Egypt - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Egypt.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Egypt.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Egypt) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Egypt) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Egypt.html#) (Top)   (Egypt.html#Names) 1 Names     (Egypt.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Egypt.html#Prehistoric_Egypt) 2.1 Prehistoric Egypt     (Egypt.html#Ancient_Egypt_(3150_BCE–305_BCE)) 2.2 Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)     (Egypt.html#Ptolemaic_and_Roman_Egypt_(305_BCE–641_CE)) 2.3 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (305 BCE–641 CE)     (Egypt.html#Medieval_Egypt_(641–1517)) 2.4 Medieval Egypt (641–1517)     (Egypt.html#Ottoman_Egypt_(1517–1867)) 2.5 Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)     (Egypt.html#Monarchical_Egypt_(1867–1952)) 2.6 Monarchical Egypt (1867–1952)     (Egypt.html#Republican_Egypt_under_Nasser_(1952–1970)) 2.7 Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)     (Egypt.html#Egypt_under_Sadat_and_Mubarak_(1970–2011)) 2.8 Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1970–2011)     (Egypt.html#Contemporary_(2011–present)) 2.9 Contemporary (2011–present)       (Egypt.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Egypt.html#Climate) 3.1 Climate     (Egypt.html#Biodiversity) 3.2 Biodiversity       (Egypt.html#Government) 4 Government    Toggle Government subsection  (Egypt.html#Foreign_relations) 4.1 Foreign relations     (Egypt.html#Military) 4.2 Military     (Egypt.html#Law) 4.3 Law   (Egypt.html#Human_rights) 4.3.1 Human rights     (Egypt.html#Freedom_of_the_press) 4.3.2 Freedom of the press       (Egypt.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.4 Administrative divisions       (Egypt.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Egypt.html#Manufacturing) 5.1 Manufacturing     (Egypt.html#Retail_and_services) 5.2 Retail and services     (Egypt.html#Hydrocarbons_and_mining) 5.3 Hydrocarbons and mining     (Egypt.html#Agriculture) 5.4 Agriculture     (Egypt.html#Tourism) 5.5 Tourism       (Egypt.html#Infrastructure) 6 Infrastructure    Toggle Infrastructure subsection  (Egypt.html#Energy) 6.1 Energy     (Egypt.html#Transport) 6.2 Transport     (Egypt.html#Water_supply_and_sanitation) 6.3 Water supply and sanitation       (Egypt.html#Demographics) 7 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Egypt.html#Ethnic_groups) 7.1 Ethnic groups     (Egypt.html#Languages) 7.2 Languages     (Egypt.html#Religion) 7.3 Religion     (Egypt.html#Education) 7.4 Education     (Egypt.html#Health) 7.5 Health     (Egypt.html#Largest_cities) 7.6 Largest cities       (Egypt.html#Culture) 8 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Egypt.html#Arts) 8.1 Arts     (Egypt.html#Literature) 8.2 Literature     (Egypt.html#Media) 8.3 Media     (Egypt.html#Cinema) 8.4 Cinema     (Egypt.html#Music) 8.5 Music     (Egypt.html#Dances) 8.6 Dances     (Egypt.html#Museums) 8.7 Museums     (Egypt.html#Festivals) 8.8 Festivals     (Egypt.html#Cuisine) 8.9 Cuisine     (Egypt.html#Sports) 8.10 Sports       (Egypt.html#See_also) 9 See also     (Egypt.html#Notes) 10 Notes     (Egypt.html#References) 11 References     (Egypt.html#External_links) 12 External links    Toggle External links subsection  (Egypt.html#Government_2) 12.1 Government     (Egypt.html#History_2) 12.2 History     (Egypt.html#Tourism_2) 12.3 Tourism     (Egypt.html#Maps) 12.4 Maps             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Egypt    307 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мсыр – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meus%C3%A9) (Meusé – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мысыр – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte) (Egipte – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten) (Ägypten – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%85) (ግብፅ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echipto) (Echipto – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gypt) (Ægypt – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipiti) (Ijipiti – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A2) (ܡܨܪܝܢ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4) (ইজিপ্ত – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiptu) (Exiptu – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra) (Misra – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqiptu) (Iqiptu – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir) (Misir – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1) (میصر – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (featured article) (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мысыр – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptn) (Egyptn – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C4%97pts) (Egėpts – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir) (Misir – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto) (Ehipto – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Эгіпет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Егіпет – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip) (Ijip – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra) (Misra – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0) (মিশর – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D) (ཨའི་ཅི། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0) (মিশর – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Breton) Brezhoneg   (featured article) (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat) (Egipat – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91) (ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨑ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte) (Egipte – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto) (Egipto – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82i-g%C4%ADk) (Ăi-gĭk – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80) (Мисар – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto) (Ehipto – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiptu) (Ehiptu – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%A2) (ᎢᏥᏈᎢ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1) (میسر – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egittu) (Egittu – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r) (Mısır – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D1%B7%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8A) (Єгѷптъ – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Aifft) (Yr Aifft – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten) (Egypten – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten) (Ägypten – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r) (Mısır – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptojska) (Egyptojska – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F) (इजिप्ट – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%9E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AA) (މިޞްރު – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8D) (ཨི་ཇིབཊ། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edzipti) (Edzipti – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82) (Αίγυπτος – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptio) (Egiptio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto) (Egipto – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptus) (Egiptus – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto) (Egipto – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu) (Egitu – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra) (Misra – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypti) (Egypti – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BCpt%C3%BCs) (Egüptüs – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita) (Ijipita – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland) (Egyptaland – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte) (Égypte – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88gipta) (Ègipta – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten) (Egypten – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjit) (Egjit – Friulian) Furlan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte) (Egypte – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%89igipt) (An Éigipt – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r) (Mısır – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A) (埃及 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9jip) (Léjip – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%88ipheit) (An Èipheit – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exipto) (Exipto – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh%C3%ADto) (Ehíto – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4) (ईजिप्त – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83) (𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍅𐍀𐍄𐌿𐍃 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4) (ઇજિપ્ત – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Egypt) (Yn Egypt – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra) (Misra – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82i-khi%CC%8Dp) (Âi-khi̍p – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAikupika) (ʻAikupika – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D) (מצרים – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat) (Egipat – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptowska) (Egyptowska – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip) (Ejip – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptom) (Egyiptom – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD) (Եգիպտոս – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD) (Եգիպտոս – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypto) (Egypto – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejip) (Ejip – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia) (Egiptia – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Aj%E1%BB%8Bpt) (Ịjịpt – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%C4%A1aq) (Masuġaq – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto) (Ehipto – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5) (Мисаре – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia) (Egiptia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptaland) (Egyptaland – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto) (Egitto – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88) (エジプト – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iijip) (Iijip – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/misrygu%27e) (misrygu'e – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94) (ეგვიპტე – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r) (Mısır – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%A3er) (Maṣer – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%A0r) (Masàr – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipiti) (Egipiti – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1sa%CC%B1t) (Ma̱sa̱t – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri) (Misiri – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosir) (Mosir – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мысыр – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94) (អេហ្ស៊ីប – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%88%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D) (ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8) (이집트 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80) (Мисир – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%90%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مِصر – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir) (Misir – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Египет Араб Республика – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejyp) (Ejyp – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus) (Aegyptus – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayifto) (Ayifto – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten) (Egypten – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8) (Мисри – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8) (Мисри – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misre) (Misre – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri) (Misiri – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte) (Egypte – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitto) (Egitto – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit) (Egit – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit) (Egit – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipte) (Ejipte – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A) (ປະເທດເອຢິບ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptas) (Egiptas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92%C4%A3ipte) (Ēģipte – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82) (Эгипт – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipta) (Ejipta – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAhipa) (Īhipa – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D) (ഈജിപ്റ്റ് – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E) (ꯏꯖꯤꯞ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4) (इजिप्त – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (featured article) (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%A1ittu) (Eġittu – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigito) (Eigito – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (အီဂျစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80) (Египет Мастор – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naggitto) (Naggitto – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(laand)) (Egypte (laand) – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten) (Ägypten – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F) (इजिप्ट – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (मिस्र – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Nias) Li Niha   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte_(land)) (Egypte (land) – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptia) (Egiptia – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%96%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%94%DF%91%DF%95) (ߌߖ߭ߌߔߑߕ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Agypte) (Êgypte – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidiit%C5%82%CA%BCintsoh_Da%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Ahidiitłʼintsoh Daʼííłʼíní Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipte) (Egipte – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegiptu) (Jegiptu – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijiipti) (Ijiipti – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F) (ଇଜିପ୍ଟ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мысыр – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0) (ਮਿਸਰ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejiptu) (Ejiptu – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipto) (Egipto – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89djipe) (Édjipe – Picard) Picard   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejipt) (Ejipt – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egit) (Egit – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82) (Αίγυπτος – Pontic) Ποντιακά   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egito) (Egito – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idjiputu) (Idjiputu – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihiptu) (Ihiptu – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipta) (Egipta – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAsire) (Mêsire – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiri) (Misiri – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitte) (Egitte – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Еґіпет – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6) (मिस्रदेश – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%82) (Эгиипэт – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A) (ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egitu) (Egitu – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggittu) (Eggittu – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyp) (Egyp – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypta) (Egypta – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2mit%C3%A2) (Kâmitâ – Sango) Sängö   (featured article) (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipat) (Egipat – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%E1%B9%A3ra) (Miṣra – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88) (မိူင်းဢီးၵျိပ်ႈ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80) (ඊජිප්තුව – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikupito) (Aikupito – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijipita) (Ijipita – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masar) (Masar – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egjipti) (Egjipti – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82) (Египат – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptakondre) (Egiptakondre – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe) (IGibhithe – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egepeta) (Egepeta – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gypten) (Ägypten – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesir) (Mesir – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypten) (Egypten – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misri) (Misri – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%A1%EA%A0%9E) (ꠝꠤꠡꠞ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81) (எகிப்து – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81) (ఈజిప్టు – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejitu) (Ejitu – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%80) (Миср – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C) (ประเทศอียิปต์ – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%BA) (ግብጺ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCs%C3%BCr) (Müsür – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto) (Ehipto – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir) (Misir – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIsipite) (ʻIsipite – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Masu) (ma Masu – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijip) (Ijip – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r) (Mısır – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibita) (Gibita – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80) (Мисыр – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrim) (Misrim – Twi) Twi   (https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Aifiti) (’Aifiti – Tahitian) Reo tahiti   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Египет – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1) (مىسىر – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82) (Єгипет – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) (مصر – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr) (Misr – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezito) (Ezito – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipt) (Egipt – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp) (Ai Cập – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypte) (Egypte – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4g%C3%BCpt%C3%A4n) (Lägüptän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edjipe) (Edjipe – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehipto) (Ehipto – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isipt) (Isipt – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A) (埃及 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiphethe) (Jiphethe – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94) (ეგვიპტე – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9F) (עגיפטן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%C3%ADpt%C3%AC) (Ìjíptì – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihgiz) (Aihgiz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehypte) (Ehypte – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0) (ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A) (埃及 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp) (Ai-ki̍p – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A) (埃及 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A) (埃及 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGibhithe) (IGibhithe – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Egypt.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Egypt) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Egypt.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit) (This page is 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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Egypt) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Egypt) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&oldid=1369990170) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Egypt&id=1369990170&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEgypt) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Egypt&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q79) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Egypt) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Egypt) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 26°N 30°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 26°N 30°E  / 26; 30     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended) (This article is extended-confirmed-protected.) (Extended-protected article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in North Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(disambiguation)) (Egypt (disambiguation)) Egypt (disambiguation) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#Egypt)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2025)    Arab Republic of Egypt (Arabic-language text) جمهورية مصر العربية  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic )  (Arabic-language romanization) Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʻArabiyyah       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg) (Flag of Egypt) (Flag of Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt) (Flag of Egypt) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(Official).svg) (Coat of arms of Egypt) (Coat of arms of Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt) (Coat of arms of Egypt) Coat of arms      Anthem:  (Arabic-language text) بلادي، بلادي، بلادي  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biladi,_Biladi,_Biladi) (Biladi, Biladi, Biladi) Biladi, Biladi, Biladi   ("My country, my country, my country")   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (مصرى ‪(arz)‬)  (ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ‪(cop)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (Kumoring ‪(kge)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (مازِرونی ‪(mzn)‬)  (português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (සිංහල ‪(si)‬)  (Kiswahili ‪(sw)‬)  (тыва дыл ‪(tyv)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EGY_orthographic.svg) (Location of Egypt) (Location of Egypt)      Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=30_2_N_31_13_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30°2′N 31°13′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30.033°N 31.217°E  / 30.033; 31.217     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Arabic (Egypt.html#cite_note-CoARE-1) [ 1]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language) (National language) National language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic (Egypt.html#cite_note-lang-3) [ a]      Religion   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt) (Religion in Egypt) Religion in Egypt  (Egypt.html#cite_note-relig-7) [ b]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_people) (Egyptian people) Egyptian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt) (Politics of Egypt) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) semi-presidential republic under an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian government(Egypt.html#cite_note-13) [ 11]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt) (President of Egypt) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt) (Prime Minister of Egypt) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly) (Mostafa Madbouly) Mostafa Madbouly     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt) (Parliament of Egypt) Parliament   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)) (Senate (Egypt)) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)) (House of Representatives (Egypt)) House of Representatives   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt) (History of Egypt) Establishment history   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence) (Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence) Declaration of independence   28 February 1922  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) Revolution of 1952   23 July 1952  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Republic) (Declaration of the Republic) Declaration of the Republic   18 June 1953  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt) (Constitution of Egypt) Current constitution   18 January 2014    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt) (Geography of Egypt) Area    • Total  1,010,408(Egypt.html#cite_note-14) [ 12]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-15) [ 13]     km2 (390,121 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 29th )  • Water (%)  0.632  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt) (Demographics of Egypt) Population   • July 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    107,868,296(Egypt.html#cite_note-16) [ 14]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 15th )  • 2017 census  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    94,798,827(Egypt.html#cite_note-17) [ 15]      • Density  106.8/km2 (276.6/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 103rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $2.567 trillion(Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.EG-18) [ 16]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 18th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $23,321(Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.EG-18) [ 16]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 87th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $429.645 billion(Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.EG-18) [ 16]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 41st )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $3,904(Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFWEO.EG-18) [ 16]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 135th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2021)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     28.5(Egypt.html#cite_note-19) [ 17]     low inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.754(Egypt.html#cite_note-UNHDR-20) [ 18]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 100th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound) (Egyptian pound) Egyptian pound (LE/E£/£E) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) EGP )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +2 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Time) (Eastern European Time) EET (Egypt.html#cite_note-UTCoff2-21) [ c]    )  • Summer ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time) (Daylight saving time) DST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time) (Eastern European Summer Time) EEST (Egypt.html#cite_note-UTCoff-22) [ d]    )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Egypt) (Telephone numbers in Egypt) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+20) (+20) +20   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EG) (ISO 3166-2:EG) EG   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg) (.eg) .eg  (Arabic-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/مصر.) (مصر.) مصر.   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)         Egypt ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-23) [ e]    officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Africa) (Northeast Africa) northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula . It is bordered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt) (Northern coast of Egypt) the north , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_barrier) (Egypt–Israel barrier) the northeast , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea to the east, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Sudan_border) (Egypt–Sudan border) the south , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Libya_border) (Egypt–Libya border) the west . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo is the capital, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) largest city , and leading cultural centre, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria is the second-largest city and an important hub of industry and tourism.(Egypt.html#cite_note-gov-24) [ 19]    With over 107 million inhabitants, Egypt is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_population) (List of Arab League countries by population) the most populous country in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population) (List of African countries by population) third-most populous country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 15th-most populated in the world . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta) (Nile Delta) Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilisation) (Cradle of civilisation) cradle of civilisation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government.(Egypt.html#cite_note-25) [ 20]    Following nearly three millennia of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh) (Pharaoh) pharaonic rule, Egypt came under foreign rule beginning in the 6th century BC. Egypt was an early and important (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt) (Christianity in Egypt) centre of Christianity , later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt) (Islamization of Egypt) adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria , Egypt's former capital and currently second largest city, was a hub of global knowledge through its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria) (Library of Alexandria) Library . Cairo became the capital of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate) (Fatimid Caliphate) Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) (Mamluk Sultanate) Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt) (Khedivate of Egypt) Khedivate in 1867. The country was then (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British) (History of Egypt under the British) occupied by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British Empire along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sudan) (British Sudan) Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (Muhammad Ali dynasty) a monarchy . After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–Israeli_War) (1948 Arab–Israeli War) 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip) (United Arab Republic occupation of the Gaza Strip) occupied the Gaza Strip. Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution) (1952 Egyptian revolution) 1952 revolution , Egypt declared itself a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953–58)) (Republic of Egypt (1953–58)) republic . In 1958, Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic) (Second Syrian Republic) merged with Syria to form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic) (United Arab Republic) United Arab Republic , with Syria withdrawing in 1961 after their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1961 Syrian coup d'état) coup . Egypt fought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_conflict) (Arab–Israeli conflict) several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis) (Suez Crisis) 1956 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) 1967 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) 1973 . After the 1967 war, Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip to Israel. In 1978, Egypt signed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords) (Camp David Accords) Camp David Accords , which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_peace_treaty) (Egypt–Israel peace treaty) recognised Israel and heavily demilitarised the Sinai in exchange for the latter's withdrawal from the occupied Sinai, completely turning over control of the Sinai to Egypt in 1982. After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring , which led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) (Hosni Mubarak) Hosni Mubarak , the country faced a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)) (Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)) protracted period of political unrest ; its first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election) (2012 Egyptian presidential election) democratic election in 2012 resulted in the short-lived, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood -aligned government of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi) (Mohamed Morsi) Mohamed Morsi , which was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'etat) (2013 Egyptian coup d'etat) overthrown by the military after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Egyptian_protests) (June 2013 Egyptian protests) mass protests in 2013 . The current government is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) semi-presidential republic led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , who was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election) (2014 Egyptian presidential election) elected in 2014 but is widely regarded as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian) (Authoritarian) authoritarian .(Egypt.html#cite_note-dictator-26) [ 21]     Egypt is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country) (Developing country) developing country with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of African countries by GDP (nominal)) second-largest economy in Africa . It is considered to be a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power in the Middle East, North Africa and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world) (Muslim world) Muslim world , and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power worldwide. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official religion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic its official language. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Forum) (World Youth Forum) World Youth Forum , and a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS .(Egypt.html#cite_note-CoARE-1) [ 1]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-27) [ 22]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFOCT2024-28) [ 23]       Names  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egypt had several names; one of them was ((https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/𓆎) (wikt:Special:Search/𓆎) 𓆎 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/𓅓) (wikt:Special:Search/𓅓) 𓅓 (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/𓏏) (wikt:Special:Search/𓏏) 𓏏 𓊖) (Ancient Egyptian-language romanization) km.t  , which is formed from (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/km#Egyptian) (wiktionary:km) 𓆎 𓅓  , meaning black.(Egypt.html#cite_note-29) [ 24]    This likely refers to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility) (Soil fertility) fertile black soils of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_flood) (Nile flood) Nile floodplains , distinct from the deshret ⟨ (Ancient Egyptian-language romanization) dšṛt  ⟩  , or "red land" of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) (Desert) desert .(Egypt.html#cite_note-30) [ 25]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-31) [ 26]    This name is commonly vocalised as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Km_and_Km.t_(Kemet)_(hieroglyphs)) (Km and Km.t (Kemet) (hieroglyphs)) Kemet (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [kɛmɛt] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  , but was pronounced differently in Ancient Egyptian.(Egypt.html#cite_note-32) [ 27]    Scholars reconstruct its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Egyptian) (Old Egyptian) Old Egyptian pronunciation as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ˈkuːmat] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-33) [ 28]    its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Egyptian) (Middle Egyptian) Middle Egyptian pronunciation as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ˈkuːmaʔ] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  , and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Egyptian) (Late Egyptian) Late Egyptian pronunication as (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) [ˈkeːmə] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  .(Egypt.html#cite_note-34) [ 29]    The name is realised as (Coptic-language romanization) K(h)ēmə   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language#Dialects) (Coptic language) Bohairic :  ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language#Dialects) (Coptic language) Sahidic :  ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Coptic-language_text)  ) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Egyptian Coptic , and appeared in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Early Greek as (Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Χημία  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  ((Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization) Khēmía   ).(Egypt.html#cite_note-35) [ 30]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-36) [ 31]    Another name was ⟨ (Ancient Egyptian-language romanization) tꜣ-mry  ⟩  "land of the riverbank".(Egypt.html#cite_note-37) [ 32]     The names of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt) (Upper and Lower Egypt) Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta-Sheme'aw (⟨ (Ancient Egyptian-language romanization) tꜣ-šmꜥw  ⟩  ) "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedge) (Sedge) sedgeland " and Ta-Mehew (⟨ (Ancient Egyptian-language romanization) tꜣ mḥw  ⟩  ) "northland", respectively. They were also collectively called "tꜣwy" (tāwy), meaning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt#Structure) (Upper and Lower Egypt) The Two Lands , referring to both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt after unification.(Egypt.html#cite_note-TaWy-38) [ 33]     The English name "Egypt" is derived from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek) (Ancient Greek) Ancient Greek "(Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization) Aígyptos  " ("(Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Αἴγυπτος  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)  "), via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French) (Middle French) Middle French "Egypte" and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin "(Latin-language text) Aegyptus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text)  ". It is reflected in early Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B) (Linear B) Linear B tablets as "a-ku-pi-ti-yo".(Egypt.html#cite_note-39) [ 34]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece) (Ancient Greece) ancient Greek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer) (Geographer) geographer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo) (Strabo) Strabo provided a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology) (Folk etymology) folk etymology stating that "(Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Αἴγυπτος  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)   " (Aigýptios) had originally evolved as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)) (Compound (linguistics)) compound from "(Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text) Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text)   " ((Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization) Aegaeou huptiōs  ), meaning "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea) (Aegean Sea) Below the Aegean ".(Egypt.html#cite_note-Engsheden-40) [ 35]    Another tradition claims that it was named after the legendary king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus) (Aegyptus) Aegyptus .(Egypt.html#cite_note-Jerome-Chronicon-41) [ 36]    The actual derivation is thought to be from (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ) (wikt:ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ) ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ  (Hutkaptah , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Egyptian) (Late Egyptian) Late Egyptian pronunciation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) [ ħəjˌkojpəˈtaħ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ancient_Egyptian_IPA)  ), "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple) (Egyptian temple) Temple of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul#Ka_(vital_essence)) (Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul) Ka  of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah) (Ptah) Ptah ," a term for the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt) (Memphis, Egypt) Memphis .(Egypt.html#cite_note-42) [ 37]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-43) [ 38]     Greco-Roman writers report that Egypt was sometimes called Aeria (Ἀερία).(Egypt.html#cite_note-44) [ 39]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Jerome-Chronicon-41) [ 36]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-Aeria-45) [ 40]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-George_W._Mooney-46) [ 41]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium) (Stephanus of Byzantium) Stephanus of Byzantium derives the name from aer (ἀήρ, "air"), explaining that Egypt was a "misty land". From this name, the ethnic form Aerioi (Ἀέριοι) is also recorded for its inhabitants.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-Aeria-45) [ 40]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_George_Tucker) (Thomas George Tucker) Thomas George Tucker suggested that Aeria could derive not only from "misty" or "hazy air", but also be understood in the sense of "far-off" or "dimly seen".(Egypt.html#cite_note-George_W._Mooney-46) [ 41]     "(Arabic-language romanization) Miṣr  " (Arabic pronunciation:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ misˤɾ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  ; "(Arabic-language text) مِصر  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ") is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic) (Classical Arabic) Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while "(Egyptian Arabic-language romanization) Maṣr  " ((mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic) (Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic) [ mɑsˤɾ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Egyptian_Arabic_IPA)  ; (Egyptian Arabic-language text) مَصر  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ) is the local pronunciation in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic .(Egypt.html#cite_note-47) [ 42]    The current name of Egypt, Misr/Misir/Misru, stems from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples) (Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples) Ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages) (Semitic languages) Semitic name for it. The term originally connoted "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization) (Civilization) Civilisation " or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis) (Metropolis) Metropolis ".(Egypt.html#cite_note-AncientCivils-48) [ 43]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic) (Classical Arabic) Classical Arabic (Arabic-language romanization) Miṣr   (Egyptian Arabic (Egyptian Arabic-language romanization) Maṣr   ) is directly cognate with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language) (Biblical Hebrew language) Biblical Hebrew Miṣráyīm (מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), meaning "the two straits", a reference to the predynastic separation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt) (Upper and Lower Egypt) Upper and Lower Egypt . Also mentioned in several Semitic languages as Mesru , Misir and Masar .(Egypt.html#cite_note-AncientCivils-48) [ 43]    The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language) (Akkadian language) Akkadian "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru")(Egypt.html#cite_note-49) [ 44]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-50) [ 45]    related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru , meaning "border" or "frontier".(Egypt.html#cite_note-akkadian-51) [ 46]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire) (Neo-Assyrian Empire) Neo-Assyrian Empire used the derived term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rassam_cylinder_Mu-s,ur.jpg)    , Mu-ṣur .(Egypt.html#cite_note-52) [ 47]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt) (History of Egypt) History of Egypt  Prehistoric Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt) (Prehistoric Egypt) Prehistoric Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predynastic_collage.png)   Clockwise : a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarian_culture) (Badarian culture) Badarian mortuary figurine, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada_culture) (Naqada culture) Naqada jar, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada_culture) (Naqada culture) Naqada statuette of the goddess (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_(goddess)) (Bat (goddess)) Bat , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_palette) (Cosmetic palette) Four dogs palette , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife) (Gebel el-Arak Knife) Gebel el-Arak Knife , and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada_culture) (Naqada culture) Naqada diorite vase.  Evidence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_carvings) (Rock carvings) rock carvings along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile and in surrounding oases indicates early habitation. In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_millennium_BCE) (10th millennium BCE) 10th millennium BCE , a culture of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer) (Hunter-gatherer) hunter-gatherers and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing) (Fishing) fishers was replaced by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal) (Cereal) grain -grinding culture. Climate changes or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing) (Overgrazing) overgrazing around 8000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_common_era) (Before common era) BCE began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara . Early (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_people) (Tribal people) tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system) (Economic system) economy and more centralised society.(Egypt.html#cite_note-53) [ 48]     By about 6000 BCE, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic culture took root in the Nile Valley.(Egypt.html#cite_note-54) [ 49]    During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt) (Upper and Lower Egypt) Upper and Lower Egypt . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarian) (Badarian) Badarian culture and the successor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada) (Naqada) Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) dynastic Egypt . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs) (Egyptian hieroglyphs) Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BCE.(Egypt.html#cite_note-55) [ 50]       Ancient Egypt (3150 BCE–305 BCE)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis) (Giza Necropolis) Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World) (Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.  Around (circa) c.  3150 BCE, King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes) (Menes) Menes unified Egypt, establishing a succession of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_dynasties) (List of Egyptian dynasties) dynasties that ruled for three millennia. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt) (Culture of Egypt) Egyptian civilisation thrived with distinctive achievements in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion) (Ancient Egyptian religion) religion , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt) (Art of Ancient Egypt) art , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language) (Egyptian language) writing . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom) (Old Kingdom) Old Kingdom ((circa) c.  2700–2200 BCE) saw the construction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids) (Egyptian pyramids) pyramids , including those at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis) (Giza Necropolis) Giza . A brief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) (First Intermediate Period of Egypt) interregnum followed, succeeded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Middle Kingdom of Egypt) Middle Kingdom ((circa) c.  2040 BCE), a phase of renewed stability and prosperity under rulers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenemhat_III) (Amenemhat III) Amenemhat III .(Egypt.html#cite_note-56) [ 51]     After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) (Second Intermediate Period of Egypt) Second Intermediate Period and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos) (Hyksos) Hyksos occupation, Egypt was reunified by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I) (Ahmose I) Ahmose I , founder of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt) (Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt) Eighteenth Dynasty and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (New Kingdom of Egypt) New Kingdom ((circa) c.  1550–1070 BCE). This era marked Egypt's height as a major power in the region, extending influence into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubia and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant) (Levant) Levant . It produced many of Egypt's most renowned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh) (Pharaoh) Pharaohs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut) (Hatshepsut) Hatshepsut , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III) (Thutmose III) Thutmose III , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten) (Akhenaten) Akhenaten , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun) (Tutankhamun) Tutankhamun , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II) (Ramesses II) Ramesses II , and witnessed the rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism) (Atenism) Atenism , one of the earliest forms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism) (Monotheism) monotheism . Despite later invasions by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya) (Ancient Libya) Libyans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Nubians , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria) (Assyria) Assyrians , native dynasties eventually reasserted control.(Egypt.html#cite_note-57) [ 52]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg)   The Weighing of the Heart from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_of_Ani) (Papyrus of Ani) Book of the Dead of Ani    In 525 BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambyses_II_of_Persia) (Cambyses II of Persia) Cambyses II of Persia conquered Egypt, beginning the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrapy) (Satrapy) satrapy period (the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt) (Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt) Twenty-seventh Dynasty ). Although several revolts occurred, Egypt remained under Persian control until briefly regaining independence before falling again in 343 BCE.(Egypt.html#cite_note-58) [ 53]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtieth_dynasty_of_Egypt) (Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt) Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native royal house. Following renewed Persian domination, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332 BCE, after which his general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter) (Ptolemy I Soter) Ptolemy I Soter established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty) (Ptolemaic dynasty) Ptolemaic dynasty .(Egypt.html#cite_note-59) [ 54]       Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (305 BCE–641 CE)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) (Ptolemaic Kingdom) Ptolemaic Kingdom and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt) (Roman Egypt) Roman Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg)   The Ptolemaic Queen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII) (Cleopatra VII) Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarion) (Caesarion) Caesarion , at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex) (Dendera Temple complex) Temple of Dendera   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) (Ptolemaic Kingdom) Ptolemaic Kingdom was a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization) (Hellenistic civilization) Hellenistic state from southern Syria to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya) (Cyrene, Libya) Cyrene and south to Nubia, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria as its capital and a centre of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks) (Greeks) Greek culture and trade. The Ptolemies adopted pharaonic traditions to legitimise their rule, appearing on monuments in Egyptian style and participating in local religious life.(Egypt.html#cite_note-60) [ 55]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-61) [ 56]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria) (Lighthouse of Alexandria) Lighthouse of Alexandria , built c. 280 BCE, was one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World) (Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , later destroyed by earthquakes. The last ruler, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII) (Cleopatra VII) Cleopatra VII , committed suicide after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian) (Octavian) Octavian captured Alexandria, ending the dynasty and paving the way for Roman annexation. Native rebellions and dynastic disputes weakened the kingdom, facilitating its annexation by Rome. Egypt was a wealthy imperial province of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire , supplying grain and hosting the major city of Alexandria.(Egypt.html#cite_note-62) [ 57]    Governed with Roman administration and Hellenistic culture, its population primarily spoke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek) (Koine Greek) Greek in major cities and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Coptic Egyptian in rural areas.(Egypt.html#cite_note-63) [ 58]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-pop-64) [ 59]    Christianity reached Egypt in the 1st century, brought by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mark_the_Evangelist) (Saint Mark the Evangelist) Saint Mark the Evangelist .(Egypt.html#cite_note-georgetown-65) [ 60]    During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian) (Diocletian) Diocletian 's reign (284–305 CE), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament) (New Testament) New Testament had been translated into Egyptian and many Egyptian Christians were persecuted. By CE 451, a distinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) Coptic Church was firmly established.(Egypt.html#cite_note-66) [ 61]       Medieval Egypt (641–1517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages) (Egypt in the Middle Ages) Egypt in the Middle Ages   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C9B5617-Pano.jpg)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As) (Amr ibn al-As) Amr ibn al-As mosque in Cairo, recognised as the oldest in Africa   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ساحة_مسجد_احمد_بن_طولون.jpg) (The Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo, of Ahmad Ibn Tulun)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tulun_Mosque) (Ibn Tulun Mosque) Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo, of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_Tulun) (Ahmad Ibn Tulun) Ahmad Ibn Tulun    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:مسـجد_الحاكم_بأمر_الله_06.jpg)       The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque) (Al-Hakim Mosque) Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah) (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah) Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid) (Fatimid) Fatimid caliph    The Byzantines regained control of Egypt after a brief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanid Persian invasion early in the 7th century, until 639–42, when the country was conquered by Arab Muslim forces under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As) (Amr ibn al-As) Amr ibn al-As during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests) (Early Muslim conquests) Early Muslim conquests . The Arabs defeated the Byzantine armies, bringing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam to Egypt. Alexandria briefly returned to Byzantine control in 645 but fell again to the Arabs in 646. In 654, an invasion fleet sent by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II) (Constans II) Constans II was repulsed.(Egypt.html#cite_note-georgetown-65) [ 60]    The Arabs founded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat) (Fustat) Fustat , later replaced by Cairo in 969. Under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid) (Abbasid) Abbasid caliphate, Egypt was governed through deputies residing in Baghdad. Revolts occurred frequently, including the Egyptian revolt of 828 and the uprising of 831 when Copts joined Muslims against the government. Semi-independent dynasties arose, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty) (Tulunid dynasty) Tulunid dynasty (868–905) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty) (Ikhshidid dynasty) Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969), which maintained Abbasid allegiance while exercising local authority. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate) (Fatimid Caliphate) Fatimid Caliphate ruled Egypt from the 10th century, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo as their capital. After the Fatimids, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty) (Ayyubid dynasty) Ayyubid dynasty governed until 1250, when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk) (Mamluk) Mamluks , a military caste of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people) (Turkic people) Turco -(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians) (Circassians) Circassian origin, took control. The Mamluks ruled Egypt for the next three centuries and maintained control over parts of the Levant. By the late 13th century, Egypt linked trade routes connecting the Red Sea with India, Malaya, and the East Indies.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-67) [ 62]    The mid-14th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death) (Black Death) Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population.(Egypt.html#cite_note-68) [ 63]       Ottoman Egypt (1517–1867)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet) (Egypt Eyalet) Egypt Eyalet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty) History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Muhammad Ali , founder of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (Muhammad Ali dynasty) Muhammad Ali dynasty , and the extent of their realm.    Egypt was conquered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks) (Ottoman Turks) Ottomans in 1517, following the defeat of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) (Mamluk Sultanate) Mamluk Sultanate , and became a province of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire . The Mamluks, who had dominated Egypt's military and political life for centuries, retained influence under Ottoman rule, creating a semi-autonomous power structure. The Ottomans faced repeated challenges in maintaining control, while plagues and famines weakened the economy and civil society. Between 1687 and 1731, Egypt experienced six major famines, including the 1784 famine that killed roughly one-sixth of the population.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Abu-Lughod-67) [ 62]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Icelandic'-69) [ 64]     In 1798, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte) (Napoleon Bonaparte) Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt, defeating the Mamluks at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids) (Battle of the Pyramids) Battle of the Pyramids . The French occupation was short-lived, but it destabilised the region and set the stage for Muhammad Ali Pasha's rise. After the French were expelled, power struggles ensued between the Ottomans, the Mamluks, and Albanian mercenaries in Ottoman service, leaving Egypt politically fragmented. In 1805, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Muhammad Ali Pasha seized power, massacring the remaining Mamluks and establishing a dynasty that would rule Egypt until 1952. He reorganised the army along European lines, introduced conscription, and developed a centralised administration. At the same time, he promoted cash-crop agriculture, especially long-staple cotton, to integrate Egypt into global markets.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2-70) [ 65]    His successors, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt) (Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt) Ibrahim Pasha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Egypt) (Abbas I of Egypt) Abbas I , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa'id_of_Egypt) (Sa'id of Egypt) Sa'id , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma'il_Pasha_of_Egypt) (Isma'il Pasha of Egypt) Isma'il Pasha , continued reforms in agriculture, science, and industry, and abolished slavery. Muhammad Ali expanded Egypt's control over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sudan) (Northern Sudan) Northern Sudan (1820–1824), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria (1833), and parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia) (Arabia) Arabia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia , but European powers intervened in 1841, forcing him to relinquish most of his conquests. He modernised Egypt's infrastructure, built factories and irrigation networks, and strengthened the military, while broader education remained largely limited to military and technical training.(Egypt.html#cite_note-auto-71) [ 66]    The centralisation of power and focus on military and economic modernisation laid the foundation for Egypt's transformation into a regional power.   Monarchical Egypt (1867–1952)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt) (Khedivate of Egypt) Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt) (Sultanate of Egypt) Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922) , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt_(1922–1953)) (Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)) Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)  In 1867, Egypt was formally granted autonomous status as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt) (Khedivate of Egypt) vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal , completed in 1869 with French assistance, became a key strategic and commercial asset. Financial mismanagement and mounting debts led Isma'il Pasha to sell Egypt's shares in the canal to Britain in 1875, increasing European influence. Rising discontent culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabi_revolt) (Urabi revolt) Urabi revolt , after which Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, establishing a de facto protectorate while maintaining nominal Ottoman sovereignty.(Egypt.html#cite_note-72) [ 67]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-73) [ 68]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-74) [ 69]    The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899 placed Sudan under joint Egyptian and British administration, though Britain retained real control. Incidents such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denshawai_incident) (Denshawai incident) Denshawai incident in 1906 intensified nationalist sentiment, laying the groundwork for political movements that challenged both Ottoman and European dominance. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg)   Female nationalists demonstrating in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1919) (Egyptian Revolution of 1919) 1919 revolution , 1919  In 1914, as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire joined World War I alongside the Central Powers, Khedive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Egypt) (Abbas II of Egypt) Abbas II declared support for the Ottoman side. In response, the British deposed him and installed his brother (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt) (Hussein Kamel of Egypt) Hussein Kamel , who assumed the title of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt) (Sultanate of Egypt) Sultan of Egypt . Egypt was formally declared independent from the Ottoman Empire but remained under British protection.(Egypt.html#cite_note-75) [ 70]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-76) [ 71]     After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I , nationalist sentiments surged. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul) (Saad Zaghloul) Saad Zaghloul and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafd_Party) (Wafd Party) Wafd Party secured popular support, but the British exiled Zaghloul and his colleagues to Malta on 8 March 1919, prompting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919) (Egyptian revolution of 1919) first modern revolution . This uprising pressured the UK to issue a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence) (Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence) declaration of independence on 22 February 1922.(Egypt.html#cite_note-jankowski-112-77) [ 72]    Sultan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt) (Fuad I of Egypt) Fuad I then assumed the title of King of Egypt. Despite nominal independence, Britain retained military presence and political influence.(Egypt.html#cite_note-jankowski-112-77) [ 72]     In 1923, a new constitution established a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) (Parliamentary system) parliamentary government. The Wafd Party won a decisive victory in the 1923–24 elections, with Saad Zaghloul becoming prime minister. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Treaty_of_1936) (Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936) 1936 treaty led to British troop withdrawal from most of Egypt, except the Suez Canal. The treaty left the status of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Sudan unresolved, as real control remained with Britain.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ModernSudan-78) [ 73]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_Edward_VIII,_&_Mohamed_Sa'id_Paşa.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt) (Fuad I of Egypt) Fuad I of Egypt with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII) (Edward VIII) Edward, Prince of Wales , 1932  During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , Egypt served as a strategic base for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allied operations, particularly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa) (North Africa) North Africa . Although Egypt declared martial law and severed diplomatic relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) (Axis powers) Axis powers , the Egyptian army did not engage directly. Political tensions persisted, highlighted by the 1942 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeen_Palace_Incident_of_1942) (Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942) Abdeen Palace Incident , in which British forces pressured King Farouk to install a Wafd-coalition government.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Britro-79) [ 74]     After the war, nationalist and anti-British sentiments intensified. British troops largely withdrew in 1947, leaving a residual presence around the Suez Canal. Egypt's defeat in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Arab-Israeli_War) (First Arab-Israeli War) First Arab-Israeli War fuelled anti-monarchy feeling. The Wafd Party's 1950 election victory forced King Farouk to appoint (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_El-Nahas) (Mostafa El-Nahas) Mostafa El-Nahas as prime minister. In 1951, Egypt unilaterally renounced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_treaty_of_1936) (Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936) 1936 treaty and demanded British troop withdrawal. The situation around the Suez Canal escalated, culminating in violent confrontations that led to the killing of 43 Egyptian policemen in 1952 by British troops. The Ismailia incident outraged Egypt and led to the subsequent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_fire) (Cairo fire) Black Saturday anti-British riots, which saw widespread destruction in Cairo.(Egypt.html#cite_note-factbook-his-80) [ 75]     These events precipitated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian Revolution of 1952) Free Officers Movement coup on 22–23 July 1952, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib) (Muhammad Naguib) Muhammad Naguib and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser . King Farouk abdicated in favour of his infant son, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt) (Fuad II of Egypt) Fuad II , but real power rested with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolutionary_Command_Council) (Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council) Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council . By 18 June 1953, the monarchy was formally abolished, the 1923 constitution suspended, and Egypt was declared a republic, with Naguib as president and Nasser as prime minister.(Egypt.html#cite_note-factbook-his-80) [ 75]       Republican Egypt under Nasser (1952–1970)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt) (History of republican Egypt) History of republican Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser) History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nageeb_&_nasser.jpg) (Two smiling men in military uniform seated in an open-top automobile. The first man on the left is pointing his hand in a gesture. Behind the automobile are men in uniform walking away from the vehicle)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser (right) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Naguib) (Mohamed Naguib) Mohamed Naguib (left) during celebrations marking the second anniversary of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) 1952 Egyptian revolution , July 1954  Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) 1952 Revolution led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)) (Free Officers Movement (Egypt)) Free Officers Movement , Egypt came under military control, and all political parties were banned. On 18 June 1953, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953–1958)) (Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)) Republic of Egypt was officially declared, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib) (Muhammad Naguib) Muhammad Naguib serving as the first President. His presidency lasted less than a year and a half, as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabist) (Pan-Arabist) Pan-Arabist and the principal architect of the 1952 movement, gradually consolidated power. Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 and placed under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest) (House arrest) house arrest . The presidency remained vacant until Nasser was formally elected in 1956.(Egypt.html#cite_note-81) [ 76]     In October 1954, Egypt and the United Kingdom agreed to end the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement of 1899, granting Sudan full independence, which came into effect on 1 January 1956. In June 1956, Nasser assumed the presidency and immediately became the central figure in Egypt's domestic and foreign policy. British forces completed their withdrawal from the Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956. Later that year, on 26 July, Nasser (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalised) (Nationalised) nationalised the Suez Canal, provoking the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis) (Suez Crisis) Suez Crisis when Israel, with support from France and the United Kingdom, invaded the Sinai Peninsula and targeted the Canal. The conflict ended following diplomatic pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union, restoring the pre-war status quo.(Egypt.html#cite_note-82) [ 77]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasser_in_Mansoura,_1960.jpg)   Egyptian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt) (Mansoura, Egypt) Mansoura , 1960  In 1958, Egypt formed a political union with Syria, creating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic) (United Arab Republic) United Arab Republic . The union, also loosely connected with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen) (Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen) North Yemen in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_States) (United Arab States) United Arab States , was short-lived; Syria seceded in 1961. During this period, Egypt became heavily involved in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War) (North Yemen Civil War) North Yemen Civil War , with military interventions and peace conferences ultimately leading to a prolonged stalemate.(Egypt.html#cite_note-83) [ 78]    In May 1967, tensions with Israel escalated after warnings from the Soviet Union, deployment of Egyptian forces to Sinai, expulsion of UN peacekeepers, and closure of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran) (Straits of Tiran) Straits of Tiran . These measures precipitated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Arab-Israeli_War) (Third Arab-Israeli War) Six-Day War , during which Israel captured the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip) (Gaza Strip) Gaza Strip . In response to the conflict, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_law_in_Egypt) (Emergency law in Egypt) Emergency Law was enacted, greatly expanding police powers, restricting constitutional rights, and legalising censorship; it remained in force until 2012, except for a brief break in 1980–81.(Egypt.html#cite_note-84) [ 79]     Socially and economically, Nasser's policies transformed Egypt. At the time of the monarchy's fall, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class, four million were middle class, and seventeen million were lower class or poor.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120-85) [ 80]    Education was expanded, with school enrolment more than doubling from 1953 to 1966. Land reforms, industrial support, and growth in public-sector employment created a larger middle class, including doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, and journalists. However, by the late 1960s, the Egyptian economy faced stagnation, political freedoms had declined, and Nasser's personal popularity began to wane.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120-85) [ 80]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-86) [ 81]       Egypt under Sadat and Mubarak (1970–2011)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat) (History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat) History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak) (History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak) History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg)   Egyptian vehicles advancing in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War , 1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadat_and_A_Ismail.jpg)   Egyptian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat) (Anwar Sadat) Anwar Sadat and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Defense (Egypt)) Minister of War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ismail_Ali) (Ahmad Ismail Ali) Ahmad Ismail Ali attending the re-opening ceremony of Suez Canal after the Yom Kippur war, 1975  After the death of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat) (Anwar Sadat) Anwar Sadat assumed the presidency of Egypt. Sadat consolidated his power by marginalising Nasserist and leftist factions, while controlling opposition both secular and religious. He shifted Egypt's Cold War alignment from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and renamed the country the Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971. Sadat launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infitah) (Infitah) Infitah ("open door") economic reforms.(Egypt.html#cite_note-87) [ 82]    Some measures of this economic liberalisation caused social tensions, most notably the removal of food subsidies in 1977 which sparked widespread (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots) (1977 Egyptian bread riots) bread riots . In 1973, Sadat coordinated with Syria in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Arab-Israeli_War) (Fourth Arab-Israeli War) Fourth Arab-Israeli War to reclaim the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula from Israeli occupation. Though militarily mixed, the war restored Arab morale and strengthened Sadat's domestic legitimacy. His historic 1977 visit to Jerusalem led to the 1979 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_peace_treaty) (Egypt–Israel peace treaty) Egypt-Israel peace treaty , with Israel withdrawing from Sinai and Egypt recognising Israel as a sovereign state. This initiative provoked widespread controversy across the Arab world, resulting in Egypt's temporary expulsion from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , but remained popular domestically.(Egypt.html#cite_note-88) [ 83]    Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by an Islamic extremist opposed to his domestic policies and peace initiative. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) (Hosni Mubarak) Hosni Mubarak succeeded Sadat in a 1981 referendum in which he was the sole candidate.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nytimes.com-89) [ 84]    He maintained Egypt's peace treaty with Israel and improved relations with Arab neighbours. Domestically, he faced widespread poverty, high unemployment, and urban overcrowding. The 1986 Security Police riots, sparked by reports of extended military service, led to violent protests, destruction of businesses, and 107 deaths.(Egypt.html#cite_note-90) [ 85]     Terrorist attacks, particularly by Islamist groups like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Gama'a_al-Islamiyya) (Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya) Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya , targeted government officials, foreigners, and Christian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts) (Copts) Copts , devastating tourism, Egypt's primary source of hard currency.(Egypt.html#cite_note-91) [ 86]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-92) [ 87]    The political scene was dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)) (National Democratic Party (Egypt)) NDP , which curtailed freedoms of association, expression, and political participation through laws such as the 1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 NGOs Law.(Egypt.html#cite_note-93) [ 88]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_north.JPG)   Cairo grew into a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area) (Metropolitan area) metropolitan area with a population of over 22 million.(Egypt.html#cite_note-citypopulation2025-94) [ 89]      In 1997, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_massacre) (Luxor massacre) Luxor massacre left 62 dead, mostly tourists. Security and the economy remained under threat. In 2005, limited reforms allowed multi-candidate presidential elections, but restrictions on candidates and alleged government interference ensured Mubarak's easy reelection. Voter turnout was less than 25%, and opposition leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Nour) (Ayman Nour) Ayman Nour was subsequently imprisoned.(Egypt.html#cite_note-95) [ 90]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International reported widespread human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary detention, and the use of Egypt as an international "torture hub" in the context of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror) (War on terror) war on terror .(Egypt.html#cite_note-HRW-96) [ 91]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-97) [ 92]    Constitutional changes in 2007 further expanded presidential powers, restricted religious parties, and broadened police authority. Egypt remained under strong military influence, described by officials as a "pharaonic" system, with democracy as a distant aspiration.(Egypt.html#cite_note-98) [ 93]       Contemporary (2011–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) 2011 Egyptian revolution , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)) (Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)) Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_protests) (2013 Egyptian protests) 2013 Egyptian protests , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'état) (2013 Egyptian coup d'état) 2013 Egyptian coup d'état  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg)       Top: Celebrations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Square) (Tahrir Square) Tahrir Square after the announcement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) (Hosni Mubarak) Hosni Mubarak 's resignation, 2011. Bottom: Protests in Tahrir Square against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi) (Mohamed Morsi) Morsi , 2012.    On 25 January 2011, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) widespread protests erupted against President Hosni Mubarak's government, triggered by demands for political freedom, social justice, and the end of long-standing corruption. Demonstrations rapidly spread across major cities, particularly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Square) (Tahrir Square) Tahrir Square , capturing global attention.(Egypt.html#cite_note-99) [ 94]    After 18 days of escalating unrest, Mubarak resigned on 11 February 2011 and fled Cairo. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_military) (Egyptian military) Egyptian military assumed control, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi) (Mohamed Hussein Tantawi) Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , chairman of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces) (Supreme Council of the Armed Forces) Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , acting as interim head of state.(Egypt.html#cite_note-100) [ 95]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-101) [ 96]    On 13 February, the military dissolved parliament and suspended the constitution.(Egypt.html#cite_note-102) [ 97]    A constitutional referendum followed on 19 March 2011.(Egypt.html#cite_note-103) [ 98]    Later that year, Egypt held its first parliamentary elections since the previous regime, with high voter turnout and no major reported irregularities.(Egypt.html#cite_note-104) [ 99]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi) (Mohamed Morsi) Mohamed Morsi , affiliated with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood , won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Egyptian_presidential_election) (2012 Egyptian presidential election) presidency on 24 June 2012 and was sworn in on 30 June.(Egypt.html#cite_note-105) [ 100]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-106) [ 101]    His cabinet, announced in August 2012, included significant representation from the Muslim Brotherhood, prompting liberal and secular groups to withdraw from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Egypt) (Constituent Assembly of Egypt) Constituent Assembly of Egypt over concerns of imposing strict Islamic law.(Egypt.html#cite_note-107) [ 102]    In November 2012, Morsi issued a decree granting immunity to his decisions and protecting the constituent assembly's work, sparking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012–2013_Egyptian_protests) (2012–2013 Egyptian protests) mass protests and violent clashes across the country.(Egypt.html#cite_note-108) [ 103]    Tensions escalated, with the largest confrontations between Islamist supporters and opponents since the 2011 revolution occurring on 5 December 2012.(Egypt.html#cite_note-109) [ 104]    Morsi refused to cancel the December 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum) (2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum) constitutional referendum .(Egypt.html#cite_note-110) [ 105]     Following growing public discontent, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'état) (2013 Egyptian coup d'état) military removed Morsi on 3 July 2013, dissolved the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)) (Senate (Egypt)) Shura Council , and installed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour) (Adly Mansour) Adly Mansour , chief justice of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_(Egypt)) (Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)) Supreme Constitutional Court , as interim president.(Egypt.html#cite_note-111) [ 106]    Authorities cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood, jailing thousands and conducting mass trials. Violence during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaa_massacre) (Rabaa massacre) dispersals of pro-Morsi camps left hundreds dead.(Egypt.html#cite_note-112) [ 107]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-113) [ 108]    A new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt) (Constitution of Egypt) constitution was approved by referendum on 18 January 2014 with 98.1% voting in favour.(Egypt.html#cite_note-114) [ 109]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-115) [ 110]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election) (2014 Egyptian presidential election) presidential elections in June 2014 with 96.1% of the vote and was sworn in on 8 June. Under his rule, Egypt intensified security on the Gaza border, dismantled tunnels between Sinai and Gaza, and consolidated political power. Presidential terms were extended to six years in 2019, allowing El-Sisi to run for a third term in 2024. Parliamentary elections in 2020 confirmed a pro-El-Sisi majority for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation's_Future_Party) (Nation's Future Party) Mostaqbal Watan Party . The constitutional reforms and strengthened military authority under El-Sisi have been described as a return to authoritarianism.(Egypt.html#cite_note-116) [ 111]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-117) [ 112]    In December 2023, El-Sisi won the elections that gave him a third six-year term.(Egypt.html#cite_note-118) [ 113]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt) (Geography of Egypt) Geography of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_Topography.png)   Egypt's topography  Egypt lies primarily between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_parallel_north) (22nd parallel north) 22° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_parallel_north) (32nd parallel north) 32°N , and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_meridian_east) (25th meridian east) 25° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_meridian_east) (35th meridian east) 35°E . At 1,001,450 square kilometres (386,660  sq  mi) , it is the world's 29th largest country.(Egypt.html#cite_note-119) [ 114]    Due to the extreme aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that about 99% of the population uses about 5.5% of the total land area.(Egypt.html#cite_note-120) [ 115]    98% of Egyptians live on 3% of the territory.(Egypt.html#cite_note-121) [ 116]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sand_Dunes_(Qattara_Depression).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattara_Depression) (Qattara Depression) Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west  Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcontinental_nation) (Transcontinental nation) transcontinental nation , it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal ) that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean) (Indo-Mediterranean) connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea. Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis) (Oasis) oases scattered about. Winds create prolific (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune) (Dune) sand dunes that peak at more than 30 metres (100  ft) high. Egypt includes parts of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara desert and of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Desert) (Libyan Desert) Libyan Desert . Sinai peninsula hosts the highest mountain in Egypt, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Catherine) (Mount Catherine) Mount Catherine at 2,642 metres. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera) (Red Sea Riviera) Red Sea Riviera , on the east of the peninsula, is renowned for its wealth of coral reefs and marine life. Towns and cities include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria , the second largest city; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan) (Aswan) Aswan ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut) (Asyut) Asyut ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo , the modern Egyptian capital and largest city; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra) (El Mahalla El Kubra) El Mahalla El Kubra ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza) (Giza) Giza , the site of the Pyramid of Khufu; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada) (Hurghada) Hurghada ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor) (Luxor) Luxor ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Ombo) (Kom Ombo) Kom Ombo ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Safaga) (Port Safaga) Port Safaga ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh) (Sharm El Sheikh) Sharm El Sheikh ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez) (Suez) Suez , where the south end of the Suez Canal is located; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagazig) (Zagazig) Zagazig ; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya,_Egypt) (Minya, Egypt) Minya . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis) (Oasis) Oases include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahariya_Oasis) (Bahariya Oasis) Bahariya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhla_Oasis) (Dakhla Oasis) Dakhla , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt) (Farafra, Egypt) Farafra , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharga_Oasis) (Kharga Oasis) Kharga and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis) (Siwa Oasis) Siwa . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorates) (Protectorates) Protectorates include Ras Mohamed National Park, Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa. On 13 March 2015, plans for a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt) (Proposed new capital of Egypt) proposed new capital of Egypt were announced.(Egypt.html#cite_note-122) [ 117]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt) (Climate of Egypt) Climate of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crop_limit,_Nile_Valley-2.jpg)   The sharp boundary between the hyper-arid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert) (Western Desert) desert and the irrigated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley) (Nile Valley) Nile Valley , where most of Egypt's population and agriculture are concentrated.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_stress,_top_countries_(2022).svg)   Egypt was the eighth most water-stressed country in the world in 2022.  Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months.(Egypt.html#cite_note-123) [ 118]    South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5  mm (0.1 to 0.2  in) per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410  mm (16.1  in) ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-124) [ 119]    mostly between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta) (Damietta) Damietta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltim) (Baltim) Baltim and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_Barrani) (Sidi Barrani) Sidi Barrani , and rarely in Alexandria. A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time in many decades.(Egypt.html#cite_note-125) [ 120]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost) (Frost) Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. Egypt has a very hot, sunny and dry climate. Average temperature highs are very high to extremely high throughout most of the country. The exception to this is the northern part of the country, which, although still hot, has its temperatures moderated by the cool Mediterranean winds consistently blowing in over the sea coast, especially at the height of summer. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamaseen) (Khamaseen) Khamaseen is a hot, dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer. It brings scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over 40  °C (104  °F) and sometimes over 50  °C (122  °F) in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less. Prior to the construction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam) (Aswan Dam) Aswan Dam , the Nile flooded annually, replenishing Egypt's soil. This gave Egypt a consistent harvest throughout the years. Egypt's hot and arid climate is under increasing strain from climate change, which has brought extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, and rising sea levels.(Egypt.html#cite_note-126) [ 121]    Egypt is highly vulnerable, and these shifts threaten food security, water availability, public health, and economic stability.(Egypt.html#cite_note-127) [ 122]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-128) [ 123]      Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt) (Wildlife of Egypt) Wildlife of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Imperial_Eagle) (Eastern Imperial Eagle) Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt.  Egypt signed the Rio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity) (Convention on Biological Diversity) Convention on Biological Diversity on 9 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994.(Egypt.html#cite_note-129) [ 124]    It produced a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan) (Biodiversity Action Plan) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998.(Egypt.html#cite_note-130) [ 125]     The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.(Egypt.html#cite_note-131) [ 126]    For the grasses, 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt.(Egypt.html#cite_note-132) [ 127]       Government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt) (Politics of Egypt) Politics of Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbdelFattah_Elsisi_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt) (President of Egypt) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mostafa_Madbouly_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly) (Mostafa Madbouly) Mostafa Madbouly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt) (Prime Minister of Egypt) Prime Minister       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Egypt)) (House of Representatives (Egypt)) House of Representatives , whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt) (Elections in Egypt) Elections were held between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011–12_Egyptian_parliamentary_election) (2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election) November 2011 and January 2012 , which were later dissolved. After a wave of public discontent with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood government of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi) (Mohamed Morsi) Mohamed Morsi ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-morsi-think-again-133) [ 128]    on 3 July 2013 then-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks) (Egyptian Army ranks) General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced the removal of Morsi from office and the suspension of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2012) (Egyptian Constitution of 2012) constitution . A 50-member constitution committee was formed for modifying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014) (Egyptian Constitution of 2014) the constitution which was later published for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2014) (Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014) public voting and was adopted on 18 January 2014.(Egypt.html#cite_note-134) [ 129]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_parliamentary_election,_2015) (Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015) The next parliamentary election was announced to be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014, and were held in two phases, from 17 October to 2 December 2015.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ao30aug-135) [ 130]    Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adly_Mansour) (Adly Mansour) Adly Mansour pushed the date.(Egypt.html#cite_note-136) [ 131]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Egyptian_presidential_election) (2014 Egyptian presidential election) 2014 Egyptian presidential election took place on 26–28 May. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.9% compared to 757,511 (3.1%) for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdeen_Sabahi) (Hamdeen Sabahi) Hamdeen Sabahi .(Egypt.html#cite_note-137) [ 132]     In 2024, as part of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World) (Freedom in the World) Freedom in the World report, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House rated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_rights) (Political rights) political rights in Egypt at 6 (with 40 representing the most free and 0 the least), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties) (Civil liberties) civil liberties at 12 (with 60 being the highest score and 0 the lowest), which gave it the freedom rating of "Not Free".(Egypt.html#cite_note-138) [ 133]    According to the 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices) (V-Dem Democracy indices) V-Dem Democracy indices Egypt is the eighth least (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa) (Democracy in Africa) democratic country in Africa .(Egypt.html#cite_note-vdem_dataset-139) [ 134]    The 2023 edition of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index) (The Economist Democracy Index) The Economist Democracy Index categorises Egypt as an "authoritarian regime", with a score of 2.93.(Egypt.html#cite_note-140) [ 135]     Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-pogar-141) [ 136]    The first popular assembly was established in 1866. It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882, and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit. In 1923, however, after the country's independence was declared, a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy.(Egypt.html#cite_note-pogar-141) [ 136]     Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt) (Foreign relations of Egypt) Foreign relations of Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_between_Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi_and_Vladimir_Putin_at_2024_BRICS_Summit.jpg)       Top: Former President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) (Hosni Mubarak) Hosni Mubarak with former US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) (George W. Bush) George W. Bush at Camp David in 2002. Bottom: President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_Summit) (16th BRICS Summit) 16th BRICS Summit in 2024    Egypt's foreign policy is shaped by its strategic geographical position, historical legacy, and diplomatic influence in Africa, the Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia. As a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations, Egypt has maintained a non-aligned stance while remaining active in regional diplomacy. Cairo, historically a crossroads of commerce and culture, remains a centre of intellectual and political influence in the region. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–United_States_relations) (Egypt–United States relations) United States has been a key partner, providing Egypt with US$1.3 billion in annual military assistance as of 2015.(Egypt.html#cite_note-142) [ 137]    In 1989, Egypt was designated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally , but relations soured following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'état) (2013 Egyptian coup d'état) 2013 Egyptian coup d'état , as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration) (Obama administration) Obama administration criticised Egypt's crackdown on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood and suspended joint military exercises.(Egypt.html#cite_note-143) [ 138]    Under President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump , relations improved, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 's 2017 visit to the White House marking the first by an Egyptian president in eight years.(Egypt.html#cite_note-144) [ 139]     Relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Russia_relations) (Egypt–Russia relations) Russia strengthened after Morsi's removal, with both nations expanding military cooperation(Egypt.html#cite_note-145) [ 140]    and trade relations.(Egypt.html#cite_note-146) [ 141]    Similarly, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Egypt_relations) (China–Egypt relations) relations with China have deepened, culminating in the establishment of a "comprehensive strategic partnership" in 2014.(Egypt.html#cite_note-147) [ 142]     In 2024, Egypt and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union elevated their relationship to a "strategic and comprehensive partnership", emphasising political cooperation, and economic collaboration. Both sides are also working on deepening trade relations under the Association Agreement, supporting Egypt's economic stability, and strengthening counterterrorism efforts.(Egypt.html#cite_note-148) [ 143]     Egypt remains an influential mediator in Middle Eastern conflicts, particularly in brokering ceasefires in Gaza and facilitating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Palestinian_peace_process) (Israeli–Palestinian peace process) Israeli–Palestinian peace process .(Egypt.html#cite_note-149) [ 144]    It is also a Member State of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , hosting the Arab League headquarters in Cairo. The Arab League temporarily moved to Tunis in 1978 in protest of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Israel_peace_treaty) (Egypt–Israel peace treaty) Egypt–Israel peace treaty , but returned to Cairo in 1989. Egypt has also cultivated strong economic ties with Gulf nations such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Saudi_Arabia_relations) (Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations) Saudi Arabia and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates , both of which have provided billions of dollars in financial assistance.(Egypt.html#cite_note-150) [ 145]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces) (Egyptian Armed Forces) Egyptian Armed Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt) (Military industry of Egypt) Military industry of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Republican_Guard) (Egyptian Republican Guard) Egyptian honour guard soldiers in 2009  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces) (Egyptian Armed Forces) Egyptian Armed Forces constitute Egypt's military establishment, comprising the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army) (Egyptian Army) Egyptian Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Navy) (Egyptian Navy) Navy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Force) (Egyptian Air Force) Air Force , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Defence_Forces) (Egyptian Air Defence Forces) Air Defence Forces under the direct supervision of the Chief of Staff,(Egypt.html#cite_note-151) [ 146]    with their headquarters at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Strategic_Command_Center) (State Strategic Command Center) State Strategic Command Center , commonly known as the Octagon, in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital) (New Administrative Capital) New Administrative Capital . The military primarily oversees external defence but also plays a domestic role, assisting police in protecting vital infrastructure during emergencies and counterterrorism operations.(Egypt.html#cite_note-NYT_2011-152) [ 147]    They also participate in foreign peacekeeping missions and engage in bilateral and multinational military exercises.(Egypt.html#cite_note-CIA-military-153) [ 148]     The military wields significant political influence, operating autonomously and remaining exempt from many civilian laws.(Egypt.html#cite_note-NYT_2011-152) [ 147]    A significant amount of military information is not made publicly available, including budget information, the names of the general officers and the military's size (which is considered a state secret).(Egypt.html#cite_note-NYT_2011-152) [ 147]    In addition, the military is a major driver of Egypt's economic landscape, engaging in infrastructure development, consumer goods production, and real estate holdings through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_Products_Organization) (National Service Products Organization) National Service Projects Organization . With an active personnel strength of 438,500 and 479,000 reservists,(Egypt.html#cite_note-154) [ 149]    it is one of the largest and best-equipped militaries in the region.(Egypt.html#cite_note-CIA-military-153) [ 148]    Conscription is mandatory for men aged 18–30, with service obligations ranging from 14 to 36 months, depending on educational level, followed by a nine-year reserve duty. Voluntary enlistment is possible from age 16 for men and 17 for women.(Egypt.html#cite_note-CIA-military-153) [ 148]     The military operates a diverse arsenal sourced primarily from China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the United States. Recent efforts have focused on modernisation and procurement of advanced weaponry.(Egypt.html#cite_note-CIA-military-153) [ 148]    The domestic defence industry is also well-established, manufacturing small arms, armoured vehicles, and naval vessels, while maintaining licensed production agreements with countries such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States .(Egypt.html#cite_note-CIA-military-153) [ 148]     Egypt is one of few countries in the region to possess spy satellites, launching (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptSat_1) (EgyptSat 1) EgyptSat 1 in 2007,(Egypt.html#cite_note-155) [ 150]    followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptSat_2) (EgyptSat 2) EgyptSat 2 in 2014.(Egypt.html#cite_note-156) [ 151]    In 2019, Egypt launched MisrSat-A, an observation satellite,(Egypt.html#cite_note-157) [ 152]    followed later that year by Tiba-1, a civilian and military communications satellite.(Egypt.html#cite_note-158) [ 153]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-159) [ 154]    In 2023, Egypt launched Horus-1 and Horus-2, about a month apart. The country also placed MisrSat-2 into orbit later that year. All three of them are high-resolution observation satellites.(Egypt.html#cite_note-160) [ 155]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-161) [ 156]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-162) [ 157]    In 2024, two months after MisrSat-2's launch, the country successfully completed the initial operational phase of NEXSAT-1, its first experimental Earth observation satellite, achieving milestones such as developing indigenous onboard software, advanced attitude-control systems, and independently capturing and processing satellite imagery, all of which marked a major step forward in Egypt's national space capabilities.(Egypt.html#cite_note-163) [ 158]      Law  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code) (Egyptian Civil Code) Egyptian Civil Code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg)   The High Court of Justice in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Cairo) (Downtown Cairo) Downtown Cairo   The legal system is based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law) (Sharia law) Islamic and civil law (particularly the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code) (Napoleonic Code) Napoleonic Code ); and judicial review by a Supreme Court, which accepts compulsory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice jurisdiction only with reservations.(Egypt.html#cite_note-factbook-his-80) [ 75]    The highest judicial authority of Egypt is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_(Egypt)) (Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)) Supreme Constitutional Court , located in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maadi) (Maadi) Maadi district of Cairo. Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation. Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Justice (Egypt)) Ministry of Justice .(Egypt.html#cite_note-164) [ 159]    The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia. In a family court, a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's testimony.(Egypt.html#cite_note-165) [ 160]     On 26 December 2012, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution. It was approved by the public in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_constitutional_referendum,_2012) (Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012) referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, but with only 33% electorate participation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-166) [ 161]    It replaced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Provisional_Constitution_of_Egypt) (2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt) 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt , adopted following the revolution. The Penal code was unique as it contains a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt) (Blasphemy law in Egypt) Blasphemy Law ".(Egypt.html#cite_note-167) [ 162]    The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tried_in_absentia) (Tried in absentia) tried in absentia  . Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012.(Egypt.html#cite_note-168) [ 163]     On 18 January 2014, the interim government successfully institutionalised a more (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Constitution_of_2014) (Egyptian Constitution of 2014) secular constitution .(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]    The president is elected to a four-year term and may serve 2 terms.(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]    The parliament may impeach the president.(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]    Under the constitution, there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion) (Freedom of Religion) freedom of thought .(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]    The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next two full presidential terms since the constitution took effect.(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]    Under the constitution, political parties may not be based on "religion, race, gender or geography".(Egypt.html#cite_note-BBC-169) [ 164]     Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt) (Human rights in Egypt) Human rights in Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre) (August 2013 Rabaa massacre) August 2013 Rabaa massacre and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts) (Persecution of Copts) Persecution of Copts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt's_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg)   Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Human_Rights) (National Council for Human Rights) National Council for Human Rights was established in 2003, but it has faced criticism from activists who argue it serves as a government propaganda tool to justify human rights violations and repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.(Egypt.html#cite_note-170) [ 165]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-171) [ 166]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-172) [ 167]     Egypt has been ranked among the worst countries for religious freedom, with widespread discrimination against minorities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians) (Coptic Christians) Coptic Christians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼís) (Baháʼís) Baháʼís , and other Muslim sects. A 2009 report by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Forum_on_Religion_&_Public_Life) (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life) Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranked Egypt fifth worst globally for religious freedom,(Egypt.html#cite_note-173) [ 168]    while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom) (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom) United States Commission on International Religious Freedom has placed Egypt on its watch list due to state-tolerated violations.(Egypt.html#cite_note-174) [ 169]    A 2010 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew survey found that 84% of Egyptians supported the death penalty for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam) (Apostasy in Islam) apostasy , 77% backed amputations for theft, and 82% endorsed stoning for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery) (Adultery) adultery .(Egypt.html#cite_note-175) [ 170]     Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d'état) (2013 Egyptian coup d'état) 2013 Egyptian coup d'état , political repression has intensified, with mass arrests and harsh crackdowns on dissent. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Egyptian_raids) (August 2013 Egyptian raids) August 2013 sit-in dispersal , 595 protesters were killed, making 14 August 2013 the deadliest day in Egypt's modern history.(Egypt.html#cite_note-176) [ 171]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-177) [ 172]    Since then, an estimated 60,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Egypt) (Political prisoners in Egypt) political prisoners remain behind bars.(Egypt.html#cite_note-178) [ 173]     Egypt has also drawn international condemnation for mass death sentences, including a 2014 ruling sentencing 529 people to death in a single hearing.(Egypt.html#cite_note-179) [ 174]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations and human rights groups have condemned these trials as gross violations of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law) (International law) international law .(Egypt.html#cite_note-180) [ 175]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt) (LGBT rights in Egypt) Homosexuality remains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) de facto criminalised, with 95% of Egyptians opposing its acceptance, according to a 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew survey.(Egypt.html#cite_note-pewglobal.org-181) [ 176]    A poll by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation) (Thomson Reuters Foundation) Thomson Reuters Foundation , based on assessments from specialists in women's rights, ranked Cairo as the worst megacity for women, evaluating cities on sexual harassment, healthcare access, harmful cultural practices, and economic opportunities.(Egypt.html#cite_note-182) [ 177]      Freedom of the press  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt in their 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index) (Press Freedom Index) World Press Freedom Index at (Number) No. 160 out of 180 nations. At least 18 journalists were imprisoned in Egypt, as of August  2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_August_2015)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  . A new anti-terror law was enacted in August 2015 that threatens members of the media with fines ranging from about US$25,000 to $60,000 for the distribution of wrong information on acts of terror inside the country "that differ from official declarations of the Egyptian Department of Defence".(Egypt.html#cite_note-183) [ 178]       Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt) (Subdivisions of Egypt) Subdivisions of Egypt  Egypt is divided into 27 governorates. The governorates are further divided into regions. The regions contain towns and villages. Each governorate has a capital, sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Beckouche2017-184) [ 179]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png)   Governorates of Egypt:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate) (Matrouh Governorate) Matrouh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate) (Matrouh Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate) (Alexandria Governorate) Alexandria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate) (Alexandria Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate) (Beheira Governorate) Beheira (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate) (Beheira Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate) (Kafr El Sheikh Governorate) Kafr El Sheikh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_El_Sheikh_Governorate) (Kafr El Sheikh Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate) (Dakahlia Governorate) Dakahlia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate) (Dakahlia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate) (Damietta Governorate) Damietta (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate) (Damietta Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate) (Port Said Governorate) Port Said (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate) (Port Said Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate) (North Sinai Governorate) North Sinai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sinai_Governorate) (North Sinai Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate) (Gharbia Governorate) Gharbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate) (Gharbia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monufia_Governorate) (Monufia Governorate) Monufia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monufia_Governorate) (Monufia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate) (Qalyubia Governorate) Qalyubia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate) (Qalyubia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate) (Sharqia Governorate) Sharqia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate) (Sharqia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate) (Ismailia Governorate) Ismailia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate) (Ismailia Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate) (Giza Governorate) Giza (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate) (Giza Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate) (Faiyum Governorate) Faiyum (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate) (Faiyum Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate) (Cairo Governorate) Cairo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate) (Cairo Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate) (Suez Governorate) Suez (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate) (Suez Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate) (South Sinai Governorate) South Sinai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate) (South Sinai Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate) (Beni Suef Governorate) Beni Suef (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Suef_Governorate) (Beni Suef Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate) (Minya Governorate) Minya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate) (Minya Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate) (New Valley Governorate) New Valley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Valley_Governorate) (New Valley Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate) (Asyut Governorate) Asyut (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate) (Asyut Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate) (Red Sea Governorate) Red Sea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate) (Red Sea Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohag_Governorate) (Sohag Governorate) Sohag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohag_Governorate) (Sohag Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qena_Governorate) (Qena Governorate) Qena (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qena_Governorate) (Qena Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Governorate) (Luxor Governorate) Luxor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Governorate) (Luxor Governorate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate) (Aswan Governorate) Aswan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate) (Aswan Governorate)            Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt) (Economy of Egypt) Economy of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg)   Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.  The economy of Egypt is the second-largest in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa) (Africa) Africa and ranks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 44th worldwide as of 2025.(Egypt.html#cite_note-IMFAPR2025-185) [ 180]    It is a major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market) (Emerging market) emerging market economy, marked by its membership in organisations like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS , and its participation in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area) (African Continental Free Trade Area) African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).(Egypt.html#cite_note-intro1-186) [ 181]    The Egyptian economy has evolved significantly since the early 2000s, transitioning towards a market-oriented system through fiscal and monetary reforms, privatisation efforts, and foreign investment incentives. These measures have contributed to macroeconomic stability and improved unemployment and poverty rates.(Egypt.html#cite_note-:2-187) [ 182]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-188) [ 183]     Despite waves of privatisation and fiscal reforms, the government remains one of the country's largest employers, and state contracts continue to stimulate activity in other sectors of the still partly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_economics) (Socialist economics) socialised economy .(Egypt.html#cite_note-britannica-economy-189) [ 184]    Construction, particularly large-scale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works) (Public works) public works , has remained a major source of employment and public expenditure.(Egypt.html#cite_note-britannica-economy-189) [ 184]    However, as part of an $8 billion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund programme launched in 2024, Egypt has committed to rationalising such spending.(Egypt.html#cite_note-190) [ 185]    As a result, private investments rose to 47.5% of total executed investments in FY 2024/25, up from 39.6%, while public investment fell to 43.3%. This marks the highest private share in five years and represents a clear shift in Egypt's investment landscape.(Egypt.html#cite_note-191) [ 186]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_business_district_2,_New_Administrative_Capital.jpg)   The central business district in Egypt's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital) (New Administrative Capital) new capital   Egypt is among the world's top five recipients of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittances) (Remittances) remittances ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-remittances-dne-192) [ 187]    which have more than doubled over the past decade, rising from $17.1 billion in FY 2015/2016 to a record $36.5 billion in FY 2024/2025, according to data from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Egypt) (Central Bank of Egypt) Central Bank of Egypt .(Egypt.html#cite_note-193) [ 188]    These inflows are crucial for Egypt's foreign reserves and household incomes.(Egypt.html#cite_note-egypt.iom.int-194) [ 189]     International trade is a key component of Egypt's economy, accounting for 40% of GDP according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . The country has pursued broader economic integration through free trade agreements, including the EU-Egypt Association Agreement and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area) (African Continental Free Trade Area) AfCFTA .(Egypt.html#cite_note-trade-lloyd-195) [ 190]    Egypt's exports have seen significant growth in the past years,(Egypt.html#cite_note-OEC2023-196) [ 191]    and the government aims to raise them to $145 billion by 2030.(Egypt.html#cite_note-197) [ 192]     Since 1979, Egypt has received substantial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid) (United States foreign aid) United States foreign aid , averaging $1.5 billion annually, with approximately $200 million allocated to economic assistance and the remainder directed towards military aid for procuring weapon systems from American suppliers. Manufacturing  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt) (Automotive industry in Egypt) Automotive industry in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCV_C127_EV,_Busworld_Europe_2023,_Brussels_(P1140238).jpg)   The fully electric (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Commercial_Vehicles) (Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles) MCV C127 EV, made in Egypt for the German market  Egypt has the largest manufacturing sector in Africa, accounting for approximately 22% of the continent's total manufacturing value.(Egypt.html#cite_note-198) [ 193]    Under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Vision_2030) (Egypt Vision 2030) Egypt Vision 2030 and its related development plans, the country has relied on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_parks) (Industrial parks) industrial parks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_zone) (Free-trade zone) free zones and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones) (Special economic zones) special economic zones to boost industrialisation and manufacturing.(Egypt.html#cite_note-199) [ 194]     The industrial base is diverse, spanning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_products) (Chemical products) chemicals , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics) (Electronics) electronics , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel) (Steel) steel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_manufacturing) (Automotive manufacturing) automotive manufacturing , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals) (Pharmaceuticals) pharmaceuticals , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles) (Textiles) textiles . The chemical industry, one of the largest, includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastics) (Plastics) plastics , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber) (Rubber) rubber , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergents) (Detergents) detergents , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizers) (Fertilizers) fertilisers , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass) (Glass) glass , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicals) (Petrochemicals) petrochemicals alone contributing about 12% of industrial output, while total sector exports are projected to reach $9 billion in 2024.(Egypt.html#cite_note-200) [ 195]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-201) [ 196]     Light manufacturing is one of Egypt's main industries, and several government-led programmes aim to grow it further.(Egypt.html#cite_note-202) [ 197]    The Egypt Makes Electronics initiative has attracted factories from international firms, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo_(technology_company)) (Vivo (technology company)) Vivo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinix) (Infinix) Infinix , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppo) (Oppo) Oppo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi) (Xiaomi) Xiaomi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia) (Nokia) Nokia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolux) (Electrolux) Electrolux , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung) (Samsung) Samsung , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisense) (Hisense) Hisense , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beko) (Beko) Beko , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier) (Haier) Haier . These plants have made Egypt a regional centre for electronics and home appliance production.(Egypt.html#cite_note-203) [ 198]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-electronics-204) [ 199]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-appliances-205) [ 200]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry) (Textile industry) textile industry is also a cornerstone of Egypt's economy, contributing around 12% of export earnings and employing 2.5 million people. It spans the entire production chain from cotton cultivation to finished garments and is globally recognised for its premium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense#Egyptian) (Gossypium barbadense) Giza cotton .(Egypt.html#cite_note-206) [ 201]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-207) [ 202]     In addition to light manufacturing, the economy also includes a heavy manufacturing sector. Egypt is Africa's leading (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel) (Steel) steel producer and ranks 20th globally, with 9.8 million tons in 2022.(Egypt.html#cite_note-steel-208) [ 203]    Egyptian steel company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZDK) (EZDK) EZDK is the largest in the region, ranked 77th globally in 2020.(Egypt.html#cite_note-209) [ 204]    The country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt) (Automotive industry in Egypt) automotive industry , led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nasr_Automotive_Manufacturing_Company) (El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company) Nasr , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghabbour_Group) (Ghabbour Group) Ghabbour , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Commercial_Vehicles) (Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles) MCV , is expanding through partnerships with global manufacturers under the government's 2024–2030 National Automotive Industry Development Strategy , which targets 500,000 vehicles annually and promotes local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle) (Electric vehicle) electric vehicle production.(Egypt.html#cite_note-automobiles-210) [ 205]      Retail and services  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Egypt) (Banking in Egypt) Banking in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Bank_of_Egypt-2020.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt) (National Bank of Egypt) National Bank of Egypt towers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo   Egypt's retail and services sector has expanded steadily in recent years, driven by population growth, rising incomes, and urbanisation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oxford-retail-211) [ 206]    As of 2020 the country's retail market, which covers shopping malls, supermarkets, convenience stores, and e-commerce platforms, was worth around $200 billion.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oxford-retail-211) [ 206]     The retail food and grocery sector is still largely dominated by traditional, family-run stores and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_markets) (Wet markets) wet markets , although supermarket and convenience store chains expanded in both size and popularity between 2015 and 2020.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oxford-retail-211) [ 206]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarkets) (Hypermarkets) Hypermarkets and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_store) (Discount store) wholesale discounters recorded the highest growth rates over this period, at 153% and 162% respectively, accounting for 26% of the sector's sales.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oxford-retail-211) [ 206]     Many shopping malls have opened in Egypt in recent years. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo has the highest concentration with over 20 commercial malls, while smaller cities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt) (Mansoura, Egypt) Mansoura and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanta) (Tanta) Tanta have only just got their first.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oxford-retail-211) [ 206]     The Egyptian government controls much of the telecommunications sector through its majority ownership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Egypt) (Telecom Egypt) Telecom Egypt .(Egypt.html#cite_note-212) [ 207]    Between 2019 and 2022, mobile internet subscriptions in Egypt grew 77.9%, from 39 million to 69.4 million, with total mobile subscriptions reaching 106.2 million by December 2023.(Egypt.html#cite_note-213) [ 208]    Internet penetration reached 72.2% in early 2024, with 82 million users.(Egypt.html#cite_note-214) [ 209]    Since 2022 Egypt has the fastest internet speeds in Africa.(Egypt.html#cite_note-digitalegy-215) [ 210]     Egyptian banks are among the largest and most dynamic in the region. Most Egyptian lenders are adopting new technologies to expand into nonbanking financial services.(Egypt.html#cite_note-216) [ 211]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintech) (Fintech) fintech sector has grown 5.5-fold since 2020, with 177 startups, ranking Egypt 10th among emerging markets.(Egypt.html#cite_note-fintech-217) [ 212]    The banking sector is dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(banking)) (Big Four (banking)) four state-owned commercial banks , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt) (National Bank of Egypt) National Bank of Egypt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_Misr) (Banque Misr) Banque Misr , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Caire) (Banque du Caire) Banque du Caire , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexbank) (Alexbank) Alexbank , which together account for about 55% of total banking assets.(Egypt.html#cite_note-218) [ 213]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_International_Bank) (Commercial International Bank) CIB is the country's largest private bank and the third-largest overall.(Egypt.html#cite_note-219) [ 214]      Hydrocarbons and mining  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt) (Mining industry of Egypt) Mining industry of Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt) (Energy in Egypt) Energy in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darfeel_plat.png)   An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field  Egypt's oil production is concentrated in the Western Desert, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez) (Gulf of Suez) Gulf of Suez , and the Nile Delta, with peak crude oil output reaching approximately 941,000  bbl/d (149,600  m 3 /d) in 1993 before declining to 630,000  bbl/d (100,000  m 3 /d) by 2008.(Egypt.html#cite_note-The_World_Factbook-220) [ 215]    This decline transformed Egypt into a net oil importer by 2008–2009, prompting a strategic shift towards natural gas. Natural gas has since become central to Egypt's economy, drawing major foreign investment.(Egypt.html#cite_note-The_World_Factbook-220) [ 215]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohr_gas_field) (Zohr gas field) Zohr gas field , discovered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eni) (Eni) Eni in 2015, is the Mediterranean's largest reserve, containing about 30 trillion cubic feet of gas. Production began in 2017 and reached 2.7 billion cubic feet per day (bcf/d) by 2019,(Egypt.html#cite_note-221) [ 216]    greatly enhancing Egypt's energy outlook, though recent technical issues have reduced output; new drilling is planned to restore capacity.(Egypt.html#cite_note-222) [ 217]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP) (BP) BP has made major investments, including a $12 billion commitment in 2015 to the West Nile Delta project, along with other developments such as Atoll, North Damietta, and Qattameya, which began production in 2020.(Egypt.html#cite_note-223) [ 218]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-224) [ 219]     Egypt possesses substantial mineral wealth, with deposits of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold) (Gold) gold , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) (Copper) copper , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore) (Iron ore) iron ore , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate) (Phosphate) phosphate , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) (Uranium) uranium , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum) (Tantalum) tantalum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese) (Manganese) manganese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium) (Chromium) chromium , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal) (Coal) coal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc) (Zinc) zinc , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead) (Lead) lead , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin) (Tin) tin , and black sand minerals such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite) (Ilmenite) ilmenite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircon) (Zircon) zircon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile) (Rutile) rutile , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite) (Magnetite) magnetite .(Egypt.html#cite_note-minerals-225) [ 220]    It also produces abundant industrial materials like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite) (Granite) granite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble) (Marble) marble , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone) (Limestone) limestone , white sand, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin) (Kaolin) kaolin , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar) (Feldspar) feldspar .(Egypt.html#cite_note-minerals-225) [ 220]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining) (Gold mining) gold mining sector has grown rapidly following investment reforms and exploration bids involving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AngloGold_Ashanti) (AngloGold Ashanti) AngloGold Ashanti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nubia_International) (Alexander Nubia International) Alexander Nubia International .(Egypt.html#cite_note-226) [ 221]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukari_mine) (Sukari mine) Sukari mine remains the core operation, with the sector's GDP share expected to reach 5–6% by 2030.(Egypt.html#cite_note-227) [ 222]    Gold exports doubled to $2.17 billion in 2024, with Egypt aiming to join the world's top ten exporters by 2027.(Egypt.html#cite_note-gold-xin-228) [ 223]      Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Countryside_R02.jpg)   Farmland in the Egyptian countryside  Egypt's agricultural sector remains essential to its economy, though its share of GDP and employment has declined over time. Egypt produces substantial quantities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat) (Wheat) wheat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) (Maize) maize , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane) (Sugarcane) sugarcane , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits) (Fruits) fruits , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetables) (Vegetables) vegetables , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder) (Fodder) fodder , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice , yet remains reliant on wheat and maize imports, primarily from Ukraine and Russia, despite yield improvements since 1970.(Egypt.html#cite_note-IbrahimIbrahim2003-229) [ 224]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-230) [ 225]    This dependency stems from high domestic demand, driven by subsidies and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine#Bread) (Egyptian cuisine) culinary preference for bread , as well as Egypt's limited arable land and its emphasis on high-value export crops.(Egypt.html#cite_note-IbrahimIbrahim2003-229) [ 224]    In 2024, Egypt exported $4.1 billion in agricultural goods(Egypt.html#cite_note-231) [ 226]    and roughly $6.1 billion in food industry products.(Egypt.html#cite_note-232) [ 227]     The country has achieved self-sufficiency in several key agricultural products, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetables) (Vegetables) vegetables , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits) (Fruits) fruits , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry) (Poultry) poultry , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy) (Dairy) dairy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs_as_food) (Eggs as food) eggs , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice) (Rice) rice , while nearing full self-sufficiency in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar) (Sugar) sugar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish) (Fish) fish , with production reaching approximately 90% of demand.(Egypt.html#cite_note-233) [ 228]    Self-sufficiency ratios are lower for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meat) (Red meat) red meat (60%),(Egypt.html#cite_note-234) [ 229]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereals) (Cereals) cereals (58%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oils) (Vegetable oils) vegetable oils (26%), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_oil) (Food oil) oil crops (35%). Consequently, Egypt relies on imports for roughly 45% of its domestic food demand.(Egypt.html#cite_note-235) [ 230]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam) (Aswan High Dam) Aswan High Dam , completed in 1971, improved irrigation stability.(Egypt.html#cite_note-236) [ 231]    In 2010, 3.6 million hectares were cultivated, with the government targeting 4.8 million hectares by 2030.(Egypt.html#cite_note-faoun-237) [ 232]    Major initiatives include the New Delta and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshka_Project) (Toshka Project) Toshka Project , designed to convert desert areas into farmland using advanced irrigation techniques, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment) (Wastewater treatment) wastewater treatment , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater) (Groundwater) groundwater and water (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination) (Desalination) desalination .(Egypt.html#cite_note-238) [ 233]    Efforts to deregulate agriculture have improved price alignment with global markets, but climate change and water scarcity continue to pose long-term challenges.  Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt) (Tourism in Egypt) Tourism in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg)   Tourists riding a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_camel) (Arabian camel) camel in front of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Khafre) (Pyramid of Khafre) Pyramid of Khafre . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis) (Giza Necropolis) Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions.  Tourism is an important sector in Egypt's economy. Egypt received a record 15.7 million tourists in 2024, up from 14.9 million in 2023. Tourism revenues also rose, to $14.1 billion.(Egypt.html#cite_note-tourism-239) [ 234]     Egypt's tourism strategy aims to attract 30 million tourists by 2028, with a focus on infrastructure improvements, high-profile projects like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum) (Grand Egyptian Museum) Grand Egyptian Museum , and enhancing visitor experiences. In 2024, the country's top tourism markets included Germany, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.(Egypt.html#cite_note-tourism-239) [ 234]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis) (Giza Necropolis) Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's best-known tourist attractions; it is the only one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World) (Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence. Egypt's beaches on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which extend to over 3,000 kilometres (1,900 miles) , are also popular tourist destinations; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba) (Gulf of Aqaba) Gulf of Aqaba beaches, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaga) (Safaga) Safaga , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh) (Sharm el-Sheikh) Sharm el-Sheikh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada) (Hurghada) Hurghada , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor) (Luxor) Luxor , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab) (Dahab) Dahab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Sidr) (Ras Sidr) Ras Sidr and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsa_Alam) (Marsa Alam) Marsa Alam are popular sites.   Infrastructure  Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt) (Energy in Egypt) Energy in Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Egypt) (Electricity sector in Egypt) Electricity sector in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aswan_Dam.jpg)   Power plant of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam) (Aswan High Dam) Aswan High Dam , with the dam itself in the background  Egypt's electricity sector has shifted from full state control to a more diversified energy mix that includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station) (Fossil fuel power station) natural gas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (Renewable energy) renewables , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power) (Nuclear power) nuclear power , with growing private sector participation and regional interconnections. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels) (Fossil fuels) Fossil fuels still dominate, generating 88% of electricity in 2023, while hydropower provides 7% and wind and solar together 5%, up from 1% in 2015 but still below the global average of 13% and Africa's 6%.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Egypt-240) [ 235]    Egypt remains Africa's largest producer of gas-fired electricity, accounting for 45% of the continent's total in 2022, yet its per capita carbon emissions remain below the global average.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Egypt-240) [ 235]     The government undertook a series of rapid reforms in response to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage) (Power outage) blackouts during the summer of 2014 that lasted for up to six hours per day, cutting energy subsidies, and quickly developing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohr_gas_field) (Zohr gas field) Zohr gas field in the Mediterranean, which was discovered in 2015. The country now has an oversupply of electricity and aims to source 20% of its electricity from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (Renewable energy) renewables by 2022 and 55% by 2050.(Egypt.html#cite_note-241) [ 236]    As part of its renewable energy strategy, Egypt has undertaken large-scale projects like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benban_Solar_Park) (Benban Solar Park) Benban Solar Park and the Gabal El Zeit wind farm. Benban, located near Aswan, has a total capacity of 1650 MW and generates about 3.8 TWh annually, making it the fourth-largest solar power plant globally.(Egypt.html#cite_note-One-242) [ 237]    Additionally, the Gabal El Zeit wind farm, costing €340 million, spans 100 square kilometres with 300 turbines, generating 580 MW of electricity.(Egypt.html#cite_note-243) [ 238]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-244) [ 239]    Egypt is currently constructing its first nuclear power facility, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dabaa_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant) El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant , in the northern coastal region.(Egypt.html#cite_note-245) [ 240]     Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus are considering implementing the proposed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroAfrica_Interconnector) (EuroAfrica Interconnector) EuroAfrica Interconnector project.(Egypt.html#cite_note-EA-246) [ 241]    This consists of laying a 2 GW (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current) (High-voltage direct current) HVDC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_power_cable) (Submarine power cable) undersea power cable between them and between Cyprus and Greece, thus connecting Egypt to the greater European power grid.(Egypt.html#cite_note-247) [ 242]    The interconnector will make Egypt an electricity hub between Europe and Africa.(Egypt.html#cite_note-248) [ 243]    The president of Egypt and the prime minister of Cyprus met in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia) (Nicosia) Nicosia on 21 November 2017 and showed their full support for the EuroAfrica Interconnector pointing out its importance for their energy security.(Egypt.html#cite_note-249) [ 244]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-250) [ 245]      Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt) (Transport in Egypt) Transport in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:المترو_من_جهة_اخرى.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro) (Cairo Metro) Cairo Metro   Transport in Egypt is primarily concentrated around Cairo, following the Nile River's settlement patterns. The country's 4,800-kilometre (3,000  mi) railway network is operated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Railways) (Egyptian National Railways) Egyptian National Railways , with its main line running from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan) (Aswan) Aswan . In 2021, Egypt launched a $4.5 billion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt) (High-speed rail in Egypt) high-speed rail project to connect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Sokhna) (Ain Sokhna) Ain Sokhna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersa_Matruh) (Mersa Matruh) Mersa Matruh , and Alexandria, later expanding to include routes linking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Cairo) (Greater Cairo) Greater Cairo to Aswan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor) (Luxor) Luxor to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurghada) (Hurghada) Hurghada and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safaga) (Safaga) Safaga .(Egypt.html#cite_note-251) [ 246]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-2022-05-30-rt-252) [ 247]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Metro) (Cairo Metro) Cairo Metro operates three lines, with a fourth line under construction and plans for additional expansions in the future. Meanwhile, two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Monorail) (Cairo Monorail) monorail lines are also being built in the city, along with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Metro) (Alexandria Metro) metro system in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria .(Egypt.html#cite_note-253) [ 248]     Egypt has undertaken major road infrastructure expansion through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Roads_Project) (National Roads Project) National Roads Project , increasing the total length of main roads by nearly 30% from 23,500 km in 2014 to 30,500 km in 2024. Alongside constructing new highways, thousands of kilometres of roads have been upgraded. Egypt's ranking in the Road Quality Index rose from 118th place in 2015 to 18th place in 2024.(Egypt.html#cite_note-254) [ 249]     Egypt's aviation sector is led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir) (EgyptAir) EgyptAir , the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier) (Flag carrier) flag carrier and largest airline, founded in 1932 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Harb) (Talaat Harb) Talaat Harb . Now state-owned, EgyptAir operates from its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Airport) (Cairo International Airport) Cairo International Airport hub, with scheduled passenger and cargo services to over 75 destinations across the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The airline's current fleet consists of 80 aircraft. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal , an artificial sea-level waterway, connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, enabling direct shipping between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. In 2023 it generated a record $9.4 billion in revenue for Egypt.(Egypt.html#cite_note-255) [ 250]    Opened in November 1869, the 193.30  km ( 120+ 1 ⁄ 8   mi) canal runs from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said in the north to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Tawfiq) (Port Tawfiq) Port Tawfiq in the south, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia) (Ismailia) Ismailia situated (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027)  3 kilometres ( 1+ 7 ⁄ 8  miles) west of its midpoint.(Egypt.html#cite_note-SuezExpansion-256) [ 251]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Bridge) (Suez Canal Bridge) Suez Canal Bridge   The canal is 24 metres (79 feet) deep and 205  m (673  ft) wide as of 2010 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , consisting of a 22  km (14  mi) northern access channel, a (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027)  162.25  km ( 100+ 7 ⁄ 8   mi) main section, and a (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027)  9  km ( 5+ 1 ⁄ 2   mi) southern access channel. The Ballah By-Pass and the Great Bitter Lake provide passing points along the canal, which operates without locks, allowing seawater to flow freely. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Suez_Canal) (New Suez Canal) Expansions completed in 2015 increased its daily capacity from 49 to 97 ships, reducing transit times and boosting global maritime trade.(Egypt.html#cite_note-SuezExpansion-256) [ 251]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-257) [ 252]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-258) [ 253]      Water supply and sanitation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt) (Water supply and sanitation in Egypt) Water supply and sanitation in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_sat.png)   Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta) (Nile Delta) Nile Delta   Egypt's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply) (Water supply) water supply is heavily dependent on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River) (Nile River) Nile River , which provides approximately 90% of the country's total water resources, with an annual share of 55 billion cubic metres, unchanged since 1954. An additional 0.5 billion cubic metres comes from non-renewable groundwater sources. However, national demand exceeds 90 billion cubic metres annually, creating a persistent water deficit. As a result, Egypt's per capita water share fell to 570 cubic metres in 2018, well below the 1,000 cubic metre international water scarcity threshold. To address this, the government has prioritised efficient water management, particularly in response to population growth and agricultural expansion.(Egypt.html#cite_note-sanitation-259) [ 254]     Even so, water access has improved sharply. Between 1990 and 2010, piped water coverage rose from 89% to 100% in urban areas and from 39% to 93% in rural areas, eliminating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_defecation) (Open defecation) open defecation in rural regions and achieving near-universal access to an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_water_source) (Improved water source) improved water source . By 2015, 90% of the population had access to safely managed drinking water, increasing to 96.9% by 2019. Similarly, proper sanitation coverage expanded from 50% in 2015 to 66.2% in 2019, while the percentage of treated wastewater relative to total wastewater rose from 50% to 68.7% in the same period, reaching 74% in 2022.(Egypt.html#cite_note-260) [ 255]    However, gaps in sanitation infrastructure have historically led to health concerns, with a 2007 report estimating 17,000 child deaths annually from diarrhoeal diseases linked to poor sanitation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-IDRC-261) [ 256]     Egypt has made significant investments in wastewater treatment infrastructure as part of its broader water management strategy. In 2021, the Bahr El Baqar Wastewater Treatment Plant was completed, becoming the largest in the world at the time, with a capacity of 5 million cubic metres per day. The treated water from this facility is allocated to irrigating 342,000 acres under the Sinai Peninsula Development Plan.(Egypt.html#cite_note-sanitation-259) [ 254]    In 2023, Egypt inaugurated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delta_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant) (New Delta Wastewater Treatment Plant) New Delta Wastewater Treatment Plant , surpassing Bahr El Baqar as the largest wastewater facility globally, with a capacity of 7.5 million cubic metres per day.(Egypt.html#cite_note-treatmentplant-262) [ 257]    A key component of Egypt's agricultural expansion strategy, the plant supports the New Delta reclamation project while also reducing pollution in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mariout) (Lake Mariout) Lake Mariout and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea .(Egypt.html#cite_note-treatmentplant-262) [ 257]     Given Egypt's arid climate and lack of appreciable rainfall, agriculture is entirely dependent on irrigation. The Nile River, regulated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam) (Aswan High Dam) Aswan High Dam , releases an annual average of 55 billion cubic metres, of which 46 billion cubic metres are diverted into irrigation canals.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ewup-263) [ 258]    This irrigation sustains 33,600 square kilometres (13,000 square miles) of agricultural land in the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, producing an average of 1.8 crops per year.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ewup-263) [ 258]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt) (Demographics of Egypt) Demographics of Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png)   Egypt's population density (people per km2 )  Egypt is the most populated country in the Arab world and the third most populous on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_continent) (African continent) African continent , with about 95 million inhabitants as of 2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .(Egypt.html#cite_note-popclock-264) [ 259]    Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine#Late_modern_medicine) (History of medicine) medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity(Egypt.html#cite_note-265) [ 260]    enabled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution) (Green Revolution) Green Revolution .(Egypt.html#cite_note-266) [ 261]    Egypt's population was estimated at 3 million when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France) (Napoleon I of France) Napoleon invaded the country in 1798.(Egypt.html#cite_note-267) [ 262]    The great majority of its people live near the banks of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000  sq  mi) , where the only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land) (Arable land) arable land is found. The large regions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About 43% of Egypt's residents live across the country's urban areas,(Egypt.html#cite_note-268) [ 263]    with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah) (Fellah) fellahin , or farmers, that reside in rural villages. The total inhabited area constitutes (http://citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html) only 77,041 km2  , putting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_density) (Physiological density) physiological density at over 1,200 people per km2 , similar to Bangladesh. While emigration was restricted under Nasser, thousands of Egyptian professionals were dispatched abroad in the context of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Cold_War) (Arab Cold War) Arab Cold War .(Egypt.html#cite_note-269) [ 264]    Egyptian emigration was liberalised in 1971, under President Sadat, reaching record numbers after the 1973 oil crisis.(Egypt.html#cite_note-270) [ 265]    An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad. Approximately 70% of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries (923,600 in Saudi Arabia, 332,600 in Libya, 226,850 in Jordan, 190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region) and the remaining 30% reside mostly in Europe and North America (318,000 in the United States, 110,000 in Canada and 90,000 in Italy).(Egypt.html#cite_note-IOMEgypt-271) [ 266]    The process of emigrating to non-Arab states has been ongoing since the 1950s.(Egypt.html#cite_note-272) [ 267]     Ethnic groups  Ethnic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting 99.7% of the total population.(Egypt.html#cite_note-factbook-his-80) [ 75]    Ethnic minorities include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians) (Circassians) Circassians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks) (Greeks) Greeks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin) (Bedouin) Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_language) (Berber language) Berber -speaking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwis) (Siwis) Siwis ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people) (Berber people) Amazigh ) of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis) (Siwa Oasis) Siwa Oasis , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_people) (Nubian people) Nubian communities clustered along the Nile. There are also tribal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people) (Beja people) Beja communities concentrated in the southeasternmost corner of the country, and a number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people) (Dom people) Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum) (Faiyum) Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases. Egypt hosts a migrant population of over 9 million, constituting 8.7% of the country's total population, according to the International Organization for Migration. These migrants originate from 133 countries, with the largest groups being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese) (Sudanese) Sudanese (4 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians) (Syrians) Syrians (1.5 million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenis) (Yemenis) Yemenis (1 million), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyans) (Libyans) Libyans (1 million), collectively making up 80% of all international migrants in Egypt.(Egypt.html#cite_note-273) [ 268]      Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt) (Languages of Egypt) Languages of Egypt  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language of Egypt is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Literary Arabic .(Egypt.html#cite_note-274) [ 269]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language) (Spoken language) spoken languages are: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic (68%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa'idi_Arabic) (Sa'idi Arabic) Sa'idi Arabic (29%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic) (Bedawi Arabic) Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic) (Sudanese Arabic) Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domari_language) (Domari language) Domari (0.3%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobiin_language) (Nobiin language) Nobiin (0.3%),(Egypt.html#cite_note-275) [ 270]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_language) (Beja language) Beja (0.1%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwi_language) (Siwi language) Siwi and others.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)) citation needed   ]  Additionally, Greek, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) (Armenian language) Armenian and Italian, and more recently, African languages like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language) (Amharic language) Amharic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language) (Tigrinya language) Tigrigna are the main languages of immigrants. The main foreign languages taught in schools, by order of popularity, are English, French, German and Italian. Historically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language) (Egyptian language) Egyptian was spoken, the latest stage of which is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Coptic Egyptian . Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt) (Upper Egypt) Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century. It remains in use as the liturgical language of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria .(Egypt.html#cite_note-extinct-276) [ 271]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Daily_Star_Egypt-277) [ 272]    It forms a separate branch among the family of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages) (Afroasiatic languages) Afroasiatic languages .  Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt) (Religion in Egypt) Religion in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_(4).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan) (Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan) Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hassan   Islam is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion of Egypt. Egypt has the largest Muslim population in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world and the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country) (Islam by country) sixth largest Muslim population , accounting for five percent of all Muslims worldwide.(Egypt.html#cite_note-PewDec2012-278) [ 273]    Egypt also has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East) (Christianity in the Middle East) largest Christian population in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa) (Middle East and North Africa) Middle East and North Africa .(Egypt.html#cite_note-Global_Christianity-279) [ 274]    Official data about religion is lacking due to social and political sensitivities.(Egypt.html#cite_note-280) [ 275]    An estimated 85–90% are identified as Muslim, 10–15% as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians) (Coptic Christians) Coptic Christians , and 1% as other Christian denominations; other estimates place the Christian population as high as 15–20%.(Egypt.html#cite_note-286) [ f]     Egypt was an early and leading centre of Christianity into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity) (Late antiquity) late antiquity . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria) (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria was founded in the first century and remains the largest church in Egypt. With the arrival of Islam in the seventh century, Egypt was gradually Islamised into a majority-Muslim country.(Egypt.html#cite_note-287) [ 281]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-288) [ 282]    It is unknown when Muslims reached a majority, variously estimated from (circa) c.  1000 CE to as late as the 14th century. Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world) (Muslim world) Muslim world . Under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat) (Anwar Sadat) Anwar Sadat , Islam became the official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia the main source of law.(Egypt.html#cite_note-georgetown-65) [ 60]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mark's_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral_(Alexandria)) (Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Alexandria)) St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria   The majority of Egyptian Muslims adhere to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni branch of Islam . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims) (Non-denominational Muslims) Nondenominational Muslims form roughly 12% of the population.(Egypt.html#cite_note-churches-deleg-5) [ 4]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-289) [ 283]    There is also a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi'a) (Shi'a) Shi'a minority. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs) (Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs) Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs estimates the Shia population at 1 to 2.2 million(Egypt.html#cite_note-290) [ 284]    and could measure as much as 3 million.(Egypt.html#cite_note-291) [ 285]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya) (Ahmadiyya) Ahmadiyya population is estimated at less than 50,000,(Egypt.html#cite_note-292) [ 286]    whereas the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi) (Salafi) Salafi (ultra-conservative Sunni) population is estimated at five to six million.(Egypt.html#cite_note-293) [ 287]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo is famous for its numerous mosque (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret) (Minaret) minarets and has been dubbed "The City of 1,000 Minarets".(Egypt.html#cite_note-294) [ 288]    The city also hosts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University) (Al-Azhar University) Al-Azhar University , which is considered the preeminent institution of Islamic higher learning and jurisprudence.(Egypt.html#cite_note-295) [ 289]    Founded in the late tenth century, it is by some measures the second oldest continuously operating university in the world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-296) [ 290]     It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow native Sufi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqah) (Tariqah) orders ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-297) [ 291]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-298) [ 292]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-299) [ 293]    with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater, as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order.(Egypt.html#cite_note-HuffPost15Million-298) [ 292]    At least 305 people were killed during a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack) (2017 Sinai mosque attack) November 2017 attack on a Sufi mosque in Sinai.(Egypt.html#cite_note-300) [ 294]     Of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt) (Christianity in Egypt) Christian population in Egypt , over 90% belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox) (Oriental Orthodox) Oriental Orthodox Christian Church.(Egypt.html#cite_note-301) [ 295]    Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church) (Coptic Catholic Church) Coptic Catholic Church , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)) (Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)) Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant) (Protestant) Protestant denominations. Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt) (Syro-Lebanese in Egypt) Syro-Lebanese , who belong to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church) (Melkite Greek Catholic Church) Greek Catholic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox) (Greek Orthodox) Greek Orthodox , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic) (Maronite Catholic) Maronite Catholic denominations.(Egypt.html#cite_note-302) [ 296]     The Egyptian government recognises only three religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Other faiths and minority Muslim sects, such as the small (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí Faith and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya) (Ahmadiyya) Ahmadiyya communities, are not recognised by the state and face persecution by the government, which labels these groups a threat to Egypt's national security.(Egypt.html#cite_note-303) [ 297]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-304) [ 298]    Individuals, particularly Baháʼís and atheists, wishing to include their religion (or lack thereof) on their mandatory state issued identification cards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy) (Egyptian identification card controversy) are denied this ability , and were put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith. A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank.(Egypt.html#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008-305) [ 299]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-reuters-306) [ 300]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Egypt) (Education in Egypt) Education in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png)   Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics  In 2022, Egypt's adult literacy rate was 74.5%, compared to 71.1% in 2017.(Egypt.html#cite_note-307) [ 301]    Literacy is lowest among those over 65 years of age, at 32.9% in 2021,(Egypt.html#cite_note-308) [ 302]    and highest among youth between 15 and 24 years of age, at 92.2% in 2022.(Egypt.html#cite_note-309) [ 303]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CairoUniv.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University) (Cairo University) Cairo University   A European-style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]    Under British occupation, investment in education was curbed drastically, and
secular public schools, which had previously been free, began to charge fees.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]     In the 1950s, President Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]    The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems, which often employed Egyptian-trained teachers.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]    Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources, causing the quality of public education to deteriorate.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]    Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher–student ratios (often around one to fifty) and persistent gender inequality.(Egypt.html#cite_note-edu-chatham-310) [ 304]     Basic education, which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school, is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oecd-edu-311) [ 305]    After grade 9, students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education: general or technical schools. General secondary education prepares students for further education, and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaweya_Amma) (Thanaweya Amma) Thanaweya Amma , the leaving exam.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oecd-edu-311) [ 305]    In 2025 Egypt introduced a new Baccalaureate Certificate System which will replace the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanaweya_Amma) (Thanaweya Amma) Thanaweya Amma starting 2026.(Egypt.html#cite_note-312) [ 306]     Technical secondary education has two strands, one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five. Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam, but this is generally uncommon.(Egypt.html#cite_note-oecd-edu-311) [ 305]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings) (QS World University Rankings) QS World University Rankings 2025 includes 15 Egyptian universities, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University) (Cairo University) Cairo University ranked highest among them. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_in_Cairo) (American University in Cairo) American University in Cairo follows, improving its position to 410th place. Several Egyptian universities rose in the rankings compared with the previous year.(Egypt.html#cite_note-313) [ 307]     Egypt is opening new research institutes to modernise scientific research and development. The most recent is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zewail_City_of_Science_and_Technology) (Zewail City of Science and Technology) Zewail City of Science and Technology . Egypt was ranked 86th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025.(Egypt.html#cite_note-314) [ 308]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-315) [ 309]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Egypt) (Health in Egypt) Health in Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt) (Healthcare in Egypt) Healthcare in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:مستشفى_سرطان_الاطفال_57357.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_Cancer_Hospital_Egypt) (Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt) Egypt's children cancer hospital known as 57357 hospital   As of 2024, Egypt's average life expectancy is 75 years, with 73.8 years for males and 76.2 years for females.(Egypt.html#cite_note-cia-health-316) [ 310]    Healthcare access has improved in both urban and rural areas, with immunisation programmes now covering 98% of the population. Life expectancy has risen from 45 years in the 1960s, as medical services and disease prevention improved. The infant mortality rate has also declined sharply, dropping from 101 to 132 deaths per 1,000 live births in the 1970s and 1980s to 50–60 per 1,000 in 2000, and further to 16–18 per 1,000 in 2024.(Egypt.html#cite_note-317) [ 311]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-cia-health-316) [ 310]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Population_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Health and Population (Egypt)) Ministry of Health and Population oversees most public hospitals, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Egypt)) Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research manages university hospitals, offering free medical services. Other ministries operate hospitals for employees, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Defence (Egypt)) Ministry of Defence and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Egypt)) (Ministry of Interior (Egypt)) Ministry of Interior run facilities that require out-of-pocket payments for non-service members.(Egypt.html#cite_note-healthcare1-318) [ 312]     The private sector provides about 60% of healthcare services, including for-profit and nonprofit organisations, private hospitals, pharmacies, and independent practitioners. Numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations) (Nongovernmental organizations) nongovernmental organisations also offer healthcare, including religious and charitable institutions. As of 2021, Egypt had 1,145 private hospitals, a 23.69% increase since 2011.(Egypt.html#cite_note-319) [ 313]    Private healthcare facilities in Egypt are generally of high quality.(Egypt.html#cite_note-320) [ 314]     Egypt grants refugees and asylum-seekers access to public healthcare on equal terms with citizens, allowing them to receive care at primary health facilities either free or at low cost.(Egypt.html#cite_note-321) [ 315]     A 2008 report by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organisation estimated that 91.1% of Egypt's girls and women aged 15 to 49 have been subjected to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) genital mutilation . Government measures have reduced the practice among younger generations. By 2014, rates had dropped to 10.4% in urban areas and 15.9% in rural areas among girls aged 1–14. In June 2025 the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Solidarity) (Ministry of Social Solidarity) Minister of Social Solidarity announced that the percentage of girls aged 15 to 17 who had undergone the practice dropped to 37 percent in 2021, compared to 61 percent in 2014. Public support for FGM has also fallen, with the proportion of women endorsing the practice decreasing from 75 percent in 2000 to 30 percent in 2021.
Legislative reforms, awareness campaigns, and stricter law enforcement contributed to this decline. In 2016, penalties for performing the practice were increased, with prison sentences of up to 15 years for practitioners and up to 3 years for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian#Guardianship_for_minors) (Legal guardian) guardians who facilitate the procedure.(Egypt.html#cite_note-322) [ 316]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-323) [ 317]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-324) [ 318]      Largest cities  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) List of cities and towns in Egypt       Largest cities or towns in Egypt  (http://citypopulation.de/Egypt-Cities.html) 2023 estimate     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt) (List of cities in Egypt) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt) (Governorates of Egypt) Governorate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt) (List of cities in Egypt) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt) (Governorates of Egypt) Governorate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate) (Cairo Governorate) Cairo  9,801,536 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum) (Faiyum) Faiyum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiyum_Governorate) (Faiyum Governorate) Faiyum  531,861  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Governorate) (Alexandria Governorate) Alexandria  5,362,517 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khusus) (Khusus) Khusus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate) (Qalyubia Governorate) Qalyubia  502,864  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza) (Giza) Giza  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate) (Giza Governorate) Giza  4,458,135 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagazig) (Zagazig) Zagazig  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate) (Sharqia Governorate) Sharqia  460,501  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubra_El_Kheima) (Shubra El Kheima) Shubra El Kheima  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalyubia_Governorate) (Qalyubia Governorate) Qalyubia  1,275,700 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia) (Ismailia) Ismailia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate) (Ismailia Governorate) Ismailia  450,388  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Governorate) (Port Said Governorate) Port Said  791,749 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan) (Aswan) Aswan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Governorate) (Aswan Governorate) Aswan  401,890  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez) (Suez) Suez  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Governorate) (Suez Governorate) Suez  716,458 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)) (6th of October (city)) 6th of October  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Governorate) (Giza Governorate) Giza  376,302  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoura) (Mansoura) Mansoura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakahlia_Governorate) (Dakahlia Governorate) Dakahlia  632,330 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damanhur) (Damanhur) Damanhur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate) (Beheira Governorate) Beheira  329,572  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra) (El Mahalla El Kubra) El Mahalla El Kubra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate) (Gharbia Governorate) Gharbia  614,202 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Cairo) (New Cairo) New Cairo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Governorate) (Cairo Governorate) Cairo  319,488  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanta) (Tanta) Tanta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbia_Governorate) (Gharbia Governorate) Gharbia  597,694 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta) (Damietta) Damietta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta_Governorate) (Damietta Governorate) Damietta  312,863  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut) (Asyut) Asyut  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyut_Governorate) (Asyut Governorate) Asyut  562,061 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya,_Egypt) (Minya, Egypt) Minya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya_Governorate) (Minya Governorate) Minya  298,021       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt) (Culture of Egypt) Culture of Egypt  Egypt is a recognised cultural trendsetter of the Arabic-speaking world. Contemporary Arabic and Middle-Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature, music, film and television. Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s, giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic-speaking world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-325) [ 319]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:حديقة_الأزهر_ومسجد_محمد_على.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Park) (Al-Azhar Park) Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_for_Public_Spaces) (Project for Public Spaces) Project for Public Spaces .  Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam , Christianity and Judaism; and a new language, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic , and its spoken descendant, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic , which has a significant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Coptic-Egyptian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)) (Stratum (linguistics)) substrate .(Egypt.html#cite_note-326) [ 320]     The work of early 19th century scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa'a_al-Tahtawi) (Rifa'a al-Tahtawi) Rifa'a al-Tahtawi renewed interest in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment) (Age of Enlightenment) Enlightenment principles. Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mubarak) (Ali Mubarak) Ali Mubarak a native (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology) (Egyptology) Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyuti) (Suyuti) Suyuti and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqrizi) (Maqrizi) Maqrizi , who themselves studied the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt) (History of ancient Egypt) history , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language) (Egyptian language) language and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture) (Ancient Egyptian architecture) antiquities of Egypt.(Egypt.html#cite_note-327) [ 321]     Egypt's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh) (Muhammad Abduh) Muhammad Abduh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed) (Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed) Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Loutfi_Goumah) (Muhammad Loutfi Goumah) Muhammad Loutfi Goumah , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_el-Hakim) (Tawfiq el-Hakim) Tawfiq el-Hakim , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Awad) (Louis Awad) Louis Awad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Amin) (Qasim Amin) Qasim Amin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama_Moussa) (Salama Moussa) Salama Moussa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein) (Taha Hussein) Taha Hussein and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar) (Mahmoud Mokhtar) Mahmoud Mokhtar . They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism) (Secularism) secularism and faith in science to bring progress.(Egypt.html#cite_note-328) [ 322]     Arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt) (Contemporary art in Egypt) Contemporary art in Egypt and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt) (Art of ancient Egypt) Art of ancient Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt) (Architecture of Egypt) Architecture of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg)   The "weighing of the heart" scene from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead) (Book of the Dead) Book of the Dead    The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture) (Ancient Egyptian architecture) architecture . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_blue) (Egyptian blue) Egyptian blue , also known as calcium copper silicate, is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years. It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment. The wall paintings done in the service of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh) (Pharaoh) Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings. Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids) (Egyptian pyramids) pyramids , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple) (Egyptian temple) temples and monumental tombs. Well-known examples are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser) (Pyramid of Djoser) Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhotep) (Imhotep) Imhotep , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx) (Sphinx) Sphinx , and the temple of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel) (Abu Simbel) Abu Simbel . Modern and contemporary Egyptian art spans disciplines from the vernacular architecture of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Fathy) (Hassan Fathy) Hassan Fathy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_Wissa_Wassef) (Ramses Wissa Wassef) Ramses Wissa Wassef to the iconic sculptures of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar) (Mahmoud Mokhtar) Mahmoud Mokhtar and the distinctive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_art) (Coptic art) Coptic iconography of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Fanous) (Isaac Fanous) Isaac Fanous . Its development in the twentieth century reflected a complex dialogue between national identity, global artistic trends, and social change. Early modern Egyptian artists sought to reconnect with their national heritage through Neo-Pharaonic styles in architecture, sculpture, and painting, with artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mokhtar) (Mahmoud Mokhtar) Mahmoud Mokhtar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Sa'id) (Mahmoud Sa'id) Mahmoud Sa'id incorporating symbolic references to ancient Egypt and rural life.(Egypt.html#cite_note-met-mikdadi-329) [ 323]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Engelstad-330) [ 324]     Later generations embraced international movements like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism) (Surrealism) Surrealism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism) (Cubism) Cubism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadaism) (Dadaism) Dadaism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art) (Abstract art) abstraction , while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_et_Liberté) (Art et Liberté) Art et Liberté group, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_Younan) (Ramses Younan) Ramses Younan , promoted individual expression and antifascist ideals.(Egypt.html#cite_note-met-mikdadi-329) [ 323]    The Contemporary Art Group, with artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazbia_Sirry) (Gazbia Sirry) Gazbia Sirry and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Hadi_Al_Gazzar) (Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar) Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar , explored social realism and the quest for the Egyptian soul, while experimental painters and sculptors like Munir Canaan and Salah Abdel Kerim explored (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism) (Abstract Expressionism) Abstract Expressionism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage_(art)) (Assemblage (art)) assemblage .(Egypt.html#cite_note-met-mikdadi-329) [ 323]    In the latter half of the century, artists responded to political and cultural shifts with Islamic-inspired calligraphy and geometric abstraction, exemplified by the Calligraphic School of Art.(Egypt.html#cite_note-met-mikdadi-329) [ 323]    Other notable artists from this era include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inji_Efflatoun) (Inji Efflatoun) Inji Efflatoun and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Amin) (Kamal Amin) Kamal Amin . The launch of institutions such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse_Gallery) (Townhouse Gallery) Townhouse Gallery in 1998 democratised art access and introduced new media forms like video and installation art,(Egypt.html#cite_note-331) [ 325]    providing a platform for younger artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathi_Hassan) (Fathi Hassan) Fathi Hassan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghada_Amer) (Ghada Amer) Ghada Amer , Medhat Shafik, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moataz_Nasr) (Moataz Nasr) Moataz Nasr , and Mona Marzouk to experiment with installation, video, and photography.(Egypt.html#cite_note-met-mikdadi-329) [ 323]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) 2011 Egyptian revolution ushered in a new era of politically and socially engaged art. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti) (Graffiti) Graffiti emerged as a prominent medium to document protests and communicate revolutionary messages,(Egypt.html#cite_note-332) [ 326]    with artists like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia_Shehab) (Bahia Shehab) Bahia Shehab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaa_Awad) (Alaa Awad) Alaa Awad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Tarek) (Aya Tarek) Aya Tarek , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzeer) (Ganzeer) Ganzeer creating works that memorialised martyrs, critiqued political figures, and reclaimed public spaces.(Egypt.html#cite_note-333) [ 327]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khayamiya-7.jpg)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khayamiya-3.jpg)       Khayamiya design motives.    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayamiya) (Khayamiya) Khayamiya is a traditional Egyptian appliqué textile art primarily made in Cairo's historic ShareʿEl Khayamiya ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  شارع الخيامية ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) Shāriʿ al-Khayāmiyya  ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation) (Literal translation) lit.   ' Street of the Tentmakers ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ), also known as the Tentmakers Market. The craft, thought to date back to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt , involves a labour-intensive hand-stitching process that can take weeks to complete, with designs ranging from geometric motifs to scenes drawn from Egyptian history and folklore. It was originally associated with decorated tents, but today it is also used for quilts, cushion covers, and wall hangings.(Egypt.html#cite_note-334) [ 328]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Opera_House) (Cairo Opera House) Cairo Opera House is Egypt's main performing arts venue, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Opera_House) (Alexandria Opera House) Sayed Darwish Theatre in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said_Opera_House) (Port Said Opera House) Port Said Opera House in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said serving their respective cities. In 2012 the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Contemporary_Arts_Festival) (Downtown Contemporary Arts Festival) Downtown Contemporary Arts Festival (D-CAF) was launched to revitalise Cairo's cultural scene and to provide an inclusive platform for contemporary arts. It is an annual arts festival held in Cairo, Egypt, presenting a range of performances, exhibitions, and workshops in theatre, dance, and visual arts.(Egypt.html#cite_note-335) [ 329]      Literature  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_literature) (Egyptian literature) Egyptian literature  The literary tradition of Egypt began in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt , making it among the earliest in human history. Writing was first used by Egyptians to record texts on materials such as papyrus and carved inscriptions.(Egypt.html#cite_note-336) [ 330]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe) (Story of Sinuhe) Story of Sinuhe  is perhaps its best-known work;(Egypt.html#cite_note-337) [ 331]    and the autobiography has been called the earliest form of Egyptian literature.(Egypt.html#cite_note-338) [ 332]    By the eighth century Egypt became part of the Muslim Arab world. Literature and libraries thrived under the new order, papyrus was replaced by paper, and calligraphy became central.(Egypt.html#cite_note-339) [ 333]    In the 13th century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis) (Ibn al-Nafis) Ibn al-Nafis wrote (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus) (Theologus Autodidactus) Theologus Autodidactus  , a theological novel with proto-science fiction elements.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Roubi-340) [ 334]    Literary practices such as the taqriz (commendatory blurbs) appeared in 14th-century Egypt,(Egypt.html#cite_note-341) [ 335]    and Egyptian folklore contributed to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights) (One Thousand and One Nights) One Thousand and One Nights  .(Egypt.html#cite_note-Burton-1991-342) [ 336]     In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Egypt was central to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda) (Nahda) Nahda  , the Arab cultural renaissance.(Egypt.html#cite_note-343) [ 337]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh) (Muhammad Abduh) Muhammad Abduh , a leading figure of Islamic modernism,(Egypt.html#cite_note-Meisami_1998-344) [ 338]    co-founded the revolutionary journal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Urwah_al-Wuthqa) (Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa) Al-Urwah al-Wuthqa  with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani) (Jamal al-Din al-Afghani) Jamal al-Din al-Afghani in 1884; though quickly banned by the British, it circulated widely across the Arab world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-345) [ 339]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-:02-346) [ 340]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-347) [ 341]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-348) [ 342]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shawqi) (Ahmad Shawqi) Ahmad Shawqi pioneered the expansion of the classical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida) (Qasida) qasida form, though his work remained firmly rooted in neo-classical style. Following him, poets such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Ibrahim) (Hafez Ibrahim) Hafez Ibrahim began addressing themes of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism) (Anti-imperialism) anticolonialism alongside traditional poetic subjects.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ansari-literature-349) [ 343]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal) (Muhammad Husayn Haykal) Muhammad Husayn Haykal 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_(novel)) (Zaynab (novel)) Zaynab  is considered the first modern Egyptian novel.(Egypt.html#cite_note-350) [ 344]    This novel started a movement of modernising Arabic fiction.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ansari-literature-349) [ 343]    Poetry remained vibrant, with figures such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Pasha_Abaza) (Aziz Pasha Abaza) Aziz Pasha Abaza contributing classical-style verse with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism) (Pan-Arabism) Pan-Arabism themes. The Abaza family produced several notable literary figures, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekry_Pasha_Abaza) (Fekry Pasha Abaza) Fekry Pasha Abaza , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharwat_Abaza) (Tharwat Abaza) Tharwat Abaza , and Desouky Pasha Abaza.(Egypt.html#cite_note-351) [ 345]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-352) [ 346]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naguib_Mahfouz_HR.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz) (Naguib Mahfouz) Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic-language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature  In the 20th century, modernist movements shaped Egyptian literature. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Madrasa_al-Ḥadītha) (Al-Madrasa al-Ḥadītha) Al-Madrasa al-Ḥadītha  focused on the short story,(Egypt.html#cite_note-353) [ 347]    while two of the most prominent figures were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein) (Taha Hussein) Taha Hussein and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz) (Naguib Mahfouz) Naguib Mahfouz , the latter the first Egyptian and Arabic-language writer to receive the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (Nobel Prize in Literature) Nobel Prize in Literature . Avant-garde literary activity emerged through magazines like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_68) (Galerie 68) Galerie 68  , founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwar_al-Kharrat) (Edwar al-Kharrat) Edwar al-Kharrat , giving voice to Egypt's 1960s generation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-354) [ 348]     In the 1990s, Egyptian literature responded to socio-economic changes such as urbanisation and rising living costs, focusing on isolated individuals in a changing society, exemplified by Mustafa Zikri, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura_Amin) (Nura Amin) Nura Amin , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Telmissany) (May Telmissany) May Telmissany .(Egypt.html#cite_note-Safez-355) [ 349]    This era also saw the rise of women writers, often called kitabat al-banat ("girls' writing"), with shorter, first-person narratives.(Egypt.html#cite_note-356) [ 350]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-357) [ 351]     Egyptians constitute the largest share of shortlisted authors for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Prize_for_Arabic_Fiction) (International Prize for Arabic Fiction) International Prize for Arabic Fiction , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaa_Taher) (Bahaa Taher) Bahaa Taher 's Sunset Oasis winning the inaugural edition in 2008, followed the next year by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Ziedan) (Youssef Ziedan) Youssef Ziedan 's Azazeel .(Egypt.html#cite_note-358) [ 352]    Other notable contemporary authors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radwa_Ashour) (Radwa Ashour) Radwa Ashour , acclaimed for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_(Trilogy)) (Granada (Trilogy)) Granada  trilogy; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdaf_Soueif) (Ahdaf Soueif) Ahdaf Soueif , whose English-language novel The Map of Love was shortlisted for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize) (Booker Prize) Booker Prize in 1999; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Khaled_Tawfik) (Ahmed Khaled Tawfik) Ahmed Khaled Tawfik , who introduced horror and science fiction to Egyptian literature with his Ma Waraa al-Tabiaa series; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Mourad) (Ahmed Mourad) Ahmed Mourad , known for bestselling novels such as Vertigo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Elephant_(novel)) (The Blue Elephant (novel)) The Blue Elephant  .(Egypt.html#cite_note-359) [ 353]    Feminist themes are explored by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi) (Nawal El Saadawi) Nawal El Saadawi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat) (Alifa Rifaat) Alifa Rifaat , while vernacular poetry is represented by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Fouad_Negm) (Ahmed Fouad Negm) Ahmed Fouad Negm , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Jaheen) (Salah Jaheen) Salah Jaheen , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_el-Abnudi) (Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi) Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi .(Egypt.html#cite_note-360) [ 354]      Media  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Egypt) (Media of Egypt) Media of Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt) (List of radio stations in Egypt) List of radio stations in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:الصادرة_الاولى_الوقائع_المصرية.jpg)   The first issue of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Waqa'i'_al-Misriyya) (Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya) Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya , printed in 1828 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulaq_Press) (Bulaq Press) Amiriya Press . It and its predecessor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal_al-Khidiw) (Jurnal al-Khidiw) Jurnal al-Khidiw are the oldest Arabic-language newspapers.  Egypt is a major regional media hub, with its press among the most influential in the Arab world. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press) (Printing press) printing press was first introduced to Egypt by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon) (Napoleon) Napoleon Bonaparte during his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria) (French Campaign in Egypt and Syria) French Campaign in Egypt and Syria .(Egypt.html#cite_note-Cole_2007_148-361) [ 355]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria was the centre of Egyptian journalism for much of the 1800s,(Egypt.html#cite_note-kendallp339-362) [ 356]    with many literary journals starting there before moving to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo .(Egypt.html#cite_note-363) [ 357]    By the 1890s, Cairo had become dominant, hosting 65% of publications, while Alexandria accounted for 28%.(Egypt.html#cite_note-kendallp339-362) [ 356]    The written press in Egypt today is highly diverse, with more than 600 newspapers, journals, and magazines.(Egypt.html#cite_note-364) [ 358]    The three leading state-owned press institutions are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahram) (Al-Ahram) Al-Ahram  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Akhbar_(Egypt)) (Al-Akhbar (Egypt)) Al-Akhbar  and Dar Al-Tahrir,(Egypt.html#cite_note-arabmediasoc-365) [ 359]     the latter being a major publishing house that issues a wide range of newspapers and magazines in different languages, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gomhuria) (Al Gomhuria) Al-Gomhuria  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Gazette) (The Egyptian Gazette) The Egyptian Gazette  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Progrès_Egyptien) (Le Progrès Egyptien) Le Progrès Egyptien , among others.(Egypt.html#cite_note-366) [ 360]     Egypt was the first country in the region to introduce radio broadcasts to a wide population in 1926, initially through private short-wave stations with limited range, primarily located between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria .(Egypt.html#cite_note-ahram-radio-367) [ 361]    The official Egyptian radio service launched on 31 May 1934, with the first broadcast featuring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rifat) (Muhammad Rifat) Muhammad Rifat , a Quran reciter.(Egypt.html#cite_note-ahram-radio-367) [ 361]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_Revolution) (1952 Egyptian Revolution) 1952 Egyptian Revolution , radio became a central tool of state communication and regional influence. Under President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser , Egypt developed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_the_Arabs) (Voice of the Arabs) Voice of the Arabs ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic :  صوت العرب ,  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) Sawt El Arab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ) service, launched in the 1950s as one of the most prominent Arabic-language broadcasts of its time.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Boyd1975-368) [ 362]    Initially modest in size, Egypt's radio system was rapidly expanded by the revolutionary government. It was used to promote Arab unity, strengthen Egypt's leadership role in the region, often calling for solidarity and revolutionary action, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Boyd1975-368) [ 362]    Contemporary radio in Egypt is largely operated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Radio_and_Television_Union) (Egyptian Radio and Television Union) Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU), established in 1970, which manages multiple national and local stations. Private FM stations also exist, but state radio remains the most widespread. Programming includes news, cultural content, educational programmes.(Egypt.html#cite_note-arabmediasoc-365) [ 359]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maspiro_building_(cropped).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspero_television_building) (Maspero television building) Maspero building in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo , headquarters of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Radio_and_Television_Union) (Egyptian Radio and Television Union) Egyptian Radio and Television Union   Egyptian television began in 1960 when Channel 1 launched with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran) (Quran) Quran readings and a speech by President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Nasser , followed by Channel 2 in 1961 offering cultural, informational, and instructional programmes. Over the following decades, additional channels were launched regionally.(Egypt.html#cite_note-arabmediasoc-365) [ 359]    In the 21st century, Egypt's television and film industry continue to supply much of the region through Cairo's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Media_Production_City) (Egyptian Media Production City) Media Production City . Television remains the most popular medium in the country, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Radio_and_Television_Union) (Egyptian Radio and Television Union) ERTU operating two national terrestrial channels, six local terrestrial channels covering all 27 governorates, three satellite channels, and over ten specialised channels, including news, sport, culture, education, and entertainment.(Egypt.html#cite_note-arabmediasoc-365) [ 359]    In addition, numerous private satellite television channels operate alongside the state networks.(Egypt.html#cite_note-arabmediasoc-365) [ 359]    Egypt is a major force in satellite broadcasting, being the first Arab country to launch its own satellite, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilesat) (Nilesat) Nilesat .  Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt) (Cinema of Egypt) Cinema of Egypt  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suad_Husni.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soad_Hosny) (Soad Hosny) Soad Hosny   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faten_Hamama_actress.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama) (Faten Hamama) Faten Hamama    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_Sharif_1963.JPG)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif) (Omar Sharif) Omar Sharif   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_Zaki_(1979).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Zaki_(actor)) (Ahmed Zaki (actor)) Ahmed Zaki      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cinema) (Egyptian cinema) Egyptian cinema , the oldest in Africa and the Arab world, began in 1896 with film screenings in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo) (Cairo) Cairo , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said . Early production started in 1907 with short documentaries, and the first feature films appeared in 1917, directed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Karim) (Mohammed Karim) Mohammed Karim . By the 1920s and 1930s, the country's film scene expanded with productions such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_(1927_film)) (Laila (1927 film)) Layla and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Aristocrats) (Sons of Aristocrats) Sons of Aristocrats , the first Egyptian talkie.(Egypt.html#cite_note-chamber-cinema-369) [ 363]    In 1936, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Misr) (Studio Misr) Studio Misr , financed by industrialist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaat_Pasha_Harb) (Talaat Pasha Harb) Talaat Harb , emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades.(Egypt.html#cite_note-370) [ 364]    For over 100 years, more than 4,000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.(Egypt.html#cite_note-371) [ 365]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-372) [ 366]     The industry has been a dominant cultural force in the Arab world since its inception, earning the nickname "Arab Hollywood" and "Hollywood of the East".(Egypt.html#cite_note-meer-cinema-373) [ 367]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-374) [ 368]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-chamber-cinema-369) [ 363]    Its golden age, spanning the 1940s to the 1960s, saw Egypt become the world's third-largest film producer, with hundreds of films across genres achieving widespread regional popularity.(Egypt.html#cite_note-meer-cinema-373) [ 367]    Iconic filmmakers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef_Chahine) (Youssef Chahine) Youssef Chahine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Barakat) (Henry Barakat) Henry Barakat , and celebrated actors including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faten_Hamama) (Faten Hamama) Faten Hamama , helped establish Egyptian cinema as a major influence on Arab cultural identity. Today, Egyptian films continue to reach audiences across the Arab world and beyond, maintaining the country's historic role as a central hub for Arabic-language cinema.(Egypt.html#cite_note-meer-cinema-373) [ 367]     Egypt hosts several film festivals, which have become important platforms for both local and international filmmakers. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_International_Film_Festival) (Cairo International Film Festival) Cairo International Film Festival , established in 1976, showcases a range of films from dramas to experimental works and attracts filmmakers and audiences from around the world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-film-festivals-375) [ 369]    It is listed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIAPF) (FIAPF) International Federation of Film Producers' Associations as one of the 11 competitive film festivals in the world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-376) [ 370]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_African_Film_Festival) (Luxor African Film Festival) Luxor African Film Festival highlights African cinema, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gouna_Film_Festival) (El Gouna Film Festival) El Gouna Film Festival presents Arabic and international films. Other notable events include the Ismailia International Film Festival, which focuses on social and environmental themes, and the Alexandria Short Film Festival, which features narrative, documentary, and animated short films.(Egypt.html#cite_note-film-festivals-375) [ 369]     The number of cinemas increased with the emergence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_film) (Talking film) talking films , and reached 395 in 1958. This number began to decline after the establishment of television in 1960 and the establishment of the public sector in cinemas in 1962. The cinema count fell to 297 in 1965, then to 141 in 1995, due to the circulation of films through video equipment though the boom of the film industry in this period. Due to laws and procedures that encouraged investment in the establishment of private cinemas, they increased again, especially in commercial centres. Their number reached 200 in 2001 and 400 in 2009.(Egypt.html#cite_note-377) [ 371]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-378) [ 372]      Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt) (Music of Egypt) Music of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png) (Ancient Egyptians playing music)   An ancient Egyptian mural of people playing music.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt) (Music of Egypt) Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt) (Culture of Egypt) Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptians credited one of their gods (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor) (Hathor) Hathor with the invention of music, which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris) (Osiris) Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then.(Egypt.html#cite_note-379) [ 373]     Contemporary Egyptian music has its roots in the work of early artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdu_al-Hamuli) (Abdu al-Hamuli) Abdu al-Hamuli , Almaz, and Mahmoud Osman, whose contributions shaped and inspired later generations. It was recorded as early as the 1910s, with a thriving classical tradition developing in Cairo by the 1930s, blending indigenous folk influences with Western elements and producing iconic 20th-century stars such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayed_Darwish) (Sayed Darwish) Sayed Darwish , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum) (Umm Kulthum) Umm Kulthum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdel_Wahab) (Mohammed Abdel Wahab) Mohammed Abdel Wahab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Halim_Hafez) (Abdel Halim Hafez) Abdel Halim Hafez , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baligh_Hamdi) (Baligh Hamdi) Baligh Hamdi , many of whom became central to both popular culture and national identity. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum) (Umm Kulthum) Umm Kulthum , an icon of Egyptian music, often referred to as "Egypt's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex) (Giza pyramid complex) Fourth Pyramid ".(Egypt.html#cite_note-380) [ 374]    In 2023, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone) (Rolling Stone) Rolling Stone  ranked Umm Kulthum at number 61 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.(Egypt.html#cite_note-381) [ 375]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-382) [ 376]      The music scene evolved from the golden age of mid-20th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt#Modern_Egyptian_classical_and_pop_music) (Music of Egypt) modern Egyptian classical heavyweights, to the rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_pop) (Arabic pop) Egyptian pop in the 1980s–90s with artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Diab) (Amr Diab) Amr Diab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_Abbas) (Hisham Abbas) Hisham Abbas , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Amar) (Mostafa Amar) Mostafa Amar .(Egypt.html#cite_note-aravanis-music-383) [ 377]    At the same time, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khairat) (Omar Khairat) Omar Khairat emerged as a leading composer and pianist, blending (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_classical_music) (Western classical music) Western classical music with distinctive Egyptian influences. He has written numerous acclaimed film scores and symphonic works which has made him one of Egypt's most internationally respected contemporary musicians.(Egypt.html#cite_note-384) [ 378]     In the 21st century, globalisation and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) 2011 revolution spurred diverse underground movements, with musicians and bands like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramy_Essam) (Ramy Essam) Ramy Essam and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairokee) (Cairokee) Cairokee addressing identity and political themes.(Egypt.html#cite_note-aravanis-music-383) [ 377]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahraganat) (Mahraganat) Mahraganat emerged from working-class communities to become mainstream, developing out of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaabi) (Shaabi) shaabi music, which has been part of Egyptian culture since the 1970s with pioneers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Adaweya) (Ahmed Adaweya) Ahmed Adaweya . Meanwhile, Egyptian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap) (Rap) rap , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music) (Trap music) trap , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno) (Techno) techno gained prominence through artists like Abyusif, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_Pablo) (Marwan Pablo) Marwan Pablo , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegz) (Wegz) Wegz .(Egypt.html#cite_note-aravanis-music-383) [ 377]     In recent years, Egypt's music scene has seen a generational shift, with new artists emerging as leading figures alongside established icons. According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify_Wrapped) (Spotify Wrapped) Spotify Wrapped 2024, seven of the ten most-streamed songs in Egypt came from newer performers experimenting with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap) (Rap) rap , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R&B) (R&B) R&B , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music) (Electronic music) electronic fusions , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music) (Underground music) street music alongside traditional influences. Rising artists such as Eslam Kabonga, Shehab, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUL8TE) (TUL8TE) TUL8TE , Mahmoud El Leithy, and Essam Sasa gained significant popularity, while established acts like Marwan Pablo, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherine) (Sherine) Sherine , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairokee) (Cairokee) Cairokee , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamer_Ashour) (Tamer Ashour) Tamer Ashour also remained highly streamed. The trend coincided with an 85 percent rise in local music consumption.(Egypt.html#cite_note-385) [ 379]    Egypt's music industry has seen rapid international growth through streaming platforms, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify) (Spotify) Spotify reporting a fivefold rise in royalties since 2022, over 90 percent of earnings going to independent artists, and more than 80 percent of revenue coming from listeners outside Egypt.(Egypt.html#cite_note-386) [ 380]      Dances  Egypt has a rich tradition of folk dances that reflect the country's regional and cultural diversity. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Egypt) (Lower Egypt) Lower Egypt , dances such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghawazi) (Ghawazi) ghawazi el sonbat  ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) غوازي سنباط  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ), raqs el hagala ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص الحجلة  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ), and welad el sayala ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) أولاد السيالة  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ) incorporate colourful costumes and props to tell a story. For example, welad el sayala , performed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria , uses pocket knives and chairs to represent the lives and celebrations of fishermen and their communities.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nadine-khaled-387) [ 381]    In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt) (Upper Egypt) Upper Egypt , dances include stick dances such as raqs el assaya ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص العصا  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtib) (Tahtib) tahtib  ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) تحطيب  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ), which are traditionally performed by men at weddings and festive occasions. These dances often symbolise strength and skill, with tahtib in particular originating from ancient martial arts traditions.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nadine-khaled-387) [ 381]    Nubian dance, originating in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians) (Nubians) Nubian communities in Egypt's south, are characterised by rhythmic arm movements and upbeat tempos, often accompanied by the tambourine duff.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nadine-khaled-387) [ 381]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanoura_Dancing.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoura_(dance)) (Tanoura (dance)) tanoura dancer performing  Egypt is often considered the home of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance) (Belly dance) belly dance . Egyptian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance) (Belly dance) belly dance has two main styles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_baladi) (Raqs baladi) raqs baladi  ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص بلدي  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_sharqi) (Raqs sharqi) raqs sharqi  ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص شرقي  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ). There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi dance ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص شعبي  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ), which shares some elements with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_baladi) (Raqs baladi) raqs baladi . Belly dancing emphasises fluid movements of the hips, belly, and arms, often performed to the rhythm of the tabla drum, and is closely associated with femininity and performance in cinema and theatre.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nadine-khaled-387) [ 381]     Other prominent forms of Egyptian dance include Sufi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoura_(dance)) (Tanoura (dance)) tanoura  ((Egyptian Arabic-language text) رقص التنورة  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Egyptian_Arabic-language_text)  ) dancing, which involves multilayered skirts and is performed both as a spiritual practice to achieve trance-like states and as a cultural performance at festivals and tourist sites.(Egypt.html#cite_note-nadine-khaled-387) [ 381]      Museums  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt) (List of museums in Egypt) List of museums in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum) (Egyptian Museum) Egyptian Museum in Cairo  Egypt is home to one of the world's oldest civilisations. It has engaged with numerous cultures and nations throughout its history and has experienced a vast array of eras, from the prehistoric age to modern times, encompassing periods such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom) (Ptolemaic Kingdom) Ptolemaic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt) (Roman Egypt) Roman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages) (Egypt in the Middle Ages) the Middle Ages , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt) (Ottoman Egypt) Ottoman , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty) Alawiyya dynasty . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg)   Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum) (Egyptian Museum) Egyptian Museum .  Notable museums in Egypt include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum) (Egyptian Museum) Egyptian Museum in Cairo, which houses over 120,000 items and is one of the world's largest museums as well as the first national museum in the Middle East, opened in 1902;(Egypt.html#cite_note-388) [ 382]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Egyptian_Civilization) (National Museum of Egyptian Civilization) National Museum of Egyptian Civilization , home to 50,000 artefacts from various eras and the resting place of 22 ancient Egyptian kings and queens relocated there in 2021 during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaohs'_Golden_Parade) (Pharaohs' Golden Parade) Pharaohs' Golden Parade ; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeen_Palace_Museum) (Abdeen Palace Museum) Abdeen Palace Museum , one of Egypt's most famous royal palaces, which contains five museums showcasing arms, royal belongings, silverware, historical documents, and presidential gifts.(Egypt.html#cite_note-389) [ 383]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum) (Grand Egyptian Museum) Grand Egyptian Museum is a museum housing the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artefacts in the world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-390) [ 384]    It is the largest museum in the world dedicated to a single civilisation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Britannica-391) [ 385]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-392) [ 386]    The museum is sited on 50 hectares (120 acres) of land approximately two kilometres (1.2 miles) from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau.(Egypt.html#cite_note-393) [ 387]    It features a six-storey atrium with the 82-ton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ramesses_II) (Statue of Ramesses II) Statue of Ramesses II and a grand staircase, while its galleries display artefacts spanning ancient Egypt's history.(Egypt.html#cite_note-:3-394) [ 388]    The Tutankhamun exhibition showcases 5,600 objects from his tomb, including his gold mask and royal regalia. It is arranged around three central themes, life, death, and the afterlife, and features two opposing pathways: a chronological journey through his life and reign, and a forensic exploration of his tomb and excavation.(Egypt.html#cite_note-:0-4) [ 3]    The museum opened on 1 November 2025.(Egypt.html#cite_note-395) [ 389]      Festivals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:مولد_شارع_المعز.jpg)   Moulid celebrations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muizz_Street) (Muizz Street) Muizz Street , Cairo  Egypt observes several religious Muslim and Christian festivals as public holidays. These include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas) (Christmas) Coptic Christmas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) (Eid al-Fitr) Eid al-Fitr , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) (Eid al-Adha) Eid al-Adha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_New_Year) (Islamic New Year) Islamic New Year , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Arafah) (Day of Arafah) Day of Arafah , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid) (Mawlid) Moulid al-Nabawi .(Egypt.html#cite_note-396) [ 390]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Ennessim) (Sham Ennessim) Sham Ennessim  ((Arabic-language text) شم النسيم  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ) is an annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival) (Festival) festival in Egypt marking the beginning of spring, celebrated by Egyptians of all religions and recognised as an official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday) (Public holiday) public holiday .(Egypt.html#cite_note-asante-397) [ 391]    It is observed on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday) (Easter Monday) Easter Monday , the day after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter) (Easter) Easter ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-:3-shamenessim-398) [ 392]    typically between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar) (Egyptian calendar) Egyptian months of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremoude) (Paremoude) Paremoude (April) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashons) (Pashons) Pashons (May). The festival is traditionally celebrated outdoors, with picnics in public gardens, along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile , or at the zoo. Typical foods include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesikh) (Fesikh) fesikh  , lettuce, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallion) (Scallion) green onions , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin_bean) (Lupin bean) lupin beans . Boiled eggs are often coloured and eaten or exchanged as gifts.(Egypt.html#cite_note-asante-397) [ 391]    It is generally held that Sham Ennessim is a continuation of early forms of springtime festivities dating back over 4,500 years.(Egypt.html#cite_note-asante-397) [ 391]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid#Other_uses) (Mawlid) Moulids , or saint's festivals, are a long-standing tradition throughout Egypt, celebrating both Islamic and Christian saints. The majority are Islamic and typically feature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhikr) (Dhikr) dhikr , the ritual chanting and recitation of prayers, as well as performances by Sufi groups, including music and spiritual gatherings.(Egypt.html#cite_note-googlearts-moulid-399) [ 393]    Christian moulids follow comparable festive patterns. These events blend religious devotion with communal celebration, often centring on a shrine or mosque where pilgrims seek blessings through prayer, recitation of religious texts, circumambulation, and other acts of veneration.(Egypt.html#cite_note-googlearts-moulid-399) [ 393]    They are also social and cultural occasions, with food, games, rides, and temporary stalls set up in the surrounding streets.(Egypt.html#cite_note-googlearts-moulid-399) [ 393]    Major festivals, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Haggag_Mosque#Mawlid_celebration) (Abu Haggag Mosque) Moulid Abu El Haggag  ((Arabic-language text) مولد أبو الحجاج  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ) in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor) (Luxor) Luxor , attract thousands of participants. It features boats and shrines paraded through the city in his honour, a tradition with origins dating back to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt .(Egypt.html#cite_note-googlearts-moulid-399) [ 393]    The procession closely resembles the rituals of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opet_Festival) (Opet Festival) Opet Festival .(Egypt.html#cite_note-400) [ 394]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine) (Egyptian cuisine) Egyptian cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshary) (Koshary) Koshary , one of Egypt's national dishes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine) (Egyptian cuisine) Egyptian cuisine draws on the agricultural traditions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley) (Nile Valley) Nile Valley and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta) (Nile Delta) Delta , and makes heavy use of poultry, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Staple dishes include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolma) (Dolma) mahshi  , rice-stuffed vegetables and grape leaves, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falafel) (Falafel) falafel  , mainly known locally as ta'ameya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawarma) (Shawarma) shawarma  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab#Egypt) (Kebab) kabab  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koftet_el_hati) (Koftet el hati) kofta  . Traditional Egyptian specialities include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames) (Ful medames) ful medames  , mashed fava beans; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteer) (Feteer) feteer  , a flaky, layered pie with various fillings;(Egypt.html#cite_note-Marzouk-401) [ 395]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawawshi) (Hawawshi) hawawshi  , spiced minced meat baked inside bread;(Egypt.html#cite_note-402) [ 396]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokhiya) (Molokhiya) molokhiya  , a jute leaf stew; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshary) (Koshary) koshary  , a mix of lentils, rice, and pasta, which is recognised as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (Intangible cultural heritage) intangible cultural heritage by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO .(Egypt.html#cite_note-403) [ 397]    Many Egyptian dishes are traditionally prepared hands-on at home, often slow-cooked, based on the culinary practices of rural kitchens passed down through generations,(Egypt.html#cite_note-404) [ 398]    including stews such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamia) (Bamia) bamia  , okra stew; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolqas) (Qolqas) qolqas  , taro root stew; and baked dishes, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozz_me'ammar) (Rozz me'ammar) rozz me'ammar  , a baked rice dish made with milk, butter, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeshta) (Qeshta) eshta ; as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarona_bil-bechamel) (Macarona bil-bechamel) macarona bil-bechamel  , a pasta bake with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penne) (Penne) penne , spiced meat sauce, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechamel_sauce) (Bechamel sauce) béchamel . Bread holds a central place in Egyptian cuisine and dining traditions, with more than 60 different types found across the country.(Egypt.html#cite_note-rawigivinglife-405) [ 399]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eish_baladi) (Eish baladi) Eish baladi  , a round, whole-wheat flatbread, is a staple of nearly every meal and is commonly used as an edible utensil for dipping and scooping rather than simply accompanying dishes.(Egypt.html#cite_note-406) [ 400]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-Basan2007-407) [ 401]    Cheesemaking in Egypt dates back to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt) (First Dynasty of Egypt) First Dynasty ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-LucasHarris2012-408) [ 402]    with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domiati_cheese) (Domiati cheese) Domiati cheese  being the most widely consumed today.(Egypt.html#cite_note-409) [ 403]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-RobinsonTamime1996-410) [ 404]    Meat plays an important role in Egyptian cuisine, with poultry such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squab) (Squab) squab ,(Egypt.html#cite_note-newly_translated_cookbook-411) [ 405]    chicken, duck, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail) (Quail) quail , and goose being common, alongside lamb and beef for grilling and stews.(Egypt.html#cite_note-412) [ 406]    Cured meats such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastirma) (Bastirma) bastirma  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogoq) (Sogoq) sogoq  are traditionally consumed. Egyptian bastirma is made from salted, spiced, and air-dried beef or water buffalo,(Egypt.html#cite_note-gagaoua-413) [ 407]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-414) [ 408]    and sogoq , a spicy sausage of ground beef stuffed into thin casings and left to dry and ferment.(Egypt.html#cite_note-415) [ 409]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-416) [ 410]    Fish, especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia) (Tilapia) tilapia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet_(fish)) (Mullet (fish)) mullet , are widely consumed, with seafood in general being particularly prevalent in coastal cities like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria) (Alexandria) Alexandria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez) (Suez) Suez , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said) (Port Said) Port Said . A large portion of Egyptian cuisine is vegetarian due to limited grazing land, historical agricultural practices, and the religious customs of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Christians) (Coptic Christians) Coptic Christians , who periodically observe a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent) (Lent) vegan diet .(Egypt.html#cite_note-417) [ 411]     The cuisine commonly features an assortment of spices and aromatics such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin) (Cumin) cumin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander) (Coriander) coriander , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom) (Cardamom) cardamom , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper) (Chili pepper) chilli , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniseed) (Aniseed) aniseed , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_leaves) (Bay leaves) bay leaves , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill) (Dill) dill , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley) (Parsley) parsley , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic) (Garlic) garlic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger) (Ginger) ginger , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon) (Cinnamon) cinnamon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae) (Lamiaceae) mint , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloves) (Cloves) cloves , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin) (Cumin) cumin being the most commonly used.(Egypt.html#cite_note-418) [ 412]    Popular desserts include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqlawa) (Baqlawa) baqlawa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basbousa) (Basbousa) basbousa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunafa) (Kunafa) kunafa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatayef) (Qatayef) qatayef , often featuring dates, honey, syrup, nuts and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semolina) (Semolina) semolina . Tea is the national drink, while coffee is also common and is traditionally prepared in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee) (Turkish coffee) Turkish style . Other popular beverages in Egypt include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkadeh) (Karkadeh) karkadeh  , hibiscus tea; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane_juice) (Sugarcane juice) 'asir asab  , sugarcane juice; '  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erq_sous) (Erq sous) erq sous  , liquorice juice; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharob) (Kharob) kharob  , carob juice; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamar_al-din) (Qamar al-din) amar eddin  , apricot drink; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobia) (Sobia) sobia  , sweet coconut milk drink. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt) (Beer in Egypt) Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage,(Egypt.html#cite_note-419) [ 413]    including traditional types like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouza_(beer)) (Bouza (beer)) bouza  , made from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley) (Barley) barley and bread and consumed since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt) (Prehistoric Egypt) Predynastic era .(Egypt.html#cite_note-420) [ 414]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Egypt) (Sport in Egypt) Sport in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg)   A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team) (Egypt national football team) Egypt national football team   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) Football is the most popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport) (National sport) national sport of Egypt. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Derby) (Cairo Derby) Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world.(Egypt.html#cite_note-421) [ 415]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahly_SC) (Al Ahly SC) Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamalek_SC) (Zamalek SC) Zamalek SC . They are known as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAF_Clubs_of_the_20th_Century) (CAF Clubs of the 20th Century) African Club of the Century ". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan) (A.C. Milan) A.C. Milan and Argentina's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors) (Boca Juniors) Boca Juniors , both having eighteen.(Egypt.html#cite_note-422) [ 416]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_national_football_team) (Egypt national football team) Egyptian national football team , known as the Pharaohs, won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Cup_of_Nations) (African Cup of Nations) African Cup of Nations seven times, including three times in a row in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Considered the most successful African national team and one which has reached the top 10 of the FIFA world rankings,(Egypt.html#cite_note-423) [ 417]    Egypt has qualified for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (FIFA World Cup) FIFA World Cup four times.(Egypt.html#cite_note-424) [ 418]    Two goals from star player (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah) (Mohamed Salah) Mohamed Salah in their last qualifying game took Egypt through to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) (2018 FIFA World Cup) 2018 FIFA World Cup .(Egypt.html#cite_note-425) [ 419]    The Egyptian youth national team Young Pharaohs won the bronze medal of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship) (2001 FIFA World Youth Championship) 2001 FIFA youth world cup in Argentina. Egypt was 4th place in the football tournament in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics) (1928 Summer Olympics) 1928 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics) (1964 Summer Olympics) 1964 Olympics.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)) (Squash (sport)) Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt. The Egyptian squash team has been competitive in international championships since the 1930s. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_Shabana) (Amr Shabana) Amr Shabana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Farag) (Ali Farag) Ali Farag and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramy_Ashour) (Ramy Ashour) Ramy Ashour are Egypt's best players(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING) (Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING) (A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (July 2026)) editorialising   ]  and all were ranked the world's number one squash player.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch) (The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2026)) by whom?   ]  Egypt has won the Squash World Championships five times, with the last title being in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Men's_World_Team_Squash_Championships) (2019 Men's World Team Squash Championships) 2019 .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers) (looking at the wikipedia pages for this competition in 2023 and 2024, it appears Egypt won in those years as well? This paragraph could use a citation as well (July 2026)) needs update?   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_July_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)   Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_World_Men's_Handball_Championship) (1999 World Men's Handball Championship) hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHF_World_Men's_Handball_Championship) (IHF World Men's Handball Championship) IHF World Men's Handball Championship in 1999 and hosted it again in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Men's_Handball_Championship) (2021 World Men's Handball Championship) 2021 . In 2001, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_men's_national_handball_team) (Egypt men's national handball team) national handball team achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching fourth place. Egypt has won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Men's_Handball_Championship) (African Men's Handball Championship) African Men's Handball Championship five times, being the best team in Africa.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch) (The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2026)) according to whom?   ]  Egypt won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games) (Egypt at the 2013 Mediterranean Games) Mediterranean Games in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2013_Mediterranean_Games) (Handball at the 2013 Mediterranean Games) 2013 , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Handball_World_Championships) (Beach Handball World Championships) Beach Handball World Championships in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Beach_Handball_World_Championships) (2004 Beach Handball World Championships) 2004 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics) (Egypt at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics) Summer Youth Olympics in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_–_Boys'_tournament) (Handball at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament) 2010 . Among all African nations, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_national_basketball_team) (Egyptian national basketball team) Egyptian national basketball team holds the record for best performance at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup) (FIBA Basketball World Cup) Basketball World Cup and at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics) (Basketball at the Summer Olympics) Summer Olympics .(Egypt.html#cite_note-426) [ 420]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-427) [ 421]    Further, the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship) (FIBA Africa Championship) African Championship . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics) (Egypt at the Olympics) Egypt has taken part in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games) (Summer Olympic Games) Summer Olympic Games since 1912 and has hosted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_sports_competitions_hosted_by_Egypt) (Category:International sports competitions hosted by Egypt) several other international competitions , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Mediterranean_Games) (1951 Mediterranean Games) the first Mediterranean Games in 1951, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_All-Africa_Games) (1991 All-Africa Games) 1991 All-Africa Games , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup) (2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup) 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Pan_Arab_Games) (1953 Pan Arab Games) 1953 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Pan_Arab_Games) (1965 Pan Arab Games) 1965 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan_Arab_Games) (2007 Pan Arab Games) 2007 editions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games) (Pan Arab Games) Pan Arab Games .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (lack of inline citation. (July 2026)) citation needed   ]     See also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Egypt) (Outline of Egypt) Outline of Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Egypt) (Outline of ancient Egypt) Outline of ancient Egypt       Notes   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-lang_3-0) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Literary Arabic is the sole official language.(Egypt.html#cite_note-Provisional_Constitution-2) [ 2]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language) (Spoken language) spoken language . Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt) (Languages of Egypt) dialects and minority languages are spoken regionally.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-relig_7-0) ↑   While (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam is the majority and official religion of the country, the size of the country's historic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt) (Christianity in Egypt) Christian minority is highly controversial and disputed by various entities and groups. Estimates range from as low as 5% to as high as 20%. Since 2006, religion has been omitted from censuses after widespread claims that the figures had been distorted.(Egypt.html#cite_note-:0-4) [ 3]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-churches-deleg-5) [ 4]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-6) [ 5]      (Egypt.html#cite_ref-UTCoff2_21-0) ↑   Known locally as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Standard_Time) (Egypt Standard Time) Egypt Standard Time (EGY) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : توقيت مصر القياسي (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  Tawqīt Miṣr al-qiyāsiyy )  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-UTCoff_22-0) ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Egypt) (Daylight saving time in Egypt) Daylight saving time in Egypt .  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : مصر , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) Miṣr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ mɪsˤr]   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Ar-Misr2.oga/Ar-Misr2.oga.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ar-Misr2.oga) (File:Ar-Misr2.oga) ⓘ   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language) (Egyptian Arabic language) Egyptian Arabic : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic) (Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic) [ mɑsˤr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Egyptian_Arabic_IPA)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-286) ↑   The population of Egypt is estimated as being 90% Muslim, 9% Coptic Christian and 1% other Christian, though estimates vary.(Egypt.html#cite_note-281) [ 276]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-282) [ 277]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-283) [ 278]    Microsoft Encarta Online similarly estimates the Sunni population at 90% of the total.(Egypt.html#cite_note-284) [ 279]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life gave a higher estimate of the Muslim population, at 94.6%.(Egypt.html#cite_note-285) [ 280]    In 2017, the government-owned newspaper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahram) (Al Ahram) Al Ahram  estimated the percentage of Christians at 10 to 15%.(Egypt.html#cite_note-churches-deleg-5) [ 4]          References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CoARE_1-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CoARE_1-1) 2   (http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf) "Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014" (PDF) . sis.gov.eg . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150718052913/http://www.sis.gov.eg/Newvr/Dustor-en001.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sis.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+The+Arab+Republic+of+Egypt+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FNewvr%2FDustor-en001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Provisional_Constitution_2-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155) "Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People" . Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427083143/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155) Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Declaration%3A+A+New+Stage+in+the+History+of+the+Great+Egyptian+People&rft.pub=Egypt+State+Information+Service&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FEn%2FLastPage.aspx%3FCategory_ID%3D1155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:0_4-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:0_4-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/) "How many Christians are there in Egypt?" . Pew Research Center . 16 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191002004401/https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/) Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+many+Christians+are+there+in+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-churches-deleg_5-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-churches-deleg_5-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-churches-deleg_5-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alhram Online (19 November 2017). (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx) "Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo" . Al Ahram . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180504020907/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx) Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Ahram&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Sisi+meets+world+Evangelical+churches+delegation+in+Cairo&rft.date=2017-11-19&rft.au=Alhram+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F281789%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FEgypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/53839/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-Copts-reject-population-estimate.aspx) "Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics" . english.ahram.org.eg . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201029011854/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/53839/Egypt/Politics-/Egyptian-Copts-reject-population-estimate.aspx) Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.ahram.org.eg&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Copts+reject+population+estimate+%E2%80%93+Politics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F53839%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FEgyptian-Copts-reject-population-estimate.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Truex_&_Tavana_2019_8-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). "Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime". The Journal of Politics . 81 (3): 1014– 1027. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703209) 10.1086/703209 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Implicit+Attitudes+toward+an+Authoritarian+Regime&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1014-1027&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F703209&rft.aulast=Truex&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=Tavana%2C+Daniel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_9-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). (https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/) "Egypt's Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good ... at Being a Dictator" . Foreign Policy . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210210231855/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/) Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Sisi+Is+Getting+Pretty+Good+...+at+Being+a+Dictator&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F05%2F22%2Fegypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:1_10-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule) "Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule" . Human Rights Watch . 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190713152806/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/12/egypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule) Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+A+Move+to+Enhance+Authoritarian+Rule&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F12%2Fegypt-move-enhance-authoritarian-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html) "Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109023939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html) Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Egypt+tries+to+silence+its+critics+in+the+United+States+by+jailing+their+relatives&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Sudarsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fegypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives%2F2020%2F07%2F08%2Fc93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). (https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi) "Hosni Mubarak's legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi" . Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201019213139/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/2/27/hosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi/) Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Hosni+Mubarak%27s+legacy+is+Abdel+Fattah+el-Sisi&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Al-Arian&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2020%2F2%2F27%2Fhosni-mubaraks-legacy-is-abdel-fattah-el-sisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (Egypt.html#cite_note-Truex_&_Tavana_2019-8) [ 6]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-foreignpolicy-9) [ 7]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-:1-10) [ 8]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-11) [ 9]    (Egypt.html#cite_note-12) [ 10]      (Egypt.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035) "Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)" . Capmas.gov.eg. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181102023819/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/StaticPages.aspx?page_id=5035) Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Density+By+Governorate+1%2F7%2F2020+%E2%80%93+Area+km2+%28Theme%3A+Population+%E2%80%93+pg.14%29&rft.pub=Capmas.gov.eg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FStaticPages.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D5035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf) "Total area km2, pg.15" (PDF) . Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from (http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf) the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+area+km2%2C+pg.15&rft.pub=Capmas.Gov+%E2%80%93+Arab+Republic+of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2Fpdf%2FEgyptinFigures2015%2FEgyptinFigures%2FTables%2FPDF%2F1-%2520%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2Fpop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.capmas.gov.eg/publications/150) "Population estimates by Sex & Governorate" . www.capmas.gov.eg . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Public_Mobilization_and_Statistics_(Egypt)) (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt)) CAPMAS . Retrieved 27 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capmas.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+by+Sex+%26+Governorate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2Fpublications%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf) "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء" (PDF) . www.capmas.gov.eg . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224804/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20%2FAdmin%2FPages%20Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.capmas.gov.eg&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FShowPDF.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D%2520%2FAdmin%2FPages%2520Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EG_18-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EG_18-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EG_18-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFWEO.EG_18-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-19) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20251214092912/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/) "Gini Index coefficient" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/) the original on 14 December 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-UNHDR_20-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-gov_24-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.egy-map.com/) "محافظة الأسكندرية" . Egypt's Projects Map . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230525194517/https://www.egy-map.com/) Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt%27s+Projects+Map&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egy-map.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Egypt%3A+From+the+First+Egyptians+to+the+First+Kings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.aulast=Midant-Reynes&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9atrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-dictator_26-0) ↑   Sources that categorise Sisi as a dictator: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20231004021038/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/03/egypts-rushed-election-shows-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-is-nervous) "Egypt's rushed election shows Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi is nervous" . The Economist . Archived from (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/03/egypts-rushed-election-shows-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-is-nervous) the original  on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2026 . Last month Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, Egypt's military dictator...  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+rushed+election+shows+Abdel-Fattah+al-Sisi+is+nervous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2023%2F10%2F03%2Fegypts-rushed-election-shows-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-is-nervous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dunne, Michele (8 April 2019). (https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/04/08/donald-trump-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-egypt-226579/) "Why Is Trump Helping Egypt's Dictator Entrench His Power?" . POLITICO Magazine . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Trump+Helping+Egypt%27s+Dictator+Entrench+His+Power%3F&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fdonald-trump-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-egypt-226579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/president-trump-condemn-sham-egyptian-election) "President Trump, Condemn This Sham Egyptian Election" . The Washington Institute . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . ...issued a statement praising the Egyptian dictator's magnificent work for the country  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=President+Trump%2C+Condemn+This+Sham+Egyptian+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fpresident-trump-condemn-sham-egyptian-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-26/u-dot-s-dot-gives-egypts-dictator-a-blank-check?embedded-checkout=false) "A Blank Check for Egypt's Dictator" . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=A+Blank+Check+for+Egypt%27s+Dictator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-06-26%2Fu-dot-s-dot-gives-egypts-dictator-a-blank-check%3Fembedded-checkout%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Toosi, Nahal (12 July 2021). (https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/12/egypt-spy-boss-jail-american-498983) "In D.C. visit, Egypt spy boss claims U.S. agreed—in writing—to jail American activist" . POLITICO . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . ...Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, the Egyptian dictator who has imprisoned tens of thousands of dissidents.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=In+D.C.+visit%2C+Egypt+spy+boss+claims+U.S.+agreed%E2%80%94in+writing%E2%80%94to+jail+American+activist&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Toosi&rft.aufirst=Nahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F07%2F12%2Fegypt-spy-boss-jail-american-498983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lawler, Dave (23 April 2019). (https://www.axios.com/2019/04/23/sisi-referendum-rule-egypt-2030-constitution) "Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi could rule until 2030 after winning referendum" . Axios . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . He has now cemented his status as Egypt's dictator without losing his position as a U.S. ally.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+President+Abdel+Fattah+el-Sisi+could+rule+until+2030+after+winning+referendum&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Fsisi-referendum-rule-egypt-2030-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Greenwald, Glenn (31 March 2015). (https://theintercept.com/2015/03/31/obama-lifts-freeze-weapons-transfer-egyptian-dictator/) "Obama Personally Tells the Egyptian Dictator That U.S. Will Again Send Weapons (and Cash) to His Regime" . The Intercept . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Obama+Personally+Tells+the+Egyptian+Dictator+That+U.S.+Will+Again+Send+Weapons+%28and+Cash%29+to+His+Regime&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fobama-lifts-freeze-weapons-transfer-egyptian-dictator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Williams, Jennifer (3 April 2017). (https://www.vox.com/world/2017/4/3/15160358/trump-egypt-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-white-house) "Egypt's president is a bloodthirsty dictator. Trump thinks he's done a "fantastic job." " . Vox . Retrieved 27 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+president+is+a+bloodthirsty+dictator.+Trump+thinks+he%27s+done+a+%22fantastic+job.%22&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2F4%2F3%2F15160358%2Ftrump-egypt-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-19256730) "Egypt President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi: Ruler with an iron grip" . BBC News . 1 December 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+President+Abdul+Fattah+al-Sisi%3A+Ruler+with+an+iron+grip&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-19256730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/08/24/egypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal) "Egypt is again under military rule, but Sisi lacks Nasser's appeal"  . The Economist . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210826044857/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/08/24/egypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal) Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Egypt+is+again+under+military+rule%2C+but+Sisi+lacks+Nasser%27s+appeal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2021%2F08%2F24%2Fegypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grewal, Sharan (2023). "Egypt: A Coup against Democracy". Soldiers of Democracy? . pp. 136– 176. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192873910.003.0007) 10.1093/oso/9780192873910.003.0007 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287391-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-287391-0) 978-0-19-287391-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+A+Coup+against+Democracy&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Democracy%3F&rft.pages=136-176&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192873910.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-287391-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=Sharan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/15/eu-deal-egypt-rewards-authoritarianism-betrays-eu-values) "EU Deal with Egypt Rewards Authoritarianism, Betrays 'EU Values' | Human Rights Watch" . 15 March 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Deal+with+Egypt+Rewards+Authoritarianism%2C+Betrays+%27EU+Values%27+%7C+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2024%2F03%2F15%2Feu-deal-egypt-rewards-authoritarianism-betrays-eu-values&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)       (Egypt.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cooper, Andrew F.; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M. (10 December 2007). "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review . 9 (4): 673– 689. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00730.x) 10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4621867) 4621867 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Lessons+from%2Ffor+BRICSAM+about+South-North+Relations+at+the+Start+of+the+21st+Century%3A+Economic+Size+Trumps+All+Else%3F%3A+Economic+Size+Trumps+All+Else%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=673-689&rft.date=2007-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2486.2007.00730.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4621867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft.au=Antkiewicz%2C+Agata&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Timothy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFOCT2024_28-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=469,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2023&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . IMF . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D469%2C%26s%3DNGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTMG_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CTXG_RPCH%2CLUR%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGSB%2CGGSB_NPGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDN%2CGGXWDN_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2023%26ey%3D2024%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/9kemet.html) Ancient Egypt Etymology  , retrieved 9 January 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt+Etymology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffith.ox.ac.uk%2Fgri%2F9kemet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rosalie, David (1997). Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce . Routledge. p. 18. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyramid+Builders+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+A+Modern+Investigation+of+Pharaoh%27s+Workforce&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Rosalie%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār (1990). (https://books.google.com/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA43) Ancient Civilizations of Africa  . Currey. p. 43. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-092-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-092-2) 978-0-85255-092-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170131155854/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA43) Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations+of+Africa&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Currey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-092-2&rft.au=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Jam%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+Mukht%C4%81r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZWuVAL2GooC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   Antonio Loprieno, "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", in Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2. Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p. 449  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Loprieno, Antonio (1995). (http://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr) Ancient Egyptian : a linguistic introduction  . Internet Archive. Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44384-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44384-5) 978-0-521-44384-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+%3A+a+linguistic+introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge%3B+New+York+%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44384-5&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegyptianl0000lopr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Loprieno, Antonio (2001). Language Typology and Language Universals . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Typology+and+Language+Universals&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Loprieno&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*x:entry+group=20:entry=*xhmi/a) "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Χ χ, χεσι^φωνέω, Χημία" . www.perseus.tufts.edu . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230419212900/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*x:entry+group=20:entry=*xhmi/a) Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CE%A7+%CF%87%2C+%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%5E%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%89%2C+%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3D%2Ax%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D20%3Aentry%3D%2Axhmi%2Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-36) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html) "A Brief History of Alchemy" . University of Bristol School of Chemistry. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081005180735/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html) Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Alchemy&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol+School+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fwebprojects2002%2Fcrabb%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Breasted, James Henry; Peter A. Piccione (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=bT0q7nt1-gUC) Ancient Records of Egypt  . University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 40. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06975-8) 978-0-252-06975-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt&rft.pages=76%2C+40&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06975-8&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft.au=Peter+A.+Piccione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbT0q7nt1-gUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-TaWy_38-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sleim, Ahmed (January 2020), (https://www.academia.edu/97245539) "tAwy The Two Lands: The North and the South or the East and the West?" , academia.edu , retrieved 9 January 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=tAwy+The+Two+Lands%3A+The+North+and+the+South+or+the+East+and+the+West%3F&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Sleim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F97245539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   Breyer, Fr. A. K. "(https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&dq=%22a-ku-pi-ti-yo%22&pg=PA381) Morgenländische Wörter im Deutschen: Die ägyptischen Lehnwörter (https://web.archive.org/web/20240409180842/https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&dq=%22a-ku-pi-ti-yo%22&pg=PA381) Archived 9 April 2024 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". In: W. Raunig/St. Wenig. Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internatio-nalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München . Meroitica 22. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 381. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447051750) (Special:BookSources/9783447051750) 9783447051750  .  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Engsheden_40-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Engsheden, Åke (2018). "An etymological safari to Aigyptos". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur . 47 : 1– 30. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26863322) 26863322 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=An+etymological+safari+to+Aigyptos&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26863322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Engsheden&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Jerome-Chronicon_41-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Jerome-Chronicon_41-1) 2   (https://topostext.org/work/530#B1479) St. Jerome, Chronicon (Hier.+Chron.), B1479   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Siewert-Mayer, B.; Röllig, W.; Kopp, H. (21 March 2025). (https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/736963/hwt-ka723-pth) "ḥwt-kꜣ-Ptḥ: a Pleiades name resource" . Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pleiades%3A+a+gazetteer+of+past+places&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A5wt-k%EA%9C%A3-Pt%E1%B8%A5%3A+a+Pleiades+name+resource&rft.date=2025-03-21&rft.aulast=Siewert-Mayer&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=R%C3%B6llig%2C+W.&rft.au=Kopp%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F736963%2Fhwt-ka723-pth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-43) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Mike. (https://www.behindthename.com/name/egypt) "Meaning, origin and history of the name Egypt" . Behind the Name . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Behind+the+Name&rft.atitle=Meaning%2C+origin+and+history+of+the+name+Egypt&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindthename.com%2Fname%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-44) ↑   (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0072%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D6) Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights, 14.6   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-Aeria_45-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Stephanus_of_Byzantium-Aeria_45-1) 2   (https://archive.org/details/STEPHANUSBYZANTIUSETHNICAvol.AALPHAGAMMA2006ByMargaretheBillerbeck/page/60/mode/2up) Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, p. 61, 70   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-George_W._Mooney_46-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-George_W._Mooney_46-1) 2   (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0068%3Atext%3Dcomm%3Abook%3D4%3Acommline%3D267) George W. Mooney, Commentary on Apollonius: Argonautica   (Egypt.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Z., T. (1928). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160417234107/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Il-Malti/Il-Malti.%20004%281928%292/01.pdf) "Il-Belt (Valletta)" (PDF) . Il-Malti (in Maltese). 2 (1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 35. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il-Malti&rft.atitle=Il-Belt+%28Valletta%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Z.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FIl-Malti%2FIl-Malti.%2520004%281928%292%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Maltese-language_sources_(mt))    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-AncientCivils_48-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-AncientCivils_48-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dallmayr, Fred; Akif Kayapınar, M.; Yaylacı, İsmail (24 September 2014), (https://books.google.com/books?id=5QeqBAAAQBAJ&q=misr+means+civilization&pg=PA87) Civilizations and World Order  , Lexington Books, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739186077) (Special:BookSources/9780739186077) 9780739186077  , retrieved 31 July 2024  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations+and+World+Order&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.isbn=9780739186077&rft.aulast=Dallmayr&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Akif+Kayap%C4%B1nar%2C+M.&rft.au=Yaylac%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QeqBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmisr%2Bmeans%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   The ending of the Hebrew form is either a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)) (Dual (grammatical number)) dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative) (Locative) locative ), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) "dual" ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any "two-ness" about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as "water" ("מַיִם"), "noon" ("צָהֳרַיִם"), "sky/heaven" ("שָׁמַיִם"), and in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv) (Qere and Ketiv) qere  – but not the original "ketiv" – of "Jerusalem" ("ירושל[י]ם"). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in "Mitzráyim" actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky ("Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim" in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics , Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), (https://books.google.com/books?id=p1AMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128) Page 128 in (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hurvitz, Avi (2014). "List of Abbreviations and Sigla". A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew . pp. 18– 243. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004266438_004) 10.1163/9789004266438_004 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26643-8) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26643-8) 978-90-04-26643-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List+of+Abbreviations+and+Sigla&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Lexicon+of+Late+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.pages=18-243&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004266438_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26643-8&rft.aulast=Hurvitz&rft.aufirst=Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  and (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Na'aman, Nadav (31 December 2008). "Shaaraim – The Gateway To The Kingdom Of Judah". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures . 8 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a24) 10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a24 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Shaaraim+%E2%80%93+The+Gateway+To+The+Kingdom+Of+Judah&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2008.v8.a24&rft.aulast=Na%27aman&rft.aufirst=Nadav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Izre'el, Shlomo (1984). "On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru". Ugarit-Forschungen . 16 : 83– 92. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ugarit-Forschungen&rft.atitle=On+the+So-Called+Ventive+Morpheme+in+the+Akkadian+Texts+of+Amurru&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Izre%27el&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-akkadian_51-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Jeremy A.; George, Andrew; Postgate, J.N. (2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA212) A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian  . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04264-2) (Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04264-2) 978-3-447-04264-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Akkadian&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04264-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+A.&rft.au=George%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Postgate%2C+J.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qIuVCsRb98C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   As in inscriptions such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassam_cylinder) (Rassam cylinder) Rassam cylinder of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal) (Ashurbanipal) Ashurbanipal . For transcription, the word being written Mu-s,ur (https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P421807)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200613113247/https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P421807) Archived 13 June 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-54) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090214084636/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/nile_valley/6000-4000BC) "The Nile Valley 6000–4000 BCE Neolithic" . The British Museum. 2005. Archived from (http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/nile_valley/6000-4000BC) the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Valley+6000%E2%80%934000+BCE+Neolithic&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnile_valley%2F6000-4000BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt  . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/69) 69 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8) (Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8) 0-19-280458-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml) "The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom" . BBC. 17 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111117133705/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/apocalypse_egypt_01.shtml) Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Egyptian+Old+Kingdom&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Fapocalypse_egypt_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110201014554/http://www.ancientsudan.org/history_06_nubconegypt.htm) "The Kushite Conquest of Egypt" . Ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kushite+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Ancientsudan.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientsudan.org%2Fhistory_06_nubconegypt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt  . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw/page/383) 383 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8) (Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8) 0-19-280458-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw%2Fpage%2F383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jones, Prudence J. (2006). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone) Cleopatra: A Sourcebook   . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/cleopatrasourceb0000jone/page/14) 14 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137414) (Special:BookSources/978-0806137414) 978-0806137414  . They were members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Macedonian Greeks, who ruled Egypt after the death of its conqueror, Alexander the Great.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0806137414&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Prudence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatrasourceb0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-60) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bowman, Alan K (1996). Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC – AD 642 (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 25– 26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6) (Special:BookSources/0-520-20531-6) 0-520-20531-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+after+the+Pharaohs+332+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+642&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=25-26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-20531-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-61) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stanwick, Paul Edmond (2003). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs . Austin: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press) (University of Texas Press) University of Texas Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8) (Special:BookSources/0-292-77772-8) 0-292-77772-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+the+Ptolemies%3A+Greek+kings+as+Egyptian+pharaohs&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-292-77772-8&rft.aulast=Stanwick&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/Roman-and-Byzantine-Egypt-30-bce-642-ce) "Ancient Egypt - Roman, Byzantine, 30 BCE-642 CE" . www.britannica.com . 31 March 2025. Retrieved 26 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+-+Roman%2C+Byzantine%2C+30+BCE-642+CE&rft.date=2025-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Egypt%2FRoman-and-Byzantine-Egypt-30-bce-642-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-63) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bowman, Alan (2011). "Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt". Settlement, Urbanization, and Population . pp. 317– 358. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199602353.003.0011) 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602353.003.0011 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960235-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960235-3) 978-0-19-960235-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ptolemaic+and+Roman+Egypt&rft.btitle=Settlement%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+Population&rft.pages=317-358&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199602353.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960235-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-pop_64-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Janzen, Mark (2017). (https://thetorah.com/ancient-egypt-population-estimates-slaves-and-citizens/) "Ancient Egypt Population Estimates: Slaves and Citizens" . TheTorah.com . Retrieved 18 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+Population+Estimates%3A+Slaves+and+Citizens&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Janzen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetorah.com%2Fancient-egypt-population-estimates-slaves-and-citizens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-georgetown_65-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-georgetown_65-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-georgetown_65-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111220145046/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt) "Egypt" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs) (Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs) Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs . Archived from (http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/egypt) the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide . Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1997. p. 39  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_67-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Abu-Lughod_67-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod) (Janet Abu-Lughod) Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991) [1989]. (https://books.google.com/books?id=rYlgGU2SLiQC&pg=PA244) "The Mideast Heartland" . (https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243) Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350  . New York: Oxford University Press. pp. (https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1/page/243) 243–244 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506774-3) 978-0-19-506774-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mideast+Heartland&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506774-3&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYlgGU2SLiQC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-68) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm) "Egypt – Major Cities" . Countrystudies.us. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011718/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/57.htm) Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+Major+Cities&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fegypt%2F57.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Icelandic'_69-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm) "Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt, Study Shows" . ScienceDaily . 22 November 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013900/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm) Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Icelandic+Volcano+Caused+Historic+Famine+In+Egypt%2C+Study+Shows&rft.date=2006-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2006%2F11%2F061121232204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Nejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin_1973,_p_2_70-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Izzeddin, Nejla M. Abu (1981). Nasser of the Arabs: an Arab assessment . Third World Centre for Research and Publishing. p. 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-86199-012-2) 978-0-86199-012-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser+of+the+Arabs%3A+an+Arab+assessment&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Third+World+Centre+for+Research+and+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86199-012-2&rft.aulast=Izzeddin&rft.aufirst=Nejla+M.+Abu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-auto_71-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press. p. 217. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0) 978-1-107-50718-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, Nasser of the Arabs , p. 2.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981 . London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-74) ↑   De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, Historical Dictionary of Egypt . Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History . p. 111. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.pages=111&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-76) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne) "Treaty of Lausanne – World War I Document Archive" . wwi.lib.byu.edu . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180613183950/https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne) Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwi.lib.byu.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne+%E2%80%93+World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-jankowski-112_77-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-jankowski-112_77-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History . p. 112. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.pages=112&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ModernSudan_78-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Collins, Robert O.; Collins, Professor of History Robert O. (29 May 2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33) A History of Modern Sudan  . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5) 978-0-521-85820-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175515/https://books.google.com/books?id=-zpShVWIxwIC&q=%22Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium+Agreement%22+%221899%22&pg=PA33) Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Sudan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85820-5&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Professor+of+History+Robert+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zpShVWIxwIC%26q%3D%2522Anglo-Egyptian%2BCondominium%2BAgreement%2522%2B%25221899%2522%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Britro_79-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/2020/07/British-Troops-Egypt-History-Personnel.pdf) "British troops in Egypt" (PDF) . Retrieved 29 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+troops+in+Egypt.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F124%2F2020%2F07%2FBritish-Troops-Egypt-History-Personnel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-factbook-his_80-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-factbook-his_80-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-factbook-his_80-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-factbook-his_80-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073315/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/) "Egypt" . The World Factbook . CIA. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/) the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=ieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA==) "ذاكرة مصر المعاصر – السيرة الذاتية" . modernegypt.bibalex.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226053316/http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=ieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA==) Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modernegypt.bibalex.org&rft.atitle=%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernegypt.bibalex.org%2FTypes%2FPersons%2FDetails.aspx%3Ftype%3Druler%26ID%3DieiMjZc32OCIOCRsXII4PA%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-82) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/event/Suez-Crisis) "Suez Crisis | Definition, Summary, Location, History, Dates, Significance, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 22 October 2025. Retrieved 20 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Suez+Crisis+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Summary%2C+Location%2C+History%2C+Dates%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2025-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSuez-Crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-83) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Orkaby, Asher Aviad (2014). (http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269828) The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1968  (Thesis). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+International+History+of+the+Yemen+Civil+War%2C+1962-1968&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Orkaby&rft.aufirst=Asher+Aviad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A12269828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.fidh.org/THE-EMERGENCY-LAW-IN-EGYPT) "The Emergency Law in Egypt" . International Federation for Human Rights . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110201210318/http://fidh.org/THE-EMERGENCY-LAW-IN-EGYPT) Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Federation+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=The+Emergency+Law+in+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FTHE-EMERGENCY-LAW-IN-EGYPT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120_85-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Tarek_Osman_2010,_p._120_85-1) 2   Egypt on the Brink by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, p. 120  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jesse Ferris (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172) Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power  . Princeton University Press. p. 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15514-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15514-2) 978-0-691-15514-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906085333/https://books.google.com/books?id=UC4_aVRh7MgC&pg=PA172) Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser%27s+Gamble%3A+How+Intervention+in+Yemen+Caused+the+Six-Day+War+and+the+Decline+of+Egyptian+Power&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15514-2&rft.au=Jesse+Ferris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUC4_aVRh7MgC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amin, Galal A. (1995). Egypt's Economic Predicament . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004491175) 10.1163/9789004491175 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49117-5) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49117-5) 978-90-04-49117-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Economic+Predicament&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004491175&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49117-5&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Galal+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-88) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vatikiotis, P. J. (1991). The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4. ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 443. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5) 978-0-297-82034-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Egypt%3A+From+Muhammad+Ali+to+Mubarak&rft.place=London&rft.pages=443&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82034-5&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nytimes.com_89-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html) "Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt" . The New York Times . Egypt. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111027041857/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html) Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Succession+Gives+Army+a+Stiff+Test+in+Egypt&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F12egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-90) ↑   Middle East International No. 270, 7 March 1986, Publishers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Mayhew) (Christopher Mayhew) Lord Mayhew , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Walters) (Dennis Walters) Dennis Walters . Simon Ingram p. 8, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Gahrton) (Per Gahrton) Per Gahrton p. 20  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-91) ↑   Murphy, Caryle Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience , Scribner, 2002, p. 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130924131816/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/741/eg1.htm) "Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Fearing the worst" . Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly+%26%23124%3B+Egypt+%26%23124%3B+Fearing+the+worst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2005%2F741%2Feg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) (Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dunne, Michele (2006). (https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP66.Dunne.FINAL.pdf) Evaluating Egyptian Reform (PDF) (Report). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12830) resrep12830 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Evaluating+Egyptian+Reform&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep12830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FCP66.Dunne.FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-citypopulation2025_94-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/) "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps" . citypopulation.de . Retrieved 3 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+-+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20111021051128/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/December/20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html) "United States 'Deeply Troubled' by Sentencing of Egypt's Nour" . U.S. Department of State. 24 December 2005. Archived from (https://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/December/20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html) the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+%27Deeply+Troubled%27+by+Sentencing+of+Egypt%27s+Nour&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america.gov%2Fst%2Fwashfile-english%2F2005%2FDecember%2F20051224115656retnuhategdirb0.6396906.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-HRW_96-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm) "Egypt: Events of 2005" . Egypt: Overview of human rights issues in Egypt . Human Rights Watch. 5 January 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20081114115428/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/egypt12212.htm) Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+Events+of+2005&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+Overview+of+human+rights+issues+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2006%2F01%2F18%2Fegypt12212.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6544149.stm) "Egypt torture centre, report says" . BBC News. 11 April 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111126031108/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6544149.stm) Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+torture+centre%2C+report+says&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6544149.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6472031.stm) "Anger over Egypt vote timetable" . BBC News . 20 March 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111129222423/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6472031.stm) Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Anger+over+Egypt+vote+timetable&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6472031.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-99) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html) "Mubarak Resigns As Egypt's President, Armed Forces To Take Control" . The Huffington Post . 11 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130322095317/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html) Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Mubarak+Resigns+As+Egypt%27s+President%2C+Armed+Forces+To+Take+Control&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F02%2F11%2Fmubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-100) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2010). (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html) "Mubarak Steps Down, Ceding Power to Military" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110211081712/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html) Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mubarak+Steps+Down%2C+Ceding+Power+to+Military&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F12egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-101) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12433045) "Egypt crisis: President Hosni Mubarak resigns as leader" . BBC. 11 February 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110211192204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12433045) Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+crisis%3A+President+Hosni+Mubarak+resigns+as+leader&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12433045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-102) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12443678) "Egyptian Parliament dissolved, constitution suspended" . BBC. 13 February 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110214045727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12443678) Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Parliament+dissolved%2C+constitution+suspended&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12443678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-103) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harris, Marty. (https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2011/March/The_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum_of_March_2011_a_new_beginning) "The Egyptian constitutional referendum of March 2011 a new beginning" . www.aph.gov.au . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221121104622/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2011/March/The_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum_of_March_2011_a_new_beginning) Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aph.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+constitutional+referendum+of+March+2011+a+new+beginning&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2FFlagPost%2F2011%2FMarch%2FThe_Egyptian_constitutional_referendum_of_March_2011_a_new_beginning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-104) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Memmott, Mark (28 November 2011). (https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections) "Egypt's Historic Day Proceeds Peacefully, Turnout High For Elections" . NPR . Npr.org. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121202183307/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/11/28/142840895/egypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections) Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Historic+Day+Proceeds+Peacefully%2C+Turnout+High+For+Elections&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2011%2F11%2F28%2F142840895%2Fegypts-historic-day-begins-peacefully-turnout-high-for-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-105) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/25/world/africa/egypt-politics) "Egypt's new president moves into his offices, begins choosing a Cabinet" . CNN. 25 June 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130512224527/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/25/world/africa/egypt-politics/) Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+new+president+moves+into+his+offices%2C+begins+choosing+a+Cabinet&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fegypt-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/7/1/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president) "Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president" . www.aljazeera.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230820031904/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/7/1/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president) Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Mohamed+Morsi+sworn+in+as+Egypt%27s+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F7%2F1%2Fmohamed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-107) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post". 3 August 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+unveils+new+cabinet%2C+Tantawi+keeps+defence+post&rft.date=2012-08-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-108) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208) "Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers" . BBC News . 22 November 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121122182256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208) Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+President+Mursi+assumes+sweeping+powers&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20451208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324640104578160902530961768) "Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution" . The Wall Street Journal . 6 December 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150421184804/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324640104578160902530961768) Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Egypt+Sees+Largest+Clash+Since+Revolution&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324640104578160902530961768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-110) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fleishman, Jeffrey (6 December 2012). (https://latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story) "Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution" . Los Angeles Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20121208041127/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story) Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Morsi+refuses+to+cancel+Egypt%27s+vote+on+constitution&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.aulast=Fleishman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fla-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207%2C0%2C2119116.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holpuch, Amanda; Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (4 July 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/egypt-revolution-new-president-live-updates) "Egypt's interim president sworn in - Thursday 4 July" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175613/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/egypt-revolution-new-president-live-updates) Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+interim+president+sworn+in+-+Thursday+4+July&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=Holpuch&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Siddique%2C+Haroon&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjul%2F04%2Fegypt-revolution-new-president-live-updates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-15/hundreds-killed-in-cairo-as-security-forces-move-in-on-proteste/4887954) "Egypt protests: Hundreds killed after police storm pro-Morsi camps" . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 August 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140804050054/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-15/hundreds-killed-in-cairo-as-security-forces-move-in-on-proteste/4887954) Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+protests%3A+Hundreds+killed+after+police+storm+pro-Morsi+camps&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-08-15%2Fhundreds-killed-in-cairo-as-security-forces-move-in-on-proteste%2F4887954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/abuse-claims-rife-as-egypt-admits-jailing-16000-islamists-in-eight-months-9195824.html) "Abuse claims rife as Egypt admits jailing 16,000 Islamists in eight months" . The Independent . 16 March 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140904163847/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/abuse-claims-rife-as-egypt-admits-jailing-16000-islamists-in-eight-months-9195824.html) Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Abuse+claims+rife+as+Egypt+admits+jailing+16%2C000+Islamists+in+eight+months&rft.date=2014-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fabuse-claims-rife-as-egypt-admits-jailing-16000-islamists-in-eight-months-9195824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html) "Egypt constitution 'approved by 98.1 percent' " . Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140119234504/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/01/egypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html) Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+constitution+%27approved+by+98.1+percent%27&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F01%2Fegypt-constitution-approved-981-percent-201411816326470532.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi) "Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote" . the Guardian . 18 January 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175646/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/18/egypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi) Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+new+constitution+gets+98%25+%27yes%27+vote&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fjan%2F18%2Fegypt-constitution-yes-vote-mohamed-morsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mehmood, Ashna (31 March 2021). (https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/03/31/egypts-return-to-authoritarianism/) "Egypt's Return to Authoritarianism" . Modern Diplomacy . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Return+to+Authoritarianism&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.aulast=Mehmood&rft.aufirst=Ashna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoderndiplomacy.eu%2F2021%2F03%2F31%2Fegypts-return-to-authoritarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/23/sisi-wins-snap-egyptian-referendum-amid-vote-buying-claims) "Sisi wins snap Egyptian referendum amid vote-buying claims" . the Guardian . 23 April 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sisi+wins+snap+Egyptian+referendum+amid+vote-buying+claims&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F23%2Fsisi-wins-snap-egyptian-referendum-amid-vote-buying-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67751459) "Egypt election: President Sisi wins third term" . BBC Home . 18 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Home&rft.atitle=Egypt+election%3A+President+Sisi+wins+third+term&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-67751459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-119) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) "World Factbook area rank order" . Cia.gov. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Factbook+area+rank+order&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/383/1/Hamza.pdf) "Land use and Coastal Management in the Third Countries: Egypt as a case" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20090324233515/http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/383/1/Hamza.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+use+and+Coastal+Management+in+the+Third+Countries%3A+Egypt+as+a+case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiodeweb1.vliz.be%2Fodin%2Fbitstream%2F1834%2F383%2F1%2FHamza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fouberg, Erin H.; Murphy, Alexander B.; de Blij (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ThFncGxOrzEC&pg=PT91) Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture  . John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57647-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-470-57647-2) 978-0-470-57647-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130509151021/http://books.google.com/books?id=ThFncGxOrzEC&pg=PT91) Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Geography%3A+People%2C+Place%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-57647-2&rft.aulast=Fouberg&rft.aufirst=Erin+H.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Alexander+B.&rft.au=de+Blij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThFncGxOrzEC%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31874886) "Egypt to build new administrative and business capital" . BBC News . 13 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181216003921/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31874886) Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+build+new+administrative+and+business+capital&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-31874886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-123) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Soliman, K. H. (July 1953). "Rainfall over Egypt". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 79 (341): 389– 397. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953QJRMS..79..389S) 1953QJRMS..79..389S . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.49707934106) 10.1002/qj.49707934106 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Rainfall+over+Egypt&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=341&rft.pages=389-397&rft.date=1953-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49707934106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953QJRMS..79..389S&rft.aulast=Soliman&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=60326&refer=) "Marsa Matruh, Egypt" . Weatherbase.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111104040540/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=60326&refer=) Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marsa+Matruh%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=Weatherbase.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather.php3%3Fs%3D60326%26refer%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-125) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/) "Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233952/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/) Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Biblical+snowstorm%3A+Rare+flakes+in+Cairo%2C+Jerusalem+paralyzed+by+over+a+foot&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.aulast=Samenow&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fcapital-weather-gang%2Fwp%2F2013%2F12%2F13%2Frare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-for-energy-transition-in-egypt) "Climate Resilience for Energy Transition in Egypt – Analysis" . IEA . 3 July 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Climate+Resilience+for+Energy+Transition+in+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fclimate-resilience-for-energy-transition-in-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-127) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  USAID (1 November 2024). (https://web.archive.org/web/20231204143712/https://www.usaid.gov/climate/country-profiles/egypt) "Egypt Climate Change Country Profile | Fact Sheet" . U.S. Agency for International Development . Archived from (https://www.usaid.gov/climate/country-profiles/egypt) the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.atitle=Egypt+Climate+Change+Country+Profile+%7C+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2024-11-01&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fclimate%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-128) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  UNDP Climate Change Adaptation (25 April 2024). (https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/arab-states/egypt) "Egypt" . www.adaptation-undp.org . Retrieved 14 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adaptation-undp.org&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.au=UNDP+Climate+Change+Adaptation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaptation-undp.org%2Fexplore%2Farab-states%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-129) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/) "List of Parties" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/) Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fconvention%2Fparties%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-130) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eg/eg-nbsap-01-en.pdf) "Egypt: National Strategy and Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012234/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eg/eg-nbsap-01-en.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+National+Strategy+and+Action+Plan+for+Biodiversity+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Feg%2Feg-nbsap-01-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-131) ↑   A.M. Abdel-Azeem, The History, Fungal Biodiversity, Conservation, and Future Perspectives for Mycology in Egypt IMA Fungus 1 (2): 123–142 (2010).  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-132) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ibrahim, Kamal M.; Hosni, Hasnaa A.; Peterson, Paul M. (2016). (https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo67060) Grasses of Egypt  . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240518190122/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-SI-PURL-gpo67060) Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses+of+Egypt&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Scholarly+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Kamal+M.&rft.au=Hosni%2C+Hasnaa+A.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo67060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-morsi-think-again_133-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/28/think-again-the-muslim-brotherhood/) "Think Again: The Muslim Brotherhood" . Al-Monitor. 28 January 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202110236/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/28/think-again-the-muslim-brotherhood/) Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Think+Again%3A+The+Muslim+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fthink-again-the-muslim-brotherhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-134) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/80519.aspx) "Who's Who: Members of Egypt's 50-member constitution committee" . Al-Ahram . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130903224524/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/80519.aspx) Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Who%3A+Members+of+Egypt%27s+50-member+constitution+committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F80519.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ao30aug_135-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/139288/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-parliamentary-elections-to-start--October---.aspx) "Timetable for Egypt's parliamentary elections announced; voting to start 17 Oct" . Ahram Online. 30 August 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023424/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/139288/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-parliamentary-elections-to-start--October---.aspx) Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timetable+for+Egypt%27s+parliamentary+elections+announced%3B+voting+to+start+17+Oct&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F139288%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FEgypt-parliamentary-elections-to-start--October---.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/92617.aspx) "Egypt to Hold Presidential Polls First: Interim President" . Ahram Online. 26 January 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072629/http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/92617.aspx) Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+to+Hold+Presidential+Polls+First%3A+Interim+President&rft.pub=Ahram+Online&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F92617.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-137) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/102841/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-PEC-officially-announces-AbdelFattah-ElSi.aspx) "El-Sisi wins Egypt's presidential race with 96.91%" . English.Ahram.org . Ahram Online. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140731100838/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/102841/Egypt/Politics-/BREAKING-PEC-officially-announces-AbdelFattah-ElSi.aspx) Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English.Ahram.org&rft.atitle=El-Sisi+wins+Egypt%27s+presidential+race+with+96.91%25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F102841%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FBREAKING-PEC-officially-announces-AbdelFattah-ElSi.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-138) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/egypt/freedom-world/2024) "Egypt" . Freedom in the World 2024 . Freedom House. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240302233711/https://freedomhouse.org/country/egypt/freedom-world/2024) Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2024&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fegypt%2Ffreedom-world%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_139-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  V-Dem Institute (2023). (https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) "The V-Dem Dataset" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+V-Dem+Dataset&rft.date=2023&rft.au=V-Dem+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdata%2Fthe-v-dem-dataset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf) "Democracy Index 2023: Age of conflict" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit) (Economist Intelligence Unit) Economist Intelligence Unit  . 2024. p. 3. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240320115317/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2023%3A+Age+of+conflict&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-pogar_141-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-pogar_141-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, Nathan J. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120605005203/http://www.undp-pogar.org/publications/governance/nbrown/potential.html#foot1) "Mechanisms of Accountability in Arab Governance: The Present and Future of Judiciaries and Parliaments in the Arab World" . Programme on Governance in the Arab Region. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mechanisms+of+Accountability+in+Arab+Governance%3A+The+Present+and+Future+of+Judiciaries+and+Parliaments+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Programme+on+Governance+in+the+Arab+Region&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp-pogar.org%2Fpublications%2Fgovernance%2Fnbrown%2Fpotential.html%23foot1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-142) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/31/obama-restores-us-military-aid-to-egypt) "Obama restores US military aid to Egypt over Islamic State concerns" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . 31 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20161214044811/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/31/obama-restores-us-military-aid-to-egypt) Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obama+restores+US+military+aid+to+Egypt+over+Islamic+State+concerns&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fmar%2F31%2Fobama-restores-us-military-aid-to-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (15 August 2013). (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-obama-idUSBRE97E0N020130816) "Obama cancels military exercises, condemns violence in Egypt" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141014033253/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/16/us-egypt-protests-obama-idUSBRE97E0N020130816) Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Obama+cancels+military+exercises%2C+condemns+violence+in+Egypt&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.au=Holland%2C+Steve&rft.au=Mason%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-protests-obama-idUSBRE97E0N020130816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baker, Peter; Walsh, Declan (3 April 2017). (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/world/middleeast/-egypt-sisi-trump-white-house.html) "Trump Shifts Course on Egypt, Praising Its Authoritarian Leader" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190215120743/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/world/middleeast/-egypt-sisi-trump-white-house.html) Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Shifts+Course+on+Egypt%2C+Praising+Its+Authoritarian+Leader&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F-egypt-sisi-trump-white-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-egypt-arms-idUSKBN0HC19T20140917) "Russia, Egypt seal preliminary arms deal worth $3.5 billion: agency" . Reuters . 17 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141014032747/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/17/us-russia-egypt-arms-idUSKBN0HC19T20140917) Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Egypt+seal+preliminary+arms+deal+worth+%243.5+billion%3A+agency&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-egypt-arms-idUSKBN0HC19T20140917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anishchuk, Alexei (12 August 2014). (https://news.yahoo.com/russia-boost-wheat-supplies-egypt-mulls-free-trade-144820576--sector.html) "Russia to boost trade with Egypt after Western food ban" . Yahoo News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141014204101/http://news.yahoo.com/russia-boost-wheat-supplies-egypt-mulls-free-trade-144820576--sector.html) Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=Russia+to+boost+trade+with+Egypt+after+Western+food+ban&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.au=Anishchuk%2C+Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Frussia-boost-wheat-supplies-egypt-mulls-free-trade-144820576--sector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   "(https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/chinas-egypt-opportunity/) China's Egypt Opportunity (https://web.archive.org/web/20150927040951/https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/chinas-egypt-opportunity/) Archived 27 September 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)) (The Diplomat (magazine)) The Diplomat  . 24 December 2014  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-148) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/joint-declaration-strategic-and-comprehensive-partnership-between-arab-republic-egypt-and-european-2024-03-17_en) "Joint Declaration on the Strategic and Comprehensive Partnership between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the European Union" . European Commission. 17 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+on+the+Strategic+and+Comprehensive+Partnership+between+the+Arab+Republic+of+Egypt+and+the+European+Union&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenlargement.ec.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fjoint-declaration-strategic-and-comprehensive-partnership-between-arab-republic-egypt-and-european-2024-03-17_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maddy-weitzman, Bruce (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=E6H6GAzdrXcC&pg=PA265) Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume XIX, 1995  . The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3411-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3411-0) 978-0-8133-3411-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Contemporary+Survey%3A+Volume+XIX%2C+1995&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=The+Moshe+Dayan+Center&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3411-0&rft.aulast=Maddy-weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6H6GAzdrXcC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-150) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilson, Nigel (13 October 2014). (http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi-arabia-uae-prop-egypt-5bn-aid-boost-1469781) "Saudi Arabia and UAE to Prop Up Egypt With $5bn Aid Boost" . International Business Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141019104420/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/saudi-arabia-uae-prop-egypt-5bn-aid-boost-1469781) Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+UAE+to+Prop+Up+Egypt+With+%245bn+Aid+Boost&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fsaudi-arabia-uae-prop-egypt-5bn-aid-boost-1469781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-151) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/14/egypt.military.facts/index.html) "Egypt's military: Key facts" . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+military%3A+Key+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F02%2F14%2Fegypt.military.facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-NYT_2011_152-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-NYT_2011_152-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-NYT_2011_152-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cambanis, Thanassis (11 September 2010). (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html?_r=1&ref=global-home&pagewanted=all) "Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Succession+Gives+Army+a+Stiff+Test+in+Egypt&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft.aulast=Cambanis&rft.aufirst=Thanassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F12%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F12egypt.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dglobal-home%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CIA-military_153-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CIA-military_153-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CIA-military_153-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CIA-military_153-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-CIA-military_153-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250303000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/#military-and-security) "Egypt § Military and Security" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2025 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt+%C2%A7+Military+and+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20250303000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F%23military-and-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-154) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marshall, Shana (15 April 2015). (http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/04/15/egyptian-armed-forces-and-remaking-of-economic-empire) "The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire" . Carnegie Middle East Center . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace) (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150709153851/http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/04/15/egyptian-armed-forces-and-remaking-of-economic-empire) Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Middle+East+Center&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Armed+Forces+and+the+Remaking+of+an+Economic+Empire&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Shana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2F2015%2F04%2F15%2Fegyptian-armed-forces-and-remaking-of-economic-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-155) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Katz, Yaacov (15 January 2007). (https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=48099) "Egypt to launch first spy satellite" . The Jerusalem Post . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+launch+first+spy+satellite&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddleEast%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D48099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-156) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stephen Clark (16 April 2014). (http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/) "Egyptian reconnaissance satellite launched by Soyuz" . Spaceflight Now. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013018/http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1404/16egyptsat2/) Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egyptian+reconnaissance+satellite+launched+by+Soyuz&rft.date=2014-04-16&rft.au=Stephen+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fnews%2Fn1404%2F16egyptsat2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-a.htm) "EgyptSat-A" . Gunter's Space Page . Retrieved 5 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=EgyptSat-A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fegyptsat-a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-158) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://spaceinafrica.com/2019/11/27/egypt-launches-tiba-1-communications-satellite-on-board-ariane-5-rocket/) "Egypt Launches Tiba-1 Communications Satellite on Board Ariane 5 Rocket" . Space in Africa . 27 November 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Egypt+Launches+Tiba-1+Communications+Satellite+on+Board+Ariane+5+Rocket&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceinafrica.com%2F2019%2F11%2F27%2Fegypt-launches-tiba-1-communications-satellite-on-board-ariane-5-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-159) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/tiba-1.htm) "Tiba-1" . Gunter's Space Page . Retrieved 5 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=Tiba-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Ftiba-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/new-technologies-innovation/egypt-already-has-its-fourth-spy-satellite-orbit-and-emirates-its-second-astronaut/20230304094404182042.html) "Egypt already has its fourth spy satellite in orbit, and the Emirates its second astronaut" . Atalayar. 4 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+already+has+its+fourth+spy+satellite+in+orbit%2C+and+the+Emirates+its+second+astronaut&rft.pub=Atalayar&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atalayar.com%2Fen%2Farticulo%2Fnew-technologies-innovation%2Fegypt-already-has-its-fourth-spy-satellite-orbit-and-emirates-its-second-astronaut%2F20230304094404182042.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-161) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://spaceinafrica.com/2023/12/04/egypt-launches-misrsat-2/) "Egypt Launches MisrSat-2" . Space in Africa. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Launches+MisrSat-2&rft.pub=Space+in+Africa&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceinafrica.com%2F2023%2F12%2F04%2Fegypt-launches-misrsat-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-162) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/horus-1.htm) "Horus-1" . Gunter's Space Page . Retrieved 5 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=Horus-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fhorus-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-163) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://spaceinafrica.com/2024/07/31/egypt-marks-milestone-with-its-experimental-satellite-nexsat-1/) "Egypt Marks Milestone With Its Experimental Satellite Nexsat-1" . Space in Africa . 31 July 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Egypt+Marks+Milestone+With+Its+Experimental+Satellite+Nexsat-1&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceinafrica.com%2F2024%2F07%2F31%2Fegypt-marks-milestone-with-its-experimental-satellite-nexsat-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7235357.stm) "Incorporating Sharia into legal systems" . BBC News . 8 February 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130425031043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7235357.stm) Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Incorporating+Sharia+into+legal+systems&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7235357.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-165) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Egypt-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf) "Egypt Gender Equality Profile" (PDF) . UNICEF. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181019172446/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Egypt-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Gender+Equality+Profile&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fgender%2Ffiles%2FEgypt-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-166) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20829911) "Egyptian constitution 'approved' in referendum" . BBC News . 23 December 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121223022054/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20829911) Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egyptian+constitution+%27approved%27+in+referendum&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20829911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-167) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxweegy.htm) "Legislation Egypt" . Lexadin.nl. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012239/http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/lxweegy.htm) Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislation+Egypt&rft.pub=Lexadin.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexadin.nl%2Fwlg%2Flegis%2Fnofr%2Foeur%2Flxweegy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-168) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.foxnews.com/world/7-egyptian-christians-florida-pastor-sentenced-to-death-for-anti-islam-film) "7 Egyptian Christians, Florida pastor sentenced to death for anti-Islam film" . Fox News. 28 November 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181105210156/https://www.foxnews.com/world/7-egyptian-christians-florida-pastor-sentenced-to-death-for-anti-islam-film) Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=7+Egyptian+Christians%2C+Florida+pastor+sentenced+to+death+for+anti-Islam+film&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F7-egyptian-christians-florida-pastor-sentenced-to-death-for-anti-islam-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-4) 5  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-BBC_169-5) 6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  BBC (18 January 2014). (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25796110) "BBC News – Egypt referendum: '98% back new constitution' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online) (BBC Online) BBC Online  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140118203701/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25796110) Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Egypt+referendum%3A+%2798%25+back+new+constitution%27&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-25796110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012238/http://www.nchregypt.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1&Itemid=3) "Law No. 94 of 2003 Promulgating The National Council for Human Rights" . Nchregypt.org. 16 February 2010. Archived from (http://www.nchregypt.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1&Itemid=3) the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+No.+94+of+2003+Promulgating+The+National+Council+for+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Nchregypt.org&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nchregypt.org%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D1%26Itemid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20030701015847/http://www.eohr.org/PRESS/2003/6-3.HTM) "Egyptian National Council for Human Rights Against Human Rights NGOs" . EOHR. 3 June 2003. Archived from (http://www.eohr.org/PRESS/2003/6-3.HTM) the original on 1 July 2003. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+National+Council+for+Human+Rights+Against+Human+Rights+NGOs&rft.pub=EOHR&rft.date=2003-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eohr.org%2FPRESS%2F2003%2F6-3.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://anhri.net/en/discussion/2004/ehrc.shtml) "The Egyptian Human Rights Council: The Apple Falls Close to the Tree" . ANHRI. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150105202323/http://www.anhri.net/en/discussion/2004/ehrc.shtml) Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Human+Rights+Council%3A+The+Apple+Falls+Close+to+the+Tree&rft.pub=ANHRI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanhri.net%2Fen%2Fdiscussion%2F2004%2Fehrc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-173) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120112201851/http://www.ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=2748) "Religion: Few States Enjoy Freedom of Faith, Report Says" . Ipsnews.net. 17 December 2009. Archived from (http://www.ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=2748) the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+Few+States+Enjoy+Freedom+of+Faith%2C+Report+Says&rft.pub=Ipsnews.net&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnorthamerica.net%2Fnews.php%3Fidnews%3D2748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-174) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.uscirf.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1457&Itemid=1) "USCIRF Watch List – USCIRF" . Uscirf.gov. (https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131553/http://www.uscirf.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1457&Itemid=1) Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USCIRF+Watch+List+%E2%80%93+USCIRF&rft.pub=Uscirf.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscirf.gov%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1457%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/) "Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah" . Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2 December 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123330/http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/) Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Publics+Divided+on+Hamas+and+Hezbollah&rft.pub=Pew+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2010%2F12%2F02%2Fmuslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohsen, Manar (16 August 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130821044205/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/) "Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday's clashes to 638" . Daily News Egypt . Archived from (http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/) the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Health+Ministry+raises+death+toll+of+Wednesday%27s+clashes+to+638&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.au=Mohsen%2C+Manar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2013%2F08%2F16%2Fhealth-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   "(https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/world/middleeast/memory-egypt-mass-killing.html) Memory of a Mass Killing Becomes Another Casualty of Egyptian Protests (https://web.archive.org/web/20170325055057/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/world/middleeast/memory-egypt-mass-killing.html) Archived 25 March 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". The New York Times. 13 November 2013.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-178) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/moustafa-kassem-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-trump-egypt-us-prisoner-a9288401.html) "My brother is one of Egypt's 60,000 political prisoners – and Trump is happy to let him rot in jail" . The Independent . 17 January 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201127171138/https://www.independent.co.uk//voices/moustafa-kassem-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-trump-egypt-us-prisoner-a9288401.html) Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=My+brother+is+one+of+Egypt%27s+60%2C000+political+prisoners+%E2%80%93+and+Trump+is+happy+to+let+him+rot+in+jail&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fmoustafa-kassem-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-trump-egypt-us-prisoner-a9288401.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-179) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140325150616/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death/2014/03/24/46b21f46-b32c-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html) "Egyptian court sentences nearly 530 to death" . The Washington Post . 24 March 2014. Archived from (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death/2014/03/24/46b21f46-b32c-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html) the original on 25 March 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Egyptian+court+sentences+nearly+530+to+death&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fegypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death%2F2014%2F03%2F24%2F46b21f46-b32c-11e3-bab2-b9602293021d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-180) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cumming-Bruce, Nick (25 March 2014). (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/middleeast/un-expresses-alarm-over-egyptian-death-sentences.html) "U.N. Expresses Alarm Over Egyptian Death Sentences" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170718152729/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/middleeast/un-expresses-alarm-over-egyptian-death-sentences.html) Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Expresses+Alarm+Over+Egyptian+Death+Sentences&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Cumming-Bruce&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fun-expresses-alarm-over-egyptian-death-sentences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-pewglobal.org_181-0) ↑   (https://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/) "The Global Divide on Homosexuality." (https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522/http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/) Archived 3 November 2013 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  pewglobal . 4 June 2013.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-182) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171025024053/http://poll2017.trust.org/) "The world's most dangerous megacities for women 2017" . poll2017.trust.org . Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from (http://poll2017.trust.org/) the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=poll2017.trust.org&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+dangerous+megacities+for+women+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoll2017.trust.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-183) ↑   Gehlen, M. (2015) (http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2015-08/aegypten-al-dschasira-journalisten-haft) Al-Dschasira-Journalisten zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt (https://web.archive.org/web/20150830030511/http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2015-08/aegypten-al-dschasira-journalisten-haft) Archived 30 August 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , Zeit Online, 29 August 2015  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Beckouche2017_184-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pierre Beckouche (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tHpHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121) Europe's Mediterranean Neighbourhood  . Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78643-149-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78643-149-3) 978-1-78643-149-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Mediterranean+Neighbourhood&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78643-149-3&rft.au=Pierre+Beckouche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHpHDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IMFAPR2025_185-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=469,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2025&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . IMF . Retrieved 3 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2025%2Fapril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D469%2C%26s%3DNGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTMG_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CTXG_RPCH%2CLUR%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGSB%2CGGSB_NPGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDN%2CGGXWDN_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2025%26ey%3D2025%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-intro1_186-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2024-03-11/egypt-stocks-rally-saudi-aramco-s-dividend-biden-warns-israel) "Egypt Stocks Rally, Saudi Aramco's Dividend, Biden Warns Israel" . 11 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+Stocks+Rally%2C+Saudi+Aramco%27s+Dividend%2C+Biden+Warns+Israel&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletters%2F2024-03-11%2Fegypt-stocks-rally-saudi-aramco-s-dividend-biden-warns-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:2_187-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2794696/egypt%E2%80%99s-unemployment-falls-lowest-levels-14-years) "Egypt's Unemployment Falls to Lowest Levels in 14 Years" . Asharq AL-awsat . Retrieved 3 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asharq+AL-awsat&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Unemployment+Falls+to+Lowest+Levels+in+14+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F2794696%2Fegypt%25E2%2580%2599s-unemployment-falls-lowest-levels-14-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210313123200/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/396107/Business/Economy/Egypt%E2%80%99s-poverty-rate-declines-to--CAPMAS.aspx) "Egypt's poverty rate declines to 29.7%: CAPMAS - Economy - Business" . Ahram Online . Archived from (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/396107/Business/Economy/Egypt%E2%80%99s-poverty-rate-declines-to--CAPMAS.aspx) the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+poverty+rate+declines+to+29.7%25%3A+CAPMAS+-+Economy+-+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F3%2F12%2F396107%2FBusiness%2FEconomy%2FEgypt%25E2%2580%2599s-poverty-rate-declines-to--CAPMAS.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-britannica-economy_189-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-britannica-economy_189-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/The-service-sector) "Egypt: The service sector" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+The+service+sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEgypt%2FThe-service-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euromoney.com/article/2e2er5lw9n9fknd84jdog/sponsored-content/egypt-is-promising-change-do-investors-believe-it) "Egypt is promising change – do investors believe it?" . Euromoney . Euromoney Limited. 25 November 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euromoney&rft.atitle=Egypt+is+promising+change+%E2%80%93+do+investors+believe+it%3F&rft.date=2024-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoney.com%2Farticle%2F2e2er5lw9n9fknd84jdog%2Fsponsored-content%2Fegypt-is-promising-change-do-investors-believe-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-191) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Doaa A. Moneim (1 October 2025). (https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/554176.aspx) "Egypt private investment hits 5-year high in FY24/25" . Ahram Online . Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Egypt+private+investment+hits+5-year+high+in+FY24%2F25&rft.date=2025-10-01&rft.au=Doaa+A.+Moneim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F554176.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-remittances-dne_192-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/12/24/egypts-remittances-hit-23-7bn-in-10m-2024-marking-45-3-growth/) "Egypt's Remittances Hit $23.7bn in 10M 2024, Marking 45.3% Growth" . Daily News Egypt . 24 December 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Remittances+Hit+%2423.7bn+in+10M+2024%2C+Marking+45.3%25+Growth&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2024%2F12%2F24%2Fegypts-remittances-hit-23-7bn-in-10m-2024-marking-45-3-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Staff Reporter (2 October 2025). (https://weetracker.com/2025/10/02/egyptian-remittances-double-in-ten-years-and-surge-66-in-one-year/) "Egyptian Remittances Double in Ten Years and Surge 66% in One Year" . WeeTracker . Wee Media. Retrieved 4 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeeTracker&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Remittances+Double+in+Ten+Years+and+Surge+66%25+in+One+Year&rft.date=2025-10-02&rft.au=Staff+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweetracker.com%2F2025%2F10%2F02%2Fegyptian-remittances-double-in-ten-years-and-surge-66-in-one-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-egypt.iom.int_194-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110205011709/http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Migration%20and%20Development%20in%20Egypt%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf) "Migration and Development in Egypt" (PDF) . International Organization for Migration Cairo. Archived from (http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Migration%20and%20Development%20in%20Egypt%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf) the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Development+in+Egypt&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Migration+Cairo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypt.iom.int%2FDoc%2FIOM%2520Migration%2520and%2520Development%2520in%2520Egypt%2520Facts%2520and%2520Figures%2520%28English%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-trade-lloyd_195-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.lloydsbanktrade.com/en/market-potential/egypt/trade-profile#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20Egypt's%20main%20export,4.2%25%20%2D%20data%20Comtrade).) "Egypt - Trade Profile" . Lloyds Bank Trade. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+-+Trade+Profile&rft.pub=Lloyds+Bank+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lloydsbanktrade.com%2Fen%2Fmarket-potential%2Fegypt%2Ftrade-profile%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25202022%252C%2520Egypt%27s%2520main%2520export%2C4.2%2525%2520%252D%2520data%2520Comtrade%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-OEC2023_196-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oec.world/en/profile/country/egy?yearSelector1=2023) "Egypt (EGY) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC" . OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC+-+The+Observatory+of+Economic+Complexity&rft.atitle=Egypt+%28EGY%29+Exports%2C+Imports%2C+and+Trade+Partners+%7C+OEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fegy%3FyearSelector1%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-197) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1202/538582/AlAhram-Weekly/Economy/New-support-for-exports.aspx) "New support for exports" . 11 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+support+for+exports&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F50%2F1202%2F538582%2FAlAhram-Weekly%2FEconomy%2FNew-support-for-exports.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Production Transformation Policy Review of Egypt . OECD Development Pathways. 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1787%2F3ac95e0c-en) 10.1787/3ac95e0c-en . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-53990-7) (Special:BookSources/978-92-64-53990-7) 978-92-64-53990-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Production+Transformation+Policy+Review+of+Egypt&rft.series=OECD+Development+Pathways&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F3ac95e0c-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-53990-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-199) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/egypt/2022-report/economy/focus-on-local-higher-value-added-activities-targeted-as-emphasis-shifts-towards-more-sustainable-technology-intensive-manufacturing) "Egypt shifts towards technology-intensive manufacturing" . Oxford Business Group . 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.atitle=Egypt+shifts+towards+technology-intensive+manufacturing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Freports%2Fegypt%2F2022-report%2Feconomy%2Ffocus-on-local-higher-value-added-activities-targeted-as-emphasis-shifts-towards-more-sustainable-technology-intensive-manufacturing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.investinegypt.gov.eg/english/pages/exploremap.aspx?secId=105) "Investment Map of Egypt" . Invest in Egypt. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investment+Map+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Invest+in+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investinegypt.gov.eg%2Fenglish%2Fpages%2Fexploremap.aspx%3FsecId%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250716144944/https://www.arabfinance.com/News/newdetails/14935) "Chemical Industry: Transforming Egypt's Economy" . Arab Finance. Archived from (https://www.arabfinance.com/News/newdetails/14935) the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Industry%3A+Transforming+Egypt%27s+Economy&rft.pub=Arab+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabfinance.com%2FNews%2Fnewdetails%2F14935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-202) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ebatamehi, Sebastiane (15 August 2025). (https://www.africanexponent.com/top-10-light-manufacturing-hubs-in-africa-in-2025/) "Top 10 Light Manufacturing Hubs in Africa in 2025" . The African Exponent . Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+African+Exponent&rft.atitle=Top+10+Light+Manufacturing+Hubs+in+Africa+in+2025&rft.date=2025-08-15&rft.aulast=Ebatamehi&rft.aufirst=Sebastiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanexponent.com%2Ftop-10-light-manufacturing-hubs-in-africa-in-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-203) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akim Benamara (29 August 2025). (https://techafricanews.com/2025/08/29/egypts-handset-market-set-to-double-by-2031-on-local-assembly-push/) "Egypt's Handset Market Set to Double by 2031 on Local Assembly Push" . TechAfrica News . TechAfrica Media. Retrieved 4 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechAfrica+News&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Handset+Market+Set+to+Double+by+2031+on+Local+Assembly+Push&rft.date=2025-08-29&rft.au=Akim+Benamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechafricanews.com%2F2025%2F08%2F29%2Fegypts-handset-market-set-to-double-by-2031-on-local-assembly-push%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-electronics_204-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://enterprise.press/industries/where-we-stand-on-egypts-plans-to-localize-electronics-manufacturing/) "Where we stand on Egypt's plans to localize electronics manufacturing" . Enterprise . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enterprise&rft.atitle=Where+we+stand+on+Egypt%27s+plans+to+localize+electronics+manufacturing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenterprise.press%2Findustries%2Fwhere-we-stand-on-egypts-plans-to-localize-electronics-manufacturing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-appliances_205-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://enterprise.news/egypt/en/news/story/38b5c5b6-12da-4675-8d04-d24da127f663/international-investment-heats-up-egypt%25e2%2580%2599s-home-appliances-sector) "International investment heats up Egypt's home appliances sector" . Enterprise . 21 April 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enterprise&rft.atitle=International+investment+heats+up+Egypt%27s+home+appliances+sector&rft.date=2024-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenterprise.news%2Fegypt%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F38b5c5b6-12da-4675-8d04-d24da127f663%2Finternational-investment-heats-up-egypt%2525e2%252580%252599s-home-appliances-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.egypt-business.com/paper/details/2303-the-textile-industry-of-egypt/425541) "The textile industry of Egypt" . Egypt Business Directory . 23 January 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Business+Directory&rft.atitle=The+textile+industry+of+Egypt&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypt-business.com%2Fpaper%2Fdetails%2F2303-the-textile-industry-of-egypt%2F425541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-207) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://elsewedydevelopment.com/case-studies/textile-sector-in-egypt-dec-2023/) "Textile Sector in Egypt – Dec 2023" . Elsewedy Industrial Development . Retrieved 21 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elsewedy+Industrial+Development&rft.atitle=Textile+Sector+in+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Dec+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felsewedydevelopment.com%2Fcase-studies%2Ftextile-sector-in-egypt-dec-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-steel_208-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/north-africa/egypts-steel-a-flourishing-industry-with-future-potential-cmlch9kw) "Egypt's steel: a flourishing industry with future potential" . Zawya . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zawya&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+steel%3A+a+flourishing+industry+with+future+potential&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fen%2Feconomy%2Fnorth-africa%2Fegypts-steel-a-flourishing-industry-with-future-potential-cmlch9kw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/top-producers/) "Top Producers" . worldsteel.org . Retrieved 12 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldsteel.org&rft.atitle=Top+Producers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldsteel.org%2Fsteel-by-topic%2Fstatistics%2Ftop-producers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-automobiles_210-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/537157.aspx) "All eyes on the car industry" . Ahram Online. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+eyes+on+the+car+industry&rft.pub=Ahram+Online&rft.date=2024-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F537157.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oxford-retail_211-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oxford-retail_211-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oxford-retail_211-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oxford-retail_211-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oxford-retail_211-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/egypt/2022-report/economy/diverse-approach-a-mix-of-legislation-private-investment-and-consumer-spending-is-spurring-steady-growth-in-the-retail-market) "Diverse approach: A mix of legislation, private investment and consumer spending is spurring steady growth in the retail market" . Oxford Business Group . 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.atitle=Diverse+approach%3A+A+mix+of+legislation%2C+private+investment+and+consumer+spending+is+spurring+steady+growth+in+the+retail+market&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Freports%2Fegypt%2F2022-report%2Feconomy%2Fdiverse-approach-a-mix-of-legislation-private-investment-and-consumer-spending-is-spurring-steady-growth-in-the-retail-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-212) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/14/government-sells-9-5-of-state-controlled-telecom-egypt) "Government sells 9.5% of state-controlled Telecom Egypt" . Al Jazeera . 14 May 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Government+sells+9.5%25+of+state-controlled+Telecom+Egypt&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F5%2F14%2Fgovernment-sells-9-5-of-state-controlled-telecom-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-213) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/519378.aspx) "Mobile and internet subscriptions in Egypt increased by 6 million in 2023" . Ahram Online. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mobile+and+internet+subscriptions+in+Egypt+increased+by+6+million+in+2023&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F519378.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statista.com/statistics/462957/internet-users-egypt/) "Number of Internet Users in Egypt" . Statista. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Internet+Users+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F462957%2Finternet-users-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-digitalegy_215-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://we.hse.ru/en/irs/cas/passeg) "Egypt's Digital Transformation and ICT Growth" . Higher School of Economics. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Digital+Transformation+and+ICT+Growth&rft.pub=Higher+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwe.hse.ru%2Fen%2Firs%2Fcas%2Fpasseg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-216) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Domat, Chloe (6 October 2025). (https://gfmag.com/banking/egypts-cautious-comeback-imf-support-and-rising-fdi-fuel-growth/) "Egypt's Cautious Comeback: IMF Support and Rising FDI Fuel Growth" . Global Finance Magazine . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Finance+Magazine&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Cautious+Comeback%3A+IMF+Support+and+Rising+FDI+Fuel+Growth&rft.date=2025-10-06&rft.aulast=Domat&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgfmag.com%2Fbanking%2Fegypts-cautious-comeback-imf-support-and-rising-fdi-fuel-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-fintech_217-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/541157.aspx) "Egypt's Fintech Sector Expands Fivefold in Five Years" . 27 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Fintech+Sector+Expands+Fivefold+in+Five+Years&rft.date=2025-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F541157.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-218) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gebba, Tarek Roshdy Abdel Halem (2017). (http://www.serialsjournal.com/abstract/13487_ch_23_f_-_ijaber-04.pdf) "Corporate Governance of Egyptian State-Owned Banks" (PDF) . International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research . 15 (21). Serials Publications Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Applied+Business+and+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Corporate+Governance+of+Egyptian+State-Owned+Banks&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=21&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gebba&rft.aufirst=Tarek+Roshdy+Abdel+Halem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serialsjournal.com%2Fabstract%2F13487_ch_23_f_-_ijaber-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged January 2026) dead link   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sources_from_predatory_publications)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_publishing) (Predatory publishing) () predatory publication   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fitchratings.com/research/banks/commercial-international-bank-egypt-sae-27-11-2024) Commercial International Bank (Egypt) S.A.E (Report). Fitch Ratings. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Commercial+International+Bank+%28Egypt%29+S.A.E&rft.pub=Fitch+Ratings&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitchratings.com%2Fresearch%2Fbanks%2Fcommercial-international-bank-egypt-sae-27-11-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-The_World_Factbook_220-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-The_World_Factbook_220-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2015.zip) "Egypt" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2015 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2Fdownload%2Ffactbook-2015.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/actions/global-activities/egypt/zohr.html) "Zohr Gas Field – Egypt" . Eni. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zohr+Gas+Field+%E2%80%93+Egypt&rft.pub=Eni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eni.com%2Fen-IT%2Factions%2Fglobal-activities%2Fegypt%2Fzohr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1202/541105/AlAhram-Weekly/Economy/Tightening-the-deficit-on-gas.aspx) "Tightening the Deficit on Gas" . Al-Ahram Weekly. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tightening+the+Deficit+on+Gas&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F50%2F1202%2F541105%2FAlAhram-Weekly%2FEconomy%2FTightening-the-deficit-on-gas.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reed, Stanley (6 March 2015). (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/business/international/bp-signs-12-billion-deal-to-develop-natural-gas-in-egypt.html) "BP Signs $12 Billion Deal to Develop Natural Gas in Egypt" . The New York Times . Archived from (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/business/international/bp-signs-12-billion-deal-to-develop-natural-gas-in-egypt.html) the original on 1 January 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BP+Signs+%2412+Billion+Deal+to+Develop+Natural+Gas+in+Egypt&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fbp-signs-12-billion-deal-to-develop-natural-gas-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)     (Egypt.html#cite_ref-224) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/what-we-do/bp-worldwide/bp-in-egypt.html) "BP in Egypt" . BP. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP+in+Egypt&rft.pub=BP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bp.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fcorporate%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fbp-worldwide%2Fbp-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-minerals_225-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-minerals_225-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.intellinews.com/egypt-s-mineral-wealth-shifting-away-from-oil-and-gas-dependence-321266/) "Egypt's mineral wealth: shifting away from oil and gas dependence" . bne IntelliNews . 23 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bne+IntelliNews&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+mineral+wealth%3A+shifting+away+from+oil+and+gas+dependence&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intellinews.com%2Fegypt-s-mineral-wealth-shifting-away-from-oil-and-gas-dependence-321266%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-226) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mariaan, Webb (20 April 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20111228033911/http://www.miningweekly.com/article/anglogold-and-jv-partner-to-accelerate-exploration-in-egypt-2011-04-20) "AngloGold and JV partner to accelerate exploration in Egypt" . Mining Weekly . Archived from (http://www.miningweekly.com/article/anglogold-and-jv-partner-to-accelerate-exploration-in-egypt-2011-04-20) the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mining+Weekly&rft.atitle=AngloGold+and+JV+partner+to+accelerate+exploration+in+Egypt&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft.aulast=Mariaan&rft.aufirst=Webb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningweekly.com%2Farticle%2Fanglogold-and-jv-partner-to-accelerate-exploration-in-egypt-2011-04-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-227) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.miningmagazine.com/africa/news-analysis/4401327/egypt-goes-gold) "Egypt Goes Gold: Mining Sector Reforms" . Mining Magazine. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+Goes+Gold%3A+Mining+Sector+Reforms&rft.date=2024-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miningmagazine.com%2Fafrica%2Fnews-analysis%2F4401327%2Fegypt-goes-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-gold-xin_228-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.news.cn/20241217/f6a7cbe3c21d4d99893d6572e10c5f8e/c.html) "Egypt's Gold Industry Sees Strong Growth in Exports" . Xinhua. 17 December 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Gold+Industry+Sees+Strong+Growth+in+Exports&rft.date=2024-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.news.cn%2F20241217%2Ff6a7cbe3c21d4d99893d6572e10c5f8e%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2025)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged August 2025) permanent dead link   ]     (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IbrahimIbrahim2003_229-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IbrahimIbrahim2003_229-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ibrahim, Fouad N.; Ibrahim, Barbara (5 December 2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=rdyv_lA95aUC&pg=PA133) Egypt: An Economic Geography  . I.B.Tauris. pp. 133–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-548-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-548-8) 978-1-86064-548-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+An+Economic+Geography&rft.pages=133-&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-548-8&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Fouad+N.&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drdyv_lA95aUC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1063560/egypt-main-crops-by-production-volume/) "Egypt: main crops by production volume 2021" . Statista . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+main+crops+by+production+volume+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1063560%2Fegypt-main-crops-by-production-volume%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bower, Edmund (8 November 2024). (https://www.agbi.com/agriculture/2024/11/egypt-food-exports-grow-by-a-third-this-year/) "Egypt's food exports grow by a third" . Arabian Gulf Business Insight . Retrieved 25 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Gulf+Business+Insight&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+food+exports+grow+by+a+third&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agbi.com%2Fagriculture%2F2024%2F11%2Fegypt-food-exports-grow-by-a-third-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/05/14/egypts-food-exports-surge-21-in-2024/) "Egypt's food exports surge 21% in 2024" . Daily News Egypt . 14 May 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+food+exports+surge+21%25+in+2024&rft.date=2025-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2025%2F05%2F14%2Fegypts-food-exports-surge-21-in-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://see.news/egypt-achieved-self-sufficiency-in-7-agricultural-crops-minister) "Egypt Achieved Self-sufficiency in 7 Agricultural Crops: Minister" . Sada Elbalad. 1 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Achieved+Self-sufficiency+in+7+Agricultural+Crops%3A+Minister&rft.pub=Sada+Elbalad&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsee.news%2Fegypt-achieved-self-sufficiency-in-7-agricultural-crops-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.foodbusinessmea.com/egypt-is-producing-60-of-red-meat-nears-full-poultry-self-sufficiency-ministry-of-agriculture-and-land-reclamation/) "Egypt is producing 60% of red meat, nears full poultry self-sufficiency – Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation" . Food Business Middle East & Africa. 18 September 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+is+producing+60%25+of+red+meat%2C+nears+full+poultry+self-sufficiency+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Agriculture+and+Land+Reclamation&rft.pub=Food+Business+Middle+East+%26+Africa&rft.date=2025-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodbusinessmea.com%2Fegypt-is-producing-60-of-red-meat-nears-full-poultry-self-sufficiency-ministry-of-agriculture-and-land-reclamation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.siani.se/news-story/egypts-food-system/) "Egypt's Food System Under a Perfect Storm" . SIANI. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Food+System+Under+a+Perfect+Storm&rft.pub=SIANI&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siani.se%2Fnews-story%2Fegypts-food-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ross, Michael (26 December 1987). (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-12-26-mn-7439-story.html) "Parched Egypt Watches Anxiously as Waters Behind Aswan Dam Recede" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Parched+Egypt+Watches+Anxiously+as+Waters+Behind+Aswan+Dam+Recede&rft.date=1987-12-26&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-12-26-mn-7439-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-faoun_237-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.fao.org/3/i9729en/I9729EN.pdf) "Country profile – Egypt (Version 2016)" (PDF) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 6 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profile+%E2%80%93+Egypt+%28Version+2016%29&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fi9729en%2FI9729EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/482357/Business/Economy/Egypt-expands-land-reclamation-projects-to-boost-f.aspx) "Egypt expands land reclamation projects to boost food security" . 20 December 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+expands+land+reclamation+projects+to+boost+food+security&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F3%2F12%2F482357%2FBusiness%2FEconomy%2FEgypt-expands-land-reclamation-projects-to-boost-f.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-tourism_239-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-tourism_239-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sis.gov.eg/Story/204112/A-record-15.7-million-tourists-visited-Egypt-in-2024?lang=en-us) "A record 15.7 million tourists visited Egypt in 2024" . State Information Service. 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+record+15.7+million+tourists+visited+Egypt+in+2024&rft.pub=State+Information+Service&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsis.gov.eg%2FStory%2F204112%2FA-record-15.7-million-tourists-visited-Egypt-in-2024%3Flang%3Den-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged March 2026) dead link   ]     (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Egypt_240-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Egypt_240-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/egypt/) "Egypt" . Ember Energy. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=Ember+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fember-energy.org%2Fcountries-and-regions%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-241) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theafricareport.com/69219/frances-coface-favours-egypt-to-lead-africas-economic-recovery/) "France's Coface favours Egypt to lead Africa's economic recovery" . The Africa Report.com . 2 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report.com&rft.atitle=France%27s+Coface+favours+Egypt+to+lead+Africa%27s+economic+recovery&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F69219%2Ffrances-coface-favours-egypt-to-lead-africas-economic-recovery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-One_242-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (11 April 2018). (http://allafrica.com/stories/201804120269.html) "Egypt: China's Green Energy Company Starts Construction of Biggest Solar Plant in Egypt" . Beijing: Forum on China-Africa Cooperation via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllAfrica.com) (AllAfrica.com) AllAfrica.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072329/http://allafrica.com/stories/201804120269.html) Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+China%27s+Green+Energy+Company+Starts+Construction+of+Biggest+Solar+Plant+in+Egypt&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Forum+on+China-Africa+Cooperation+via+AllAfrica.com&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.au=Forum+on+China-Africa+Cooperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201804120269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.evwind.es/2018/07/23/middle-easts-largest-wind-farm-in-jabal-al-zeit/64021) "Middle East's largest wind farm in Jabal al-Zeit, Egypt - REVE News of the wind sector in Spain and in the world" . 23 July 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East%27s+largest+wind+farm+in+Jabal+al-Zeit%2C+Egypt+-+REVE+News+of+the+wind+sector+in+Spain+and+in+the+world&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evwind.es%2F2018%2F07%2F23%2Fmiddle-easts-largest-wind-farm-in-jabal-al-zeit%2F64021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-244) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/south/eu-in-action/stories/egyptian-winds-clean-energy-source) "The Egyptian winds, a clean energy source | EU Neighbours" . www.euneighbours.eu . Retrieved 14 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euneighbours.eu&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+winds%2C+a+clean+energy+source+%7C+EU+Neighbours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euneighbours.eu%2Fen%2Fsouth%2Feu-in-action%2Fstories%2Fegyptian-winds-clean-energy-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-245) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-russia-nuclear-idUSKCN0YA1G5) "Russia to lend Egypt $25 billion to build nuclear power plant" . Reuters . 19 May 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170516193807/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-russia-nuclear-idUSKCN0YA1G5) Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+to+lend+Egypt+%2425+billion+to+build+nuclear+power+plant&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-egypt-russia-nuclear-idUSKCN0YA1G5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-EA_246-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190418180827/https://www.euroafrica-interconnector.com/) "EuroAfrica Interconnector" . www.euroafrica-interconnector.com . Archived from (https://www.euroafrica-interconnector.com/) the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.euroafrica-interconnector.com&rft.atitle=EuroAfrica+Interconnector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroafrica-interconnector.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-247) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.financialmirror.com/2017/02/08/energy-euroafrica-2000mw-cable-boosts-egypt-cyprus-ties/) "ENERGY: EuroAfrica 2,000MW cable boosts Egypt-Cyprus ties" . 8 February 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENERGY%3A+EuroAfrica+2%2C000MW+cable+boosts+Egypt-Cyprus+ties&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialmirror.com%2F2017%2F02%2F08%2Fenergy-euroafrica-2000mw-cable-boosts-egypt-cyprus-ties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-248) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-08/electricity-cable-aims-to-link-cyprus-egypt-greece) "Electricity Cable Aims to Link Cyprus, Egypt, Greece" . Bloomberg.com . 8 February 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Electricity+Cable+Aims+to+Link+Cyprus%2C+Egypt%2C+Greece&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-02-08%2Felectricity-cable-aims-to-link-cyprus-egypt-greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-249) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123922/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio2013.nsf/All/D5A706294139C3B3C22581DF004E38D7?Opendocument&L=E) "Joint Declaration following the 5th Cyprus – Egypt – Greece Trilateral Summit, PIO Cyprus, Nicosia, 21 November 2017" . Archived from (http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio2013.nsf/All/D5A706294139C3B3C22581DF004E38D7?Opendocument&L=E) the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+following+the+5th+Cyprus+%E2%80%93+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Greece+Trilateral+Summit%2C+PIO+Cyprus%2C+Nicosia%2C+21+November+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyprus.gov.cy%2Fmoi%2Fpio%2Fpio2013.nsf%2FAll%2FD5A706294139C3B3C22581DF004E38D7%3FOpendocument%26L%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-250) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000429/http://www.euroafrica-interconnector.com/20171120_press.html) "Egypt President El-Sisi fully endorses EuroAfrica Interconnector "electricity corridor" in historic meeting, Press release" . Archived from (http://www.euroafrica-interconnector.com/20171120_press.html) the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+President+El-Sisi+fully+endorses+EuroAfrica+Interconnector+%22electricity+corridor%22+in+historic+meeting%2C+Press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroafrica-interconnector.com%2F20171120_press.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-251) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nat.gov.eg/LocationActivity.aspx?id=2082) "High-speed train El Ain El Sokhna - Marsa Matrouh" . National Authority for Tunnels . Retrieved 18 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Authority+for+Tunnels&rft.atitle=High-speed+train+El+Ain+El+Sokhna+-+Marsa+Matrouh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nat.gov.eg%2FLocationActivity.aspx%3Fid%3D2082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-2022-05-30-rt_252-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.railway-technology.com/news/siemens-mobility-rail-contract/) "Siemens Mobility secures high-speed rail contract in Egypt" . Railway Technology . 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Technology&rft.atitle=Siemens+Mobility+secures+high-speed+rail+contract+in+Egypt&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway-technology.com%2Fnews%2Fsiemens-mobility-rail-contract%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-253) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/138743/Phase-1-of-Alexandria-Metro-Construction-Ongoing-Says-Ministry-of) "Phase 1 of Alexandria Metro Construction Ongoing, Says Ministry of Transport" . Egypt Today. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phase+1+of+Alexandria+Metro+Construction+Ongoing%2C+Says+Ministry+of+Transport&rft.pub=Egypt+Today&rft.date=2025-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F1%2F138743%2FPhase-1-of-Alexandria-Metro-Construction-Ongoing-Says-Ministry-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-254) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://lca.logcluster.org/23-egypt-road-network) "Egypt Road Network" . Logistics Capacity Assessment. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Road+Network&rft.pub=Logistics+Capacity+Assessment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flca.logcluster.org%2F23-egypt-road-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-255) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/suez-canal-annual-revenue-hits-record-94-bln-chairman-2023-06-21/) "Suez Canal annual revenue hits record $9.4 billion, chairman says" . Reuters . 21 June 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Suez+Canal+annual+revenue+hits+record+%249.4+billion%2C+chairman+says&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsuez-canal-annual-revenue-hits-record-94-bln-chairman-2023-06-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-SuezExpansion_256-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-SuezExpansion_256-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.caironews.net/index.php/sid/224460353) "New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade" . Cairo News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022814/http://www.caironews.net/index.php/sid/224460353) Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Suez+Canal+project+proposed+by+Egypt+to+boost+trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caironews.net%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F224460353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-257) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-says-work-is-finished-on-new-suez-canal/2883548.html) "Egypt Says Work Finished on New Suez Canal" . Voice of America. 29 July 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150803133542/http://www.voanews.com/content/egypt-says-work-is-finished-on-new-suez-canal/2883548.html) Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Says+Work+Finished+on+New+Suez+Canal&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fegypt-says-work-is-finished-on-new-suez-canal%2F2883548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-258) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33800076) "Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion" . BBC News. 6 August 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150806152649/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33800076) Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+launches+Suez+Canal+expansion&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33800076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-sanitation_259-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-sanitation_259-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from) "Egypt" . United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=United+Nations+Sustainable+Development+Goals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdgs.un.org%2Fbasic-page%2Fegypt-34124%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520country%2520highlights%2520the%2520following%2Csoap%2520and%2520water%2520increased%2520from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-260) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt) "Egypt - SDG 6 Data" . United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+-+SDG+6+Data&rft.pub=United+Nations+SDG+6+Data+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdg6data.org%2Fen%2Fcountry-or-area%2FEgypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IDRC_261-0) ↑   National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (2007): (https://web.archive.org/web/20160118112500/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-127200-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html) Actualizing the Right to Water: An Egyptian Perspective for an Action Plan , Shaden Abdel-Gawad. Retrieved 30 April 2012.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-treatmentplant_262-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-treatmentplant_262-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250301124322/https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/) "Egypt's New Delta Treatment Plant Sets Four Guinness World Records" . 29 March 2023. Archived from (https://www.metito.com/news-detail/egypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards/) the original on 1 March 2025. Retrieved 1 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+New+Delta+Treatment+Plant+Sets+Four+Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metito.com%2Fnews-detail%2Fegypts-new-delta-treatment-plant-sets-four-guinness-world-records-revolutionizing-and-setting-unprecedented-agriculture-and-environmental-preservation-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ewup_263-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ewup_263-1) 2   Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. Improving Egypt's Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-popclock_264-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.capmas.gov.eg/?lang=2) "Population Clock" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Agency_for_Public_Mobilization_and_Statistics) (Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics) Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics . 27 April 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117121826/http://capmas.gov.eg/?lang=2) Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Clock&rft.pub=Central+Agency+for+Public+Mobilization+and+Statistics&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2F%3Flang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-265) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6496585.stm) "The limits of a Green Revolution?" . BBC News . 29 March 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110728055441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6496585.stm) Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+a+Green+Revolution%3F&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F6496585.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-266) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  admin (8 April 2000). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090714215036/http://www.foodfirst.org/media/opeds/2000/4-greenrev.html) "Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy" . Foodfirst.org. Archived from (http://www.foodfirst.org/media/opeds/2000/4-greenrev.html) the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+First%2FInstitute+for+Food+and+Development+Policy&rft.pub=Foodfirst.org&rft.date=2000-04-08&rft.au=admin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodfirst.org%2Fmedia%2Fopeds%2F2000%2F4-greenrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-267) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://countrystudies.us/egypt/55.htm) "Egypt – Population" . Countrystudies.us. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011712/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/55.htm) Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+Population&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fegypt%2F55.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-268) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=EG) "Urban population (% of total population) - Egypt, Arab Rep" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240314193242/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=EG) Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Urban+population+%28%25+of+total+population%29+-+Egypt%2C+Arab+Rep.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS%3Flocations%3DEG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-269) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2 July 2016). "Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi : Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952-1967". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies . 43 (3): 324– 341. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708) 10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Nasser%27s+Educators+and+Agitators+across+al-Watan+al-%27Arabi+%3A+Tracing+the+Foreign+Policy+Importance+of+Egyptian+Regional+Migration%2C+1952-1967&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=324-341&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1102708&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-270) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsourapas, Gerasimos (10 November 2015). "Why Do States Develop Multi-tier Emigrant Policies? Evidence from Egypt". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies . 41 (13): 2192– 2214. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940) 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Do+States+Develop+Multi-tier+Emigrant+Policies%3F+Evidence+from+Egypt&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2192-2214&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2015.1049940&rft.aulast=Tsourapas&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-IOMEgypt_271-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110205011709/http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Migration%20and%20Development%20in%20Egypt%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf) "Migration and Development in Egypt: Facts and Figures" (PDF) . International Organization for Migration. 2010. Archived from (http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Migration%20and%20Development%20in%20Egypt%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf) the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Development+in+Egypt%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypt.iom.int%2FDoc%2FIOM%2520Migration%2520and%2520Development%2520in%2520Egypt%2520Facts%2520and%2520Figures%2520%28English%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-272) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Talani, Leila Simona (1 January 2010). From Egypt to Europe: globalisation and migration across the Mediterranean . Tauris Academic Studies. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650606660) 650606660 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Egypt+to+Europe%3A+globalisation+and+migration+across+the+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650606660&rft.aulast=Talani&rft.aufirst=Leila+Simona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-273) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://egypt.iom.int/news/iom-egypt-estimates-current-number-international-migrants-living-egypt-9-million-people-originating-133-countries) "IOM Egypt estimates the current number of international migrants living in Egypt at 9 million people originating from 133 countries" . International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IOM+Egypt+estimates+the+current+number+of+international+migrants+living+in+Egypt+at+9+million+people+originating+from+133+countries&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegypt.iom.int%2Fnews%2Fiom-egypt-estimates-current-number-international-migrants-living-egypt-9-million-people-originating-133-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/) "Constitutional Declaration 2011" . Egyptian Government Services . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171201095854/http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/) Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Government+Services&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Declaration+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypt.gov.eg%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2Fconstitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-275) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sawe, Benjamin Elisha (23 September 2016). (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/languages-spoken-in-egypt.html) "Languages Spoken In Egypt" . WorldAtlas . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Languages+Spoken+In+Egypt&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Sawe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Elisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Flanguages-spoken-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-extinct_276-0) ↑   The language may have survived in isolated pockets in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt) (Upper Egypt) Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Quibell, J. E. (1901). "Wann starb das Kobtische aus?" [ When did Coptic become extinct?] (in German). p. 87. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044098373418?urlappend=%3Bseq=107) 2027/hvd.32044098373418  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wann+starb+das+Kobtische+aus%3F&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044098373418%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D107&rft.aulast=Quibell&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))  in (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Miscellen". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde . 39 : 83– 88. 1901. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fzaes.1901.39.jg.83) 10.1524/zaes.1901.39.jg.83 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Miscellen&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=83-88&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzaes.1901.39.jg.83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Daily_Star_Egypt_277-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071828/http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=106) "Daily News Egypt – Full Article" . 21 July 2011. Archived from (http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=106) the original on 21 July 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+News+Egypt+%E2%80%93+Full+Article&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystaregypt.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-PewDec2012_278-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/) "The Global Religious Landscape" . Pew Research Center. December 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180117084054/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/) Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Global_Christianity_279-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Analysis (19 December 2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx) "Global Christianity" . Pew Research Center. Archived from (https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx) the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-exec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-280) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/) "How many Christians are there in Egypt?" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 7 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+many+Christians+are+there+in+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-281) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/egypt/180843.htm) "Background Note: Egypt" . US Department of State. 10 November 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190722024956/https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/egypt/180843.htm) Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Egypt&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fegypt%2F180843.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-282) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211009073315/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/) "Egypt" . CIA. 4 September 2008. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/) the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-283) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135632/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt) "Egypt" . UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 27 January 2008. Archived from (http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt) the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=UK+Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-the-fco%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-284) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003619/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___0/Egypt.html) Egypt  . Microsoft Encarta Online. 30 September 2008. Archived from (https://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___0/Egypt.html) the original on 21 October 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt&rft.pub=Microsoft+Encarta+Online&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Ftext_761557408___0%2FEgypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-285) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) "Mapping The Global Muslim Population" (PDF) . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. p. 8. Archived from (https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) the original (PDF) on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+The+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pew+Forum+on+Religion+and+Public+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-287) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/) "Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt" . www.coptic.net . (https://web.archive.org/web/20050831164722/http://www.coptic.net/EncyclopediaCoptica/) Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.coptic.net&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Coptica%3A+The+Christian+Coptic+Orthodox+Church+Of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coptic.net%2FEncyclopediaCoptica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-288) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Butler, Alfred J. (1978). The Arab Conquest of Egypt . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821678-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821678-0) 978-0-19-821678-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821678-0&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-289) ↑   (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity) Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation (https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity) Archived 26 December 2016 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  retrieved 4 September 2013  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-290) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Col. (ret.) Jacques Neriah (23 September 2012). (http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/) "Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs) (Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs) Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234700/http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/) Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Shiite+Minority%3A+Between+the+Egyptian+Hammer+and+the+Iranian+Anvil&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft.au=Col.+%28ret.%29+Jacques+Neriah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fegypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-291) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tim Marshall (25 June 2013). (http://news.sky.com/story/1107961/egypt-attack-on-shia-comes-at-dangerous-time) "Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time" . Sky News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130630001649/http://news.sky.com/story/1107961/egypt-attack-on-shia-comes-at-dangerous-time) Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+Attack+On+Shia+Comes+At+Dangerous+Time&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.au=Tim+Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F1107961%2Fegypt-attack-on-shia-comes-at-dangerous-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohammad Hassan Khalil (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgkD3Hel5IC&pg=PA297) Between Heaven and Hell: Islam, Salvation, and the Fate of Others  . Oxford University Press. p. 297. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994541-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994541-2) 978-0-19-994541-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Heaven+and+Hell%3A+Islam%2C+Salvation%2C+and+the+Fate+of+Others&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994541-2&rft.au=Mohammad+Hassan+Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmgkD3Hel5IC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-293) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Venetia Rainey (20 April 2011). (http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/6073/what-salafism-and-should-we-be-worried) "What is Salafism and should we be worried?" . Theweek.co.uk. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130711010603/http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/6073/what-salafism-and-should-we-be-worried) Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Salafism+and+should+we+be+worried%3F&rft.pub=Theweek.co.uk&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft.au=Venetia+Rainey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F6073%2Fwhat-salafism-and-should-we-be-worried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-294) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robin Barton (19 February 2001). (https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html) "Cairo: Welcome to the city of 1,000 minarets" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent) (The Independent) The Independent  . London. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150925234721/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/cairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html) Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Cairo%3A+Welcome+to+the+city+of+1%2C000+minarets&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft.au=Robin+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fafrica%2Fcairo-welcome-to-the-city-of-1000-minarets-692635.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/Languages) "Egypt - Arabic, Coptic, Nubian | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 6 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Egypt+-+Arabic%2C+Coptic%2C+Nubian+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FEgypt%2FLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-296) ↑   Indira Falk Gesink, Islamic Reform and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam (I.B.Tauris, 2014), p. 2.  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-297) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kristin Deasy (October 2012). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130724235845/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/sufis%E2%80%99-choice-egypt%E2%80%99s-political-wild-card) "The Sufis' Choice: Egypt's Political Wild Card" . World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sufis%27+Choice%3A+Egypt%27s+Political+Wild+Card&rft.pub=World+Affairs+Journal&rft.date=2012-10&rft.au=Kristin+Deasy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldaffairsjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fsufis%25E2%2580%2599-choice-egypt%25E2%2580%2599s-political-wild-card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-HuffPost15Million_298-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-HuffPost15Million_298-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan Ammar (14 June 2013). (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/14/sufis-in-egypt_n_3441037.html) "Sufis In Egypt Thrive With More Than 15 Million Despite Attacks By Islamist Hardliners" . The Huffington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130708021321/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/14/sufis-in-egypt_n_3441037.html) Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Sufis+In+Egypt+Thrive+With+More+Than+15+Million+Despite+Attacks+By+Islamist+Hardliners&rft.date=2013-06-14&rft.au=Hassan+Ammar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F06%2F14%2Fsufis-in-egypt_n_3441037.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hoffman, Valerie J. (1995). Sufism, Mystics, and Saints in Modern Egypt . University of South Carolina Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism%2C+Mystics%2C+and+Saints+in+Modern+Egypt&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-300) ↑   Walsh, Declan, and Youssef, Nour, (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html) Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack (https://web.archive.org/web/20171126223759/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html) Archived 26 November 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)   , The New York Times, 24 November 2017  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-301) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGL7o69KBIC&pg=PA145) Who are the Christians in the Middle East?  . Betty Jane Bailey. 2009. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1020-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1020-5) 978-0-8028-1020-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Christians+in+the+Middle+East%3F&rft.pub=Betty+Jane+Bailey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1020-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrGL7o69KBIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-302) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140125104510/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/EGPTCATH.HTM) "Catholics in Egypt Reflect Church's Rich and Varied Traditions" . L'Osservatore Romano . 1 March 2000. pp. 6– 7. Archived from (http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/EGPTCATH.HTM) the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=Catholics+in+Egypt+Reflect+Church%27s+Rich+and+Varied+Traditions&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCHISTORY%2FEGPTCATH.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-303) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Shahat, Abdel Moneim (18 February 2012). (http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/666371) "Shahat: Baha'is threaten Egypt's national security" . Egypt Independent . (https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192155/http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/666371) Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Independent&rft.atitle=Shahat%3A+Baha%27is+threaten+Egypt%27s+national+security&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft.aulast=al-Shahat&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Moneim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptindependent.com%2Fnode%2F666371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-304) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.persecutionofahmadis.org/egypt-ahmadis-detained-under-emergency-law-rights-group/) "Egypt Ahmadis detained under emergency law: rights group" . 14 May 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215554/https://www.persecutionofahmadis.org/egypt-ahmadis-detained-under-emergency-law-rights-group/) Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+Ahmadis+detained+under+emergency+law%3A+rights+group&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persecutionofahmadis.org%2Fegypt-ahmadis-detained-under-emergency-law-rights-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2008_305-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm) "Egypt, International Religious Freedom Report 2008" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor) (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor) Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor . 19 September 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160416000126/http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108481.htm) Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2008&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108481.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-reuters_306-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johnston, Cynthia (29 January 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20080215133731/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL29677385.html) "Egypt Baha'is win court fight over identity papers" . Reuters . Archived from (http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL29677385.html) the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Egypt+Baha%27is+win+court+fight+over+identity+papers&rft.date=2008-01-29&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafrica.reuters.com%2Fwire%2Fnews%2FusnL29677385.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-307) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statista.com/statistics/572680/literacy-rate-in-egypt/) "Egypt - Literacy rate 2022" . Statista . Retrieved 7 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Egypt+-+Literacy+rate+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F572680%2Fliteracy-rate-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/03/GAL%20Country%20profile%20-%20Egypt.pdf) "GAL Country Profile — Egypt" (PDF) . UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning . UNESCO. December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Institute+for+Lifelong+Learning&rft.atitle=GAL+Country+Profile+%E2%80%94+Egypt&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uil.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedias%2Ffiles%2F2022%2F03%2FGAL%2520Country%2520profile%2520-%2520Egypt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-309) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1253111/youth-literacy-rate-in-egypt/) "Egypt: youth literacy rate" . Statista . Retrieved 7 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+youth+literacy+rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1253111%2Fyouth-literacy-rate-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-4) 5  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-edu-chatham_310-5) 6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121224022844/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf) "Education in Egypt: Key Challenges" (PDF) . Chatham House. March 2012. Archived from (http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Middle%20East/0312egyptedu_background.pdf) the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+in+Egypt%3A+Key+Challenges&rft.pub=Chatham+House&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2FResearch%2FMiddle%2520East%2F0312egyptedu_background.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oecd-edu_311-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oecd-edu_311-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-oecd-edu_311-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Egypt 2010 . 2010. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264084346-en) 10.1787/9789264084346-en . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-07723-2) (Special:BookSources/978-92-64-07723-2) 978-92-64-07723-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+National+Policies+for+Education%3A+Higher+Education+in+Egypt+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264084346-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-07723-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-312) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/01/09/egypt-introduces-baccalaureate-certificate-system-as-alternative-to-thanaweya-amma/) "Egypt Introduces Baccalaureate Certificate System as Alternative to Thanaweya Amma" . Egyptian Streets. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Introduces+Baccalaureate+Certificate+System+as+Alternative+to+Thanaweya+Amma&rft.pub=Egyptian+Streets&rft.date=2025-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2025%2F01%2F09%2Fegypt-introduces-baccalaureate-certificate-system-as-alternative-to-thanaweya-amma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-313) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/2/524891/Egypt/Society/Cairo-University-ranked--in-QS-World-Rankings-.aspx) "Cairo University ranked in QS World Rankings 2025" . Ahram Online. 3 March 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cairo+University+ranked+in+QS+World+Rankings+2025&rft.pub=Ahram+Online&rft.date=2025-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F2%2F524891%2FEgypt%2FSociety%2FCairo-University-ranked--in-QS-World-Rankings-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-314) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/egypt) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-315) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  World Intellectual Property Organization (2025). Global Innovation Index 2025 . World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-cia-health_316-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-cia-health_316-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250303000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt) "Egypt" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2025 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20250303000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.globalsurance.com/health-insurance/egypt/) "Egypt Health Insurance" . globalsurance.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905232826/http://www.globalsurance.com/health-insurance/egypt/) Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsurance.com&rft.atitle=Egypt+Health+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsurance.com%2Fhealth-insurance%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-healthcare1_318-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shokr, Hisham; Rishworth, Andrea; Wilson, Kathi (November 2023). "Access to emergency care in Egypt: Tiered health care and manifestations of inequity". Social Science & Medicine . 336 116212. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.116212) 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116212 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783622) 37783622 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Access+to+emergency+care+in+Egypt%3A+Tiered+health+care+and+manifestations+of+inequity&rft.volume=336&rft.artnum=116212&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2023.116212&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37783622&rft.aulast=Shokr&rft.aufirst=Hisham&rft.au=Rishworth%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Kathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.statista.com/statistics/1389898/number-private-hospitals-egypt/) "Number of private hospitals in Egypt" . Statista. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+private+hospitals+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1389898%2Fnumber-private-hospitals-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-320) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.allianzcare.com/en/support/health-and-wellness/national-healthcare-systems/healthcare-in-egypt.html#:~:text=Private%20healthcare%20in%20Egypt,facilities%20for%20more%20specialised%20care.) "Healthcare in Egypt" . Allianz Care. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Allianz+Care&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allianzcare.com%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Fhealth-and-wellness%2Fnational-healthcare-systems%2Fhealthcare-in-egypt.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPrivate%2520healthcare%2520in%2520Egypt%2Cfacilities%2520for%2520more%2520specialised%2520care.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-321) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://help.unhcr.org/egypt/en/health-services/health-2/) "Health Services in Egypt" . UNHCR. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+Services+in+Egypt&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.unhcr.org%2Fegypt%2Fen%2Fhealth-services%2Fhealth-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Samir, Farah (22 June 2025). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/06/22/fgm-rate-among-egyptian-teenage-girls-drops-to-37-says-social-solidarity-minister/) "FGM Rate Among Egyptian Teenage Girls Drops to 37%, Says Social Solidarity Minister" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 6 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=FGM+Rate+Among+Egyptian+Teenage+Girls+Drops+to+37%25%2C+Says+Social+Solidarity+Minister&rft.date=2025-06-22&rft.aulast=Samir&rft.aufirst=Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2025%2F06%2F22%2Ffgm-rate-among-egyptian-teenage-girls-drops-to-37-says-social-solidarity-minister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-323) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fgmcri.org/country/egypt/) "Egypt - Country Profile on FGM" . FGM Country Risk Index. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+-+Country+Profile+on+FGM&rft.pub=FGM+Country+Risk+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgmcri.org%2Fcountry%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/242112/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-parliament-passes-bill-designating-FGM-a-fe.aspx) "Egypt's parliament passes bill designating FGM a felony, imposes stricter penalties" . Ahram Online. (https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101139/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/242112/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-parliament-passes-bill-designating-FGM-a-fe.aspx) Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+parliament+passes+bill+designating+FGM+a+felony%2C+imposes+stricter+penalties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F242112%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FEgypts-parliament-passes-bill-designating-FGM-a-fe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427044804/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061) "Mideast: Egypt Makes Cultural Clout Count (IPS, Oct. 29, 2009)" . Ipsnews.net. 29 October 2009. Archived from (http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=49061) the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mideast%3A+Egypt+Makes+Cultural+Clout+Count+%28IPS%2C+Oct.+29%2C+2009%29&rft.pub=Ipsnews.net&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D49061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-326) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raymon Kondos (15 February 2004). (http://www.youregypt.com/issue3/topic.htm) "The Egyptian Identity: Pharaohs, Moslems, Arabs, Africans, Middle Easterners or Mediterranean People?" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20080829005958/http://www.youregypt.com/issue3/topic.htm) Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Identity%3A+Pharaohs%2C+Moslems%2C+Arabs%2C+Africans%2C+Middle+Easterners+or+Mediterranean+People%3F&rft.date=2004-02-15&rft.au=Raymon+Kondos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youregypt.com%2Fissue3%2Ftopic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-327) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El-Daly, Okasha (2005). Egyptology: The Missing Millennium . London: UCL Press. p. 29. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptology%3A+The+Missing+Millennium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=El-Daly&rft.aufirst=Okasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-328) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jankowski, James. Egypt, A Short History . p. 130. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+A+Short+History&rft.pages=130&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-met-mikdadi_329-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-met-mikdadi_329-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-met-mikdadi_329-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-met-mikdadi_329-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-met-mikdadi_329-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mikdadi, Salwa (October 2004). (https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/egyptian-modern-art) "Egyptian Modern Art" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 1 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Modern+Art&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Mikdadi&rft.aufirst=Salwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fessays%2Fegyptian-modern-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Engelstad_330-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Engelstad, Svein. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140727160612/http://folk.uio.no/sveinen/egypt/egypt-art-lund01.pdf) "Historical Themes in Modern Egyptian Art" (PDF) . Oslo University. Archived from (http://folk.uio.no/sveinen/egypt/egypt-art-lund01.pdf) the original (PDF) on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Themes+in+Modern+Egyptian+Art&rft.pub=Oslo+University&rft.aulast=Engelstad&rft.aufirst=Svein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uio.no%2Fsveinen%2Fegypt%2Fegypt-art-lund01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rocha, Sean. (http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/visions-of-cairo/1) "Vision of Cairo" . Travel + Leisure . Travel and Leisure. Retrieved 18 April 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+%2B+Leisure&rft.atitle=Vision+of+Cairo&rft.aulast=Rocha&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelandleisure.com%2Farticles%2Fvisions-of-cairo%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Naguib, Saphinaz Amal (7 April 2017). "Engaged Ephemeral Art: Street Art and the Egyptian Arab Spring". Transcultural Studies . 7 (2): 53– 88. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.17885%2FHEIUP.TS.2016.2.23590) 10.17885/HEIUP.TS.2016.2.23590 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Engaged+Ephemeral+Art%3A+Street+Art+and+the+Egyptian+Arab+Spring&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-88&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17885%2FHEIUP.TS.2016.2.23590&rft.aulast=Naguib&rft.aufirst=Saphinaz+Amal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-333) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morayef, Soraya. (http://www.thearabreview.org/cairo-street-art-revolution/) "Street Art and The City" . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+Art+and+The+City&rft.aulast=Morayef&rft.aufirst=Soraya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearabreview.org%2Fcairo-street-art-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-334) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vermillion, Stephanie (26 September 2019). (https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/egyptian-traditional-textile-artisan-cairo) "This Ancient Egyptian Textile Is Hanging By a Thread" . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=This+Ancient+Egyptian+Textile+Is+Hanging+By+a+Thread&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.aulast=Vermillion&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fegyptian-traditional-textile-artisan-cairo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-335) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/downtown-contemporary-arts-festival-how-cairo-s-arts-scene-has-become-more-inclusive-than-ever-before-1.849437) "Downtown Contemporary Arts Festival: How Cairo's arts scene has become more inclusive than ever before" . The National . 16 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Downtown+Contemporary+Arts+Festival%3A+How+Cairo%27s+arts+scene+has+become+more+inclusive+than+ever+before&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fdowntown-contemporary-arts-festival-how-cairo-s-arts-scene-has-become-more-inclusive-than-ever-before-1.849437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-336) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edwards, Amelia, (https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082547/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-6.html) The literature and religion of ancient egypt.  , archived from (http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-6.html) the original on 20 October 2007, retrieved 30 September 2007  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literature+and+religion+of+ancient+egypt.&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fedwards%2Fpharaohs%2Fpharaohs-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim) (Miriam Lichtheim) Lichtheim, Miriam (1975), Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1 , London, England: University of California Press, p. 11, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02899-6) (Special:BookSources/0-520-02899-6) 0-520-02899-6   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%2C+vol+1&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-520-02899-6&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110726042715/http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=254&language_id=1&story_id=38) Ancient Egyptian Stories, Biographies, and Myths  , archived from (http://www.eternalegypt.org/EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=254&language_id=1&story_id=38) the original on 26 July 2011, retrieved 30 September 2007  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Stories%2C+Biographies%2C+and+Myths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eternalegypt.org%2FEternalEgyptWebsiteWeb%2FHomeServlet%3Fee_website_action_key%3Daction.display.module%26module_id%3D254%26language_id%3D1%26story_id%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/writing/library/islamic.html) Groups of books and book production in Islamic Egypt  , retrieved 30 September 2007  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groups+of+books+and+book+production+in+Islamic+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fwriting%2Flibrary%2Fislamic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Roubi_340-0) ↑   Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis , Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf.) (Cf.) cf. (http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html) Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher (https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html) Archived 6 February 2008 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , Encyclopedia of Islamic World ).  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-341) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rosenthal, Franz (1981). " 'Blurbs' (taqrîẓ) from Fourteenth-Century Egypt". Oriens . 27/28: 177– 196. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1580566) 10.2307/1580566 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580566) 1580566 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriens&rft.atitle=%27Blurbs%27+%28taqr%C3%AE%E1%BA%93%29+from+Fourteenth-Century+Egypt&rft.volume=27%2F28&rft.pages=177-196&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1580566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1580566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Burton-1991_342-0) ↑   Zipes, Jack David; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton) (Richard Francis Burton) Burton, Richard Francis (1991). The Arabian Nights: The Marvels and Wonders of the Thousand and One Nights  pg 585. Signet Classic  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-343) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20031113050122/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___17/Egypt.html) MSN Encarta entry on Egypt  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta) (Encarta) Encarta , archived from (https://encarta.msn.com/text_761557408___17/Egypt.html) the original on 13 November 2003, retrieved 30 September 2007  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta+entry+on+Egypt&rft.pub=Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Ftext_761557408___17%2FEgypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Meisami_1998_344-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=sx1bqgibKhQC&pg=PA305) Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18571-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18571-4) 978-0-415-18571-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18571-4&rft.aulast=Meisami&rft.aufirst=Julie+Scott&rft.au=Starkey%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsx1bqgibKhQC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-345) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215503/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2440) "Urwat al-Wuthqa, al- - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" . www.oxfordislamicstudies.com . Archived from (http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2440) the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com&rft.atitle=Urwat+al-Wuthqa%2C+al-+-+Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:02_346-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.alkhaleej.ae/studiesandopinions/page/3f1e120f-f5db-417f-b9ab-3b798a609b1c) " "العروة الوثقى" عبر الهند" . www.alkhaleej.ae . Retrieved 7 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alkhaleej.ae&rft.atitle=%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%89%22+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhaleej.ae%2Fstudiesandopinions%2Fpage%2F3f1e120f-f5db-417f-b9ab-3b798a609b1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-347) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=9729) "الرياضة في تاريخ المسلمين" . archive.islamonline.net . Retrieved 12 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.islamonline.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.islamonline.net%2F%3Fp%3D9729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-348) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/urwa-al-wuthqa-al) "Urwa al-Wuthqa, al- | Encyclopedia.com" . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 7 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Urwa+al-Wuthqa%2C+al-+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Furwa-al-wuthqa-al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ansari-literature_349-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ansari-literature_349-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ansari, Abdul Latif (2010). Thoughts and Ideologies of Mikhail Nu'aima, the Mahjar Poet in the development of Modern Arabic Poetry; A critical study . Shodhganja. Chapter 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F116505) 10603/116505 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thoughts+and+Ideologies+of+Mikhail+Nu%27aima%2C+the+Mahjar+Poet+in+the+development+of+Modern+Arabic+Poetry%3B+A+critical+study&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.pub=Shodhganja&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F116505&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Latif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vatikiotis, P.J. (1991). The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4 ed.). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 486. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-297-82034-5) 978-0-297-82034-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+modern+Egypt%3A+from+Muhammad+Ali+to+Mubarak&rft.place=London&rft.pages=486&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-297-82034-5&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-351) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://article.albawaba.net/ar/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85-10-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9-1462416) "مكتبة البوابة: أهم 10 كتب للأديب المصري ثروت أباظة | البوابة" . article.albawaba.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=article.albawaba.net&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%3A+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85+10+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticle.albawaba.net%2Far%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9%2F%25D9%2585%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-10-%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AB%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B8%25D8%25A9-1462416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  سمير, رانيا (3 January 2024). (https://sqawoa.com/archives/47555) "عائلة أباظة: تاريخ طويل وأثر عميق في مصر" . صوت القبائل العربية والعائلات المصرية (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%A9%3A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1&rft.date=2024-01-03&rft.aulast=%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1&rft.aufirst=%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsqawoa.com%2Farchives%2F47555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-353) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.alkalimah.net/Articles/Read/5532) "مجلة الكلمة - المدرسة الحديثة.. جيل ما بعد الريادة" . www.alkalimah.net . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alkalimah.net&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9..+%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkalimah.net%2FArticles%2FRead%2F5532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/icons/2015/12/1/الخراط-رحيل-صاحب-الزمن-الآخر) "الخراط.. رحيل صاحب "الزمن الآخر" " . www.aljazeera.net . Retrieved 3 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7..+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Ficons%2F2015%2F12%2F1%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Safez_355-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Safez, Sabry (August 2010). (http://newleftreview.org/II/64/sabry-hafez-the-new-egyptian-novel) "The New Egyptian Novel" . New Left Review (64): 46– 62. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+New+Egyptian+Novel&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=46-62&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Safez&rft.aufirst=Sabry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FII%2F64%2Fsabry-hafez-the-new-egyptian-novel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-356) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Elsadda, Hoda (2012). Gender, Nation, and the Arabic Novel . pp. 146, 147, 151. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Nation%2C+and+the+Arabic+Novel&rft.pages=146%2C+147%2C+151&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Elsadda&rft.aufirst=Hoda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-357) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mehrez, Samia (2008). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://archive.org/details/egyptsculturewar00mehr) Egypt's Culture Wars: Politics and Practice   . Routledge. pp. (https://archive.org/details/egyptsculturewar00mehr/page/n142) https://archive.org/details/egyptsculturewar00mehr/page/n142 126]. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Culture+Wars%3A+Politics+and+Practice&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptsculturewar00mehr%2Fpage%2Fn142+126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mehrez&rft.aufirst=Samia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptsculturewar00mehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-358) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/116080/Will-Tarek-Emam-become-the-youngest-Egyptian-writer-to-receive) "Will Tarek Emam become the youngest Egyptian writer to receive the International Prize for Arabic Fiction?" . Egypt Today . 22 May 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Today&rft.atitle=Will+Tarek+Emam+become+the+youngest+Egyptian+writer+to+receive+the+International+Prize+for+Arabic+Fiction%3F&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F4%2F116080%2FWill-Tarek-Emam-become-the-youngest-Egyptian-writer-to-receive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-359) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aravanis, Mary (19 February 2020). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/02/19/seven-contemporary-egyptian-writers-shedding-light-on-egyptian-culture-beyond/) "Seven Contemporary Egyptian Writers Shedding Light on Egyptian Culture & Beyond" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=Seven+Contemporary+Egyptian+Writers+Shedding+Light+on+Egyptian+Culture+%26+Beyond&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft.aulast=Aravanis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2020%2F02%2F19%2Fseven-contemporary-egyptian-writers-shedding-light-on-egyptian-culture-beyond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/egyptambassador09/2009-08/24/content_8607968.htm) "Culture of Egypt" . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Culture+of+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fhellochina%2Fegyptambassador09%2F2009-08%2F24%2Fcontent_8607968.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Cole_2007_148_361-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cole, Juan (2007). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://archive.org/details/napoleonsegyptin00cole_945) Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . p. (https://archive.org/details/napoleonsegyptin00cole_945/page/n162) 148 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Egypt%3A+Invading+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonsegyptin00cole_945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-kendallp339_362-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-kendallp339_362-1) 2   Kendall, p. 339  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-363) ↑   Kendall, p. 338  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Karin Deutsch Karlekar; Eleanor Marchant, eds. (2007). (https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP%202007%20Full%20Report.pdf) Freedom of the Press 2007: A Global Survey of Media Independence (PDF) (Report). New York / Lanham: Freedom House / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2007%3A+A+Global+Survey+of+Media+Independence&rft.place=New+York+%2F+Lanham&rft.pub=Freedom+House+%2F+Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFOTP%25202007%2520Full%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-arabmediasoc_365-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-arabmediasoc_365-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-arabmediasoc_365-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-arabmediasoc_365-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-arabmediasoc_365-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El Shaer, Gamal (15 February 2015). (https://www.arabmediasociety.com/mapping-egypts-media-state-influence-in-a-transforming-landscape/) "Mapping Egypt's Media: State Influence in a Transforming Landscape" . Arab Media & Society . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Mapping+Egypt%27s+Media%3A+State+Influence+in+a+Transforming+Landscape&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft.aulast=El+Shaer&rft.aufirst=Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabmediasociety.com%2Fmapping-egypts-media-state-influence-in-a-transforming-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-366) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://egypt.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/dar-el-tahrir-for-printing-and-publishing/) "Dar El Tahrir for Printing and Publishing" . Media Ownership Monitor Egypt . Reporters Without Borders (RSF) & Global Media Registry. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Ownership+Monitor+Egypt&rft.atitle=Dar+El+Tahrir+for+Printing+and+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegypt.mom-rsf.org%2Fen%2Fowners%2Fcompanies%2Fdetail%2Fcompany%2Fcompany%2Fshow%2Fdar-el-tahrir-for-printing-and-publishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ahram-radio_367-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-ahram-radio_367-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/524570.aspx) "Here is Cairo: Egyptian Radio celebrates 90th anniversary" . Ahram Online. 31 May 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+is+Cairo%3A+Egyptian+Radio+celebrates+90th+anniversary&rft.pub=Ahram+Online&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F524570.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Boyd1975_368-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Boyd1975_368-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boyd, Douglas A. (1975). "Development of Egypt's Radio: 'Voice of the Arabs' under Nasser". Journalism Quarterly . 52 (4): 645– 653. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769907505200406) 10.1177/107769907505200406 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Development+of+Egypt%27s+Radio%3A+%27Voice+of+the+Arabs%27+under+Nasser&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=645-653&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107769907505200406&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-chamber-cinema_369-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-chamber-cinema_369-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20260113004730/https://cci.org.eg/en/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/) "History of Egyptian Cinema" . Chamber of Cinema Industry . 17 March 2024. Archived from (https://cci.org.eg/en/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/) the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chamber+of+Cinema+Industry&rft.atitle=History+of+Egyptian+Cinema&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcci.org.eg%2Fen%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-370) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Darwish, Mustafa (1998). Dream Makers on the Nile: A Portrait of Egyptian Cinema . Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 12– 13. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Makers+on+the+Nile%3A+A+Portrait+of+Egyptian+Cinema&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-371) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Houissa, Ali. (https://guides.library.cornell.edu/MidEastCinema/Egypt) "LibGuides: Middle Eastern & North African Cinema & Film: Egyptian Cinema & Film" . guides.library.cornell.edu . Retrieved 4 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.library.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Middle+Eastern+%26+North+African+Cinema+%26+Film%3A+Egyptian+Cinema+%26+Film&rft.aulast=Houissa&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.cornell.edu%2FMidEastCinema%2FEgypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dajani, Karen Finlon (May 1980). "Cairo: the Hollywood of the Arab World". Gazette . 26 (2): 89– 98. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001654928002600202) 10.1177/001654928002600202 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette&rft.atitle=Cairo%3A+the+Hollywood+of+the+Arab+World&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1980-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001654928002600202&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Karen+Finlon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-meer-cinema_373-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-meer-cinema_373-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-meer-cinema_373-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El Abbassi, Mariem (14 June 2023). (https://www.meer.com/en/73865-the-influence-of-egyptian-cinema-in-the-arab-world) "The influence of Egyptian cinema in the Arab World" . Meer . Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meer&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+Egyptian+cinema+in+the+Arab+World&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.aulast=El+Abbassi&rft.aufirst=Mariem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meer.com%2Fen%2F73865-the-influence-of-egyptian-cinema-in-the-arab-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1209/366778/AlAhram-Weekly/Focus/The-golden-age-of--Egyptian-cinema-.aspx) "The golden age of Egyptian cinema - Focus" . Ahram Online . Retrieved 4 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=The+golden+age+of+Egyptian+cinema+-+Focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F50%2F1209%2F366778%2FAlAhram-Weekly%2FFocus%2FThe-golden-age-of--Egyptian-cinema-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-film-festivals_375-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-film-festivals_375-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nawar, Belal (7 December 2023). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2023/12/07/lights-camera-egypt-unveiling-the-glamour-of-egypts-most-celebrated-film-festivals/) "Lights, Camera, Egypt! Unveiling the Glamour of Egypt's Most Celebrated Film Festivals" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=Lights%2C+Camera%2C+Egypt%21+Unveiling+the+Glamour+of+Egypt%27s+Most+Celebrated+Film+Festivals&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Nawar&rft.aufirst=Belal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Flights-camera-egypt-unveiling-the-glamour-of-egypts-most-celebrated-film-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-376) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/) "Cairo International Film Festival information" . UKHotMovies . 1 December 2005. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200105193710/http://azam.net/ukhotmovies/film-festivals/cairo-film-festival/) Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKHotMovies&rft.atitle=Cairo+International+Film+Festival+information&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazam.net%2Fukhotmovies%2Ffilm-festivals%2Fcairo-film-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  سعد, عبدالمنعم (1976). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PJaOQgAACAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9) موجز تاريخ السينما المصرية  (in Arabic). مطابع الأهرام التجارية. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJaOQgAACAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-378) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shafik, Viola (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QusdDAAAQBAJ&q=egyptian+cinema+history) Popular Egyptian Cinema: Gender, Class, and Nation  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-053-0) (Special:BookSources/978-977-416-053-0) 978-977-416-053-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Egyptian+Cinema%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+Nation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-977-416-053-0&rft.aulast=Shafik&rft.aufirst=Viola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQusdDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Degyptian%2Bcinema%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html) Music of Ancient Egypt (https://web.archive.org/web/20151013114158/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/MIRE/Introduction/AncientEgypt/AncientEgypt.html) Archived 13 October 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology) (Kelsey Museum of Archaeology) Kelsey Museum of Archaeology , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan) (University of Michigan) University of Michigan .  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2008/903/special.htm) "Umm Kulthoum, the fourth pyramid" . 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Umm+Kulthoum%2C+the+fourth+pyramid&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2FArchive%2F2008%2F903%2Fspecial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-381) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/121771/Rolling-Stone-Magazine-named-iconic-singer-Umm-Kulthum-among-the) Rolling Stone Magazine named iconic singer Umm Kulthum among the greatest 200 singers of all time.  , 8 January 2023 (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rolling+Stone+Magazine+named+iconic+singer+Umm+Kulthum+among+the+greatest+200+singers+of+all+time.&rft.date=2023-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypttoday.com%2FArticle%2F4%2F121771%2FRolling-Stone-Magazine-named-iconic-singer-Umm-Kulthum-among-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/umm-kulthum-1234643089/) "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time" . Rolling Stone . 1 January 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+200+Greatest+Singers+of+All+Time&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-singers-all-time-1234642307%2Fumm-kulthum-1234643089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-aravanis-music_383-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-aravanis-music_383-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-aravanis-music_383-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aravanis, Mary (18 January 2020). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/01/18/a-closer-look-at-contemporary-egyptian-music-trends/) "A Closer Look at Contemporary Egyptian Music Trends" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Contemporary+Egyptian+Music+Trends&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft.aulast=Aravanis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2020%2F01%2F18%2Fa-closer-look-at-contemporary-egyptian-music-trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Haggar, Kadry (8 March 2022). (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/03/08/i-am-proud-of-my-success-in-egypt-more-than-any-other-place-in-world-composer-omar-khairat/) "I am proud of my success in Egypt more than any other place in world: Composer Omar Khairat" . Daily News Egypt . Retrieved 4 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=I+am+proud+of+my+success+in+Egypt+more+than+any+other+place+in+world%3A+Composer+Omar+Khairat&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Al-Haggar&rft.aufirst=Kadry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2022%2F03%2F08%2Fi-am-proud-of-my-success-in-egypt-more-than-any-other-place-in-world-composer-omar-khairat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-385) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  K., Mirna (8 December 2024). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2024/12/08/2024-the-rise-of-gen-z-and-egyptian-local-talent-on-spotify/) "2024: The Rise of Gen Z and Egyptian Local Talent on Spotify" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=2024%3A+The+Rise+of+Gen+Z+and+Egyptian+Local+Talent+on+Spotify&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=K.&rft.aufirst=Mirna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2F2024-the-rise-of-gen-z-and-egyptian-local-talent-on-spotify%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.broadcastmediaafrica.com/2025/06/23/egypts-music-scene-goes-global-thanks-to-streaming-powerhouses/) "Egypt's Music Scene Goes Global — Thanks To Streaming Powerhouses" . Broadcast Media Africa . 23 June 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcast+Media+Africa&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Music+Scene+Goes+Global+%E2%80%94+Thanks+To+Streaming+Powerhouses&rft.date=2025-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.broadcastmediaafrica.com%2F2025%2F06%2F23%2Fegypts-music-scene-goes-global-thanks-to-streaming-powerhouses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nadine-khaled_387-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nadine-khaled_387-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nadine-khaled_387-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nadine-khaled_387-3) 4  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-nadine-khaled_387-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khaled, Nadine (6 October 2021). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/10/06/5-iconic-dances-that-capture-egypts-passion-for-folk/) "5 Iconic Dances that Capture Egypt's Passion for Folk" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=5+Iconic+Dances+that+Capture+Egypt%27s+Passion+for+Folk&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Khaled&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2021%2F10%2F06%2F5-iconic-dances-that-capture-egypts-passion-for-folk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-388) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230127183044/https://www.egyptianmuseumcairo.com/egyptian-museum-cairo/history-of-the-egyptian-museum/) "History of the Egyptian Museum – The Egyptian Museum in Cairo" . Archived from (https://www.egyptianmuseumcairo.com/egyptian-museum-cairo/history-of-the-egyptian-museum/) the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Egyptian+Museum+%E2%80%93+The+Egyptian+Museum+in+Cairo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptianmuseumcairo.com%2Fegyptian-museum-cairo%2Fhistory-of-the-egyptian-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-389) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://cairo.gov.eg/en/Culture/Pages/Cairo-Museums-details.aspx?ID=13) "Abdeen Palace Museum" . Cairo Governorate . Official Portal of Cairo Governorate. Retrieved 27 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cairo+Governorate&rft.atitle=Abdeen+Palace+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcairo.gov.eg%2Fen%2FCulture%2FPages%2FCairo-Museums-details.aspx%3FID%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-390) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nancy Farghalli (25 July 2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221138/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html) "Marketplace: Egypt's next big thing" . Marketplace . American Public Media. Archived from (http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/07/25/AM200607251.html) the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Marketplace%3A+Egypt%27s+next+big+thing&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.au=Nancy+Farghalli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarketplace.publicradio.org%2Fshows%2F2006%2F07%2F25%2FAM200607251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Britannica_391-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Grand-Egyptian-Museum) "Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM)" . Britannica . 5 August 2025. Retrieved 7 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Grand+Egyptian+Museum+%28GEM%29&rft.date=2025-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGrand-Egyptian-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-392) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gaskins, Ty (24 April 2025). (https://www.voguearabia.com/article/grand-egyptian-museum-worlds-largest-museum-dedicated-to-a-single-civilisation) "Inside the Grand Egyptian Museum: A First Look at the World's Largest Museum Dedicated to a Single Civilisation" . Vogue Arabia . Retrieved 7 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue+Arabia&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Grand+Egyptian+Museum%3A+A+First+Look+at+the+World%27s+Largest+Museum+Dedicated+to+a+Single+Civilisation&rft.date=2025-04-24&rft.aulast=Gaskins&rft.aufirst=Ty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voguearabia.com%2Farticle%2Fgrand-egyptian-museum-worlds-largest-museum-dedicated-to-a-single-civilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-393) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ftnnews.com/travel-news/tours/the-grand-egyptian-museum-finally-opens-in-2025/) "The Grand Egyptian Museum Finally Opens in 2025" . FTN News. Retrieved 3 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Egyptian+Museum+Finally+Opens+in+2025&rft.pub=FTN+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fftnnews.com%2Ftravel-news%2Ftours%2Fthe-grand-egyptian-museum-finally-opens-in-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:3_394-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://monocle.com/magazine/issues/187/tutankhamun-has-a-new-stage-in-egypt/) "Tutankhamun has a new stage in Egypt. Meet the architect behind its creation"  . Monocle . 20 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monocle&rft.atitle=Tutankhamun+has+a+new+stage+in+Egypt.+Meet+the+architect+behind+its+creation&rft.date=2025-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonocle.com%2Fmagazine%2Fissues%2F187%2Ftutankhamun-has-a-new-stage-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: url-status ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status) (Category:CS1 maint: url-status) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-395) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carver, Zoe (3 November 2025). (https://www.aucegypt.edu/news/new-era-egyptology-grand-egyptian-museum-opens-its-doors) "A New Era in Egyptology: The Grand Egyptian Museum Opens its Doors" . The American University in Cairo. Retrieved 12 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Era+in+Egyptology%3A+The+Grand+Egyptian+Museum+Opens+its+Doors&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo&rft.date=2025-11-03&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucegypt.edu%2Fnews%2Fnew-era-egyptology-grand-egyptian-museum-opens-its-doors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.presidency.eg/en/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/) "National Holidays" . Presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidency+of+the+Arab+Republic+of+Egypt&rft.atitle=National+Holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.eg%2Fen%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-asante_397-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-asante_397-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-asante_397-2) 3   Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). (https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00mole/page/75/mode/2up) (iarchive:culturecustomsof00mole/page/75/mode/2up) Culture and Customs of Egypt  . Greenwood Press. p. 75. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31740-2) (Special:BookSources/0-313-31740-2) 0-313-31740-2  .  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-:3-shamenessim_398-0) ↑   Celebrations of the Feast of Shamm Al-Nassim in Egypt: The Past and the Present], Annals of Ain Shams Literature 42, 323-350, 2014 [French]  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-googlearts-moulid_399-0) 1  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-googlearts-moulid_399-1) 2  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-googlearts-moulid_399-2) 3  (Egypt.html#cite_ref-googlearts-moulid_399-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://artsandculture.google.com/story/celebrating-saints-egyptian-moulids-american-research-center-in-egypt/wQXRQhO-lFCL1g?hl=en) "Celebrating Saints: Egyptian Moulids" . Google Arts & Culture . American Research Center in Egypt. Retrieved 30 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Saints%3A+Egyptian+Moulids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2Fcelebrating-saints-egyptian-moulids-american-research-center-in-egypt%2FwQXRQhO-lFCL1g%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-400) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.arabnews.com/node/2266696/middle-east) "Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque" . Arab News . 11 March 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Sufis+celebrate+birthday+of+Sheikh+Abu+El-Haggag+at+Luxor+mosque&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2266696%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Marzouk_401-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marzouk, Sarah (12 February 2017). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330083849/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/egypt/articles/a-brief-history-of-fiteer-egypts-pizza-like-pastry/) "A Brief History of Fiteer, Egypt's Pizza-Like Pastry" . The Culture Trip . Archived from (https://theculturetrip.com/africa/egypt/articles/a-brief-history-of-fiteer-egypts-pizza-like-pastry/) the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Fiteer%2C+Egypt%27s+Pizza-Like+Pastry&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Marzouk&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fafrica%2Fegypt%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-history-of-fiteer-egypts-pizza-like-pastry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-402) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bassel, Mona (1 October 2021). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/10/01/exploring-the-history-of-the-egyptian-burger-hawawshi/) "Exploring the History of the Egyptian Burger: Hawawshi" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+History+of+the+Egyptian+Burger%3A+Hawawshi&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Bassel&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2021%2F10%2F01%2Fexploring-the-history-of-the-egyptian-burger-hawawshi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-403) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fahmy, Ahmed (10 December 2025). (https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/koshary-spicy-egyptian-staple-wins-unesco-recognition-2025-12-10/) "Koshary, a spicy Egyptian staple, wins UNESCO recognition" . Reuters . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Koshary%2C+a+spicy+Egyptian+staple%2C+wins+UNESCO+recognition&rft.date=2025-12-10&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fkoshary-spicy-egyptian-staple-wins-unesco-recognition-2025-12-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-404) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  K., Mirna (23 May 2024). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2024/05/23/how-egyptian-cuisine-can-follow-lebanese-footsteps-on-the-global-stage/) "How Egyptian Cuisine Can Follow Lebanese Footsteps on the Global Stage" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=How+Egyptian+Cuisine+Can+Follow+Lebanese+Footsteps+on+the+Global+Stage&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft.aulast=K.&rft.aufirst=Mirna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2024%2F05%2F23%2Fhow-egyptian-cuisine-can-follow-lebanese-footsteps-on-the-global-stage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-rawigivinglife_405-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barakat, Hala. (https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/giving-life) "Giving Life: Bread in Egypt" . Rawi (10). Retrieved 21 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rawi&rft.atitle=Giving+Life%3A+Bread+in+Egypt&rft.issue=10&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Hala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frawi-publishing.com%2Farticles%2Fgiving-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-406) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bassel, Mona (16 October 2021). (https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/10/16/soaking-up-the-flavor-dipping-culture-in-egyptian-cuisine/) "Soaking Up the Flavor: Dipping Culture in Egyptian Cuisine" . Egyptian Streets . Retrieved 5 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Streets&rft.atitle=Soaking+Up+the+Flavor%3A+Dipping+Culture+in+Egyptian+Cuisine&rft.date=2021-10-16&rft.aulast=Bassel&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptianstreets.com%2F2021%2F10%2F16%2Fsoaking-up-the-flavor-dipping-culture-in-egyptian-cuisine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-Basan2007_407-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ghillie Basan (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7wnpIi3VRwC&pg=PA33) Middle Eastern Kitchen  . Hippocrene Books. pp. 33–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1190-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1190-3) 978-0-7818-1190-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Kitchen&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1190-3&rft.au=Ghillie+Basan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7wnpIi3VRwC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-LucasHarris2012_408-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  A. Lucas; J. Harris (30 April 2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wWHvAgAAQBAJ) Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries  . Courier Corporation. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14494-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14494-8) 978-0-486-14494-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Materials+and+Industries&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14494-8&rft.au=A.+Lucas&rft.au=J.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWHvAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2026)) page needed   ]    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-409) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=fRnGDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248) The Oxford Companion to Cheese  . Oxford University Press. 25 October 2016. pp. 248–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933089-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933089-8) 978-0-19-933089-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Cheese&rft.pages=248-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933089-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRnGDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-RobinsonTamime1996_410-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robinson, R. K.; Tamime, A. Y. (12 May 1996). (https://books.google.com/books?id=1zs4NzrRWhQC) Feta & Related Cheeses  . CRC Press. pp. 160, 183. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7476-0077-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7476-0077-0) 978-0-7476-0077-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feta+%26+Related+Cheeses&rft.pages=160%2C+183&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7476-0077-0&rft.au=Robinson%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Tamime%2C+A.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zs4NzrRWhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-newly_translated_cookbook_411-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Perreault, Abbey (4 September 2018). (https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/egyptian-recipes) "Exploring a 'Treasure Trove' of Medieval Egyptian Recipes" . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Exploring+a+%27Treasure+Trove%27+of+Medieval+Egyptian+Recipes&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft.aulast=Perreault&rft.aufirst=Abbey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fegyptian-recipes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-412) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Planet, Lonely. (https://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/in-location/eating/a/nar/16eb6f4b-d335-4778-889e-23ce4647576d/355224) "Eating in Egypt" . Lonely Planet . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Eating+in+Egypt&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fegypt%2Fin-location%2Feating%2Fa%2Fnar%2F16eb6f4b-d335-4778-889e-23ce4647576d%2F355224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-gagaoua_413-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gagaoua, Mohammed; Boudechicha, Hiba-Ryma (June 2018). "Ethnic meat products of the North African and Mediterranean countries: An overview". Journal of Ethnic Foods . 5 (2): 83– 98. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2018.02.004) 10.1016/j.jef.2018.02.004 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Ethnic+meat+products+of+the+North+African+and+Mediterranean+countries%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-98&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2018.02.004&rft.aulast=Gagaoua&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft.au=Boudechicha%2C+Hiba-Ryma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-414) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://amiraspantry.com/basturma-pastirma-or-just-bastirma/) "Basturma (Pastirma or Just Bastirma?)" . Amira's Pantry . 12 June 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amira%27s+Pantry&rft.atitle=Basturma+%28Pastirma+or+Just+Bastirma%3F%29&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famiraspantry.com%2Fbasturma-pastirma-or-just-bastirma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-415) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/7562559) "طريقة عمل السجق الشرقي في المنزل.. اعرف سر المطاعم والجزارة" . El Watan News (in Arabic). 18 September 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Watan+News&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84..+%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%B3%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatannews.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2F7562559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-416) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/egyptian-sausage/NwEZcjTHbojDNg?hl=en) "Egyptian Sausage" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Sausage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Fegyptian-sausage%2FNwEZcjTHbojDNg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-417) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  El Dorry, Mennat-Allah. (https://rawi-publishing.com/articles/fasting-and-feasting) "Fasting and Feasting: The Diet of the Desert Fathers" . Rawi (10). Retrieved 21 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rawi&rft.atitle=Fasting+and+Feasting%3A+The+Diet+of+the+Desert+Fathers&rft.issue=10&rft.aulast=El+Dorry&rft.aufirst=Mennat-Allah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frawi-publishing.com%2Farticles%2Ffasting-and-feasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-418) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170716134505/http://www.nilevalley.nl/spices-of-the-egyptian-cuisine/) "Spices of the Egyptian Cuisine" . Nile Valley Hotel . Archived from (http://www.nilevalley.nl/spices-of-the-egyptian-cuisine/) the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nile+Valley+Hotel&rft.atitle=Spices+of+the+Egyptian+Cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilevalley.nl%2Fspices-of-the-egyptian-cuisine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-419) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rios, Lorena. (https://www.vice.com/en/article/drinking-alcohol-is-always-an-open-secret-in-egypt/) "Drinking Alcohol Is Always an Open Secret in Egypt" . Munchies. Retrieved 13 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drinking+Alcohol+Is+Always+an+Open+Secret+in+Egypt&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Lorena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdrinking-alcohol-is-always-an-open-secret-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-420) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Caballero, Benjamin; Finglas, Paul; Toldrá, Fidel. Encyclopedia of Food and Health . Academic Press. p. 348. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Health&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Caballero&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Finglas%2C+Paul&rft.au=Toldr%C3%A1%2C+Fidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-421) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_2299000/2299305.stm) "BBC Sport Academy | Al-Ahly v Zamalek" . BBC News. 5 August 2002. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511124932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sportacademy/hi/sa/football/features/newsid_2299000/2299305.stm) Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Sport+Academy+%26%23124%3B+Al-Ahly+v+Zamalek&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsportacademy%2Fhi%2Fsa%2Ffootball%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_2299000%2F2299305.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-422) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/) "Al-Ahly – master of the world" . Daily News Egypt . 11 December 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141211115406/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/11/al-ahly-master-world/) Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Al-Ahly+%E2%80%93+master+of+the+world&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2014%2F12%2F11%2Fal-ahly-master-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-423) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Omar, Eslam (15 December 2010). (https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/6/52/1972/Sports/National-Teams/Pharaohs-finish--with-a-historic-ninth-place-in-FI.aspx) "Pharaohs finish 2010 with a 'historic' ninth place in FIFA ranking" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahram_Online) (Ahram Online) Ahram Online  . Retrieved 15 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Pharaohs+finish+2010+with+a+%27historic%27+ninth+place+in+FIFA+ranking&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Eslam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F6%2F52%2F1972%2FSports%2FNational-Teams%2FPharaohs-finish--with-a-historic-ninth-place-in-FI.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-424) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2026/07/11/al-sisi-honours-egypts-national-team-following-historic-fifa-world-cup-2026-campaign/) "Al-Sisi honours Egypt's national team following historic FIFA World Cup 2026 campaign" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_Egypt) (Daily News Egypt) Daily News Egypt  . 11 July 2026. Retrieved 15 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Al-Sisi+honours+Egypt%E2%80%99s+national+team+following+historic+FIFA+World+Cup+2026+campaign&rft.date=2026-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2026%2F07%2F11%2Fal-sisi-honours-egypts-national-team-following-historic-fifa-world-cup-2026-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-425) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify) "Mo Salah's late penalty gives Egypt first World Cup qualification since 1990" . The Guardian . 8 October 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206052043/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify) Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mo+Salah%27s+late+penalty+gives+Egypt+first+World+Cup+qualification+since+1990&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2017%2Foct%2F08%2Fworld-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-426) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html) "1950 World Championship for Men" . FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from (https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html) the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1950+World+Championship+for+Men&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fevent%2Fp%2Fcid%2F%2Fsid%2F2902%2F_%2F1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)    (Egypt.html#cite_ref-427) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120811212844/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html) "Egypt – 1952 Olympic Games; Tournament for Men" . FIBA. 9 June 2012. Archived from (https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/2933/tid/276/_/1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/index.html) the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+1952+Olympic+Games%3B+Tournament+for+Men&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffa%2Fteam%2Fp%2Fsid%2F2933%2Ftid%2F276%2F_%2F1952_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgypt)        External links   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Egypt   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Egypt) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Egypt&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=EG) Key Development Forecasts for Egypt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures   Government  (https://www.eip.gov.eg/) Information Portal – Official Egypt Information Portal (http://www.idsc.gov.eg/) Information and Decision – Egypt Information and Decision Support Center (https://www.sis.gov.eg/) Information Services – official website of Egypt State Information Services (https://www.presidency.eg/en/) Presidency – official website of the president of Egypt (https://www.cabinet.gov.eg/) Prime Minister – official website of the prime minister of Egypt (http://www.parliament.gov.eg) House of Representatives – official website of Egypt House of Representatives (https://senate.eg) Senate – official website of the Senate of Egypt (https://sccourt.gov.eg) Supreme Constitutional Court – official website of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt (https://www.capmas.gov.eg) Mobilization and Statistics – official website of Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics   History  (https://sis.gov.eg/en/egypt/history/egypts-history/) "History" – Egyptian history at Egypt Information Portal (https://descegy.bibalex.org/en) "Description de l'Egypte" – Ancient, modern and natural history of Egypt at The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina) (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) Bibliotheca Alexandrina  (https://modernegypt.bibalex.org/) "Modern Egypt" – website from the Bibliotheca Alexandrina   Tourism  (https://www.experienceegypt.eg/) Experience Egypt – Egypt's official tourism portal   Maps  ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Egypt) (commons:Atlas of Egypt) Wikimedia Atlas of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg) (icon)    Geographic data related to  (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1473947) Egypt at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap) (OpenStreetMap) OpenStreetMap     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics) (Template:Egypt topics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics) (Template 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(Islamization of Egypt) Islamization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunids) (Tulunids) Tulunid dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty) (Ikhshidid dynasty) Ikhshidid dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate) (Fatimid Caliphate) Fatimid Caliphate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt) (Crusader invasions of Egypt) Crusader invasions    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty) (Ayyubid dynasty) Ayyubid dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) (Mamluk Sultanate) Mamluk Sultanate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk) (Mamluk) Mamluk      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt) (Ottoman Egypt) Ottoman Egypt    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali's_seizure_of_power) (Muhammad Ali's seizure of power) Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty) Muhammad Ali dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda) (Nahda) Nahda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt) (Khedivate of Egypt) Khedivate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Ethiopian_War) (Egyptian–Ethiopian War) Egyptian–Ethiopian War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabi_revolt) (Urabi revolt) Urabi revolt      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt) (History of modern Egypt) Modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria) (French campaign in Egypt and Syria) French occupation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo) (Revolt of Cairo) Revolt of Cairo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British) (History of Egypt under the British) British occupation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution) (1919 Egyptian revolution) 1919 revolution    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt) (Sultanate of Egypt) Sultanate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II) (Egypt in World War II) World War II  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Kingdom of Egypt) Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–Israeli_War) (1948 Arab–Israeli War) 1948 Arab–Israeli War      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt) (History of republican Egypt) Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser) Nasser era (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution) (1952 Egyptian revolution) 1952 Egyptian revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt) (Land reform in Egypt) Land reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis) (Suez Crisis) Suez Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic) (United Arab Republic) United Arab Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) Six-Day War    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat) (History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat) Sadat era (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Libyan_War) (Egyptian–Libyan War) Egyptian–Libyan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat) (Assassination of Anwar Sadat) Assassination of Anwar Sadat    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak) (History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak) Mubarak era  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011–2014)) (Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)) 2010s Crisis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution) (2011 Egyptian revolution) 2011 Egyptian revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre) (August 2013 Rabaa massacre) 2013 Rabaa massacre          By topic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt) (Anarchism in Egypt) Anarchism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt) (List of historical capitals of Egypt) Capital  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry) (Egyptian cigarette industry) Cigarette industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution) (History of the Egyptian Constitution) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_history) (Coptic history) Copts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt) (Genetic history of Egypt) Genetic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt) (History of the Jews in Egypt) Jews  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt) (History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt) Muslim Brotherhood (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928–1938)) (History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)) 1928–1938  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939–1954)) (History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)) 1939–1954  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954–present)) (History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)) 1954–present    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament) (History of the Egyptian parliament) Parliament  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt) (Population history of Egypt) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt) (Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt) Postal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt) (Saladin in Egypt) Saladin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt) (History of timekeeping devices in Egypt) Timekeeping devices      By city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alexandria) (History of Alexandria) Alexandria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo) (Timeline of Cairo) Cairo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said) (Timeline of Port Said) Port Said                   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt) (Geography of Egypt) Geography    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt) (List of cities and towns in Egypt) Cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt) (Climate of Egypt) Climate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt) (List of earthquakes in Egypt) Earthquakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt) (Environmental issues in Egypt) Environmental issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt) (Fossils of Egypt) Fossils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt) (Geology of Egypt) Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfaya_Pass) (Halfaya Pass) Halfaya Pass  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt) (Category:Islands of Egypt) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt) (List of lakes of Egypt) Lakes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai) (Mount Sinai) Mount Sinai    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta) (Nile Delta) Nile Delta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt) (Northern coast of Egypt) Northern coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt) (Category:Oases of Egypt) Oases  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattara_Depression) (Qattara Depression) Qattara Depression  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera) (Red Sea Riviera) Red Sea Riviera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt) (List of rivers of Egypt) Rivers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula) (Sinai Peninsula) Sinai Peninsula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt) (List of towns and villages in Egypt) Towns and villages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt) (Wildlife of Egypt) Wildlife            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt) (Politics of Egypt) Politics    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt) (Subdivisions of Egypt) Administrative divisions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt) (Local Government in Egypt) Governorates    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code) (Egyptian Civil Code) Civil Code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt) (Corruption in Egypt) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt) (Conscription in Egypt) Conscription  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt) (Constitution of Egypt) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt) (Elections in Egypt) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt) (Foreign relations of Egypt) Foreign relations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt) (List of diplomatic missions of Egypt) Missions    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt) (Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt) Islamic extremism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt) (Judiciary of Egypt) Judiciary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police) (Egyptian National Police) Law enforcement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt) (List of massacres in Egypt) Massacres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces) (Egyptian Armed Forces) Military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces) (Supreme Council of the Armed Forces) Supreme Council    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law) (Egyptian nationality law) Nationality law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt) (Parliament of Egypt) Parliament  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_passport) (Egyptian passport) Passport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt) (List of political parties in Egypt) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Egypt) (President of Egypt) President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt) (List of presidents of Egypt) list    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt) (Prime Minister of Egypt) Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt) (List of prime ministers of Egypt) list    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital) (New Administrative Capital) Proposed new capital  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt) (Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt) Refugees of the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt) (Terrorism in Egypt) Terrorism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt) (Terrorism and tourism in Egypt) Terrorism and tourism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt) (List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt) Twin towns and sister cities            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt) (Economy of Egypt) Economy    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops) (Economy of Egypt) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt) (List of banks in Egypt) Banking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt) (National Bank of Egypt) National Bank    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt) (List of companies of Egypt) Companies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt) (Economic regions of Egypt) Economic regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange) (Egyptian Exchange) Egyptian stock exchange  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound) (Egyptian pound) Egyptian pound  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt) (Energy in Egypt) Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt) (Fishing in Egypt) Fishing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment) (Economy of Egypt and the environment) Impact on the environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt) (List of lighthouses in Egypt) Lighthouses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt) (Military industry of Egypt) Military industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt) (Mining industry of Egypt) Mining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt) (List of mines in Egypt) Mines    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt) (Nuclear program of Egypt) Nuclear program  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt) (List of power stations in Egypt) Power stations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam) (Aswan Dam) Aswan Dam    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces) (Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces) Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt) (List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt) Tallest buildings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt) (Telecommunications in Egypt) Telecommunications (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt) (Internet in Egypt) Internet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt) (Tourism in Egypt) Tourism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt) (Cultural tourism in Egypt) Cultural tourism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt) (Transport in Egypt) Transport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt) (List of airlines of Egypt) Airlines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt) (List of airports in Egypt) Airports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt) (List of railway stations in Egypt) Railway stations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt) (Water supply and sanitation in Egypt) Water supply and sanitation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt) (Water resources management in Egypt) Water resources management              (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt) (Category:Society of Egypt) Society     General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt) (Abortion in Egypt) Abortion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt) (Animal welfare in Egypt) Animal welfare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth) (List of Egyptians by net worth) Billionaires  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt) (Cannabis in Egypt) Cannabis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt) (Capital punishment in Egypt) Capital punishment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Egypt) (Census in Egypt) Censuses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt) (Corruption in Egypt) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt) (Crime in Egypt) Crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt) (Human trafficking in Egypt) Human trafficking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt) (Mass sexual assault in Egypt) Mass sexual assault  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt) (Rape in Egypt) Rape    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt) (Demographics of Egypt) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora) (Egyptian diaspora) Diaspora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Egypt) (Education in Egypt) Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt) (Academic grading in Egypt) Academic grading  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt) (List of law schools in Egypt) Law schools  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt) (List of medical schools in Egypt) Medical schools  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt) (List of schools in Egypt) Schools  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt) (List of universities in Egypt) Universities    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families) (Category:Egyptian families) Families (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_family) (Abaza family) Abaza family    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt) (Feminism in Egypt) Feminism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt) (Gender inequality in Egypt) Gender inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Egypt) (Health in Egypt) Health (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt) (Healthcare in Egypt) Healthcare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt) (List of hospitals in Egypt) Hospitals    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt) (Housing in Egypt) Housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt) (Human rights in Egypt) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights) (Religion in Egypt) Freedom of religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt) (LGBT rights in Egypt) LGBT rights    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt) (International rankings of Egypt) International rankings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt) (Languages of Egypt) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic) (Egyptian Arabic) Egyptian Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saʽidi_Arabic) (Saʽidi Arabic) Saʽidi Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language) (Egyptian Sign Language) Sign Language    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt) (Liberalism in Egypt) Liberalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_literature) (Egyptian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt) (Prostitution in Egypt) Prostitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt) (Religion in Egypt) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith_in_Egypt) (Baháʼí Faith in Egypt) Baháʼí  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt) (Blasphemy law in Egypt) Blasphemy law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt) (Christianity in Egypt) Christianity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt) (List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt) Catholic dioceses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt) (List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt) Coptic Churches    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt) (Hinduism in Arab states) Hinduism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy) (Egyptian identification card controversy) Identification card controversy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt) (Irreligion in Egypt) Irreligion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt) (Islam in Egypt) Islam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt) (Ahmadiyya in Egypt) Ahmadiyya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt) (List of mosques in Egypt) Mosques  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqāb_in_Egypt) (Niqāb in Egypt) Niqāb    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt) (History of the Jews in Egypt) Judaism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt) (List of synagogues in Egypt) Synagogues    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt) (Scientology in Egypt) Scientology    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt) (Smoking in Egypt) Smoking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement) (Egyptian units of measurement) Units of measurement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt) (Vehicle registration plates of Egypt) Vehicle registration plates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt) (Waste management in Egypt) Waste management  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Egypt) (Women in Egypt) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt) (Culture of Egypt) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt) (Architecture of Egypt) Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt) (Art of ancient Egypt) Art (ancient)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt) (Contemporary art in Egypt) Art (contemporary)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt) (List of botanical gardens in Egypt) Botanical gardens  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls) (List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls) Castles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt) (Cinema of Egypt) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) (Clothing in ancient Egypt) Clothing in ancient Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt) (Dance in ancient Egypt) Dance in ancient Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance) (Belly dance) Belly dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almah_(dancer)) (Almah (dancer)) Almah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_sharqi) (Raqs sharqi) Raqs sharqi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi) (Baladi) Baladi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahtib) (Tahtib) Tahtib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoura_(dance)) (Tanoura (dance)) Tanoura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaffa) (Zaffa) Zaffa    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine) (Egyptian cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt) (Coat of arms of Egypt) Coat of arms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine) (Egyptian cuisine) Cuisine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films) (Lists of Egyptian films) Films  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt) (Beer in Egypt) Beer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_wine) (Egyptian wine) Wine    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Egypt) (National symbols of Egypt) National symbols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt) (Flag of Egypt) Flag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags) (List of Egyptian flags) list  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt) (Flags of regions of Egypt) regions      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Egypt) (Football in Egypt) Football (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt) (List of football clubs in Egypt) Football clubs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt) (List of football stadiums in Egypt) Football stadiums    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt) (Mass media in Egypt) Mass media (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt) (List of magazines in Egypt) Magazines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt) (List of newspapers in Egypt) Newspapers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt) (List of radio stations in Egypt) Radio  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Egypt) (Television in Egypt) TV    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt) (List of museums in Egypt) Museums  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt) (Music of Egypt) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Mythology) (Egyptian Mythology) Mythology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady) (Bilady, Bilady, Bilady) National anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Egypt) (Sport in Egypt) Sport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics) (Egypt at the Olympics) Olympics    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt) (Public holidays in Egypt) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt) (List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt) World Heritage Sites                (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt) (Category:Egypt) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt) (Portal:Egypt) Portal  (WikiProject) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt) (Wikipedia:WikiProject Egypt) WikiProject  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Commons page) ()    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt) (commons:Category:Egypt) Commons         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa) (Template:Countries and territories of North Africa) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa) (Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa) (Discuss this template) t   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Democratic Republic)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory) (Territory) Territories   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) SADR  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara) (Western Sahara) Western Sahara 1    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands) (Canary Islands) Canary Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta) (Ceuta) Ceuta 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla) (Melilla) Melilla 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Island) (Alboran Island) Alboran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands) (Alhucemas Islands) Alhucemas 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands) (Chafarinas Islands) Chafarinas 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peñón_de_Vélez_de_la_Gomera) (Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera) Vélez de la Gomera 2      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira) (Madeira) Madeira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Islands) (Savage Islands) Savage Islands 3      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan /(Egypt.html) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaib_Triangle) (Halaib Triangle) Hala'ib Triangle 4  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient) (Wadi Halfa Salient) Wadi Halfa Salient 4  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil) (Bir Tawil) Bir Tawil 5      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei) (Abyei) Abyei 6  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafia_Kingi) (Kafia Kingi) Kafia Kingi 6      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria) (Pantelleria) Pantelleria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagian_Islands) (Pelagian Islands) Pelagian Islands      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aouzou_Strip) (Aouzou Strip) Aouzou Strip 7      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perejil_Island) (Perejil Island) Perejil 8           1 Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) SADR . 2 Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3 Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4 Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius) (Terra nullius) Unclaimed territory located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6 Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7 Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8 Disputed between 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history) (Timeline of Middle Eastern history) Timeline  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East) (List of modern conflicts in the Middle East) Modern conflicts    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East) (Human rights in the Middle East) Human rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East) (Water politics in the Middle East) Water politics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa) (Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa) conflict        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East) (Demographics of the Middle East) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East) (Ethnic groups in the Middle East) Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East) (Genetic history of the Middle East) Genetics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East) (List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East) Metropolitan areas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East) (Religion in the Middle East) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East) (Irreligion in the Middle East) Irreligion        Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology) (Near Eastern archaeology) Archaeology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East) (Cinema of the Middle East) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine) (Middle Eastern cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East) (Etiquette in the Middle East) Etiquette  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music) (Middle Eastern music) Music (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance) (Middle Eastern dance) Dance    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies) (Middle 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (Egypt.html) Egypt (partly in Asia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea) (Equatorial Guinea) Equatorial Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) The Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho) (Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) (Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi) (Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia) (Namibia) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe) (São Tomé and Príncipe) São Tomé and Príncipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe) (Zimbabwe) Zimbabwe      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute) (Territorial dispute) unclear sovereignty ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) (Somaliland) Somaliland      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean) (Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) Îles Éparses      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha) (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha         African territories fully part of non-African states  France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte) (Mayotte) Mayotte  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réunion) (Réunion) Réunion      Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelleria) (Pantelleria) Pantelleria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagian_Islands) (Pelagian Islands) Pelagian Islands      Portugal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira) (Madeira) Madeira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Islands) (Savage Islands) Savage Islands      Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands) (Canary Islands) Canary Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta) (Ceuta) Ceuta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla) (Melilla) Melilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberanía) (Plazas de soberanía) Plazas de soberanía      Yemen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socotra) (Socotra) Socotra           (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Africa) (Category:Africa) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 (Sovereign Base Areas) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau      1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.  (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia) (Category:Asia) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arab_League) (Template:Arab League) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League) (Template talk:Arab League) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League) (Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League    (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_League) (Category:Arab League) Arab League  (List-Class article) ()    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(Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil 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Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League) (Economy of the Arab League) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)) (Economic and Social Council (Arab League)) Economic and Social Council    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League) (Institutions of the Arab League) Institutions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League) (Sport policies of the Arab League) Sport      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism) (Pan-Arabism) Pan-Arabism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees) (Union of Arab National Olympic Committees) Union of Arab National Olympic Committees (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games) (Pan Arab Games) Pan Arab Games           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (India and the Non-Aligned Movement) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement) Malta ‡ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement) Tanzania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement) Yugoslavia ‡ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Zimbabwe and the Non-Aligned Movement) Zimbabwe      Structure  Bureau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement) Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement      Organizations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation) (Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation) Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres) (Non-Aligned Movement) Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres) (Non-Aligned Movement) Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization) (Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization) NAM Youth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAM_News_Network) (NAM News Network) NAM News Network ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool) (Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool) News Agencies Pool ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"Josip_Broz_Tito"_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries) ("Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries) "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries      Principles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence) (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits) (Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits) Summits  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Conference) (Bandung Conference) Bandung Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brioni_Meeting) (Brioni Meeting) Brioni Meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 2nd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 3rd  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 4th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 5th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 6th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 7th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 8th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 9th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 10th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 16th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 18th  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement) (19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement) 19th      Founders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment) (Josip Broz Tito) Josip Broz Tito ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president) (Sukarno) Sukarno ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru) (Jawaharlal Nehru) Jawaharlal Nehru ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah) (Kwame Nkrumah) Kwame Nkrumah ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser ((Egypt.html) Egypt )     People (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumédiène#Foreign_policy) (Houari Boumédiène) Houari Boumédiène  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979) (Fidel Castro) Fidel Castro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs) (Nelson Mandela) Nelson Mandela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement) (Mohamed Morsi) Mohamed Morsi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolás_Maduro) (Nicolás Maduro) Nicolás Maduro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike) (Sirimavo Bandaranaike) Sirimavo Bandaranaike           ‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G-15_nations) (Template:G-15 nations) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations) (Template talk:G-15 nations) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations) (Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_15) (Group of 15) Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1990  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1991  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1994  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1995  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1996  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_G-15_summit) (9th G-15 summit) 1999  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 2000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_G-15_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)) 2001  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_G-15_summit) (12th G-15 summit) 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_G-15_summit) (13th G-15 summit) 2006  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_G-15_summit) (14th G-15 summit) 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_G-15_summit) (15th G-15 summit) 2012      Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) Argentina  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Beijing_SCO_summit) (2012 Beijing SCO summit) Beijing 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Dushanbe_SCO_summit) (2014 Dushanbe SCO summit) Dushanbe 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Astana_SCO_summit) (2017 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Qingdao_SCO_summit) (2018 Qingdao SCO summit) Qingdao 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Samarkand_SCO_summit) (2022 Samarkand SCO summit) Samarkand 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Astana_SCO_summit) (2024 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit) (2024 Islamabad SCO summit) Islamabad 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tianjin_SCO_summit) (2025 Tianjin SCO summit) Tianjin 2025      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observer states ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia      Dialogue partners ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  ()      (Egypt.html) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) (Commonwealth of Independent States) Commonwealth of Independent States  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations      Applicants ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure) (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Evils) (Three Evils) Three Evils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium) (SCO Interbank Consortium) SCO Interbank Consortium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) (Eurasian Land Bridge) Eurasian Land Bridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (Egypt.html) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".        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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Council of Ministers of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Council of Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Summit      Members ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (Egypt.html) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie) (Template:La Francophonie) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie) (Template talk:La Francophonie) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie) (Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Members   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra) (Andorra) Andorra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi) (Burundi) Burundi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde) (Cape Verde) Cape Verde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica) (Dominica) Dominica  (Egypt.html) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea) (Equatorial Guinea) Equatorial Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti) (Haiti) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia) (North Macedonia) North Macedonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) (Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) (Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco) (Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe) (São Tomé and Príncipe) São Tomé and Príncipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam      National/regional members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium) (French Community of Belgium) French Community of Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick) (New Brunswick) New Brunswick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec) (Quebec) Quebec      Associate members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia) (New Caledonia) New Caledonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) (Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) 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Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) (Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana) (Louisiana) Louisiana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro) (Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia) (Nova Scotia) Nova Scotia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario) (Ontario) Ontario  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland) (Saarland) Saarland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia) (Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay) (Uruguay) Uruguay      Suspended members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger           Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie) Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coopération_Culturelle_et_Technique) (Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique) Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Agence universitaire de la Francophonie) Agence universitaire de la Francophonie      Culture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day) (UN French Language Day) UN French Language Day  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Category                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt) (Portal:Egypt) Egypt  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_East) (Portal:Middle East) Middle East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries     Egypt at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/مصر) (c:مصر) Media  from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Egypt) (q:Egypt) Quotations  from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt) (voy:Egypt) Travel guides  from Wikivoyage    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#voy)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000122592789) ISNI  (https://isni.org/isni/0000000404908075) 2     (https://viaf.org/viaf/242059233) VIAF  (https://viaf.org/viaf/125499078) 2     (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000556-2) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208755) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRDwpX7XgppvP7ww3J9c) WorldCat       National (Egypt) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061791) United States    (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863530z) France  (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238583n) 2   (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938556d) 3     (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863530z) BnF data  (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238583n) 2   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938556d) 3     (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562068) Japan   (Egypt) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129127&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX450764) Spain   (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/125093) Portugal   (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90074621) Norway   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548044305171) Israel   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005757342909366) Croatia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/8e0551f2-95c2-3cc0-a0a9-f2d344f10667) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/7d52ce20-fea6-42a6-bcf3-9f11ebed03d8) KulturNav       People (https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814605) Trove   (https://id.parliament.uk/mfuTWJhJ) UK Parliament       Other (Égypte) (https://www.idref.fr/027316866) IdRef   (Égypte) (https://www.idref.fr/026375680) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003431) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046273) NARA   (http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17479) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine  (http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43151) 2     (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/misir) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/80c52894-be43-429e-b7bc-0091bbe9b76f) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Egypt&params=26_N_30_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:EG) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 26°N 30°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 26°N 30°E  / 26; 30     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt#%20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Egypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_republics)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BRICS_nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Eastern_Mediterranean)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G15_nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Union_for_the_Mediterranean)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_North_Africa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1922)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_West_Asia)     ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&oldid=1369990170) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt&oldid=1369990170 "  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt) (Category:Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Africa) (Category:1922 establishments in Africa) 1922 establishments in Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Asia) (Category:1922 establishments in Asia) 1922 establishments in Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_Egypt) (Category:1922 establishments in Egypt) 1922 establishments in Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_republics) (Category:Arab republics) Arab republics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:BRICS_nations) (Category:BRICS nations) BRICS nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language) (Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language) Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa) (Category:Countries in Africa) Countries in Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia) (Category:Countries in Asia) Countries in Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states) (Category:Developing 8 Countries member states) Developing 8 Countries member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Eastern_Mediterranean) (Category:Eastern Mediterranean) Eastern Mediterranean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G15_nations) (Category:G15 nations) G15 nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union) (Category:Member states of the African Union) Member states of the African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League) (Category:Member states of the Arab League) Member states of the Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Union_for_the_Mediterranean) (Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean) Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Category:Member states of the United Nations) Member states of the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_North_Africa) (Category:Countries in North Africa) Countries in North Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries) (Category:Saharan countries) Saharan countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1922) (Category:States and territories established in 1922) States and territories established in 1922  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_West_Asia) (Category:Countries in West Asia) Countries in West Asia    Hidden categories: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) (Category:Articles with short description) Articles with short description  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) 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