-283) [ 277]    By early 2016, Saudi ground forces and their coalition allies captured (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden) (Aden) Aden and parts of southwest Yemen, though the Houthis continued to control northern Yemen and the capital city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa) (Sanaa) Sanaa . From there the Houthis launched successful attacks across the border into Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-284) [ 278]    The Saudi military has also carried out an aerial bombing campaign and a naval blockade aimed at stopping weapons shipments to the Houthis.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-285) [ 279]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-286) [ 280]    As of 2024, Saudi Arabia had 2,500 troops actively participating in the conflict in Yemen.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-287) [ 281]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Human rights in Saudi Arabia) Human rights in Saudi Arabia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia) Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia  The Saudi government, which mandates Muslim and non-Muslim observance of Sharia law under the absolute rule of the House of Saud, has been denounced by international organizations and governments for violating human rights.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-288) [ 282]    The authoritarian regime is consistently ranked among the "worst of the worst" in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World) (Freedom in the World) annual survey of political and civil rights .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-289) [ 283]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International , security forces torture and ill-treat detainees to extract confessions to be used as evidence against them.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-290) [ 284]    Saudi Arabia abstained from the UN vote adopting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Universal Declaration of Human Rights , saying it contradicted Sharia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-291) [ 285]    Mass executions, such as those carried out (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution) (2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution) in 2016 ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-292) [ 286]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution) (2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution) 2019 ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-wsj-293) [ 287]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution) (2022 Saudi Arabia mass execution) 2022 ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-apnews1-294) [ 288]    and 2025(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-295) [ 289]    have been condemned by international rights groups. Since 2001, Saudi Arabia has engaged in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia#The_Internet) (Censorship in Saudi Arabia) internet censorship . Most censorship falls into two categories: "immoral" content (mostly pornographic and LGBT-supportive sites along with sites promoting any religion other than Sunni Islam) and blacklisted political content critical of the regime, as dictated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Media_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Ministry of Media (Saudi Arabia)) Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Media .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-296) [ 290]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-297) [ 291]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-298) [ 292]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dira_Square.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deera_Square) (Deera Square) Deera Square , central Riyadh. It is a former site of public beheadings.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-299) [ 293]      Saudi Arabian law does not recognize (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia) (LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia) sexual orientations or religious freedom, and the public practice of non-Muslim religions is actively prohibited.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-300) [ 294]    The justice system regularly engages in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment) (Capital punishment) capital punishment , which has included public executions by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation) (Decapitation) decapitation .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-301) [ 295]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-302) [ 296]    In line with Sharia in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Legal system of Saudi Arabia) Saudi justice system , the death penalty can theoretically be imposed for a range of offences,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-303) [ 297]    including murder, rape, armed robbery, repeated drug use, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy) (Apostasy) apostasy ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-304) [ 298]    adultery,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FRD306-305) [ 299]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft) (Witchcraft) witchcraft .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Miethe-306) [ 300]    It can be carried out by beheading with a sword,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BBCexecutioner-304) [ 298]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning) (Stoning) stoning or by firing squad,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-FRD306-305) [ 299]    followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion#Legal_execution_in_Islamic_states) (Crucifixion) crucifixion (exposure of the body after execution).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Miethe-306) [ 300]    In 2022, the Saudi Crown Prince stated that capital punishments will be removed "except for one category mentioned in the Quran", namely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas#Traditional_jurisprudence) (Qisas) homicide , under which certain conditions must be applied.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-apnews1-294) [ 288]    In April 2020, Saudi Supreme Court issued a directive to eliminate the punishment of flogging from the court system, being replaced by imprisonment or fines.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-307) [ 301]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-308) [ 302]     Historically, Saudi women have faced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination) (Discrimination) discrimination in many aspects of their lives and were effectively treated as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_(law)) (Minor (law)) legal minors under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)) (Wali (Islamic legal guardian)) male guardianship system .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HRW2016-309) [ 303]    The treatment of women has been referred to as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_segregation) (Sex segregation) sex segregation "(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-310) [ 304]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-311) [ 305]    and "gender (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid) (Apartheid) apartheid ".(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Handrahan-312) [ 306]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-313) [ 307]    Since the 2000s, the kingdom has made several attempts to improve the status of women in order to elevate their global standing. As of June 2023, the kingdom has reportedly reversed its ban on women "becoming lawyers, engineers, or geologists" and established "aggressive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action) (Affirmative action) affirmative action programmes", doubling the female labour force participation rate. It has added "its first female newspaper editors, diplomats, TV anchors and public prosecutors", with a female head of the Saudi stock exchange and member on the board of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco) (Saudi Aramco) Saudi Aramco .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-GFOELLER_5_June_2023-314) [ 308]    In June 2018, the Saudi government issued a law allowing women to drive.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-315) [ 309]    However, an investigation by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  newspaper in 2025 found that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Reaya) (Dar al-Reaya) Dar al-Reaya  , officially "care homes", continued to be effectively "jails" for women whose families wished to institutionalize them for disobedience, extramarital sexual relations or being absent from home. Some women are sent to Dar al-Reaya to protect a family's reputation after a woman is sexually abused by a brother or father. Treatment was reported to be "hellish": with solitary confinement, flogging, and no family contact.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-levitt-316) [ 310]     Saudi Arabia is a notable destination country for men and women trafficked for the purposes of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery) (Slavery) slave labour and sexual exploitation.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-factbook-317) [ 311]    Migrants from Asia and Africa are employed in the country's construction, hospitality, and domestic work sectors under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafala_system) (Kafala system) kafala system , which human rights groups say is linked to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Slavery in Saudi Arabia) slavery .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-318) [ 312]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-319) [ 313]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Economy of Saudi Arabia) Economy of Saudi Arabia  With (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_GDP) (Nominal GDP) gross domestic product (GDP) at over $1.1 trillion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_GDP) (Nominal GDP) nominally , and more than $2.3 trillion by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) purchasing power parity (PPP) , Saudi Arabia has the second largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East) (Economy of the Middle East) economy in the Middle East (after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey ), the largest in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world , and the 18th largest in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-imf2-320) [ 314]    It has the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) second-largest proven reserves of petroleum , of which it is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production) (List of countries by oil production) third largest producer and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports) (List of countries by oil exports) largest exporter ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-autogenerated1995-321) [ 315]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-322) [ 316]    the country also has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves) (List of countries by natural gas proven reserves) sixth-largest proven natural gas reserves .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:0-38) [ 33]    Saudi Arabia is considered an "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_superpower) (Energy superpower) energy superpower ,"(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-undp-323) [ 317]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-324) [ 318]    having the third highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$34.4 trillion in 2016.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-325) [ 319]     Saudi Arabia has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_economy) (Command economy) command economy based largely on petroleum; the oil industry accounts for roughly 63%(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-326) [ 320]    of budget revenue, 67%(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-327) [ 321]    of export earnings, and 45% of nominal GDP compared with 40% from the private sector. It is strongly dependent on foreign workers, with about 80% of private sector employees being non-Saudi.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-coy-employ-328) [ 322]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-McDowall-329) [ 323]    Challenges to the economy include halting or reversing the decline in per-capita income, improving education to prepare youth for the workforce and providing them with employment, diversifying the economy, stimulating the private sector and housing construction, and diminishing corruption and inequality.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HT2009:_150-330) [ 324]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) limits its members' oil production based on their "proven reserves". Saudi Arabia's published reserves have shown little change since 1980, with the main exception being an increase of about 100 billion barrels (1.6 × 10 10  m 3 ) between 1987 and 1988.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-331) [ 325]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Simmons) (Matthew Simmons) Matthew Simmons has suggested that Saudi Arabia is greatly exaggerating its reserves and may soon show production declines (see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil) (Peak oil) peak oil ).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-332) [ 326]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_and_Gas_Infrastructure_Persian_Gulf_(large).gif)   Map of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) (Petroleum) oil and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) (Natural gas) gas pipelines in the Middle-East  From 2003 to 2013, "several key services" were privatized—municipal water supply, electricity, telecommunications—and parts of education and health care, traffic control and car accident reporting were also privatized. According to Arab News columnist Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg, "in almost every one of these areas, consumers have raised serious concerns about the performance of these privatized entities."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Aluwaisheg-333) [ 327]    In November 2005, Saudi Arabia was approved as a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization . Negotiations to join had focused on the degree to which Saudi Arabia is willing to increase market access to foreign goods and in 2000, the government established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_General_Investment_Authority) (Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority) Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority to encourage foreign direct investment in the kingdom. Saudi Arabia maintains a list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited, but the government plans to open some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power transmission/distribution over time. The government has also made an attempt at "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudization) (Saudization) Saudizing " the economy, replacing foreign workers with Saudi nationals with limited success.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-house-161-334) [ 328]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:As_pilgrims_prepare_to_return_to_their_homes,_Saudi_authorities_begin_to_prep_for_next_year's_Hajj_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj) (Hajj) hajj  is an annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage) (Pilgrimage) pilgrimage to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam) (Holiest sites in Islam) holiest city for Muslims.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Modarresi-335) [ 329]      In addition to petroleum and gas, Saudi has a significant gold mining sector in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahd_adh_Dhahab) (Mahd adh Dhahab) Mahd adh Dhahab region and significant other mineral industries, an agricultural sector (especially in the southwest) based on vegetables, fruits, dates etc. and livestock, and large number of temporary jobs created by the roughly two million annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj) (Hajj) hajj  pilgrims.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-HT2009:_150-330) [ 324]    Saudi Arabia has had five-year "Development Plans" since 1970. Among its plans were to launch "economic cities" (e.g. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City) (King Abdullah Economic City) King Abdullah Economic City ) to diversify the economy and provide jobs. Saudi Arabia is increasingly activating its ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China in addition to oil transport. To this end, ports such as Jeddah Islamic Port or King Abdullah Economic City are being rapidly expanded, and investments are being made in logistics. The country is historically and currently part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road) (Maritime Silk Road) Maritime Silk Road .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-336) [ 330]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-337) [ 331]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-338) [ 332]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-339) [ 333]     Statistics on poverty in the kingdom are not available through the UN resources because the Saudi government does not issue any.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-340) [ 334]    The Saudi state discourages calling attention to or complaining about poverty. In December 2011, the Saudi interior ministry arrested three reporters and held them for almost two weeks for questioning after they uploaded a video on the topic to YouTube.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-341) [ 335]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-342) [ 336]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-343) [ 337]    Authors of the video claim that 22% of Saudis may be considered poor.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-344) [ 338]    Observers researching the issue prefer to stay anonymous(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-345) [ 339]    because of the risk of being arrested. The unexpected impact of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia) (COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia) COVID-19 pandemic on the economy, along with Saudi Arabia's poor human rights records, laid unforeseen challenges before the development plans of the kingdom, where some of the programmes under '(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030) (Saudi Vision 2030) Vision 2030 ' were also expected to be affected.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-346) [ 340]    In May 2020, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)) Finance Minister of Saudi Arabia admitted that the country's economy was facing a severe economical crisis for the first time in decades, because of the pandemic as well as declining global oil markets. In July 2024 Saudi Arabia's Renewable Energy Localisation Company (RELC) has formed three joint ventures with Chinese companies to advance the kingdom's clean energy infrastructure. As part of Saudi Arabia's 2030 targets, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund) (Public Investment Fund) Public Investment Fund is actively promoting the localization of renewable energy components. RELC, a division of the sovereign fund, facilitates partnerships between global manufacturers and Saudi private sector firms to strengthen local supply chains. These initiatives aim to localize up to 75% of the components used in Saudi Arabia's renewable projects by 2030, positioning the country as a major global exporter of renewable technologies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-347) [ 341]     Agriculture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Agriculture in Saudi Arabia) Agriculture in Saudi Arabia   Saudi Arabia's predominantly arid environment, poor soil, and traditional nomadic lifestyle have long favoured (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism) (Pastoralism) pastoralism , particularly of camels, sheep, and goats; agricultural production has historically been localized and oriented towards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture) (Subsistence agriculture) basic subsistence .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:6-348) [ 342]    Less than two percent of the total land area is used for crops, with agriculture constituting only a fraction of GDP (2.5 percent) and employing a similar proportion of the workforce.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-349) [ 343]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:6-348) [ 342]     Initial attempts to develop dairy farming on a commercial scale occurred in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kharj) (Al Kharj) Al Kharj District south of Riyadh during the 1950s.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-350) [ 344]    Serious large-scale agricultural development began in the 1970s,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-351) [ 345]    particularly with wheat,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-352) [ 346]    with the government launching an extensive programme to promote modern farming technology; establish rural roads, irrigation networks and storage and export facilities; and encourage agricultural research and training institutions. The kingdom has continued prioritizing domestic food production through subsidies and generous incentives.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:6-348) [ 342]     Owing to these efforts, there has been substantial growth in the production of all basic foods: Although it still imports the bulk of its food needs, Saudi Arabia is self-sufficient in several commodities, particularly wheat, meat, milk, and eggs. The country exports dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Dates, which are indigenous to Saudi Arabia and a traditional staple of its diet, are now mainly grown for global humanitarian aid; the kingdom is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm#Production) (Date palm) second largest producer after Egypt, producing 1.6 million tonnes as of 2022. Another indigenous crop, the olive, is also heavily cultivated: The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province) (Al-Jawf Province) Al Jouf region has millions of olive trees—including the world's largest olive farm at 7,713 hectares(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-353) [ 347]    —and the number is expected to increase to 20 million trees.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-354) [ 348]    Saudi farmers also grow substantial amounts of other grains such as barley, sorghum, and millet. Saudi Arabia has some of the most modern and largest dairy farms in the Middle East; milk production boasts a productive annual rate of 6,800 litres (1,800 US gallons) per cow, one of the highest in the world. Saudi dairy company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almarai) (Almarai) Almarai is the largest vertically integrated dairy company in the Middle East,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-355) [ 349]    and the largest dairy firm in the world by volume;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-356) [ 350]    it operates the world's largest dairy farm at Al Safi.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-357) [ 351]     Following an end to domestic wheat production in 2016 to preserve water,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-358) [ 352]    Saudi Arabia encouraged small famers to produce wheat in 2019 through a domestic production programme established under the Saudi Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture (MEWA).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:7-359) [ 353]    In 2025, wheat production is forecast to more than double the five-year average.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-360) [ 354]     Consuming nonrenewable groundwater resulted in the loss of an estimated four-fifths of the total groundwater reserves by 2012.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-361) [ 355]    About half the arable land is cultivated through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farming) (Dryland farming) rain-fed dry farming (mostly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asir) (Asir) Asir ), two-fifths through the planting of local tree crops (namely dates and olives), and the remainder by irrigation, mostly by underground water. As part of the Saudi Green Initiative, which seeks to restore vegetation cover and ecological sustainability, the kingdom aims to plant 100 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove) (Mangrove) mangroves ; as of 2024, the National Centre for Vegetation Cover Development and Combating Desertification announced it had planted 13 million seedlings.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-362) [ 356]      Water supply and sanitation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia) Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Irrigation in Saudi Arabia) Irrigation in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musk_Lake_1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musk_Lake) (Al-Musk Lake) Al-Musk Lake close to Jeddah  One of the main challenges for Saudi Arabia is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity) (Water scarcity) water scarcity . Substantial investments have been undertaken in seawater (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination) (Desalination) desalination , water distribution, sewerage and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment) (Wastewater treatment) wastewater treatment . Today about 50% of drinking water comes from desalination, 40% from the mining of non-renewable groundwater, and 10% from surface water in the mountainous southwest of the country.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-363) [ 357]    Saudi Arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers and a resultant break down and disintegration of its agriculture as a consequence.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-364) [ 358]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-365) [ 359]    As a result of the catastrophe, Saudi Arabia has bought agricultural land in the United States,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-366) [ 360]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-367) [ 361]    Argentina,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-368) [ 362]    and Africa.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-369) [ 363]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-370) [ 364]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-371) [ 365]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-372) [ 366]    Saudi Arabia ranked as a major buyer of agricultural land in foreign countries.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-373) [ 367]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-374) [ 368]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_stress,_top_countries_(2022).svg)   Saudi Arabia was the third most water stressed country in the world in 2022.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-375) [ 369]      According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation) (Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO) (WHO) WHO and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF , the latest reliable source on access to water and sanitation in Saudi Arabia is the 2004 census. It indicates that 97% of the population had access to an improved source of drinking water and 99% had access to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_sanitation) (Improved sanitation) improved sanitation . For 2015, the JMP estimates that access to sanitation increased to 100%. Sanitation was primarily through on-site solutions, and about 40% of the population was connected to sewers.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-JMP-376) [ 370]    In 2015, 886,000 people lacked access to "improved" water.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-377) [ 371]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-378) [ 372]      Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Tourism in Saudi Arabia) Tourism in Saudi Arabia   In 2019, Saudi Arabia adopted a general tourism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_visa) (Travel visa) travel visa to allow non-Muslims to visit.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-379) [ 373]    Although most tourism largely involves religious pilgrimages, there is growth in the leisure tourism sector. According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank , approximately 14.3 million people visited Saudi Arabia in 2012, making it the world's 19th-most-visited country.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-380) [ 374]    Tourism is an important component of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030) (Saudi Vision 2030) Saudi Vision 2030 , and according to a report conducted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMI_Research) (BMI Research) BMI Research in 2018 both religious and non-religious tourism have significant potential for expansion.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-381) [ 375]     The kingdom offers an electronic visa for foreign visitors to attend sports events and concerts.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-382) [ 376]    In 2019, the kingdom announced its plans to open visa applications for visitors, where people from about 50 countries would be able to get tourist visas to Saudi.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-383) [ 377]    In 2020 it was announced that holders of a US, UK or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area) (Schengen Area) Schengen visa are eligible for a Saudi electronic visa upon arrival.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-384) [ 378]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_people) (Saudi Arabian people) Saudi Arabian people and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Demographics of Saudi Arabia) Demographics of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_population_density_2010.png)   Saudi Arabia population density (people per km2 )  Saudi Arabia's reported population is 32,175,224 as of 2022,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-385) [ 379]    making it the fourth most populous country in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-386) [ 380]    Close to 42% of its inhabitants are immigrants,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIA2-387) [ 381]    mostly from the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-388) [ 382]     The Saudi population has grown rapidly since 1950, when it was estimated at 3 million.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-389) [ 383]    For much of the 20th century, the country had one of the highest population growth rates in the world, at around 3% annually;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-long-27-390) [ 384]    it continues to grow at a rate of 1.62% per year,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIA2-387) [ 381]    slightly higher than the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. Consequently, the Saudi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Youth in Saudi Arabia) people are quite young by global standards, with over half the population under 25 years old.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-391) [ 385]     Ethnically, 90% of citizens are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab) (Arab) Arab with 10% holding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Arab) (Afro-Arab) Afro-Arab ancestry.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-392) [ 386]    Most Saudis are concentrated in the southwest; Hejaz, which is the most populated region,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-393) [ 387]    is home to one-third of the population, followed by neighbouring Najd (28%) and the Eastern Province (15%).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-394) [ 388]    As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces, but in the last half of the 20th century, the kingdom has urbanized rapidly: as of 2023, about 85% of Saudis live in urban metropolitan areas—specifically Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-395) [ 389]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-396) [ 390]    As recently as the early 1960s, Saudi Arabia's slave population was estimated at 300000  .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-397) [ 391]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world) (History of slavery in the Muslim world) Slavery was officially abolished in 1962.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-autogenerated1-398) [ 392]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-autogenerated2-399) [ 393]          Largest cities or towns in Saudi Arabia  Data.gov.sa (2013/2014/2016)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities in Saudi Arabia) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Regions of Saudi Arabia) Regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities in Saudi Arabia) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Regions of Saudi Arabia) Regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Region) (Riyadh Region) Riyadh  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-400) [ 394]    6,506,700 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif) (Qatif) Qatif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    559,300  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah) (Jeddah) Jeddah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah_Region) (Makkah Region) Mecca  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-402) [ 396]    3,976,400 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis_Mushait) (Khamis Mushait) Khamis Mushait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asir) (Asir) Asir  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Aseer-403) [ 397]    549,000  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Province) (Mecca Province) Mecca  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-402) [ 396]    1,919,900 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha'il) (Ha'il) Ha'il  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha'il_Region) (Ha'il Region) Ha'il  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Hail-404) [ 398]    441,900  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)) Medina  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah-405) [ 399]    1,271,800 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin) (Hafar al-Batin) Hafar al-Batin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    416,800  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofuf) (Hofuf) Hofuf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    1,136,900 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubail) (Jubail) Jubail  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    411,700  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta'if) (Ta'if) Ta'if  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Province) (Mecca Province) Mecca  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-402) [ 396]    1,109,800 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharj) (Kharj) Kharj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Region) (Riyadh Region) Riyadh  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Riyad-406) [ 400]    404,100  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dammam) (Dammam) Dammam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    975,800 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abha) (Abha) Abha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asir) (Asir) Asir  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Aseer-403) [ 397]    392,500  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraidah) (Buraidah) Buraidah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qassim_Region) (Al-Qassim Region) Al-Qassim  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Qaseem-407) [ 401]    658,600 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran) (Najran) Najran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran_Region) (Najran Region) Najran  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Najran-408) [ 402]    352,900  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar) (Khobar) Khobar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Eastern_Region-401) [ 395]    626,200 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbu) (Yanbu) Yanbu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region) (Al Madinah Region) Al Madinah  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah-405) [ 399]    320,800  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia) (Tabuk, Saudi Arabia) Tabuk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Region) (Tabuk Region) Tabuk  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Tabouk-409) [ 403]    609,000 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah) (Al Qunfudhah) Al Qunfudhah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Province) (Mecca Province) Mecca  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah-402) [ 396]    304,400     Language  The official language is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-11) [ 9]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-BLG-6) [ 5]    There are four main regional dialect groups spoken by Saudis: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdi_Arabic) (Najdi Arabic) Najdi (about 14.6 million speakers(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-410) [ 404]    ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic) (Hejazi Arabic) Hejazi (about 10.3 million speakers(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-411) [ 405]    ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Arabic) (Gulf Arabic) Gulf (about 0.96 million speakers(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-412) [ 406]    ), and Southern Hejaz-Tihama(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-413) [ 407]    dialects. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faifi_language) (Faifi language) Faifi is spoken by about 50000  . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_language) (Mehri language) Mehri language is also spoken by around 20000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_people) (Mehri people) Mehri citizens.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-414) [ 408]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language) (Saudi Sign Language) Saudi Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community, amounting to around 100000  speakers. The large expatriate communities have brought their languages as well, the most numerous of which, according to 2018 data, are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language) (Bengali language) Bengali (~1 500000  ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language) (Tagalog language) Tagalog (~900000  ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language) (Punjabi language) Punjabi (~800000  ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu (~740000  ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic (~600000  ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_language) (Rohingya language) Rohingya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic) (North Levantine Arabic) North Levantine Arabic (both ~500000  )(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-415) [ 409]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam) (Malayalam) Malayalam .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-416) [ 410]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Religion in Saudi Arabia) Religion in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masjid_Quba_Mosque.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba_Mosque) (Quba Mosque) Quba Mosque in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz is considered to be one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_mosques) (List of the oldest mosques) oldest mosques , dating to the lifetime of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam) (Prophets and messengers in Islam) Islamic prophet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-418) [ g]       Religion in Saudi Arabia (ARDA 2020 est.)(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-419) [ 412]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni (80.1%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia) (Shia) Shia (8.89%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Other Muslim (0.45%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic) (Catholic) Catholic (6.52%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Other Christian (0.46%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hinduism (2.03%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism (0.33%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) None (0.71%)   Other (0.54%)    (Sunni (80.1%))  (Sunni (80.1%))  (Shia (8.89%))  (Shia (8.89%))  (Other Muslim (0.45%))  (Catholic (6.52%))  (Catholic (6.52%))  (Other Christian (0.46%))  (Hinduism (2.03%))  (Buddhism (0.33%))  (None (0.71%))  (Other (0.54%))       Virtually all Saudi inhabitants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Islam in Saudi Arabia) are Muslim ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-420) [ 413]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-PewForump.17-421) [ 414]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-422) [ 415]    as by law Saudi citizens are Muslim. Estimates of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni population range between 85% and 90%, with the remaining 10 to 15% being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia) Shia Muslim ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-PF2009-423) [ 416]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-bbc-shia-424) [ 417]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-cfr-shiite-425) [ 418]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Nasr2006_p._236-426) [ 419]    practicing either (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi'ism) (Twelver Shi'ism) Twelver Shi'ism or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani) (Sulaymani) Sulaymani Ismailism . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia) Shia Muslims in Saudi Arabia are largely found in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia) (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia) Eastern Province , particularly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatif) (Qatif) Qatif and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Governorate) (Al-Ahsa Governorate) Al–Ahsa .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-ibnghannam-427) [ 420]    The official and dominant form of Sunni Islam is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism) (Salafism) Salafism , commonly known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabism ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-428) [ 421]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-429) [ 422]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-430) [ h]    which was founded in the Arabian Peninsula by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab) (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century. Other denominations, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia Islam , are systematically suppressed by the state apparatus.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-431) [ 423]    Atheism and apostasy are punishable by death or by life imprisonment. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Christianity in Saudi Arabia) Christianity is the second largest religion in Saudi Arabia , estimated at around 2.1 million, of whom the vast majority are foreign workers.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-432) [ 424]    Saudi Arabia allows Christians to enter the country as temporary foreign workers but does not allow them to practice their faith openly. There are officially no Saudi citizens who are Christians,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-433) [ 425]    as Saudi Arabia forbids religious conversion from Islam ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Apostasy in Saudi Arabia) apostasy ) and punishes it by death.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-434) [ 426]    There are over 708,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Hinduism in Saudi Arabia) Hindus in Saudi Arabia , comprising the third largest religion; like other minority faiths in the country, with all of them coming from South Asia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-435) [ 427]    There may be a significant fraction of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism) (Atheism) atheists and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism) (Agnosticism) agnostics ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-436) [ 428]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-437) [ 429]    although they are officially designated as "terrorists".(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-438) [ 430]    In its 2017 religious freedom report, the U.S. State Department named Saudi Arabia a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_of_Particular_Concern) (Country of Particular Concern) Country of Particular Concern , denoting systematic, ongoing, and egregious violations of religious freedom.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-439) [ 431]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran) (Najran) Najran was once home to sizeable historical local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_community_of_Najran) (Christian community of Najran) Christian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia) (History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia) Jewish communities .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:2-440) [ 432]    Before the founding of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel , Najran had over 7,000 Jews,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-441) [ 433]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:2-440) [ 432]    predominantly of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews) (Yemenite Jews) Yemenite Jewish background.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:2-440) [ 432]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_of_Israel) (Establishment of Israel) establishment of Israel and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–Israeli_War) (1948 Arab–Israeli War) 1948 Arab–Israeli war , Jews began leaving for Israel via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:2-440) [ 432]    By the 1970s, there were no Jews left in the country.  Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Education in Saudi Arabia) Education in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KAUST_laboratory_buildings_and_town_mosque.jpg)   Laboratory buildings at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAUST) (KAUST) KAUST   Education is free at all levels, although (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Higher education in Saudi Arabia) higher education is restricted to citizens only.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-442) [ 434]    The school system is composed of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of schools in Saudi Arabia) elementary, intermediate, and secondary schools . Classes are segregated by sex. At the secondary level, students are able to choose from three types of schools: general education, vocational or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technical_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of technical colleges in Saudi Arabia) technical , and religious.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-443) [ 435]    The rate of literacy is 99% among males and 96% among females in 2020.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-444) [ 436]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-445) [ 437]    Youth literacy rose to approximately 99.5% for both sexes.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-446) [ 438]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-447) [ 439]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kings_Saud_University_Entrance_Gate,_Riyadh.jpg)   The entrance gate of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Saud_University) (King Saud University) King Saud University , the kingdom's oldest university, founded in 1957  Higher education has expanded rapidly, with large numbers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia) universities and colleges being founded particularly since 2000 . Institutions of higher education include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Saud_University) (King Saud University) King Saud University at Riyadh, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah) (Islamic University of Madinah) Islamic University at Medina, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University) (King Abdulaziz University) King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Nora_bint_Abdul_Rahman_University) (Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University) Princess Norah University is the largest women's university in the world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology) (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , known as KAUST, is the first mixed-gender university campus in Saudi Arabia and was founded in 2009. Other colleges and universities emphasize curricula in sciences and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Educational technology in Saudi Arabia) technology , military studies, religion, and medicine. Institutes devoted to Islamic studies, in particular, abound. Women typically receive college instruction in segregated institutions.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIS_literacy_rate_Saudi_Arabia_population_plus15_1990-2015.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics) (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) UIS literacy rate Saudi Arabia population, 15 plus, 1990–2015  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities) (Academic Ranking of World Universities) Academic Ranking of World Universities  , known as Shanghai Ranking, ranked five Saudi institutions among its 2022 list of the 500 top universities in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-448) [ 440]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings) (QS World University Rankings) QS World University Rankings lists 14 Saudi universities among the 2022 world's top universities and 23 universities among the top 100 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-449) [ 441]    The 2022 list of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_&_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking) (U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking) U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking ranked King Abdulaziz University among the top 50 universities in the world and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAUST) (KAUST) KAUST among the top 100 universities in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-450) [ 442]     In 2018, Saudi Arabia ranked 28th worldwide in terms of high-quality research output according to the scientific journal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)) (Nature (journal)) Nature . (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-451) [ 443]    Saudi Arabia spends 9% of its gross domestic product on education, compared with the global average of 5%.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-452) [ 444]    Saudi Arabia was ranked 46th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025, up from 68th in 2019.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-453) [ 445]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-454) [ 446]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-455) [ 447]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-456) [ 448]     The Saudi education system has been accused of encouraging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism) (Islamic terrorism) Islamic terrorism , leading to reform efforts.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Reforming_Saudi_Education-457) [ 449]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-458) [ 450]    Following the 9/11 attacks, the government aimed to tackle the twin problems of encouraging extremism and the inadequacy of the country's university education for a modern economy, by slowly modernizing the education system through the "Tatweer" reform programme.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Reforming_Saudi_Education-457) [ 449]    The Tatweer programme is reported to have a budget of approximately US$2 billion and focuses on moving teaching away from the traditional Saudi methods of memorization and rote learning towards encouraging students to analyse and problem-solve. It also aims to create an education system which will provide a more secular and vocationally based training.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-chronicle.com-459) [ 451]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-460) [ 452]     In 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post) (Washington Post) Washington Post  reported on the measures taken by Saudi Arabia to clean textbooks from paragraphs considered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism) (Antisemitism) antisemitic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism) (Sexism) sexist . The paragraphs dealing with the punishment of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality) (Homosexuality) homosexuality or same-sex relations have been deleted, as well as the expressions of admiration for the extremist martyrdom. Antisemitic expressions and calls to fight the Jews became fewer. David Weinberg, director of international affairs for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League) (Anti-Defamation League) Anti-Defamation League , said that references to demonizing Jews, Christians, and Shiites have been removed from some places or have toned down. The U.S. State Department expressed in an e-mail that it welcomed the changes. The Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs supports a training programme for Saudi teachers.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-461) [ 453]      Health care  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Health in Saudi Arabia) Health in Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Health care in Saudi Arabia) Health care in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sauditwins_17.jpg)   Saudi twins receiving care from doctors at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Medical_City) (King Abdulaziz Medical City) King Abdulaziz Medical City in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh   Saudi Arabia has a national health care system in which the government provides free health care services through government agencies. Saudi Arabia has been ranked among the 26 best countries in providing high quality healthcare.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-462) [ 454]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia)) Ministry of Health is the major government agency entrusted with the provision of preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health care. The ministry's origins can be traced to 1925, when several regional health departments were established, with the first in Makkah. The various healthcare institutions were merged to become a ministerial body in 1950.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-463) [ 455]    The Health Ministry created a friendly competition between each of the districts and between different medical services and hospitals. This idea resulted in the creation of the "Ada'a" project launched in 2016. The new system is a nationwide performance indicator, for services and hospitals. Waiting times and other major measurements improved dramatically across the kingdom.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-464) [ 456]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Saudi_Arabia.svg)   Historical development of life expectancy in Saudi Arabia  A new strategy has been developed by the ministry, known as Diet and Physical Activity Strategy or DPAS for short,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-465) [ 457]    to address bad lifestyle choices. The ministry advised that there should be a tax increase on unhealthy food, drink, and cigarettes. This additional tax could be used to improve healthcare offerings. The tax was implemented in 2017.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-466) [ 458]    As part of the same strategy, calorie labels were added in 2019 to some food and drink products. Ingredients were also listed as an aim to reduce obesity and inform citizens with health issues to manage their diet.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-467) [ 459]    As part of the ongoing focus on tackling obesity, women-only gyms were allowed to open in 2017. Sports offered in each of these gyms include bodybuilding, running and swimming to maintain higher standards of health.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-468) [ 460]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-469) [ 461]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Smoking in Saudi Arabia) Smoking in all age groups is widespread. Before 2010, Saudi Arabia had no policies banning or restricting smoking. The MOH has been awarded "Healthy City" certificates by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization (WHO) for the cities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unayzah) (Unayzah) Unayzah and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_Al_Khabra) (Riyadh Al Khabra) Riyadh Al Khabra as 4th and 5th Healthy Cities in Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-470) [ 462]    The WHO had earlier classified three Saudi Arabian cities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Diriyah) (Ad Diriyah) Ad Diriyah , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalajil) (Jalajil) Jalajil , and Al-Jamoom as "Healthy city", as part of the WHO Healthy Cities Programme. Recently (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baha) (Al-Baha) Al-Baha has also been classified as a healthy city to join the list of global healthy cities approved by the World Health Organization.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-471) [ 463]     In May 2019, the then Saudi Minister of Health (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_bin_Fawzan_AlRabiah) (Tawfiq bin Fawzan AlRabiah) Tawfiq bin Fawzan AlRabiah received a global award on behalf of the Kingdom for combating smoking through social awareness, treatment, and application of regulations.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-smokingaward-472) [ 464]    The award was presented as part of the 72nd session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Assembly) (World Health Assembly) World Health Assembly , held in Geneva in May 2019. After becoming one of the first nations to ratify the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control) (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, it plans to reduce tobacco use from 12.7% in 2017, to 5% in 2030.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-smokingaward-472) [ 464]     Saudi Arabia has a life expectancy of 78 years (77 for males and 80 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2022 from the World Bank.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:1-473) [ 465]    Infant mortality in 2022 was 6 per 1000 (6 for males and 5 for females).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:1-473) [ 465]    In 2022, 71.8% of the adult population was overweight and 40.6% was obese.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-474) [ 466]      Foreigners  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia) Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_region) (Migrant workers in the Gulf region) Migrant workers in the Gulf region , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafala_system) (Kafala system) Kafala system  The Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33% (10.1 million).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CDSI-475) [ 467]    The CIA Factbook estimated that as of 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21% of the population.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-11) [ 9]    Other sources report differing estimates.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-alriyadh.com-476) [ 468]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Indians in Saudi Arabia) Indian : 1.5 million, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia) Pakistani : 1.3 million,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-477) [ 469]    Egyptian: 900000  , Yemeni: 800000  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Bangladeshis in Saudi Arabia) Bangladeshi : 400000  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Filipinos in Saudi Arabia) Filipino : 500000  , Jordanian/Palestinian: 260000  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesians_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Indonesians in Saudi Arabia) Indonesian : 250000  , Sri Lankan: 350000  , Sudanese: 250000  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Syrians in Saudi Arabia) Syrian : 100000  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Turks in Saudi Arabia) Turkish : 80000  .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-478) [ 470]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  , as of 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  there were more than half a million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workers) (Migrant domestic workers) foreign-born domestic workers . Most have backgrounds in poverty and come from Africa, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-the_guardian1-479) [ 471]    To go to work in Saudi Arabia, they must often pay large sums to recruitment agencies in their home countries. The agencies then handle the necessary legal paperwork.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-humanrightswatch1-480) [ 472]     As the Saudi population grows and oil export revenues stagnate, pressure for "Saudization" (the replacement of foreign workers with Saudis) has grown, and the Saudi government hopes to decrease the number of foreign nationals in the country.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-481) [ 473]    Saudi Arabia expelled 800000  Yemenis in 1990 and 1991(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-482) [ 474]    and has built a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi–Yemen_barrier) (Saudi–Yemen barrier) Saudi–Yemen barrier against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-483) [ 475]    In November 2013, Saudi Arabia expelled thousands of illegal Ethiopian residents from the kingdom. Various Human Rights entities have criticized Saudi Arabia's handling of the issue.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-484) [ 476]     Over 500000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Saudi_Arabia) (Illegal immigration to Saudi Arabia) undocumented migrant workers —mostly from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen—have been detained and deported since 2013.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-485) [ 477]    An investigation led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph) (The Sunday Telegraph) The Sunday Telegraph  , exposed the condition of African migrants who were detained in Saudi Arabia allegedly for containing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019) (Coronavirus disease 2019) COVID-19 in the kingdom. They were beaten, tortured, and electrocuted. Many of the migrants died due to heatstroke or by attempting suicide, after being severely beaten and tortured. The migrants lack proper living conditions, provision of food and water.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-486) [ 478]     Foreigners cannot apply for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residency) (Permanent residency) permanent residency , though a specialized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_Residency) (Premium Residency) Premium Residency visa became available in 2019.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-487) [ 479]    Only Muslims can naturalize as Saudi citizens.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-488) [ 480]    Foreigners who have resided in the kingdom and hold degrees in various scientific fields may apply for Saudi citizenship,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-489) [ 481]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-490) [ 482]    and exception made for Palestinians who are excluded unless married to a male Saudi national, because of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League instructions barring the Arab states from granting them citizenship. Saudi Arabia is not a signatory to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees) (Convention relating to the Status of Refugees) 1951 UN Refugee Convention .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-491) [ 483]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Culture of Saudi Arabia) Culture of Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masjid_Nabawi_The_Prophet's_Mosque,_Madina.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Prophet) (Mosque of the Prophet) Mosque of the Prophet in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina containing the tomb of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad   Saudi Arabia has millennia-old attitudes and traditions, often derived from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs) (History of the Arabs) Arab civilization . Some of the major factors that influence the culture are Islamic heritage and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab) (Arab) Arab traditions as well as its historical role as an ancient trade centre.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-492) [ 484]    The Kingdom also has a very family-oriented culture(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-493) [ 485]    with an emphasis on preserving family traditions and kinship ties.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-494) [ 486]     Religion in society  Religion is a core aspect of everyday life in Saudi Arabia; it plays a dominant role in the country's governance and legal system, and deeply influences culture and daily life, although the power of the religious establishment has been significantly eroded in the 2010s.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:3-495) [ 487]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz) (Hejaz) Hejaz region, where the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam) (Holiest sites in Islam) Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located, is the destination of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj) (Hajj) Ḥajj pilgrimage, and often deemed to be the cradle of Islam.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam-496) [ 488]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-507) [ i]     Islam is the state religion of Saudi Arabia. There is no law that requires all citizens to be Muslim, but non-Muslims and many foreign and Saudi Muslims whose beliefs are deemed not to conform with the government's interpretation of Islam must practice their religion in private and are vulnerable to discrimination, harassment, detention, and, for foreigners, deportation.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-508) [ 499]    Neither Saudi citizens nor guest workers have the right of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) freedom of religion .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-depstate-509) [ 500]    The dominant form of Islam in the kingdom—Wahhabism—arose in the central region of Najd, in the 18th century. Proponents call the movement "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism) (Salafism) Salafism ",(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-429) [ 422]    and believe that its teachings purify the practice of Islam of innovations or practices that deviate from the seventh-century teachings of Muhammad and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba) (Sahaba) his companions .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-510) [ 501]    The Saudi government has often been viewed as an active oppressor of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia Muslims because of the funding of the Wahhabi ideology which denounces the Shia faith.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-511) [ 502]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-syedjaffar-512) [ 503]    Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan) (Bandar bin Sultan) Bandar bin Sultan , Saudi ambassador to the United States, stated: "The time is not far off in the Middle East when it will be literally 'God help the Shia'. More than a billion Sunnis have simply had enough of them."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-513) [ 504]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg)   Supplicating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage#Islam) (Pilgrimage) pilgrim at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca) (Great Mosque of Mecca) Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām  (The Sacred Mosque) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba) (Kaaba) Kaaba (the holiest site of Islam) is the cubic building in front of the pilgrim.  Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries that have "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)) (Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)) religious police " (known as Haia or Mutaween ), who patrol the streets "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong) (Enjoining good and forbidding wrong) enjoining good and forbidding wrong " by enforcing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) (Clothing laws by country) dress codes , strict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_segregation) (Sex segregation) separation of men and women , attendance at prayer ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salat) (Salat) salat  ) five times each day, the ban on alcohol, and other aspects of Sharia. However, since 2016 the power of religious police was curbed, which barred them from pursuing, questioning, requesting identification or arresting suspects.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-france24.com-514) [ 505]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:4-266) [ 260]    In the privacy of homes, behaviour can be far looser, and reports from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks) (WikiLeaks) WikiLeaks indicate that low ranked members of the ruling Saudi Royal family indulge in parties with alcohol, drugs, and prostitutes.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-515) [ 506]      Women in society  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Women's rights in Saudi Arabia) Women's rights in Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_education_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Women's education in Saudi Arabia) Women's education in Saudi Arabia  Throughout history, women did not have equal rights to men in the kingdom; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._State_Department) (U.S. State Department) U.S. State Department considers the Saudi Arabian government's discrimination against women a "significant problem" and notes that women have few political rights because of the government's discriminatory policies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-State2010-516) [ 507]    However, since Mohammed bin Salman was appointed Crown Prince in 2017, a series of social reforms have been witnessed regarding women's rights. Under previous Saudi law, all females were required to have a male guardian ((Arabic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)) (Wali (Islamic legal guardian)) wali   ), typically a father, brother, husband, or uncle ((Arabic-language romanization) mahram  ). In 2019, this law was partially amended to exclude women over 21 years old from the requirement of a male guardian.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:22-517) [ 508]    The amendment also granted women rights in relation to the guardianship of minor children.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:22-517) [ 508]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-:32-518) [ 509]    Previously, girls and women were forbidden from travelling, conducting official business, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their male guardians.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-hrw-permission-519) [ 510]    In 2019, Saudi Arabia allowed women to travel abroad, register for divorce or marriage, and apply for official documents without the permission of a male guardian. In 2006, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajeha_al-Huwaider) (Wajeha al-Huwaider) Wajeha al-Huwaider , a leading Saudi feminist and journalist said "Saudi women are weak, no matter how high their status, even the 'pampered' ones among them, because they have no law to protect them from attack by anyone."(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-520) [ 511]    Following this, Saudi Arabia implemented the anti-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia) domestic violence law in 2014.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-521) [ 512]    Furthermore, between 2017 and 2020, the country addressed issues of mobility, sexual harassment, pensions, and employment-discrimination protections.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-522) [ 513]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-523) [ 514]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-524) [ 515]    al-Huwaider and other female activists have applauded the general direction in which the country was headed.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-525) [ 516]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Reema_Remarks.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reema_bint_Bandar_Al_Saud) (Reema bint Bandar Al Saud) Princess Reema bint Bandar , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_United_States) (List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States) Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America , delivering an address at an event honouring the 75th anniversary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations) (Saudi Arabia–United States relations) Saudi-US relations   Women face discrimination in the courts, where the testimony of one man equals that of two women (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia#Family_law) (Legal system of Saudi Arabia) in family and inheritance law .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-State2010-516) [ 507]    Polygamy is permitted for men,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-526) [ 517]    and men have a unilateral right to divorce their wives ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_(Islamic)) (Divorce (Islamic)) talaq ) without needing any legal justification.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Otto164-527) [ 518]    Historically, a woman could only obtain a divorce with the consent of her husband or judicially if her husband has harmed her;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Otto163-528) [ 519]    however, in 2022, women were granted the right to initiate divorce without the approval of a legal guardian under the new Personal Status Law.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-529) [ 520]    With regard to inheritance law, the Quran specifies that fixed portions of the deceased's estate must be left to the Qur'anic heirs (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Otto165-530) [ 521]    and generally, female heirs receive half the portion of male heirs.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Otto165-530) [ 521]      Heritage sites  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia) Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Tourism in Saudi Arabia) Tourism in Saudi Arabia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Heritage_Preservation_Society) (Saudi Heritage Preservation Society) Saudi Heritage Preservation Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_old_city_of_Adummatu.jpg)   The 3000-year-old ancient historical city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumat_al-Jandal) (Dumat al-Jandal) Dumat al-Jandal in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jawf_Province) (Al Jawf Province) Al Jawf Province   Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)) (Shirk (Islam)) 'shirk' (idolatry), and the most significant historic Muslim sites (in Mecca and Medina) are located in the western Saudi region of the Hejaz.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam-496) [ 488]    As a consequence, under Saudi rule an estimated 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia) have been demolished for religious reasons.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-531) [ 522]    Critics claim that over the last 50 years, 300 historic sites linked to Muhammad, his family or companions have been lost,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-532) [ 523]    leaving fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-independent.co.uk-533) [ 524]    Demolished structures include the mosque originally built by Muhammad's daughter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Muhammad) (Fatima bint Muhammad) Fatima , and other mosques founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr) (Abu Bakr) Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father-in-law and the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph) (Caliph) caliph ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab) (Umar ibn al-Khattab) Umar (the second caliph), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib) (Ali ibn Abi Talib) Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law and the fourth caliph), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_al-Farsi) (Salman al-Farsi) Salman al-Farsi (another of Muhammad's companions).(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-534) [ 525]    Other historic buildings that have been destroyed include the house of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid) (Khadija bint Khuwaylid) Khadijah , the wife of Muhammad, the house of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr) (Abu Bakr) Abu Bakr , now the site of the local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_hotel) (Hilton hotel) Hilton hotel ; the house of Ali-Oraid, the grandson of Muhammad, and the Mosque of Abu-Qubais, now the location of the King's palace in Mecca.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-535) [ 526]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MasjidNabawi.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Prophet) (Mosque of the Prophet) Mosque of the Prophet in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina) (Medina) Medina containing the tomb of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad   Eight cultural sites in Saudi Arabia are designated as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites) (UNESCO World Heritage Sites) UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Al-Hijr Archaeological Site ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada'in_Saleh) (Mada'in Saleh) Madâin Sâlih );(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-536) [ 527]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turaif_district) (Turaif district) Turaif district in Diriyah;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-537) [ 528]    Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Mecca;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-538) [ 529]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis) (Al-Ahsa Oasis) Al-Ahsa Oasis ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-539) [ 530]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Art_in_the_Ha'il_Region) (Rock Art in the Ha'il Region) Rock Art in the Hail Region ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-540) [ 531]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Hima_Rock_Petroglyphs_and_Inscriptions) (Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions) Ḥimā Cultural Area ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-541) [ 532]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'Uruq_Bani_Ma'arid) ('Uruq Bani Ma'arid) 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid ;(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-542) [ 533]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw) (Qaryat al-Faw) Qaryat al-Faw . Ten other sites submitted requests for recognition to UNESCO in 2015.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-543) [ 534]    There are six elements inscribed on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists) UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list :(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-544) [ 535]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qatt_Al-Asiri) (Al-Qatt Al-Asiri) Al-Qatt Al-Asiri , female traditional interior wall decoration in Asir; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almezmar_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Almezmar in Saudi Arabia) Almezmar , drumming and dancing with sticks; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry) (Falconry) Falconry , a living human heritage; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee) (Arabic coffee) Arabic coffee , a symbol of generosity; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis) (Majlis) Majlis , a cultural and social space; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alardah_Alnajdiyah) (Alardah Alnajdiyah) Alardah Alnajdiyah , dance, drumming and poetry in Saudi Arabia. In June 2014, the Council of Ministers approved a law that gives the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Commission_for_Tourism_and_National_Heritage) (Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage) Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage the means to protect Saudi Arabia's ancient relics and historic sites. Within the framework of the 2016 National Transformation Programme, also known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030) (Saudi Vision 2030) Saudi Vision 2030 , the kingdom allocated 900 million euros to preserve its historical and cultural heritage.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-545) [ 536]    Saudi Arabia also participates in the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas, created in March 2017, with a contribution of 18.5 million euros.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-546) [ 537]     In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman promised to return Saudi Arabia to the "moderate Islam" of the era before the 1979 Iranian revolution.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-547) [ 538]    A new centre, the King Salman Complex for the Prophet's Hadith, was established that year to monitor interpretations of Muhammad's hadiths to prevent them being used to justifying terrorism.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-548) [ 539]     In March 2018, the Crown Prince met the Archbishop of Canterbury during a visit to the UK, pledging to promote interfaith dialogue. In Riyadh the following month King Salman met the head of the Vatican's Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-549) [ 540]    In July 2019, UNESCO signed a letter with the Saudi Minister of Culture in which Saudi Arabia contributed US$25 million to UNESCO for the preservation of heritage.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-550) [ 541]     On November 5, 2024, archeologists published the news of an ancient city discovered in the Saudi oasis of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaybar) (Khaybar) Khaybar . The city named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Natah) (Al-Natah) al-Natah , that dates back some 4,000 years, was inhabited during the Bronze Age around 2,400 BCE, and had about 500 houses. Not far, a cluster of graves was found, within them metal weapons.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-551) [ 542]      Dress  Saudi Arabian dress strictly follows the principles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab) (Hijab) hijab (the Islamic principle of modesty, especially in dress). The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering, garments are suited to Saudi Arabia's desert climate. Traditionally, men usually wear a white ankle-length garment woven from wool or cotton (known as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawb) (Thawb) thawb ), with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffiyeh) (Keffiyeh) keffiyeh (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) (Agal (accessory)) agal ) or a ghutra (a plain white square made of a finer cotton, also held in place by an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) (Agal (accessory)) agal ) worn on the head. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) (Bisht (clothing)) bisht ) over the top. In public, women are required to wear a black (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaya) (Abaya) abaya or other black clothing that covers everything under the neck with the exception of their hands and feet, although most women cover their head in respect of their religion. This requirement applies to non-Muslim women too and failure to abide can result in police action, particularly in more conservative areas of the country. Women's clothes are often decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-552) [ 543]      Arts and entertainment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art) (Saudi Arabian art) Saudi Arabian art , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Cinema of Saudi Arabia) Cinema of Saudi Arabia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Music of Saudi Arabia) Music of Saudi Arabia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Theatre in Saudi Arabia) Theatre in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_in_his_youth.jpg)   King Abdullah practising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry) (Falconry) falconry , a traditional pursuit in the country  During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Return_of_cinema_in_Saudi_Arabia_provokes_critics-553) [ 544]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival) (Islamic revival) Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and theatres. However, with King Abdullah and King Salman's reforms, cinemas re-opened,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-554) [ 545]    including one in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology) (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) KAUST . From the 18th century onward, Wahhabi fundamentalism discouraged artistic development inconsistent with its teaching. In addition, Sunni Islamic prohibition of creating representations of people have limited the visual arts, which tend to be dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns) (Islamic geometric patterns) geometric , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque) (Arabesque) floral , and abstract designs and by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) (Islamic calligraphy) calligraphy . With the advent of the oil-wealth in the 20th century came exposure to outside influences, such as Western housing styles, furnishings, and clothes. Music and dance have always been part of Saudi life. Traditional music is generally associated with poetry and is sung collectively. Instruments include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab) (Rebab) rabābah , an instrument not unlike a three-string fiddle, and various types of percussion instruments, such as the ṭabl (drum) and the ṭār (tambourine). The national dance is a native sword dance known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardah) (Ardah) ardah . Originating from Najd, it involves lines or circles of men and singing poetry.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-555) [ 546]    Bedouin poetry, known as nabaṭī, is popular.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]     Censorship has limited the development of Saudi literature, although several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers) (List of Saudi Arabian writers) Saudi novelists and poets have achieved critical and popular acclaim in the Arab world—albeit generating official hostility in their home country. These include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_Algosaibi) (Ghazi Algosaibi) Ghazi Algosaibi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_al-Nogaidan) (Mansour al-Nogaidan) Mansour al-Nogaidan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelrahman_Munif) (Abdelrahman Munif) Abdelrahman Munif , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_al-Hamad) (Turki al-Hamad) Turki al-Hamad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaa_al-Sanea) (Rajaa al-Sanea) Rajaa al-Sanea .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Guardian2410-556) [ 547]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-557) [ 548]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-558) [ 549]    In 2016, the General Entertainment Authority (GEA) was formed to oversee the expansion of the Saudi entertainment sector.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-559) [ 550]    The first concerts in Riyadh for 25 years took place the following year.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-560) [ 551]    Other events since the GEA's creation have included comedy shows, professional wrestling events, and monster truck rallies.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-561) [ 552]    In 2018 the first public cinema opened after a ban of 35 years, with plans to have more than 2000  screens running by 2030.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-562) [ 553]     Developments in the arts in 2018 included Saudi Arabia's debut appearances at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival) (Cannes Film Festival) Cannes Film Festival and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale) (Venice Biennale) Venice Biennale .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-563) [ 554]      TV and media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Mass media in Saudi Arabia) Mass media in Saudi Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Television in Saudi Arabia) Television in Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saad_Khadr_from_left_and_right_Mohammad_Al-Ali_in_1979_in_Saudi_Arabia.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Khader) (Saad Khader) Saad Khader (left) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Al-Ali) (Mohammad Al-Ali) Mohammad Al-Ali (right) in 1979  Television was introduced in Saudi Arabia in 1954. Saudi Arabia is a major market for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arab_States) (Pan-Arab States) pan-Arab satellite and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_television) (Pay television) pay-TV . It controls the largest share of the pan-Arab broadcasting market; among the major Saudi-owned broadcasting companies are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC_Group) (MBC Group) Middle East Broadcasting Centre , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotana_Group) (Rotana Group) Rotana , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Broadcasting_Authority) (Saudi Broadcasting Authority) Saudi Broadcasting Authority .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-obg-564) [ 555]    The Saudi government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Censorship in Saudi Arabia) closely monitors media and restricts it under official state law. Changes have been made to lessen these restrictions; however, some government-led efforts to control information have also drawn international attention. As of 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders rates the kingdom's press a "very serious" situation.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-565) [ 556]     Most of the early newspapers in the Persian Gulf region were established in Saudi Arabia.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-aarti-566) [ 557]    The first newspaper founded in the country and in the Persian Gulf area is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fallah) (Al Fallah) Al Fallah  , which was launched in 1920,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-aarti-566) [ 557]    and the first English-language newspaper is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News  , which was launched in 1975.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-567) [ 558]    All of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (List of newspapers in Saudi Arabia) newspapers published in Saudi Arabia are privately owned.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-568) [ 559]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank , as of 2020, 98% of the population of Saudi Arabia are internet users which puts it in the 8th rank among countries with the highest percentage of internet users.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-569) [ 560]    Saudi Arabia has one of the fastest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G) (5G) 5G internet speeds in the world.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-570) [ 561]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-571) [ 562]    The kingdom is the 27th largest market for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce) (E-commerce) e-commerce with a revenue of US$8 billion in 2021.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-572) [ 563]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine) (Saudi Arabian cuisine) Saudi Arabian cuisine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cuisine) (Arab cuisine) Arab cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArabicCoffee.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee) (Arabic coffee) Arabic coffee is a traditional beverage in Arabian cuisine.  Saudi Arabian cuisine is similar to that of the surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula and the wider Arab world, and has influenced and been influenced by Turkish, Indian, Persian, and African food. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws) (Islamic dietary laws) Islamic dietary laws are enforced: pork is not allowed, and other animals are slaughtered in accordance with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halal) (Halal) halal . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab) (Kebab) Kebabs and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel) (Falafel) falafel are popular, as is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawarma) (Shawarma) shawarma , a marinated grilled meat dish of lamb, mutton, or chicken. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabsa) (Kabsa) Kabsa , a rice dish with lamb, chicken, fish, or shrimp, is among the national dishes as is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_(food)) (Mandi (food)) mandi . Flat, unleavened (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboon_bread) (Taboon bread) taboon bread is a staple of virtually every meal, as are dates, fresh fruit, yoghurt, and hummus. Coffee, served in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee) (Arabic coffee) Arabic style , is the traditional beverage, but tea and various fruit juices are popular as well.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]    The earliest substantiated evidence of either (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee) (History of coffee) coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi) (Sufi) Sufi monasteries of Arabia.  Sport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Sport in Saudi Arabia) Sport in Saudi Arabia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_Olympics) (Saudi Arabia at the Olympics) Saudi Arabia at the Olympics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Fahd_International_Stadium,_Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia,_April_2014.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_International_Stadium) (King Fahd International Stadium) King Fahd International Stadium in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Football in Saudi Arabia) Football is the national sport in Saudi Arabia. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team) (Saudi Arabia national football team) Saudi Arabia national football team is among Asia's strongest, having reached a joint record six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup) (AFC Asian Cup) AFC Asian Cup finals, winning three of those finals ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_AFC_Asian_Cup_final) (1984 AFC Asian Cup final) 1984 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_AFC_Asian_Cup_final) (1988 AFC Asian Cup final) 1988 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_AFC_Asian_Cup_final) (1996 AFC Asian Cup final) 1996 ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup) (Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup) having qualified for the World Cup four consecutive times ever since debuting at the 1994 tournament. In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup) (1994 FIFA World Cup) 1994 FIFA World Cup under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Solari) (Jorge Solari) Jorge Solari , Saudi Arabia beat both Belgium and Morocco in the group stage before failing to defeat Sweden in the round of 16. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup) (1992 King Fahd Cup) 1992 FIFA Confederations Cup , which was played in Saudi Arabia, the country reached the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup_Final) (1992 King Fahd Cup Final) final , losing 1–3 to Argentina. Since 2023, Saudi Arabia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund) (Public Investment Fund) Public Investment Fund has brought many elite footballers to the country's league, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) (Cristiano Ronaldo) Cristiano Ronaldo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Firmino) (Roberto Firmino) Roberto Firmino , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neymar) (Neymar) Neymar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadio_Mané) (Sadio Mané) Sadio Mané , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Henderson) (Jordan Henderson) Jordan Henderson and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidou_Koulibaly) (Kalidou Koulibaly) Kalidou Koulibaly . Even domestic competitions from Spain and Italy have been held in Saudi Arabia during the 2020s. In December 2024, Saudi Arabia was confirmed as host of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2034_FIFA_World_Cup) (2034 FIFA World Cup) 2034 FIFA World Cup .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-573) [ 564]    Developments of stadiums to be used for the event are ongoing. There are reportedly 11 new stadiums being built and airports are scheduled to be expanded to accommodate the expected influx of passengers.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-574) [ 565]     Scuba diving, windsurfing, sailing, and basketball (which is played by both men and women) are also popular with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_basketball_team) (Saudi Arabia national basketball team) Saudi Arabian national basketball team winning bronze at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_ABC_Championship) (1999 ABC Championship) 1999 Asian Championship .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-575) [ 566]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-576) [ 567]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-577) [ 568]    More traditional sports such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing) (Horse racing) horse racing and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_racing) (Camel racing) camel racing are also popular. The annual King's Camel Race, begun in 1974, is one of the sport's most important contests and attracts animals and riders from throughout the region. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry) (Falconry) Falconry is another traditional pursuit.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Britannica-144) [ 139]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarah_Attar_Rio2016.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Attar) (Sarah Attar) Sarah Attar competing at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics) (2012 Summer Olympics) 2012 Summer Olympics as one of the first two females representing Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_sport_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Women's sport in Saudi Arabia) Women's sport is controversial because of the suppression of female participation in sport by conservative Islamic religious authorities,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-578) [ 569]    however the restrictions have eased.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-579) [ 570]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-580) [ 571]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-581) [ 572]    Until 2018 women were not permitted in sport stadiums. Segregated seating, allowing women to enter, has been developed in three stadiums across major cities.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-582) [ 573]    Since 2020, the progress of women's integration into the Saudi sport scene began to develop rapidly.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-583) [ 574]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-584) [ 575]    25 Saudi sport federations established a national women's team,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-585) [ 576]    including a national (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_women's_national_football_team) (Saudi Arabia women's national football team) football and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_women's_national_basketball_team) (Saudi Arabia women's national basketball team) basketball team . In November 2020, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Football_Federation) (Saudi Arabian Football Federation) Saudi Arabian Football Federation announced the launch of the first nationwide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Women's_Premier_League) (Saudi Women's Premier League) Saudi women's premier league .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-586) [ 577]     In its vision for modernization, the nation has introduced many international sporting events, bringing sports stars to the kingdom. However, in August 2019, the kingdom's strategy received criticism for appearing as a method of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswashing_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Sportswashing in Saudi Arabia) sportswashing soon after Saudi's US-based 2018 lobbying campaign foreign registration documentations got published online. The documents showed Saudi Arabia as allegedly implementing a sportswashing strategy, including meetings and official calls with authorities of associations like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer) (Major League Soccer) Major League Soccer , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia) (WWE in Saudi Arabia) World Wrestling Entertainment , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (National Basketball Association) National Basketball Association .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-587) [ 578]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia) (Portal:Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal   ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_East) (Portal:Middle East) Middle East portal   ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam) (Portal:Islam) Islam portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Outline of Saudi Arabia) Outline of Saudi Arabia     Notes   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada) (Shahada) Shahādah  (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization) (Romanization) romanization of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic word (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah) (Allah) Allāh  instead of its translation. The word Allāh ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : اللَّٰه (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ) literally translates as God .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-2) [ 2]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-3) [ 3]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-4) [ 4]      (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-10) ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia) Consultative Assembly does not possess the legislative powers of a typical parliament. It serves a consultative role, with the authority to summon ministers and government officials to question them regarding the performance of their ministries. It may also propose laws and amendments, although such proposals require approval through the government’s legislative process, with final decisions involving the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia) Prime Minister and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia) Council of Ministers .(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-8) [ 7]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-9) [ 8]      (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegged_currency) (Pegged currency) Pegged to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) United States dollar (USD) at 3.75 riyals per USD since 1986(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-16) [ 14]      (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-18) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˌ/: secondary stress follows) ˌ ('s' in 'sigh') s (/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth') aʊ ('d' in 'dye') d (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i   (/ə/: 'a' in 'about') ə (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('r' in 'rye') r (/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face') eɪ ('b' in 'buy') b (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i (/ə/: 'a' in 'about') ə  /   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Saudi_Arabia-3.ogg) (File:En-us-Saudi Arabia-3.ogg) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) SOW -dee ə-RAY -bee-ə  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English) (American English) US also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˌ/: secondary stress follows) ˌ ('s' in 'sigh') s (/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud') ɔː ('d' in 'dye') d (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i   -/   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg/En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Saudi_Arabia-2.ogg) (File:En-us-Saudi Arabia-2.ogg) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) SAW -dee -⁠   ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) as-Suʿūdiyya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  Arabic pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ s.su.ʕuː.dij.ja]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  .  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-19) ↑   Arabic: ٱلْمَمْلَكَة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة ٱلسُّعُودِيَّة , romanized:  (Arabic-language romanization) al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya as-Suʿūdiyya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  Arabic pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ lmam.la.ka‿l.ʕa.ra.bij.ja‿s.su.ʕuː.dij.ja]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  , (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga/Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga.mp3) (Play audio)  pronunciation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-Kingdom_Saudi_Arabia.oga) (File:Ar-Kingdom Saudi Arabia.oga) ⓘ   .  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-229) ↑   Formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-418) ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Companions,_Massawa) (Mosque of the Companions, Massawa) Mosque of the Companions in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrean city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa) (Massawa) Massawa dates to approximately the same period, the 7th century CE.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Reid2012Massawa-417) [ 411]      (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-430) ↑   Proponents prefer the name Salafist , considering Wahhabi derogatory.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-507) ↑   A number of Muslims, using justifications from the Quran,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-497) [ 489]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-498) [ 490]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-499) [ 491]    insist that Islam did not begin with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam) (Muhammad in Islam) Muhammad , but that it represents even previous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet) (Prophet) prophets such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam) (Abraham in Islam) Abraham ,(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Esposito1998-500) [ 492]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Esposito2002b-501) [ 493]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Peters2003-502) [ 494]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Alli2013-503) [ 495]    who is credited with having established the sanctuary of Mecca.(Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-504) [ 496]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-505) [ 497]    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_note-Dyrness2013-506) [ 498]          References   ()      This article contains one or more duplicated citations . The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990 (refs: 229, 234) (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding (refs: 247, 252)   It is recommended to use (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS) (Help:Footnotes) named references to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (August 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_August_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_duplicate_citations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231457/http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/) "About Saudi Arabia: Facts and figures" . The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. Archived from (https://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/facts_and_figures/) the original on 17 April 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Facts+and+figures&rft.pub=The+Royal+Embassy+of+Saudi+Arabia%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fabout%2Fcountry-information%2Ffacts_and_figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-2) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html) "God" . Islam: Empire of Faith . PBS. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html) Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-3) ↑   'Islam and Christianity', Encyclopedia of Christianity (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allah .  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  L. Gardet. "Allah". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.au=L.+Gardet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BLG_6-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BLG_6-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091610/https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx) "Basic Law of Governance" . Ministry of Education . Ministry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from (https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx) the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Education&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+of+Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sa%2Fen%2FTheMinistry%2FAboutKSA%2FPages%2FSystem-of-Governance.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-7) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171744.pdf) "Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . U.S. Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231228212903/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171744.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2025 . According to the basic law, Sunni Islam is the official religion and the country's constitution is the Qur'an and the Sunna (traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F171744.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.shura.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/shuraen/internet/Laws%20and%20Regulations/The%20Shura%20Council%20and%20the%20Rules%20and%20Regulations%20Job/Shura%20Council%20Law/) "Shura Council Law" . Shura Council. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shura+Council+Law&rft.pub=Shura+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shura.gov.sa%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fshuraen%2Finternet%2FLaws%2520and%2520Regulations%2FThe%2520Shura%2520Council%2520and%2520the%2520Rules%2520and%2520Regulations%2520Job%2FShura%2520Council%2520Law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-9) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.shura.gov.sa/wps/wcm/connect/ShuraEn/internet/Laws%20and%20Regulations/The%20Basic%20Law%20Of%20Government/) "Basic Law of Governance of Saudi Arabia" . Shura Council. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Law+of+Governance+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Shura+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shura.gov.sa%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FShuraEn%2Finternet%2FLaws%2520and%2520Regulations%2FThe%2520Basic%2520Law%2520Of%2520Government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_11-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_11-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_11-2) 3   (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118101507/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) Saudi Arabia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency .  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-2024_Saudi_census_12-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435273/Population+Estimates+Statistics+2024+EN.xlsx/6703cee3-3703-18e0-fc1b-956a76d75847?t=1738828776975) "Population Estimates Statistics 2024 EN" . stats.gov.sa . 14 January 2026. Retrieved 14 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Estimates+Statistics+2024+EN&rft.date=2026-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fdocuments%2F20117%2F2435273%2FPopulation%2BEstimates%2BStatistics%2B2024%2BEN.xlsx%2F6703cee3-3703-18e0-fc1b-956a76d75847%3Ft%3D1738828776975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_13-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_13-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_13-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.SA_13-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251022132817/https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) Archived from the original on 22 October 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia) "The World Factbook" . CIA.gov . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_15-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Strohecker, Karin (27 April 2016). (https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R) "Saudi riyal peg pressure eases, but not gone" . reuters.com . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014257/https://www.reuters.com/article/saudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R) Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+riyal+peg+pressure+eases%2C+but+not+gone&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.aulast=Strohecker&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsaudi-currency-peg-idUSL5N17U54R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-20) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210025249c004) "Total, all countries or areas" , World Statistics Pocketbook 2023 , World Statistics Pocketbook (Ser. V), United Nations, 9 September 2023, p. 3, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.18356%2F9789210025249c004) 10.18356/9789210025249c004 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-002524-9) (Special:BookSources/978-92-1-002524-9) 978-92-1-002524-9  , retrieved 11 August 2025  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Total%2C+all+countries+or+areas&rft.btitle=World+Statistics+Pocketbook+2023&rft.series=World+Statistics+Pocketbook+%28Ser.+V%29&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18356%2F9789210025249c004&rft.isbn=978-92-1-002524-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18356%2F9789210025249c004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Binder, Clemens (10 December 2016), (Paid subscription required) (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46855-6_3) "Border Disputes Through Ill-Defined Borders: Maritime Territorial Conflicts and Their Impact on Security"  , Border Politics , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33– 50, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-46855-6_3) 10.1007/978-3-319-46855-6_3 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46854-9) (Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46854-9) 978-3-319-46854-9  , retrieved 11 August 2025  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Border+Disputes+Through+Ill-Defined+Borders%3A+Maritime+Territorial+Conflicts+and+Their+Impact+on+Security&rft.btitle=Border+Politics&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=33-50&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-46855-6_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-46854-9&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-46855-6_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/saudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo/) "88,000-Year-Old Finger Bone Pushes Back Human Migration Dates" . National Geographic . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180502233751/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/saudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo/) Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=88%2C000-Year-Old+Finger+Bone+Pushes+Back+Human+Migration+Dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fsaudi-arabia-finger-human-migration-homo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Abbas_23-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Abbas_23-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abbas, Tahir (March 2011). "Preface and Introduction". (https://books.google.com/books?id=FxrGBQAAQBAJ) Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136959592) (Special:BookSources/9781136959592) 9781136959592  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328014315/https://books.google.com/books?id=FxrGBQAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024 . The unprecedented initial expansion of Islam led to half of the known world being conquered with huge swathes of territory…  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+and+Introduction&rft.btitle=Islamic+Radicalism+and+Multicultural+Politics%3A+The+British+Experience&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=9781136959592&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxrGBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Reichl_24-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Reichl_24-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reichl, Karl, ed. (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoMdAIfp-EC) Medieval Oral Literature  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gruyter) (De Gruyter) De Gruyter . p. 633. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110241129) (Special:BookSources/9783110241129) 9783110241129  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143858/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoMdAIfp-EC) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024 . With the unprecedented victorious spread of Islam within only a few years over a huge territory…  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Oral+Literature&rft.pages=633&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110241129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhoMdAIfp-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Barber_25-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Barber_25-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Barber) (Malcolm Barber) Barber, Malcolm (2 August 2012). "Chapter 2: Syria and Palestine". (https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz_O7-Lb_CsC) The Crusader States  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300189315) (Special:BookSources/9780300189315) 9780300189315  . After his [Muhammad's] death in 632, his successors, driven by what had become a dynamic new religion, committed themselves to an unprecedented territorial expansion.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Syria+and+Palestine&rft.btitle=The+Crusader+States&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.isbn=9780300189315&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBz_O7-Lb_CsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alhussein, Eman (2023), (https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/book/9781802205633/book-part-9781802205633-14.xml) "Saudi Arabias centralized political structure: prospects and challenges" , Handbook of Middle East Politics , Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 144– 157, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-563-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-80220-563-3) 978-1-80220-563-3   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabias+centralized+political+structure%3A+prospects+and+challenges&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Middle+East+Politics&rft.pages=144-157&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80220-563-3&rft.aulast=Alhussein&rft.aufirst=Eman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fedcollchap%2Fbook%2F9781802205633%2Fbook-part-9781802205633-14.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HT2003:_14_27-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#HT2003) Tripp, Culture Shock , 2003 : p. 14  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Malbouisson) Malbouisson , p. 23  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html) "Saudi Arabia has carried out 800 executions since 2015, says rights group" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk) (Independent.co.uk) Independent.co.uk  . 15 April 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200421171202/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html) Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+has+carried+out+800+executions+since+2015%2C+says+rights+group&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-arabia-executions-death-toll-human-rights-king-salman-a9466741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190616025908/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on) "Death Penalty Worldwide" . Archived from (http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?141-9chk=on&hideinfo=on) the original on 16 June 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+Penalty+Worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathpenaltyworldwide.org%2Fcountry-search-post.cfm%3F141-9chk%3Don%26hideinfo%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-07-26/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/normalization-with-israel-the-saudi-crown-prince-has-much-bigger-plans/00000198-4531-df14-a99c-c77929620000) "Normalization with Israel: The Saudi Crown Prince has much bigger plans" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250803164027/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-07-26/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/normalization-with-israel-the-saudi-crown-prince-has-much-bigger-plans/00000198-4531-df14-a99c-c77929620000) Archived from the original on 3 August 2025. Retrieved 4 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normalization+with+Israel%3A+The+Saudi+Crown+Prince+has+much+bigger+plans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2025-07-26%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fnormalization-with-israel-the-saudi-crown-prince-has-much-bigger-plans%2F00000198-4531-df14-a99c-c77929620000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  French, Nathan (5 September 2023). (https://theconversation.com/saudi-reforms-are-softening-islams-role-but-critics-warn-the-kingdom-will-still-take-a-hard-line-against-dissent-210537) "Saudi reforms are softening Islam's role, but critics warn the kingdom will still take a hard line against dissent" . The Conversation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251104014029/https://theconversation.com/saudi-reforms-are-softening-islams-role-but-critics-warn-the-kingdom-will-still-take-a-hard-line-against-dissent-210537) Archived from the original on 4 November 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Saudi+reforms+are+softening+Islam%27s+role%2C+but+critics+warn+the+kingdom+will+still+take+a+hard+line+against+dissent&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fsaudi-reforms-are-softening-islams-role-but-critics-warn-the-kingdom-will-still-take-a-hard-line-against-dissent-210537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers_33-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers . Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 71. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3375-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3375-6) 978-0-7456-3375-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3375-6&rft.aulast=Buzan&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/8207-the-erosion-of-saudi-arabias-image-among-its-neighbours) "The erosion of Saudi Arabia's image among its neighbours" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor) (Middle East Monitor) Middle East Monitor  . 7 November 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115032/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/8207-the-erosion-of-saudi-arabias-image-among-its-neighbours) Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+erosion+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+image+among+its+neighbours&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2Farticles%2Fmiddle-east%2F8207-the-erosion-of-saudi-arabias-image-among-its-neighbours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bragg, Julianna (18 November 2025). (https://www.axios.com/2025/11/19/trump-crown-prince-saudi-arabia-mbs-military-nato) "Trump designates Saudi Arabia as major non-NATO ally" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axios.com) (Axios.com) Axios.com  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios.com&rft.atitle=Trump+designates+Saudi+Arabia+as+major+non-NATO+ally&rft.date=2025-11-18&rft.aulast=Bragg&rft.aufirst=Julianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2025%2F11%2F19%2Ftrump-crown-prince-saudi-arabia-mbs-military-nato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Caryl, Sue (20 February 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20161212182621/http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar3/oil-discovered-saudi-arabia/) "1938: Oil Discovered in Saudi Arabia" . National Geographic . National Geographic Society. Archived from (http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/mar3/oil-discovered-saudi-arabia/) the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=1938%3A+Oil+Discovered+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.aulast=Caryl&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Fmar3%2Foil-discovered-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Learsy, Raymond (2011). Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption . p. 89. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+and+Finance%3A+The+Epic+Corruption&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Learsy&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:0_38-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:0_38-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production) "International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" . eia.gov . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150507100155/http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=production) Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eia.gov&rft.atitle=International+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fcountries%2Findex.cfm%3Fview%3Dproduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wynbrandt, James (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&pg=PA242) A Brief History of Saudi Arabia  . Infobase Publishing. p. 242. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0830-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0830-8) 978-1-4381-0830-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035240/https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&pg=PA242) Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0830-8&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99M0zoSqsF0C%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Soldatkin, Vladimir; Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia (9 November 2011). (https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-energy-iea-idUSL6E7M93XT20111109) "Saudi Arabia to overtake Russia as top oil producer-IEA" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221018144332/https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-energy-iea-idUSL6E7M93XT20111109) Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+overtake+Russia+as+top+oil+producer-IEA&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.au=Soldatkin%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Astrasheuskaya%2C+Nastassia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-energy-iea-idUSL6E7M93XT20111109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-UNDR2014_41-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf) Human Development Report 2014  (PDF) . United Nations. 2013. p. 159. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104449/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2014&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr14-report-en-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.expat.hsbc.com/expat-explorer/expat-guides/saudi-arabia/tax-in-saudi-arabia/) "Tax in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia Tax Guide – HSBC Expat" . www.expat.hsbc.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220517174634/https://www.expat.hsbc.com/expat-explorer/expat-guides/saudi-arabia/tax-in-saudi-arabia/) Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.expat.hsbc.com&rft.atitle=Tax+in+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+Saudi+Arabia+Tax+Guide+%E2%80%93+HSBC+Expat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expat.hsbc.com%2Fexpat-explorer%2Fexpat-guides%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Ftax-in-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-population-322-mln-median-age-29-years-old-general-authority-statistics-2023-05-31/) "Saudi population at 32.2 million, 63% of Saudis under 30 years old, census shows" . Reuters . 31 May 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250226103440/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-population-322-mln-median-age-29-years-old-general-authority-statistics-2023-05-31/) Archived from the original on 26 February 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+population+at+32.2+million%2C+63%25+of+Saudis+under+30+years+old%2C+census+shows&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-population-322-mln-median-age-29-years-old-general-authority-statistics-2023-05-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/45?type=DASHBOARD) "بوابة الهيئة - الصفحة الرئيسية" . portal.saudicensus.sa (in Arabic). (https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010040/https://portal.saudicensus.sa/portal/public/1/15/45?type=DASHBOARD) Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.saudicensus.sa&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.saudicensus.sa%2Fportal%2Fpublic%2F1%2F15%2F45%3Ftype%3DDASHBOARD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-45) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113722/http://investsaudi.sa/en/node-1140/) "Why Saudi Arabia" . Invest Saudi . Archived from (http://investsaudi.sa/en/node-1140/) the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invest+Saudi&rft.atitle=Why+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestsaudi.sa%2Fen%2Fnode-1140%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia_46-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia_46-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia_46-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-US_State_Dept_Saudi_Arabia_46-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm) "Background Note: Saudi Arabia" . U.S. State Department. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190609125313/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm) Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3584.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lewis, Bernard (2003). (https://archive.org/details/crisisofislamhol00lewi) The Crisis of Islam  . Modern Library. pp. (https://archive.org/details/crisisofislamhol00lewi/page/23) xx . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64281-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64281-7) 978-0-679-64281-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Islam&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64281-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisofislamhol00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994). (https://books.google.com/books?id=K_c9FOeeuewC&pg=PA46) Saudi Arabia: the coming storm  . M.E. Sharpe. p. 46. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3) 978-1-56324-394-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143855/https://books.google.com/books?id=K_c9FOeeuewC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+the+coming+storm&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-394-3&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_c9FOeeuewC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Kamrava_49-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Kamrava_49-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&pg=PA67) The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War  . University of California Press. p. 67. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26774-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26774-9) 978-0-520-26774-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143723/https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLHZCzMEJkC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Middle+East%3A+A+Political+History+Since+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26774-9&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCkLHZCzMEJkC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb) A Brief History of Saudi Arabia  . Infobase. p. xvii. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9) 978-0-8160-7876-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7876-9&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gerges%2C+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofsa0000wynb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi; Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless (1990). The heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . GDG Exhibits Trust. p. 26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9624483-0-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9624483-0-0) 978-0-9624483-0-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=GDG+Exhibits+Trust&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9624483-0-0&rft.aulast=Hariri-Rifai&rft.aufirst=Wahbi&rft.au=Hariri-Rifai%2C+Mokhless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Callaway, Ewen (27 January 2011). (Paid subscription required) (http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110127/full/news.2011.55.html) "Early human migration written in stone tools : Nature News"  . Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2011.55) 10.1038/news.2011.55 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836) 0028-0836 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170405065926/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110127/full/news.2011.55.html) Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+human+migration+written+in+stone+tools+%3A+Nature+News&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2011.55&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Callaway&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F110127%2Ffull%2Fnews.2011.55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Armitage, S. J.; Jasim, S. A.; Marks, A. E.; Parker, A. G.; Usik, V. I.; Uerpmann, H.-P. (2011). "Hints Of Earlier Human Exit From Africa". Science . 331 (6016). Science News: 453– 456. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..453A) 2011Sci...331..453A . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1199113) 10.1126/science.1199113 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21273486) 21273486 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20296624) 20296624 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hints+Of+Earlier+Human+Exit+From+Africa&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6016&rft.pages=453-456&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1199113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20296624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21273486&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331..453A&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Jasim%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Marks%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Parker%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Usik%2C+V.+I.&rft.au=Uerpmann%2C+H.-P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mirazon Lahr, M. (2010), (https://books.google.com/books?id=CO5zfl460CEC&dq=%22Given+that%C2%A0there+is%C2%A0undisputed+evidence+of+hominins+in+Eurasia%22&pg=PA37) "Saharan Corridors and their role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I' " , in Fleagle, J.G.; et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominim Colonization of Eurasia , Springer, pp. 27– 46, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5) (Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9035-5) 978-90-481-9035-5  , (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143727/https://books.google.com/books?id=CO5zfl460CEC&dq=%22Given+that%C2%A0there+is%C2%A0undisputed+evidence+of+hominins+in+Eurasia%22&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=%22Given%20that%C2%A0there%20is%C2%A0undisputed%20evidence%20of%20hominins%20in%20Eurasia%22&f=false) archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 28 March 2024  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saharan+Corridors+and+their+role+in+the+Evolutionary+Geography+of+%E2%80%98Out+of+Africa+I%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+The+First+Hominim+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.pages=27-46&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9035-5&rft.au=Mirazon+Lahr%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCO5zfl460CEC%26dq%3D%2522Given%2Bthat%25C2%25A0there%2Bis%25C2%25A0undisputed%2Bevidence%2Bof%2Bhominins%2Bin%2BEurasia%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190817112321/http://paleolithic-neolithic.com/overview/al-magar/) "Al Magar – Paleolithic & Neolithic History" . paleolithic-neolithic.com . Archived from (http://paleolithic-neolithic.com/overview/al-magar//) the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paleolithic-neolithic.com&rft.atitle=Al+Magar+%E2%80%93+Paleolithic+%26+Neolithic+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaleolithic-neolithic.com%2Foverview%2Fal-magar%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sylvia, Smith (26 February 2013). (https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21538969) "Desert finds challenge horse taming ideas" . BCC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210814053949/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21538969) Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Desert+finds+challenge+horse+taming+ideas&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.aulast=Sylvia&rft.aufirst=Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-21538969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  John, Henzell (11 March 2013). (https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/carved-in-stone-were-the-arabs-the-first-to-tame-the-horse-1.655413/) "Carved in stone: were the Arabs the first to tame the horse?" . thenational. thenational. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713185744/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/carved-in-stone-were-the-arabs-the-first-to-tame-the-horse-1.655413/) Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carved+in+stone%3A+were+the+Arabs+the+first+to+tame+the+horse%3F&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Henzell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fart%2Fcarved-in-stone-were-the-arabs-the-first-to-tame-the-horse-1.655413%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220519055638/https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2011/08/28/discovery-points-to-roots-of-arabian-breed/) "Discovery points to roots of arabian breed – Features" . Horsetalk.co.nz . 27 August 2011. Archived from (https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2011/08/28/discovery-points-to-roots-of-arabian-breed/) the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horsetalk.co.nz&rft.atitle=Discovery+points+to+roots+of+arabian+breed+%E2%80%93+Features&rft.date=2011-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsetalk.co.nz%2F2011%2F08%2F28%2Fdiscovery-points-to-roots-of-arabian-breed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grimm, David (16 November 2017). (https://www.science.org/content/article/these-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes) "These may be the world's first images of dogsand they're wearing leashes" . Science Magazine . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104080835/https://www.science.org/content/article/these-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes) Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Magazine&rft.atitle=These+may+be+the+world%27s+first+images+of+dogsand+they%27re+wearing+leashes&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fthese-may-be-world-s-first-images-dogs-and-they-re-wearing-leashes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   طرق التجارة القديمة، روائع آثار المملكة العربية السعودية pp. 156–157  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Frouin, Marine; Breeze, Paul S.; Armitage, Simon J.; Candy, Ian; Groucutt, Huw S.; Drake, Nick; Parton, Ash; White, Tom S.; Alsharekh, Abdullah M.; Petraglia, Michael D. (12 May 2021). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8115331) "The expansion of Acheulean hominins into the Nefud Desert of Arabia" . Scientific Reports . 11 (1): 10111. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1110111S) 2021NatSR..1110111S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89489-6) 10.1038/s41598-021-89489-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322) 2045-2322 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8115331) 8115331  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33980918) 33980918 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+expansion+of+Acheulean+hominins+into+the+Nefud+Desert+of+Arabia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10111&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8115331%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1110111S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33980918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89489-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+M.+L.&rft.au=Frouin%2C+Marine&rft.au=Breeze%2C+Paul+S.&rft.au=Armitage%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Candy%2C+Ian&rft.au=Groucutt%2C+Huw+S.&rft.au=Drake%2C+Nick&rft.au=Parton%2C+Ash&rft.au=White%2C+Tom+S.&rft.au=Alsharekh%2C+Abdullah+M.&rft.au=Petraglia%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8115331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/606576) "Saudi Arabia discovers new archaeological site dating back to 350,000 years" . Saudigazette . 12 May 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210517125158/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/606576) Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudigazette&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+discovers+new+archaeological+site+dating+back+to+350%2C000+years&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F606576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-discovers-a-350-000-year-old-archaeological-site-in-hail-1.1221864) "Saudi Arabia discovers a 350,000-year-old archaeological site in Hail" . The National . 13 May 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210517125138/https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-discovers-a-350-000-year-old-archaeological-site-in-hail-1.1221864) Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+discovers+a+350%2C000-year-old+archaeological+site+in+Hail&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fsaudi-arabia-discovers-a-350-000-year-old-archaeological-site-in-hail-1.1221864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.arabnews.com/node/1858031/saudi-arabia) "Ancient site in Nefud Desert offers glimpse of early human activity in Saudi Arabia" . Arab News . 13 May 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210513063910/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1858031/amp) Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Ancient+site+in+Nefud+Desert+offers+glimpse+of+early+human+activity+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1858031%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Roads_of_Arabia_p._180_65-3) 4   Roads of Arabia p. 180  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   Roads of Arabia p. 176.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-ArnoldStrawn2016_68-0) ↑   (https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT462) The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143857/https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT462#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived 28 March 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   . Baker Publishing Group; 2016. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0574-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0574-9) 978-1-4934-0574-9  p. 462.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Coogan2001_69-0) ↑   Michael D. Coogan. (https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&pg=PA110) The Oxford History of the Biblical World (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143909/https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived 28 March 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   . Oxford University Press; 2001. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2) 978-0-19-988148-2  . p. 110.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-70) ↑   Knauf, 1988  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Midian_p._163_71-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Midian_p._163_71-1) 2   Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia p. 163.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farag, Mona (7 September 2022). (https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2022/09/07/louvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue/) "Louvre Museum in Paris to display Saudi Arabia's ancient AlUla statue" . The National . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220924152322/https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf-news/2022/09/07/louvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue/) Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+in+Paris+to+display+Saudi+Arabia%27s+ancient+AlUla+statue&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Farag&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fgulf-news%2F2022%2F09%2F07%2Flouvre-museum-in-paris-to-display-saudi-arabias-ancient-alula-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Lihyan_p._192_73-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Lihyan_p._192_73-1) 2   The State of Lihyan: A New Perspective – p. 192  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-74) ↑   J. Schiettecatte: (https://www.academia.edu/29477825/2016_-_The_political_map_of_Arabia_and_the_Middle_East_in_the_third_century_AD_revealed_by_a_Sabaean_inscription._Arabian_Archaeology_and_Epigraphy_27.2_176-196/) The political map of Arabia and the Middle East in the third century CE revealed by a Sabaean inscription (https://web.archive.org/web/20230709184656/https://www.academia.edu/29477825/2016_-_The_political_map_of_Arabia_and_the_Middle_East_in_the_third_century_AD_revealed_by_a_Sabaean_inscription._Arabian_Archaeology_and_Epigraphy_27.2_176-196) Archived 9 July 2023 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  – p. 183  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   The State of Lihyan: A New Perspective  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.saudiarabiatourismguide.com/lion-tombs-dedan/) "Lion Tombs of Dedan" . Saudi Arabia Tourism Guide . 19 September 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181120022655/http://www.saudiarabiatourismguide.com/lion-tombs-dedan/) Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Arabia+Tourism+Guide&rft.atitle=Lion+Tombs+of+Dedan&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiarabiatourismguide.com%2Flion-tombs-dedan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HiltonHilton1996_77-0) ↑   (https://books.google.com/books?id=XL-uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT153) Discovering Lehi (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328143724/https://books.google.com/books?id=XL-uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT153) Archived 28 March 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   . Cedar Fort; 1996. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4621-2638-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4621-2638-5) 978-1-4621-2638-5  . p. 153.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taylor, Jane (2005). Petra . London: Aurum Press Ltd. pp. 25– 31. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957-451-04-2) (Special:BookSources/978-9957-451-04-2) 978-9957-451-04-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-31&rft.pub=Aurum+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9957-451-04-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_Taagepera) (Rein Taagepera) Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). (Paid subscription required) (http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807) "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly) (International Studies Quarterly) International Studies Quarterly  . 41 (3): 475– 504. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053) 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793) 2600793 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181119114740/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807) Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Blankinship_80-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads , State University of New York Press, p. 37, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1827-7) 978-0-7914-1827-7   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Jihad+State%2C+the+Reign+of+Hisham+Ibn+%27Abd-al+Malik+and+the+collapse+of+the+Umayyads&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gordon, Matthew (2005). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord) The Rise of Islam   . Greenwood Publishing. p. (https://archive.org/details/riseofislam0000gord/page/4) 4 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32522-9) 978-0-313-32522-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32522-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofislam0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33_82-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-James_E._Lindsay_2005_33_82-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lindsay, James E. (2005). (https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33) Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World  . Greenwood Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/33) 33 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32270-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32270-9) 978-0-313-32270-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32270-9&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinmedie00lind%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-3) 4  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-4) 5  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-5) 6  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-6) 7  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-7) 8  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-8) 9  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-9) 10  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-10) 11  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-11) 12  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-12) 13  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-13) 14  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_history_83-14) 15   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia) "History of Arabia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150503091224/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia) Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Arabia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  William Gordon East (1971). (https://archive.org/details/changingmapofasi0000east/page/75) The changing map of Asia  . Methuen. pp. (https://archive.org/details/changingmapofasi0000east/page/75) 75–76 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-16850-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-416-16850-1) 978-0-416-16850-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+map+of+Asia&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-416-16850-1&rft.au=William+Gordon+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingmapofasi0000east%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-85) ↑   Glassé, Cyril (2008). The New Encyclopedia of Islam . Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Commins, David (2012). The Gulf States: A Modern History . I.B. Tauris. p. 28. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-278-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-278-5) 978-1-84885-278-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+States%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-278-5&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties , (Columbia University Press, 1996), 94–95.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Safa_Khulusi_88-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa_Khulusi) (Safa Khulusi) Khulusi, Safa (1975). "A Thirteenth Century Poet from Bahrain". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies . 6 : 91– 102. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223173) 41223173 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Thirteenth+Century+Poet+from+Bahrain&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khulusi&rft.aufirst=Safa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) registration required ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_login_required_references_or_sources)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-89) ↑   Joseph Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization , Taylor and Francis, 2006, p. 95  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-90) ↑   Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984 pp66-8  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-JuanCole_91-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-JuanCole_91-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juan Ricardo Cole (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA35) Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam  . Bloomsbury Academic. p. 35. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9) 978-1-86064-736-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328144403/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=PA35) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+space+and+holy+war%3A+the+politics%2C+culture+and+history+of+Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-736-9&rft.au=Juan+Ricardo+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntarP5hrza0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120222053120/http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5000_24_15.html) "Arabia" . Archived from (http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5000_24_15.html) the original on 22 February 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2FEBRIT%2Fmacro%2Fmacro_5000_24_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   Zāmil Muḥammad al-Rashīd. Suʻūdī relations with eastern Arabia and ʻUmān, 1800–1870 Luzac and Company, 1981 pp. 21–31  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-94) ↑   Yitzhak Nakash (2011)(https://books.google.com/books?id=a43C-4RKGcgC&pg=PA21) Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World p. 22  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45995) "Arabia, history of." (https://web.archive.org/web/20060829110204/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45995) Archived 29 August 2006 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 November 2007.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Bernstein_96-0) ↑   Bernstein, William J. (2008) A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World . Grove Press. (https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191) pp. 191 ff (https://web.archive.org/web/20230807000647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191) Archived 7 August 2023 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chatterji, Nikshoy C. (1973). Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2 . Abhinav Publications. p. 168. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00304-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00304-0) 978-0-391-00304-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muddle+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-391-00304-0&rft.au=Chatterji%2C+Nikshoy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200768_98-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFBowen2007) Bowen 2007 , p. 68.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order) "Saudi Arabia to commemorate 'Founding Day' on Feb. 22 annually: Royal order" . Al Arabiya English . 27 January 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221001180301/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/01/27/Saudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order) Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+commemorate+%27Founding+Day%27+on+Feb.+22+annually%3A+Royal+order&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fgulf%2F2022%2F01%2F27%2FSaudi-Arabia-to-commemorate-Founding-Day-on-Feb-22-annually-Royal-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-100) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx) "History of the Kingdom | kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs" . www.mofa.gov.sa . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220302002523/https://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/Pages/CountryDevelopment36143.aspx) Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mofa.gov.sa&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Kingdom+%7C+kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fmofaen%2FaboutKingDom%2FPages%2FCountryDevelopment36143.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200769–70_101-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFBowen2007) Bowen 2007 , pp. 69–70.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harris, Ian; Mews, Stuart; Morris, Paul; Shepherd, John (1992). Contemporary Religions: A World Guide . Longman. p. 369. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-582-08695-1) 978-0-582-08695-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religions%3A+A+World+Guide&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-582-08695-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Mews%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Morris%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997). (https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89) The Future of Islam in the Middle East  . Greenwood Publishing. pp. (https://archive.org/details/futureofislaminm0000faks/page/89) 89–90 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95128-3) 978-0-275-95128-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95128-3&rft.aulast=Faksh&rft.aufirst=Mahmud+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofislaminm0000faks%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   "(http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm) The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam (https://web.archive.org/web/20170316131703/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm) Archived 16 March 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". Library of Congress Country Studies.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Murphy_105-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Murphy, David (2008). The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze . Bloomsbury USA. pp. 5– 8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1) 978-1-84603-339-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolt+1916%E2%80%9318%3A+Lawrence+Sets+Arabia+Ablaze&rft.pages=5-8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-339-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Madawi Al Rasheed (1997). Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia . Bloomsbury Academic. p. 81. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-193-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-193-0) 978-1-86064-193-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+an+Arabian+Oasis%3A+The+Rashidis+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-193-0&rft.au=Madawi+Al+Rasheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-107) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anderson, Ewan W.; William Bayne Fisher (2000). The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics . Routledge. p. 106. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07667-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07667-8) 978-0-415-07667-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+Geography+and+Geopolitics&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07667-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ewan+W.&rft.au=William+Bayne+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-108) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  R. Hrair Dekmejian (1994). (https://archive.org/details/islaminrevolutio00dekm/page/131) Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World  . Syracuse University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/islaminrevolutio00dekm/page/131) 131 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2635-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2635-0) 978-0-8156-2635-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Revolution%3A+Fundamentalism+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2635-0&rft.au=R.+Hrair+Dekmejian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminrevolutio00dekm%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). The Encyclopedia of World War I . Abc-Clio. p. 565. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2) 978-1-85109-420-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Priscilla+Mary+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hourani, Albert (2005). A History of the Arab Peoples . Faber & Faber. pp. 315– 319. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22664-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22664-1) 978-0-571-22664-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.pages=315-319&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-571-22664-1&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182) A Brief History of Saudi Arabia  . Infobase. p. (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/182) 182 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7876-9) 978-0-8160-7876-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7876-9&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gerges%2C+Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofsa0000wynb%2Fpage%2F182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom . Arrow. pp. 15– 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953905-6) 978-0-09-953905-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953905-6&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866) "History of Saudi Arabia. ( The Saudi National Day 23, Sep )" . Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181206142313/https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866) Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prince+Mohammad+Bin+Fahd+University&rft.atitle=History+of+Saudi+Arabia.+%28+The+Saudi+National+Day+23%2C+Sep+%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmu.edu.sa%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%3FID%3D866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Riad_El-Ghonemy) (Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy) Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy (1998). Afluence and Poverty in the Middle East . Routledge. p. 56. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10033-5) 978-0-415-10033-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afluence+and+Poverty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10033-5&rft.au=Mohamad+Riad+El-Ghonemy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BBC_timeline_115-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BBC_timeline_115-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523.amp) "Saudi Arabia profile - Timeline" . bbc.com . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . 4 October 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230929075327/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523.amp) Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+profile+-+Timeline&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14703523.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_116-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed_136-137_116-1) 2   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Al-Rasheed) Al-Rasheed , pp. 136–137  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joy Winkie Viola (1986). Human Resources Development in Saudi Arabia: Multinationals and Saudization . International Human Resources Development Corporation. p. 37. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88746-070-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-88746-070-8) 978-0-88746-070-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Resources+Development+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Multinationals+and+Saudization&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=International+Human+Resources+Development+Corporation&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88746-070-8&rft.au=Joy+Winkie+Viola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl; Chalk, Peter (2005). The Muslim world after 9/11 . Rand Corporation. p. 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3712-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3712-1) 978-0-8330-3712-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+world+after+9%2F11&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-3712-1&rft.au=Rabasa%2C+Angel&rft.au=Benard%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Chalk%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219_119-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Toby_Craig_Jones_2010_218–219_119-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Toby Craig Jones (2010). Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia . Harvard University Press. pp. 218– 219. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04985-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04985-7) 978-0-674-04985-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Kingdom%3A+How+Oil+and+Water+Forged+Modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04985-7&rft.au=Toby+Craig+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hegghammer24_120-2) 3   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Hegghammer) Hegghammer , p. 24  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/174) Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century  . p. (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/174) 174 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7) 978-0-275-98091-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98091-7&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaenter0000cord%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. & Amy Myers Jaffe (2010). Oil, Dollars, Debt, and Crises: The Global Curse of Black Gold . Cambridge University Press. p. 41. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72070-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72070-0) 978-0-521-72070-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Dollars%2C+Debt%2C+and+Crises%3A+The+Global+Curse+of+Black+Gold&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72070-0&rft.aulast=El-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft.au=Amy+Myers+Jaffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir1993114_123-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFAbir1993) Abir 1993 , p. 114.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   Robert Fisk (2005) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_War_For_Civilisation) (The Great War For Civilisation) The Great War For Civilisation  . Fourth Estate. p. 23. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7517-1) 978-1-4000-7517-1    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blanchard, Christopher (2009). Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations . United States Congressional Research Service. pp. 5– 6. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Background+and+U.S.+Relations&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=United+States+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Hegghammer) Hegghammer , p. 31  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-127) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Al-Rasheed) Al-Rasheed , p. 212  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_128-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cordesman_2009_128-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cordesman, Anthony H. (2009). Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region . Abc-Clio. pp. 50– 52. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38076-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38076-1) 978-0-313-38076-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+National+Security+in+a+Troubled+Region&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38076-1&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Montreal_129-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053307/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Flood%2Bsparks%2Brare%2Baction/4189873/story.html) "Flood sparks rare action" . Reuters via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)) (The Gazette (Montreal)) Montreal Gazette  . 29 January 2011. Archived from (https://montrealgazette.com/news/Flood+sparks+rare+action/4189873/story.html) the original on 1 February 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+via+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Flood+sparks+rare+action&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2FFlood%2Bsparks%2Brare%2Baction%2F4189873%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Fisk_troops_130-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fisk, Robert (5 May 2011). (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html) "Saudis mobilise thousands of troops to quell growing revolt" . The Independent . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110306080218/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html) Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Saudis+mobilise+thousands+of+troops+to+quell+growing+revolt&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudis-mobilise-thousands-of-troops-to-quell-growing-revolt-2232928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-131) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/8344421/Saudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html) "Saudi ruler offers $36bn to stave off uprising amid warning oil price could double"  . The Daily Telegraph . London. 24 February 2011. (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/8344421/Saudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html) Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Saudi+ruler+offers+%2436bn+to+stave+off+uprising+amid+warning+oil+price+could+double&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Foilprices%2F8344421%2FSaudi-ruler-offers-36bn-to-stave-off-uprising-amid-warning-oil-price-could-double.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)     (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-132) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-king-gives-billion-dollar-cash-boost-housing-jobs--382623.html) "Saudi king gives billion-dollar cash boost to housing, jobs – Politics & Economics" . Arabian Business . Bloomberg via ArabianBusiness.com. 23 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061357/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-king-gives-billion-dollar-cash-boost-housing-jobs--382623.html) Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+gives+billion-dollar+cash+boost+to+housing%2C+jobs+%E2%80%93+Politics+%26+Economics&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fsaudi-king-gives-billion-dollar-cash-boost-housing-jobs--382623.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130928024630/http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=957) "King Abdullah Returns to Kingdom, Enacts Measures to Boost the Economy" . U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council. 23 February 2011. Archived from (http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=957) the original on 28 September 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Abdullah+Returns+to+Kingdom%2C+Enacts+Measures+to+Boost+the+Economy&rft.pub=U.S.-Saudi+Arabian+Business+Council&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us-sabc.org%2Fcustom%2Fnews%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fid%3D957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-AlJazeeraEnglishBenefits_134-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011223105328424268.html) "Saudi king announces new benefits" . Al Jazeera. 23 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110806003657/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011223105328424268.html) Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+announces+new+benefits&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F02%2F2011223105328424268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-theguardian1_135-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/18/saudi-arabia-job-housing-package) "Saudi Arabia's king announces huge jobs and housing package" . The Guardian . Associated Press. 18 March 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171018122601/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/18/saudi-arabia-job-housing-package) Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+king+announces+huge+jobs+and+housing+package&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F18%2Fsaudi-arabia-job-housing-package&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abu, Donna (18 March 2011). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-18/saudi-arabian-king-abdullah-boosts-spending-as-protests-sweep-arab-world.html) "Saudi King to Spend $67 Billion on Housing, Jobs in Bid to Pacify Citizens" . Bloomberg. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150126050910/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-18/saudi-arabian-king-abdullah-boosts-spending-as-protests-sweep-arab-world.html) Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+to+Spend+%2467+Billion+on+Housing%2C+Jobs+in+Bid+to+Pacify+Citizens&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.aulast=Abu&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-03-18%2Fsaudi-arabian-king-abdullah-boosts-spending-as-protests-sweep-arab-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-alawsat_details_137-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Suhaimy, Abeed (23 March 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110501185625/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1) "Saudi Arabia announces municipal elections" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_al-Awsat) (Asharq al-Awsat) Asharq al-Awsat . Archived from (http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=1&id=24616) the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+announces+municipal+elections&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.aulast=al-Suhaimy&rft.aufirst=Abeed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aawsat.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews.asp%3Fsection%3D1%26id%3D24616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-bloom_women_138-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abu-Nasr, Donna (28 March 2011). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-28/saudi-women-inspired-by-revolt-against-mubarak-go-online-to-seek-equality.html) "Saudi Women Inspired by Fall of Mubarak Step Up Equality Demand" . Bloomberg. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110402043759/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-28/saudi-women-inspired-by-revolt-against-mubarak-go-online-to-seek-equality.html) Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Women+Inspired+by+Fall+of+Mubarak+Step+Up+Equality+Demand&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.aulast=Abu-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-03-28%2Fsaudi-women-inspired-by-revolt-against-mubarak-go-online-to-seek-equality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-oman_observer_electionday_139-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050656/http://main.omanobserver.om/node/66706) "Saudis vote in municipal elections, results on Sunday" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Observer) (Oman Observer) Oman Observer  . Agence France-Presse. 30 September 2011. Archived from (http://main.omanobserver.om/node/66706) the original on 19 January 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oman+Observer&rft.atitle=Saudis+vote+in+municipal+elections%2C+results+on+Sunday&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.omanobserver.om%2Fnode%2F66706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-auto1_140-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-auto1_140-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/) "The Tourists Guide To The 10 Amazing Volcanoes in Saudi Arabia" . insidesaudi.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012152/https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/) Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insidesaudi.com&rft.atitle=The+Tourists+Guide+To+The+10+Amazing+Volcanoes+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidesaudi.com%2Fthe-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-auto_141-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-auto_141-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm) "VOLCANIC ARABIA: It started with tremors" . archive.aramcoworld.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210211015935/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm) Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.aramcoworld.com&rft.atitle=VOLCANIC+ARABIA%3A+It+started+with+tremors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200602%2Fvolcanic.arabia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Stokes605_142-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Stokes605_142-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1 . Facts On File. p. 605. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7158-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7158-6) 978-0-8160-7158-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=605&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7158-6&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  University Microfilms (2004). Dissertation Abstracts International: The sciences and engineering . p. 23. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissertation+Abstracts+International%3A+The+sciences+and+engineering&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2004&rft.au=University+Microfilms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-3) 4  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-4) 5  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-5) 6  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-6) 7  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-7) 8  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-8) 9  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-9) 10  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-10) 11  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Britannica_144-11) 12   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525348/Saudi-Arabia) "Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Saudi Arabia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . 28 May 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181225161108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia) Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F525348%2FSaudi-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vincent, Peter (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vacv2wy3yd8C&pg=PA141) Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview  . Taylor & Francis. p. 141. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41387-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41387-9) 978-0-415-41387-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328144244/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vacv2wy3yd8C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+an+environmental+overview&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41387-9&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVacv2wy3yd8C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  ElKholy, Lamiaa (3 August 2017). (http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2017/05/02/Saudi-Arabia-s-1000-islands-.html) "VIDEO: Do you know there are 1,300 islands in Saudi Arabia?" . Al Arabiya . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200922203932/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2017/05/02/Saudi-Arabia-s-1000-islands-.html) Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=VIDEO%3A+Do+you+know+there+are+1%2C300+islands+in+Saudi+Arabia%3F&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=ElKholy&rft.aufirst=Lamiaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Flife-style%2Fart-and-culture%2F2017%2F05%2F02%2FSaudi-Arabia-s-1000-islands-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mehio, Reem (13 January 2020). (https://stepfeed.com/snow-city-saudi-arabia-s-tabuk-region-dresses-in-white-to-mesmerize-people-0481) "Snow City: Saudi Arabia's Tabuk region dresses in white to mesmerize people" . Step Feed . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210218064544/https://stepfeed.com/snow-city-saudi-arabia-s-tabuk-region-dresses-in-white-to-mesmerize-people-0481) Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Step+Feed&rft.atitle=Snow+City%3A+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Tabuk+region+dresses+in+white+to+mesmerize+people&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Mehio&rft.aufirst=Reem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstepfeed.com%2Fsnow-city-saudi-arabia-s-tabuk-region-dresses-in-white-to-mesmerize-people-0481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-SaudiCC_148-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf) "Second National Communication: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . UNFCCC. p. 2. (https://web.archive.org/web/20161024231824/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+National+Communication%3A+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=UNFCCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2Fresource%2Fdocs%2Fnatc%2Fsaunc2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-experiences-more-frequent-snowfalls-than-its-gulf-neighbours-arabia-weather-1.1731231006756) "Saudi Arabia experiences more frequent snowfalls than its Gulf neighbours: Arabia Weather" . gulfnews.com . 10 November 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241110111740/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-experiences-more-frequent-snowfalls-than-its-gulf-neighbours-arabia-weather-1.1731231006756) Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+experiences+more+frequent+snowfalls+than+its+Gulf+neighbours%3A+Arabia+Weather&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi%2Fsaudi-arabia-experiences-more-frequent-snowfalls-than-its-gulf-neighbours-arabia-weather-1.1731231006756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-weather_150-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Saudi-Arabia.htm) "Saudi Arabia" . Weather Online. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235230/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Saudi-Arabia.htm) Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Weather+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fclimate%2FSaudi-Arabia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_151-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" . BioScience . 67 (6): 534– 545. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014) 10.1093/biosci/bix014  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568) 0006-3568 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287) 5451287  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869) 28608869 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Judas_et_al.,_2006_152-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A.; Boug, A. (2006). (http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf) "Status of the Arabian leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . Cat News . Special Issue 1: 11– 19. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201003095616/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Arabian+leopard+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=11-19&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Judas%2C+J.&rft.au=Paillat%2C+P.&rft.au=Khoja%2C+A.&rft.au=Boug%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffilesharing%2F3.Conservation_Center%2F3.2._Status_Reports%2Fleopard%2FJudas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Spalton_et_al.,_2006_153-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Spalton, J.A. & Al-Hikmani, H.M. (2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20201216011835/http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Cat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf) "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF) . Cat News (Special Issue 1): 4– 8. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=The+Leopard+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+Distribution+and+Subspecies+Status&rft.issue=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Spalton%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Al-Hikmani%2C+H.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenileopard.org%2Ffiles%2Fcms%2Freports%2FCat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Nowell1996_154-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). (http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf) "Asiatic cheetah" (PDF) . Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 41– 44. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8) (Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8) 978-2-8317-0045-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20050529182212/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Asiatic+cheetah&rft.btitle=Wild+Cats%3A+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=41-44&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8&rft.au=Nowell%2C+K.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnivoractionplans1.free.fr%2Fwildcats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Nader_al1989_155-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nader, I. A. (1989). (http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/Nader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf) "Rare and endangered mammals of Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . In Abu-Zinada, A. H.; Goriup, P. D.; Nader, L. A (eds.). Wildlife conservation and development in Saudi Arabia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh : National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development Publishing. pp. 220– 228. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113847/http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/N_and_O/Nader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rare+and+endangered+mammals+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Wildlife+conservation+and+development+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pages=220-228&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Wildlife+Conservation+and+Development+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=I.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Fcheetah%2F05_library%2F5_3_publications%2FN_and_O%2FNader_1989_Rare_and_endangered_mammals_of_Saudi_Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-fishbase_156-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-fishbase_156-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel (2009). (http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5) "FishBase" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070339/http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=5) Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FishBase&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Ranier&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2FTrophicEco%2FFishEcoList.php%3Fve_code%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siliotti, A. (2002). Verona, Geodia (ed.). Fishes of the red sea . Geodia Edizioni Internazionali. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8) (Special:BookSources/978-88-87177-42-8) 978-88-87177-42-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fishes+of+the+red+sea&rft.pub=Geodia+Edizioni+Internazionali&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-87177-42-8&rft.aulast=Siliotti&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cavendish78_158-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cavendish78_158-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cavendish78_158-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cavendish78_158-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78) World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula  . Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/78) 78 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) 978-0-7614-7571-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Gerhard_159-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robbers, Gerhard (2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1 . Facts On File. p. 791. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6078-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6078-8) 978-0-8160-6078-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+constitutions%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6078-8&rft.aulast=Robbers&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bandow, Doug (19 May 2020). (https://www.cato.org/commentary/time-cut-saudi-arabia) "Time to Cut Off Saudi Arabia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute) (Cato Institute) Cato Institute  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210329043129/https://www.cato.org/commentary/time-cut-saudi-arabia) Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Time+to+Cut+Off+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.aulast=Bandow&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fcommentary%2Ftime-cut-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alkhaled, Sophia (27 January 2021). (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgwao.12626) "Women's entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Feminist solidarity and political activism in disguise?" . Gender, Work & Organization . 28 (3): 950– 972. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgwao.12626) 10.1111/gwao.12626  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender%2C+Work+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=Women%27s+entrepreneurship+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Feminist+solidarity+and+political+activism+in+disguise%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=950-972&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgwao.12626&rft.aulast=Alkhaled&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgwao.12626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-162) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schlager, Weisblatt, Neil, Jayne; A. Faksh, Hendrickson, Mahmud, Mary (2006). "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties (4th ed.). New York City: Facts on File. p. 1171. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5953-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5953-9) 978-0-8160-5953-9  . Saudi Arabia is not totalitarian. Travel outside the country is common, political crimes and violence are rare, people are not in constant fear of the police, and the state does not try to take over all existing organizations, such as philanthropic, religious, commercial, and industrial groups. Saudi rulers still see themselves in a parental role, much like a sheikh of a tribe who is in close touch with the concerns of his tribesmen and keeps those concerns in balance. For so long a time, a relatively benign monarchy has ruled over this populace that it has become used to being looked after in this manner. Therefore, until recently, calls for a more open, representative political system did not win wide support.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Systems+and+Parties&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=1171&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5953-9&rft.aulast=Schlager%2C+Weisblatt&rft.aufirst=Neil%2C+Jayne&rft.au=A.+Faksh%2C+Hendrickson%2C+Mahmud%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oliver Collin, L. Martin, Richard, Pamela (2013). An Introduction to World Politics . United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 269. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1803-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1803-1) 978-1-4422-1803-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+World+Politics&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1803-1&rft.aulast=Oliver+Collin%2C+L.+Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  A. Dobratz, Betty; K. Waldner, Lisa; Buzzel, Timothy (2016). "2: Role of the state". Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology . NY 10017, New York, USA: Routledge. p. 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-48629-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-205-48629-8) 978-0-205-48629-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Role+of+the+state&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Political+Sociology&rft.place=NY+10017%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-205-48629-8&rft.aulast=A.+Dobratz&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=K.+Waldner%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Buzzel%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-165) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230203184337/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf) "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit) (Economist Intelligence Unit) Economist Intelligence Unit  . 2023. p. 11. Archived from (https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf) the original (PDF) on 3 February 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2022%3A+Frontline+democracy+and+the+battle+for+Ukraine&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDI-final-version-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FH2019_166-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-world/2023) "Freedom House. Saudi Arabia" . Freedom House . 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230530191015/https://freedomhouse.org/country/saudi-arabia/freedom-world/2023) Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+House.+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Ffreedom-world%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-j496_167-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf) "Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era?" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Institute) (V-Dem Institute) V-Dem Institute  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260317204701/https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2026. Retrieved 17 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V-Dem+Institute&rft.atitle=Democracy+Report+2026%2C+Unraveling+The+Democratic+Era%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fv-dem.net%2Fdocuments%2F75%2FV-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/saudi-arabia) "Saudi Arabia | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251108000318/https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/saudi-arabia) Archived from the original on 8 November 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2Fcountry%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-169) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices) "Global State of Democracy Indices | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250825020600/https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices) Archived from the original on 25 August 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Global+State+of+Democracy+Indices+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2Fgsod-indices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/) "Home | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250908102653/https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/) Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Noreng97_171-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Noreng, Oystein (2005). Crude power: politics and the oil market . p. 97. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-023-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-023-9) 978-1-84511-023-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crude+power%3A+politics+and+the+oil+market&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-023-9&rft.aulast=Noreng&rft.aufirst=Oystein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Long) Long , p. 85  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Cavendish92_173-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/92) World and Its Peoples: the Arabian Peninsula  . Marshall Cavendish. 2007. pp. (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse/page/92) 92–93 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) 978-0-7614-7571-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed242_174-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Rasheed242_174-1) 2   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Al-Rasheed) Al-Rasheed , pp. 180, 242–243, 248, 257–258  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/31b61bc4-fb3a-11dd-bcad-000077b07658.html) "Saudi king speeds reforms" . Financial Times . 15 February 2009. Archived from (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/31b61bc4-fb3a-11dd-bcad-000077b07658) the original  on 10 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+speeds+reforms&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F31b61bc4-fb3a-11dd-bcad-000077b07658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac.html) "Prince Naif appointed deputy Saudi PM" . Financial Times . 27 March 2009. Archived from (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac) the original  on 10 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Prince+Naif+appointed+deputy+Saudi+PM&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2c0d7fcc-1b1b-11de-8aa3-0000779fd2ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2010/09/30/at-a-snails-pace) "Reform in Saudi Arabia: At a snail's pace" . The Economist . 30 September 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171014041446/http://www.economist.com/node/17149062?story_id=17149062&fsrc=rss) Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Reform+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+At+a+snail%27s+pace&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2010%2F09%2F30%2Fat-a-snails-pace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-178) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barenek, Ondrej (2009). (http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf) "Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . Middle East Brief (33). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090219111054/http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Brief&rft.atitle=Divided+We+Survive%3A+A+Landscape+of+Fragmentation+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Barenek&rft.aufirst=Ondrej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fcrown%2Fpublications%2Fmeb%2FMEB33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-179) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-saudi-shiites-idCAKCN0SK2C520151026) "Open sectarianism in Saudi Arabia frightens Shi'ites" . Reuters . 26 October 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010120/https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-saudi-shiites-idCAKCN0SK2C520151026) Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Open+sectarianism+in+Saudi+Arabia+frightens+Shi%27ites&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fcnews-us-saudi-shiites-idCAKCN0SK2C520151026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Campbell_180-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Campbell_180-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Campbell_180-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Christian (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=20jmw1C3H5UC&pg=PA265) Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East  . Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6) 978-1-4303-1914-6  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117132432/https://books.google.com/books?id=20jmw1C3H5UC&pg=PA265) Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Doing+Business+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-1914-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D20jmw1C3H5UC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-181) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Saud Names His Brother Prime Minister of Nation". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Jeddah. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . 17 August 1954. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest) (ProQuest) ProQuest  (https://www.proquest.com/docview/112933832) 112933832 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saud+Names+His+Brother+Prime+Minister+of+Nation&rft.date=1954-08-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-182) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/09/27/Saudi-Arabia-s-Crown-Prince-to-become-Kingdom-s-Prime-Minister-Royal-decree) "Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince to become Kingdom's Prime Minister: Royal decree" . Al Arabiya English . 27 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220927172139/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/09/27/Saudi-Arabia-s-Crown-Prince-to-become-Kingdom-s-Prime-Minister-Royal-decree) Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Crown+Prince+to+become+Kingdom%27s+Prime+Minister%3A+Royal+decree&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fgulf%2F2022%2F09%2F27%2FSaudi-Arabia-s-Crown-Prince-to-become-Kingdom-s-Prime-Minister-Royal-decree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-183) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (2006). (http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Saudi_Arabia.pdf) "Country Profile: Saudi Arabia" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183858/http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Saudi_Arabia.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Library+of+Congress%2C+Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FSaudi_Arabia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FT_Saud_184-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FT_Saud_184-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://peakoil.com/publicpolicy/the-house-of-saud-rulers-of-modern-saudi-arabia) "The House of Saud: rulers of modern Saudi Arabia" . Financial Times . 30 September 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124656/http://peakoil.com/publicpolicy/the-house-of-saud-rulers-of-modern-saudi-arabia) Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Saud%3A+rulers+of+modern+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeakoil.com%2Fpublicpolicy%2Fthe-house-of-saud-rulers-of-modern-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200715_185-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFBowen2007) Bowen 2007 , p. 15.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-186) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Curtis, Michael (1986). The Middle East reader . Transaction Books. p. 235. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-101-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-101-0) 978-0-88738-101-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+reader&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Transaction+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-101-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-187) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  M. Jane Davis (1996). Security issues in the post-cold war world . Edward Elgar. p. 81. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-334-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-334-9) 978-1-85898-334-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+issues+in+the+post-cold+war+world&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85898-334-9&rft.au=M.+Jane+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alianak, Sonia (2007). Middle Eastern leaders and Islam: a precarious equilibrium . Peter Lang. p. 67. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6924-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6924-9) 978-0-8204-6924-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+leaders+and+Islam%3A+a+precarious+equilibrium&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6924-9&rft.aulast=Alianak&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-189) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holden, William (1982). (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/154) Saudi Arabia and its royal family  . Secaucus, N.J. : L. Stuart. pp. (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaitsro00powe/page/154) 154–156 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0326-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0326-2) 978-0-8184-0326-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+its+royal+family&rft.pages=154-156&rft.pub=Secaucus%2C+N.J.+%3A+L.+Stuart&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8184-0326-2&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaitsro00powe%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jennifer Bond Reed; Lange, Brenda (2006). (https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/14) Saudi Royal Family  . Chelsea House. p. (https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/14) 14 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9218-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9218-7) 978-0-7910-9218-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Royal+Family&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9218-7&rft.au=Jennifer+Bond+Reed&rft.au=Lange%2C+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiroyalfamily00reed_0%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111010181738/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html) "The corrupt, feudal world of the House of Saud" . The Independent . London. 14 May 2003. Archived from (https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html) the original on 10 October 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+corrupt%2C+feudal+world+of+the+House+of+Saud&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-the-corrupt-feudal-world-of-the-house-of-saud-538468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199373Bowen2007108_192-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFAbir1993) Abir 1993 , p. 73; (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFBowen2007) Bowen 2007 , p. 108.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/47) Saudi Arabia Enters the 21st Century  . pp. (https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaenter0000cord/page/47) 47, 142 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98091-7) 978-0-275-98091-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Enters+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=47%2C+142&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98091-7&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiarabiaenter0000cord%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-194) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Burbach, Roger; Clarke, Ben (2002). September 11 and the U.S. war: beyond the curtain of smoke . City Lights Publishers. p. 32. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-404-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-404-7) 978-0-87286-404-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=September+11+and+the+U.S.+war%3A+beyond+the+curtain+of+smoke&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=City+Lights+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-404-7&rft.aulast=Burbach&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-195) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Freedom House (2005). Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa: A Freedom in the World Special Edition . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 63. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3775-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3775-0) 978-0-7425-3775-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Freedom+in+the+World+Special+Edition&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3775-0&rft.au=Freedom+House&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-196) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bergman, Lowell (9 October 2001). (https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/nation-challenged-plots-saudi-arabia-also-target-attacks-us-officials-say.html) "A Nation Challenged: The Plots; Saudi Arabia Also a Target Of Attacks, U.S. Officials Say" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195125/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/nation-challenged-plots-saudi-arabia-also-target-attacks-us-officials-say.html) Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Nation+Challenged%3A+The+Plots%3B+Saudi+Arabia+Also+a+Target+Of+Attacks%2C+U.S.+Officials+Say&rft.date=2001-10-09&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F10%2F09%2Fworld%2Fnation-challenged-plots-saudi-arabia-also-target-attacks-us-officials-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-197) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ottaway, David (2008). (https://archive.org/details/kingsmessengerpr00otta_0/page/162) The King's Messenger. Prince Bandar Bin Sultan and America's Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia  . Walker & Company. p. (https://archive.org/details/kingsmessengerpr00otta_0/page/162) 162 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1690-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1690-3) 978-0-8027-1690-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Messenger.+Prince+Bandar+Bin+Sultan+and+America%27s+Tangled+Relationship+with+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1690-3&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsmessengerpr00otta_0%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robertson, David (7 June 2007). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230117132440/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/) "Saudi bribe claims delay £20bn fighter deal" . The Times . London. Archived from (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1899614.ece) the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+bribe+claims+delay+%C2%A320bn+fighter+deal&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle1899614.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-PBS_199-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/terrorism/interviews/bandar.html) "Interview: Bandar Bin Sultan" . PBS. 2001. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331223114/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/terrorism/interviews/bandar.html) Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Bandar+Bin+Sultan&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fterrorism%2Finterviews%2Fbandar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144223/https://www.transparency.org/) "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010" . Transparency International. 15 December 2010. Archived from (http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results) the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corruption+Perceptions+Index+2010&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fpolicy_research%2Fsurveys_indices%2Fcpi%2F2010%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Kirkpatrick) (David D. Kirkpatrick) Kirkpatrick, David (4 November 2017). (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-waleed-bin-talal.html) "Saudi Arabia Arrests 11 Princes, Including Billionaire Alwaleed bin Talal" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171108003504/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-waleed-bin-talal.html) Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Arrests+11+Princes%2C+Including+Billionaire+Alwaleed+bin+Talal&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-waleed-bin-talal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Goldstein118_202-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Goldstein, Natalie (2010). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold) Religion and the State   . Facts On File. p. (https://archive.org/details/religionstate0000gold/page/118) 118 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8090-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-8090-8) 978-0-8160-8090-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-8090-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionstate0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-meforum.org_203-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-meforum.org_203-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Obaid, Nawaf E. (September 1999). (http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders) "The Power of Saudi Arabia's Islamic Leaders" . Middle East Quarterly . VI (3): 51– 58. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110806023223/http://www.meforum.org/482/the-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders) Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Islamic+Leaders&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=51-58&rft.date=1999-09&rft.aulast=Obaid&rft.aufirst=Nawaf+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F482%2Fthe-power-of-saudi-arabias-islamic-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farsy, Fouad (1992). Modernity and tradition: the Saudi equation . Knight Communications. p. 29. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874132-03-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-874132-03-5) 978-1-874132-03-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+tradition%3A+the+Saudi+equation&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Knight+Communications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-874132-03-5&rft.aulast=Farsy&rft.aufirst=Fouad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hassner_205-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hassner_205-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hassner_205-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ron Eduard Hassner (2009). (https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/143) War on sacred grounds  . Cornell University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/waronsacredgroun00hass/page/143) 143 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4806-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4806-5) 978-0-8014-4806-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+on+sacred+grounds&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4806-5&rft.au=Ron+Eduard+Hassner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaronsacredgroun00hass%2Fpage%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Abir1987) Abir (1987) , p. 30  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199321_207-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbir199321_207-1) 2   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFAbir1993) Abir 1993 , p. 21.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_208-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-NYT_Abdullah_208-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_Bakri) (Nada Bakri) Bakri, Nada (29 November 2010). (https://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html) "Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130727045836/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html) Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abdullah%2C+King+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Bakri&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftopics%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fa%2Fabdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Abir1987) Abir (1987) , p. 4  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-210) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994). Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E. Sharpe. p. 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-394-3) 978-1-56324-394-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+the+coming+storm&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-394-3&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Long11_211-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Long) Long , p. 11  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IBP_212-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-IBP_212-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saudi Arabia King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud Handbook . International Business Publications. 2011. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-2740-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7397-2740-9) 978-0-7397-2740-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+King+Fahd+Bin+Abdul+Aziz+Al-Saud+Handbook&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7397-2740-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-213) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States . Wildside Press LLC. p. 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6210-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-6210-7) 978-1-4344-6210-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+the+Persian+Gulf+States&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Wildside+Press+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4344-6210-7&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bligh, Alexander (1985). "The Saudi religious elite (Ulama) as participant in the political system of the kingdom". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 17 : 37– 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800028750) 10.1017/S0020743800028750 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154565116) 154565116 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Saudi+religious+elite+%28Ulama%29+as+participant+in+the+political+system+of+the+kingdom&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=37-50&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800028750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154565116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Bligh%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Mattar_215-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mattar, Philip (2004). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00phil_0) Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Vol. 1 A–C   . Macmillan Reference USA. p. (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00phil_0/page/101) 101 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865770-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865770-7) 978-0-02-865770-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa%3A+Vol.+1+A%E2%80%93C&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865770-7&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo00phil_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen200713_216-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#CITEREFBowen2007) Bowen 2007 , p. 13.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Sharia_Inc_Courts_217-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Otto) Otto , pp. 161–162  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-218) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&pg=PA202) The Report: Saudi Arabia  . Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 202. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9) 978-1-902339-00-9  . it is not always possible to reach a conclusion on how a Saudi court or judicial committee would view a particular case [because] decisions of a court or a judicial committee have no binding authority with respect to another case, [and] in general there is also no system of court reporting in the Kingdom.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-00-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMPjxHzG1xQC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Haffner58_219-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hefner, Robert W. (2011). Shari'a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World . Indiana University Press. p. 58. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22310-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22310-4) 978-0-253-22310-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shari%27a+Politics%3A+Islamic+Law+and+Society+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22310-4&rft.aulast=Hefner&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-220) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juan Eduardo Campo (2006). Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts On File. p. 288. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1) 978-0-8160-5454-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.au=Juan+Eduardo+Campo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Turak, Natasha (9 February 2021). (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/saudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html) "Saudi Arabia announces major legal reforms, paving the way for codified law" . CNBC . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210304041106/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/09/saudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html) Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+announces+major+legal+reforms%2C+paving+the+way+for+codified+law&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Turak&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F02%2F09%2Fsaudi-arabia-announces-legal-reforms-paving-the-way-for-codified-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Otto) Otto , p. 157  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Esposito, John L. (1998). Islam and politics . Syracuse University Press. pp. 110– 112. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2774-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2774-6) 978-0-8156-2774-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+politics&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2774-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Campbell268_224-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Christian (2007). Legal Aspects of Doing Business in the Middle East . Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. pp. 268– 269. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1914-6) 978-1-4303-1914-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Doing+Business+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+Incorporated&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-1914-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Economist_Cruel_225-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/international/2001/06/14/cruel-or-just-unusual) "Saudi Arabian justice: Cruel, or just unusual?" . The Economist . 14 June 2001. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180408031800/https://www.economist.com/node/656147) Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabian+justice%3A+Cruel%2C+or+just+unusual%3F&rft.date=2001-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2001%2F06%2F14%2Fcruel-or-just-unusual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/26/AR2008072601785.html) "Saudis Face Soaring Blood-Money Sums" . The Washington Post . 27 July 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121112180004/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/26/AR2008072601785.html) Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudis+Face+Soaring+Blood-Money+Sums&rft.date=2008-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F26%2FAR2008072601785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-227) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arab.net/saudi/sa_admindivisions.htm) "Saudi Arabia: Administrative divisions" . arab.net. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155349/http://www.arab.net/saudi/sa_admindivisions.htm) Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Administrative+divisions&rft.pub=arab.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arab.net%2Fsaudi%2Fsa_admindivisions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-228) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml) "United Nations Member States" . United Nations. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml) Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Member+States&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Saudi_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_230-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.mofa.gov.sa/SITES/MOFAEN/ABOUTKINGDOM/KINGDOMFOREIGNPOLICY/Pages/KingdomPolicy34645.aspx) "The foreign policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saudi Arabia. 5 July 2005. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121219093153/http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutKingDom/KingdomForeignPolicy/Pages/KingdomPolicy34645.aspx) Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.gov.sa%2FSITES%2FMOFAEN%2FABOUTKINGDOM%2FKINGDOMFOREIGNPOLICY%2FPages%2FKingdomPolicy34645.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ménoret, Pascal (2005). (https://archive.org/details/saudienigmahisto0000meno/page/22) The Saudi enigma: a history  . Zed Books. p. (https://archive.org/details/saudienigmahisto0000meno/page/22) 22 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-605-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-605-6) 978-1-84277-605-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saudi+enigma%3A+a+history&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-605-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9noret&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudienigmahisto0000meno%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm) "OPEC : Brief History" . OPEC.org . Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130228051108/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm) Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OPEC.org&rft.atitle=OPEC+%3A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/23/archives/the-arab-oil-threat.html) "The Arab Oil Threat" . The New York Times . 23 November 1973. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190722073135/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/23/archives/the-arab-oil-threat.html) Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Oil+Threat&rft.date=1973-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F23%2Farchives%2Fthe-arab-oil-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/) "The price of oil – in context" . CBC News . 18 April 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20070609145246/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/) Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=The+price+of+oil+%E2%80%93+in+context&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbackground%2Foil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BBC_News_235-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990) "How strained are US-Saudi relations?" . BBC News . 20 April 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112848/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990) Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+strained+are+US-Saudi+relations%3F&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36083990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.saudiembassy.net/saudi-us-relations) "Saudi-US Relations | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" . www.saudiembassy.net . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231203045622/https://saudiembassy.net/saudi-us-relations) Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudiembassy.net&rft.atitle=Saudi-US+Relations+%7C+The+Embassy+of+The+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fsaudi-us-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-237) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/united-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership/) "United States-Saudi Arabia Relationship: Eight Decades of Partnership" . United States Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240223065251/https://www.state.gov/united-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership/) Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=United+States-Saudi+Arabia+Relationship%3A+Eight+Decades+of+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Funited-states-saudi-arabia-relationship-eight-decades-of-partnership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Foreign-affairs) "Saudi Arabia - Foreign Affairs, GCC, Oil | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 13 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250522123411/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Foreign-affairs) Archived from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+-+Foreign+Affairs%2C+GCC%2C+Oil+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2025-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaudi-Arabia%2FForeign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-239) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2004). Islamic activism: a social movement theory approach . Indiana University Press. p. 255. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34281-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34281-2) 978-0-253-34281-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+activism%3A+a+social+movement+theory+approach&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34281-2&rft.aulast=Wiktorowicz&rft.aufirst=Quintan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-240) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990) "How strained are US-Saudi relations?" . BBC News . 19 April 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190417112848/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36083990) Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+strained+are+US-Saudi+relations%3F&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36083990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-cnbc-20170520_241-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  David, Javier E. (20 May 2017). (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/us-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html) "US-Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit" . CNBC . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190521165657/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/20/us-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html) Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=US-Saudi+Arabia+ink+historic+10-year+weapons+deal+worth+%24350+billion+as+Trump+begins+visit&rft.date=2017-05-20&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Javier+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F05%2F20%2Fus-saudi-arabia-seal-weapons-deal-worth-nearly-110-billion-as-trump-begins-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://abcnews.go.com/International/truth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal/story?id=47874726) "The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal" . ABC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170607005940/http://abcnews.go.com/International/truth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal/story?id=47874726) Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+President+Trump%27s+%24110+billion+Saudi+arms+deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Ftruth-president-trumps-110-billion-saudi-arms-deal%2Fstory%3Fid%3D47874726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hadian Rasanani, A.M. (4 August 2024). (https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_100539.html) "Saudi Arabia's Relations with China and Russia, Hedging and Increasing Relative Power amidst American Disengagement from West Asia: Implications, Change and Continuity" . Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies . 8 (4): 877– 916. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.22059%2Fwsps.2025.382804.1465) 10.22059/wsps.2025.382804.1465 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2588-3119) 2588-3119 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260723050422/https://wsps.ut.ac.ir/article_100539.html) Archived from the original on 23 July 2026. Retrieved 15 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Sociopolitical+Studies&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Relations+with+China+and+Russia%2C+Hedging+and+Increasing+Relative+Power+amidst+American+Disengagement+from+West+Asia%3A+Implications%2C+Change+and+Continuity&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=877-916&rft.date=2024-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22059%2Fwsps.2025.382804.1465&rft.issn=2588-3119&rft.aulast=Hadian+Rasanani&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwsps.ut.ac.ir%2Farticle_100539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-244) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Foreign-policy-since-the-end-of-the-Persian-Gulf-War) "Saudi Arabia - Gulf War, Foreign Policy, Middle East | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 13 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250516161914/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Foreign-policy-since-the-end-of-the-Persian-Gulf-War) Archived from the original on 16 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+-+Gulf+War%2C+Foreign+Policy%2C+Middle+East+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2025-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaudi-Arabia%2FForeign-policy-since-the-end-of-the-Persian-Gulf-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-245) ↑   "(https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/world/middleeast/wikileaks-saudi-arabia-iran.html) WikiLeaks Shows a Saudi Obsession With Iran (https://web.archive.org/web/20170125201955/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/world/middleeast/wikileaks-saudi-arabia-iran.html) Archived 25 January 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". The New York Times . 16 July 2015.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-246) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Ian; Tisdall, Simon (28 November 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-saudis-iran) "Saudi Arabia urges US attack on Iran to stop nuclear programme" . The Guardian . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170216223407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-saudis-iran) Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+urges+US+attack+on+Iran+to+stop+nuclear+programme&rft.date=2010-11-28&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Tisdall%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F28%2Fus-embassy-cables-saudis-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-247) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/01/20/saudi-arabia-uae-yemen-red-sea/) "After Yemen rift, Saudi Arabia aims to oust UAE from wider region" . The Washington Post . 20 January 2026. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260120114228/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/01/20/saudi-arabia-uae-yemen-red-sea/) Archived from the original on 20 January 2026. Retrieved 20 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+Yemen+rift%2C+Saudi+Arabia+aims+to+oust+UAE+from+wider+region&rft.date=2026-01-20&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2026%2F01%2F20%2Fsaudi-arabia-uae-yemen-red-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Watson, Mark (2008). Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present . John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18257-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18257-4) 978-0-470-18257-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+princes%3A+Saudi+Arabia+from+Muhammad+to+the+present&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-18257-4&rft.au=Watson%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-249) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/19/mike-pompeo-alleged-saudi-arabia-uranium-facility-yellowcake-china-democrats) "Pompeo pressed on claims China is helping build Saudi uranium facility" . The Guardian . 19 August 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200819114802/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/19/mike-pompeo-alleged-saudi-arabia-uranium-facility-yellowcake-china-democrats) Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pompeo+pressed+on+claims+China+is+helping+build+Saudi+uranium+facility&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Faug%2F19%2Fmike-pompeo-alleged-saudi-arabia-uranium-facility-yellowcake-china-democrats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-250) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/why-does-saudi-arabia-want-civil-nuclear-deal-with-us-2025-05-08/) "Explainer: Why does Saudi Arabia want a civil nuclear deal with the US?" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250508205125/https://www.reuters.com/world/why-does-saudi-arabia-want-civil-nuclear-deal-with-us-2025-05-08/) Archived from the original on 8 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Why+does+Saudi+Arabia+want+a+civil+nuclear+deal+with+the+US%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fwhy-does-saudi-arabia-want-civil-nuclear-deal-with-us-2025-05-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:8_251-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:8_251-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/saudi-pakistan-mutual-defence-pact-implications-for-india-imec-and-us-influence-in-the-gulf-217398) "Saudi-Pakistan Mutual Defence Pact: Implications for India, IMEC, and US Influence in the Gulf" . ISPI . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172737/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/saudi-pakistan-mutual-defence-pact-implications-for-india-imec-and-us-influence-in-the-gulf-217398) Archived from the original on 28 November 2025. Retrieved 20 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISPI&rft.atitle=Saudi-Pakistan+Mutual+Defence+Pact%3A+Implications+for+India%2C+IMEC%2C+and+US+Influence+in+the+Gulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fsaudi-pakistan-mutual-defence-pact-implications-for-india-imec-and-us-influence-in-the-gulf-217398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-252) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edward Clifford (6 December 2014). (http://www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2014/12/financing-terrorism-saudi-arabia-and-its-foreign-affairs/) "Financing Terrorism: Saudi Arabia and Its Foreign Affairs" . brownpoliticalreview.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151018060915/http://www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2014/12/financing-terrorism-saudi-arabia-and-its-foreign-affairs/) Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brownpoliticalreview.org&rft.atitle=Financing+Terrorism%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+Its+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2014-12-06&rft.au=Edward+Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brownpoliticalreview.org%2F2014%2F12%2Ffinancing-terrorism-saudi-arabia-and-its-foreign-affairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-253) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walsh, Declan (5 December 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding) "WikiLeaks cables portray Saudi Arabia as a cash machine for terrorists" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023137/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding) Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+cables+portray+Saudi+Arabia+as+a+cash+machine+for+terrorists&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F05%2Fwikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-254) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/03/maliki-saudi-qatar-at-war-against-iraq-20143823436553921.html) "Maliki: Saudi and Qatar at war against Iraq" . Al Jazeera. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151001142113/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/03/maliki-saudi-qatar-at-war-against-iraq-20143823436553921.html) Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maliki%3A+Saudi+and+Qatar+at+war+against+Iraq&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F03%2Fmaliki-saudi-qatar-at-war-against-iraq-20143823436553921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-255) ↑   (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiC4w7Erz8I) "Syria conflict: BBC exclusive interview with President Bashar al-Assad" with Jeremy Bowen (https://web.archive.org/web/20200216150810/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiC4w7Erz8I) Archived 16 February 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  (9 February 2015)  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-256) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia . Cambridge University Press. p. 233. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74754-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74754-7) 978-0-521-74754-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-74754-7&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-257) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaim, Markus (2008). Great powers and regional orders: the United States and the Persian Gulf . Ashgate Publishing. p. 68. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7197-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7197-8) 978-0-7546-7197-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+powers+and+regional+orders%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7197-8&rft.aulast=Kaim&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Guardian_05122010_258-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walsh, Declan (5 December 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding) "WikiLeaks cables portray Saudi Arabia as a cash machine for terrorists" . The Guardian . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023137/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding) Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+cables+portray+Saudi+Arabia+as+a+cash+machine+for+terrorists&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F05%2Fwikileaks-cables-saudi-terrorist-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-259) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Malbouisson) Malbouisson , p. 27  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-260) ↑   "(https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/23/obama-veto-terrorism-lawsuit-bill-setting-up-override-battle/90407496/) Why Obama doesn't want 9/11 families suing Saudi Arabia (https://web.archive.org/web/20190113073608/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/09/23/obama-veto-terrorism-lawsuit-bill-setting-up-override-battle/90407496/) Archived 13 January 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". USA Today . 23 September 2016.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-261) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/ar/20140917-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4) " "هيئة كبار العلماء" السعودية تحرم الالتحاق "بالقاعدة" وتنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" " . فرانس 24 / France 24 (in Arabic). 17 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260107202501/https://www.france24.com/ar/20140917-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4) Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. Retrieved 7 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3+24+%2F+France+24&rft.atitle=%22%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1%22+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82+%22%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9%22+%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%22&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Far%2F20140917-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582-%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-262) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-saudi-arabia/) "U.S. Relations With Saudi Arabia" . United States Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190513185146/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm) Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=U.S.+Relations+With+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fu-s-relations-with-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-263) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Borger, Julian; McGreal, Chris; Finn, Tom (1 November 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/01/cargo-plane-plot-saudi-agent-gave-alert) "Cargo plane bomb plot: Saudi double agent 'gave crucial alert' " . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130917221008/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/01/cargo-plane-plot-saudi-agent-gave-alert) Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cargo+plane+bomb+plot%3A+Saudi+double+agent+%27gave+crucial+alert%27&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=McGreal%2C+Chris&rft.au=Finn%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F01%2Fcargo-plane-plot-saudi-agent-gave-alert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-264) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-says-it-will-head-muslim-counterterrorism-coalition/a-18917666) "Saudi Arabia forms Islamic anti-terror coalition – DW – 12/15/2015" . Deutsche Welle . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240810054550/https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-says-it-will-head-muslim-counterterrorism-coalition/a-18917666) Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+forms+Islamic+anti-terror+coalition+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+12%2F15%2F2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsaudi-arabia-says-it-will-head-muslim-counterterrorism-coalition%2Fa-18917666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-265) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khalilzad, Zalmay (14 September 2016). (https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/saudi-arabia-terrorism-funding-214241/) " 'We Misled You': How the Saudis Are Coming Clean on Funding Terrorism" . Politico Magazine . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211019043523/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/saudi-arabia-terrorism-funding-214241/) Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Magazine&rft.atitle=%27We+Misled+You%27%3A+How+the+Saudis+Are+Coming+Clean+on+Funding+Terrorism&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Khalilzad&rft.aufirst=Zalmay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F09%2Fsaudi-arabia-terrorism-funding-214241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:4_266-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:4_266-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-police-idUSKCN0XA24Y) "Saudi cabinet curbs powers of religious police" . Reuters . 13 April 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211011053057/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-police-idUSKCN0XA24Y) Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+cabinet+curbs+powers+of+religious+police&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-saudi-police-idUSKCN0XA24Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200125-saudi-arabia-to-stop-funding-mosques-in-foreign-countries/) "Saudi Arabia to stop funding mosques in foreign countries" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor) (Middle East Monitor) Middle East Monitor  . 25 January 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211011053057/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200125-saudi-arabia-to-stop-funding-mosques-in-foreign-countries/) Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+stop+funding+mosques+in+foreign+countries&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20200125-saudi-arabia-to-stop-funding-mosques-in-foreign-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-iiss2023_268-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023 . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 351– 354. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-50895-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-032-50895-5) 978-1-032-50895-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.place=London&rft.pages=351-354&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-032-50895-5&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIAfactbook_269-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia#military-and-security) "Saudi Arabia" . CIA World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/#military-and-security) the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F%23military-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:5_270-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:5_270-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Political-process) "Saudi Arabia - Politics, Processes, Reforms | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 29 July 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250903235440/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Political-process) Archived from the original on 3 September 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+-+Politics%2C+Processes%2C+Reforms+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2025-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaudi-Arabia%2FPolitical-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:23_271-0) ↑   (https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2020/02/global-defence-spending) Global defence spending: the United States widens the gap (https://web.archive.org/web/20200725224454/https://www.iiss.org/blogs/military-balance/2020/02/global-defence-spending) Archived 25 July 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS ) – 14 February 2020  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-272) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tian, Nan; Lopes Da Silva, Diego; Liang, Xiao; Scarazzato, Lorenzo (April 2024). (https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2023) "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2023" . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250205143937/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2023) Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2023&rft.date=2024-04&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft.au=Lopes+Da+Silva%2C+Diego&rft.au=Liang%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Scarazzato%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fpublications%2F2024%2Fsipri-fact-sheets%2Ftrends-world-military-expenditure-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-273) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wezeman, Pieter D.; Djokic, Katarina; George, Mathew; Hussain, Zain; Wezeman, Siemon T. (March 2024). (https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2023) "Trends in International Arms Transfers" . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250214031818/https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2023) Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Trends+in+International+Arms+Transfers&rft.date=2024-03&rft.aulast=Wezeman&rft.aufirst=Pieter+D.&rft.au=Djokic%2C+Katarina&rft.au=George%2C+Mathew&rft.au=Hussain%2C+Zain&rft.au=Wezeman%2C+Siemon+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fpublications%2F2024%2Fsipri-fact-sheets%2Ftrends-international-arms-transfers-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210806002150/https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/BICC_GMI_2019_EN.pdf) "Global Militarisation Index 2019" (PDF) . BICC : 8 and 14. 2019. Archived from (https://www.bicc.de/uploads/tx_bicctools/BICC_GMI_2019_EN.pdf) the original (PDF) on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BICC&rft.atitle=Global+Militarisation+Index+2019&rft.pages=8+and+14&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bicc.de%2Fuploads%2Ftx_bicctools%2FBICC_GMI_2019_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_2006_275-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/) "About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" . Library of Congress . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213014814/https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/) Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=About+this+Collection+%26%23124%3B+Country+Studies+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Collections+%26%23124%3B+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-defensenews20152_276-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2015/03/26/saudi-arabia-the-gulf-s-best-equipped-military/) "Saudi Arabia: The Gulf's Best-Equipped Military" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_News) (Defense News) Defense News  . 26 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328144301/https://www.defensenews.com/global/mideast-africa/2015/03/26/saudi-arabia-the-gulf-s-best-equipped-military/) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+The+Gulf%27s+Best-Equipped+Military&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fglobal%2Fmideast-africa%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fsaudi-arabia-the-gulf-s-best-equipped-military%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-277) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2025/ukraine-worlds-biggest-arms-importer-united-states-dominance-global-arms-exports-grows-russian) "Ukraine the world's biggest arms importer; United States' dominance of global arms exports grows as Russian exports continue to fall | SIPRI" . www.sipri.org . 10 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250730221152/https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2025/ukraine-worlds-biggest-arms-importer-united-states-dominance-global-arms-exports-grows-russian) Archived from the original on 30 July 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sipri.org&rft.atitle=Ukraine+the+world%27s+biggest+arms+importer%3B+United+States%27+dominance+of+global+arms+exports+grows+as+Russian+exports+continue+to+fall+%7C+SIPRI&rft.date=2025-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2F2025%2Fukraine-worlds-biggest-arms-importer-united-states-dominance-global-arms-exports-grows-russian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-QV_278-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Venter, Al J. (2007). (https://archive.org/details/allahsbombislami0000vent/page/150) Allah's Bomb: The Islamic Quest for Nuclear Weapons  . Globe Pequot. pp. (https://archive.org/details/allahsbombislami0000vent/page/150) 150–153 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-205-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-205-0) 978-1-59921-205-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%27s+Bomb%3A+The+Islamic+Quest+for+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pages=150-153&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-205-0&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=Al+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallahsbombislami0000vent%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-SPO_279-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20031107031736/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EK07Ak01.html) "Saudi Arabia's nuclear gambit" . Asia Times . 7 November 2003. Archived from the original on 7 November 2003. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+nuclear+gambit&rft.date=2003-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FMiddle_East%2FEK07Ak01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-280) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/03/playing-with-proliferation-how-south-korea-and-saudi-arabia-leverage-the-prospect-of-going-nuclear?lang=en) "Playing With Proliferation: How South Korea and Saudi Arabia Leverage the Prospect of Going Nuclear" . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250830110720/https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/03/playing-with-proliferation-how-south-korea-and-saudi-arabia-leverage-the-prospect-of-going-nuclear?lang=en) Archived from the original on 30 August 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Playing+With+Proliferation%3A+How+South+Korea+and+Saudi+Arabia+Leverage+the+Prospect+of+Going+Nuclear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2024%2F03%2Fplaying-with-proliferation-how-south-korea-and-saudi-arabia-leverage-the-prospect-of-going-nuclear%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-281) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DiChristopher, Tom (15 March 2018). (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/15/saudi-crown-prince-threatens-to-build-nuke-as-kingdom-seeks-nuclear-tech.html) "Saudi crown prince threatens to develop a nuke as kingdom seeks foreign nuclear technology" . CNBC . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250831084739/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/15/saudi-crown-prince-threatens-to-build-nuke-as-kingdom-seeks-nuclear-tech.html) Archived from the original on 31 August 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+crown+prince+threatens+to+develop+a+nuke+as+kingdom+seeks+foreign+nuclear+technology&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=DiChristopher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F03%2F15%2Fsaudi-crown-prince-threatens-to-build-nuke-as-kingdom-seeks-nuclear-tech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-282) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-masses-150-000-troops-support-airstrikes-yemen-n330416) "Yemen Crisis: Saudi Arabia Masses 150,000 Troops to Support Airstrikes" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News) (NBC News) NBC News  . 26 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185727/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-masses-150-000-troops-support-airstrikes-yemen-n330416) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Yemen+Crisis%3A+Saudi+Arabia+Masses+150%2C000+Troops+to+Support+Airstrikes&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsaudi-arabia-masses-150-000-troops-support-airstrikes-yemen-n330416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HRW_2015-11-26_WMT_283-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/node/283702) "What Military Target Was in My Brother's House – Unlawful Coalition Airstrikes in Yemen" . Human Rights Watch. 26 November 2015. (https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5mYROt?url=https://www.hrw.org/node/283702) Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Military+Target+Was+in+My+Brother%27s+House+%E2%80%93+Unlawful+Coalition+Airstrikes+in+Yemen&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnode%2F283702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  ((mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/yemen1115_4up.pdf) "PDF download" (PDF) . (https://www.webcitation.org/6dM5EnSsE?url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/yemen1115_4up.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF+download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freport_pdf%2Fyemen1115_4up.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  )  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-284) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Almeida, Alex; Knights, Michael (25 March 2016). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war) "Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 1): The Ground War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy) (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195626/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/gulf-coalition-operations-in-yemen-part-1-the-ground-war) Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+1%29%3A+The+Ground+War&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.au=Almeida%2C+Alex%3B+Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-285) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Knights, Michael (25 March 2016). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-2-air-war) "Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 2): The Air War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy) (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204200459/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-2-air-war) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+2%29%3A+The+Air+War&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.au=Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-2-air-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-286) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pollak, Nadav; Knights, Michael (25 March 2016). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-3-maritime-and-aerial-blockade) "Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 3): Maritime and Aerial Blockade" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy) (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204200459/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-3-maritime-and-aerial-blockade) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+3%29%3A+Maritime+and+Aerial+Blockade&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.au=Pollak%2C+Nadav%3B+Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-3-maritime-and-aerial-blockade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-287) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS (2024). The Military Balance 2024 . London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . p. 385. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-032-78004-7) 978-1-032-78004-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2024&rft.place=London&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-032-78004-7&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-288) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Unattributed (28 February 2005). (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41731.htm) "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2004" . US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labour. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211107004858/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41731.htm) Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+2004&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft.au=Unattributed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2004%2F41731.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-289) ↑   (https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Worst%20of%20the%20Worst%202010.pdf) Worst of the Worst 2010. The World's Most Repressive Societies (https://web.archive.org/web/20211024180123/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/Worst%20of%20the%20Worst%202010.pdf) Archived 24 October 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . freedomhouse.org  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-290) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/) "SAUDI ARABIA 2016/2017" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175129/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/saudi-arabia/report-saudi-arabia/) Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAUDI+ARABIA+2016%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Freport-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-291) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nisrine Abiad (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=dex7TKuoUhgC) Sharia, Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations: a comparative study  . BIICL. pp. (https://books.google.com/books?id=dex7TKuoUhgC&pg=PA60) 60–65 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905221-41-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-905221-41-7) 978-1-905221-41-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230118134309/https://books.google.com/books?id=dex7TKuoUhgC) Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia%2C+Muslim+states+and+international+human+rights+treaty+obligations%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.pages=60-65&rft.pub=BIICL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905221-41-7&rft.au=Nisrine+Abiad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddex7TKuoUhgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-history_n_568c43e1e4b0cad15e625f74) "Mass Execution is Part of Saudi Arabia's Long History of Horrors" . 6 January 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250711143903/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/saudi-arabia-mass-execution-history_n_568c43e1e4b0cad15e625f74) Archived from the original on 11 July 2025. Retrieved 10 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+Execution+is+Part+of+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Long+History+of+Horrors&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fsaudi-arabia-mass-execution-history_n_568c43e1e4b0cad15e625f74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-wsj_293-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rory Jones (23 April 2019). (https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-executes-37-citizens-drawing-fire-from-rights-groups-11556046085) "Saudi Arabia Executes 37 Citizens, Drawing Fire from Rights Groups" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190616025153/https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-executes-37-citizens-drawing-fire-from-rights-groups-11556046085) Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Executes+37+Citizens%2C+Drawing+Fire+from+Rights+Groups&rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.au=Rory+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsaudi-arabia-executes-37-citizens-drawing-fire-from-rights-groups-11556046085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-apnews1_294-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-apnews1_294-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gambrell, Jon (12 March 2022). (https://apnews.com/article/islamic-state-group-saudi-arabia-al-qaida-dubai-united-arab-emirates-a1984eab0faadefa0152d5c138525d80) "Saudi Arabia puts 81 to death in its largest mass execution" . AP NEWS . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221024081433/https://apnews.com/article/islamic-state-group-saudi-arabia-al-qaida-dubai-united-arab-emirates-a1984eab0faadefa0152d5c138525d80) Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022 . Well about the death penalty, we got rid of all of it, except for one category, and this one is written in the Quran  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+puts+81+to+death+in+its+largest+mass+execution&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.aulast=Gambrell&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fislamic-state-group-saudi-arabia-al-qaida-dubai-united-arab-emirates-a1984eab0faadefa0152d5c138525d80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg5m49j14pyo) "Saudi Arabia: Rights groups condemn new record number of executions in 2025" . www.bbc.com . 21 December 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251222061156/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg5m49j14pyo) Archived from the original on 22 December 2025. Retrieved 22 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Rights+groups+condemn+new+record+number+of+executions+in+2025&rft.date=2025-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcg5m49j14pyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-296) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200222220534/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/saudi-arabia) "Saudi Arabia" . freedomhouse.org . 1 November 2018. Archived from (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2018/saudi-arabia) the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-net%2F2018%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-297) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alisa, Shishkina; Issaev, Leonid (14 November 2018). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181346/https://res.mdpi.com/religions/religions-09-00358/article_deploy/religions-09-00358.pdf?filename=&attachment=1) "Internet Censorship in Arab Countries: Religious and Moral Aspects" (PDF) . Religions . 9 (11): 358. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9110358) 10.3390/rel9110358  . Archived from (https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/11/358/pdf) the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Internet+Censorship+in+Arab+Countries%3A+Religious+and+Moral+Aspects&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=358&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel9110358&rft.aulast=Alisa&rft.aufirst=Shishkina&rft.au=Issaev%2C+Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2077-1444%2F9%2F11%2F358%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://archive.org/details/religions-09-00358) (iarchive:religions-09-00358) Alt URL   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-298) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://al-bab.com/saudi-internet-rules-2001) "Saudi internet rules, 2001" . al-bab.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331182424/https://al-bab.com/saudi-internet-rules-2001) Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-bab.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+internet+rules%2C+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-bab.com%2Fsaudi-internet-rules-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Omar, Asmaa; Hubbard, Ben (13 August 2021). (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-execution.html) "For a Crime at 14, He Faces Death in a Case Casting Doubt on Saudi Reforms" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010148/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-execution.html) Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2022 . A former site of public executions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+a+Crime+at+14%2C+He+Faces+Death+in+a+Case+Casting+Doubt+on+Saudi+Reforms&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=al-Omar&rft.aufirst=Asmaa&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-execution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-300) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154836/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136079.htm) "2009 Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State . Archived from (https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/nea/136079.htm) the original on 15 March 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2009%2Fnea%2F136079.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-301) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/004/1993/en/) "Saudi Arabia: An upsurge in public executions" . Amnesty International . 30 June 1993. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181122054039/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/004/1993/en/) Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+An+upsurge+in+public+executions&rft.date=1993-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde23%2F004%2F1993%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-302) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27184784) "Rights group condemns Saudi beheadings" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . 14 October 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131104031323/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27184784/) Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rights+group+condemns+Saudi+beheadings&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna27184784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-303) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Whitaker, Brian (9 August 2003). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/09/saudiarabia.brianwhitaker) "Saudi system condemned" . The Guardian . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130313062308/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/09/saudiarabia.brianwhitaker) Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+system+condemned&rft.date=2003-08-09&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2003%2Faug%2F09%2Fsaudiarabia.brianwhitaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_304-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-BBCexecutioner_304-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm) "Saudi executioner tells all" . BBC News . 5 June 2003. (https://web.archive.org/web/20090401233508/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/2966790.stm) Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+executioner+tells+all&rft.date=2003-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F2966790.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FRD306_305-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-FRD306_305-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Federal Research Division (2004). Saudi Arabia A Country Study . p. 304. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-4621-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-4621-3) 978-1-4191-4621-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=304&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-4621-3&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Miethe_306-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Miethe_306-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miethe, Terance D.; Lu, Hong (2004). Punishment: a comparative historical perspective . Cambridge University Press. p. 63. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60516-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60516-8) 978-0-521-60516-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punishment%3A+a+comparative+historical+perspective&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60516-8&rft.aulast=Miethe&rft.aufirst=Terance+D.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-307) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52420307) "Saudi Arabia to abolish flogging – supreme court" . BBC News . 24 April 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200424214438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52420307) Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+abolish+flogging+%E2%80%93+supreme+court&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-52420307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2020/04/24/Saudi-courts-ordered-to-stop-use-of-lashing-as-punishment-Okaz-report.html) "In landmark decision, Saudi Arabia to eliminate flogging punishment" . Al Arabiya English . 24 April 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200428151858/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2020/04/24/Saudi-courts-ordered-to-stop-use-of-lashing-as-punishment-Okaz-report.html) Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=In+landmark+decision%2C+Saudi+Arabia+to+eliminate+flogging+punishment&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fgulf%2F2020%2F04%2F24%2FSaudi-courts-ordered-to-stop-use-of-lashing-as-punishment-Okaz-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HRW2016_309-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160826080422/https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system) "Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 16 July 2016. Archived from (https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/16/boxed/women-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system) the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Boxed+In+%E2%80%94+Women+and+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Male+Guardianship+System&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2016%2F07%2F16%2Fboxed%2Fwomen-and-saudi-arabias-male-guardianship-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-310) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20081002083608/http://www.hri.ca/pdfs/HRT%20Spring%2C%20Volume%208%2C%20No.%201%2C%202001.pdf) "Human Rights Tribune – ed. Spring 2001" (PDF) . Human Rights Tribune . International Human Rights Documentation Network. Spring 2001. Archived from (http://www.hri.ca/pdfs/HRT%20Spring,%20Volume%208,%20No.%201,%202001.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Tribune&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Tribune+%E2%80%93+ed.+Spring+2001&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hri.ca%2Fpdfs%2FHRT%2520Spring%2C%2520Volume%25208%2C%2520No.%25201%2C%25202001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-311) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Andrea Dworkin (1978). (http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIA.html) "A Feminist Looks at Saudi Arabia" . Andrea Dworkin on nostatusquo.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120829142441/http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIA.html) Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Feminist+Looks+at+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Andrea+Dworkin+on+nostatusquo.com&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Andrea+Dworkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nostatusquo.com%2FACLU%2Fdworkin%2FWarZoneChaptIIIA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Handrahan_312-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Handrahan LM (Spring 2001). "Gender Apartheid and Cultural Absolution: Saudi Arabia and the International Criminal Court". Human Rights Tribune'  . 8 (1). Human Rights Internet. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Tribune%27&rft.atitle=Gender+Apartheid+and+Cultural+Absolution%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Handrahan+LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2010)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged July 2010) dead link   ]     (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-313) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.smh.com.au/world/the-australian-who-has-become-a-prisoner-of-gender-apartheid-20091113-ier0.html) "The Australian who has become a prisoner of gender apartheid" . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 November 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20100217045604/http://www.smh.com.au/world/the-australian-who-has-become-a-prisoner-of-gender-apartheid-20091113-ier0.html) Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Australian+who+has+become+a+prisoner+of+gender+apartheid&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fthe-australian-who-has-become-a-prisoner-of-gender-apartheid-20091113-ier0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-GFOELLER_5_June_2023_314-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  GFOELLER, MICHAEL; RUNDELL, DAVID H. (5 June 2023). (https://www.newsweek.com/saudi-arabia-us-are-more-just-oil-water-opinion-1804607) "Saudi Arabia and the U.S. Are More Than Just Oil and Water" . Newsweek. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230606002230/https://www.newsweek.com/saudi-arabia-us-are-more-just-oil-water-opinion-1804607) Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+the+U.S.+Are+More+Than+Just+Oil+and+Water&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.aulast=GFOELLER&rft.aufirst=MICHAEL&rft.au=RUNDELL%2C+DAVID+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsaudi-arabia-us-are-more-just-oil-water-opinion-1804607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-315) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44576795.amp) "Saudi Arabia's ban on women driving officially ends" . 23 June 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250604122337/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44576795.amp) Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+ban+on+women+driving+officially+ends&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-44576795.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-levitt_316-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Levitt, Tom; Parent, Deepa (28 May 2025). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/may/28/saudi-arabia-women-girls-rehabilitation-prisons-dar-al-reaya) "Revealed: Saudi Arabia's secretive rehabilitation 'prisons' for disobedient women" . The Guardian . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Saudi+Arabia%27s+secretive+rehabilitation+%27prisons%27+for+disobedient+women&rft.date=2025-05-28&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Parent%2C+Deepa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2025%2Fmay%2F28%2Fsaudi-arabia-women-girls-rehabilitation-prisons-dar-al-reaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-factbook_317-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208041651/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2196.html) "Trafficking In Persons" . cia.gov . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2196.html) the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=Trafficking+In+Persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2Fprint_2196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-318) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/5826/2022/en/) "Saudi Arabia: "It's like we are not human": Forced returns, abhorrent detention conditions of Ethiopian migrants in Saudi Arabia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  . 16 December 2022. p. 6. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde23/5826/2022/en/) Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Under Saudi Arabia's repressive sponsorship (kafala) system, migrant workers are only able to obtain a work permit or residency through an employer, and they are only able to terminate their contracts or change employers under certain conditions without the consent of their employer. Those who lose their residency status, either because they leave their jobs without the consent of the employer or overstay their work permits, and those who are unable to find employment in the formal sector are at risk of arbitrary detention, deportation to their home country by the authorities, as well as abuses such as forced labour and physical and sexual assault.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+%22It%27s+like+we+are+not+human%22%3A+Forced+returns%2C+abhorrent+detention+conditions+of+Ethiopian+migrants+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde23%2F5826%2F2022%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors) "French prosecutors probe slavery claims against Saudi prince" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Eye) (Middle East Eye) Middle East Eye  . 6 July 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors) Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Human rights groups have often criticised Saudi Arabia's kafala system, a policy they say is exploitative and a form of modern slavery.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=French+prosecutors+probe+slavery+claims+against+Saudi+prince&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsaudi-arabia-prince-accused-modern-day-slavery-french-prosecutors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-imf2_320-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October) "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022" . IMF.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2022&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FOctober&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-autogenerated1995_321-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/169.htm) "Saudi Arabia" . OPEC. 1 January 1995. Retrieved 28 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=OPEC&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (https://www.npr.org/2011/06/08/137065443/opec-decides-not-to-increase-oil-production) "OPEC Decides Not To Increase Oil Production" , Jeff Brady. NPR. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-undp_323-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120528085109/http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=31&sscid=142) "Saudi Arabia's first step towards clean energy technologies" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) UNDP . Archived from (http://arabstates.undp.org/subpage.php?spid=31&sscid=142) the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+first+step+towards+clean+energy+technologies&rft.pub=UNDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabstates.undp.org%2Fsubpage.php%3Fspid%3D31%26sscid%3D142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Balamir Coşkun, Bezen (Winter 2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140401102351/http://www.uidergisi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Global-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf) "Global Energy Geopolitics and Iran" (PDF) . Uluslararası İlişkiler . 5 (20): 179– 201. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkiler&rft.atitle=Global+Energy+Geopolitics+and+Iran&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=179-201&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Balamir+Co%C5%9Fkun%2C+Bezen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uidergisi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2FGlobal-Energy-Geopolitics-and-Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anthony, Craig (12 September 2016). (http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp) "10 Countries With The Most Natural Resources" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investopedia) (Investopedia) Investopedia  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=10+Countries+With+The+Most+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fmarkets-economy%2F090516%2F10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-326) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  By Nayla Razzouk and Claudia Carpenter (19 December 2017). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-19/saudi-arabia-sees-higher-oil-revenue-as-opec-cuts-boost-prices) "Saudi Arabia Sees Higher Oil Revenue as OPEC Cuts Boost Prices" . Bloomberg.com . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Sees+Higher+Oil+Revenue+as+OPEC+Cuts+Boost+Prices&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.au=By+Nayla+Razzouk+and+Claudia+Carpenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-12-19%2Fsaudi-arabia-sees-higher-oil-revenue-as-opec-cuts-boost-prices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sau/) "OEC – Saudi Arabia (SAU) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners" . oec.world . Retrieved 15 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oec.world&rft.atitle=OEC+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%28SAU%29+Exports%2C+Imports%2C+and+Trade+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fsau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-coy-employ_328-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Coy, Peter (16 July 2014). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140717192344/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-16/can-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market) "Online Education Targets Saudi Arabia's Labor Problem, Starting With Women" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from (http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-07-16/can-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market) the original on 17 July 2014. Saudi citizens account for two-thirds of employment in the high-paying, comfortable public sector, but only one-fifth of employment in the more dynamic private sector, according to the International Monetary Fund (PDF).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Online+Education+Targets+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Labor+Problem%2C+Starting+With+Women&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.au=Coy%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2014-07-16%2Fcan-online-classes-fix-saudi-arabias-broken-labor-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-McDowall_329-0) ↑   Economists "estimate only 30–40 percent of working-age Saudis hold jobs or actively seek work," the official employment rate of around 12 percent notwithstanding: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McDowall, Angus (19 January 2014). (http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/01/20/Saudi-Arabiya-doubles-number-of-citizens-in-private-sector-jobs.html) "Saudi Arabia doubles private sector jobs in 30-month period" . Reuters. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+doubles+private+sector+jobs+in+30-month+period&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2F01%2F20%2FSaudi-Arabiya-doubles-number-of-citizens-in-private-sector-jobs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HT2009:_150_330-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-HT2009:_150_330-1) 2   (Saudi_Arabia.html#HT2009) Tripp, Culture Shock , 2009 : p. 206  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20101122123445/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/crudeoilreserves.xls) "Crude Oil Reserves" . Archived from (http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/crudeoilreserves.xls) the original on 22 November 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crude+Oil+Reserves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Fpub%2Finternational%2Fiealf%2Fcrudeoilreserves.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Simmons) (Matthew Simmons) Simmons, Matthew (2005) [10 June 2005]. (https://archive.org/details/twilightindesert00simm_0) Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy  . Wiley. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3) 978-0-471-73876-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+in+the+Desert%3A+The+Coming+Saudi+Oil+Shock+and+the+World+Economy&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73876-3&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightindesert00simm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Aluwaisheg_333-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg (29 September 2014). (http://www.arabnews.com/news/464657) "When privatization goes wrong" . Arab News . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=When+privatization+goes+wrong&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.au=Abdel+Aziz+Aluwaisheg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnews%2F464657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-house-161_334-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#House) House , p. 161: "Over the past decade, the government has announced one plan after another to 'Saudize' the economy, but to no avail. The foreign workforce grows, and so does unemployment among Saudis. .... The previous plan called for slashing unemployment to 2.8% only to see it rise to 10.5% in 2009, the end of that plan period. Government plans in Saudi are like those in the old Soviet Union, grandiose but unmet. (Also, as in the old Soviet Union, nearly all Saudi official statistics are unreliable, so economists believe the real Saudi unemployment rate is closer to 40%)"  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Modarresi_335-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi) (Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi) Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf) The Laws of Islam  (PDF) . Enlight Press. p. 471. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9942409-8-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9942409-8-9) 978-0-9942409-8-9  . Archived from (http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Islam&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Enlight+Press&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-9942409-8-9&rft.au=Mohammad+Taqi+al-Modarresi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmodarresi.com%2Fen%2Fbooks%2Fpdf%2FTheLawsofIslam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-336) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nationthailand.com/international/30341660) "Ancient silk road port found in Saudi Arabia" . nationthailand . 24 March 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationthailand&rft.atitle=Ancient+silk+road+port+found+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2018-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationthailand.com%2Finternational%2F30341660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.arabnews.com/node/979341/saudi-arabia) "How Saudi Arabia revived the ancient Silk Road" . Arab News . 3 September 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=How+Saudi+Arabia+revived+the+ancient+Silk+Road&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F979341%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/china-to-boost-belt-and-road-links-with-saudi-arabia) "China to Boost Belt and Road Links with Saudi Arabia" . The Maritime Executive . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Maritime+Executive&rft.atitle=China+to+Boost+Belt+and+Road+Links+with+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime-executive.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-to-boost-belt-and-road-links-with-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.business.hsbc.ae/en-gb/insights) "Insights" . www.business.hsbc.ae . 25 March 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.business.hsbc.ae&rft.atitle=Insights&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business.hsbc.ae%2Fen-gb%2Finsights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-340) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nelson, Soraya Sarhaddi (19 May 2011). (https://www.npr.org/2011/05/19/136439885/poverty-hides-amid-saudi-arabias-oil-wealth) "Poverty Hides Amid Saudi Arabia's Oil Wealth" . NPR . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Poverty+Hides+Amid+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Oil+Wealth&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Soraya+Sarhaddi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F05%2F19%2F136439885%2Fpoverty-hides-amid-saudi-arabias-oil-wealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-341) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111020014206/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlSBqgW5xx0) "Mal3ob 3alena : Poverty in Saudi Arabia English Version" . YouTube. Archived from (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlSBqgW5xx0) the original on 20 October 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mal3ob+3alena+%3A+Poverty+in+Saudi+Arabia+English+Version&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSlSBqgW5xx0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gutman, Roy (4 December 2011). (http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/12/04/132112/saudi-dissidents-turn-to-youtube.html) "Saudi dissidents turn to YouTube to air their frustrations" . McClatchy Newspapers . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClatchy+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Saudi+dissidents+turn+to+YouTube+to+air+their+frustrations&rft.date=2011-12-04&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F2011%2F12%2F04%2F132112%2Fsaudi-dissidents-turn-to-youtube.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-343) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hill, Amelia (23 October 2011). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/23/feras-boqna-saudi-arabia-poverty) "Saudi film-makers enter second week of detention" . The Guardian . London. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+film-makers+enter+second+week+of+detention&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Foct%2F23%2Fferas-boqna-saudi-arabia-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-344) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120103204944/http://lebanonspring.com/2011/10/19/plot-to-show-foreign-poverty-in-foreign-saudi-arabia-arab-spring-youtube-video/) "A foreign Saudi plot to expose foreign poverty in foreign Saudi" . Lebanon Spring . 19 October 2011. Archived from (http://lebanonspring.com/2011/10/19/plot-to-show-foreign-poverty-in-foreign-saudi-arabia-arab-spring-youtube-video/) the original on 3 January 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lebanon+Spring&rft.atitle=A+foreign+Saudi+plot+to+expose+foreign+poverty+in+foreign+Saudi&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flebanonspring.com%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fplot-to-show-foreign-poverty-in-foreign-saudi-arabia-arab-spring-youtube-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://observers.france24.com/content/20081028-poverty-exists-saudi-arabia) "Poverty exists in Saudi Arabia too | The Observers" . France 24. 28 October 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+exists+in+Saudi+Arabia+too+%26%23124%3B+The+Observers&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservers.france24.com%2Fcontent%2F20081028-poverty-exists-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-346) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-29/saudi-prince-mbs-s-vision-2030-confronts-coronavirus-oil-shock) "Saudi Prince's Year of Prestige Is Unraveling in Front of Him" . Bloomberg.com . 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Prince%27s+Year+of+Prestige+Is+Unraveling+in+Front+of+Him&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-04-29%2Fsaudi-prince-mbs-s-vision-2030-confronts-coronavirus-oil-shock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/business/energy/saudi-arabia-china-sign-three-renewable-energy-deals-1.1721217886262) "Saudi Arabia, China sign three renewable energy deals" . gulfnews.com . 17 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+China+sign+three+renewable+energy+deals&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fsaudi-arabia-china-sign-three-renewable-energy-deals-1.1721217886262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:6_348-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:6_348-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:6_348-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Economy) "Saudi Arabia - Oil, Trade, Investment | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 29 July 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+-+Oil%2C+Trade%2C+Investment+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2025-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSaudi-Arabia%2FEconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=SA) Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Saudi Arabia | Data World Bank Group  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wippel, Steffen (4 October 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=lh3TEAAAQBAJ) Branding the Middle East: Communication Strategies and Image Building from Qom to Casablanca  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gruyter) (De Gruyter) De Gruyter . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110741155) (Special:BookSources/9783110741155) 9783110741155  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Branding+the+Middle+East%3A+Communication+Strategies+and+Image+Building+from+Qom+to+Casablanca&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.isbn=9783110741155&rft.aulast=Wippel&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh3TEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-351) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=mgmYhVo2VkEC) Foreign Agriculture 1992  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service) (Foreign Agricultural Service) Foreign Agricultural Service . December 1992. p. 118. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Agriculture+1992&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgmYhVo2VkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roberts, David B. (18 April 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QdWTEAAAQBAJ) Security Politics in the Gulf Monarchies: Continuity Amid Change  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press) (Columbia University Press) Columbia University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231555913) (Special:BookSources/9780231555913) 9780231555913  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Politics+in+the+Gulf+Monarchies%3A+Continuity+Amid+Change&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft.isbn=9780231555913&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdWTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-353) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/512111-largest-olive-farm#:~:text=The%20largest%20modern%20olive%20farm,northern%20region%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia.) "Largest modern olive farm" . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guinnessworldrecords.com&rft.atitle=Largest+modern+olive+farm&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F512111-largest-olive-farm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520largest%2520modern%2520olive%2520farm%2Cnorthern%2520region%2520of%2520Saudi%2520Arabia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/economy/2018/05/03/Saudi-olive-tree-farm-sets-Guinness-Records-for-largest-in-the-world.html) "Inside the Saudi olive farm, the largest in the world" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai) (Dubai) Dubai : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya_English) (Al Arabiya English) Al Arabiya English . 3 May 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Saudi+olive+farm%2C+the+largest+in+the+world&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2F2018%2F05%2F03%2FSaudi-olive-tree-farm-sets-Guinness-Records-for-largest-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-355) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20081113093305/http://www.elopak.com/site/cms.jsp?node=11449) "Innovation Drive Al-Marai" . Elopak. Archived from (http://www.elopak.com/site/cms.jsp?node=11449) the original on 13 November 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Innovation+Drive+Al-Marai&rft.pub=Elopak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elopak.com%2Fsite%2Fcms.jsp%3Fnode%3D11449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Frank (3 April 2023). (https://dairybusinessmea.com/2023/04/03/saudi-arabia-achieves-dairy-self-sufficiency-in-less-than-50-years/) "Saudi Arabia achieves dairy self-sufficiency in less than 50 years | Dairy Business Middle East & Africa - No.1 Dairy Industry Website & Magazine" . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+achieves+dairy+self-sufficiency+in+less+than+50+years+%7C+Dairy+Business+Middle+East+%26+Africa+-+No.1+Dairy+Industry+Website+%26+Magazine&rft.date=2023-04-03&rft.au=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdairybusinessmea.com%2F2023%2F04%2F03%2Fsaudi-arabia-achieves-dairy-self-sufficiency-in-less-than-50-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-357) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.csis.org/analysis/dairy-kingdom-saudi-arabia-makes-desert-moo) "Dairy Kingdom: Saudi Arabia Makes the Desert Moo" . Middle East Notes and Comment . 15 April 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Notes+and+Comment&rft.atitle=Dairy+Kingdom%3A+Saudi+Arabia+Makes+the+Desert+Moo&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fdairy-kingdom-saudi-arabia-makes-desert-moo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-358) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.world-grain.com/articles/6275-saudi-arabia-ends-domestic-wheat-production-program) "Saudi Arabia ends domestic wheat production program" . Retrieved 8 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+ends+domestic+wheat+production+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-grain.com%2Farticles%2F6275-saudi-arabia-ends-domestic-wheat-production-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:7_359-0) ↑   (https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Grain%20and%20Feed%20Annual_Riyadh_Saudi%20Arabia_SA2025-0003#:~:text=Since%20MY%202019/2020%2C%20small,wheat%20supply%20situation%20as%20needed.) Grain and Feed Annual: Saudi Arabia (March 20, 2025) U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=SAU#:~:text=Wheat%20production%20forecast%20at%20above,stocks%20to%20ensure%20food%20security.) "FAO GIEWS Country Brief on Saudi Arabia -" . www.fao.org . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAO+GIEWS+Country+Brief+on+Saudi+Arabia+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fgiews%2Fcountrybrief%2Fcountry.jsp%3Fcode%3DSAU%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWheat%2520production%2520forecast%2520at%2520above%2Cstocks%2520to%2520ensure%2520food%2520security.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-361) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/12/121217-saudi-arabia-water-grabs-ethiopia/) "Saudi Arabia Stakes a Claim on the Nile – Water Grabbers – National Geographic" . 19 December 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Stakes+a+Claim+on+the+Nile+%E2%80%93+Water+Grabbers+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F12%2F121217-saudi-arabia-water-grabs-ethiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-362) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-plants-13-million-mangrove-seedlings-1.103589232) "Saudi Arabia plants 13 million mangrove seedlings" . gulfnews.com . 24 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+plants+13+million+mangrove+seedlings&rft.date=2024-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi%2Fsaudi-arabia-plants-13-million-mangrove-seedlings-1.103589232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-363) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.arabnews.com/node/1410576) "Desalination in Saudi Arabia: An attractive investment opportunity" . Arab News . 25 November 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Desalination+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+An+attractive+investment+opportunity&rft.date=2018-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1410576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/) "What California can learn from Saudi Arabia's water mystery" . 22 April 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+California+can+learn+from+Saudi+Arabia%27s+water+mystery&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revealnews.org%2Farticle%2Fwhat-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-365) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/saudi-arabia-water-use/) "Saudi Arabia's Great Thirst" . National Geographic . 10 January 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Great+Thirst&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Ffreshwater%2Fsaudi-arabia-water-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-366) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  RYOT (9 November 2015). (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAE2QEaF3A0) "Saudi Farmers Buy Up US Land After Drying Out Theirs" . Retrieved 26 March 2019 – via YouTube. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Farmers+Buy+Up+US+Land+After+Drying+Out+Theirs&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.au=RYOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DeAE2QEaF3A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_YouTube_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_YouTube_links_from_February_2022)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022) dead YouTube link   ]     (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-367) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/property/2014/03/09/Saudi-dairy-giant-Almarai-buys-agricultural-land-in-USA-.html) "Saudi dairy giant Almarai buys agricultural land in USA" . english.alarabiya.net . 9 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.alarabiya.net&rft.atitle=Saudi+dairy+giant+Almarai+buys+agricultural+land+in+USA&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fbusiness%2Fproperty%2F2014%2F03%2F09%2FSaudi-dairy-giant-Almarai-buys-agricultural-land-in-USA-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-368) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111225160434/https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/story/2011-12-25/argentina-farmland-saudi-arabia/52142448/1) "Saudi firm buys farmland in Argentina to secure animal feed" . USA Today . Archived from (https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/story/2011-12-25/argentina-farmland-saudi-arabia/52142448/1) the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Saudi+firm+buys+farmland+in+Argentina+to+secure+animal+feed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Findustries%2Ffood%2Fstory%2F2011-12-25%2Fargentina-farmland-saudi-arabia%2F52142448%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-369) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/international/2009/05/21/outsourcings-third-wave) "Outsourcing's third wave" . The Economist . 21 May 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Outsourcing%27s+third+wave&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2009%2F05%2F21%2Foutsourcings-third-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilkerson, Michael (15 July 2009). (https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/07/15/why-is-saudi-arabia-buying-up-african-farmland/) "Why is Saudi Arabia buying up African farmland?" . Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+Saudi+Arabia+buying+up+African+farmland%3F&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Wilkerson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2009%2F07%2F15%2Fwhy-is-saudi-arabia-buying-up-african-farmland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-371) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aburawa, Arwa (26 June 2012). (https://greenprophet.com/2012/06/africa-land-grab-middle-east/) "African Land Grab Continues – Middle East Is Major Buyer" . Green Prophet . Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Prophet&rft.atitle=African+Land+Grab+Continues+%E2%80%93+Middle+East+Is+Major+Buyer&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.aulast=Aburawa&rft.aufirst=Arwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenprophet.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fafrica-land-grab-middle-east%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/21/rich-countries-are-buying-up-farmland-from-poorer-ones-around-the-world/) "An incredible image shows how powerful countries are buying up much of the world's land" . The Washington Post . 21 May 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=An+incredible+image+shows+how+powerful+countries+are+buying+up+much+of+the+world%27s+land&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonk%2Fwp%2F2015%2F05%2F21%2Frich-countries-are-buying-up-farmland-from-poorer-ones-around-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khetani, Sanya. (https://www.businessinsider.com/transnational-land-deals-india-china-2012-5) "These 14 Countries Are Buying Incredible Amounts Of Foreign Land In Deals You Never Hear About" . Business Insider . Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=These+14+Countries+Are+Buying+Incredible+Amounts+Of+Foreign+Land+In+Deals+You+Never+Hear+About&rft.aulast=Khetani&rft.aufirst=Sanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Ftransnational-land-deals-india-china-2012-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Demick, Barbara (29 March 2014). (https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-china-foreign-farmland-20140329-story.html) "China looks abroad for greener pastures" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) (Los Angeles Times) Los Angeles Times  . Retrieved 26 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=China+looks+abroad+for+greener+pastures&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.aulast=Demick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-china-foreign-farmland-20140329-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO) (FAO) FAO . 2023. (https://www.fao.org/3/cc8166en/cc8166en.pdf) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023  . Rome. p. 41–42  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-JMP_376-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080216075751/http://www.wssinfo.org/) "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program" . Archived from (https://www.wssinfo.org/) the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO%2FUNICEF+Joint+Monitoring+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wssinfo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065526/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/saudi-arabia/summary/) "WASHWatch Saudi Arabia" . washwatch.org . Archived from (https://washwatch.org/en/countries/saudi-arabia/summary/) the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washwatch.org&rft.atitle=WASHWatch+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashwatch.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-378) ↑   WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hiltner, Stephen (5 June 2024). (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/05/travel/saudi-arabia-tourism.html) "Surprising, Unsettling, Surreal: Roaming Through Saudi Arabia" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Surprising%2C+Unsettling%2C+Surreal%3A+Roaming+Through+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2024-06-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hiltner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F06%2F05%2Ftravel%2Fsaudi-arabia-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607898-can-kingdom-attract-more-visitors-wish-you-were-here) Tourism in Saudi Arabia: Wish you were here , economist.com.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-381) ↑   (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/travel-hospitality/387984-tourism-key-to-saudi-arabias-vision-2030-plans) Tourism key to Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 plans , arabianbusiness.com  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-visa/saudi-arabia-to-offer-visitor-visa-for-special-events-from-december-idUSKCN1M51LD) "Saudi Arabia to offer visitor visa for special events from December" . Reuters . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+offer+visitor+visa+for+special+events+from+December&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-saudi-visa%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-offer-visitor-visa-for-special-events-from-december-idUSKCN1M51LD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20231003010758/https://mirrorherald.com/tourist-visa-to-saudi-arabia/) "Tourist Visa to Saudi Arabia: Revising Age-Old Policies for Visitors" . Mirror Herald . Archived from (https://mirrorherald.com/tourist-visa-to-saudi-arabia/) the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirror+Herald&rft.atitle=Tourist+Visa+to+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Revising+Age-Old+Policies+for+Visitors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmirrorherald.com%2Ftourist-visa-to-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://arab.news/prnxs) "Saudi visa on arrival for tourists with UK, US, EU visas" . Arab News . 4 January 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+visa+on+arrival+for+tourists+with+UK%2C+US%2C+EU+visas&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2Fprnxs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-385) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/632956/SAUDI-ARABIA/Saudi-Arabias-population-crosses-32-million-census-results-show) "Saudi Arabia's population crosses 32 million, census results show" . Saudigazette . 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudigazette&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+population+crosses+32+million%2C+census+results+show&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F632956%2FSAUDI-ARABIA%2FSaudi-Arabias-population-crosses-32-million-census-results-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://twitter.com/stats_saudi/status/1663858269553668096?s=46&t=H4EEcLIw0913BHpEdhZ33w) "@stats_saudi" . Twitter . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=%40stats_saudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fstats_saudi%2Fstatus%2F1663858269553668096%3Fs%3D46%26t%3DH4EEcLIw0913BHpEdhZ33w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_387-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CIA2_387-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia) "The World Factbook: Saudi Arabia" . Central Intelligence Agency . 21 December 2021. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-388) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thiollet, Hélène (2 August 2021). (https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03329591) "Migrants and monarchs: regime survival, state transformation and migration politics in Saudi Arabia" . Third World Quarterly . 43 (7): 1645– 1665. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2021.1948325) 10.1080/01436597.2021.1948325 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238794883) 238794883 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Migrants+and+monarchs%3A+regime+survival%2C+state+transformation+and+migration+politics+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1645-1665&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2021.1948325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238794883%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thiollet&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-03329591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-389) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110507035406/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm) "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" . United Nations. Archived from (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm) the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2010+Revision&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2Funpp%2FPanel_profiles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-long-27_390-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Long) Long , p. 27  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-391) ↑   One journalist states that 51% of the Saudi population is under the age of 25: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Caryle Murphy (7 February 2012). (http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2012/02/saudi-arabias-youth-and-the-kingdoms-future/) "Saudi Arabia's Youth and the Kingdom's Future" . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars' Environmental Change and Security Program. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Youth+and+the+Kingdom%27s+Future&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars%27+Environmental+Change+and+Security+Program&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.au=Caryle+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsecuritybeat.org%2F2012%2F02%2Fsaudi-arabias-youth-and-the-kingdoms-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  Two other sources state that 60% is under the age of 21: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/03/03/out-of-the-comfort-zone) "Out of the comfort zone" . The Economist . 3 March 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+comfort+zone&rft.date=2012-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2012%2F03%2F03%2Fout-of-the-comfort-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  , (Saudi_Arabia.html#House) House , p. 221  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-392) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118101507/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) "Saudi Arabia" . The World Factbook . Cia.gov. 8 February 2022. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) the original on 18 January 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-393) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002857/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp) "Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart" . Archived from (http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp) the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2014 . The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the pilgrims to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mecca%3A+Islam%27s+cosmopolitan+heart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Ffaith-europe_islam%2Fmecca_3882.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-394) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf) "Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 (Arabic)" (PDF) . p. 11. Archived from (http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf) the original (PDF) on 15 November 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Population+Statistics+2011+%28Arabic%29&rft.pages=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.relooney.info%2FSI_Milken-Arabia%2F0-Important_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-395) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#House) House , p. 69: "Most Saudis only two generations ago eked out a subsistence living in rural provinces, but ... urbanization over the past 40 years [so now] .... fully 80% of Saudis now live in one of the country's three major urban centers – Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam."  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#HT2003) Tripp, Culture Shock , 2003 : p. 31  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-397) ↑   Willem Adriaan Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (1976) (https://books.google.com/books?id=tIfYPppdbeYC&pg=PA452) Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey  , Brill, p. 452. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8) (Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1779-8) 978-90-247-1779-8    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-autogenerated1_398-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_8.shtml) "Religion & Ethics – Islam and slavery: Abolition" . BBC. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Islam+and+slavery%3A+Abolition&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_8.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-autogenerated2_399-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120201010846/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160) "Slavery" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from (http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160) the original on 1 February 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-400) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181206134021/http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Content/getdocument.aspx?f=%2Fopenshare%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm) "About ArRiyadh" . High Commission for the Development of Ar-Riyadh . Archived from (http://www.arriyadh.com/Eng/Ab-Arriyad/Content/getdocument.aspx?f=%2Fopenshare%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm) the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Commission+for+the+Development+of+Ar-Riyadh&rft.atitle=About+ArRiyadh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arriyadh.com%2FEng%2FAb-Arriyad%2FContent%2Fgetdocument.aspx%3Ff%3D%252Fopenshare%252FEng%252FAb-Arriyad%252FContent%252FRiyadh-in-year-2013.doc_cvt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-3) 4  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-4) 5  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Eastern_Region_401-5) 6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183625/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/65/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Eastern Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/65/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Eastern+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F65%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_402-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_402-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_402-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Makkah_Al-Mokarramah_402-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160302154408/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Makkah Al-Mokarramah Region, 2014 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/cdsi_data/yb50/Tabels/Chapter2/Table2-3.htm) the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Makkah+Al-Mokarramah+Region%2C+2014+A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcdsi_data%2Fyb50%2FTabels%2FChapter2%2FTable2-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Aseer_403-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Aseer_403-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183622/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/61/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Aseer Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/61/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Aseer+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F61%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Hail_404-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125210933/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/67/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Hail Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/67/download) the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Hail+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F67%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah_405-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Madinah_Al-Monawarah_405-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183628/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/53/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/53/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Al-Madinah+Al-Monawarah+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F53%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Riyad_406-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183619/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/57/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Al-Riyad Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/57/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Al-Riyad+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F57%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Al-Qaseem_407-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183620/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/55/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Al-Qaseem Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/55/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Al-Qaseem+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F55%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Najran_408-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190531183619/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/57/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Najran Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/57/download) the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Najran+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F57%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Tabouk_409-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112235000/https://data.gov.sa/en/node/75/download) "Population Distribution (Saudi and Non Saudi) in Governorates of Tabouk Region, 2013 A.D." Stats.gov.sa . Archived from (http://www.data.gov.sa/en/node/75/download) the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Population+Distribution+%28Saudi+and+Non+Saudi%29+in+Governorates+of+Tabouk+Region%2C+2013+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.gov.sa%2Fen%2Fnode%2F75%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-410) ↑   (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ars) (ethnologue:ars) Arabic, Najdi Spoken . Ethnologue  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-411) ↑   (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw) (ethnologue:acw) Arabic, Hijazi Spoken . Ethnologue  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-412) ↑   (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/afb) (ethnologue:afb) Arabic, Gulf Spoken . Ethnologue  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-413) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Prochazka, Theodore (2015). Saudi Arabian dialects (First issued in paperpack ed.). London: Routledge. p. 3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138981294) (Special:BookSources/9781138981294) 9781138981294  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabian+dialects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=First+issued+in+paperpack&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781138981294&rft.aulast=Prochazka&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-414) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  الحيدري, فيصل (20 June 2012). (https://www.alwatan.com.sa/article/142226) "20 ألف سعودي يتحدثون "المهرية" " . Watanksa (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watanksa&rft.atitle=20+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%22&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alwatan.com.sa%2Farticle%2F142226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-415) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SA/status) "Saudi Arabia" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 19 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FSA%2Fstatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-416) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Basheer, K P M (14 September 2017). (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cinema-returns-to-saudi-arabia/article21599013.ece) "Market for Malayalam films unfolding in Saudi" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu) (The Hindu) The Hindu  . Retrieved 17 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Market+for+Malayalam+films+unfolding+in+Saudi&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.aulast=Basheer&rft.aufirst=K+P+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fcinema-returns-to-saudi-arabia%2Farticle21599013.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Reid2012Massawa_417-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=US6RQtYwasUC) "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa" . A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons) (John Wiley and Sons) John Wiley and Sons . p. 106. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65898-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65898-7) 978-0-470-65898-7  . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Frontier+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Africa%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65898-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUS6RQtYwasUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-419) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=196c) "Religions in Saudi Arabia | Arda" . www.thearda.com . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thearda.com&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Saudi+Arabia+%26%23124%3B+Arda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D196c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-420) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20091108194815/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) "Mapping the World Muslim Population" (PDF) . Archived from (https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) the original (PDF) on 8 November 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+World+Muslim+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-PewForump.17_421-0) ↑   (https://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf) Mapping the World Muslim Population (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214725/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf) Archived 19 June 2018 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  (October 2009), Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. p. 16 (p. 17 of the PDF).  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-422) ↑   Data for Saudi Arabia comes primarily from general population surveys, which are less reliable than censuses or large-scale demographic and health surveys for estimating minority-majority ratios.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-PF2009_423-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/) "Mapping the Global Muslim Population. Countries with More Than 100,000 Shia Muslims" . Pew Forum . 7 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Saudi Arabia ... Approximate Percentage of Muslim Population that is Shia .... 10–15  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Forum&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population.+Countries+with+More+Than+100%2C000+Shia+Muslims&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F10%2F07%2Fmapping-the-global-muslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-bbc-shia_424-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Qudaihi, Anees (24 March 2009). (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm) "Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights" . bbc. Although they only represent 15% of the overall Saudi population of more than 25 million ...  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Shia+press+for+rights&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=al-Qudaihi&rft.aufirst=Anees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7959531.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-cfr-shiite_425-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Beehner, Lionel (16 June 2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100411123648/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html) "Shia Muslims in the Mideast" . Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from (http://www.cfr.org/publication/10903/shiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html) the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Small but potentially powerful Shiite are found throughout the Gulf States ... Saudi Arabia (15 percent)  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shia+Muslims+in+the+Mideast&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.aulast=Beehner&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fpublication%2F10903%2Fshiite_muslims_in_the_middle_east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Nasr2006_p._236_426-0) ↑   Nasr, Shia Revival , (2006) p. 236  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-ibnghannam_427-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ibn Ghannam, Hussien (1961). Tarikh najd . Cairo. p. 438. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+najd&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=438&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ghannam&rft.aufirst=Hussien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location missing publisher ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) (Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-428) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Esposito, John L. (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA54) What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition  . Oxford University Press, US. p. 54. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979413-3) 978-0-19-979413-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know+about+Islam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979413-3&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wSVQI3Ya2EC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-The_Daily_Star_429-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-The_Daily_Star_429-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chikhi, Lamine (27 November 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127003849/http://dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&Article_id=121904#axzz16RGaXcDq) "State cracks down on Salafi literature at Algiers book fair" . Reuters . Archived from (http://dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&Article_id=121904) the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2026 – via The Daily Star. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=State+cracks+down+on+Salafi+literature+at+Algiers+book+fair&rft.date=2010-11-27&rft.aulast=Chikhi&rft.aufirst=Lamine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystar.com.lb%2Farticle.asp%3Fedition_id%3D10%26categ_id%3D4%26Article_id%3D121904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-431) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/09/03/saudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally) "Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally" . Human Rights Watch. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Treat+Shia+Equally&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2009%2F09%2F03%2Fsaudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-432) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia : Its People, past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future . Knopf. p. 235. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia+%3A+Its+People%2C+past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines+and+Future&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.au=House%2C+Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-433) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Central Intelligence Agency (28 April 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118101507/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) "Saudi Arabia" . The World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 22 May 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-434) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cookson, Catharine (2003). (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse/page/207) Encyclopedia of religious freedom  . Taylor & Francis. p. (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse/page/207) 207 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94181-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94181-5) 978-0-415-94181-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religious+freedom&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94181-5&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse%2Fpage%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-435) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/) "Saudi Arabia" . United States Department of State . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-436) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120812210929/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf) "GLOBAL INDEX OF RELIGION AND ATHEISM" (PDF) (Press release). WIN-Gallup International. December 2011. Archived from (http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf) the original (PDF) on 12 August 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLOBAL+INDEX+OF+RELIGION+AND+ATHEISM&rft.pub=WIN-Gallup+International&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredcresearch.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FRED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-437) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dewey, Caitlin; Fisher, Max (14 January 2014). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/23/a-surprising-map-of-where-the-worlds-atheists-live/) "A surprising map of where the world's atheists live" . The Washington Post . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+surprising+map+of+where+the+world%27s+atheists+live&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F05%2F23%2Fa-surprising-map-of-where-the-worlds-atheists-live%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-438) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Withnall, Adam (1 April 2014). (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-declares-all-atheists-are-terrorists-in-new-law-to-crack-down-on-political-dissidents-9228389.html) "All atheists are terrorists, Saudi Arabia declares" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=All+atheists+are+terrorists%2C+Saudi+Arabia+declares&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Withnall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-arabia-declares-all-atheists-are-terrorists-in-new-law-to-crack-down-on-political-dissidents-9228389.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-439) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf) "International Religious Freedom Report, 2017" (PDF) . U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 26 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report%2C+2017&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscirf.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017.USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:2_440-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:2_440-1) 2  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:2_440-2) 3  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:2_440-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Assegaf, Faisal (27 October 2022). (https://albalad.co/wawancara/2022A12466/i-am-among-a-few-jews-originated-from-saudi-arabia-still-alive/) "I am among a few Jews originated from Saudi Arabia still alive" . albalad.co . Retrieved 22 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albalad.co&rft.atitle=I+am+among+a+few+Jews+originated+from+Saudi+Arabia+still+alive&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Assegaf&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbalad.co%2Fwawancara%2F2022A12466%2Fi-am-among-a-few-jews-originated-from-saudi-arabia-still-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-441) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rattibha.com/thread/1254881982942756869) "رتبها" . rattibha.com . Retrieved 11 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rattibha.com&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frattibha.com%2Fthread%2F1254881982942756869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-442) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/the-saudi-education-system-education-essay.php) "Saudi Education System" . UKEssays.com . 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKEssays.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Education+System&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukessays.com%2Fessays%2Feducation%2Fthe-saudi-education-system-education-essay.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-443) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.saudiarabiaeducation.info/k12/saudi-arabia-k-12-education-system.html) "K 12 Education System of Saudi Arabia Classes 1 to 12" . www.saudiarabiaeducation.info . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saudiarabiaeducation.info&rft.atitle=K+12+Education+System+of+Saudi+Arabia+Classes+1+to+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiarabiaeducation.info%2Fk12%2Fsaudi-arabia-k-12-education-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-444) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.MA.ZS) "Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+adult+male+%28%25+of+males+ages+15+and+above%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.LITR.MA.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-445) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS) "Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+adult+female+%28%25+of+females+ages+15+and+above%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-446) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS?locations=SA) "Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15–24) – Saudi Arabia | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 16 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+youth+male+%28%25+of+males+ages+15%E2%80%9324%29+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.1524.LT.MA.ZS%3Flocations%3DSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-447) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS?locations=SA) "Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15–24) – Saudi Arabia | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 16 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Literacy+rate%2C+youth+female+%28%25+of+females+ages+15%E2%80%9324%29+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.ADT.1524.LT.FE.ZS%3Flocations%3DSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-448) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022) "Shanghai Ranking's Academic Ranking of World Universities" . www.shanghairanking.com . Retrieved 20 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft.atitle=Shanghai+Ranking%27s+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-449) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/arab-region-university-rankings/2022) "QS Arab Region University Rankings 2022" . Top Universities . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+Arab+Region+University+Rankings+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Farab-region-university-rankings%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-450) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.aawsat.com/node/4877301) "King Abdulaziz University Wins Global 'Zero Project Award' for 2024" . english.aawsat.com . Retrieved 26 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.aawsat.com&rft.atitle=King+Abdulaziz+University+Wins+Global+%27Zero+Project+Award%27+for+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fnode%2F4877301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-451) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211019214046/https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/country/all) "2018 tables: Countries/territories" . Nature Index . Archived from (https://www.natureindex.com/annual-tables/2018/country/all) the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Index&rft.atitle=2018+tables%3A+Countries%2Fterritories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureindex.com%2Fannual-tables%2F2018%2Fcountry%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-452) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1503356/business-economy) "Saudi Arabia most improved economy for business" . Arab News . 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+most+improved+economy+for+business&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1503356%2Fbusiness-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-453) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/saudi-arabia) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-454) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html) Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization . p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) 978-92-805-3797-0  . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025%3A+Innovation+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3797-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2025%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-455) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html) "Global Innovation Index 2019" . www.wipo.int . Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-456) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930) "Global Innovation Index" . INSEAD Knowledge . 28 October 2013. Archived from (https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930) the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INSEAD+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.insead.edu%2Fentrepreneurship-innovation%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Reforming_Saudi_Education_457-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Reforming_Saudi_Education_457-1) 2   (http://www.slate.com/id/2226874/entry/2226875/) Reforming Saudi Education Slate 7 September. 2009.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-458) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lake, Eli (25 March 2014). (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/25/u-s-keeps-saudi-arabia-s-worst-secret.html) "U.S. Keeps Saudi Arabia's Worst Secret" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) (The Daily Beast) The Daily Beast  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=U.S.+Keeps+Saudi+Arabia%27s+Worst+Secret&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F03%2F25%2Fu-s-keeps-saudi-arabia-s-worst-secret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-chronicle.com_459-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lindsey, Ursula (3 October 2010). (https://www.chronicle.com/article/saudi-arabias-education-reforms-emphasize-training-for-jobs/) "Saudi Arabia's Education Reforms Emphasize Training for Jobs" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Education+Reforms+Emphasize+Training+for+Jobs&rft.date=2010-10-03&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fsaudi-arabias-education-reforms-emphasize-training-for-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-460) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Kinani, Mohammed. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511114309/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008081814710) "SR9 billion Tatweer project set to transform education" . Saudi Gazette . Archived from (http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2008081814710) the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=SR9+billion+Tatweer+project+set+to+transform+education&rft.aulast=Al-Kinani&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudigazette.com.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhome.regcon%26contentID%3D2008081814710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-461) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.washingtonpost.com%2fworld%2fmiddle_east%2fsaudi-arabia-textbooks-education-curriculum%2f2021%2f01%2f30%2f28ebe632-5a54-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html) "Saudi Arabia scrubs school textbooks of some offensive text" . The Washington Post . 30 January 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+scrubs+school+textbooks+of+some+offensive+text&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgdpr-consent%2F%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%253a%252f%252fwww.washingtonpost.com%252fworld%252fmiddle_east%252fsaudi-arabia-textbooks-education-curriculum%252f2021%252f01%252f30%252f28ebe632-5a54-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-462) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled; Khan, Sami A.; Al-Borie, Hussein Mohammed (27 February 2019). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6391748) "Healthcare human resource development in Saudi Arabia: emerging challenges and opportunities—a critical review" . Public Health Reviews . 40 (1) 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-019-0112-4) 10.1186/s40985-019-0112-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2107-6952) 2107-6952 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6391748) 6391748  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30858991) 30858991 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reviews&rft.atitle=Healthcare+human+resource+development+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+emerging+challenges+and+opportunities%E2%80%94a+critical+review&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.artnum=1&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6391748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2107-6952&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30858991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40985-019-0112-4&rft.aulast=Al-Hanawi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Khaled&rft.au=Khan%2C+Sami+A.&rft.au=Al-Borie%2C+Hussein+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6391748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-463) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  David E. Long (1 January 2005). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long) Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia   . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. (https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/15) 15 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7) 978-0-313-32021-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32021-7&rft.au=David+E.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-464) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1387831/saudi-arabia) "Saudi Arabia's 937 Service Center received 80,007 calls last week" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News . 15 October 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+937+Service+Center+received+80%2C007+calls+last+week&rft.pub=Arab+News&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1387831%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-465) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1349476) "It's time to tip the scale against Saudi Arabia's obesity problem" . Arab News. 1 August 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+time+to+tip+the+scale+against+Saudi+Arabia%27s+obesity+problem&rft.pub=Arab+News&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1349476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-466) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shalhoub, Lulwa (12 June 2017). (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1113771/saudi-arabia) "New tax doubles the price of cigarettes, energy drinks in Saudi Arabia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+tax+doubles+the+price+of+cigarettes%2C+energy+drinks+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Arab+News&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Shalhoub&rft.aufirst=Lulwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1113771%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-467) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gillett, Katy (2 January 2019). (https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/health/saudi-arabia-brings-in-mandatory-calorie-labels-on-menus-1.808556) "Saudi Arabia brings in mandatory calorie labels on menus" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)) (The National (Abu Dhabi)) The National . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+brings+in+mandatory+calorie+labels+on+menus&rft.pub=The+National&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft.aulast=Gillett&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fuae%2Fhealth%2Fsaudi-arabia-brings-in-mandatory-calorie-labels-on-menus-1.808556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-468) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  White, Charles (13 February 2017). (https://metro.co.uk/2017/02/13/saudi-arabia-to-allow-women-to-use-gyms-to-lose-weight-6446103/) "Saudi Arabia to allow women to use gyms to lose weight" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)) (Metro (British newspaper)) Metro . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+allow+women+to+use+gyms+to+lose+weight&rft.pub=Metro&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-allow-women-to-use-gyms-to-lose-weight-6446103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-469) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1063326/corporate-news) "Fitness First confirms launch of ladies-only gyms in KSA" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News . 4 March 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fitness+First+confirms+launch+of+ladies-only+gyms+in+KSA&rft.pub=Arab+News&rft.date=2017-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1063326%2Fcorporate-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-470) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  @whoemro (22 May 2019). (https://twitter.com/whoemro/status/1131318112073203712) "#WHA72: Dr Al-Mandhari presented #HealthyCity certificates to Dr Hani Jokhadar @jokhdarh Undersecretary @SaudiMOH to award Unayzah & Riyadh Al Khabra as 4th and 5th healthy cities in The cities were qualified after successful evaluation by @WHO & external experts in March 2019" ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) (Tweet (social media)) Tweet ) – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) (Twitter) Twitter . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23WHA72%3A+Dr+Al-Mandhari+presented+%23HealthyCity+certificates+to+Dr+Hani+Jokhadar+%40jokhdarh+Undersecretary+%40SaudiMOH+to+award+Unayzah+%26+Riyadh+Al+Khabra+as+4th+and+5th+healthy+cities+in+The+cities+were+qualified+after+successful+evaluation+by+%40WHO+%26+external+experts+in+March+2019.&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.au=whoemro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fwhoemro%2Fstatus%2F1131318112073203712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-471) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  @SaudiMOH (4 October 2020). (https://twitter.com/SaudiMOH/status/1312783064595079170) "سمو أمير منطقة #الباحة يتسلم شهادة #المندق الصحية من معالي وزير الصحة بعد تصنيفها كمدينة صحية لتنضم إلى قائمة المدن الصحية العالمية المعتمدة من منظمة الصحة العالمية. وكانت كل من #الدرعية و #جلاجل و #الجموم و #عنيزة و #رياض_الخبراء قد أعلن عنها سابقًا كمدن صحية" [ His Highness, the Emir of Al-Baha region, receives the Al-Mandaq health certificate from His Excellency the Minister of Health after classifying it as a healthy city to join the list of global healthy cities approved by the World Health Organization. Al-Diriyah, Jalajil, Al-Jumum, Onaizah, and Riyadh Al-Khubra were previously declared healthy cities.] ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) (Tweet (social media)) Tweet ) (in Arabic) – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) (Twitter) Twitter . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88+%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%23%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%23%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9.+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D9%83%D9%84+%D9%85%D9%86+%23%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88+%23%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84+%D9%88+%23%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85+%D9%88+%23%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9+%D9%88+%23%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%82%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8B%D8%A7+%D9%83%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86+%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9.&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.au=SaudiMOH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FSaudiMOH%2Fstatus%2F1312783064595079170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-smokingaward_472-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-smokingaward_472-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/1501311/saudi-arabia) "Saudi Arabia receives global anti-smoking award" . Arab News. 24 May 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+receives+global+anti-smoking+award&rft.pub=Arab+News&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1501311%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:1_473-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:1_473-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=SA&most_recent_value_desc=true) "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Saudi Arabia | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 14 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28years%29+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%3Flocations%3DSA%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-474) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight_obesity/obesity_adults/en/) "Overweight and obesity" . World Health Organization . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Overweight+and+obesity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgho%2Fncd%2Frisk_factors%2Foverweight_obesity%2Fobesity_adults%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-CDSI_475-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/news/697371) "KSA population is 30.8m; 33% expats" . ArabNews.com. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KSA+population+is+30.8m%3B+33%25+expats&rft.pub=ArabNews.com&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnews%2F697371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-alriyadh.com_476-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  جريدة الرياض. (http://www.alriyadh.com/2010/08/05/article549461.html) "جريدة الرياض : سكان المملكة 27 مليوناً بينهم 8 ملايين مقيم" . جريدة الرياض . Alriyadh.com. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&rft.atitle=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6+%3A+%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+27+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85+8+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.au=%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.com%2F2010%2F08%2F05%2Farticle549461.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-477) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/number-pakistani-expats-exceeds-15-m) "Number of Pakistani expats exceeds 1.5 m" . Arabnews.com. 29 August 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Pakistani+expats+exceeds+1.5+m&rft.pub=Arabnews.com&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnumber-pakistani-expats-exceeds-15-m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-478) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120114054812/https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf) "Arab versus Asian migrant workers in the GCC countries" (PDF) . p. 10. Archived from (https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 January 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+versus+Asian+migrant+workers+in+the+GCC+countries&rft.pages=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fmeetings%2FEGM_Ittmig_Arab%2FP02_Kapiszewski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-the_guardian1_479-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chamberlain, Gethin (13 January 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers) "Saudi Arabia's treatment of foreign workers under fire after beheading of Sri Lankan maid" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140307/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/13/saudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers) Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+treatment+of+foreign+workers+under+fire+after+beheading+of+Sri+Lankan+maid&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Gethin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F13%2Fsaudi-arabia-treatment-foreign-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-humanrightswatch1_480-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Human Rights Watch (14 July 2004). (http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&docid=412ef32a4) " 'Bad Dreams:' Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200312095552/https://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=printdoc&docid=412ef32a4) Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Bad+Dreams%3A%27+Exploitation+and+Abuse+of+Migrant+Workers+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.date=2004-07-14&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frefworld%2Frwmain%3Fpage%3Dprintdoc%26amp%3Bdocid%3D412ef32a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-481) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  P.K. Abdul Ghafour (21 October 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20111108233041/http://www.arabnews.com/node/395511) "3 million expats to be sent out gradually" . Archived from (http://www.arabnews.com/node/395511) the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Nearly three million expatriate workers will have to leave the Kingdom in the next few years as the Labour Ministry has put a 20% ceiling on the country's guest workers  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+million+expats+to+be+sent+out+gradually&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.au=P.K.+Abdul+Ghafour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F395511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-482) ↑   "(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/01/yemen-guantanamo-al-qaida) Yemen's point of no return ". The Guardian . 1 April 2009.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-483) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Kibsi, Mohammed (12 January 2008). (http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2008/jan/saudi_authorities_erect_barriers_on_yemeni_border.aspx) "Saudi authorities erect barriers on Yemeni border" . Yemen Observer . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yemen+Observer&rft.atitle=Saudi+authorities+erect+barriers+on+Yemeni+border&rft.date=2008-01-12&rft.aulast=al-Kibsi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiiraan.com%2Fnews2%2F2008%2Fjan%2Fsaudi_authorities_erect_barriers_on_yemeni_border.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-484) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130407170421/https://www.persecutionofahmadis.org/saudi-arabia-amnesty-international-calls-for-end-to-arrests-and-expulsions/) "Saudi Arabia: Amnesty International calls for end to arrests and expulsions "Persecution of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community" . Persecutionofahmadis.org. Archived from (https://www.persecutionofahmadis.org/saudi-arabia-amnesty-international-calls-for-end-to-arrests-and-expulsions/) the original on 7 April 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Amnesty+International+calls+for+end+to+arrests+and+expulsions+%22Persecution+of+Ahmadiyya+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=Persecutionofahmadis.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persecutionofahmadis.org%2Fsaudi-arabia-amnesty-international-calls-for-end-to-arrests-and-expulsions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-485) ↑   "(https://www.vice.com/en/article/dogs-are-better-than-you-saudi-arabia-accused-of-mass-abuses-during-migrant-worker-crackdown/) 'Dogs Are Better Than You': Saudi Arabia Accused of Mass Abuses During Migrant Worker Crackdown ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News) (Vice News) Vice News . 11 May 2015.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-486) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, Will; Zelalem, Zecharias (30 August 2020). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/investigation-african-migrants-left-die-saudi-arabias-hellish/) "Investigation: African migrants 'left to die' in Saudi Arabia's hellish Covid detention centres"  . The Telegraph . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/investigation-african-migrants-left-die-saudi-arabias-hellish/) Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Investigation%3A+African+migrants+%27left+to+die%27+in+Saudi+Arabia%27s+hellish+Covid+detention+centres&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Zelalem%2C+Zecharias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fglobal-health%2Fclimate-and-people%2Finvestigation-african-migrants-left-die-saudi-arabias-hellish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)     (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-487) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-23/saudi-arabia-charges-foreigners-213-000-for-permanent-residency) "Saudi Arabia Charges Foreigners $213,000 for Permanent Residency" . Bloomberg . 23 June 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Charges+Foreigners+%24213%2C000+for+Permanent+Residency&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-06-23%2Fsaudi-arabia-charges-foreigners-213-000-for-permanent-residency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-488) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Doumato, Eleanor (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=5spje12_is4C&q=Only%2520a%2520muslim%2520can%2520be%2520a%2520saudi%2520citizen&pg=PA259) "Saudi Arabia" . In Nazir, Sameena; Tomppert, Leigh (eds.). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4992-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4992-0) 978-0-7425-4992-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Rights+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Citizenship+and+Justice&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4992-0&rft.aulast=Doumato&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5spje12_is4C%26q%3DOnly%252520a%252520muslim%252520can%252520be%252520a%252520saudi%252520citizen%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-489) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220620060614/https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/d9f183b6-3afc-4405-834f-a9a700f18571/1) "تفاصيل النظام" . laws.boe.gov.sa . Archived from (https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/d9f183b6-3afc-4405-834f-a9a700f18571/1) the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws.boe.gov.sa&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws.boe.gov.sa%2FBoeLaws%2FLaws%2FLawDetails%2Fd9f183b6-3afc-4405-834f-a9a700f18571%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-490) ↑   2004 law passed by Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=58980&d=14&m=2&y=2005) "Expatriates Can Apply for Saudi Citizenship in Two-to-Three Months" . Arabnews.com. 14 February 2005. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expatriates+Can+Apply+for+Saudi+Citizenship+in+Two-to-Three+Months&rft.pub=Arabnews.com&rft.date=2005-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2F%3Fpage%3D1%26section%3D0%26article%3D58980%26d%3D14%26m%3D2%26y%3D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-491) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/12/saudi-arabia-says-reports-of-its-syrian-refugee-response-false-and-misleading) "Saudi Arabia says criticism of Syria refugee response 'false and misleading' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . 12 September 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+says+criticism+of+Syria+refugee+response+%27false+and+misleading%27&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fsep%2F12%2Fsaudi-arabia-says-reports-of-its-syrian-refugee-response-false-and-misleading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-492) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190424202018/https://sacm.org.au/culture-traditions-and-art/) "Culture, Traditions and Art" . Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission | SACM . Archived from (https://sacm.org.au/culture-traditions-and-art/) the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Arabian+Cultural+Mission+%7C+SACM&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Traditions+and+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacm.org.au%2Fculture-traditions-and-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-493) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rodrigo Basco, Andrea Calabrò, Albert E. James, Jeremy Cheng, Luis Díaz Matajira, Nupur Pavan Bang, Georges Samara, ed. (13 May 2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=O-VvEAAAQBAJ) Family Business Case Studies Across the World  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing) (Edward Elgar Publishing) Edward Elgar Publishing . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800884250) (Special:BookSources/9781800884250) 9781800884250  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Business+Case+Studies+Across+the+World&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.isbn=9781800884250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-VvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list) (Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-494) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jambi, Rahaf (3 October 2023). (https://www.arabnews.com/node/2382811/saudi-arabia) "Maintaining family traditions and ties plays an important role in Riyadh social life" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh . Retrieved 25 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Maintaining+family+traditions+and+ties+plays+an+important+role+in+Riyadh+social+life&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft.aulast=Jambi&rft.aufirst=Rahaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2382811%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:3_495-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dadouch, Sarah (3 August 2021). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-clerics-crown-prince-mohammed/2021/08/02/9ae796a0-e3ed-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html) "Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed seeks to reduce influential clerics' power" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210803102359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-clerics-crown-prince-mohammed/2021/08/02/9ae796a0-e3ed-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html) Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Crown+Prince+Mohammed+seeks+to+reduce+influential+clerics%27+power&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft.aulast=Dadouch&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fsaudi-clerics-crown-prince-mohammed%2F2021%2F08%2F02%2F9ae796a0-e3ed-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam_496-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Arabia:_the_Cradle_of_Islam_496-1) 2   (http://www.muhammadanism.org/Zwemer/arabia/arabia_cradle_islam.pdf) Arabia: the Cradle of Islam , 1900, S.M.Zwemmer  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-497) ↑   Quran (https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=7) 2:7-286   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-498) ↑   Quran (https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=96) 3:96   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-499) ↑   Quran (https://quran.com/22?startingVerse=25) 22:25-37   (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Esposito1998_500-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) . Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511234-4) 978-0-19-511234-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.pages=9%2C+12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511234-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Esposito2002b_501-0) ↑   Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Peters2003_502-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Peters, F.E. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9) Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians  . Princeton University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9) 9 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11553-5) 978-0-691-11553-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11553-5&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamguideforjew00fepe%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Alli2013_503-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alli, Irfan (26 February 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC) 25 Prophets of Islam  . eBookIt.com. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1307-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4566-1307-5) 978-1-4566-1307-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Prophets+of+Islam&rft.pub=eBookIt.com&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4566-1307-5&rft.aulast=Alli&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nRJK9sLjLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_504-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V.P.; Bornstein, C.V. (eds.). (https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ) The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades  . Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918720-58-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-918720-58-0) 978-0-918720-58-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meeting+of+Two+Worlds%3A+Cultural+Exchange+Between+East+and+West+During+the+Period+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-918720-58-0&rft.au=Michigan+Consortium+for+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp44kAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Abu_Sway_2011_505-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mustafa Abu Sway. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf) "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis) (Central Conference of American Rabbis) Central Conference of American Rabbis . Archived from (http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf) the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Land%2C+Jerusalem+and+Al-Aqsa+Mosque+in+the+Qur%27an%2C+Sunnah+and+other+Islamic+Literary+Source&rft.au=Mustafa+Abu+Sway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAbusway_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Dyrness2013_506-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dyrness, W.A. (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=inJNAwAAQBAJ) Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities  . Vol. 7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock) (Wipf and Stock) Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-136-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-136-2) 978-1-62032-136-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senses+of+Devotion%3A+Interfaith+Aesthetics+in+Buddhist+and+Muslim+Communities&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-136-2&rft.au=Dyrness%2C+W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinJNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-508) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/nea/222311.htm) "Saudi Arabia" . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 3 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2013%2Fnea%2F222311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-depstate_509-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35507.htm) "International Religious Freedom Report 2004" . US Department of State. Retrieved 22 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2004&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2004%2F35507.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-510) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blanchard, Christopher M. (10 February 2005). (https://web.archive.org/web/20050305121706/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21695.pdf) The Islamic Traditions of Wahhabism and Salafiyya (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Archived from (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21695.pdf) the original (PDF) on 5 March 2005 – via Federation of American Scientists. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Traditions+of+Wahhabism+and+Salafiyya&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS21695.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-511) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html) "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost) (HuffPost) HuffPost  . 27 August 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=You+Can%27t+Understand+ISIS+If+You+Don%27t+Know+the+History+of+Wahhabism+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Fisis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-syedjaffar_512-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  syedjaffar. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150123095434/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1015700) "The Persecution of Shia Muslims in Saudi Arabia" . 4 August 2013 . CNN Report. Archived from (http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1015700) the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4+August+2013&rft.atitle=The+Persecution+of+Shia+Muslims+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.au=syedjaffar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fireport.cnn.com%2Fdocs%2FDOC-1015700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-513) ↑   "(https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/iraq-crisis-how-saudi-arabia-helped-isis-take-over-the-north-of-the-country-9602312.html) Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country ," (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent) (The Independent) The Independent , 13 July 2014.  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-france24.com_514-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220114-changing-times-for-saudi-s-once-feared-morality-police) "Changing times for Saudi's once feared morality police" . France 24 . 14 January 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Changing+times+for+Saudi%27s+once+feared+morality+police&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20220114-changing-times-for-saudi-s-once-feared-morality-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-515) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brooke, Heather (7 December 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/07/wikileaks-cables-saudi-princes-parties) "WikiLeaks cables: Saudi princes throw parties boasting drink, drugs and sex" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 23 April 2026 . Royals flout puritanical laws to throw parties for young elite while religious police are forced to turn a blind eye.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+cables%3A+Saudi+princes+throw+parties+boasting+drink%2C+drugs+and+sex&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fdec%2F07%2Fwikileaks-cables-saudi-princes-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-State2010_516-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-State2010_516-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110412164532/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154472.htm) "2010 Human Rights Report: Saudi Arabia" . U.S. State Department. 8 April 2011. Archived from (https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/nea/154472.htm) the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Fnea%2F154472.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:22_517-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:22_517-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chulob, Martin (3 August 2019). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/03/we-feel-empowered-saudi-women-relish-new-freedoms) " 'We feel empowered': Saudi women relish their new freedoms" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 3 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+feel+empowered%27%3A+Saudi+women+relish+their+new+freedoms&rft.date=2019-08-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Chulob&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Faug%2F03%2Fwe-feel-empowered-saudi-women-relish-new-freedoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-:32_518-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nation.com.pk/02-Aug-2019/saudi-arabia-to-allow-adult-women-to-travel-register-divorce) "Saudi Arabia to allow adult women to travel, register divorce" . The Nation . 2 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+allow+adult+women+to+travel%2C+register+divorce&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F02-Aug-2019%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-allow-adult-women-to-travel-register-divorce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-hrw-permission_519-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140109161037/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia) "World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia" . Human Rights Watch . 9 January 2013. Archived from (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/saudi-arabia) the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2013+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2013%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-520) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dankowitz, Aluma (28 December 2006). (http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA31206) "Saudi Writer and Journalist Wajeha Al-Huwaider Fights for Women's Rights" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMRI) (MEMRI) MEMRI . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Writer+and+Journalist+Wajeha+Al-Huwaider+Fights+for+Women%27s+Rights&rft.pub=MEMRI&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.aulast=Dankowitz&rft.aufirst=Aluma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemri.org%2Fbin%2Farticles.cgi%3FPage%3Darchives%26Area%3Dia%26ID%3DIA31206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-521) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dewey, Caitlin (1 May 2013). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/01/saudi-arabia-launches-powerful-ad-campaign-against-domestic-violence/) "Saudi Arabia launches powerful ad campaign against domestic violence" . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+launches+powerful+ad+campaign+against+domestic+violence&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F05%2F01%2Fsaudi-arabia-launches-powerful-ad-campaign-against-domestic-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-522) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank (2020). (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/32639/9781464815324.pdf) World Bank's Women, Business and the Law 2020 report  (PDF) . Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. p. 11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1532-4) 10.1596/978-1-4648-1532-4 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/10400.14%2F39334) 10400.14/39334 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1533-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1533-1) 978-1-4648-1533-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)) (LCCN (identifier)) LCCN  (https://lccn.loc.gov/2020901241) 2020901241 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214418106) 214418106 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Bank%27s+Women%2C+Business+and+the+Law+2020+report&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.14%2F39334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214418106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-1532-4&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2020901241&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1533-1&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F32639%2F9781464815324.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-523) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ellen Wulfhorst (14 January 2020). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-women-work-trfn-idUSKBN1ZD2NV) "Saudi Arabia leads in women's legal gains at work, World Bank says" . Reuters . Retrieved 16 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+leads+in+women%27s+legal+gains+at+work%2C+World+Bank+says&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft.au=Ellen+Wulfhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-global-women-work-trfn-idUSKBN1ZD2NV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-524) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nadworny, Katie (18 October 2019). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230814135751/https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-saudi-arabia-legal-reforms-women-workforce.aspx) "Saudi Arabia's Legal Reforms Help Women in the Workforce" . Society for Human Resources Management . Archived from (https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/global-saudi-arabia-legal-reforms-women-workforce.aspx) the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+for+Human+Resources+Management&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Legal+Reforms+Help+Women+in+the+Workforce&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.aulast=Nadworny&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrm.org%2Fresourcesandtools%2Flegal-and-compliance%2Femployment-law%2Fpages%2Fglobal-saudi-arabia-legal-reforms-women-workforce.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-525) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4307609/i-am-so-happy-activist-reacts-to-end-of-ban-on-female-drivers-in-saudi-arabia-1.4308348) " 'I am so happy': Activist reacts to end of ban on female drivers in Saudi Arabia" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 September 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=%27I+am+so+happy%27%3A+Activist+reacts+to+end+of+ban+on+female+drivers+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fasithappens%2Fas-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4307609%2Fi-am-so-happy-activist-reacts-to-end-of-ban-on-female-drivers-in-saudi-arabia-1.4308348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-526) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Long) Long , p. 66  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Otto164_527-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Otto) Otto , p. 164  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Otto163_528-0) ↑   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Otto) Otto , p. 163  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-529) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.abouther.com/node/47421/people/leading-ladies/saudi-arabia-reforms-marriage-laws-empower-women) "Saudi Arabia Reforms Marriage Laws To Empower Women" . About Her . 9 March 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Her&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Reforms+Marriage+Laws+To+Empower+Women&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abouther.com%2Fnode%2F47421%2Fpeople%2Fleading-ladies%2Fsaudi-arabia-reforms-marriage-laws-empower-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Otto165_530-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Otto165_530-1) 2   (Saudi_Arabia.html#Otto) Otto , p. 165  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-531) ↑   (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html) 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage' , The Independent , 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-532) ↑   (http://www.islamicpluralism.org/764/islamic-heritage-lost-as-makkah-modernises) 'Islamic heritage lost as Makkah modernises' Center for Islamic Pluralism  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_533-0) ↑   (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html) 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca' , The Independent, 19 April 2006  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-534) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120323135558/http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/saudi_destruction_of_muslim_historical_sites/) "Destruction of Islamic Architectural Heritage in Saudi Arabia: A Wake-up Call" . The American Muslim . Archived from (http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/saudi_destruction_of_muslim_historical_sites/) the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Muslim&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+Islamic+Architectural+Heritage+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+A+Wake-up+Call&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanmuslim.org%2Ftam.php%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2Fsaudi_destruction_of_muslim_historical_sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-535) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Howden, Daniel (18 April 2006). (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-6103414.html) "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca" . The Independent . Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Shame+of+the+House+of+Saud%3A+Shadows+over+Mecca&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.aulast=Howden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fshame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-6103414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-536) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293/) "Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih)" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Al-Hijr+Archaeological+Site+%28Mad%C3%A2in+S%C3%A2lih%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1293%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-537) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1329/) "At-Turaif District in ad-Dir'iyah" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=At-Turaif+District+in+ad-Dir%27iyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-538) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/) "Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Historic+Jeddah%2C+the+Gate+to+Makkah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-539) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1563/) "Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Al-Ahsa+Oasis%2C+an+Evolving+Cultural+Landscape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1563%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-540) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1472/) "Rock Art in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Rock+Art+in+the+Hail+Region+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1472%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-541) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1619) "Ḥimā Cultural Area" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 12 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4im%C4%81+Cultural+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-542) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1699) " 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 12 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Uruq+Bani+Ma%27arid&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-543) ↑   (https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sa/) KSA Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (4) , Unesco, 2017  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-544) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210520153604/https://ich.unesco.org/en/state) "UNESCO – Saudi Arabia" . ich.unesco.org . Archived from (https://ich.unesco.org/en/state) the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-545) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164543/http://ksamissioneu.net/en/saudi-arabia-to-spend-1bn-on-cultural-heritage/) "Saudi Arabia to spend $1bn on cultural heritage" . Saudi Mission EU . 30 June 2016. Archived from (http://ksamissioneu.net/en/saudi-arabia-to-spend-1bn-on-cultural-heritage/) the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Mission+EU&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+spend+%241bn+on+cultural+heritage&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksamissioneu.net%2Fen%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-spend-1bn-on-cultural-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-546) ↑   (https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/archeo-paleo/archeologie/destruction-du-patrimoine-une-resolution-historique-du-conseil-de-securite_111642) Destruction du patrimoine : une résolution historique du Conseil de Sécurité , Sciences et Avenir, 28 March 2017  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-547) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chulov, Marin (24 October 2017). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/i-will-return-saudi-arabia-moderate-islam-crown-prince) "I will return Saudi Arabia to moderate Islam, says crown prince" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I+will+return+Saudi+Arabia+to+moderate+Islam%2C+says+crown+prince&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Marin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F24%2Fi-will-return-saudi-arabia-moderate-islam-crown-prince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-548) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al Wasmi, Naser (20 June 2018). (https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/gcc/saudi-crown-prince-mohammed-bin-salman-s-dynamic-year-of-reform-1.742510) "Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's dynamic year of reform" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)) (The National (Abu Dhabi)) The National  . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Saudi+Crown+Prince+Mohammed+bin+Salman%27s+dynamic+year+of+reform&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Al+Wasmi&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgcc%2Fsaudi-crown-prince-mohammed-bin-salman-s-dynamic-year-of-reform-1.742510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-549) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180527090408/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-saudi-vatican/catholic-cardinal-meets-saudi-king-in-historic-visit-to-riyadh-idUKKBN1HP1T5) "Catholic cardinal meets Saudi King in historic visit to Riyadh" . Reuters . Archived from (https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-saudi-vatican/catholic-cardinal-meets-saudi-king-in-historic-visit-to-riyadh-idUKKBN1HP1T5) the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Catholic+cardinal+meets+Saudi+King+in+historic+visit+to+Riyadh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-saudi-vatican%2Fcatholic-cardinal-meets-saudi-king-in-historic-visit-to-riyadh-idUKKBN1HP1T5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-550) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.unesco.org/news/saudi-arabia-commits-us25-million-unesco-protection-heritage) "Saudi Arabia commits US$25 million to UNESCO for the protection of heritage" . UNESCO . 12 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+commits+US%2425+million+to+UNESCO+for+the+protection+of+heritage&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fnews%2Fsaudi-arabia-commits-us25-million-unesco-protection-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-551) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/saudi-arabia-oasis-fort-city-b2641611.html) "Archaeology breakthrough! 4,000-year-old fort city found hidden in Saudi oasis" . The Independent . 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Archaeology+breakthrough%21+4%2C000-year-old+fort+city+found+hidden+in+Saudi+oasis&rft.date=2024-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fsaudi-arabia-oasis-fort-city-b2641611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-552) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151018115808/http://www.thelovelyplanet.net/traditional-dress-of-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/) "Traditional dress of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" . 29 September 2015. Archived from (http://www.thelovelyplanet.net/traditional-dress-of-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia/) the original on 18 October 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+dress+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelovelyplanet.net%2Ftraditional-dress-of-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Return_of_cinema_in_Saudi_Arabia_provokes_critics_553-0) ↑   (http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/01/05/return-of-cinema-in-saudi-arabia-provokes-critics/3473/) World Focus . 5 January 2009  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-554) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2008/12/saudi-arabia--1.html) "Babylon & Beyond" . Los Angeles Times . 23 December 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Babylon+%26+Beyond&rft.date=2008-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fbabylonbeyond%2F2008%2F12%2Fsaudi-arabia--1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-555) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://embassies.mofa.gov.sa/sites/usa/EN/ABOUTSAUDIARABIA/CountryInformation/Pages/Curlture.aspx) "Folk Music & Dance" . embassies.mofa.gov.sa . The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Washington, DC. Retrieved 19 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=embassies.mofa.gov.sa&rft.atitle=Folk+Music+%26+Dance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fembassies.mofa.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fusa%2FEN%2FABOUTSAUDIARABIA%2FCountryInformation%2FPages%2FCurlture.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-Guardian2410_556-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mostyn, Trevor (24 August 2010). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/ghazi-algosaibi-obituary) "Ghazi al-Gosaibi obituary" . The Guardian . London. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ghazi+al-Gosaibi+obituary&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.aulast=Mostyn&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Faug%2F24%2Fghazi-algosaibi-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-557) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20050411140638/http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901050117-1015836,00.html) "Triumphant Trilogy" , by Malu Halasa, Time , 17 January 2005  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-558) ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20070711094317/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2041373.ece) "Sex and the Saudi Girl" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times) (The Times) The Times  . 8 July 2007  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-559) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/06/01/saudi-arabia-allows-concerts-even-country-music) "Saudi Arabia allows concerts—even country music" . The Economist . 1 June 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+allows+concerts%E2%80%94even+country+music&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2017%2F06%2F01%2Fsaudi-arabia-allows-concerts-even-country-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-560) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabnews.com/node/978866/saudi-arabia) "Mohammed Abdu to perform live in Riyadh" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News) (Arab News) Arab News  . 2 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Mohammed+Abdu+to+perform+live+in+Riyadh&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F978866%2Fsaudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-561) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mazzetti, Mark; Hubbard, Ben (15 October 2016). (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/world/rise-of-saudi-prince-shatters-decades-of-royal-tradition.html) "Rise of Saudi Prince Shatters Decades of Royal Tradition" . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rise+of+Saudi+Prince+Shatters+Decades+of+Royal+Tradition&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.aulast=Mazzetti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F16%2Fworld%2Frise-of-saudi-prince-shatters-decades-of-royal-tradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-562) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reid, David (11 December 2011). (https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/11/saudi-arabia-to-open-public-cinemas-for-the-first-time-in-35-years.html) "Saudi Arabia to reopen public cinemas for the first time in 35 years" . CNBC . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+reopen+public+cinemas+for+the+first+time+in+35+years&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F12%2F11%2Fsaudi-arabia-to-open-public-cinemas-for-the-first-time-in-35-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-563) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nick, Vivarelli (9 April 2018). (https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saudi-arabia-debut-cannes-first-national-film-industry-pavilion-1202747397/) "Saudi Arabia to Debut at Cannes With Its First National Pavilion" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) (Variety (magazine)) Variety  . Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+Debut+at+Cannes+With+Its+First+National+Pavilion&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Nick&rft.aufirst=Vivarelli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2018%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fsaudi-arabia-debut-cannes-first-national-film-industry-pavilion-1202747397%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-obg_564-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=gMPjxHzG1xQC&pg=PA173) The Report: Saudi Arabia 2008  . Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 173. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-00-9) 978-1-902339-00-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Saudi+Arabia+2008&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-00-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMPjxHzG1xQC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-565) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rsf.org/en/index) "Index | RSF" . rsf.org . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Index+%7C+RSF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-aarti_566-0) 1  (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-aarti_566-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aarti Nagraj (26 March 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20141011095915/http://gulfbusiness.com/2013/03/revealed-10-oldest-newspapers-in-the-gcc/#.UtWFDmRdWi8) "Revealed: 10 Oldest Newspapers In The GCC" . Gulf Business . Archived from (http://gulfbusiness.com/2013/03/revealed-10-oldest-newspapers-in-the-gcc/#.UtWFDmRdWi8) the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Business&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+10+Oldest+Newspapers+In+The+GCC&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.au=Aarti+Nagraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfbusiness.com%2F2013%2F03%2Frevealed-10-oldest-newspapers-in-the-gcc%2F%23.UtWFDmRdWi8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-567) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.arabnews.com/node/1661641/amp) "How Arab News, Saudi Arabia's first English-language newspaper, was born" . Arab News . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=How+Arab+News%2C+Saudi+Arabia%27s+first+English-language+newspaper%2C+was+born&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1661641%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-568) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140912115714/http://www.newsgroup.ae/swfs/AMIR-Master-Base.swf) "Arab Media Influence Report" . AMIR. Archived from (http://www.newsgroup.ae/swfs/AMIR-Master-Base.swf) the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Media+Influence+Report&rft.pub=AMIR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgroup.ae%2Fswfs%2FAMIR-Master-Base.swf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-569) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=SA) "Individuals using the Internet (% of population) – Saudi Arabia | Data" . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Individuals+using+the+Internet+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIT.NET.USER.ZS%3Flocations%3DSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-570) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ookla.com/articles/saudi-5g-q1-2021) "Saudi 5G Is Fast, and New Spectrum Allocations Should Make it Faster" . Ookla – Providing network intelligence to enable modern connectivity . 19 April 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ookla+%E2%80%93+Providing+network+intelligence+to+enable+modern+connectivity&rft.atitle=Saudi+5G+Is+Fast%2C+and+New+Spectrum+Allocations+Should+Make+it+Faster&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ookla.com%2Farticles%2Fsaudi-5g-q1-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-571) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://zeenews.india.com/technology/saudi-arabia-has-fastest-5g-download-speed-s-korea-second-full-list-of-15-countries-2318863.html) "This country has the world's fastest 5G download speed" . Zee News . 20 October 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=This+country+has+the+world%27s+fastest+5G+download+speed&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Ftechnology%2Fsaudi-arabia-has-fastest-5g-download-speed-s-korea-second-full-list-of-15-countries-2318863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-572) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ecommercedb.com/en/markets/sa/all) "The eCommerce market in Saudi Arabia" . ecommerceDB . 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecommerceDB&rft.atitle=The+eCommerce+market+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommercedb.com%2Fen%2Fmarkets%2Fsa%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-573) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  MacInnes, Paul (11 December 2024). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/dec/11/saudi-arabia-confirmed-as-2034-world-cup-host-despite-human-rights-concerns) "Saudi Arabia confirmed as 2034 World Cup host despite human rights concerns" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+confirmed+as+2034+World+Cup+host+despite+human+rights+concerns&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=MacInnes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2024%2Fdec%2F11%2Fsaudi-arabia-confirmed-as-2034-world-cup-host-despite-human-rights-concerns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-574) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cqqlnel9z32o) "Saudi 2034 plans include stadium 350m above ground" . BBC . 1 August 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Saudi+2034+plans+include+stadium+350m+above+ground&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Farticles%2Fcqqlnel9z32o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-575) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111028000423/http://saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1998-Winter/slamdunk.htm) "Saudi Arabian Slam Dunk, Fall 1997, Winter 1998, Volume 14, Number 4, Saudi Arabia" . Saudiembassy.net. Archived from (https://www.saudiembassy.net/files/PDF/Publications/Magazine/1998-Winter/slamdunk.htm) the original on 28 October 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabian+Slam+Dunk%2C+Fall+1997%2C+Winter+1998%2C+Volume+14%2C+Number+4%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Saudiembassy.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Ffiles%2FPDF%2FPublications%2FMagazine%2F1998-Winter%2Fslamdunk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-576) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al, Joud. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120120102128/http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article463435.ece) "Saudi women show greater interest in sports and games" . Arab News . Archived from (http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article463435.ece) the original on 20 January 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+women+show+greater+interest+in+sports+and+games&rft.aulast=Al&rft.aufirst=Joud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabnews.com%2Fsaudiarabia%2Farticle463435.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-577) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Krastev, Todor (21 September 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120118115942/http://todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_1999.html) "Men Basketball Asia Championship 1999 Fukuoka (JPN)- 28.08–05.09 Winner China" . Todor66.com. Archived from (http://todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_1999.html) the original on 18 January 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Men+Basketball+Asia+Championship+1999+Fukuoka+%28JPN%29-+28.08%E2%80%9305.09+Winner+China&rft.pub=Todor66.com&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.aulast=Krastev&rft.aufirst=Todor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftodor66.com%2Fbasketball%2FAsia%2FMen_1999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-578) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-women-push-for-right-play-sports-447831.html) "Saudi women push for right to play sports – Sport" . Arabian Business . ArabianBusiness.com. 1 March 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Saudi+women+push+for+right+to+play+sports+%E2%80%93+Sport&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fsaudi-women-push-for-right-play-sports-447831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-579) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-opens-first-sports-centre-for-women-1.1192220) "Saudi Arabia opens first sports centre for women" . GulfNews.com. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+opens+first+sports+centre+for+women&rft.pub=GulfNews.com&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fsaudi-arabia-opens-first-sports-centre-for-women-1.1192220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-580) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/05/world/meast/saudi-arabia-girls-sports) "Saudi government sanctions sports in some girls' schools" . CNN. 5 May 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+government+sanctions+sports+in+some+girls%27+schools&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F05%2F05%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-girls-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-581) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/17/saudi-arabia-no-women-asian-games-team) "Saudi Arabia: No women on Asian Games Team" . Human Rights Watch . 18 September 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+No+women+on+Asian+Games+Team&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F17%2Fsaudi-arabia-no-women-asian-games-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-582) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grinberg and Hallam, Emanuella and Jonny (30 October 2017). (http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/29/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-sports-arenas/index.html) "Saudi Arabia to let women into sports stadiums" . CNN/2017/10/29/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-sports-arenas/index.html . CNN. Retrieved 11 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN%2F2017%2F10%2F29%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-women-sports-arenas%2Findex.html&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+to+let+women+into+sports+stadiums&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Grinberg+and+Hallam&rft.aufirst=Emanuella+and+Jonny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F10%2F29%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-women-sports-arenas%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-583) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/views/2021/12/05/Empowered-through-sports-Saudi-females-take-the-sector-by-storm) "Empowered through sports, Saudi females take the sector by storm" . Al Arabiya English . 5 December 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Empowered+through+sports%2C+Saudi+females+take+the+sector+by+storm&rft.date=2021-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fviews%2F2021%2F12%2F05%2FEmpowered-through-sports-Saudi-females-take-the-sector-by-storm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-584) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://arab.news/2pd2a) "Saudi women's sport grows by leaps and bounds" . Arab News . 8 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+women%27s+sport+grows+by+leaps+and+bounds&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F2pd2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-585) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/do/lifestyle/female-athletes-change-the-game-in-saudi) "Female athletes change the game in Saudi" . www.visitsaudi.com . Retrieved 30 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitsaudi.com&rft.atitle=Female+athletes+change+the+game+in+Saudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitsaudi.com%2Fen%2Fdo%2Flifestyle%2Ffemale-athletes-change-the-game-in-saudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-586) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220220192708/https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comsaudi-arabia-stages-first-ever-nationwide-womens-league) "Saudi Arabia stages first-ever nationwide women's league" . www.fifa.com . Archived from (https://www.fifa.com/womens-football/news/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comsaudi-arabia-stages-first-ever-nationwide-womens-league) the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fifa.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+stages+first-ever+nationwide+women%27s+league&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fwomens-football%2Fnews%2Forigin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comsaudi-arabia-stages-first-ever-nationwide-womens-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)    (Saudi_Arabia.html#cite_ref-587) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/sep/02/sportswashing-saudi-arabia-sports-mohammed-bin-salman) "Sportswashing: how Saudi Arabia lobbies the US's largest sports bodies" . The Guardian . 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sportswashing%3A+how+Saudi+Arabia+lobbies+the+US%27s+largest+sports+bodies&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2019%2Fsep%2F02%2Fsportswashing-saudi-arabia-sports-mohammed-bin-salman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)        Bibliography   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abir, Mordechai (1987). Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites : conflict and collaboration . Croom Helm. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-5129-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-5129-2) 978-0-7099-5129-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+the+oil+era%3A+regime+and+elites+%3A+conflict+and+collaboration&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-5129-2&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abir, Mordechai (1993). Saudi Arabia: Government, Society, and the Persian Gulf Crisis . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09325-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09325-5) 978-0-415-09325-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Government%2C+Society%2C+and+the+Persian+Gulf+Crisis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09325-5&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74754-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-74754-7) 978-0-521-74754-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-74754-7&rft.au=Al-Rasheed%2C+Madawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). The History of Saudi Arabia . Greenwood Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34012-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34012-3) 978-0-313-34012-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34012-3&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Wayne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979 . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73236-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73236-9) 978-0-521-73236-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Violence+and+Pan-Islamism+Since+1979&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73236-9&rft.au=Hegghammer%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  House, Karen Elliott (2012). On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines—and Future . Alfred A. Knopf. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27216-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27216-4) 978-0-307-27216-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Its+People%2C+Past%2C+Religion%2C+Fault+Lines%E2%80%94and+Future&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27216-4&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Karen+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Long, David E. (2005). (https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long) Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia  . Bloomsbury Academic. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32021-7) 978-0-313-32021-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32021-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malbouisson, Cofie D. (2007). Focus on Islamic issues . Nova Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-204-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-204-8) 978-1-60021-204-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Islamic+issues&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-204-8&rft.aulast=Malbouisson&rft.aufirst=Cofie+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present . Amsterdam University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-057-4) (Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-057-4) 978-90-8728-057-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia+Incorporated%3A+A+Comparative+Overview+of+the+Legal+Systems+of+Twelve+Muslim+Countries+in+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-057-4&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Jan+Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2009). (https://archive.org/stream/CultureShockSaudiArabia/Culture%20Shock!%20Saudi%20Arabia_djvu.txt) CultureShock! A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Saudi Arabia  (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette.+Saudi+Arabia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=North%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCultureShockSaudiArabia%2FCulture%2520Shock%21%2520Saudi%2520Arabia_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tripp, Harvey; North, Peter (2003). Culture Shock, Saudi Arabia. A Guide to Customs and Etiquette . Singapore; Portland, Oregon: Times Media Private Limited. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock%2C+Saudi+Arabia.+A+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.place=Singapore%3B+Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Times+Media+Private+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=North%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaudi+Arabia)      External links   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Saudi Arabia at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia) (wikt:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia) Definitions from Wiktionary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/السعودية) (c:السعودية) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabia) (q:Saudi Arabia) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia) (s:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia) Texts from Wikisource  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) (Wikibooks logo)    (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saudi%20Arabia) (b:Special:Search/Saudi Arabia) Textbooks from Wikibooks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Comparative%20law%20and%20justice/Saudi%20Arabia) (v:Comparative law and justice/Saudi Arabia) Resources from Wikiversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabia) (voy:Saudi Arabia) Travel information from Wikivoyage  ()    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851) (d:Q851) Data from Wikidata      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#d)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search#b)   (https://www.saudi.gov.sa/) Saudi Arabia . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210930005408/https://www.saudi.gov.sa/) Archived 30 September 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  official government website. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118101507/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/) Saudi Arabia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702705) Saudi Arabia profile from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia) (commons:Atlas of Saudi Arabia) Wikimedia Atlas of Saudi Arabia  (http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=saudiarabia) Saudi Arabia web resources provided by GovPubs at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries) (University of Colorado Boulder Libraries) University of Colorado Boulder Libraries  (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SA) Key Development Forecasts for Saudi Arabia from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics) (Template:Saudi Arabia 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army) (Saudi Arabian Army) Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy) (Royal Saudi Navy) Navy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force) (Royal Saudi Air Force) Air Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense) (Royal Saudi Air Defense) Air Defense  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force) (Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force) Strategic Missile Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard) (Saudi Arabian National Guard) National Guard  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff) (Chairman of the General Staff) Chairman of the General Staff  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency) (General Staff Presidency) General Staff Presidency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency) (General Intelligence Presidency) General Intelligence Presidency  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia) (History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia) History of the oil industry    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia) Foreign workers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Irrigation in Saudi Arabia) Irrigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_riyal) (Saudi riyal) Riyal (currency)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_riyal_sign) (Saudi riyal sign) Saudi riyal symbol (⃁)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank) (Saudi Central Bank) Saudi Central  Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia) Supreme Economic Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadawul) (Tadawul) Tadawul (stock exchange)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia) 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Television in Saudi Arabia) television    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Music of Saudi Arabia) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Public holidays in Saudi Arabia) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Religion in Saudi Arabia) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Islam in Saudi Arabia) Islam    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Sport in Saudi Arabia) Sport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Football in Saudi Arabia) football    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Theatre in Saudi Arabia) Theatre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Heritage in Saudi Arabia) Heritage      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia) (National symbols of Saudi Arabia) Symbols  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia) (National Anthem of Saudi Arabia) Anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardah) (Ardah) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Emblem of Saudi Arabia) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Flag of Saudi Arabia) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada) (Shahada) Motto           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Outline of Saudi Arabia) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia) (Category:Saudi Arabia) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia) (Portal:Saudi Arabia) Portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Articles related to Saudi Arabia   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Middle_East) (Template:Middle East) (View this template) v   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Arabian Gulf rugby union team  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League) (AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League) AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-17_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-17 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-17 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-20_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-20 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-20 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-23_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-23 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-23 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Games) (GCC Games) GCC Games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Futsal_Cup) (GCC Futsal Cup) GCC Futsal Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships) (Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships) GCC Athletics Championships  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship) (Gulf Ice Hockey Championship) Gulf Ice Hockey Championship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship) (GCC Volleyball Club Championship) GCC Volleyball Club 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".        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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Astana_SCO_summit) (2017 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Qingdao_SCO_summit) (2018 Qingdao SCO summit) Qingdao 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Samarkand_SCO_summit) (2022 Samarkand SCO summit) Samarkand 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Astana_SCO_summit) (2024 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit) (2024 Islamabad SCO summit) Islamabad 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tianjin_SCO_summit) (2025 Tianjin SCO summit) Tianjin 2025      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()      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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  ()      (Saudi_Arabia.html) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) (Commonwealth of Independent States) Commonwealth of Independent States  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United 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