Qatar - Wikipedia (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%257Cext.cite.styles%257Cext.phonos.icons,styles%257Cext.tmh.player.styles%257Cext.uls.interlanguage%257Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%257Cext.wikimediaBadges%257Cext.wikimediaBadges.ul.css) (../w/load.php@lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022.css) (https://upload.wikimedia.org/) (https://en.wikipedia.org/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (../static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (Qatar.html) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (https://meta.wikimedia.org/)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/auth.wikimedia.org)   (Qatar.html#bodyContent) Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qatar) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qatar) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Qatar.html#) (Top)   (Qatar.html#Name) 1 Name     (Qatar.html#History) 2 History    Toggle History subsection  (Qatar.html#Prehistory) 2.1 Prehistory     (Qatar.html#Antiquity) 2.2 Antiquity     (Qatar.html#Early_and_late_Islamic_period_(661–1783)) 2.3 Early and late Islamic period (661–1783)     (Qatar.html#Portuguese_era_(1507–1650)) 2.4 Portuguese era (1507–1650)     (Qatar.html#Bahraini_and_Saudi_rule_(1783–1868)) 2.5 Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868)     (Qatar.html#Ottoman_period_(1871–1915)) 2.6 Ottoman period (1871–1915)     (Qatar.html#British_period_(1916–1971)) 2.7 British period (1916–1971)     (Qatar.html#Independence_and_later_(1971–2000)) 2.8 Independence and later (1971–2000)     (Qatar.html#21st_century) 2.9 21st century       (Qatar.html#Geography) 3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  (Qatar.html#Biodiversity) 3.1 Biodiversity       (Qatar.html#Politics) 4 Politics    Toggle Politics subsection  (Qatar.html#Elections) 4.1 Elections     (Qatar.html#Law) 4.2 Law     (Qatar.html#Administrative_divisions) 4.3 Administrative divisions     (Qatar.html#Foreign_relations) 4.4 Foreign relations     (Qatar.html#Military) 4.5 Military     (Qatar.html#Human_rights) 4.6 Human rights   (Qatar.html#Rights_of_foreign_labourers) 4.6.1 Rights of foreign labourers     (Qatar.html#Women's_rights) 4.6.2 Women's rights     (Qatar.html#Male_guardianship_system) 4.6.3 Male guardianship system     (Qatar.html#Gender_wage_gap) 4.6.4 Gender wage gap     (Qatar.html#Sex_outside_marriage_and_reproductive_rights) 4.6.5 Sex outside marriage and reproductive rights     (Qatar.html#LGBTQ_rights) 4.6.6 LGBTQ rights     (Qatar.html#Freedom_of_the_press) 4.6.7 Freedom of the press     (Qatar.html#Corporal_punishment) 4.6.8 Corporal punishment         (Qatar.html#Economy) 5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  (Qatar.html#Energy) 5.1 Energy     (Qatar.html#Tourism) 5.2 Tourism     (Qatar.html#Transport) 5.3 Transport       (Qatar.html#Demographics) 6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  (Qatar.html#Languages) 6.1 Languages     (Qatar.html#Religion) 6.2 Religion     (Qatar.html#Education) 6.3 Education     (Qatar.html#Health) 6.4 Health       (Qatar.html#Culture) 7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  (Qatar.html#Arts) 7.1 Arts     (Qatar.html#Literature) 7.2 Literature     (Qatar.html#Media) 7.3 Media     (Qatar.html#Music) 7.4 Music     (Qatar.html#Sport) 7.5 Sport       (Qatar.html#See_also) 8 See also     (Qatar.html#Notes) 9 Notes     (Qatar.html#References) 10 References     (Qatar.html#Further_reading) 11 Further reading     (Qatar.html#External_links) 12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Qatar    254 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9E%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Ҟатар – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B3%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AD) (ኳታር – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0taa) (Kàtaa – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0) (कतर – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%AA) (ܩܛܪ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (دولة قطر – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0) (কাটাৰ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80) (КъатӀар – Avaric) Авар   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99t%C9%99r) (Qətər – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katars) (Katars – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0) (क़तर – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE) (ကာတာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0) (কাতার – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D) (ཁ་ཏར། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0) (কাতার – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%91) (ᨀᨈᨑ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80) (КъатӀар – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1) (قەتەر – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Danish) Dansk   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeter) (Qeter – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A4%DE%A6%DE%A0%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA) (ޤަޠަރު – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B) (ཀ་ཏར་ – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81) (Κατάρ – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataro) (Kataro – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal) (Catal – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qat%C3%A2r) (Qatâr – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataar) (Kataar – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C3%A1ra) (Katára – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0_(%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8)) (કતાર (અરબસ્તાન) – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chatar) (Yn Chatar – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katala) (Katala – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94)) (קטר (מדינה) – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0) (क़तर – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata) (Kata – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80) (Կատար – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80) (Քաթար – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatar) (Quatar – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB) (カタール – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata) (Kata – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98) (კატარი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADar) (Qaṭar – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Къатар – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CC%B1ta%CC%B1r) (Ka̱ta̱r – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Қатар – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6) (កាតា – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D) (ಕಟಾರ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4) (카타르 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Къатар – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8E%D8%B7%D9%8E%D8%B1) (قَطَر – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeter) (Qeter – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quataria) (Quataria – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Къатар – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2) (ປະເທດກາຕາ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataras) (Kataras – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara) (Katara – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0) (कतर – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara) (Katara – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%81) (Katā – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC) (ഖത്തർ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94) (ꯀꯥꯇꯥꯔ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ကာတာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Novial) Novial   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_Bin%C3%ADh%C3%AD%C3%ADy%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AFgi_Kiyaa%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%AD_Hahoodzo) (Tó Biníhííyį́įgi Kiyaaʼáhí Hahoodzo – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaataar) (Kaataar – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0) (କତର – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0) (ਕਤਰ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatar) (Quatar – Picard) Picard   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar) (Catar – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katari) (Katari – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0) (कतार – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8) (ᱠᱟᱛᱟᱨ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qat%C3%A0r) (Qatàr – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%E1%B9%ADa%E1%B9%9B) (Qaṭaṛ – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းၶႃႇတႃႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A) (කාටාර් – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)) (Katar (štát) – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata) (Kata – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katari) (Katari – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhathari) (IKhathari – Swati) SiSwati   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%9E) (ꠇꠣꠔꠣꠞ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D) (கத்தார் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D) (ఖతార్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C3%A1r) (Katár – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Қатар – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C) (ประเทศกาตาร์ – Thai) ไทย   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99t%C9%99r) (Gətər – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%81) (Katā – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Kata) (ma Kata – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1) (قاتار – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80) (Катар – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1) (قطر – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar_(Stato)) (Catar (Stato) – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar%C3%A4n) (Katarän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataar) (Kataar – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94) (卡塔尔 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98) (კატარი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8) (קאטאר – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar) (Katar – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%87%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94) (ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94) (卡達 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE) (卡塔爾 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94) (卡塔尔 – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q846#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (Qatar.html) (View the content page [c]) Article   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Qatar) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (Qatar.html) Read   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Qatar) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Qatar) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&oldid=1371357271) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qatar&id=1371357271&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQatar) Get shortened URL   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Qatar&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q846) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1_/_Qatar) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Qatar) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q846) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qatar&params=25_30_N_51_15_E_type:country_region:QA) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25°30′N 51°15′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25.500°N 51.250°E  / 25.500; 51.250     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in West Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_(disambiguation)) (Qatar (disambiguation)) Qatar (disambiguation) .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Qatar)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2025)    State of Qatar (Arabic-language text) دولة قطر  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic )  (Arabic-language romanization) Dawlat Qaṭar      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg) (Flag of Qatar) (Flag of Qatar)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar) (Flag of Qatar) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Qatar_(2022–present).svg) (Emblem of Qatar) (Emblem of Qatar)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Qatar) (Emblem of Qatar) Emblem      Motto:  (Arabic-language text) الله، الوطن، الأمير  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Amir   "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam) (God in Islam) God , Nation, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar) (Emir of Qatar) Emir "  Anthem:  (Arabic-language text) السلام الأميري  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salam_al-Amiri) (As-Salam al-Amiri) As-Salām al-Amīrī    "Peace to the Emir"   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QAT_orthographic.svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qatar_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_QAT_-_UNOCHA.svg)    Show map of Qatar     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qatar&params=25_18_N_51_31_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25°18′N 51°31′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25.300°N 51.517°E  / 25.300; 51.517     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic (Qatar.html#cite_note-1) [ 1]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2019)(Qatar.html#cite_note-CIA-2) [ 2]       49% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs) (Arabs) Arab   43% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asian (Qatar.html#cite_note-qsa-Aug13-3) [ 3]    21.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar) (Indians in Qatar) Indian  12.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora) (Bangladeshi diaspora) Bangladeshi  4.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Qatar) (Pakistanis in Qatar) Pakistani  4.35% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_diaspora) (Sri Lankan diaspora) Sri Lankan       7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar) (Demographics of Qatar) other      Religion (2020)(Qatar.html#cite_note-4) [ 4]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   65.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar) (Islam in Qatar) Islam ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official ) 15.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Qatar) (Hinduism in Arab states) Hinduism  14.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar) (Christianity in Qatar) Christianity  3.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East#Population_by_country) (Buddhism in the Middle East) Buddhism  1.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar) (Religion in Qatar) other      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qataris) (Qataris) Qatari   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar) (Politics of Qatar) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) Unitary authoritarian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy) (Semi-constitutional monarchy) semi-constitutional monarchy   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar) (Emir of Qatar) Emir   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Emir_of_Qatar) (Deputy Emir of Qatar) Deputy Emir   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani) Abdullah bin Hamad   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar) (Prime Minister of Qatar) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani) (Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani) Mohammed bin Abdulrahman   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Qatar) (Deputy Prime Minister of Qatar) Deputy Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoud_bin_Abdulrahman_Al_Thani) (Saoud bin Abdulrahman Al Thani) Saoud bin Abdulrahman     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_of_Qatar) (Shura Council of Qatar) Shura Council   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar) (History of Qatar) Establishment   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_(Qatar)) (National Day (Qatar)) Qatar National Day   18 December 1878  • Declared independence   1 September 1971  • Independence from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom   3 September 1971    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar) (Geography of Qatar) Area    • Total  11,581 km2 (4,471 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 158th )  • Water (%)  negligible  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar) (Demographics of Qatar) Population   • 2025 estimate  3,214,609(Qatar.html#cite_note-5) [ 5]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 134th )  • 2020 census  2,846,118(Qatar.html#cite_note-6) [ 6]      • Density  264/km2 (683.8/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 52nd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $378.080 billion(Qatar.html#cite_note-auto-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 60th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $121,610(Qatar.html#cite_note-auto-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 4th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $222.780 billion(Qatar.html#cite_note-auto-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 54th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $71,650(Qatar.html#cite_note-auto-7) [ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 9th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2017)  35.1(Qatar.html#cite_note-8) [ 8]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.886(Qatar.html#cite_note-HDI-9) [ 9]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  very high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 43rd )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_riyal) (Qatari riyal) Qatari riyal ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) QAR )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time) (UTC+03:00) AST )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Qatar) (Telephone numbers in Qatar) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+974) (+974) +974   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:QA) (ISO 3166-2:QA) QA   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.qa) (.qa) .qa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/قطر.) (قطر.) قطر.        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TQatar)   Qatar ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-11) [ a]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-16) [ b]    officially the State of Qatar ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-17) [ c]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia . It occupies the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar) (Geography of Qatar) Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East ; it shares (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Saudi_Arabia_border) (Qatar–Saudi Arabia border) its sole land border with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bahrain) (Gulf of Bahrain) Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain . The capital is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha , home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants. Most of the land area is made up of flat, low-lying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert) (Desert) desert . Qatar has been ruled as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy) (Hereditary monarchy) hereditary monarchy by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thani) (House of Thani) House of Thani since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Thani) (Mohammed bin Thani) Mohammed bin Thani signed an agreement with Britain in 1868, which officially recognised its separate status. Following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman rule, Qatar became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate) (British protectorate) British protectorate in 1916 and gained independence in 1971. The current (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) emir is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani , who, like previous emirs, holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratic) (Autocratic) autocratic manner under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar) (Constitution of Qatar) Constitution of Qatar .(Qatar.html#cite_note-:0-18) [ 15]    He appoints the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar) (List of prime ministers of Qatar) prime minister and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Qatar) (Cabinet of Qatar) cabinet . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_of_Qatar) (Shura Council of Qatar) Shura Council (also known as the "Consultative Assembly") has a limited ability to block legislation and dismiss ministers, but is fully appointed by the emir, who also has the last say on these decisions.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:4-19) [ 16]    While Qatar held a partial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election) (2021 Qatari general election) Shura Council election in 2021 , with two-thirds of seats elected, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Qatari_constitutional_referendum) (2024 Qatari constitutional referendum) in 2024 it moved to abolish those elections altogether, and reverted to a fully appointed Council.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:3-20) [ 17]     On 21 June 2026, the population of Qatar was 3,180,059, although 3.02 million are foreign (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate) (Expatriate) expatriates and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers) (Migrant workers) migrant workers .(Qatar.html#cite_note-21) [ 18]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-22) [ 19]    Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official religion is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam .(Qatar.html#cite_note-23) [ 20]    The country has the fourth-highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) GDP (PPP) per capita in the world(Qatar.html#cite_note-24) [ 21]    and the eleventh-highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita) GNI per capita (Atlas method) .(Qatar.html#cite_note-25) [ 22]    It ranks 42nd in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index , the third-highest HDI in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world) (Arab world) Arab world .(Qatar.html#cite_note-26) [ 23]    It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy) (World Bank high-income economy) high-income economy , backed by the world's third-largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves) (List of countries by natural gas proven reserves) natural gas reserves and oil reserves.(Qatar.html#cite_note-27) [ 24]    Qatar is one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas(Qatar.html#cite_note-28) [ 25]    and the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide per capita.(Qatar.html#cite_note-29) [ 26]     In the 21st century, Qatar emerged as both a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) non-NATO ally of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power in the Arab world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar) (Economy of Qatar) Its economy has grown rapidly due to its resource-wealth,(Qatar.html#cite_note-30) [ 27]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-31) [ 28]    and its geopolitical power has risen through its media group, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) (Al Jazeera Media Network) Al Jazeera Media Network , and reported financial support for rebel groups during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring .(Qatar.html#cite_note-32) [ 29]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-33) [ 30]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-34) [ 31]    Qatar also forms part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Gulf Cooperation Council) Gulf Cooperation Council .(Qatar.html#cite_note-CIA-2) [ 2]       Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder) (Pliny the Elder) Pliny the Elder , a Roman writer, documented the earliest account pertaining to the inhabitants of the peninsula around the mid-first century AD; he referred to them as the Catharrei , a designation that may have derived from the name of a prominent local settlement.(Qatar.html#cite_note-35) [ 32]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-qsahistory-36) [ 33]    A century later, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy) (Ptolemy) Ptolemy produced the first known map to depict the peninsula, referring to it as Catara .(Qatar.html#cite_note-qsahistory-36) [ 33]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-37) [ 34]    The map also referenced a town named "Cadara" to the east of the peninsula.(Qatar.html#cite_note-katara-38) [ 35]    The term "Catara" (inhabitants, Cataraei )(Qatar.html#cite_note-39) [ 36]    was exclusively used until the 18th century, after which "Katara" emerged as the most commonly recognised spelling.(Qatar.html#cite_note-katara-38) [ 35]    Eventually, after several variations—"Katr", "Kattar" and "Guttur"—the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the country's name.(Qatar.html#cite_note-40) [ 37]     According to classical linguistic accounts, the term "Qatar" may derive from a type of informal transaction known as muqāṭarah , in which goods were purchased in sealed containers without measuring or weighing the contents, for a fixed price. This practice, also called jazāf , was reportedly widespread in Qatar's markets. Another explanation connects the name to the word qiṭār , meaning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_train) (Camel train) camel train , possibly alluding to Qatar's role in historical trade routes.(Qatar.html#cite_note-41) [ 38]     In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Arabic) (Standard Arabic) Standard Arabic , the name is pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈqɑtˤɑr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  , while in the local dialect, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Arabic) (Qatari Arabic) Qatari Arabic , it is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  .(Qatar.html#cite_note-EoI-10) [ 10]    English speakers use different approximate pronunciations as the Arabic pronunciations use sounds not present in English.(Qatar.html#cite_note-42) [ 39]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar) (History of Qatar) History of Qatar  Prehistory  Human habitation in Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]    Settlements and tools dating back to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age) (Stone Age) Stone Age have been unearthed in the peninsula.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia) (Mesopotamia) Mesopotamian artefacts originating from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period) (Ubaid period) Ubaid period (c. 6500–3800 BC) have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements.(Qatar.html#cite_note-haya-44) [ 41]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Da'asa) (Al Da'asa) Al Da'asa , a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment.(Qatar.html#cite_note-thaiembassy-45) [ 42]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-46) [ 43]    Some historians have theorised that the Sumerians may have originated from this region.(Qatar.html#cite_note-47) [ 44]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-48) [ 45]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-49) [ 46]      Antiquity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Excavated_site_on_Al_Khor_Island.jpg)   Excavation of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites) (Kassites) Kassite dye site on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khor_Island) (Al Khor Island) Al Khor Island   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites) (Kassites) Kassite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia) (Babylonia) Babylonian material dating back to the second millennium BC found on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khor_Island) (Al Khor Island) Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain .(Qatar.html#cite_note-50) [ 47]    Among the findings were crushed snail shells and Kassite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsherds) (Potsherds) potsherds .(Qatar.html#cite_note-thaiembassy-45) [ 42]    It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production, owing to a Kassite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple) (Tyrian purple) purple dye industry which existed on the coast.(Qatar.html#cite_note-haya-44) [ 41]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-51) [ 48]     In AD 224, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire) (Sasanian Empire) Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf.(Qatar.html#cite_note-52) [ 49]    Qatar played a role in the commercial activity of the Sasanids, contributing at least two commodities: precious pearls and purple dye.(Qatar.html#cite_note-53) [ 50]    Under the Sasanid reign, many of the inhabitants in eastern Arabia were introduced to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity following the eastward dispersal of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians(Qatar.html#cite_note-gillman-54) [ 51]    (see also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia) (Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia) Christianity in pre-Islamic Arabia ). Monasteries were constructed and further settlements were founded during this era.(Qatar.html#cite_note-55) [ 52]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-56) [ 53]    During the latter part of the Christian era, Qatar comprised a region known as 'Beth Qatraye' ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language) (Syriac language) Syriac for "house of the Qataris").(Qatar.html#cite_note-57) [ 54]    The region was not limited to Qatar;(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (Nonsensical. In what regard? (January 2025)) clarification needed   ]  it also included (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarout_Island) (Tarout Island) Tarout Island , Al-Khatt, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis) (Al-Ahsa Oasis) Al-Hasa .(Qatar.html#cite_note-58) [ 55]     In 628, the Islamic prophet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Muhammad sent a Muslim envoy to a ruler in eastern Arabia named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munzir_ibn_Sawa_Al-Tamimi) (Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi) Munzir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi and requested that he and his subjects accept Islam. Munzir obliged his request, and accordingly most of the Arab tribes in the region converted to Islam.(Qatar.html#cite_note-59) [ 56]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2017)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2017)) better source needed   ]  In the middle of the century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia) (Muslim conquest of Persia) Muslim conquest of Persia resulted in the fall of the Sasanian Empire.(Qatar.html#cite_note-fromherz-60) [ 57]       Early and late Islamic period (661–1783)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbasids850.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, (circa) c.  850   Qatar was described as a famous horse and camel breeding centre during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad period .(Qatar.html#cite_note-rahman-61) [ 58]    In the 8th century, it started benefiting from its commercially strategic position in the Persian Gulf and went on to become a centre of pearl trading.(Qatar.html#cite_note-62) [ 59]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-kogan-63) [ 60]    Substantial development in the pearling industry around the Qatari Peninsula occurred during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid period .(Qatar.html#cite_note-rahman-61) [ 58]    Ships voyaging from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra) (Basra) Basra to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China would make stops in Qatar's ports during this period. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ceramics) (Chinese ceramics) Chinese porcelain , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West African coins, and artefacts from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand have been discovered in Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-fromherz-60) [ 57]    Archaeological remains from the 9th century suggest that Qatar's inhabitants used greater wealth to construct higher quality homes and public buildings. Over 100 stone-built houses, two mosques, and an Abbasid fort were constructed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murwab) (Murwab) Murwab during this period.(Qatar.html#cite_note-64) [ 61]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-65) [ 62]    As the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate) (Caliphate) caliphate 's prosperity waned in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq , Qatar experienced a corresponding decline.(Qatar.html#cite_note-66) [ 63]     Qatar is mentioned in 13th-century Muslim scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi) (Yaqut al-Hamawi) Yaqut al-Hamawi 's book, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu'jam_Al-Buldan) (Mu'jam Al-Buldan) Mu'jam Al-Buldan  , which alludes to the Qataris' fine striped woven cloaks and their skills in improvement and finishing of spears.(Qatar.html#cite_note-67) [ 64]     Much of eastern Arabia was controlled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usfurids) (Usfurids) Usfurids in 1253, but control of the region was seised by the prince of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus) (Ormus) Ormus in 1320.(Qatar.html#cite_note-68) [ 65]    Qatar's pearls provided the kingdom with one of its main sources of income.(Qatar.html#cite_note-mohamed-69) [ 66]       Portuguese era (1507–1650)  In 1515, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal) (Manuel I of Portugal) Manuel I of Portugal vassalised the Kingdom of Ormus. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal) (Kingdom of Portugal) Portugal went on to seize a significant portion of eastern Arabia in 1521.(Qatar.html#cite_note-mohamed-69) [ 66]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-gillespie-70) [ 67]     After the fall of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrids) (Jabrids) Jabrid Dynasty with the conquest of Bahrain by the Portuguese, the Arabian coast up to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqair) (Uqair) Al Hassa came under the rule and influence of the Portuguese empire. Attempts by the Ottomans to dominate the region were eliminated with the Portuguese reconquest of the castle of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarout_Castle) (Tarout Castle) Tarout (Qatar.html#cite_note-71) [ 68]    or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)) (Siege of Qatif (1551)) Al Qatif in 1551. In 1550, the inhabitants of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis) (Al-Ahsa Oasis) Al-Hasa had voluntarily submitted to the rule of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottomans , preferring them to the Portuguese.(Qatar.html#cite_note-72) [ 69]     Archaeological finds are still being excavated from one of the Portuguese fortresses that served as a base to dominate the region as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwayda) (Ruwayda) Ruwayda .(Qatar.html#cite_note-73) [ 70]    The first representation of Qatar appears on the Portuguese map by Luis Lázaro in 1563, showing the "city of Qatar" as a fortress, possibly referring to the fort of Ruwayda.(Qatar.html#cite_note-74) [ 71]     Having retained a negligible military presence in the area, the Ottomans were expelled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_(tribe)) (Bani Khalid (tribe)) Bani Khalid tribe and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_Emirate) (Bani Khalid Emirate) their emirate in 1670.(Qatar.html#cite_note-75) [ 72]       Bahraini and Saudi rule (1783–1868)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Catura_(Qatar)_1794_(cropped).jpg)   A 1794 map by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dunn_(mathematician)) (Samuel Dunn (mathematician)) Samuel Dunn depicting Catura (at centre) in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_region_of_Bahrain) (Historical region of Bahrain) historical region of Bahrain   In 1766, members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Khalifa) (House of Khalifa) Al Khalifa family of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utub) (Utub) Utub tribal confederation migrated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubarah) (Zubarah) Zubarah in Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-frauke-76) [ 73]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-77) [ 74]    By the time of their arrival, the Bani Khalid exercised weak authority over the peninsula, notwithstanding the fact that the largest village was ruled by their distant kin.(Qatar.html#cite_note-78) [ 75]    In 1783, Qatar-based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Utbah) (Bani Utbah) Bani Utbah clans and allied Arab tribes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain) (Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain) invaded and annexed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain from the Persians. The Al Khalifa imposed their authority over Bahrain and retained their jurisdiction over Zubarah.(Qatar.html#cite_note-frauke-76) [ 73]     Following his swearing-in as crown prince of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Saudi_state) (First Saudi state) Emirate of Diriyah in 1788, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_(1748–1814)) (Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)) Saud ibn Abd al-Aziz moved to expand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabi territory eastward towards the Persian Gulf and Qatar. After defeating the Bani Khalid in 1795, the Wahhabi were attacked on two fronts. The Ottomans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt) (Ottoman Egypt) Egyptians assaulted the western front, while the Al Khalifa in Bahrain and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani_Empire) (Omani Empire) Omanis launched an attack against the eastern front.(Qatar.html#cite_note-79) [ 76]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-qdl1-80) [ 77]    Upon being made aware of the Egyptian advance on the western frontier in 1811, the Wahhabi amir reduced his garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah in order to redeploy his troops. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan) (Said bin Sultan) Said bin Sultan , Sultan of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman) (Muscat and Oman) Muscat and Oman , capitalised on this opportunity and raided the Wahhabi garrisons on the eastern coast, setting fire to the fort in Zubarah. The Al Khalifa was effectively returned to power thereafter.(Qatar.html#cite_note-qdl1-80) [ 77]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qatar,_Zubarah_(10),_ruined_city.JPG)   A partially restored section of the ruined town of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubarah) (Zubarah) Zubarah   As punishment for piracy, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company) (East India Company) East India Company vessel bombarded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha in 1821, destroying the town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee. In 1825, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thani) (House of Thani) House of Thani was established with Sheikh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Thani) (Mohammed bin Thani) Mohammed bin Thani as the first leader.(Qatar.html#cite_note-81) [ 78]     Although Qatar was considered a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) dependency of Bahrain, the Al Khalifa faced opposition from the local tribes. In 1867, the Al Khalifa, along with the ruler of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi) (Emirate of Abu Dhabi) Abu Dhabi , sent a massive naval force to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wakrah) (Al Wakrah) Al Wakrah in an effort to crush the Qatari rebels. This resulted in the maritime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari–Bahraini_War) (Qatari–Bahraini War) Qatari–Bahraini War of 1867–68, in which Bahraini and Abu Dhabi forces sacked and looted Doha and Al Wakrah.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82) [ 79]    The Bahraini hostilities were in violation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_Truce_of_Peace_and_Friendship) (Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship) Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship of 1861. The joint incursion, in addition to the Qatari counter-attack, prompted British Political Resident, Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Pelly) (Lewis Pelly) Lewis Pelly to impose a settlement in 1868. His mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the resulting peace treaty were milestones because they implicitly recognised the distinctness of Qatar from Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the position of Mohammed bin Thani. In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement, Pelly negotiated with Qatari sheikhs who were represented by Mohammed bin Thani.(Qatar.html#cite_note-83) [ 80]    The negotiations were the first stage in the development of Qatar as a sheikhdom.(Qatar.html#cite_note-84) [ 81]       Ottoman period (1871–1915)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qatar_in_Stielers_Handatlas_1891_59.JPG)   Qatar in an 1891 map by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Stieler) (Adolf Stieler) Adolf Stieler , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bidda) (Al Bidda) Al Bidda as the major settlement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olddoha2-771x410.jpg)   Old city of Doha, January 1904  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barzan_towers_3.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzan_Towers) (Barzan Towers) Barzan Towers are watchtowers that were built in the late 19th century and renovated in 1910 by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani) (Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani) Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani .  Under military and political pressure from the governor of the Ottoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Baghdad) (Vilayet of Baghdad) Vilayet of Baghdad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midhat_Pasha) (Midhat Pasha) Midhat Pasha , the ruling Al Thani tribe submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Rogan1199-85) [ 82]    The Ottoman government imposed reformist ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat) (Tanzimat) Tanzimat ) measures concerning taxation and land registration to fully integrate these areas into the empire.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Rogan1199-85) [ 82]    Despite the disapproval of local tribes, Al Thani continued supporting the Ottoman rule. Qatari-Ottoman relations stagnated, and in 1882 they suffered further setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi-occupied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid) (Khor Al Adaid) Khor Al Adaid and offered only limited support in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari–Abu_Dhabi_War) (Qatari–Abu Dhabi War) Qatari–Abu Dhabi War , mainly due to fear of British intervention on Abu Dhabi's side.(Qatar.html#cite_note-86) [ 83]    In addition, the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaymakam) (Kaymakam) kaymakam of Qatar in 1888.(Qatar.html#cite_note-87) [ 84]    This eventually led Al Thani to rebel against the Ottomans, whom he believed were seeking to usurp control of the peninsula. He resigned as kaymakam and stopped paying taxes in August 1892.(Qatar.html#cite_note-88) [ 85]     In February 1893, Mehmed Hafiz Pasha arrived in Qatar in the interests of seeking unpaid taxes and accosting Jassim bin Mohammed's opposition to proposed Ottoman administrative reforms. Fearing that he would face death or imprisonment, Jassim retreated to Al Wajbah (16  km or 10  mi west of Doha), accompanied by several tribe members. Mehmed's demand that Jassim disband his troops and pledge his loyalty to the Ottomans was met with refusal. In March, Mehmed imprisoned Jassim's brother and 13 prominent Qatari tribal leaders on the Ottoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette) (Corvette) corvette Merrikh as punishment for his insubordination. After Mehmed declined an offer to release the captives for a fee of 10,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira) (Turkish lira) liras , he ordered a column of approximately 200 troops to advance towards Jassim's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wajbah_Fort) (Al Wajbah Fort) Al Wajbah Fort under the command of Yusuf Effendi, thus signalling the start of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Wajbah) (Battle of Al Wajbah) Battle of Al Wajbah .(Qatar.html#cite_note-fromherz-60) [ 57]     Effendi's troops came under heavy gunfire by a sizable troop of Qatari infantry and cavalry shortly after arriving at Al Wajbah. They retreated to Shebaka fortress where they were again forced to draw back from a Qatari incursion. After retreating from Shebaka to Al Bidda, the Ottomans were besieged by Jassim's forces, forcing them to surrender, release captives, and secure safe passage for Mehmed Pasha's cavalry to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofuf) (Hofuf) Hofuf .(Qatar.html#cite_note-89) [ 86]    Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman Empire, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar's emerging as an autonomous country within the empire.(Qatar.html#cite_note-90) [ 87]       British period (1916–1971)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zubarah_Fort1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubarah_Fort) (Zubarah Fort) Zubarah Fort built in 1938  By the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1913) (Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913) Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 , the Ottomans agreed to renounce their claim to Qatar and withdraw their garrison from Doha. With the outbreak of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I however, nothing was done to carry this out, and the garrison remained in the fort at Doha, although its numbers dwindled as men deserted. In 1915, with the presence of British gunboats in the harbour, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (who was pro-British) persuaded the remainder to abandon the fort, and when British troops approached the following morning, they found it deserted.(Qatar.html#cite_note-diwan-91) [ 88]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-92) [ 89]     Qatar became a British protectorate on 3 November 1916(Qatar.html#cite_note-93) [ 90]    when the United Kingdom signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to bring Qatar under its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucial_States) (Trucial States) Trucial System of Administration . The treaty reserved foreign affairs and defence to the United Kingdom but allowed internal autonomy. While Abdullah agreed not to enter into any relations with any other power without the prior consent of the British government, the latter guaranteed the protection of Qatar from aggression by sea and provide its 'good offices' in the event of an attack by land. This latter undertaking was left deliberately vague.(Qatar.html#cite_note-diwan-91) [ 88]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-94) [ 91]     On 5 May 1935, while agreeing an oil concession with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company) (Anglo-Persian Oil Company) Anglo-Persian Oil Company , Abdullah signed another treaty with the British government which granted Qatar protection against internal and external threats.(Qatar.html#cite_note-diwan-91) [ 88]    Oil reserves were first discovered in 1939. Exploitation and development were, however, delayed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II .(Qatar.html#cite_note-95) [ 92]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_stamp_overprinted_for_use_in_Qatar_1_April_1957.jpg)   A British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilding_series) (Wilding series) Wilding series stamp, issued 1 April 1957, and overprinted for use in Qatar  The focus of British interests in Qatar changed after the Second World War with the independence of India, the creation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan in 1947, and the development of oil in Qatar. In 1949, the appointment of the first British political officer in Doha, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilton_(diplomat)) (John Wilton (diplomat)) John Wilton , signified a strengthening of Anglo-Qatari relations.(Qatar.html#cite_note-96) [ 93]    Oil exports began in 1949, and oil revenues became the country's main source of revenue; the pearl trade had gone into decline. These revenues were used to fund the expansion and modernisation of Qatar's infrastructure. When Britain officially announced in 1968 that it would withdraw from the Persian Gulf in three years' time, Qatar joined talks with Bahrain and seven other Trucial States to create the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Emirates) (Federation of Arab Emirates) Federation of Arab Emirates . Regional disputes, however, persuaded Qatar and Bahrain to withdraw from the talks and become independent states separate from the Trucial States, which went on to become the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates .(Qatar.html#cite_note-97) [ 94]    The emir, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Ali_Al_Thani) (Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani) Ahmad bin Ali , promulgated a provisional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar) (Constitution of Qatar) constitution in April 1970 that declared Qatar an independent, Arab, and Islamic state with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia as its basic law. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani) Khalifa bin Hamad was named prime minister in May 1970.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]       Independence and later (1971–2000)  Under an agreement with the United Kingdom,(Qatar.html#cite_note-98) [ 95]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-ReferenceA-99) [ 96]    on 3 September 1971, the "special treaty arrangements" that were "inconsistent with full international responsibility as a sovereign and independent state" were terminated.(Qatar.html#cite_note-ReferenceA-99) [ 96]    Ahmad bin Ali  made the announcement of Qatar's independence from his villa in Switzerland. He was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Qatari_coup_d'état) (1972 Qatari coup d'état) deposed on 22 February 1972 by Khalifa bin Hamad, with the tacit support of Britain, Saudi Arabia, and the House of Al Thani.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]     In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War , particularly during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji) (Battle of Khafji) Battle of Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town and provided fire support for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard) (Saudi Arabian National Guard) Saudi Arabian National Guard units that were engaging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Army) (Iraqi Army) Iraqi Army troops. Qatar allowed coalition troops from Canada to use the country as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Dry_One) (Canada Dry One) airbase to launch aircraft on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_air_patrol) (Combat air patrol) combat air patrol duty and also permitted air forces from the United States and France to operate in its territories.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]    By the mid-1990s Khalifa bin Hamad was still emir, but day-to-day rule was gradually taken over by his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani) (Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani) Hamad bin Khalifa .(Qatar.html#cite_note-cs1-43) [ 40]     In 1995, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d'état) (1995 Qatari coup d'état) seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, after having secured the support of most senior members of the royal family, as well as that of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States .(Qatar.html#cite_note-:122-100) [ 97]    During Hamad's reign, the country enacted its first permanent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar) (Constitution of Qatar) constitution , following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Qatari_constitutional_referendum) (2003 Qatari constitutional referendum) 2003 Qatari constitutional referendum .(Qatar.html#cite_note-:2-101) [ 98]    While Hamad "hailed the event as a great step toward bringing democracy to the country", the constitution actually gave the emir "near-absolute powers", and in practice Hamad ruled an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy) (Autocracy) autocratic regime in Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:133-102) [ 99]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:2-101) [ 98]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:34-103) [ 100]    In 1999, Qatar held elections for the first time, to the advisory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Municipal_Council) (Central Municipal Council) Central Municipal Council , in which women were also allowed to vote and stand as candidates.(Qatar.html#cite_note-AJ-12072026-1-104) [ 101]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:032-105) [ 102]    This made Qatar the first Gulf country to allow women to vote.(Qatar.html#cite_note-106) [ 103]     Mehran Kamrava of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_in_Qatar) (Georgetown University in Qatar) Georgetown University in Qatar has suggested that Qatar's highly publicized campaign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization) (Democratization) political liberalisation was meant to help stabilize the regime under Hamad, especially through support from the West, and that once sufficient stabilization was achieved, the guise of domestic liberalisation was largely dropped.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:22-107) [ 104]    Other scholars have also called Hamad's domestic political reforms "largely performative" steps, intended mostly to bolster Qatar's international image without enacting meaningful change,(Qatar.html#cite_note-:822-108) [ 105]    or said that Qatar's "political trajectory reflects a model of selective and symbolic democratization—embracing electoral forms while avoiding their full democratic substance."(Qatar.html#cite_note-109) [ 106]    Although the Ministry of Information was abolished in 1998, with the press occasionally allowed to criticize the economy or the status of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker) (Foreign worker) foreign workers , journalists continue to face a "draconian system of censorship".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:22-107) [ 104]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:32-110) [ 107]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-111) [ 108]    It has been noted in scholarship that the Qatari government "made great play" of the abolition of the Ministry of Information promising greater press freedom, and that in reality the step was a "highly symbolic gesture" intended to signal reform to international partners while attempting to "carefully, selectively, and pre-emptively remain in control of content".(Qatar.html#cite_note-112) [ 109]     An (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt) (1996 Qatari coup attempt) unsuccessful counter-coup was staged in 1996.  21st century  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corniche_Doha_Qatar.jpg)   Traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow) (Dhow) dhows in front of the West Bay skyline as seen from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Corniche) (Doha Corniche) Doha Corniche   Qatar's economy and status as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power rapidly grew in the 2000s.(Qatar.html#cite_note-113) [ 110]    According to the UN, the nation's economic growth, measured by GDP, was the fastest in the world during this decade.(Qatar.html#cite_note-114) [ 111]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-115) [ 112]    The basis of this growth lay in the exploitation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) (Natural gas) natural gas in the North Field during the 1990s.(Qatar.html#cite_note-116) [ 113]    At the same time, the population tripled between 2001 and 2011, mostly from an influx of foreigners.(Qatar.html#cite_note-117) [ 114]     In 2003, Qatar served as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command) (United States Central Command) United States Central Command headquarters and one of the main launching sites of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq) (2003 invasion of Iraq) invasion of Iraq to topple the government of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein) (Saddam Hussein) Saddam Hussein .(Qatar.html#cite_note-118) [ 115]    Shortly before the invasion, Qatari government offered sanctuary to Saddam.(Qatar.html#cite_note-119) [ 116]    In March 2005, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack) (Suicide attack) suicide bombing killed a British teacher(Qatar.html#cite_note-120) [ 117]    at the Doha Players Theatre, shocking the country, which had not previously experienced acts of terrorism. The bombing was carried out by Omar Ahmed Abdullah Ali, an Egyptian resident in Qatar who had suspected ties to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula) (Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula) Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula .(Qatar.html#cite_note-121) [ 118]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-122) [ 119]     The increased influence of Qatar and its role during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring , especially during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahraini_protests_of_2011–2014) (Bahraini protests of 2011–2014) 2011 uprisings in Bahrain against King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa) (Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa) Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict) (Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict) worsened longstanding tensions with Saudi Arabia , the neighbouring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates , and Bahrain.(Qatar.html#cite_note-123) [ 120]    In 2011, Qatar joined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya) (2011 military intervention in Libya) NATO operations in Libya and reportedly armed Libyan opposition groups against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi) (Muammar Gaddafi) Muammar Gaddafi .(Qatar.html#cite_note-124) [ 121]    It was also a major funder of weapons for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war#Syrian_opposition_and_allies) (Belligerents in the Syrian civil war) rebel groups in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad .(Qatar.html#cite_note-ft-20130516-125) [ 122]    Qatar participated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war) (Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war) Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthis and forces loyal to former President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh) (Ali Abdullah Saleh) Ali Abdullah Saleh .(Qatar.html#cite_note-126) [ 123]     In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Egypt and Yemen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis) (Qatar diplomatic crisis) broke diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing Qatar of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism) (Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism) supporting terrorism .(Qatar.html#cite_note-127) [ 124]    The crisis escalated a dispute over Qatar's support of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood , which is considered a terrorist organisation by some Arab nations,(Qatar.html#cite_note-guard-128) [ 125]    as well as over its ties with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran . Qatar was expelled from the anti-Houthi coalition. The crisis lead to a strengthening of Qatar's relationship with Iran, which provided significant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Qatar_relations#2017_Iranian_support_for_Qatar) (Iran–Qatar relations) material and political support , rather than its weakening.(Qatar.html#cite_note-129) [ 126]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-130) [ 127]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-131) [ 128]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-132) [ 129]    The diplomatic crisis ended in January 2021 with the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ula) (Al-Ula) al-Ula declaration.(Qatar.html#cite_note-133) [ 130]    Qatar did not fulfil any of the original 13 demands, with analysts saying that the Gulf states agreed instead to a vague "joint security declaration".(Qatar.html#cite_note-134) [ 131]     On 2 December 2010, Qatar won the right to host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (2022 FIFA World Cup) 2022 FIFA World Cup from 21 November to 18 December 2022, making it the first Arab and Muslim-majority country to do so, and the third Asian country to host it following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup) (2002 FIFA World Cup) 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan and South Korea.(Qatar.html#cite_note-135) [ 132]    . The awarding increased further investment and developments within the nation during the 2010s.(Qatar.html#cite_note-136) [ 133]    In June 2013, Sheikh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the emir of Qatar after his father handed over power.(Qatar.html#cite_note-137) [ 134]    Sheikh Tamim has prioritised improving the domestic welfare of citizens, which includes establishing advanced healthcare and education systems, and expanding the country's infrastructure in preparation for the hosting of the 2022 World Cup.(Qatar.html#cite_note-138) [ 135]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar) (Geography of Qatar) Geography of Qatar   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desert_Coast_(6996854733).jpg)     Desert coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_oryx_(oryx_leucoryx).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_oryx) (Arabian oryx) Arabian oryx , the national animal of Qatar     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_stress,_top_countries_(2022).svg)   Qatar was the fifth most water-stressed country in the world in 2022.  The Qatari peninsula protrudes 160 kilometres (100  mi) into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf) (Persian Gulf) Persian Gulf , north of Saudi Arabia. It lies between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_parallel_north) (24th parallel north) 24° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_parallel_north) (27th parallel north) 27° N , and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_meridian_east) (50th meridian east) 50° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_meridian_east) (52nd meridian east) 52° E . Most of the country consists of a low, barren plain, covered with sand. To the southeast lies the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_al_Adaid) (Khor al Adaid) Khor al Adaid ("Inland Sea"), an area of rolling sand dunes surrounding an inlet of the Persian Gulf. The highest point is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayn_Abu_al_Bawl) (Qurayn Abu al Bawl) Qurayn Abu al Bawl at 103 metres (338  ft) (Qatar.html#cite_note-CIA-2) [ 2]    in the Jebel Dukhan to the west, a range of low (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone) (Limestone) limestone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrop) (Outcrop) outcroppings running north–south from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekreet) (Zekreet) Zekreet through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Bab) (Umm Bab) Umm Bab to the southern border.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:1-139) [ 136]    The Jebel Dukhan area also contains Qatar's main onshore (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field) (Oil field) oil deposits , while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_field) (Natural gas field) natural gas fields lie offshore, to the northwest of the peninsula.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:1-139) [ 136]     Qatar's geography is defined by its flat, dry desert scenery and sunshine all year.(Qatar.html#cite_note-140) [ 137]    The winters are mild, with average temperatures of 18.5  °C (65.3  °F) in January, and the summers are very hot, with temperatures often reaching 40  °C (104  °F) .(Qatar.html#cite_note-141) [ 138]    The country only gets 70 millimetres (2.8  in) of rain a year on average, and most of that falls between October and March. These weather conditions make it possible to enjoy outdoor sports and travel for most of the year.(Qatar.html#cite_note-MOFA-142) [ 139]     Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Qatar) (Wildlife of Qatar) Wildlife of Qatar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_areas_of_Qatar) (Natural areas of Qatar) Natural areas of Qatar  Qatar became part of the Rio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity) (Convention on Biological Diversity) Convention on Biological Diversity in 1996.(Qatar.html#cite_note-143) [ 140]    It subsequently produced a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan) (Biodiversity Action Plan) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 2005.(Qatar.html#cite_note-144) [ 141]    A total of 142 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus) (Fungus) fungal species have been recorded from Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-145) [ 142]    A book recently produced by the Ministry of Environment documents the lizards known or believed to occur in Qatar, based on surveys conducted by an international team of scientists and other collaborators.(Qatar.html#cite_note-146) [ 143]     Like other members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) UNFCCC , Qatar is supposed to publish details of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) (Greenhouse gas emissions) greenhouse gas emissions two years after they occur – however as of 2024 the latest official details are for 2007 emissions.(Qatar.html#cite_note-147) [ 144]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-148) [ 145]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_Database_for_Global_Atmospheric_Research) (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita) (List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita) carbon dioxide emissions per person average over 30 tonnes, one of the highest in the world.(Qatar.html#cite_note-149) [ 146]       Politics   ()      This section may be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size) (Wikipedia:Article size) too long to read and navigate comfortably .Consider (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting) (Wikipedia:Splitting) splitting content into sub-articles, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) (Wikipedia:Summary style) condensing it, or adding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections) (Help:Section) subheadings . Please discuss this issue on the article's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Qatar) (Talk:Qatar) talk page . (July 2026 )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_July_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_be_too_long)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar) (Politics of Qatar) Politics of Qatar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:تميم_بن_حمد_بن_خليفة_آل_ثاني_(49759678641)_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar) (Emir of Qatar) Emir since 2013   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_Al-Thani_of_Qatar_on_25_January_2024_-_2_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani) (Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani) Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Qatar) (List of prime ministers of Qatar) Prime Minister since 2023      Qatar is officially a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy) (Constitutional monarchy) constitutional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy) (Constitutional monarchy) hereditary monarchy ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-:03-150) [ 147]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-BBC9Sep05-151) [ 148]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-USState2011-152) [ 149]    but scholars and observers consider the monarchical regime to be "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) authoritarian ", "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy) (Autocracy) autocratic and absolutist", an "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) (Absolute monarchy) absolute monarchy " or even a "total autocracy".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:110-153) [ 150]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:54-154) [ 151]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:83-155) [ 152]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:132-156) [ 153]    The Al Thanis first emerged as one of Qatar's influential and dominant clans in the 1850s, and accepted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty) (Suzerainty) suzerainty of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire to strengthen their position against rivals. In 1868, the Al Thani dynasty received British recognition of its rule over the peninsula.(Qatar.html#cite_note-157) [ 154]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the emir of Qatar in 2013.(Qatar.html#cite_note-New_Emir_BBC-158) [ 155]     The emir holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratic) (Autocratic) autocratic manner under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar) (Constitution of Qatar) Constitution of Qatar .(Qatar.html#cite_note-:0-18) [ 15]    He has the exclusive power to appoint the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Qatar) (Prime Minister of Qatar) prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, constitute the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country.(Qatar.html#cite_note-embassycouncil-159) [ 156]    The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation,(Qatar.html#cite_note-embassycouncil-159) [ 156]    which is then approved by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura_Council_of_Qatar) (Shura Council of Qatar) Shura Council , which is also fully appointed by the emir.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:4-19) [ 16]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:3-20) [ 17]     As of 2024, Qatar was ranked 40 out of 180 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index.(Qatar.html#cite_note-160) [ 157]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Amiri_Diwan_from_the_corniche.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiri_Diwan_of_the_State_of_Qatar) (Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar) Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar , administrative office of the Emir  Elections  In 2003, Qatar adopted a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar) (Constitution of Qatar) constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of an advisory legislature called the Shura Council,(Qatar.html#cite_note-CIA-2) [ 2]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-Lambert2011a-161) [ 158]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-Reut20111101-162) [ 159]    but also outlined it as a body that has "little actual legislative powers".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:111-163) [ 160]    The Shura Council held its first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Qatari_general_election) (2021 Qatari general election) general election in October 2021 after several postponements,(Qatar.html#cite_note-164) [ 161]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-165) [ 162]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-166) [ 163]    but in November 2024 it went back to being fully appointed by the emir, ending the country's "short-lived experiment in electing members of the advisory Shura Council".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:3-20) [ 17]     According to the 2025 Democracy Report of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices) (V-Dem Democracy indices) V-Dem Democracy indices , Qatar was second-last on the Electoral Democracy Index among Middle Eastern countries, and seventh-last worldwide from among the 179 countries rated.(Qatar.html#cite_note-vdem_dataset-167) [ 164]    Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.(Qatar.html#cite_note-kuwari-168) [ 165]    Additionally, according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) International IDEA 's Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Qatar performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in political representation, including credible elections, inclusive suffrage and effective parliament.(Qatar.html#cite_note-169) [ 166]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-170) [ 167]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-171) [ 168]     The country's first elections for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Municipal_Council) (Central Municipal Council) Central Municipal Council —the first-ever elections in Qatar—allowed voting for both men and women, and were intentionally held on 8 March 1999, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Day) (International Women's Day) International Women's Day .(Qatar.html#cite_note-Lambert2011a-161) [ 158]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-172) [ 169]      Law  According to Qatar's Constitution, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia law is the main source of Qatari legislation,(Qatar.html#cite_note-con-173) [ 170]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-qat1-174) [ 171]    although in practice Qatar's legal system is a mixture of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)) (Civil law (legal system)) civil law and Sharia.(Qatar.html#cite_note-175) [ 172]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-176) [ 173]    Sharia is applied to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts (including adultery, robbery, and murder). In some cases, Sharia-based family courts treat a female's testimony as being worth half that of a man.(Qatar.html#cite_note-177) [ 174]    Codified family law was introduced in 2006. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam) (Polygyny in Islam) Islamic polygyny is permitted.(Qatar.html#cite_note-nobs-178) [ 175]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment) (Judicial corporal punishment) Judicial corporal punishment is a punishment in Qatar. Only Muslims considered medically fit are liable to have such sentences carried out. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging) (Flogging) Flogging is employed as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.(Qatar.html#cite_note-amne-179) [ 176]    Article 88 of the criminal code declares that the penalty for adultery is 100 lashes.(Qatar.html#cite_note-flog-180) [ 177]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning) (Stoning) Stoning is a legal punishment in Qatar,(Qatar.html#cite_note-181) [ 178]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy) (Apostasy) apostasy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality) (Homosexuality) homosexuality are crimes punishable by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty) (Death penalty) death penalty ; however, the penalty has not been carried out for either crime.(Qatar.html#cite_note-iheu-182) [ 179]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-183) [ 180]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy) (Blasphemy) Blasphemy can result in up to seven years in prison, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytizing) (Proselytizing) proselytising can incur a 10-year sentence.(Qatar.html#cite_note-iheu-182) [ 179]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-184) [ 181]     Alcohol consumption is partially legal; some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to non-Muslim customers.(Qatar.html#cite_note-wsj20120107-185) [ 182]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-arabist20120115-186) [ 183]    Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol, and those caught consuming it are liable to flogging or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways) (Qatar Airways) Qatar Airways ) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences.(Qatar.html#cite_note-187) [ 184]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-188) [ 185]    Qatari officials had indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.(Qatar.html#cite_note-189) [ 186]    However, on 18 November, two days before the start of the games, Qatari officials announced alcoholic beverages would not be permitted within the stadiums.(Qatar.html#cite_note-190) [ 187]     In 2014, a modesty campaign was launched to remind tourists of the country's restrictive dress code.(Qatar.html#cite_note-'Leggings_Are_Not_Pants'_Qatar's_New_Modesty_Campaign_Aimed_At_Westerners-191) [ 188]    Female tourists were advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses, or short or tight clothing in public. Men were warned against wearing shorts and singlets.(Qatar.html#cite_note-192) [ 189]      Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Qatar) (Municipalities of Qatar) Municipalities of Qatar  Qatar is divided into eight municipalities.(Qatar.html#cite_note-193) [ 190]    The municipalities are further subdivided into 98 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zones_of_Qatar) (Zones of Qatar) zones ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-2015census-194) [ 191]    which are in turn subdivided into blocks.(Qatar.html#cite_note-195) [ 192]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qatar,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored_2015.svg)   Municipalities of Qatar as of 2014  Key Municipality (Baladiyah) Capital  1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shamal) (Al Shamal) Al Shamal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_ash_Shamal) (Madinat ash Shamal) Madinat ash Shamal   2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khor) (Al Khor) Al Khor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Khor_(city)) (Al Khor (city)) Al Khor City   3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahaniya) (Al-Shahaniya) Al-Shahaniya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahaniya_(city)) (Al-Shahaniya (city)) Al-Shahaniya City   4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salal) (Umm Salal) Umm Salal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Salal_Ali) (Umm Salal Ali) Umm Salal Ali   5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Daayen) (Al Daayen) Al Daayen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Qarn) (Umm Qarn) Umm Qarn   6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_(municipality)) (Doha (municipality)) Doha (municipality)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha   7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rayyan) (Al Rayyan) Al Rayyan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rayyan_(city)) (Al Rayyan (city)) Al Rayyan City   8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wakrah_(municipality)) (Al Wakrah (municipality)) Al Wakrah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wakrah) (Al Wakrah) Al Wakrah      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Qatar) (Foreign relations of Qatar) Foreign relations of Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_state_visit_to_Qatar,_2025-05-14_P20250514DT-2130.jpg)   Emir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail) (Lusail) Lusail , Qatar, during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_Middle_East) (2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East) Donald Trump's visit to the Middle East , May 2025  Qatar's international profile and active role in international affairs have led some analysts to identify it as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power . Regional relations and foreign policies are characterised by the strategy of balancing and alliance building among regional and great powers. It maintains independent foreign policy and engages in regional balancing to secure its strategic priorities and to have recognition on the regional and international level.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Boghardt-196) [ 193]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-197) [ 194]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-198) [ 195]    As a comparatively small state in the gulf, Qatar established an "open-door" foreign policy where Qatar maintains ties to all parties and regional players in the region.(Qatar.html#cite_note-199) [ 196]    Diplomatic missions to Qatar are based in its capital, Doha. Since 2022, it has been a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally of the United States.(Qatar.html#cite_note-200) [ 197]    Qatar also has particularly strong ties with France,(Qatar.html#cite_note-201) [ 198]    China,(Qatar.html#cite_note-202) [ 199]    Iran,(Qatar.html#cite_note-203) [ 200]    Turkey,(Qatar.html#cite_note-204) [ 201]    as well as a number of Islamist movements in the Middle East such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood .(Qatar.html#cite_note-nyt20130630-205) [ 202]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-Boghardt-196) [ 193]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-206) [ 203]    The country is an early member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) OPEC and a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Gulf Cooperation Council) Gulf Cooperation Council , as well as a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League .(Qatar.html#cite_note-CIA-2) [ 2]    The country has led numerous investments and economic cooperations with Iraq, Syria and Palestine.(Qatar.html#cite_note-207) [ 204]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-208) [ 205]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-209) [ 206]    Qatar supported opposition groups in Libya and Syria and participated in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war) (Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war) Saudi-led intervention in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthis and forces loyal to former president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh) (Ali Abdullah Saleh) Ali Abdullah Saleh .(Qatar.html#cite_note-210) [ 207]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-211) [ 208]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-212) [ 209]    In 2022, four people were arrested because of corruption. This came to be known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_corruption_scandal_at_the_European_Parliament) (Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament) Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament .(Qatar.html#cite_note-213) [ 210]     Since the 2000s, Qatar increasingly emerged on a wider foreign policy stage especially as a mediator for Middle Eastern conflicts.(Qatar.html#cite_note-214) [ 211]    Qatar mediated between the rival Palestinian factions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah) (Fatah) Fatah and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) (Hamas) Hamas in 2006 and helped unite Lebanese leaders into forming a political agreement during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict) (2008 Lebanon conflict) 2008 crisis. (Qatar.html#cite_note-215) [ 212]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-216) [ 213]    It has also emerged as mediators in African and Asian affairs, notably holding a peace process for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan amid the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_conflict) (Darfur conflict) Darfur conflict and facilitating peace talks for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan , setting up a political "office" for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) (Taliban) Taliban to facilitate talks.(Qatar.html#cite_note-217) [ 214]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid) (Ahmed Rashid) Ahmed Rashid , writing in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  , stated that through the office Qatar has "facilitated meetings between the Taliban and many countries and organisations, including the US state department, the UN, Japan, several European governments and non-governmental organisations, all of whom have been trying to push forward the idea of peace talks."(Qatar.html#cite_note-218) [ 215]    It played a major role in establishing the first ceasefire in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war) (Gaza war) Gaza war and the concurrent initial hostage exchange. These high-risk diplomatic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediary) (Intermediary) middle man endeavours (and its own rigorous defence stance) have thus earned it a reputation as "a prickly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland ".(Qatar.html#cite_note-219) [ 216]     On 2 October 2020, Qatari authorities strip-searched 13 Australian women on a plane at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport) (Hamad International Airport) Hamad International Airport over a premature baby found in a bathroom at the terminal. This caused an international incident with Australia.(Qatar.html#cite_note-220) [ 217]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-221) [ 218]    In September 2023, Qatar mediated the US-Iran prisoners swap deal. Iran freed five US citizens in exchange for five Iranians held in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) US and transfer US$6 billion in frozen Iranian money from South Korea to Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-222) [ 219]    In October 2023, US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden) (Joe Biden) Joe Biden thanked the Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani for his help in mediating a landmark prisoner swap deal with Iran.(Qatar.html#cite_note-223) [ 220]    On 24 September 2024, Qatar was designated as the first Gulf country to join the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program) (Visa Waiver Program) US Visa Waiver Programme (VWP), allowing its citizens to travel to the US for up to 90 days for business or tourism without a visa. The inclusion strengthens security cooperation between the two nations and eases travel for Qatari citizens. US citizens are now permitted to stay in Qatar for up to 90 days without a visa, an increase from the previous 30-day limit.(Qatar.html#cite_note-224) [ 221]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-225) [ 222]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces) (Qatar Armed Forces) Qatar Armed Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMX-10_RC_of_Qatar,_Eagle_Resolve_2013.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-10_RC) (AMX-10 RC) AMX-10 RC of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Land_Force) (Qatari Emiri Land Force) Qatari Emiri Land Force    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force_Rafale_fighter_aircraft_flies_above_after_receiving_fuel_from_a_U.S._Air_Force_KC-135.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale) (Dassault Rafale) Dassault Rafale of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force) (Qatar Emiri Air Force) Qatar Emiri Air Force      The Qatar Armed Forces consist of 12,000 personnel in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Land_Force) (Qatari Emiri Land Force) Qatari Emiri Land Forces , 2,500 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Emiri_Navy) (Qatari Emiri Navy) Navy , 2,000 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Emiri_Air_Force) (Qatar Emiri Air Force) Air Force , and 5,000 in the Internal Security Forces.(Qatar.html#cite_note-iiss2023-226) [ 223]    After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_spring) (Arab spring) Arab spring events in 2011 and a diplomatic incident with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries in 2014, Qatar started expanding its armed forces.(Qatar.html#cite_note-aljazeera2021-227) [ 224]    The country (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Qatar) (Conscription in Qatar) introduced conscription in 2013, the first Gulf state to do so in recent years, and extended the service term in 2018, requiring male Qatari citizens who are called up to serve one year. About 2,000 conscripts pass through the Qatar Armed Forces annually.(Qatar.html#cite_note-228) [ 225]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-229) [ 226]     In 2008 Qatar spent US$2.6 billion on its military, which was 2% of the GDP,(Qatar.html#cite_note-230) [ 227]    and its military spending increased to US$7.49 billion as of 2022.(Qatar.html#cite_note-iiss2023-226) [ 223]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute) (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) found that in 2010–2014 Qatar was the 46th-largest arms importer in the world. SIPRI writes that Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated.(Qatar.html#cite_note-231) [ 228]    In 2015, Qatar was the 16th largest arms importer in the world, and in 2016, it was the 11th largest, according to SIPRI.(Qatar.html#cite_note-232) [ 229]    Since 2017, Qatar has purchased large quantities of equipment from European countries and the United States, making its air force one of the largest among the Gulf states.(Qatar.html#cite_note-iiss2023-226) [ 223]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-aljazeera2021-227) [ 224]    According to research published in November 2024, Qatar has dramatically increased its military power, as its expenditure grew by 434%. Corruption in arms trading, especially bribery, has been one consequence.(Qatar.html#cite_note-233) [ 230]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-234) [ 231]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-235) [ 232]     Qatar has signed defence pacts with the US, the UK, and France.(Qatar.html#cite_note-236) [ 233]    The forward headquarters of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command) (United States Central Command) United States Central Command , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base) (Al Udeid Air Base) Al Udeid Air Base , is located in Qatar and houses about 10,000 US military personnel.(Qatar.html#cite_note-aljazeera2021-227) [ 224]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya) (2011 military intervention in Libya) 2011 military intervention in Libya , Qatar deployed six Mirage 2000 fighter jets to assist the NATO air campaign against the Libyan government and special forces to provide training to Libyan rebels.(Qatar.html#cite_note-237) [ 234]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war) (Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war) Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war from 2015, Qatar sent 1,000 troops, 200 armoured vehicles, and 30 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache) (Boeing AH-64 Apache) Apache helicopters to assist with Saudi military operations.(Qatar.html#cite_note-238) [ 235]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-239) [ 236]    Qatar withdrew its forces from Yemen due to the diplomatic crisis with Saudi Arabia in 2017.(Qatar.html#cite_note-240) [ 237]    Qatar is the 29th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Peace_Index) (Global Peace Index) Global Peace Index .  Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar) (Human rights in Qatar) Human rights in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Migrant_workers_in_West_Bay_Doha.jpg)   Migrant workers in Doha, 2014  Qatar's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar) (Human rights in Qatar) human rights record has been regarded by academics and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation) (Non-governmental organisation) non-governmental organisations as being generally poor, with restrictions on civil liberties such as the freedoms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association) (Freedom of association) association , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech) (Freedom of speech) expression and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index) (World Press Freedom Index) press , as well as its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_South_Asian_labourers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region) (Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region) treatment of migrant workers amounting to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour) (Forced labour) forced labour for projects in the country.(Qatar.html#cite_note-241) [ 238]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-242) [ 239]    Women and LGBTQ+ people face legal and social discrimination. The UN has issued hundreds of human rights recommendations to Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-243) [ 240]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-244) [ 241]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-245) [ 242]     Rights of foreign labourers  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar#Labour) (Human rights in Qatar) Human rights in Qatar § Labour  As of 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker) (Foreign worker) foreign workers make up around 91% of Qatar's population, constituting around 95% of its labour force,(Qatar.html#cite_note-:222-246) [ 243]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:11-247) [ 244]    and according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization , Qatar does not consider this population as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker) (Migrant worker) migrant workers ", but rather as "guests" or "non-Qataris".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:112-248) [ 245]     This population is subject to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafala_system) (Kafala system) kafala system , whereby they are heavily dependent on the Qatari citizens sponsoring their work visas, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:223-249) [ 246]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:322-250) [ 247]    Following a massive increase in scrutiny after Qatar's controversial election to host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (2022 FIFA World Cup) 2022 FIFA World Cup in 2010,(Qatar.html#cite_note-:42-251) [ 248]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-252) [ 249]    the government has announced many steps of reform, including announcing multiple times that the Kafala system has been effectively abolished.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:52-253) [ 250]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-alaraby.co.uk-254) [ 251]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:62-255) [ 252]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:72-256) [ 253]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:82-257) [ 254]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:92-258) [ 255]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:102-259) [ 256]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:12-260) [ 257]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:13-261) [ 258]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:14-262) [ 259]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:15-263) [ 260]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:16-264) [ 261]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:17-265) [ 262]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:18-266) [ 263]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-hrw2020-267) [ 264]    Despite these steps, in their reports for the year 2025 both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  have found that foreign labourers in Qatar continue to face widespread abuses under a "restrictive" and "exploitative" Kafala system.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:224-268) [ 265]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:323-269) [ 266]    Human Rights Watch  's report said that the reforms have had "limited impact", and that the country has failed to address serious violations against workers, who still "face (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_theft) (Wage theft) wage theft , unexplained deaths, dangerous working conditions and continued exploitation after the tournament."(Qatar.html#cite_note-:224-268) [ 265]       Women's rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Qatar) (Women in Qatar) Women in Qatar   Male guardianship system  As of 2026, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Qatar) (Women in Qatar) women and girls in Qatar are still subject to extensive legal and social discrimination under a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(Islamic_legal_guardian)) (Wali (Islamic legal guardian)) male guardianship system.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:225-270) [ 267]    They must receive permission from male guardians "to marry, travel abroad, work in many government jobs, study on scholarships, and access some reproductive health services".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:225-270) [ 267]    Married women can by default travel without permission, but a male guardian can petition a court to issue a travel ban.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:225-270) [ 267]      Gender wage gap  Both Qatari and non-Qatari women are affected by a widening wage gap. They are paid 25% to 50% less than men, despite the fact that their working hours are comparable. The difference is due in part to the social allowances by government afforded to men as household heads, such as housing and travel allotments, which female employees are less likely to receive.(Qatar.html#cite_note-271) [ 268]      Sex outside marriage and reproductive rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar) (Abortion in Qatar) Abortion in Qatar  Women in Qatar convicted for "illicit relations" (sex outside marriage) may be imprisoned for up to seven years, although usually the courts decide on one year. It is often poor domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries who are convicted, even when they have been raped, if the judge thinks they are lying.(Qatar.html#cite_note-tlozek-272) [ 269]     Many women who get pregnant with an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_child) (Illegitimate child) illegitimate child are jailed. Non-citizens who are forced to have sponsors are usually denied the right to leave Qatar and are therefore forced to seek refuge and counsel from their embassy. Despite the effort of embassies, many still land in jail. According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeeb_al-Nuaimi) (Najeeb al-Nuaimi) Najeeb al-Nuaimi , a criminal lawyer and former justice minister of Qatar, many women are able to avoid prison or be released from it by marrying the father of their baby, at which point the woman is allowed to leave the country with her new husband.(Qatar.html#cite_note-273) [ 270]      LGBTQ rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Qatar) (LGBTQ rights in Qatar) LGBTQ rights in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Qatar) (LGBT rights in Qatar) Homosexual acts are illegal and can be (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality) (Death penalty for homosexuality) punished by death .(Qatar.html#cite_note-274) [ 271]    However, there is no such evidence that the death penalty has been given for same-sex relations in practice.(Qatar.html#cite_note-275) [ 272]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  in 2026, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_people) (LGBTQ people) LGBTQ people in Qatar "face (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention) (Arbitrary arrest and detention) arbitrary arrest under vague and broad morality laws, harsh treatment in detention, including beatings, verbal abuse, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment) (Sexual harassment) sexual harassment , and denial of legal or medical access, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy) (Conversion therapy) forced conversion therapy for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman) (Trans woman) transgender women ." A senior researcher for HRW told (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  in 2022 of a transgender woman who was detained underground in solitary confinement for two months underground, had her long hair forcibly shaved in detention, was severely beaten her until she bled, and was denied access to medical care.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:5-276) [ 273]     In 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_Mohamed) (Naser Mohamed) Naser Mohamed , a prominent Qatari doctor and gay rights activist living in the United States, told The Guardian that LGBTQ people in Qatar are held and physically abused by authorities, then are promised safety from further torture if they agree to work as agents and help authorities find other LGBTQ+ people.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:5-276) [ 273]     In 2024, Manuel Guerrero Aviña, a Mexican-British citizen working for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways) (Qatar Airways) Qatar Airways , was arrested in Qatar after police officers impersonated a gay man on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindr) (Grindr) Grindr and arranged a "date" with him.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:6-277) [ 274]    Qatari officials claimed that he was arrested on drug charges, and that they did not even know about his sexuality until after the arrest, but his family retorted that he was not a drug user, that he was forced to sign documents that he did not understand in Arabic, and that he was interrogated about other gay men after the fake Grindr "date" arranged by the police.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:6-277) [ 274]    Aviña was released to await trial after 44 days in detention, and The UN’s Working Group on Arbitrary Detention expressed deep concerns about his treatment, including reported denial of access to life-saving HIV medication.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:6-277) [ 274]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  called the case "nothing short of horrific", and expressed fears that he was coerced into providing information to authorities that could be used to hurt other LGBTQ people.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:6-277) [ 274]      Freedom of the press  According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders  , in 2026 journalists continue to face a "draconian system of censorship" in Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:53-278) [ 275]    There are currently seven local newspapers in circulation in Qatar, four published in Arabic and three in English,(Qatar.html#cite_note-oxford12-279) [ 276]    all of which practice significant self-censorship.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:43-280) [ 277]     In late 2016, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_News) (Doha News) Doha News , which had become the most popular local news platform in Qatar and was widely considered to be the only independent and reliable source for news within the country,(Qatar.html#cite_note-:02-281) [ 278]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:44-282) [ 279]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:63-283) [ 280]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:7-284) [ 281]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:33-285) [ 282]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:19-286) [ 283]    was locally blocked by Qatari authorities. The official claim was that the reason was lack of proper licensing, but this was widely rejected as an excuse for censorship.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:02-281) [ 278]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:19-286) [ 283]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:23-287) [ 284]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:33-285) [ 282]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:44-282) [ 279]     In May 2020 Doha News was allowed to relaunch in Qatar, with a different team and under an unspecified new owner.(Qatar.html#cite_note-:8-288) [ 285]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:9-289) [ 286]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:10-290) [ 287]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-:44-282) [ 279]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Investigative_Journalism_Network) (Global Investigative Journalism Network) Global Investigative Journalism Network  noted in 2021 that since 2017 Doha News has "toned down its critical reporting", but added that it does still "provide a welcome relief from the seven newspapers in the country that practice extreme censorship".(Qatar.html#cite_note-:44-282) [ 279]      Corporal punishment  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Committee_Against_Torture) (UN Committee Against Torture) UN Committee Against Torture found that the provisions for flogging and stoning within the Qatari criminal code constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Convention_Against_Torture) (UN Convention Against Torture) UN Convention Against Torture .(Qatar.html#cite_note-291) [ 288]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-292) [ 289]        Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar) (Economy of Qatar) Economy of Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1000015_-_panoramio.jpg)   High-rise buildings in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha   Before the discovery of oil, the economy focused on fishing and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_hunting) (Pearl hunting) pearl hunting . A report prepared by local governors of the Ottoman Empire in 1892 states that income from pearl hunting in 1892 is 2,450,000 kran.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82) [ 79]    After the introduction of the Japanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_pearl) (Cultured pearl) cultured pearl onto the world market in the 1920s and 1930s, Qatar's pearling industry crashed. Oil was discovered in Qatar in 1940, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukhan_Field) (Dukhan Field) Dukhan Field .(Qatar.html#cite_note-emboil-293) [ 290]    The discovery transformed the state's economy. Now, the country has a high (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living) (Standard of living) standard of living for its legal citizens. With no (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax) (Income tax) income tax , Qatar has one of the lowest tax rates in the world. The unemployment rate in June 2013 was 0.1%.(Qatar.html#cite_note-newhopenyt-294) [ 291]    Corporate law mandates that Qatari nationals must hold 51% of any venture in the emirate.(Qatar.html#cite_note-nobs-178) [ 175]    Trade and industry is overseen by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Business_and_Trade_(Qatar)) (Ministry of Business and Trade (Qatar)) Ministry of Business and Trade .(Qatar.html#cite_note-295) [ 292]     As of 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Qatar has the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the International Monetary Fund.(Qatar.html#cite_note-imfoct-296) [ 293]    It relies heavily on foreign labour to grow its economy, to the extent that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker) (Migrant worker) migrant workers compose 86% of the population and 94% of the workforce.(Qatar.html#cite_note-297) [ 294]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-298) [ 295]    Economic growth has been almost exclusively based on its petroleum and natural gas industries, which began in 1940.(Qatar.html#cite_note-299) [ 296]    Qatar is the leading exporter of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas) (Liquefied natural gas) liquefied natural gas .(Qatar.html#cite_note-strangepow-300) [ 297]    In 2012, it was estimated that Qatar would invest over US$120 billion in the energy sector in the next 10 years.(Qatar.html#cite_note-301) [ 298]    The country was a member state of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC) (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), having joined in 1961, and having left in January 2019.(Qatar.html#cite_note-302) [ 299]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QatarCentralBankOffice.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Central_Bank) (Qatar Central Bank) Qatar Central Bank 's office in Doha  In 2012, Qatar retained its title of richest country in the world (according to per capita income) for the third time in a row, having first overtaken (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) Luxembourg in 2010. According to the study published by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington -based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Finance) (Institute of International Finance) Institute of International Finance , the per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) was US$106,000 (QR387,000) in 2012, helping the country retain its ranking as the world's wealthiest nation. Luxembourg came a distant second with nearly US$80,000 and Singapore third with per capita income of about US$61,000. The research put Qatar's GDP at US$182bn in 2012 and said it had climbed to an all-time high due to soaring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar) (Natural gas in Qatar) gas exports and high oil prices. Its population stood at 1.8 million in 2012. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doha_City,_UNCTAD_XIII_(7115124733).jpg)   Business district in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha   Established in 2005, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority) (Qatar Investment Authority) Qatar Investment Authority is the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund) (Sovereign wealth fund) sovereign wealth fund , specialising in foreign investment.(Qatar.html#cite_note-303) [ 300]    In 2012, with assets of US$115bn, QIA was ranked 12th among the richest sovereign wealth funds in the world.(Qatar.html#cite_note-304) [ 301]    With billions of USdollars in surpluses from the oil and gas industry, the Qatari government has directed investments into US, Europe, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pacific) (Asia Pacific) Asia Pacific . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Holding) (Qatar Holding) Qatar Holding is the international investment arm of QIA. Since 2009, Qatar Holding has received US$30–40bn per year from the state. As of 2014 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qatar&action=edit) [ update]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , it has investments around the world in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_SpA) (Valentino SpA) Valentino , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens) (Siemens) Siemens , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printemps) (Printemps) Printemps , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrods) (Harrods) Harrods , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shard) (The Shard) The Shard , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Bank) (Barclays Bank) Barclays Bank , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport) (Heathrow Airport) Heathrow Airport , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C.) (Paris Saint-Germain F.C.) Paris Saint-Germain F.C. , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group) (Volkswagen Group) Volkswagen Group , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell) (Royal Dutch Shell) Royal Dutch Shell , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America) (Bank of America) Bank of America , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_&_Co.) (Tiffany & Co.) Tiffany , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China) (Agricultural Bank of China) Agricultural Bank of China , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury's) (Sainsbury's) Sainsbury's , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry) (BlackBerry) BlackBerry ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-305) [ 302]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Brasil) (Santander Brasil) Santander Brasil .(Qatar.html#cite_note-306) [ 303]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-307) [ 304]     The country has no taxes on non-companies,(Qatar.html#cite_note-308) [ 305]    but authorities have announced plans to levy taxes on junk food and luxury items. The taxes would be implemented on goods that harm the human body—for example, fast food, tobacco products, and soft drinks. The rollout of these initial taxes is believed to be the result of the fall in oil prices and a deficit that the country faced in 2016. Additionally, the country saw job cuts in 2016 from its petroleum companies and other sectors in the government.(Qatar.html#cite_note-309) [ 306]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-310) [ 307]     As part of Qatar National Vision 2030, the country is making its economy less dependent on oil and gas by expanding its range of industries. Funds are being put into projects related to schooling, tourism, and green energy. Qatar is putting a lot of effort into green energy. By 2030, they want 20% of their energy to come from solar power. As part of the economic transformation, the tourist industry is growing, which helps the GDP grow and makes the country less reliant on oil exports.(Qatar.html#cite_note-311) [ 308]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-MOFA-142) [ 139]     Energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Qatar) (Energy in Qatar) Energy in Qatar  As of 2016, Qatar's proven (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves) (List of countries by proven oil reserves) oil reserves were estimated at 25.2 billion barrels, positioning it as the 13th largest globally, accounting for approximately 1.53% of the world's total reserves.(Qatar.html#cite_note-312) [ 309]     Qatar's proven (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar) (Natural gas in Qatar) reserves of gas are the third-largest in the world, exceeding 250 trillion cubic feet (7,000 km3 ). The economy was boosted in 1991 by completion of the US$1.5B Phase I of North Field gas development. In 1996, the Qatargas project began exporting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas) (Liquefied natural gas) liquefied natural gas to Japan. Qatar's heavy industrial projects, all based in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Said) (Umm Said) Umm Said , include a refinery with a 50,000 barrels (8,000 m3 ) per day capacity, a fertiliser plant for urea and ammonia, a steel plant, and a petrochemical plant. All these industries use gas for fuel. Most are joint ventures between European and Japanese firms and the state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QatarEnergy) (QatarEnergy) QatarEnergy . The US is the major equipment supplier for Qatar's oil and gas industry, and US companies are playing a major role in North Field gas development.(Qatar.html#cite_note-bdlive.co.za-313) [ 310]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesaieed_Industrial_Area_panoramic_view_at_night.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area) (Mesaieed Industrial Area) Mesaieed Industrial Area   In 2008 Qatar launched its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_National_Vision_2030) (Qatar National Vision 2030) National Vision 2030 which highlights environmental development as one of the four main goals for Qatar over the next two decades.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Qatar_National_Vision_2030-314) [ 311]    The National Vision pledges to develop sustainable alternatives to oil-based energy to preserve the local and global environment.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Qatar_National_Vision_2030-314) [ 311]    Qatar has made investment in renewable resources a major goal for the country over the next two decades. By 2030, Qatar has set the goal of attaining 20% of its energy from solar power.(Qatar.html#cite_note-oxford1-315) [ 312]    The country is well-positioned to capitalise on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system) (Photovoltaic system) photovoltaic systems , as it has a global horizontal irradiance value of approximately 2,140 kWh per square metre annually. Furthermore, the direct irradiance parameter is roughly 2,008 kWh/m2 annually, implying that it would be able to benefit from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power) (Concentrated solar power) concentrated solar power as well.(Qatar.html#cite_note-316) [ 313]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Foundation) (Qatar Foundation) Qatar Foundation has been active in helping the solar power goals. It established Qatar Solar, which, together with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Development_Bank) (Qatar Development Bank) Qatar Development Bank and German company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarWorld) (SolarWorld) SolarWorld , embarked on a joint venture resulting in the creation of Qatar Solar Technologies (QSTec). In 2017, QSTec commissioned its polysilicon plant in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Laffan) (Ras Laffan) Ras Laffan . This plant has a capacity of 1.1 MW of solar power.(Qatar.html#cite_note-oxford1-315) [ 312]     Qatar pursues a vigorous programme of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarization) (Qatarization) Qatarisation ", under which all joint venture industries and government departments strive to move Qatari nationals into positions of greater authority. Growing numbers of foreign-educated Qataris, including many educated in the US, are returning home to assume key positions formerly occupied by expatriates. To control the influx of expatriate workers, Qatar has tightened the administration of its foreign manpower programmes over the past several years. Security is the principal basis for Qatar's strict entry and immigration rules and regulations.(Qatar.html#cite_note-bdlive.co.za-313) [ 310]     On 2 March 2026, on the third day of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Iran_war) (2026 Iran war) Iran war , the Qatari Ministry of Defence announced that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City) (Ras Laffan Industrial City) Ras Laffan Industrial City and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaieed_Industrial_Area) (Mesaieed Industrial Area) Mesaieed Industrial Area were struck by two Iranian drones. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QatarEnergy) (QatarEnergy) QatarEnergy soon announced that it has ceased all production of natural gas and its associated products, reportedly on order by Energy Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Sherida_al-Kaabi) (Saad Sherida al-Kaabi) Saad Sherida al-Kaabi .(Qatar.html#cite_note-317) [ 314]    It later announced that it was declaring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Majeure) (Force Majeure) Force Majeure on its contracts with buyers, and internal sources speaking to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters said that it would soon be shutting down gas liquefication, and that restarting it would take weeks.(Qatar.html#cite_note-318) [ 315]    These announcements caused increases in world gas prices, which analysts said was a part of the Iranian government's plan to apply pressure on the world to stop the war.(Qatar.html#cite_note-319) [ 316]    On 6 March, al-Kaabi warned that if the war continues other Gulf energy producers may be forced to halt exports and declare Force Majeure, and that "this will bring down economies of the world".(Qatar.html#cite_note-320) [ 317]    This announcement caused a jump in global oil prices.(Qatar.html#cite_note-321) [ 318]     On 6 March, it was reported that according to satellite imagery analysis by both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg and the Energy Economics and Society Research Institute in Tokyo, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City) (Ras Laffan Industrial City) Ras Laffan , the main gas facility in Qatar, appears to have not been damaged before the "unprecedented shutdown" which sent fuel prices higher.(Qatar.html#cite_note-322) [ 319]      Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Qatar) (List of tourist attractions in Qatar) List of tourist attractions in Qatar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grid_Qatar_Aerials_Day_01_N1A4476_Wip_4.jpg)     Tourist resort at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_Island_(Qatar)) (Banana Island (Qatar)) Banana Island in Qatar   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doha_Qatar_-_Katara_Towers_Lusail.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katara_Towers) (Katara Towers) Katara Towers , part of the new hospitality at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail) (Lusail) Lusail Qatar     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Qatar is one of the fastest growing countries in the field of tourism. According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings#Middle_East) (World Tourism rankings) World Tourism rankings , more than 2.3 million international tourists visited in 2017. Qatar has become one of the most open countries in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East due to its recent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Qatar) (Visa policy of Qatar) visa facilitation improvements, including allowing nationals of 88 countries to enter visa-free and free-of charge.(Qatar.html#cite_note-323) [ 320]    Qatar was recently put in the top eight in market climate in the Middle East by the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Survey 2019 of the World Economic Forum.(Qatar.html#cite_note-324) [ 321]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-325) [ 322]     Doha is one of the fastest-growing hotel and hospitality markets in the world. The $220 billion spent on infrastructure since the successful World Cup bid of 2010 has helped boost the industry. Hotels have also been helped by the country's geographic location. The tourism sector continues to witness a strong recovery with more than 729,000 international visitors in the first half of 2022, marking a 19% increase compared to the full year of 2021, and the aim is to raise tourism to 12% of GDP by 2030.(Qatar.html#cite_note-326) [ 323]    The tourist industry in Doha has grown rapidly, making it a hub for international tourists. The Museum of Islamic Art, Souq Waqif, and the Katara Cultural Village are among the most popular places to visit. Nationals of 88 countries are able to enter Qatar without a visa, making it one of the most accessible destinations in the Middle East. The government has set goals to increase the share of tourism towards its GDP to 12% by 2030, contributed to by its hosting of major sporting events such as the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the upcoming 2030 Asian Games.(Qatar.html#cite_note-visitqatar-327) [ 324]     The nation is also on course to experience a major jump in athletic and corporate tourism with hosting world-class tournaments such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Asian_Games) (2030 Asian Games) 2030 Asian Games and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (2022 FIFA World Cup) 2022 FIFA World Cup .(Qatar.html#cite_note-328) [ 325]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways) (Qatar Airways) Qatar Airways , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport) (Hamad International Airport) Hamad International Airport , provide travellers with one of the best transportation services in the world, and this has increased tourism in Qatar. Gulf News, a research centre in Qatar, by examining the statistics of recent years and upcoming events, has predicted that the country will earn US$11B and US$900M from attracting foreign travellers by 2020. The reason for this upward trend is the increase in hospitality and attention to the country's culture in Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-329) [ 326]      Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Qatar) (Transport in Qatar) Transport in Qatar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamad_International_Airport_Doha_Qatar_6.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport) (Hamad International Airport) Hamad International Airport    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QTR_A7-APA_A380!137_EDHI_16-04-14.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways) (Qatar Airways) Qatar Airways (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380) (Airbus A380) Airbus A380 . Qatar Airways, one of the world's largest airlines, links over 150 international destinations from its base in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha .     Qatar has significantly developed its transportation infrastructure to enhance global connectivity and support economic growth. Key developments include expansions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport) (Hamad International Airport) Hamad International Airport (DOH), enhancements to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways) (Qatar Airways) Qatar Airways ' fleet, and the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Port) (Hamad Port) Hamad Port . DOH, Qatar's largest international airport and the primary hub for the nation's flag carrier, Qatar Airways, was constructed in 2014 to replace the aging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_International_Airport) (Doha International Airport) Doha International Airport . Since commencing operations on 30 April 2014, the airport has undergone substantial expansions to accommodate increasing passenger traffic. The first phase, launched in 2022, introduced a new terminal, hotel, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard) (Orchard) ORCHARD tropical garden. The subsequent phase aims to boost capacity to 70 million passengers and includes a new cargo terminal.(Qatar.html#cite_note-330) [ 327]     Qatar Airways, which operates all regularly scheduled commercial flights through DOH, won Airline of the Year in 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2019, and employs over 46,000 people. (Qatar.html#cite_note-331) [ 328]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-332) [ 329]    The airline also  plans to place a significant aircraft order to increase annual passenger numbers from 50 million to 80 million over the next five to six years. This expansion is expected to enhance the airline's global network and services.(Qatar.html#cite_note-333) [ 330]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Wahda_Arches_Qatar_Architect_Erik_Behrens_Aerial_Photo.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wahda_Arches) (Al Wahda Arches) Al Wahda Arches over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail) (Lusail) Lusail Expressway  Qatar is increasingly activating its logistics and ports in order to participate in trade between Europe and China or Africa.(Qatar.html#cite_note-334) [ 331]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-335) [ 332]    For this purpose, ports such as Hamad Port are rapidly expanded and investments are made in their technology.(Qatar.html#cite_note-336) [ 333]    The country is historically and currently part of the Maritime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road) (Silk Road) Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa) (Mombasa) Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal) (Suez Canal) Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste) (Trieste) Trieste with its rail connections to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe) (Central Europe) Central Europe , Eastern Europe and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea) (North Sea) North Sea .(Qatar.html#cite_note-337) [ 334]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-338) [ 335]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-339) [ 336]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Port) (Hamad Port) Hamad Port is Qatar's main seaport, located south of Doha in the Umm Al Houl area. Construction of the port began in 2010; it became operational in December 2016.(Qatar.html#cite_note-340) [ 337]    Capable of handling up to 7.8 million tonnes of products annually, the bulk of trade which passes through the port consists of food and building materials.(Qatar.html#cite_note-reuters1-341) [ 338]    On the northern coast, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Laffan_Industrial_City#Port_of_Ras_Laffan) (Ras Laffan Industrial City) Ras Laffan Port serves as the most extensive liquid natural gas export facility in the world.(Qatar.html#cite_note-342) [ 339]     Qatar has made significant progress in public transportation, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Metro) (Doha Metro) Doha Metro being one of the most important components of the system. The metro system connects important parts of the capital, like Hamad International Airport and major business hubs, providing a convenient method of transportation. More expansions are being planned by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Rail) (Qatar Rail) Qatar Rail to improve connections across the region.(Qatar.html#cite_note-QR-343) [ 340]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Qatar) (Demographics of Qatar) Demographics of Qatar   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doha_skyline_banner.jpg) (Skyline of Doha, capital and largest city of Qatar) ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doha_skyline_banner.jpg) (File:Doha skyline banner.jpg)   Skyline of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha) (Doha) Doha , capital and largest city of Qatar    Historical population Year (Population) Pop.  (Percent change) ±%   1950 25,000 —      1960 47,000 +88.0%  1970 110,000 +134.0%  1980 224,000 +103.6%  1990 476,000 +112.5%  2000 592,000 +24.4%  2010 1,856,000 +213.5%  2019 2,832,000 +52.6%  source:(Qatar.html#cite_note-UN_WPP-344) [ 341]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-345) [ 342]        The number of people in Qatar fluctuates considerably depending on the season, since the country relies heavily on migrant labour. In 2020, the population was over 2.8M, with foreigners making up a vast majority. Only around 340,000 (12%) were Qatari citizens, while the remaining 2.5M were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriates) (Expatriates) expatriates .(Qatar.html#cite_note-346) [ 343]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearl-Qatar_Doha_Qatar_11Nov2017_SkySat.jpg)   Residential buildings at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pearl-Qatar) (The Pearl-Qatar) the Pearl   According to a report from 2017, the combined number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asians (from the countries of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka) represented over 1.5M people (60%). Among these, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Qatar) (Indians in Qatar) Indians were the largest community, numbering 650,000 in 2017, followed by 350,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalis_in_Qatar) (Nepalis in Qatar) Nepalese , 280,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis) (Bangladeshis) Bangladeshis , 145,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankans) (Sri Lankans) Sri Lankans , and 125,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Qatar) (Pakistanis in Qatar) Pakistanis . The contingent of expatriates who were not of South Asian origin represented around 28% of Qatar's population, of which the largest group is 260,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Qatar) (Filipinos in Qatar) Filipinos and 200,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptians , plus many other nationalities (including nationals of other Arab countries, Europeans, etc.).(Qatar.html#cite_note-pop-347) [ 344]     Qatar's first demographic records date back to 1892, conducted by Ottoman governors in the region. Based on this census, which includes only the residents in cities, the population in 1892 was 9,830.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Fromhertz2012-82) [ 79]    At the time of the first census, held in 1970, the population was 111,133.(Qatar.html#cite_note-qsahist-348) [ 345]    The 2020 census recorded the total population at 2,846,118, of which 2,034,518 were males and 811,600 females.(Qatar.html#cite_note-349) [ 346]    The influx of male labourers has skewed the gender balance, and women are now just one-quarter of the population. Languages  Arabic is the official language, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Arabic) (Qatari Arabic) Qatari Arabic being the local dialect. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Sign_Language) (Qatari Sign Language) Qatari Sign Language is the language of the native Qatari deaf community. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English is commonly used as a second language,(Qatar.html#cite_note-350) [ 347]    and a rising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca , especially in commerce, to the extent that steps are being taken to try to preserve Arabic from English's encroachment.(Qatar.html#cite_note-351) [ 348]    English is particularly useful for communication with Qatar's large expatriate community. In the medical community, and in situations such as the training of nurses to work in Qatar, English acts as a lingua franca.(Qatar.html#cite_note-352) [ 349]    Reflecting the multicultural make-up of the country, many other languages are also spoken, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam) (Malayalam) Malayalam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchi_language) (Baluchi language) Baluchi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahui_language) (Brahui language) Brahui , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi) (Hindi) Hindi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto) (Pashto) Pashto , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language) (Kannada language) Kannada , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language) (Tamil language) Tamil , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language) (Telugu language) Telugu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language) (Nepali language) Nepali , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_language) (Sinhalese language) Sinhalese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language) (Bengali language) Bengali , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language) (Tagalog language) Tagalog , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_language) (Tulu language) Tulu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language) (Indonesian language) Indonesian .(Qatar.html#cite_note-353) [ 350]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar) (Religion in Qatar) Religion in Qatar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar) (Freedom of religion in Qatar) Freedom of religion in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alwakhra_Masjid.jpg)   Mosque in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam is predominant and is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion , although it is not the only religion practiced in the country,(Qatar.html#cite_note-354) [ 351]    and the constitution guarantees freedom to practise any faith within "moral" bounds.(Qatar.html#cite_note-355) [ 352]    Most citizens belong to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi) (Salafi) Salafi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim) (Muslim) Muslim movement of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabism ,(Qatar.html#cite_note-wahh-356) [ 353]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-insom-357) [ 354]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-risingreuters-358) [ 355]    and 5–15% of Muslims follow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam) (Shia Islam) Shia Islam with other Islamic sects being very small in number.(Qatar.html#cite_note-359) [ 356]    In 2020, Qatar's total population (citizens and non-citizens alike) was 75.9% Muslim, 12.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians) (Christians) Christian and 10.6% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu) (Hindu) Hindu ; while other religions and religiously unaffiliated people accounted for the remaining 0.9%.(Qatar.html#cite_note-360) [ 357]     Sharia is the main source of legislation according to the constitution.(Qatar.html#cite_note-con-173) [ 170]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-qat1-174) [ 171]    Qatar's interpretation of Sharia is said to be not as "strict" as neighbouring Saudi Arabia but not as "liberal" as Dubai.(Qatar.html#cite_note-361) [ 358]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-362) [ 359]    The vision of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Awqaf_and_Islamic_Affairs_(Qatar)) (Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar)) Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs is "to build a contemporary Islamic society along with fostering the Sharee’ah [Sharia] and cultural heritage".(Qatar.html#cite_note-Contempory_Sharee’ah-363) [ 360]     The non-Muslim population is composed almost entirely of non-citizens. Since 2008, Christians have been allowed to build churches on ground donated by the government.(Qatar.html#cite_note-364) [ 361]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-365) [ 362]    Active churches include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church) (Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church) Mar Thoma Church , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church) (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church) Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic) (Roman Catholic) Roman Catholic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_(Doha)) (Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Doha)) Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican) (Anglican) Anglican Church of the Epiphany.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Report_on_Qatar-366) [ 363]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar-367) [ 364]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-368) [ 365]    There are also two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)) (Ward (LDS Church)) Mormon wards (Qatar.html#cite_note-Report_on_Qatar-366) [ 363]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar-367) [ 364]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-368) [ 365]    and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith) (Baháʼí Faith) Baháʼí Faith community.(Qatar.html#cite_note-Guardian20221109-369) [ 366]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Qatar) (Education in Qatar) Education in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Student_Center_in_Education_City.jpg)   Student Center in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City) (Education City) Education City . Education City houses various educational facilities, including the satellite campuses of eight international universities.  Qatar hired the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation) (RAND Corporation) RAND Corporation to reform its K–12 education system.(Qatar.html#cite_note-strangepow-300) [ 297]    Through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Foundation) (Qatar Foundation) Qatar Foundation , the country has built (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City) (Education City) Education City , a campus that hosts local branches of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College_in_Qatar) (Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar) Weill Cornell Medical College , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_School_of_Computer_Science) (Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science) Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_School_of_Foreign_Service_in_Qatar) (Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar) Georgetown University School of Foreign Service , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University_in_Qatar) (Northwestern University in Qatar) Northwestern's Medill School of Journalism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A&M_University_at_Qatar) (Texas A&M University at Qatar) Texas A&M's School of Engineering , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University_-_Qatar) (Virginia Commonwealth University - Qatar) Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts and other Western institutions.(Qatar.html#cite_note-strangepow-300) [ 297]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-wapo-370) [ 367]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate) (List of countries by literacy rate) illiteracy rate was 3.1% for males and 4.2% for females in 2012, the lowest in the Arabic-speaking world and 86th in the world.(Qatar.html#cite_note-371) [ 368]    Citizens are required to attend government-provided education from kindergarten through high school.(Qatar.html#cite_note-372) [ 369]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_University) (Qatar University) Qatar University , founded in 1973, is the country's oldest and largest institution of higher education.(Qatar.html#cite_note-373) [ 370]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-374) [ 371]     In November 2002, Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani created (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supreme_Education_Council_(Qatar)) (The Supreme Education Council (Qatar)) The Supreme Education Council .(Qatar.html#cite_note-375) [ 372]    The Council directs and controls education for all ages from the pre-school level through the university level, including the "Education for a New Era" initiative which was established to try to position Qatar as a leader in education reform.(Qatar.html#cite_note-376) [ 373]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-377) [ 374]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities) (Webometrics Ranking of World Universities) Webometrics Ranking of World Universities , the top-ranking universities in the country are Qatar University (1,881st worldwide), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A&M_University_at_Qatar) (Texas A&M University at Qatar) Texas A&M University at Qatar (3,905th) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weill_Cornell_Medical_College_in_Qatar) (Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar) Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (6,855th).(Qatar.html#cite_note-378) [ 375]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QatarUniversityEastView.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_University) (Qatar University) Qatar University , east view  In 2009, Qatar established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Science_&_Technology_Park) (Qatar Science & Technology Park) Qatar Science & Technology Park in Education City to link those universities with industry. Education City is also home to a fully (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_accreditation) (School accreditation) accredited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate) (International Baccalaureate) international Baccalaureate school, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Academy) (Qatar Academy) Qatar Academy . In addition, two Canadian institutions, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_North_Atlantic) (College of the North Atlantic) College of the North Atlantic (headquarters in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calgary) (University of Calgary) University of Calgary , have inaugurated campuses in Doha. Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit_school) (For-profit school) for-profit universities have also established campuses in the city.(Qatar.html#cite_note-379) [ 376]     In 2012, Qatar was ranked third from the bottom of the 65 OECD countries participating in the PISA test of mathematics, reading and skills for 15- and 16-year-olds, despite having the highest per capita income in the world.(Qatar.html#cite_note-380) [ 377]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-381) [ 378]    Qatar was ranked 48th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025,(Qatar.html#cite_note-382) [ 379]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-383) [ 380]    up from 65th in 2019.(Qatar.html#cite_note-384) [ 381]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-385) [ 382]     As part of its national development strategy, Qatar has outlined a 10-year strategic plan to improve the level of education.(Qatar.html#cite_note-386) [ 383]    The government has launched educational outreach programs, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL-Bairaq) (AL-Bairaq) Al-Bairaq . Al-Bairaq was launched in 2010 aims to provide high school students with an opportunity to experience a research environment in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Materials) (Center for Advanced Materials) Center for Advanced Materials in Qatar University. The programme encompasses the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields) (STEM fields) STEM fields and languages.(Qatar.html#cite_note-387) [ 384]     Launched in 2006 as part of an initiative of the Qatar Foundation, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_National_Research_Fund) (Qatar National Research Fund) Qatar National Research Fund was created with the intent of securing public funds for scientific research. The fund functions as a means to diversify its economy from a primarily oil and gas-based one to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_economy) (Knowledge economy) knowledge-based economy .(Qatar.html#cite_note-388) [ 385]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Science_&_Technology_Park) (Qatar Science & Technology Park) Qatar Science & Technology Park (QSTP) was established by Qatar Foundation in March 2009 as an attempt to assist the country's transition towards a knowledge economy.(Qatar.html#cite_note-389) [ 386]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-menon-390) [ 387]    With a seed capital of US$800M and initially hosting 21 organisations,(Qatar.html#cite_note-menon-390) [ 387]    the QSTP became Qatar's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_zone) (Free-trade zone) free-trade zone .(Qatar.html#cite_note-391) [ 388]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Qatar) (Health in Qatar) Health in Qatar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar) (Healthcare in Qatar) Healthcare in Qatar  Healthcare standards are generally high. Qatari citizens are covered by a national health-insurance plan, while expatriates must either receive health insurance from their employers, or in the case of the self-employed, purchase insurance.(Qatar.html#cite_note-imtj-392) [ 389]    Government healthcare spending is among the highest in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East , with US$4.7B being invested in healthcare in 2014.(Qatar.html#cite_note-393) [ 390]    This was a US$2.1B increase from 2010.(Qatar.html#cite_note-394) [ 391]    The premier healthcare provider is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Medical_Corporation) (Hamad Medical Corporation) Hamad Medical Corporation , established by the government as a non-profit healthcare provider, which runs a network of hospitals, ambulance services, and a home healthcare service, all of which are accredited by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Commission) (Joint Commission) Joint Commission .(Qatar.html#cite_note-395) [ 392]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-396) [ 393]     In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 2.2% of the country's GDP; the highest in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East .(Qatar.html#cite_note-397) [ 394]    In 2006, there were 23.12 physicians and 61.81 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.(Qatar.html#cite_note-398) [ 395]    The life expectancy at birth was 82.08 years in 2014, or 83.27 years for males and 77.95 years for females, rendering it the highest life expectancy in the Middle East.(Qatar.html#cite_note-399) [ 396]    Qatar has a low infant mortality rate of 7 in 100,000.(Qatar.html#cite_note-400) [ 397]     In 2006, there were 25 beds per 10,000 people, and 27.6 doctors and 73.8 nurses per 10,000 people.(Qatar.html#cite_note-401) [ 398]    In 2011, the number of beds decreased to 12 per 10,000 people, whereas the number of doctors increased to 28 per 10,000 people. While the country has one of the lowest proportions of hospital beds in the region, the availability of physicians is the highest in the GCC.(Qatar.html#cite_note-402) [ 399]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar) (Culture of Qatar) Culture of Qatar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Qatar) (List of festivals in Qatar) List of festivals in Qatar  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar) (Culture of Qatar) culture of Qatar is similar to other countries in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabia) (Eastern Arabia) Eastern Arabia , being significantly influenced by Islam. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_National_Day) (Qatar National Day) Qatar National Day , hosted annually on 18 December, has had an important role in developing a sense of national identity.(Qatar.html#cite_note-403) [ 400]    It is observed in remembrance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassim_bin_Mohammed_Al_Thani) (Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani) Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani 's succession to the throne and his subsequent unification of the country's various tribes.(Qatar.html#cite_note-404) [ 401]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-405) [ 402]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Cultural_Festival) (Doha Cultural Festival) Doha Cultural Festival is one of the cultural activities carried out annually by the Qatari Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage, which began in 2002 with the aim of spreading Qatari culture inside and outside Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-406) [ 403]     Arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collecting_practices_of_the_Al-Thani_Family) (Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family) Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_art) (Qatari art) Qatari art , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art_in_Qatar) (Public art in Qatar) Public art in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Palace_at_National_Museum_of_Qatar.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Qatar) (National Museum of Qatar) National Museum of Qatar in Doha  Qatari officials, especially the Al Thani family and the sister of the Emir of Qatar, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mayassa_bint_Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani) (Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani) Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani , pay special attention to art.(Qatar.html#cite_note-407) [ 404]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-408) [ 405]    Al-Mayassa leads the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Museums) (Qatar Museums) Qatar Museums Authority. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha) (Museum of Islamic Art, Doha) Museum of Islamic Art , opened in 2008, is regarded as one of the best museums in the region.(Qatar.html#cite_note-sandsmith-409) [ 406]    This and several other Qatari museums, like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathaf:_Arab_Museum_of_Modern_Art) (Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art) Arab Museum of Modern Art , fall under the Qatar Museums Authority,(Qatar.html#cite_note-410) [ 407]    which also sponsors artistic events abroad, such as major exhibitions by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Murakami) (Takashi Murakami) Takahashi Murakami in Versailles (2010) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst) (Damien Hirst) Damien Hirst in London (2012). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IslamicArtMuseumDohaSkyline.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha) (Museum of Islamic Art, Doha) Museum of Islamic Art in Doha  Qatar is the world's biggest buyer in the art market by value.(Qatar.html#cite_note-theart-411) [ 408]    The Qatari cultural sector is being developed to enable the country to reach world recognition to contribute to the development of a country that comes mainly from its resources from the gas industry.(Qatar.html#cite_note-412) [ 409]      Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_literature) (Qatari literature) Qatari literature traces its origins back to the 19th century. Originally, written poetry was the most common form of expression. Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai and Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, two poets dating back to the early 19th century, formed the corpus of Qatar's earliest written poetry. Poetry later fell out of favour after Qatar began reaping the profits from oil exports in the mid-20th century and many Qataris abandoned their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin) (Bedouin) Bedouin traditions in favour of more urban lifestyles.(Qatar.html#cite_note-tawfiq-413) [ 410]     Due to the increasing number of Qataris who began receiving formal education during the 1950s and other significant societal changes, 1970 witnessed the introduction of the first short story anthology, and in 1993 the first locally authored novels were published. Poetry, particularly the predominant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabati) (Nabati) nabati form, retained some importance but would soon be overshadowed by other literary types.(Qatar.html#cite_note-tawfiq-413) [ 410]    Unlike most other forms of art in Qatari society, women have been involved in the modern literature movement to a similar extent to men.(Qatar.html#cite_note-cambridge1-414) [ 411]      Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Jazeera_English_Newsdesk.jpg)   The news desk of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English) (Al Jazeera English) Al Jazeera English , a Qatari news channel  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Qatar) (Mass media in Qatar) Mass media in Qatar  Qatar's media was classified as "not free" in the 2014 Freedom of the Press report by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House .(Qatar.html#cite_note-freedomhouse1-415) [ 412]    Television broadcasting started in 1970 with the inauguration of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_TV) (Qatar TV) Qatar TV .(Qatar.html#cite_note-416) [ 413]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) (Al Jazeera Media Network) Al Jazeera is a main television network headquartered in Doha. Al Jazeera initially launched in 1996 as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel of the same name and has since expanded into a global network of several speciality TV channels. It has been reported that journalists practice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-censorship) (Self-censorship) self-censorship , particularly in regards to the government and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thani) (House of Thani) ruling family of Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-blanchard-417) [ 414]    Criticism of the government, emir, and ruling family in the media is illegal. According to article 46 of the press law "The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticised and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written permission from the manager of his office."(Qatar.html#cite_note-418) [ 415]    Journalists are also subject to prosecution for insulting Islam.(Qatar.html#cite_note-freedomhouse1-415) [ 412]     In 2014, a Cybercrime Prevention Law was passed. The law is said to restrict press freedom and carries prison sentences and fines for broad reasons such as jeopardising local peace or publishing false news.(Qatar.html#cite_note-419) [ 416]    The Gulf Centre for Human Rights has stated that the law is a threat to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked.(Qatar.html#cite_note-420) [ 417]     Press media has undergone expansion in recent years. There are currently (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Qatar) (List of newspapers in Qatar) seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar , with four being published in Arabic and three being published in English.(Qatar.html#cite_note-421) [ 418]    There are also newspapers from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka with editions printed from Qatar.(Qatar.html#cite_note-422) [ 419]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-423) [ 420]     In regards to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar) (Telecommunications in Qatar) telecommunication infrastructure , Qatar is the highest-ranked Middle Eastern country in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index) (Networked Readiness Index) Networked Readiness Index (NRI)—an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Qatar ranked number 23 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013.(Qatar.html#cite_note-424) [ 421]      Music  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Qatar) (Music of Qatar) music of Qatar is based on Bedouin poetry, song and dance. Traditional dances in Doha are performed on Friday afternoons; one such dance is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardah) (Ardah) Ardah , a stylised martial dance performed by two rows of dancers who are accompanied by an array of percussion instruments, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-ras_(drum)) (Al-ras (drum)) al-ras (a large drum whose leather is heated by an open fire), tambourines and cymbals with small drums.(Qatar.html#cite_note-qatarembassy1-425) [ 422]    Other percussion instruments used in folk music include galahs (a tall clay jar) and tin drinking cups known as tus or tasat , usually used in conjunction with a tabl , a longitudinal drum beaten with a stick.(Qatar.html#cite_note-426) [ 423]    String instruments, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud) (Oud) oud and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebaba) (Rebaba) rebaba , are also commonly used.(Qatar.html#cite_note-qatarembassy1-425) [ 422]      Sport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C3a.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail_Sports_Arena) (Lusail Sports Arena) Lusail Sports Arena   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Education_City_Stadium.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_City_Stadium) (Education City Stadium) Education City Stadium during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (2022 FIFA World Cup) 2022 FIFA World Cup   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) Association football is the most popular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Qatar) (Sport in Qatar) sport in Qatar , both in terms of players and spectators.(Qatar.html#cite_note-427) [ 424]    Shortly after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Football_Association) (Qatar Football Association) Qatar Football Association became affiliated with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA) (FIFA) FIFA in 1970, one of the country's earliest international accolades came in 1981 when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_under-20_football_team) (Qatar national under-20 football team) Qatar national under-20 team 's emerged as runners-up to West Germany in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship) (1981 FIFA World Youth Championship) that year's edition of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Youth_Championship) (FIFA World Youth Championship) FIFA World Youth Championship after being defeated 4–0 in the final. At the senior level, Qatar has played host to three editions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup) (AFC Asian Cup) AFC Asian Cup ; the first being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_AFC_Asian_Cup) (1988 AFC Asian Cup) ninth edition in 1988 , the second being the fifteenth edition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_AFC_Asian_Cup) (2011 AFC Asian Cup) held in 2011 , and the third being the eighteenth edition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup) (2023 AFC Asian Cup) held in 2023 .(Qatar.html#cite_note-428) [ 425]    For the first time in the country's history, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_football_team) (Qatar national football team) Qatar national football team won the AFC Asian Cup in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Asian_Cup) (2019 Asian Cup) 2019 edition hosted in the United Arab Emirates, beating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team) (Japan national football team) Japan 3–1 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_final) (2019 AFC Asian Cup final) final . They won all seven of their matches, conceding only a single goal throughout the tournament.(Qatar.html#cite_note-429) [ 426]    As hosts and defending champions in the following 2023 edition, Qatar successfully retained their title, defeating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_national_football_team) (Jordan national football team) Jordan in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup_final) (2023 AFC Asian Cup final) final .(Qatar.html#cite_note-430) [ 427]     On 2 December 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (2022 FIFA World Cup) 2022 FIFA World Cup , despite never previously qualifying for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Finals) (FIFA World Cup Finals) FIFA World Cup Finals .(Qatar.html#cite_note-431) [ 428]    Local organisers built seven new stadiums and expanded one existing stadium for this event.(Qatar.html#cite_note-432) [ 429]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-433) [ 430]    Qatar's winning bid for the 2022 World Cup was greeted enthusiastically in the Persian Gulf region as it was the first time a country in the Middle East had been selected to host the tournament. At the same time, the bid was embroiled in much controversy, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_corruption_and_bribery_related_to_the_2022_FIFA_World_Cup) (Allegations of corruption and bribery related to the 2022 FIFA World Cup) allegations of bribery and interference in the investigation of the alleged bribery. European football associations also objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar for a variety of reasons, from the impact of warm temperatures on players' fitness, to the disruption it might cause in European domestic league calendars should the event be rescheduled to take place during winter.(Qatar.html#cite_note-434) [ 431]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-435) [ 432]    In May 2014, Qatari football official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Hammam) (Mohammed bin Hammam) Mohammed bin Hammam was accused of making payments totalling £3 million to officials in return for their support for the Qatar bid.(Qatar.html#cite_note-436) [ 433]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-437) [ 434]    A FIFA inquiry into the bidding process in November 2014 cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing.(Qatar.html#cite_note-438) [ 435]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-439) [ 436]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar_Cucinotta_winning_stage_1.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ladies_Tour_of_Qatar) (2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar) 2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rayyan_Stadium) (Al-Rayyan Stadium) Al-Rayyan Stadium   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  , a British national daily newspaper, produced a short documentary named "Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022".(Qatar.html#cite_note-Guardian20130925-440) [ 437]    A 2014 investigation by The Guardian reported that migrant workers who had been constructing luxurious offices for the organisers of the 2022 World Cup had not been paid in over a year, and were now "working illegally from cockroach-infested lodgings".(Qatar.html#cite_note-441) [ 438]    For 2014, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_people) (Nepali people) Nepalese migrants involved in constructing infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup died at a rate of one every two days.(Qatar.html#cite_note-442) [ 439]    The Qatar 2022 organising committee responded to various allegations by claiming that hosting the World Cup in Qatar would act as a "catalyst for change" in the region.(Qatar.html#cite_note-443) [ 440]    According to a February 2021 article in The Guardian , some 6,500 migrant construction workers had died.(Qatar.html#cite_note-444) [ 441]    However, the World Cup in Qatar was the most expensive in the competition's history and had many modern technologies, with many expressing their satisfaction with the country's handling of the tournament.(Qatar.html#cite_note-445) [ 442]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2023)) failed verification   ]   Qatar was estimated to host a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) football fanbase of 1.6M for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. However, the construction work in country was expected to only take the available 37,000 hotel rooms to 70,000 by the end of 2021. In December 2019, the Qatari World Cup officials approached the organisers of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival) (Glastonbury Festival) Glastonbury Festival in England and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival) (Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival) Coachella Festival in the United States, to plan huge desert campsites for thousands of football fans. The World Cup campsites on the outskirts were reported to have licensed bars, restaurants, entertainment and washing facilities. Moreover, two cruise ships were also reserved as temporary floating accommodations for nearly 40,000 people during the tournament.(Qatar.html#cite_note-446) [ 443]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khalifa_International_Stadium.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_International_Stadium) (Khalifa International Stadium) Khalifa International Stadium   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:17_11_2021_-_Visita_ao_Estádio_Lusail_(51688270420).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail_Iconic_Stadium) (Lusail Iconic Stadium) Lusail Iconic Stadium with capacity of 80,000 seats  Though football is the most popular sport, other team sports have experienced considerable success at senior level. In 2015, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_men's_national_handball_team) (Qatar men's national handball team) national handball team emerged as runners-up to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_men's_national_handball_team) (France men's national handball team) France in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Men's_Handball_Championship) (2015 World Men's Handball Championship) World Men's Handball Championship as hosts, however the tournament was marred by numerous controversies regarding the host nation and its team.(Qatar.html#cite_note-447) [ 444]    Further, in 2014, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_3x3_team) (Qatar national 3x3 team) Qatar won the world championship in men's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_3x3_World_Championships) (FIBA 3x3 World Championships) 3x3 basketball .(Qatar.html#cite_note-448) [ 445]     Cricket is popular amongst the South Asian diaspora in Qatar. Casual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_cricket) (Street cricket) street cricket is the most popular format of the game, but the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Cricket_Association) (Qatar Cricket Association) Qatar Cricket Association has been a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council) (International Cricket Council) International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1999 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_national_cricket_team) (Qatar national cricket team) men's and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_women's_national_cricket_team) (Qatar women's national cricket team) women's national teams both play regularly in ICC competitions. The primary cricket ground in Qatar is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Park_International_Cricket_Stadium) (West End Park International Cricket Stadium) West End Park International Cricket Stadium .(Qatar.html#cite_note-449) [ 446]     Basketball is a developed sport amongst Asian people in Qatar. Qatar hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FIBA_Asia_Championship) (2005 FIBA Asia Championship) 2005 FIBA Asia Championship , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Asia_3x3_Championship) (2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship) 2013 FIBA Asia 3x3 Championship , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Asia_Under-18_Championship) (2014 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship) 2014 FIBA Asia Under-18 Championship and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIBA_Under-16_Asian_Championship) (2022 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship) 2022 FIBA Under-16 Asian Championship .(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)) citation needed   ]  Qatar will host the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup) (2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup) 2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup making this become the first Arab country to host the FIBA Basketball World Cup.(Qatar.html#cite_note-qatar2027-450) [ 447]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_International_Tennis_and_Squash_Complex) (Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex) Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour_Championships) (WTA Tour Championships) WTA Tour Championships in women's tennis between 2008 and 2010. Doha holds the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Tennis_Association) (Women's Tennis Association) WTA Premier tournament (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Ladies_Open) (Qatar Ladies Open) Qatar Ladies Open annually. Since 2002, Qatar has hosted the annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Qatar) (Tour of Qatar) Tour of Qatar , a cycling race in six stages. Every February, riders are racing on the roads across Qatar's flat land for six days. Each stage covers a distance of more than 100 km, though the time trial usually is a shorter distance. Tour of Qatar is organised by the Qatar Cycling Federation for professional riders in the category of Elite Men.(Qatar.html#cite_note-451) [ 448]     The Qatar Army Skydiving Team has several different skydiving disciplines placing among the top nations in the world. The Qatar National Parachute team performs annually during Qatar's National Day and at other large events, such as the 2015 World Handball Championship.(Qatar.html#cite_note-452) [ 449]    Doha four times was the host of the official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men's_Club_World_Championship) (FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship) FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship and three times host (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women's_Club_World_Championship) (FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship) FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship . Doha also hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_Men's_Volleyball_Championship) (1997 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship) Asian Volleyball Championship once.(Qatar.html#cite_note-453) [ 450]       See also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal   (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography) (Portal:Geography) Geography portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Qatar) (Internet in Qatar) Internet in Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics) (List of Qatar-related topics) List of Qatar-related topics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Qatar) (Outline of Qatar) Outline of Qatar     Notes   (Qatar.html#cite_ref-11) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : قطر , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanised :  (Arabic-language romanisation) Qaṭar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈqɑtˤɑr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Arabic) (Qatari Arabic) local vernacular  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Gulf_Arabic_IPA)  (Qatar.html#cite_note-EoI-10) [ 10]      (Qatar.html#cite_ref-16) ↑   The English pronunciation is commonly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /('k' in 'kind') k (/ə/: 'a' in 'about') ə (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far') ɑːr  /   (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Qatar.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Qatar.wav.mp3) (Play audio)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Qatar.wav) (File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Qatar.wav) ⓘ    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) kə-TAR   or, approximating Arabic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far') ɑːr  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) KAH -tar  ; other variants include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('k' in 'kind') k (/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut') ʌ ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far') ɑːr  , (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('k' in 'kind') k (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ  -, -(/ər/: 'er' in 'letter') ər  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) KUT -ar, KAT -ar, KUT -ər, KAT -ər  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('t' in 'tie') t (/ər/: 'er' in 'letter') ər  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) KAH -tər  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /('k' in 'kind') k (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far') ɑːr  , ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː  -/   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) ka(h)-TAR   .(Qatar.html#cite_note-12) [ 11]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-13) [ 12]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-14) [ 13]    (Qatar.html#cite_note-15) [ 14]      (Qatar.html#cite_ref-17) ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : دولة قطر , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanised :  (Arabic-language romanisation) Dawlat Qaṭar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈdawlat ˈqɑtˤɑr]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  .      References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364180890)   ()      This article contains one or more duplicated citations . The reason given is: DuplicateReferences script detected: (http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf) http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf (refs: 42, 50) (https://doi.org/10.3751%2F63.3.13) https://doi.org/10.3751%2F63.3.13 (refs: 98, 104) (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030 (refs: 100, 107) (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/new-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self/D5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B) https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/new-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self/D5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B (refs: 105, 152) (https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4) https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4 (refs: 106, 153) (https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar) https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar (refs: 108, 275) (https://mofa.gov.qa/en/state-of-qatar/Key-Facts-and-Information/general-information) https://mofa.gov.qa/en/state-of-qatar/Key-Facts-and-Information/general-information (refs: 139, 147) (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar (refs: 243, 246, 265, 267) (https://www.ilo.org/media/569646/download) https://www.ilo.org/media/569646/download (refs: 244, 245) (https://gijn.org/resource/chapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar/) https://gijn.org/resource/chapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar/ (refs: 277, 279) (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html) http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html (refs: 391, 394)   It is recommended to use (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS) (Help:Footnotes) named references to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (August 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_references_cleanup_from_August_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_references_cleanup)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2026)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_duplicate_citations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   (Qatar.html#cite_ref-1) ↑   (https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-Constitution-English.pdf) "The Constitution" (PDF) . Government Communications Office . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201129012504/https://www.gco.gov.qa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GCO-Constitution-English.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Communications+Office&rft.atitle=The+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gco.gov.qa%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F09%2FGCO-Constitution-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-CIA_2-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-CIA_2-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-CIA_2-2) 3  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-CIA_2-3) 4  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-CIA_2-4) 5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook) (CIA World Factbook) CIA World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 8 February 2012. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fqatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qsa-Aug13_3-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180930175429/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017) "Population of Qatar by nationality" . Priya Dsouza. 19 August 2019. Archived from (https://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/) the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Qatar+by+nationality&rft.pub=Priya+Dsouza&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriyadsouza.com%2Fpopulation-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-4) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2020/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm) "Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2020" . Qatar Statistics Authority. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+By+Religion%2C+Gender+And+Municipality+March+2020&rft.pub=Qatar+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsa.gov.qa%2FQatarCensus%2Fsensus_2020%2Fpubulation-eng%2FTabels%2FPubulation%2FT06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-5) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npc.qa/en/statistics/pages/allIndicators.aspx?Indicator=population) "Statistical Key Indicators" . www.npc.qa . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npc.qa&rft.atitle=Statistical+Key+Indicators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.qa%2Fen%2Fstatistics%2Fpages%2FallIndicators.aspx%3FIndicator%3Dpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-6) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://qatar.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/total-population-by-sex-in-census-1986-1997-2004-2010-2020/information/) "Total Population by Sex in Census (1986 , 1997 , 2004 , 2010 , 2020 )" . qatar.opendatasoft.com . Retrieved 26 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qatar.opendatasoft.com&rft.atitle=Total+Population+by+Sex+in+Census+%281986+%2C+1997+%2C+2004+%2C+2010+%2C+2020+%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqatar.opendatasoft.com%2Fexplore%2Fdataset%2Ftotal-population-by-sex-in-census-1986-1997-2004-2010-2020%2Finformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-auto_7-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-auto_7-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-auto_7-2) 3  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-auto_7-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april) "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2025%2Fapril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-8) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=QA) "GINI index" . World Bank. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250215041229/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=QA) Archived from the original on 15 February 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DQA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-HDI_9-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-EoI_10-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-EoI_10-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Johnstone, T. M. (2008). (http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/katar-SIM_4018) "Encyclopaedia of Islam" . Ķaṭar . Brill Online. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185243/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/katar-SIM_4018) Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%B6a%E1%B9%ADar&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkatar-SIM_4018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (subscription required) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-12) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Qatar) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com) (Dictionary.com) Dictionary.com Unabridged  (Online). n.d. Retrieved 26 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FQatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20221129060235/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/qatar) "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: archived copy as title ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) (Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title) link ) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) (Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-13) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/www.lexico.com/definition/Qatar) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico) (Lexico) Lexico UK English Dictionary . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . n.d. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FQatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-14) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) (Daniel Jones (phonetician)) Jones, Daniel (2011). "Qatar". In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)) (Peter Roach (phonetician)) Roach, Peter ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Setter) (Jane Setter) Setter, Jane ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling) (John Esling) Esling, John (eds.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary) (English Pronouncing Dictionary) Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary  (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6) 978-0-521-15255-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-15) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells) (John C. Wells) Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0) 978-1-4058-8118-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:0_18-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:0_18-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2020) "Qatar: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report" . Freedom House . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210503104458/https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2020) Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2020+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fqatar%2Ffreedom-world%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:4_19-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:4_19-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.ipu.org/parliament/QA/QA-LC01/law-making-oversight-budget/law-making-oversight-budget) "Qatar | Shura Council | Law-making" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union) (Inter-Parliamentary Union) Inter-Parliamentary Union  . Retrieved 18 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inter-Parliamentary+Union&rft.atitle=Qatar+%7C+Shura+Council+%7C+Law-making&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.ipu.org%2Fparliament%2FQA%2FQA-LC01%2Flaw-making-oversight-budget%2Flaw-making-oversight-budget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:3_20-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:3_20-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:3_20-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gambrell, Jon (5 November 2024). (https://apnews.com/article/qatar-constitutional-amendment-vote-elections-9c9125cb4bb6d6e98bc73cf5a7cbdaea) "Qataris votes to end limited polls for legislative seats in shadow of US election" . AP News . Retrieved 30 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Qataris+votes+to+end+limited+polls+for+legislative+seats+in+shadow+of+US+election&rft.date=2024-11-05&rft.aulast=Gambrell&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fqatar-constitutional-amendment-vote-elections-9c9125cb4bb6d6e98bc73cf5a7cbdaea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-21) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/qatar-population-statistics/) "Qatar population statistics" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+population+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalmediainsight.com%2Fblog%2Fqatar-population-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-22) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/qatar-population/) "Qatar Population (2026)" . Worldometer . Retrieved 22 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Qatar+Population+%282026%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fqatar-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-23) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20041024231923/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80) "The Constitution" . Archived from (http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80) the original on 24 October 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mofa.gov.qa%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fid%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-24) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD) "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190622102516/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD) Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GDP+per+capita%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-25) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD) "GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) | Data" . data.worldbank.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072314/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GNI+per+capita%2C+Atlas+method+%28current+US%24%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GNP.PCAP.CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-26) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United Nations (8 September 2022). (https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22) "Human Development Report 2021-22" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230112121440/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22) Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021-22&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fhuman-development-report-2021-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-27) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/) "Indices & Data | Human Development Reports" . United Nations Development Programme. 14 March 2013. Archived from (http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/) the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+%26+Data+%26%23124%3B+Human+Development+Reports&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-28) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.igu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Press-Release-IGU-World-LNG-Report-2022-1.pdf) "2022 World LNG Report Press Release" (PDF) . International Gas Union (IGU) . 6 July 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221009205924/https://www.igu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Press-Release-IGU-World-LNG-Report-2022-1.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Gas+Union+%28IGU%29&rft.atitle=2022+World+LNG+Report+Press+Release&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igu.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F07%2FPress-Release-IGU-World-LNG-Report-2022-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-29) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ritchie, Hannah (4 October 2019). (https://ourworldindata.org/per-capita-co2) "Where in the world do people emit the most CO2?" . Our World in Data . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210525012947/https://ourworldindata.org/per-capita-co2) Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Where+in+the+world+do+people+emit+the+most+CO2%3F&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fper-capita-co2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-30) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cooper, Andrew F. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317144416/http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/) "Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?" . Public Diplomacy Magazine. Archived from (http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/) the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Powers%3A+Squeezed+out+or+Adaptive%3F&rft.pub=Public+Diplomacy+Magazine&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicdiplomacymagazine.com%2Fmiddle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-31) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf) "Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy" (PDF) . Archived from (http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf) the original (PDF) on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediation+and+Qatari+Foreign+Policy&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww18.georgetown.edu%2Fdata%2Fpeople%2Fmk556%2Fpublication-61175.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-32) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dagher, Sam (17 October 2011). (https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650) "Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern" . Online.wsj.com. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141027213238/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650) Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tiny+Kingdom%27s+Huge+Role+in+Libya+Draws+Concern&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft.aulast=Dagher&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-33) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog) "Qatar: Rise of an Underdog" . Politicsandpolicy.org. Archived from (http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog) the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Rise+of+an+Underdog&rft.pub=Politicsandpolicy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticsandpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fqatar-rise-underdog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-34) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Black, Ian (26 October 2011). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support) "Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels" . The Guardian . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support) Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Qatar+admits+sending+hundreds+of+troops+to+support+Libya+rebels&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Foct%2F26%2Fqatar-troops-libya-rebels-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-35) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Casey, Paula; Vine, Peter (1992). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich) The heritage of Qatar   . Immel Publishing. p. (https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich/page/17) 17 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907151500) (Special:BookSources/9780907151500) 9780907151500  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Qatar&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780907151500&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Vine%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofqatar00vinerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qsahistory_36-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qsahistory_36-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170606170458/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/History.aspx) "History of Qatar" . Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from (http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/History.aspx) the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Qatar&rft.pub=Qatar+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsa.gov.qa%2FQatarCensus%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-37) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170606173751/http://qnl.qa/collections/aihl/maps) "Maps" . Qatar National Library. Archived from (http://www.qnl.qa/collections/aihl/maps) the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maps&rft.pub=Qatar+National+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qnl.qa%2Fcollections%2Faihl%2Fmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-katara_38-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-katara_38-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722071207/http://www.katara.net/english/about-katara/about-us/) "About us" . Katara. Archived from (http://www.katara.net/english/about-katara/about-us/) the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=Katara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katara.net%2Fenglish%2Fabout-katara%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-39) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hazlitt, William (1851). (https://archive.org/details/classicalgazett02hazlgoog) The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane  . Whittaker & co. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Gazetteer%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Geography%2C+Sacred+and+Profane&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+co.&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Hazlitt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicalgazett02hazlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-40) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rahman, Habibur (2010). The Emergence of Qatar: The Turbulent Years 1627–1916 . London: Routledge. p. 1. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710312136) (Special:BookSources/9780710312136) 9780710312136  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Qatar%3A+The+Turbulent+Years+1627%E2%80%931916&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780710312136&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Habibur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-41) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amer, Ismail; Al-'Arifi, Saleh; Babiker, Ahmad Abdullah; Al-Nasr, Bassam; Abdul Karim, Nidham; Al-Kuwari, Fatima; Al-Shayb, Ali Ibrahim; Aziz, Mohammed Al-Khuzami; Fakhro, Nasser Abdulrahman; Al-Kuwari, Mohammed Khalifa (1998). Al-Khayyat, Hassan; Al-Emadi, Hassan Darwish (eds.). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180825110355/https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/4866) موسوعة المعلومات القطرية – المجلد الجغرافي  [ Encyclopedia of Qatari Information – The Geographical Volume ] (in Arabic). Doha: College of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Qatar. p. 17. Archived from (https://qspace.qu.edu.qa/handle/10576/4866) the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A&rft.place=Doha&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=College+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences%2C+University+of+Qatar&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Amer&rft.aufirst=Ismail&rft.au=Al-%27Arifi%2C+Saleh&rft.au=Babiker%2C+Ahmad+Abdullah&rft.au=Al-Nasr%2C+Bassam&rft.au=Abdul+Karim%2C+Nidham&rft.au=Al-Kuwari%2C+Fatima&rft.au=Al-Shayb%2C+Ali+Ibrahim&rft.au=Aziz%2C+Mohammed+Al-Khuzami&rft.au=Fakhro%2C+Nasser+Abdulrahman&rft.au=Al-Kuwari%2C+Mohammed+Khalifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqspace.qu.edu.qa%2Fhandle%2F10576%2F4866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-42) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lyall, Sarah (21 November 2022). (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/21/sports/world-cup/how-pronounce-qatar.html) "The 2022 World Cup is being hosted in Qatar, which, as everyone knows, is pronounced..." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221125040748/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/21/sports/world-cup/how-pronounce-qatar.html) Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+2022+World+Cup+is+being+hosted+in+Qatar%2C+which%2C+as+everyone+knows%2C+is+pronounced...&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft.aulast=Lyall&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2022%2F11%2F21%2Fsports%2Fworld-cup%2Fhow-pronounce-qatar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-2) 3  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-3) 4  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-4) 5  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cs1_43-5) 6   Toth, Anthony. "Qatar: Historical Background." (https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pe/persiangulfstate00metz_0/persiangulfstate00metz_0_djvu.txt) A Country Study: Qatar  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170209203237/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pe/persiangulfstate00metz_0/persiangulfstate00metz_0_djvu.txt) Archived 9 February 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz) (Helen Chapin Metz) Helen Chapin Metz , editor). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division (January 1993). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain  .  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-haya_44-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-haya_44-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khalifa, Haya; Rice, Michael (1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C) Bahrain Through the Ages: The Archaeology  . Routledge. pp. 79, 215. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710301123) (Special:BookSources/978-0710301123) 978-0710301123  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+Through+the+Ages%3A+The+Archaeology&rft.pages=79%2C+215&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0710301123&rft.aulast=Khalifa&rft.aufirst=Haya&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hmbc9evgB0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-thaiembassy_45-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-thaiembassy_45-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf) "History of Qatar" (PDF) . www.qatarembassy.or.th . Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar. London: Stacey International, 2000. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092636/http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qatarembassy.or.th&rft.atitle=History+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.or.th%2Fdownload%2FComplete_History_of_Qatar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-46) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rice, Michael (1994). (https://books.google.com/books?id=0maIAgAAQBAJ) Archaeology of the Persian Gulf  . Routledge. pp. 206, 232– 233. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415032681) (Special:BookSources/978-0415032681) 978-0415032681  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=206%2C+232-233&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0415032681&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0maIAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-47) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm) "Sumerian Civilization" . www.sjsu.edu . Retrieved 19 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sjsu.edu&rft.atitle=Sumerian+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fsumer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-48) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  TIME (18 April 1960). (https://web.archive.org/web/20241207050121/https://time.com/archive/6811703/science-home-city-of-sumer/) "Science: Home City of Sumer?" . TIME . Archived from (https://time.com/archive/6811703/science-home-city-of-sumer/) the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Home+City+of+Sumer%3F&rft.date=1960-04-18&rft.au=TIME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6811703%2Fscience-home-city-of-sumer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-49) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kramer, S. N. (1963). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/dilmun-quest-for-paradise/1E05877729B4510B9CADA85307925845) "Dilmun: Quest for Paradise"  . Antiquity . 37 (146): 111– 115. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00037212) 10.1017/S0003598X00037212 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X) 0003-598X . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Dilmun%3A+Quest+for+Paradise&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=111-115&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00037212&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdilmun-quest-for-paradise%2F1E05877729B4510B9CADA85307925845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-50) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Magee, Peter (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FqlkAwAAQBAJ) The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia  . Cambridge Press. pp. 50, 178. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521862318) (Special:BookSources/9780521862318) 9780521862318  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Prehistoric+Arabia&rft.pages=50%2C+178&rft.pub=Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521862318&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqlkAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-51) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sterman, Baruch (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=XGdBBAAAQBAJ) Rarest Blue: The Remarkable Story Of An Ancient Color Lost To History And Rediscovered  . Lyons Press. pp. 21– 22. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762782222) (Special:BookSources/978-0762782222) 978-0762782222  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rarest+Blue%3A+The+Remarkable+Story+Of+An+Ancient+Color+Lost+To+History+And+Rediscovered&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0762782222&rft.aulast=Sterman&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGdBBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-52) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cadène, Philippe (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=fSSzAQAAQBAJ) Atlas of the Gulf States  . BRILL. p. 10. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004245600) (Special:BookSources/978-9004245600) 978-9004245600  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Gulf+States&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004245600&rft.aulast=Cad%C3%A8ne&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSSzAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-53) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf) "History of Qatar" (PDF) . www.qatarembassy.or.th . Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar. London: Stacey International, 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qatarembassy.or.th&rft.atitle=History+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.or.th%2Fdownload%2FComplete_History_of_Qatar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-gillman_54-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gillman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1999). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C) Christians in Asia Before 1500  . University of Michigan Press. pp. 87, 121. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472110407) (Special:BookSources/978-0472110407) 978-0472110407  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230801122401/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C) Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Asia+Before+1500&rft.pages=87%2C+121&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0472110407&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Klimkeit%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGpr2KsbS94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-55) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Commins, David (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=T56CBAAAQBAJ) The Gulf States: A Modern History  . I. B. Tauris. p. 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848852785) (Special:BookSources/978-1848852785) 978-1848852785  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+States%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848852785&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT56CBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-56) ↑   Habibur Rahman, p. 33  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-57) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150528053210/http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf) "AUB academics awarded $850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD" (PDF) . American University of Beirut. 31 May 2011. Archived from (http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf) the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AUB+academics+awarded+%24850%2C000+grant+for+project+on+the+Syriac+writers+of+Qatar+in+the+7th+century+AD&rft.pub=American+University+of+Beirut&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aub.edu.lb%2Fcommunications%2Fmedia%2FDocuments%2FMay_2011%2Fgrant-syriac-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-58) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kozah, Mario; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn) (Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn) Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim ; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen (2014). The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century . Gorgias Press LLC. p. 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463203559) (Special:BookSources/978-1463203559) 978-1463203559  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+Writers+of+Qatar+in+the+Seventh+Century&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1463203559&rft.aulast=Kozah&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Abu-Husayn%2C+Abdulrahim&rft.au=Al-Murikhi%2C+Saif+Shaheen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-59) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html) "Bahrain" . maritimeheritage.org. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180714191117/http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html) Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain&rft.pub=maritimeheritage.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimeheritage.org%2Fports%2Fbahrain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-fromherz_60-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-fromherz_60-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-fromherz_60-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz) (Allen James Fromherz) Fromherz, Allen (13 April 2012). Qatar: A Modern History . Georgetown University Press. pp. 44, 60, 98. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-910-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-910-2) 978-1-58901-910-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=44%2C+60%2C+98&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-910-2&rft.aulast=Fromherz&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-rahman_61-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-rahman_61-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rahman, Habibur (2006). The Emergence Of Qatar . Routledge. p. 34. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710312136) (Special:BookSources/978-0710312136) 978-0710312136  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+Of+Qatar&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0710312136&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Habibur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-62) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC) A political chronology of the Middle East  . Routledge / Europa Publications. 2001. p. 192. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857431155) (Special:BookSources/978-1857431155) 978-1857431155  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230629132054/https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC) Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+chronology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge+%2F+Europa+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1857431155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCSOT0_JAnwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-kogan_63-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Page, Kogan (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C) Middle East Review 2003–04: The Economic and Business Report  . Kogan Page Ltd. p. 169. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0749440664) (Special:BookSources/978-0749440664) 978-0749440664  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152941/https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Review+2003%E2%80%9304%3A+The+Economic+and+Business+Report&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0749440664&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Kogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78ACLNgHdf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-64) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=1JsAZouLOVQC) Qatar, 2012 (The Report: Qatar)  . Oxford Business Group. 2012. p. 233. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907065682) (Special:BookSources/978-1907065682) 978-1907065682  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%2C+2012+%28The+Report%3A+Qatar%29&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1907065682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JsAZouLOVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-65) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Casey, Paula; Vine, Peter (1992). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/heritageofqatar00vinerich) The heritage of Qatar   . Immel Publishing. pp. 184– 185. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907151500) (Special:BookSources/9780907151500) 9780907151500  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Qatar&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780907151500&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Vine%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofqatar00vinerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-66) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Russell, Malcolm (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=v6RjBAAAQBAJ) The Middle East and South Asia 2014  . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 151. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475812350) (Special:BookSources/978-1475812350) 978-1475812350  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+South+Asia+2014&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1475812350&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6RjBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-67) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150217204727/http://qatarembassy.net/page/history) "History" . qatarembassy.net. Archived from (http://www.qatarembassy.net/page/history) the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=qatarembassy.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.net%2Fpage%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-68) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Larsen, Curtis (1984). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC) Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society (Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series)  . University of Chicago Press. p. 54. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226469065) (Special:BookSources/978-0226469065) 978-0226469065  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152942/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Land+Use+on+the+Bahrain+Islands%3A+The+Geoarchaeology+of+an+Ancient+Society+%28Prehistoric+Archeology+and+Ecology+series%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0226469065&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ65mRSPPU6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-mohamed_69-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-mohamed_69-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Althani, Mohamed (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=X_J9kiBRdIgC) Jassim the Leader: Founder of Qatar  . Profile Books. p. 16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781250709) (Special:BookSources/978-1781250709) 978-1781250709  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231212120320/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_J9kiBRdIgC) Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jassim+the+Leader%3A+Founder+of+Qatar&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1781250709&rft.aulast=Althani&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_J9kiBRdIgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-gillespie_70-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gillespie, Carol Ann (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OoR1e79B3mAC) Bahrain (Modern World Nations)  . Chelsea House Publications. p. 31. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791067796) (Special:BookSources/978-0791067796) 978-0791067796  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152942/https://books.google.com/books?id=OoR1e79B3mAC) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahrain+%28Modern+World+Nations%29&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0791067796&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoR1e79B3mAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-71) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://mytrip.sa/tour/tarot-island/) "Tarot Island • MyTrip Saudi Tour Operator – رحلتي السياحية" . MyTrip Saudi Tour Operator – رحلتي السياحية . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240111165659/https://mytrip.sa/tour/tarot-island/) Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyTrip+Saudi+Tour+Operator+%E2%80%93+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=Tarot+Island+%E2%80%A2+MyTrip+Saudi+Tour+Operator+%E2%80%93+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmytrip.sa%2Ftour%2Ftarot-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-72) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anscombe, Frederick (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=og5vjx2V_xoC) The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar  . Columbia University Press. p. 12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231108393) (Special:BookSources/978-0231108393) 978-0231108393  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152955/https://books.google.com/books?id=og5vjx2V_xoC) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Gulf%3A+The+Creation+of+Kuwait%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+and+Qatar&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0231108393&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dog5vjx2V_xoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-73) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Petersen, Andrew; Al-Naimi, Faisal Abdullah; Grey, Tony; Edwards, Ifan; Hill, Austin; Russ, Hannah; Williams, Dee (2016). (https://www.academia.edu/33395202) "Ruwayda: an historic urban settlement in north Qatar" . Post-Medieval Archaeology . 50 (2): 321. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1229093) 10.1080/00794236.2016.1229093 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-4236) 0079-4236 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164311802) 164311802 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post-Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ruwayda%3A+an+historic+urban+settlement+in+north+Qatar&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=321&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164311802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0079-4236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1229093&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Al-Naimi%2C+Faisal+Abdullah&rft.au=Grey%2C+Tony&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ifan&rft.au=Hill%2C+Austin&rft.au=Russ%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Williams%2C+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33395202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-74) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gis.psa.gov.qa/QatarAtlas/History) "Qatar Timeline" . Planning and Statistics Authority (Qatar). Retrieved 26 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Timeline&rft.pub=Planning+and+Statistics+Authority+%28Qatar%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.psa.gov.qa%2FQatarAtlas%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-75) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Potter, Lawrence (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ) The Persian Gulf in History  . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 262. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230612822) (Special:BookSources/978-0230612822) 978-0230612822  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153108/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+in+History&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230612822&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncfIAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-frauke_76-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-frauke_76-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Heard-Bey, Frauke (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mIqNAwAAQBAJ) From Tribe to State. The Transformation of Political Structure in Five States of the GCC  . EDUCatt – Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica. p. 39. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8311-602-5) (Special:BookSources/978-88-8311-602-5) 978-88-8311-602-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152943/https://books.google.com/books?id=mIqNAwAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tribe+to+State.+The+Transformation+of+Political+Structure+in+Five+States+of+the+GCC&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=EDUCatt+%E2%80%93+Ente+per+il+diritto+allo+studio+universitario+dell%27Universit%C3%A0+Cattolica&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-8311-602-5&rft.aulast=Heard-Bey&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIqNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-77) ↑   'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [1000] (1155/1782), p. 1001  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-78) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Crystal, Jill (1995). (https://books.google.com/books?id=D8di8GN_hKsC) Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar  . Cambridge University Press. p. 27. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521466356) (Special:BookSources/978-0521466356) 978-0521466356  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+and+Politics+in+the+Gulf%3A+Rulers+and+Merchants+in+Kuwait+and+Qatar&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521466356&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8di8GN_hKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-79) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Casey, Michael S. (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=AwweY4yYSMIC) The History of Kuwait (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations)  . Greenwood. pp. 37– 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313340734) (Special:BookSources/978-0313340734) 978-0313340734  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Kuwait+%28The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations%29&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313340734&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwweY4yYSMIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qdl1_80-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qdl1_80-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575945.0x0000c7) " 'Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol I. Historical. Part IA & IB. J G Lorimer. 1915' [ 843] (998/1782)" . qdl.qa. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150113165241/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023575945.0x0000c7) Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Gazetteer+of+the+Persian+Gulf.+Vol+I.+Historical.+Part+IA+%26+IB.+J+G+Lorimer.+1915%27+%5B843%5D+%28998%2F1782%29&rft.pub=qdl.qa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023575945.0x0000c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-81) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.teachmideast.org/geography/qatar) "Qatar" . Teachmideast.org. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130709213843/http://www.teachmideast.org/geography/qatar) Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar&rft.pub=Teachmideast.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachmideast.org%2Fgeography%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Fromhertz2012_82-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Fromhertz2012_82-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Fromhertz2012_82-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kursun, Zekeriya (2004). Katar'da Osmanlilar 1871–1916 . Turk Tarih Kurumu. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katar%27da+Osmanlilar+1871%E2%80%931916&rft.pub=Turk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kursun&rft.aufirst=Zekeriya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-83) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zahlan, Rosemarie Said (2016). The Creation of Qatar . Routledge. p. 42. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Qatar&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Zahlan&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie+Said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-84) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilkinson, John Craven (1991). Arabia's Frontiers: The Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert . IB Tauris. pp. 46– 47. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia%27s+Frontiers%3A+The+Story+of+Britain%27s+Boundary+Drawing+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=John+Craven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Rogan1199_85-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Rogan1199_85-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rogan, Eugene; Murphey, Rhoads; Masalha, Nur; Durac, Vincent; Hinnebusch, Raymond (November 1999). "Review of The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar by Frederick F. Anscombe; The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 by Charles E. Davies; The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia and the Gulf, 1745–1900 by Hala Fattah". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies . 26 (2): 339– 342. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530199908705688) 10.1080/13530199908705688 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194) 1353-0194 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/195948) 195948 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Ottoman+Gulf%3A+The+Creation+of+Kuwait%2C+Saudi+Arabia+and+Qatar+by+Frederick+F.+Anscombe%3B+The+Blood-Red+Arab+Flag%3A+An+Investigation+into+Qasimi+Piracy%2C+1797%E2%80%931820+by+Charles+E.+Davies%3B+The+Politics+of+Regional+Trade+in+Iraq%2C+Arabia+and+the+Gulf%2C+1745%E2%80%931900+by+Hala+Fattah&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-342&rft.date=1999-11&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F195948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530199908705688&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Murphey%2C+Rhoads&rft.au=Masalha%2C+Nur&rft.au=Durac%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Hinnebusch%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-86) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hayajneh, Raed Ahmed (2021). (https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=aauja) "Khannour Battle 1889, Causes, Results, and Reactions in the Arabian Gulf: Documentary Research" . Association of Arab Universities Journal for Arts (in Arabic). 18 (1): 73. Retrieved 18 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Arab+Universities+Journal+for+Arts&rft.atitle=Khannour+Battle+1889%2C+Causes%2C+Results%2C+and+Reactions+in+the+Arabian+Gulf%3A+Documentary+Research&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hayajneh&rft.aufirst=Raed+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1070%26context%3Daauja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-87) ↑   Habibur Rahman, pgs.143–144  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-88) ↑   Habibur Rahman, pgs.150–151  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-89) ↑   Habibur Rahman, p. 152  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-90) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117024415/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=439&pID=1701) "Battle of Al Wajbah" . Qatar Visitor. 2 June 2007. Archived from (http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=439&pID=1701) the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Al+Wajbah&rft.pub=Qatar+Visitor&rft.date=2007-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarvisitor.com%2Findex.php%3FcID%3D439%26pID%3D1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-diwan_91-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-diwan_91-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-diwan_91-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120210053313/http://www.diwan.gov.qa/english/qatar/AbdullahBinQassim.htm) "Amiri Diwan – Shaikh Abdullah Bin Jassim Al Thani" . Diwan.gov.qa. Archived from (http://www.diwan.gov.qa/english/Qatar/AbdullahBinQassim.htm) the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amiri+Diwan+%E2%80%93+Shaikh+Abdullah+Bin+Jassim+Al+Thani&rft.pub=Diwan.gov.qa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diwan.gov.qa%2Fenglish%2FQatar%2FAbdullahBinQassim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-92) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zahlan, Rosemarie Said (1979). (https://books.google.com/books?id=uVqFCwAAQBAJ) The Creation of Qatar  . Abingdon: Croom Helm. p. 74. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-18167-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-138-18167-0) 978-1-138-18167-0  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230119043503/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVqFCwAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Qatar&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1-138-18167-0&rft.aulast=Zahlan&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVqFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-93) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rahman, Habibur (2005). The Emergence of Qatar: The Turbulent Years 1627–1916 . Routledge. p. 235. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Qatar%3A+The+Turbulent+Years+1627%E2%80%931916&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Habibur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-94) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zahlan, Rosemarie Said (1979). (https://books.google.com/books?id=uVqFCwAAQBAJ) The Creation of Qatar  . Abingdon: Croom Helm. pp. 73– 85. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-18167-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-138-18167-0) 978-1-138-18167-0  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230119043503/https://books.google.com/books?id=uVqFCwAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Qatar&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=73-85&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-1-138-18167-0&rft.aulast=Zahlan&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVqFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-95) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morton, Michael Quentin (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkwDwAAQBAJ&q=empires+and+anarchies+morton) Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East  . London: Reaktion Books. pp. 139– 140. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-810-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-810-4) 978-1-78023-810-4  . Retrieved 27 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Anarchies%3A+A+History+of+Oil+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-810-4&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Michael+Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGkwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dempires%2Band%2Banarchies%2Bmorton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-96) ↑   Wilton, John, unpublished memoir, 'Qatar and Sharjah, 1949–1952', Special Collections, University of Exeter Library, Exeter.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-97) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nyuad.nyu.edu/en/news/latest-news/world-and-societies/2013/november/historian-heard-bey-on-why-the-uae-is-a-federation.html) "Historian Heard-Bey On Why the UAE is a Federation" . NYU Abu Dhabi. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historian+Heard-Bey+On+Why+the+UAE+is+a+Federation&rft.pub=NYU+Abu+Dhabi&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyuad.nyu.edu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Flatest-news%2Fworld-and-societies%2F2013%2Fnovember%2Fhistorian-heard-bey-on-why-the-uae-is-a-federation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-98) ↑   A Treaty of Friendship and an Exchange of Notes, each entered into on 3 September 1971  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-ReferenceA_99-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-ReferenceA_99-1) 2   Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Kuwait regarding relations between the United ... Exchange of Notes concerning the Termination of Special Treaty Relations ... Northern Ireland and the State of Qatar, 3 September 1971  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:122_100-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2015). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics: With a New Preface . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . p. 116. While Khalifa was in Geneva in June 1995, Hamad informed him that he was no longer the emir and would not be allowed back into the country. Hamad had earlier secured support from most senior members of the Al Thanis and—following the dispatch to Washington of one of his trusted cousins, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim—the support of the United States in overthrowing his father.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics%3A+With+a+New+Preface&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:2_101-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:2_101-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2009). "Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar". Middle East Journal . 63 (3): 401– 420. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.3751%2F63.3.13) 10.3751/63.3.13 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141) 0026-3141 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20622928) 20622928 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154521643) 154521643 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Royal+Factionalism+and+Political+Liberalization+in+Qatar&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-420&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154521643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20622928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F63.3.13&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:133_102-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2015). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics: With a New Preface . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . pp. 124– 125. Significantly, the 2003 constitution stipulates near-absolute powers for the emir (Articles 64–75), who remains—as the head of state—the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, will draw up "the general policy of the State" and appoint the prime minister, and "may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the State from performing their duties" (Article 69).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics%3A+With+a+New+Preface&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:34_103-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030) "Qatari draft media law criticized by rights group" . Reuters . 30 October 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030) Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Qatari+draft+media+law+criticized+by+rights+group&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-AJ-12072026-1_104-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/7/12/former-emir-of-qatar-sheikh-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani-dies-reactions) "Former Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani dies: Reactions" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera  . 12 July 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260712094835/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/7/12/former-emir-of-qatar-sheikh-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani-dies-reactions) Archived from the original on 12 July 2026. Retrieved 12 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Former+Emir+of+Qatar+Sheikh+Hamad+bin+Khalifa+Al+Thani+dies%3A+Reactions&rft.date=2026-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F7%2F12%2Fformer-emir-of-qatar-sheikh-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani-dies-reactions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:032_105-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zaccara, Luciano (2021), Zweiri, Mahjoob; Al Qawasmi, Farah (eds.), (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352539783_Political_Participation_in_Qatar_The_Central_Municipal_Council_Elections_1999-2019) "Political Participation in Qatar: The Central Municipal Council Elections (1999–2019)" , Contemporary Qatar: Examining State and Society , Springer, pp. 39– 57, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-1391-3_4) 10.1007/978-981-16-1391-3_4 , retrieved 6 August 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Qatar%3A+Examining+State+and+Society&rft.atitle=Political+Participation+in+Qatar%3A+The+Central+Municipal+Council+Elections+%281999%E2%80%932019%29&rft.pages=39-57&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-1391-3_4&rft.aulast=Zaccara&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352539783_Political_Participation_in_Qatar_The_Central_Municipal_Council_Elections_1999-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-106) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rohrabacher, Rhonda (18 April 2001). (https://www.upi.com/Archives/2001/04/18/Rootless-Cosmopolitan-Dont-dismiss-Doha/6249987566400/) "Rootless Cosmopolitan: Don't dismiss Doha" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International) (United Press International) United Press International  . Retrieved 15 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Rootless+Cosmopolitan%3A+Don%27t+dismiss+Doha&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.aulast=Rohrabacher&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F2001%2F04%2F18%2FRootless-Cosmopolitan-Dont-dismiss-Doha%2F6249987566400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:22_107-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:22_107-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2009). "Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar". Middle East Journal . 63 (3): 401– 420. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.3751%2F63.3.13) 10.3751/63.3.13 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141) 0026-3141 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20622928) 20622928 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154521643) 154521643 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Royal+Factionalism+and+Political+Liberalization+in+Qatar&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-420&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154521643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20622928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F63.3.13&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:822_108-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liloia, Alainna (2022), Cavatorta, Francesco; Mekouar, Merouan; Topak, Ozgun (eds.), (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/new-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self/D5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B) "New Authoritarian Practices in Qatar: Censorship bythe State and the Self" , New Authoritarian Practices in the Middle East and North Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press) (Edinburgh University Press) Edinburgh University Press , pp. 208– 227, retrieved 18 August 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Authoritarian+Practices+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.atitle=New+Authoritarian+Practices+in+Qatar%3A+Censorship+bythe+State+and+the+Self&rft.pages=208-227&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Liloia&rft.aufirst=Alainna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnew-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa%2Fnew-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self%2FD5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-109) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ashwarya, Sujata; Alam, Mujib, eds. (2026). (https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4) Comparative Electoral Politics and the Quest for Representation in West Asia and North Africa  . Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 366. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4) 10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-95-3703-7) (Special:BookSources/978-981-95-3703-7) 978-981-95-3703-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Electoral+Politics+and+the+Quest+for+Representation+in+West+Asia+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4&rft.isbn=978-981-95-3703-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:32_110-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030) "Qatari draft media law criticized by rights group" . Reuters . 30 October 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030) Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Qatari+draft+media+law+criticized+by+rights+group&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-media-qatar-idUSBRE89T17620121030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-111) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260627123201/https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar) Archived from the original on 27 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-112) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzi_Mirgani) (Suzi Mirgani) Mirgani, Suzi (2020). "Oil for Art's Sake: Art and Culture in the GCC". Routledge Handbook for Persian Gulf Politics . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . p. 155. In March 1998, Qatar announced the dismantling of its official censorship institution, the once formidable ministry of information, turning it into the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology. Abolishing the ministry of information was a highly symbolic gesture, and a means of signaling to the world that the country was entering a new phase—a new form of engagement with ideas. The timing of this abolishment was instructive, as this was a period during which the Al Jazeera network was becoming a fierce national force on the international stage. Having what was effectively a ministry of censorship did not sit well with having a media empire dedicated to pointedly outspoken opinion and investigative journalism—at least on some issues. Indeed, as Qatar presented the Al Jazeera network to the world, "the government made great play of the abolition [of the ministry of information] which promised greater press freedom." Abolishing the ministry of information was a signal of censorship reform offered to international partners in the media and the arts—or, at least, an attempt to carefully, selectively, and pre-emptively remain in control of content.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oil+for+Art%27s+Sake%3A+Art+and+Culture+in+the+GCC&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+for+Persian+Gulf+Politics&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Mirgani&rft.aufirst=Suzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-113) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/uae/qatar-sees-robust-economic-growth-1.429735) "Qatar sees robust economic growth" . Gulf News . Reuters. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Qatar+sees+robust+economic+growth&rft.date=2019-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Fqatar-sees-robust-economic-growth-1.429735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-114) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/10/Qatar_Qatar-National-Development-Strategy.pdf) Qatar National Development Strategy 2011–2016 (PDF) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretariat_for_Development_Planning) (General Secretariat for Development Planning) Qatar General Secretariat for Development Planning . March 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220708031507/https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2019/10/Qatar_Qatar-National-Development-Strategy.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Qatar+National+Development+Strategy+2011%E2%80%932016&rft.pub=Qatar+General+Secretariat+for+Development+Planning&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdisabilities%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F15%2F2019%2F10%2FQatar_Qatar-National-Development-Strategy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-115) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euromoney.com/article/b13229k7c79lqn/real-estate-in-qatar-a-growth-story-the-economic-background) "Real estate in Qatar – A growth story: The economic background" . Euromoney . 5 August 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120152306/https://www.euromoney.com/article/b13229k7c79lqn/real-estate-in-qatar-a-growth-story-the-economic-background) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromoney&rft.atitle=Real+estate+in+Qatar+%E2%80%93+A+growth+story%3A+The+economic+background&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoney.com%2Farticle%2Fb13229k7c79lqn%2Freal-estate-in-qatar-a-growth-story-the-economic-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-116) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bern.embassy.qa/en/qatar/economy-today/oil-and-gas-sector) "Oil and Gas Sector" . bern.embassy.qa . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bern.embassy.qa&rft.atitle=Oil+and+Gas+Sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbern.embassy.qa%2Fen%2Fqatar%2Feconomy-today%2Foil-and-gas-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-117) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21029018) "Qatar's delicate balancing act" . BBC News . 15 January 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120152304/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21029018) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+delicate+balancing+act&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-21029018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-118) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5437.htm) "Qatar (01/10)" . State.gov. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210320133756/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5437.htm) Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+%2801%2F10%29&rft.pub=State.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5437.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-119) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Recknagel, Charles (9 April 2008). (https://www.rferl.org/a/1101858.html) "Iraq: Hussein Unlikely To Welcome Asylum Offers As Solution To Crisis" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Hussein+Unlikely+To+Welcome+Asylum+Offers+As+Solution+To+Crisis&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Recknagel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1101858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-120) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5355478.last-respects-paid-to-teacher-killed-by-bomb/) "Last respects paid to teacher killed by bomb" . Dorset Echo . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152010/https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/5355478.last-respects-paid-to-teacher-killed-by-bomb/) Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dorset+Echo&rft.atitle=Last+respects+paid+to+teacher+killed+by+bomb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorsetecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F5355478.last-respects-paid-to-teacher-killed-by-bomb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-121) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Coman, Julian (21 March 2005). "Egyptian Suicide Bomber Blamed for Attack in Qatar". The Independent . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Suicide+Bomber+Blamed+for+Attack+in+Qatar&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.au=Coman%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-122) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Analytica, Oxford (25 March 2005). (https://www.forbes.com/2005/03/25/cz_0325oxan_qatarattack.html) "The Advent of Terrorism in Qatar" . Forbes . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330181755/https://www.forbes.com/2005/03/25/cz_0325oxan_qatarattack.html) Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Advent+of+Terrorism+in+Qatar&rft.date=2005-03-25&rft.aulast=Analytica&rft.aufirst=Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F25%2Fcz_0325oxan_qatarattack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-123) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Petrović, Nikola (3 September 2021). (https://cegit.org/relations-in-the-mena-region-saudi-arabia-and-qatar/) "Relations in the MENA region: Saudi Arabia and Qatar – CeGIT : Analysis" . CeGIT (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CeGIT&rft.atitle=Relations+in+the+MENA+region%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+Qatar+%E2%80%93+CeGIT+%3A+Analysis&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcegit.org%2Frelations-in-the-mena-region-saudi-arabia-and-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-124) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702609) "Qatar Timeline" . BBC News . 14 June 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171032/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702609) Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qatar+Timeline&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14702609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-ft-20130516_125-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roula Khalaf & Abigail Fielding Smith (16 May 2013). (https://www.ft.com/content/86e3f28e-be3a-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de) "Qatar bankrolls Syrian revolt with cash and arms" . Financial Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607043508/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/86e3f28e-be3a-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de.html) Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+bankrolls+Syrian+revolt+with+cash+and+arms&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.au=Roula+Khalaf&rft.au=Abigail+Fielding+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F86e3f28e-be3a-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-126) ↑   "(mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/26/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes/) "Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . 27 March 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116051636/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/26/middleeast/yemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes/) Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Saudi-led+coalition+strikes+rebels+in+Yemen%2C+inflaming+tensions+in+region&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fmiddleeast%2Fyemen-saudi-arabia-airstrikes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-127) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/six-nations-cut-diplomatic-ties-to-qatar-as-arab-rift-deepens.aspx?pageID=238&nID=113926&NewsCatID=352) "Six nations cut diplomatic ties to Qatar as Arab rift deepens" . Hurriyet Daily News. 5 June 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092140/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/six-nations-cut-diplomatic-ties-to-qatar-as-arab-rift-deepens.aspx?pageID=238&nID=113926&NewsCatID=352) Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Six+nations+cut+diplomatic+ties+to+Qatar+as+Arab+rift+deepens&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsix-nations-cut-diplomatic-ties-to-qatar-as-arab-rift-deepens.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D113926%26NewsCatID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-guard_128-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/05/saudi-arabia-and-bahrain-break-diplomatic-ties-with-qatar-over-terrorism) "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain break diplomatic ties with Qatar over 'terrorism' " . The Guardian . 5 June 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170605042514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/05/saudi-arabia-and-bahrain-break-diplomatic-ties-with-qatar-over-terrorism) Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%2C+UAE%2C+Egypt+and+Bahrain+break+diplomatic+ties+with+Qatar+over+%27terrorism%27&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjun%2F05%2Fsaudi-arabia-and-bahrain-break-diplomatic-ties-with-qatar-over-terrorism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-129) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://jordantimes.com/news/region/iran-sends-1100-tonnes-food-qatar-daily-%E2%80%94-report) "Iran sends 1,100 tonnes of food to Qatar daily — report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Times) (Jordan Times) Jordan Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) (Agence France-Presse) Agence France-Presse . 23 June 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170717112058/http://jordantimes.com/news/region/iran-sends-1100-tonnes-food-qatar-daily-%E2%80%94-report) Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jordan+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+sends+1%2C100+tonnes+of+food+to+Qatar+daily+%E2%80%94+report&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjordantimes.com%2Fnews%2Fregion%2Firan-sends-1100-tonnes-food-qatar-daily-%25E2%2580%2594-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-130) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/iran-hassan-rouhani-condemns-siege-qatar-170625174347048.html) "Iran: Hassan Rouhani condemns 'siege of Qatar' " . Al Jazeera. 25 June 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Hassan+Rouhani+condemns+%27siege+of+Qatar%27&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F06%2Firan-hassan-rouhani-condemns-siege-qatar-170625174347048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-131) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar-iran/qatar-says-its-ambassador-to-return-to-iran-foreign-ministry-idUSKCN1B32J6) "Qatar says its ambassador to return to Iran: foreign ministry" . Reuters. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+says+its+ambassador+to+return+to+Iran%3A+foreign+ministry&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-gulf-qatar-iran%2Fqatar-says-its-ambassador-to-return-to-iran-foreign-ministry-idUSKCN1B32J6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-132) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://en.mehrnews.com/news/137124/Iran-willing-to-deepen-ties-with-Qatar-Rouhani) " 'Iran willing to deepen ties with Qatar': Rouhani" . 26 August 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Iran+willing+to+deepen+ties+with+Qatar%27%3A+Rouhani&rft.date=2018-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F137124%2FIran-willing-to-deepen-ties-with-Qatar-Rouhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-133) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/11/qatar-appoints-first-ambassador-to-saudi-arabia-since-rift) "Qatar appoints first ambassador to Saudi Arabia Since Rift" . Al Jazeera. August 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093739/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/11/qatar-appoints-first-ambassador-to-saudi-arabia-since-rift) Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+appoints+first+ambassador+to+Saudi+Arabia+Since+Rift&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F8%2F11%2Fqatar-appoints-first-ambassador-to-saudi-arabia-since-rift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-134) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210108041533/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/qatar-saudi-arabia-gulf-arab-b1782751.html) "Saudi ends blockade but Qatar gives up little" . The Independent . Archived from (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/qatar-saudi-arabia-gulf-arab-b1782751.html) the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Saudi+ends+blockade+but+Qatar+gives+up+little&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar-saudi-arabia-gulf-arab-b1782751.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-135) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rhys, Paul. (http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2010/04/2010424184010305993.html) "Blatter reaches out to Arabia" . Aljazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210119153740/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2010/4/24/blatter-reaches-out-to-arabia) Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Blatter+reaches+out+to+Arabia&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fsport%2F2010%2F04%2F2010424184010305993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-136) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reilly, Damian (9 December 2010). (https://www.arabianbusiness.com/opinion/doha-overtake-dubai-366581) "Doha to overtake Dubai?" . Arabian Business . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221220201935/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/opinion/doha-overtake-dubai-366581) Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Doha+to+overtake+Dubai%3F&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fopinion%2Fdoha-overtake-dubai-366581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-137) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nordland, Rod (24 June 2013). (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/world/middleeast/qatar-transfer-of-power.html) "In Surprise, Emir of Qatar Plans to Abdicate, Handing Power to Son" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170337/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/25/world/middleeast/qatar-transfer-of-power.html) Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Surprise%2C+Emir+of+Qatar+Plans+to+Abdicate%2C+Handing+Power+to+Son&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.aulast=Nordland&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fqatar-transfer-of-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-138) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) "The World factbook" . CIA.Gov. 20 June 2014. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+World+factbook&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fqatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:1_139-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:1_139-1) 2   Anthony, John Duke, Crystal, Jill Ann, Zeidan, Adam. "Qatar". Encyclopedia Britannica , 31 March 2025, (https://www.britannica.com/place/Qatar) https://www.britannica.com/place/Qatar . Accessed 2 April 2025  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-140) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://visitqatar.com/intl-en/about-qatar/climate) "Qatar's climate | Weather & climate guide" . visitqatar.com . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitqatar.com&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+climate+%7C+Weather+%26+climate+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitqatar.com%2Fintl-en%2Fabout-qatar%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-141) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/qatar) "Qatar climate: average weather, temperature, rain – Climates to Travel" . www.climatestotravel.com . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climatestotravel.com&rft.atitle=Qatar+climate%3A+average+weather%2C+temperature%2C+rain+%E2%80%93+Climates+to+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatestotravel.com%2Fclimate%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-MOFA_142-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-MOFA_142-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://mofa.gov.qa/en/state-of-qatar/Key-Facts-and-Information/general-information) "General Information" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmofa.gov.qa%2Fen%2Fstate-of-qatar%2FKey-Facts-and-Information%2Fgeneral-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-143) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/) "List of Parties" . Convention on Biological Diversity. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110124005746/http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/) Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Parties&rft.pub=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fconvention%2Fparties%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-144) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/qa/qa-nbsap-01-en.pdf) "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. State of Qatar" (PDF) . Doha, Qatar: Convention on Biological Diversity. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081930/https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/qa/qa-nbsap-01-en.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Biodiversity+Strategy+and+Action+Plan.+State+of+Qatar&rft.place=Doha%2C+Qatar&rft.pub=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Fqa%2Fqa-nbsap-01-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-145) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  A. H. Moubasher (1993). Soil Fungi in Qatar and Other Arab Countries . Centre for Scientific and Applied Research, University of Qatar. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99921-21-02-3) (Special:BookSources/978-99921-21-02-3) 978-99921-21-02-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+Fungi+in+Qatar+and+Other+Arab+Countries&rft.pub=Centre+for+Scientific+and+Applied+Research%2C+University+of+Qatar&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-99921-21-02-3&rft.au=A.+H.+Moubasher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-146) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aurora M Castilla; et al. (5 June 2014). Ahmad Amer Mohamed Al Hemaidi; et al. (eds.). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140708101506/http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/The_Lizards_Living_in_Qatar_2014.pdf) The Lizards Living in Qatar  (PDF) (1st ed.). Doha, Qatar: Green Solutions. Archived from (http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/The_Lizards_Living_in_Qatar_2014.pdf) the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lizards+Living+in+Qatar&rft.place=Doha%2C+Qatar&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Green+Solutions&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.au=Aurora+M+Castilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.ucr.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FGarland%2FThe_Lizards_Living_in_Qatar_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-147) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://e360.yale.edu/features/undercounted-emissions-un-climate-change) "Nations Are Undercounting Emissions, Putting UN Goals at Risk" . Yale E360 . Retrieved 1 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+E360&rft.atitle=Nations+Are+Undercounting+Emissions%2C+Putting+UN+Goals+at+Risk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Ffeatures%2Fundercounted-emissions-un-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-148) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://di.unfccc.int/ghg_profile_non_annex1?_gl=1*wtpzae*_ga*MjMxNTQyNjI2LjE3MzMwNzQ2NTg.*_ga_7ZZWT14N79*MTczMzA3NDY1OC4xLjAuMTczMzA3NDY2MS4wLjAuMA..) "GHG Profiles – Non-Annex I" . di.unfccc.int . Retrieved 1 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=di.unfccc.int&rft.atitle=GHG+Profiles+%E2%80%93+Non-Annex+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdi.unfccc.int%2Fghg_profile_non_annex1%3F_gl%3D1%2Awtpzae%2A_ga%2AMjMxNTQyNjI2LjE3MzMwNzQ2NTg.%2A_ga_7ZZWT14N79%2AMTczMzA3NDY1OC4xLjAuMTczMzA3NDY2MS4wLjAuMA..&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-149) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en) "Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries : 2019 report" . op.europa.eu . Publications Office of the European Union. 26 September 2019. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789276111009) (Special:BookSources/9789276111009) 9789276111009  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210908142704/https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en) Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=op.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Fossil+CO2+and+GHG+emissions+of+all+world+countries+%3A+2019+report.&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.isbn=9789276111009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpublication-detail%2F-%2Fpublication%2F9d09ccd1-e0dd-11e9-9c4e-01aa75ed71a1%2Flanguage-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN) (Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:03_150-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://mofa.gov.qa/en/state-of-qatar/Key-Facts-and-Information/general-information) "General Information" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Qatar)) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)) Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs  . Retrieved 18 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=General+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmofa.gov.qa%2Fen%2Fstate-of-qatar%2FKey-Facts-and-Information%2Fgeneral-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-BBC9Sep05_151-0) ↑   BBC News, (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm) How democratic is the Middle East?  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm) Archived 11 February 2021 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , 9 September 2005.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-USState2011_152-0) ↑   United States Department of State (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar (https://web.archive.org/web/20201026090100/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf) Archived 26 October 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , 2011.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:110_153-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2015). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics: With a New Preface . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . pp. 126– 127, 135. The Qatari system also fits in perfectly with classical definitions of authoritarianism ... More than just an authoritarian system, Qatar's may be called, in the words of Daniel Brumberg, a "total autocracy." ... Brumberg distinguishes between what he calls "liberalized" and "total" autocracies. Liberalized autocracies are characterized by "an adaptable ecology of repression, control, and partial openness," whereas total autocracies feature hegemonic state institutions that seek to "absorb or repress rival political voices" and "spread the idea that the state's mission is to defend the supposedly unified nature" of the nation and the community. Although total autocracies tend to be the exception rather than the rule, Qatar appears to fit the category neatly.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics%3A+With+a+New+Preface&rft.pages=126-127%2C+135&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:54_154-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report?isocode=QAT&cHash=b054c76bbe479bc31688cb0eacf839d4) "Qatar Country Report 2026" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index) (Bertelsmann Transformation Index) Bertelsmann Transformation Index  . 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bertelsmann+Transformation+Index&rft.atitle=Qatar+Country+Report+2026&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcountry-report%3Fisocode%3DQAT%26cHash%3Db054c76bbe479bc31688cb0eacf839d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:83_155-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liloia, Alainna (2022), Cavatorta, Francesco; Mekouar, Merouan; Topak, Ozgun (eds.), (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/new-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self/D5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B) "New Authoritarian Practices in Qatar: Censorship bythe State and the Self" , New Authoritarian Practices in the Middle East and North Africa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press) (Edinburgh University Press) Edinburgh University Press , pp. 208– 227, retrieved 18 August 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Authoritarian+Practices+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.atitle=New+Authoritarian+Practices+in+Qatar%3A+Censorship+bythe+State+and+the+Self&rft.pages=208-227&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Liloia&rft.aufirst=Alainna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnew-authoritarian-practices-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa%2Fnew-authoritarian-practices-in-qatar-censorship-bythe-state-and-the-self%2FD5312FEBCBF2B2AAC976308BE45A4B7B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:132_156-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ashwarya, Sujata; Alam, Mujib, eds. (2026). (https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4) Comparative Electoral Politics and the Quest for Representation in West Asia and North Africa  . Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 366. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4) 10.1007/978-981-95-3704-4 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-95-3703-7) (Special:BookSources/978-981-95-3703-7) 978-981-95-3703-7  . Although Qatar adopted a constitution in 2003, framing it as a semi-constitutional monarchy, the political system today remains effectively an absolute monarchy under Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, with power centralized within the Al Thani family.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Electoral+Politics+and+the+Quest+for+Representation+in+West+Asia+and+North+Africa&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4&rft.isbn=978-981-95-3703-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-981-95-3704-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-157) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2015). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics: With a New Preface . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . pp. 107– 109. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics%3A+With+a+New+Preface&rft.pages=107-109&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-New_Emir_BBC_158-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870) "Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim" . BBC . 25 June 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130625005221/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870) Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Qatari+emir+Sheikh+Hamad+hands+power+to+son+Tamim&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-23026870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-embassycouncil_159-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-embassycouncil_159-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090451/http://qatarembassy.net/council.asp) "Council of Ministers" . Embassy of the State of Qatar in Washington DC. Archived from (http://www.qatarembassy.net/council.asp) the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Ministers&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+State+of+Qatar+in+Washington+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.net%2Fcouncil.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-160) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw6oi4BhD1ARIsAL6pox06QzME5skEOe_B3LAASNOINBdN94eQbV5-tAqq53U5a_ZrB4K9jAgaAqUsEALw_wcB) "2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results" . Transparency.org . 30 January 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency.org&rft.atitle=2023+Corruption+Perceptions+Index%3A+Explore+the+results&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi%2F2023%3Fgad_source%3D1%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjw6oi4BhD1ARIsAL6pox06QzME5skEOe_B3LAASNOINBdN94eQbV5-tAqq53U5a_ZrB4K9jAgaAqUsEALw_wcB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Lambert2011a_161-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Lambert2011a_161-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lambert, Jennifer (2011). (http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print) "Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security" . Middle East Policy . 19 (1). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235840/http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print) Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Political+Reform+in+Qatar%3A+Participation%2C+Legitimacy+and+Security&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmepc.org%2Fjournal%2Fmiddle-east-policy-archives%2Fpolitical-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Reut20111101_162-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160118142354/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101) "Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013" . Reuters (UK edition) . Reuters. 1 November 2011. Archived from (http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101) the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+%28UK+edition%29&rft.atitle=Qatar+to+hold+advisory+council+elections+in+2013&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:111_163-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2015). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics: With a New Preface . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press) (Cornell University Press) Cornell University Press . p. 125. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics%3A+With+a+New+Preface&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-164) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Thafer, Dania (14 October 2021). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/14/qatars-first-elected-parliament-may-have-more-power-than-other-persian-gulf-legislatures-heres-why/) "Qatar's first elected parliament may have more power than other Persian Gulf legislatures. Here's why" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220123214801/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/14/qatars-first-elected-parliament-may-have-more-power-than-other-persian-gulf-legislatures-heres-why/) Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+first+elected+parliament+may+have+more+power+than+other+Persian+Gulf+legislatures.+Here%27s+why.&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=Thafer&rft.aufirst=Dania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F10%2F14%2Fqatars-first-elected-parliament-may-have-more-power-than-other-persian-gulf-legislatures-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-165) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/qatari-elections-a-pr-stunt-or-a-step-toward-democracy/a-58970500) "Qatari elections: A PR stunt or a step toward democracy? | DW | 24 August 2021" . DW.COM . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210824193240/https://www.dw.com/en/qatari-elections-a-pr-stunt-or-a-step-toward-democracy/a-58970500) Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Qatari+elections%3A+A+PR+stunt+or+a+step+toward+democracy%3F+%7C+DW+%7C+24+August+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fqatari-elections-a-pr-stunt-or-a-step-toward-democracy%2Fa-58970500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-166) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231332/https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/) "Legislative elections in Qatar postponed until at least 2019" . Doha News . 17 June 2016. Archived from (https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/) the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doha+News&rft.atitle=Legislative+elections+in+Qatar+postponed+until+at+least+2019&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Flegislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_167-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (2025). (https://www.v-dem.net/documents/61/v-dem-dr__2025_lowres_v2.pdf) "Democracy Report 2025" (PDF) . Retrieved 28 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democracy+Report+2025&rft.date=2025&rft.aulast=V-Dem+Institute&rft.aufirst=University+of+Gothenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-dem.net%2Fdocuments%2F61%2Fv-dem-dr__2025_lowres_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-kuwari_168-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092159/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.) "The People Want Reform… In Qatar, Too" . Jadaliyya . Archived from (http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.) the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jadaliyya&rft.atitle=The+People+Want+Reform%E2%80%A6+In+Qatar%2C+Too.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2Fpages%2Findex%2F8880%2Fthe-people-want-reform%25E2%2580%25A6-in-qatar-too.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-169) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/qatar) "Qatar | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Qatar+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2Fcountry%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-170) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/gsod-indices) "Global State of Democracy Indices | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Global+State+of+Democracy+Indices+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2Fgsod-indices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-171) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/) "Home | The Global State of Democracy" . www.idea.int . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.idea.int&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+The+Global+State+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fdemocracytracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-172) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miles, Hugh (2005). (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/books/chapters/0306-1st-miles.html?pagewanted=all&position=) "Al-Jazeera" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150428005402/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/books/chapters/0306-1st-miles.html?pagewanted=all&position=) Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F06%2Fbooks%2Fchapters%2F0306-1st-miles.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26position%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-con_173-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-con_173-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075128/http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en) "The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar" . Government of Qatar. Archived from (http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en) the original on 6 October 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Permanent+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Qatar&rft.pub=Government+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almeezan.qa%2FLawArticles.aspx%3FLawArticleID%3D25754%26LawId%3D2284%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qat1_174-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qat1_174-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626) "Constitution of Qatar" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153437/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626) Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014 . According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Sharia law is the main source of its legislation.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fwipolex%2Fen%2Fdetails.jsp%3Fid%3D9626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-175) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) "The World Factbook" . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 September 2021. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=U.S.+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fqatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-176) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf) "Qatar" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_State) (US Department of State) US Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190808004909/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F171743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-177) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140629121154/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf) "Qatar Gender Equality Profile" (PDF) . UNICEF. Archived from (http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf) the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Gender+Equality+Profile&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fgender%2Ffiles%2FQatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-nobs_178-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-nobs_178-1) 2   (http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html) nouvelobs.com: "Qatar : "S'ils pouvaient, ils achèteraient la Tour Eiffel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091751/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html) Archived 10 October 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , 7 April 2013  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-amne_179-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140312142217/https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012) "Qatar" . Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 . Amnesty International. Archived from (https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6) the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International+Annual+Report+2012&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fqatar%2Freport-2012%23section-27-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-flog_180-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar/) "Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar" . GMA News Online . 30 June 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170201122638/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar) Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Filipino+woman+gets+100+lashes+for+giving+birth+in+Qatar&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F9758%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Ffilipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-181) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html) "Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having" . The Independent . 28 September 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003044/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html) Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+The+punishment+was+death+by+stoning.+The+crime%3F+Having&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpolitics%2Fspecial-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-iheu_182-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-iheu_182-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jenifer Fenton. (http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/) "Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar's human rights review" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210908/http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/) Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religious+law%2C+prison+for+%22blasphemy%22%2C+severe+sexual+inequalilty%3A+Qatar%27s+human+rights+review&rft.au=Jenifer+Fenton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiheu.org%2Freligious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-183) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/) "United Explanations – What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?" . 20 May 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220518042443/https://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/) Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Explanations+%E2%80%93+What+are+the+worst+countries+in+the+world+to+be+gay%3F&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitedexplanations.org%2Fenglish%2F2014%2F05%2F20%2Fwhat-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-184) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davies Krish (9 April 2019). (https://www.onlineqatar.com/living/laws-and-regulations/general-laws-and-regulations-in-doha-qatar) "General Laws and Regulations in Qatar" . OnlineQatar. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327203657/http://www.onlineqatar.com/living/laws-and-regulations/general-laws-and-regulations-in-doha-qatar) Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Laws+and+Regulations+in+Qatar&rft.pub=OnlineQatar&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.au=Davies+Krish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineqatar.com%2Fliving%2Flaws-and-regulations%2Fgeneral-laws-and-regulations-in-doha-qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-wsj20120107_185-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alex Delmar-Morgan (7 January 2012). (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872) "Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151119015821/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872) Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Qatar%2C+Unveiling+Tensions%2C+Suspends+Sale+of+Alcohol&rft.date=2012-01-07&rft.au=Alex+Delmar-Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-arabist20120115_186-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jenifer Fenton (16 January 2012). (http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/15/qatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html) "Qatar's Impromptu Alcohol Ban" . The Arabist. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120117011856/http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/15/qatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html) Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+Impromptu+Alcohol+Ban&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft.au=Jenifer+Fenton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabist.net%2Fblog%2F2012%2F1%2F15%2Fqatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-187) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.qatarloving.com/qatar-distribution-company) "Qatar Distribution Company" . Qatar Loving. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170401/https://www.qatarloving.com/qatar-distribution-company) Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Distribution+Company&rft.pub=Qatar+Loving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarloving.com%2Fqatar-distribution-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-188) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110501044507/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053) "Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar" . Qatar Visitor. 2 June 2007. Archived from (http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053) the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purchasing+Alcohol+in+Qatar&rft.pub=Qatar+Visitor&rft.date=2007-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarvisitor.com%2Findex.php%3FcID%3D414%26pID%3D1053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-189) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walid, Tamara (11 November 2009). (https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/qatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022-1.501700/) "Qatar would 'welcome' Israel in 2022" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)) (The National (Abu Dhabi)) The National  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130531214338/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/qatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022) Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Qatar+would+%27welcome%27+Israel+in+2022&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.aulast=Walid&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fsport%2Fqatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022-1.501700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-190) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://time.com/6235017/qatar-bans-alcohol-world-cup-stadiums/) "What To Know About Drinking Alcohol at the Qatar World Cup" . Time . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221118122110/https://time.com/6235017/qatar-bans-alcohol-world-cup-stadiums/) Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+To+Know+About+Drinking+Alcohol+at+the+Qatar+World+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6235017%2Fqatar-bans-alcohol-world-cup-stadiums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-'Leggings_Are_Not_Pants'_Qatar's_New_Modesty_Campaign_Aimed_At_Westerners_191-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Elgot, Jessica (28 May 2014). (http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/28/qatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html) " 'Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners' " . Huffington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094853/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/28/qatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html) Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Leggings+Are+Not+Pants%27+Qatar%27s+New+Modesty+Campaign+Aimed+At+Westerners%27&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft.aulast=Elgot&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2014%2F05%2F28%2Fqatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-192) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aningtias Jatmika (29 May 2014). (http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/29/240581035/Qatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public) "Qatar Bans Tourists from Wearing Leggings in Public" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073951/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/29/240581035/Qatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public) Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Bans+Tourists+from+Wearing+Leggings+in+Public&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.au=Aningtias+Jatmika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2014%2F05%2F29%2F240581035%2FQatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-193) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200215073034/http://www.mme.gov.qa/cui/view.dox?id=585&siteID=2) "Qatar Municipalities" . Qatar Ministry of Municipality and Environment. Archived from (http://www.mme.gov.qa/cui/view.dox?id=585&siteID=2) the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Municipalities&rft.pub=Qatar+Ministry+of+Municipality+and+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mme.gov.qa%2Fcui%2Fview.dox%3Fid%3D585%26siteID%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-2015census_194-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160717042254/http://www.mdps.gov.qa/en/knowledge/Publications/Population/Population2015.pdf) "2015 Population census" (PDF) . Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. April 2015. Archived from (http://www.mdps.gov.qa/en/knowledge/Publications/Population/Population2015.pdf) the original (PDF) on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Population+census&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Development+Planning+and+Statistics&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdps.gov.qa%2Fen%2Fknowledge%2FPublications%2FPopulation%2FPopulation2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-195) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20061212202517/http://www.planning.gov.qa/Qatar-Census-2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T02.htm) "Population By Gender, Municipality And Zone, March 2004" . General Secretariat for Development Planning. Archived from (http://www.planning.gov.qa/Qatar-Census-2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T02.htm) the original on 12 December 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+By+Gender%2C+Municipality+And+Zone%2C+March+2004&rft.pub=General+Secretariat+for+Development+Planning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planning.gov.qa%2FQatar-Census-2004%2Fpubulation-eng%2FTabels%2FPubulation%2FT02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Boghardt_196-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Boghardt_196-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (6 October 2014). (https://newrepublic.com/article/119705/why-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists) "Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?" . New Republic . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210914045206/https://newrepublic.com/article/119705/why-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists) Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Two overarching goals have driven Qatari policy. One has been to maximize Qatar's influence on the regional and international stage. This originally reflected the personal ambition of the former ruler and current emir's father, Shaykh Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani, and his foreign minister and eventually prime minister, Shaykh Hamad bin Jassim al Thani. The two men directed foreign policy until the father abdicated in favor of his son, Emir Tamim bin Hamad al Thani, in July 2013. The second objective has been to preserve the security of the ruling family and state.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Qatar+Is+a+U.S.+Ally.+They+Also+Knowingly+Abet+Terrorism.+What%27s+Going+On%3F&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Boghardt&rft.aufirst=Lori+Plotkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F119705%2Fwhy-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-197) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://agsiw.org/qatars-regional-relations-and-foreign-policy-after-al-ula/) "Qatar's Regional Relations and Foreign Policy After Al Ula" . The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. 14 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210909030241/https://agsiw.org/qatars-regional-relations-and-foreign-policy-after-al-ula/) Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%27s+Regional+Relations+and+Foreign+Policy+After+Al+Ula&rft.pub=The+Arab+Gulf+States+Institute+in+Washington&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagsiw.org%2Fqatars-regional-relations-and-foreign-policy-after-al-ula%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-198) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kirkpatrick, David D.; Barnard, Anne (7 June 2017). (https://www.academia.edu/33408516) "Terrorist Attacks Pour Gas on Saudi- Iranian Rivalry and Gulf Tensions" . Eurasia Diary . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170727235532/http://www.academia.edu/33408516/Terrorist_Attacks_Pour_Gas_on_Saudi-_Iranian_Rivalry_and_Gulf_Tensions) Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Diary&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Attacks+Pour+Gas+on+Saudi-+Iranian+Rivalry+and+Gulf+Tensions&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33408516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-199) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/world/middleeast/doha-qatar-blockade.html?_r=0&module=inline) "Qatar Opens Its Doors to All, to the Dismay of Some" . The New York Times . 16 July 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210909030247/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/world/middleeast/doha-qatar-blockade.html?_r=0&module=inline) Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+Opens+Its+Doors+to+All%2C+to+the+Dismay+of+Some&rft.date=2017-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fdoha-qatar-blockade.html%3F_r%3D0%26module%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-200) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Shear) (Michael D. Shear) Shear, Michael D. (31 January 2022). (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/us/politics/biden-qatar-nato.html) "Biden Designates Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220316091302/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/us/politics/biden-qatar-nato.html) Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+Designates+Qatar+as+a+Major+Non-NATO+Ally&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-qatar-nato.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-201) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/m-le-mag/article/2022/11/19/qatar-and-france-fifty-years-of-advantageous-friendship_6004912_117.html) "Qatar and France: 50 years of advantageous friendship" . Le Monde.fr . 19 November 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228032259/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/m-le-mag/article/2022/11/19/qatar-and-france-fifty-years-of-advantageous-friendship_6004912_117.html) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 – via Le Monde. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Qatar+and+France%3A+50+years+of+advantageous+friendship&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fm-le-mag%2Farticle%2F2022%2F11%2F19%2Fqatar-and-france-fifty-years-of-advantageous-friendship_6004912_117.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-202) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gulf-times.com/story/599134/Qatar-China-enjoy-strong-ties-based-on-respect) "Qatar, China enjoy strong ties based on respect" . Gulf-Times (in Arabic). 11 July 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191112201309/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/599134/Qatar-China-enjoy-strong-ties-based-on-respect) Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf-Times&rft.atitle=Qatar%2C+China+enjoy+strong+ties+based+on+respect&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-times.com%2Fstory%2F599134%2FQatar-China-enjoy-strong-ties-based-on-respect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-203) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=214868) "Qatar and Saudi Arabia sign defense agreement" . Tehrantimes.com. 25 February 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160408010300/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=214868) Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+and+Saudi+Arabia+sign+defense+agreement&rft.pub=Tehrantimes.com&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Findex_View.asp%3Fcode%3D214868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-204) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/01/21/how-qatar-and-turkey-came-together) "How Qatar and Turkey came together" . The Economist. 21 January 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093739/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/01/21/how-qatar-and-turkey-came-together) Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Qatar+and+Turkey+came+together&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2021%2F01%2F21%2Fhow-qatar-and-turkey-came-together&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-nyt20130630_205-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mark Mazzetti; C.J. Chivers; Eric Schmitt (30 June 2013). (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/middleeast/sending-missiles-to-syrian-rebels-qatar-muscles-in.html) "Taking Outsize Role in Syria, Qatar Funnels Arms to Rebels" . New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190430100859/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/30/world/middleeast/sending-missiles-to-syrian-rebels-qatar-muscles-in.html) Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taking+Outsize+Role+in+Syria%2C+Qatar+Funnels+Arms+to+Rebels&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.au=Mark+Mazzetti&rft.au=C.J.+Chivers&rft.au=Eric+Schmitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsending-missiles-to-syrian-rebels-qatar-muscles-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-206) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jay Solomon (10 October 2014). "U.S.-Qatar Alliance Strains Coalition Against Islamic State". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.-Qatar+Alliance+Strains+Coalition+Against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.au=Jay+Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-207) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-853231) "Qatar's funding of Syrian salaries: A strategic move in regional politics – analysis" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post) (The Jerusalem Post) The Jerusalem Post  . 8 May 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-822X) 0792-822X . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+funding+of+Syrian+salaries%3A+A+strategic+move+in+regional+politics+%E2%80%93+analysis&rft.date=2025-05-08&rft.issn=0792-822X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-853231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-208) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://mecouncil.org/publication/building-bridges-qatars-strategic-investments-in-iraq/) "Building Bridges: Qatar's Strategic Investments in Iraq" . Middle East Council on Global Affairs . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Council+on+Global+Affairs&rft.atitle=Building+Bridges%3A+Qatar%27s+Strategic+Investments+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmecouncil.org%2Fpublication%2Fbuilding-bridges-qatars-strategic-investments-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-209) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/12/qatar-palestine-aid-economic-support-cooperation-agreement.html) "Qatar deal expected to boost Palestinian trade – AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012" . www.al-monitor.com . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-monitor.com&rft.atitle=Qatar+deal+expected+to+boost+Palestinian+trade+%E2%80%93+AL-Monitor%3A+The+Middle+East%CA%BCs+leading+independent+news+source+since+2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2018%2F12%2Fqatar-palestine-aid-economic-support-cooperation-agreement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-210) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://greydynamics.com/libyan-civil-war-qatar-involvement/) "Libyan Civil War: Qatar Involvement" . Grey Dynamics . Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grey+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Libyan+Civil+War%3A+Qatar+Involvement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreydynamics.com%2Flibyan-civil-war-qatar-involvement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-211) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/houthis-reject-doha-peace-talks) "Houthis reject Doha peace talks – Yemen | ReliefWeb" . reliefweb.int . 26 March 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Houthis+reject+Doha+peace+talks+%E2%80%93+Yemen+%7C+ReliefWeb&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fyemen%2Fhouthis-reject-doha-peace-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-212) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cafiero, Giorgio (21 December 2024). (https://peoplesdispatch.org/2024/12/21/qatars-position-in-post-assad-syria/) "Qatar's position in post-Assad Syria : Peoples Dispatch" . Peoples Dispatch . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250209083331/https://peoplesdispatch.org/2024/12/21/qatars-position-in-post-assad-syria/) Archived from the original on 9 February 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peoples+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+position+in+post-Assad+Syria+%3A+Peoples+Dispatch&rft.date=2024-12-21&rft.aulast=Cafiero&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoplesdispatch.org%2F2024%2F12%2F21%2Fqatars-position-in-post-assad-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-213) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63941509) "EU corruption scandal puts democracy under attack – European Parliament head" . BBC News. 12 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+corruption+scandal+puts+democracy+under+attack+%E2%80%93+European+Parliament+head&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-63941509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-214) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barakat, Sultan (July 2012). (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35432932.pdf) "The Qatari Spring: Qatar's emerging role in peacemaking" (PDF) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014846/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35432932.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Qatari+Spring%3A+Qatar%27s+emerging+role+in+peacemaking&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F35432932.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-215) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-qatar-analysis-idUKL2274043520080522) "Qatar pulls off mediation coup in Lebanon crisis" . Reuters . 22 May 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120152304/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-qatar-analysis-idUKL2274043520080522) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Qatar+pulls+off+mediation+coup+in+Lebanon+crisis&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-lebanon-qatar-analysis-idUKL2274043520080522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-216) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Myre, Greg (10 October 2006). (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/world/middleeast/10mideast.html) "Qatar Emerges as a Mediator Between Fatah and Hamas" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120152304/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/world/middleeast/10mideast.html) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+Emerges+as+a+Mediator+Between+Fatah+and+Hamas&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Myre&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F10mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-217) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reeves, Eric (9 February 2009). (https://sudantribune.com/article30017/) "The Qatar "Peace Process": Less Than Meets the Eye" . Sudan Tribune . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221123003550/https://sudantribune.com/article30017/) Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Qatar+%22Peace+Process%22%3A+Less+Than+Meets+the+Eye&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Farticle30017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-218) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rashid, Ahmed (4 October 2017). (https://www.ft.com/content/7bcd4e5e-a832-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde) "Why closing the Taliban's Qatar office would be an error" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210821221457/https://www.ft.com/content/7bcd4e5e-a832-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde) Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Why+closing+the+Taliban%27s+Qatar+office+would+be+an+error&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F7bcd4e5e-a832-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-219) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kalin, Stephen (25 November 2023). (https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-diplomacy-cements-qatars-global-mediator-role-29e0ffb7) "Gaza Diplomacy Cements Qatar's Global Mediator Role" . The Wall Street Journal . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231205160405/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-diplomacy-cements-qatars-global-mediator-role-29e0ffb7) Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Gaza+Diplomacy+Cements+Qatar%27s+Global+Mediator+Role&rft.date=2023-11-25&rft.aulast=Kalin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fgaza-diplomacy-cements-qatars-global-mediator-role-29e0ffb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-220) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carla Mascarenhas (26 May 2023). (http://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e) " 'Terrified, humiliated': Invasive strip search lawsuit against Qatar Airlines gains momentum" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au) (News.com.au) news.com.au  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214403/https://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e) Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=%27Terrified%2C+humiliated%27%3A+Invasive+strip+search+lawsuit+against+Qatar+Airlines+gains+momentum&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.au=Carla+Mascarenhas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftravel%2Fterrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum%2Fnews-story%2Fc1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-221) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Victoria Pengilly; Jack Snape; Riley Stuart (26 October 2020). (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-26/qatar-airport-baby-women-invasive-search/12812364) "Qatar airport incident in which women were invasively searched reported to Australian Federal Police" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Australian Broadcasting Corporation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230906090154/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-26/qatar-airport-baby-women-invasive-search/12812364) Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+airport+incident+in+which+women+were+invasively+searched+reported+to+Australian+Federal+Police&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.au=Victoria+Pengilly&rft.au=Jack+Snape&rft.au=Riley+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-10-26%2Fqatar-airport-baby-women-invasive-search%2F12812364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-222) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/18/five-americans-fly-out-of-iran-in-6bn-oil-money-prisoner-swap) "Five Americans head home in $6bn US-Iran prisoner swap deal" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com) (TheGuardian.com) TheGuardian.com  . 18 September 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231008231244/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/18/five-americans-fly-out-of-iran-in-6bn-oil-money-prisoner-swap) Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Five+Americans+head+home+in+%246bn+US-Iran+prisoner+swap+deal&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fsep%2F18%2Ffive-americans-fly-out-of-iran-in-6bn-oil-money-prisoner-swap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-223) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-thanks-qatars-emir-mediation-freeing-americans-iran-amiri-diwan-2023-10-03/) "Biden thanks Qatar's emir for mediation in freeing Americans from Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 3 October 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231009075900/https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-thanks-qatars-emir-mediation-freeing-americans-iran-amiri-diwan-2023-10-03/) Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Biden+thanks+Qatar%27s+emir+for+mediation+in+freeing+Americans+from+Iran&rft.date=2023-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fbiden-thanks-qatars-emir-mediation-freeing-americans-iran-amiri-diwan-2023-10-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-224) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  missionqa (24 September 2024). (https://qa.usembassy.gov/designation-of-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program/) "Designation of Qatar into the Visa Waiver Program" . U.S. Embassy in Qatar . Retrieved 1 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+in+Qatar&rft.atitle=Designation+of+Qatar+into+the+Visa+Waiver+Program&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft.au=missionqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqa.usembassy.gov%2Fdesignation-of-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-225) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-admits-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program-2024-09-24/) "US admits Qatar into visa waiver program" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 24 September 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=US+admits+Qatar+into+visa+waiver+program&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fus-admits-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program-2024-09-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-iiss2023_226-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-iiss2023_226-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-iiss2023_226-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023 . International Institute for Strategic Studies. pp. 349– 350. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2023&rft.pages=349-350&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2023&rft.au=IISS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-aljazeera2021_227-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-aljazeera2021_227-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-aljazeera2021_227-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gatopolous, Alex (5 January 2021). (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/5/the-dramatic-expansion-of-qatars-military) "How the Gulf crisis spurred Qatar to expand its military" . Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240120140034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/5/the-dramatic-expansion-of-qatars-military) Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=How+the+Gulf+crisis+spurred+Qatar+to+expand+its+military&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft.au=Gatopolous%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F1%2F5%2Fthe-dramatic-expansion-of-qatars-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-228) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ardemagni, Eleonora (25 April 2018). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210201115720/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/76178) "Building New Gulf States Through Conscription" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace) (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace  . Archived from (https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/76178) the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Building+New+Gulf+States+Through+Conscription&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.au=Ardemagni%2C+Eleonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F76178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-229) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barany, Zoltan (5 June 2023). (https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/national-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654) "National Service in the Gulf: Unsurprising Disparities" . Italian Institute for International Political Studies . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204234922/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/national-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italian+Institute+for+International+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Service+in+the+Gulf%3A+Unsurprising+Disparities&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft.au=Barany%2C+Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispionline.it%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fnational-service-in-the-gulf-unsurprising-disparities-130654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-230) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex) "The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database" . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 21 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SIPRI+Military+Expenditure+Database&rft.pub=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fdatabases%2Fmilex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-231) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023856/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495) "Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014" . www.sipri.org . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from (http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495) the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sipri.org&rft.atitle=Trends+in+International+Arms+Transfer%2C+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Fproduct_info%3Fc_product_id%3D495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-232) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130214003447/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php) "TIV of arms imports to the top 50 largest importers, 2016-2016" . SIPRI . Archived from (http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php) the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIPRI&rft.atitle=TIV+of+arms+imports+to+the+top+50+largest+importers%2C+2016-2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Ftoplist.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-233) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rohde, Ruth (2024). (https://corruption-tracker.org/case/raytheons-dirty-business-in-qatar) "Raytheon's Dirty Business in Qatar (Sham Contracts)" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Raytheon%27s+Dirty+Business+in+Qatar+%28Sham+Contracts%29&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Rohde&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorruption-tracker.org%2Fcase%2Fraytheons-dirty-business-in-qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-234) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://worldpeacefoundation.org/blog/arms-trade-corruption-what-do-we-know/) "Arms trade corruption – what do we know?" . World Peace Foundation . Retrieved 2 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Peace+Foundation&rft.atitle=Arms+trade+corruption+%E2%80%93+what+do+we+know%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpeacefoundation.org%2Fblog%2Farms-trade-corruption-what-do-we-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-235) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voanews.com/a/defense-contractor-to-pay-252m-penalty-to-resolve-qatar-bribery-charges/7824918.html) "Defense contractor to pay $252M penalty to resolve Qatar bribery charges" . Voice of America . 16 October 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Defense+contractor+to+pay+%24252M+penalty+to+resolve+Qatar+bribery+charges&rft.date=2024-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fdefense-contractor-to-pay-252m-penalty-to-resolve-qatar-bribery-charges%2F7824918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-236) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/qatar_9711_bgn.html) "Background Notes: Qatar, November 1997" . U.S. State Department . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204221919/https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/qatar_9711_bgn.html) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+State+Department&rft.atitle=Background+Notes%3A+Qatar%2C+November+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1997-2001.state.gov%2Fbackground_notes%2Fqatar_9711_bgn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-237) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roberts, David (28 September 2011). (https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2011-09-28/behind-qatars-intervention-libya) "Behind Qatar's Intervention In Libya" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs) (Foreign Affairs) Foreign Affairs  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160202134933/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2011-09-28/behind-qatars-intervention-libya) Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Behind+Qatar%27s+Intervention+In+Libya&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Flibya%2F2011-09-28%2Fbehind-qatars-intervention-libya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-238) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/7/qatar-deploys-1000-ground-troops-to-fight-in-yemen) "Qatar deploys 1,000 ground troops to fight in Yemen" . Al Jazeera . 7 September 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240205122755/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/7/qatar-deploys-1000-ground-troops-to-fight-in-yemen) Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Qatar+deploys+1%2C000+ground+troops+to+fight+in+Yemen&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F9%2F7%2Fqatar-deploys-1000-ground-troops-to-fight-in-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-239) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Almeida, Alex; Knights, Michael (25 March 2016). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war) "Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 1): The Ground War" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy) (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195626/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/gulf-coalition-operations-in-yemen-part-1-the-ground-war) Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+1%29%3A+The+Ground+War&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-240) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/26/qatar-gulf-crisis-how-it-all-got-started-on-june-5) "Qatar-Gulf crisis: How it all got started on June 5" . Al Jazeera . 26 November 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240204223556/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/26/qatar-gulf-crisis-how-it-all-got-started-on-june-5) Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Qatar-Gulf+crisis%3A+How+it+all+got+started+on+June+5&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F26%2Fqatar-gulf-crisis-how-it-all-got-started-on-june-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-241) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/qatar/report-qatar/) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220614203530/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/qatar/report-qatar/) Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Fqatar%2Freport-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-242) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/qatar) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 13 January 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220619080048/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/qatar) Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2022%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-243) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/qatar-faces-international-scrutiny-over-human-rights-violations/3524651) "Qatar faces international scrutiny over human rights violations" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency) (Anadolu Agency) Anadolu Agency  . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Qatar+faces+international+scrutiny+over+human+rights+violations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar-faces-international-scrutiny-over-human-rights-violations%2F3524651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-244) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/) "Human rights in Qatar" . Amnesty International . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Human+rights+in+Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar%2Freport-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-245) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Human Rights Watch (16 January 2025), (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/qatar) "Qatar: Events of 2024" , Share this via Facebook , retrieved 12 October 2025  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Share+this+via+Facebook&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Events+of+2024&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2025%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:222_246-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) "World Report 2026: Rights Trends in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104506/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2026%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2026%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:11_247-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ilo.org/media/569646/download) "Assessment of Labour Migration Statistics: Qatar Country Profile" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization  . 11 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Organization&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Labour+Migration+Statistics%3A+Qatar+Country+Profile&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fmedia%2F569646%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:112_248-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ilo.org/media/569646/download) "Assessment of Labour Migration Statistics: Qatar Country Profile" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization  . 11 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labour+Organization&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Labour+Migration+Statistics%3A+Qatar+Country+Profile&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fmedia%2F569646%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:223_249-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) "World Report 2026: Rights Trends in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104506/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2026%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2026%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:322_250-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/) "Qatar 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104517/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Qatar+2025&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar%2Freport-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:42_251-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ashraf, Iram (2016). (https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=ubjil) "Emerging Issues: FIFA World Cup 2022: Enjoying the Game at the Suffering of Migrant Workers" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Baltimore) (University of Baltimore) University of Baltimore Journal of International Law . 4 (2): 133– 134. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Baltimore+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Emerging+Issues%3A+FIFA+World+Cup+2022%3A+Enjoying+the+Game+at+the+Suffering+of+Migrant+Workers&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-134&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Iram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.law.ubalt.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1047%26context%3Dubjil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-252) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/11/14/qatar-rights-abuses-stain-fifa-world-cup) "Qatar: Rights Abuses Stain FIFA World Cup" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 14 November 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Rights+Abuses+Stain+FIFA+World+Cup&rft.date=2022-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F11%2F14%2Fqatar-rights-abuses-stain-fifa-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:52_253-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Conway, Tyler. (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1854355-qatar-accused-of-human-rights-violations-in-preparation-for-2022-world-cup) "Qatar Accused of Human Rights Violations in Preparation for 2022 World Cup" . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 26 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=Qatar+Accused+of+Human+Rights+Violations+in+Preparation+for+2022+World+Cup&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F1854355-qatar-accused-of-human-rights-violations-in-preparation-for-2022-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-alaraby.co.uk_254-0) ↑   (https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2014/12/29/qatar-finalising-new-sponsorship-law-for-foreign-workers) "Qatar Finalising New Sponsorship Law for Foreign Workers." (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220160627/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2014/12/29/qatar-finalising-new-sponsorship-law-for-foreign-workers) Archived 20 December 2016 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Araby_Al-Jadeed) (Al-Araby Al-Jadeed) Al-Araby_Al-Jadeed , 2014. Web.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:62_255-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_592473/lang--en/index.htm) "ILO Governing Body welcomes Qatar's commitment to bolster migrant worker rights" . www.ilo.org . 8 November 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=ILO+Governing+Body+welcomes+Qatar%27s+commitment+to+bolster+migrant+worker+rights&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2Fabout-the-ilo%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2FWCMS_592473%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:72_256-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.business-humanrights.org/es/%C3%BAltimas-noticias/technical-cooperation-between-ilo-and-qatar-on-workers-rights-threat-of-commission-of-inquiry-eases/) "Technical cooperation between ILO and Qatar on workers rights; threat of Commission of Inquiry eases" . Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+%26+Human+Rights+Resource+Centre&rft.atitle=Technical+cooperation+between+ILO+and+Qatar+on+workers+rights%3B+threat+of+Commission+of+Inquiry+eases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-humanrights.org%2Fes%2F%25C3%25BAltimas-noticias%2Ftechnical-cooperation-between-ilo-and-qatar-on-workers-rights-threat-of-commission-of-inquiry-eases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:82_257-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/10/1049471) "New labour laws in Qatar benefiting migrant workers a 'momentous step forward': ILO" . UN News . 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=New+labour+laws+in+Qatar+benefiting+migrant+workers+a+%27momentous+step+forward%27%3A+ILO&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2019%2F10%2F1049471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:92_258-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ilo.org/beirut/media-centre/news/WCMS_627158/lang--en/index.htm) "ILO inaugurates its first project office in Qatar" . www.ilo.org . 30 April 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=ILO+inaugurates+its+first+project+office+in+Qatar&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fbeirut%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews%2FWCMS_627158%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:102_259-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/09/qatar-exit-system-reform-first-step/) "Qatar: Partial abolition of 'exit permit' lifts travel restrictions for most migrant workers" . Amnesty International. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Partial+abolition+of+%27exit+permit%27+lifts+travel+restrictions+for+most+migrant+workers&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fqatar-exit-system-reform-first-step%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:12_260-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/01/16/business/ap-ml-qatar-labor.html) "UN Body Welcomes 'Milestone' in Qatar Labor Reforms" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=UN+Body+Welcomes+%27Milestone%27+in+Qatar+Labor+Reforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2020%2F01%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fap-ml-qatar-labor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:13_261-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/20/03/2021/GCO-highlights-various-labour-reforms-introduced-by-Qatar) "GCO highlights various labour reforms introduced by Qatar" . thepeninsulaqatar.com . 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thepeninsulaqatar.com&rft.atitle=GCO+highlights+various+labour+reforms+introduced+by+Qatar&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepeninsulaqatar.com%2Farticle%2F20%2F03%2F2021%2FGCO-highlights-various-labour-reforms-introduced-by-Qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:14_262-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://arab.news/8nrbk) "Qatar extends minimum wage to all" . Arab News . 20 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Qatar+extends+minimum+wage+to+all&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F8nrbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:15_263-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulf-times.com/story/688611) "Qatar's labour reforms outstanding, tangible" . Gulf-Times (in Arabic). 10 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf-Times&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+labour+reforms+outstanding%2C+tangible&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulf-times.com%2Fstory%2F688611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:16_264-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ilo.org/beirut/projects/qatar-office/WCMS_775981/lang--en/index.htm) "Qatar's new minimum wage enters into force" . www.ilo.org . 19 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+new+minimum+wage+enters+into+force&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fbeirut%2Fprojects%2Fqatar-office%2FWCMS_775981%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:17_265-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.barrons.com/news/qatar-extends-minimum-wage-to-all-as-world-cup-looms-01616233505) "Qatar Extends Minimum Wage To All As World Cup Looms" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France_Presse) (Agence France Presse) Agence France Presse  . 20 March 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France+Presse&rft.atitle=Qatar+Extends+Minimum+Wage+To+All+As+World+Cup+Looms&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fqatar-extends-minimum-wage-to-all-as-world-cup-looms-01616233505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:18_266-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/30/08/2020/Qatar-sets-minimum-wage,-removes-NOC-for-changing-jobs) "Qatar sets minimum wage, removes NOC for changing jobs" . www.thepeninsulaqatar.com . 30 August 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thepeninsulaqatar.com&rft.atitle=Qatar+sets+minimum+wage%2C+removes+NOC+for+changing+jobs&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeninsulaqatar.com%2Farticle%2F30%2F08%2F2020%2FQatar-sets-minimum-wage%2C-removes-NOC-for-changing-jobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-hrw2020_267-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/24/qatar-significant-labor-and-kafala-reforms) "Qatar: Significant Labor and Kafala Reforms" . Human Rights Watch . 24 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Significant+Labor+and+Kafala+Reforms&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2F24%2Fqatar-significant-labor-and-kafala-reforms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:224_268-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:224_268-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) "World Report 2026: Rights Trends in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104506/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2026%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2026%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:323_269-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/) "Qatar 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104517/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/qatar/report-qatar/) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Qatar+2025&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fmiddle-east-and-north-africa%2Fmiddle-east%2Fqatar%2Freport-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:225_270-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:225_270-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:225_270-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) "World Report 2026: Rights Trends in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260511104506/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2026/country-chapters/qatar) Archived from the original on 11 May 2026. Retrieved 11 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2026%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2026%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-271) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214726/https://dohanews.co/report-qatars-gender-wage-gap-widens-considerably/) "Report: Qatar's Gender Wage Gap Widens Considerably over 10-year-period" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_News) (Doha News) Doha News . 23 October 2012. Archived from (https://dohanews.co/report-qatars-gender-wage-gap-widens-considerably/) the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Qatar%27s+Gender+Wage+Gap+Widens+Considerably+over+10-year-period&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Freport-qatars-gender-wage-gap-widens-considerably%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-tlozek_272-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tlozek, Eric (28 October 2020). (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-29/human-rights-call-qatar-stop-criminalising-sex-outside-marriage/12824408) "Human rights groups call on Qatar to stop criminalising sex outside marriage after treatment of women on Sydney-bound flight" . ABC News . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Human+rights+groups+call+on+Qatar+to+stop+criminalising+sex+outside+marriage+after+treatment+of+women+on+Sydney-bound+flight&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Tlozek&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-10-29%2Fhuman-rights-call-qatar-stop-criminalising-sex-outside-marriage%2F12824408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-273) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161220214721/https://dohanews.co/facing-jail-unmarried-pregnant-women-in-qatar-left/) "Facing Jail, Unmarried Pregnant Women in Qatar Left with Hard Choices" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_News) (Doha News) Doha News . 27 August 2013. Archived from (https://dohanews.co/facing-jail-unmarried-pregnant-women-in-qatar-left/) the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facing+Jail%2C+Unmarried+Pregnant+Women+in+Qatar+Left+with+Hard+Choices.&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Ffacing-jail-unmarried-pregnant-women-in-qatar-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-274) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html) "LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds" . The Independent . 17 May 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170827151517/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html) Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=LGBT+relationships+are+illegal+in+74+countries%2C+research+finds&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-275) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bearak, Max; Cameron, Darla (1 December 2021). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/) "Analysis | Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231010234107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/) Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Darla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:5_276-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:5_276-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ingle, Sean; Ingle, Exclusive by Sean (15 November 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/nov/15/gay-qataris-physically-abused-then-recruited-as-agents-campaigner-says) "Gay Qataris physically abused then recruited as agents, campaigner says" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gay+Qataris+physically+abused+then+recruited+as+agents%2C+campaigner+says&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Ingle%2C+Exclusive+by+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2022%2Fnov%2F15%2Fgay-qataris-physically-abused-then-recruited-as-agents-campaigner-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:6_277-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:6_277-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:6_277-2) 3  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:6_277-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Swash, Rosie (16 May 2024). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/16/nothing-short-of-horrific-amnesty-criticise-arrest-of-man-in-qatar-trapped-by-police-on-grindr) " 'Nothing short of horrific': Amnesty criticises arrest of man in Qatar 'trapped' by police on Grindr" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Nothing+short+of+horrific%E2%80%99%3A+Amnesty+criticises+arrest+of+man+in+Qatar+%E2%80%98trapped%E2%80%99+by+police+on+Grindr&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Swash&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fmay%2F16%2Fnothing-short-of-horrific-amnesty-criticise-arrest-of-man-in-qatar-trapped-by-police-on-grindr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:53_278-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar) "Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders  . 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260627123201/https://rsf.org/en/country/qatar) Archived from the original on 27 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-oxford12_279-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=BT1gIeuQq6wC) The Report: Qatar 2010  . Oxford Business Group. 2010. p. 237. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907065446) (Special:BookSources/9781907065446) 9781907065446  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Qatar+2010&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781907065446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBT1gIeuQq6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:43_280-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saraswathi, Vani (26 November 2021). (https://gijn.org/resource/chapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar/) "Chapter 13 – Reporting Guide for Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Investigative_Journalism_Network) (Global Investigative Journalism Network) Global Investigative Journalism Network  . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Investigative+Journalism+Network&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+%E2%80%93+Reporting+Guide+for+Qatar&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.aulast=Saraswathi&rft.aufirst=Vani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgijn.org%2Fresource%2Fchapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:02_281-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:02_281-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wazir, Burhan. (https://www.cjr.org/watchdog/doha_news_censorship_journalism.php) "Mysterious shutdown plagues popular news site in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review) (Columbia Journalism Review) Columbia Journalism Review  . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=Mysterious+shutdown+plagues+popular+news+site+in+Qatar&rft.aulast=Wazir&rft.aufirst=Burhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fwatchdog%2Fdoha_news_censorship_journalism.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:44_282-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:44_282-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:44_282-2) 3  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:44_282-3) 4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saraswathi, Vani (26 November 2021). (https://gijn.org/resource/chapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar/) "Chapter 13 – Reporting Guide for Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Investigative_Journalism_Network) (Global Investigative Journalism Network) Global Investigative Journalism Network  . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Investigative+Journalism+Network&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+%E2%80%93+Reporting+Guide+for+Qatar&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.aulast=Saraswathi&rft.aufirst=Vani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgijn.org%2Fresource%2Fchapter-13-reporting-guide-for-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:63_283-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2016/12/qatar-blocking-of-doha-news-website-is-an-outright-attack-on-media-freedom/) "Qatar: Blocking of Doha News website 'an outright attack' on media freedom" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  . 1 December 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Blocking+of+Doha+News+website+%E2%80%98an+outright+attack%E2%80%99+on+media+freedom&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fpress-release%2F2016%2F12%2Fqatar-blocking-of-doha-news-website-is-an-outright-attack-on-media-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:7_284-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/07/qatar-independent-news-website-blocked) "Qatar: Independent News Website Blocked | Further Undermines Media Freedom" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch  . 7 December 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Independent+News+Website+Blocked+%7C+Further+Undermines+Media+Freedom&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F07%2Fqatar-independent-news-website-blocked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:33_285-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:33_285-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/freehou/2017/en/119061) Freedom of the Press 2017 - Qatar (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House . 7 November 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+2017+-+Qatar&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Freference%2Fannualreport%2Ffreehou%2F2017%2Fen%2F119061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:19_286-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:19_286-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Finn, Tom (1 December 2016). (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-media-idUSKBN13Q4EX?il=0) "Blocked Qatari news site blames government censorship" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221206094524/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-media-idUSKBN13Q4EX?il=0) Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Blocked+Qatari+news+site+blames+government+censorship&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-qatar-media-idUSKBN13Q4EX%3Fil%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:23_287-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38169032) "Qatar accused of blocking Doha News website" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . 1 December 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Qatar+accused+of+blocking+Doha+News+website&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38169032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:8_288-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Versyani, Mariam (12 May 2020). (https://dohanews.co/a-welcome-message-and-a-promise/) "A welcome message and a promise" . Doha News . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doha+News&rft.atitle=A+welcome+message+and+a+promise&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Versyani&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Fa-welcome-message-and-a-promise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:9_289-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kilani, Hazar (4 May 2022). (https://dohanews.co/qatar-goes-up-in-global-press-freedom-index-but-serious-concerns-remain/) "Qatar goes up in global press freedom index, but serious concerns remain" . Doha News . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doha+News&rft.atitle=Qatar+goes+up+in+global+press+freedom+index%2C+but+serious+concerns+remain&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft.aulast=Kilani&rft.aufirst=Hazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Fqatar-goes-up-in-global-press-freedom-index-but-serious-concerns-remain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-:10_290-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2022) "Qatar: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House  . Retrieved 23 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2022+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fqatar%2Ffreedom-world%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-291) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kelly, Tobias (2009). (https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-un-committee-against-torture-human-rights-monitoring-and-the-legal-recognition-of-cruelty(3b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c).html) "The UN Committee against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty" . Human Rights Quarterly . 313 (3): 777– 800. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.0.0094) 10.1353/hrq.0.0094 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F3b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c) 20.500.11820/3b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145632406) 145632406 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191023201703/https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-un-committee-against-torture-human-rights-monitoring-and-the-legal-recognition-of-cruelty(3b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c).html) Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+UN+Committee+against+Torture%3A+Human+Rights+Monitoring+and+the+Legal+Recognition+of+Cruelty&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=777-800&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F3b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145632406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhrq.0.0094&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ed.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fthe-un-committee-against-torture-human-rights-monitoring-and-the-legal-recognition-of-cruelty%283b940ee1-e99f-4ab6-bbb1-37face2fae2c%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-292) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121120181119/https://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=453776c75) Conclusions and Recommendations: Qatar (Report). UN Committee Against Torture. 25 July 2006. para. 12. U.N. Doc. CAT/C/QAT/CO/1. Archived from (http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=453776c75) the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Certain provisions of the Criminal Code allow punishments such as flogging and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions by judicial and administrative authorities. These practices constitute a breach of the obligations imposed by the Convention. The Committee notes with interest that authorities are presently considering amendments to the Prison Act that would abolish flogging.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Conclusions+and+Recommendations%3A+Qatar&rft.pages=para.+12&rft.pub=UN+Committee+Against+Torture&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frefworld%2Frwmain%3Fdocid%3D453776c75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-emboil_293-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rasoul Sorkhabi (2010). (http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/01/the-qatar-oil-discoveries) "The Qatar Oil Discoveries" . GEO ExPro Magazine . Vol. 7, no. 1. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055046/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/01/the-qatar-oil-discoveries) Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GEO+ExPro+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Qatar+Oil+Discoveries&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Rasoul+Sorkhabi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoexpro.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2Fthe-qatar-oil-discoveries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-newhopenyt_294-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nordland, Rod (25 June 2013). (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/world/middleeast/emir-of-qatar-abdicates-handing-power-to-his-son.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) "New Hope for Democracy in a Dynastic Land" . NYTimes.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190502065154/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/world/middleeast/emir-of-qatar-abdicates-handing-power-to-his-son.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0) Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=New+Hope+for+Democracy+in+a+Dynastic+Land&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Nordland&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F26%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Femir-of-qatar-abdicates-handing-power-to-his-son.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-295) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gco.gov.qa/ar/ministries/minister-of-commerce-and-industry/) وزير التجارة و الصناعة  . مكتب الاتصال الحكومي (in Arabic). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210417193049/https://www.gco.gov.qa/ar/ministries/minister-of-commerce-and-industry/) Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gco.gov.qa%2Far%2Fministries%2Fminister-of-commerce-and-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-imfoct_296-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=) "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)" . IMF. October 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023135/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=) Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects+%28PPP+valuation+of+country+GDP%29&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D34%26pr.y%3D13%26sy%3D2015%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D512%252C672%252C914%252C946%252C612%252C137%252C614%252C546%252C311%252C962%252C213%252C674%252C911%252C676%252C193%252C548%252C122%252C556%252C912%252C678%252C313%252C181%252C419%252C867%252C513%252C682%252C316%252C684%252C913%252C273%252C124%252C868%252C339%252C921%252C638%252C948%252C514%252C943%252C218%252C686%252C963%252C688%252C616%252C518%252C223%252C728%252C516%252C558%252C918%252C138%252C748%252C196%252C618%252C278%252C624%252C692%252C522%252C694%252C622%252C142%252C156%252C449%252C626%252C564%252C628%252C565%252C228%252C283%252C924%252C853%252C233%252C288%252C632%252C293%252C636%252C566%252C634%252C964%252C238%252C182%252C662%252C359%252C960%252C453%252C423%252C968%252C935%252C922%252C128%252C714%252C611%252C862%252C321%252C135%252C243%252C716%252C248%252C456%252C469%252C722%252C253%252C942%252C642%252C718%252C643%252C724%252C939%252C576%252C644%252C936%252C819%252C961%252C172%252C813%252C132%252C199%252C646%252C733%252C648%252C184%252C915%252C524%252C134%252C361%252C652%252C362%252C174%252C364%252C328%252C732%252C258%252C366%252C656%252C734%252C654%252C144%252C336%252C146%252C263%252C463%252C268%252C528%252C532%252C923%252C944%252C738%252C176%252C578%252C534%252C537%252C536%252C742%252C429%252C866%252C433%252C369%252C178%252C744%252C436%252C186%252C136%252C925%252C343%252C869%252C158%252C746%252C439%252C926%252C916%252C466%252C664%252C112%252C826%252C111%252C542%252C298%252C967%252C927%252C443%252C846%252C917%252C299%252C544%252C582%252C941%252C474%252C446%252C754%252C666%252C698%252C668%26s%3DNGDPDPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-297) ↑   Bill Crane (20 April 2015). (https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/) Gravediggers of the Gulf (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/) Archived 10 October 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)) (Jacobin (magazine)) Jacobin  . Retrieved 20 April 2015.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-298) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse) "Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse" . Human Rights Watch. 12 June 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse) Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Migrant+Construction+Workers+Face+Abuse&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Fqatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-299) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx) "Qatar tourist guide" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153325/https://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx) Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+tourist+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineqatar.com%2Finfo%2Ftourist-info.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-strangepow_300-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-strangepow_300-1) 2  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-strangepow_300-2) 3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false) "The Strange Power of Qatar by Hugh Eakin" . The New York Review of Books . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071533/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false) Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Power+of+Qatar+by+Hugh+Eakin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2011%2Foct%2F27%2Fstrange-power-qatar%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-301) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235824/http://export.gov/qatar/static/2012%20CCG%20Qatar%20Final_Latest_eg_qa_050999.pdf) "Doing Business in Qatar: 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies" (PDF) . US & Foreign Commercial Service And US Department of State. Archived from (http://export.gov/qatar/static/2012%20CCG%20Qatar%20Final_Latest_eg_qa_050999.pdf) the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+Qatar%3A+2012+Country+Commercial+Guide+for+U.S.+Companies&rft.pub=US+%26+Foreign+Commercial+Service+And+US+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexport.gov%2Fqatar%2Fstatic%2F2012%2520CCG%2520Qatar%2520Final_Latest_eg_qa_050999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-302) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm) "OPEC Member Countries" . Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190208202051/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm) Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPEC+Member+Countries&rft.pub=Organization+of+Petroleum+Exporting+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opec.org%2Fopec_web%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2F25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-303) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kortekaas, Vanessa (28 October 2013). (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/90b2885a-3d85-11e3-9928-00144feab7de.html#axzz2kYginHGM) "New Qatar emir shakes up sovereign wealth fund" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=New+Qatar+emir+shakes+up+sovereign+wealth+fund&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Kortekaas&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F90b2885a-3d85-11e3-9928-00144feab7de.html%23axzz2kYginHGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-304) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Greenfield, Beth. (https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethgreenfield/2012/02/22/the-worlds-richest-countries/) "The World's Richest Countries" . Forbes . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180131151855/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethgreenfield/2012/02/22/the-worlds-richest-countries/) Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Richest+Countries&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fbethgreenfield%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2Fthe-worlds-richest-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-305) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.berryreview.com/2013/11/06/quatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt/) "Qatar Holding LLC Among Investors in BlackBerrys $1 Billion Convertible Debt" . Berryreview.com. 6 November 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/http://www.berryreview.com/2013/11/06/quatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt/) Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Holding+LLC+Among+Investors+in+BlackBerrys+%241+Billion+Convertible+Debt&rft.pub=Berryreview.com&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berryreview.com%2F2013%2F11%2F06%2Fquatar-holding-llc-among-investors-in-blackberrys-1-billion-convertible-debt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-306) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hall, Camilla (30 October 2013). (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/2b1628f4-40b3-11e3-ae19-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2kYkTnRz9) "Qatar fund quietly builds $1bn Bank of America stake" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+fund+quietly+builds+%241bn+Bank+of+America+stake&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F2b1628f4-40b3-11e3-ae19-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz2kYkTnRz9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-307) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hall, Camilla (4 July 2013). (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/dc99ef1e-de45-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#slide0) "Qatar: what's next for the world's most aggressive deal hunter?" . Financial Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160619043411/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/dc99ef1e-de45-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html#slide0) Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+what%27s+next+for+the+world%27s+most+aggressive+deal+hunter%3F&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fdc99ef1e-de45-11e2-9b47-00144feab7de.html%23slide0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-308) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Business+and+Finance/taxsystem) "Information About Education, Economy, Health, IT and Tourism in Qatar" . Portal.www.gov.qa. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806162658/https://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Business+and+Finance/taxsystem) Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+About+Education%2C+Economy%2C+Health%2C+IT+and+Tourism+in+Qatar&rft.pub=Portal.www.gov.qa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.www.gov.qa%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Ftopics%2FBusiness%2Band%2BFinance%2Ftaxsystem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-309) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042210/https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/) "Taxes on junk food, luxury items to be rolled out in Qatar soon" . 16 February 2017. Archived from (https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/) the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taxes+on+junk+food%2C+luxury+items+to+be+rolled+out+in+Qatar+soon&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Ftaxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-310) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071058/https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/) "layoffs Archives – Doha News" . Doha News . Archived from (https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/) the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doha+News&rft.atitle=layoffs+Archives+%E2%80%93+Doha+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Ftag%2Flayoffs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-311) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Doha) "Doha | City, Qatar, Map, & History | Britannica" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doha+%26%23124%3B+City%2C+Qatar%2C+Map%2C+%26+History+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDoha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-312) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldometers.info/oil/qatar-oil/) "Qatar Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption Statistics" . Worldometer . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometer&rft.atitle=Qatar+Oil+Reserves%2C+Production+and+Consumption+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Foil%2Fqatar-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-bdlive.co.za_313-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-bdlive.co.za_313-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simon Lincoln Reader (12 November 2013). (http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/11/12/qatar-shows-how-money-can-solve-most-problems) "Qatar shows how money can solve most problems" . Bdlive.co.za. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181209192146/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/columnists/2013/11/12/qatar-shows-how-money-can-solve-most-problems) Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+shows+how+money+can+solve+most+problems&rft.pub=Bdlive.co.za&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.au=Simon+Lincoln+Reader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdlive.co.za%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F2013%2F11%2F12%2Fqatar-shows-how-money-can-solve-most-problems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Qatar_National_Vision_2030_314-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Qatar_National_Vision_2030_314-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20121113150935/http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/qatar_national_vision) "Qatar National Vision 2030" . Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. Archived from (http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/qatar_national_vision) the original on 13 November 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+National+Vision+2030&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Development+Planning+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsdp.gov.qa%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fgsdp_en%2Fqatar_national_vision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-oxford1_315-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-oxford1_315-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/qatar-gets-serious-about-solar) "Qatar gets serious about solar" . Oxford Business Group. 21 April 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190119233210/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/qatar-gets-serious-about-solar) Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+gets+serious+about+solar&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Fnews%2Fqatar-gets-serious-about-solar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-316) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180707062546/https://www.marhaba.qa/qatars-solar-energy-ambitions/) "Qatar's Solar Energy Ambitions" . Marhaba. 10 November 2016. Archived from (https://www.marhaba.qa/qatars-solar-energy-ambitions/) the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%27s+Solar+Energy+Ambitions&rft.pub=Marhaba&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marhaba.qa%2Fqatars-solar-energy-ambitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-317) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stapczynski, Stephen; Liao, Ruth; El Wardany, Salma (4 March 2026). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-04/iran-war-dents-qatar-s-reputation-as-lng-s-safest-bet) "Qatar's Hard-Won Reputation as Safest Gas Supplier Lost in Days" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+Hard-Won+Reputation+as+Safest+Gas+Supplier+Lost+in+Days&rft.date=2026-03-04&rft.aulast=Stapczynski&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Liao%2C+Ruth&rft.au=El+Wardany%2C+Salma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2026-03-04%2Firan-war-dents-qatar-s-reputation-as-lng-s-safest-bet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-318) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rashad, Marwa (4 March 2026). (https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/qatarenergy-declares-force-majeure-lng-shipments-2026-03-04/) "Exclusive: Qatar shuts gas liquefaction, will take weeks to restart, sources say" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Qatar+shuts+gas+liquefaction%2C+will+take+weeks+to+restart%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2026-03-04&rft.aulast=Rashad&rft.aufirst=Marwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fqatarenergy-declares-force-majeure-lng-shipments-2026-03-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-319) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farchy, Jack; Longley, Alex; Azevedo Rocha, Priscila; Gorrivan, Charles; Lee, Julian (3 March 2026). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2026-03-03/why-oil-price-surge-is-limited-after-trump-s-iran-strikes) "Trump's War on Iran Has Traders Staring Down an Energy Crisis" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+War+on+Iran+Has+Traders+Staring+Down+an+Energy+Crisis&rft.date=2026-03-03&rft.aulast=Farchy&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Longley%2C+Alex&rft.au=Azevedo+Rocha%2C+Priscila&rft.au=Gorrivan%2C+Charles&rft.au=Lee%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2026-03-03%2Fwhy-oil-price-surge-is-limited-after-trump-s-iran-strikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-320) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  England, Andrew; Moore, Malcolm (6 March 2026). (https://www.ft.com/content/be122b17-e667-478d-be19-89d605e978ea) "Qatar warns war will force Gulf to stop energy exports 'within days' " . Financial Times . Retrieved 6 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+warns+war+will+force+Gulf+to+stop+energy+exports+%27within+days%27&rft.date=2026-03-06&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Moore%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbe122b17-e667-478d-be19-89d605e978ea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-321) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy031ylgepro) "Oil price jumps after Qatar minister warns all Gulf production could stop" . BBC News . 6 March 2026. Retrieved 6 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Oil+price+jumps+after+Qatar+minister+warns+all+Gulf+production+could+stop&rft.date=2026-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcy031ylgepro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-322) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liao, Ruth; Stapczynski, Stephen (7 March 2026). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-06/qatar-s-main-lng-equipment-intact-satellite-analysis-shows) "Qatar's Main LNG Equipment Intact, Satellite Analysis Shows" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg News  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+Main+LNG+Equipment+Intact%2C+Satellite+Analysis+Shows&rft.date=2026-03-07&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Stapczynski%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2026-03-06%2Fqatar-s-main-lng-equipment-intact-satellite-analysis-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-323) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420896) "Tourism in the MENA Region"  . World Tourism Organization . 2019. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284420896) 10.18111/9789284420896 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789284420896) (Special:BookSources/9789284420896) 9789284420896  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242610756) 242610756 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200510100056/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284420896) Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Tourism+Organization&rft.atitle=Tourism+in+the+MENA+Region&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242610756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284420896&rft.isbn=9789284420896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-unwto.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.18111%2F9789284420896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN) (Category:CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN) link ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_periodical_has_ISBN)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-324) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/qatar-travel-and-tourism) "Qatar Travel and Tourism" . www.trade.gov . 7 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228064946/https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/qatar-travel-and-tourism) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trade.gov&rft.atitle=Qatar+Travel+and+Tourism&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fmarket-intelligence%2Fqatar-travel-and-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-325) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Admin (3 November 2020). (https://worldtourismforum.net/tourism-in-qatar/) "Tourism in Qatar" . World Tourism Forum Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228064950/https://worldtourismforum.net/tourism-in-qatar/) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Tourism+Forum+Institute&rft.atitle=Tourism+in+Qatar&rft.date=2020-11-03&rft.au=Admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldtourismforum.net%2Ftourism-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-326) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/11/23/qatars-220-billion-tourism-boost-will-it-pay-off) "Qatar's $220 billion tourism boost, will it pay off?" . euronews . 23 November 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228064947/https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/11/23/qatars-220-billion-tourism-boost-will-it-pay-off) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+%24220+billion+tourism+boost%2C+will+it+pay+off%3F&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnext%2F2022%2F11%2F23%2Fqatars-220-billion-tourism-boost-will-it-pay-off&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-visitqatar_327-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://visitqatar.com) "Visit Qatar – Official Website" . visitqatar.com . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitqatar.com&rft.atitle=Visit+Qatar+%E2%80%93+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitqatar.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-328) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.invest.qa/en/sectors-and-opportunities/tourism) "Tourism" . www.invest.qa . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228064947/https://www.invest.qa/en/sectors-and-opportunities/tourism) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.invest.qa&rft.atitle=Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invest.qa%2Fen%2Fsectors-and-opportunities%2Ftourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-329) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/qatar-world-cup-2022/things-to-do/visiting-qatar-during-the-fifa-world-cup-here-are-eleven-wonderful-things-to-see-1.1664895146718) "Visiting Qatar during the FIFA World Cup? Here are eleven wonderful things to see" . gulfnews.com . 4 October 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228064947/https://gulfnews.com/qatar-world-cup-2022/things-to-do/visiting-qatar-during-the-fifa-world-cup-here-are-eleven-wonderful-things-to-see-1.1664895146718) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Visiting+Qatar+during+the+FIFA+World+Cup%3F+Here+are+eleven+wonderful+things+to+see&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fqatar-world-cup-2022%2Fthings-to-do%2Fvisiting-qatar-during-the-fifa-world-cup-here-are-eleven-wonderful-things-to-see-1.1664895146718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-330) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://imo.gov.qa/media-centre/insights/futureqatar--a-hub-for-connectivity-in-a-globalised-world) "#FutureQatar: A hub for connectivity in a globalised world" . imo.gov.qa . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imo.gov.qa&rft.atitle=%23FutureQatar%3A+A+hub+for+connectivity+in+a+globalised+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimo.gov.qa%2Fmedia-centre%2Finsights%2Ffutureqatar--a-hub-for-connectivity-in-a-globalised-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-331) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.qatarairways.com/en-us/about-qatar-airways.html) "About Qatar Airways" . www.qatarairways.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191209004150/https://www.qatarairways.com/en-us/about-qatar-airways.html) Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qatarairways.com&rft.atitle=About+Qatar+Airways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarairways.com%2Fen-us%2Fabout-qatar-airways.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-332) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulf.asia/qatar-airways-business-class/) "Qatar Airways Business Class Review: Food, Seats, Fare and More" . Gulf Guide . 9 October 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191117055458/https://gulf.asia/qatar-airways-business-class/) Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+Guide&rft.atitle=Qatar+Airways+Business+Class+Review%3A+Food%2C+Seats%2C+Fare+and+More&rft.date=2019-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulf.asia%2Fqatar-airways-business-class%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-333) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cornish, Chloe; Georgiadis, Philip (9 March 2025). (https://www.ft.com/content/ed886915-7548-4856-bb95-3fead41f2190) "Qatar Airways' breakneck growth will slow after next big plane order, says CEO" . Financial Times . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Qatar+Airways%27+breakneck+growth+will+slow+after+next+big+plane+order%2C+says+CEO&rft.date=2025-03-09&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft.au=Georgiadis%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fed886915-7548-4856-bb95-3fead41f2190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-334) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newsgd.com/node_20ec43c632/75c0c810be.shtml) "CG of Qatar in Guangzhou: Belt and Road Initiative will change the world | GDToday" . www.newsgd.com . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newsgd.com&rft.atitle=CG+of+Qatar+in+Guangzhou%3A+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+will+change+the+world+%7C+GDToday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgd.com%2Fnode_20ec43c632%2F75c0c810be.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-335) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.imsilkroad.com/p/312934.html) "Background of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road – Xinhua Silk Road" . en.imsilkroad.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241008190401/https://en.imsilkroad.com/p/312934.html) Archived from the original on 8 October 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.imsilkroad.com&rft.atitle=Background+of+the+21st+Century+Maritime+Silk+Road+%E2%80%93+Xinhua+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.imsilkroad.com%2Fp%2F312934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-336) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Procopio, Maddalena; Čok, Corrado (24 March 2025). (https://ecfr.eu/publication/diversification-nations-the-gulf-way-to-engage-with-africa/) "Diversification nations: The Gulf way to engage with Africa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (European Council on Foreign Relations) European Council on Foreign Relations  . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Diversification+nations%3A+The+Gulf+way+to+engage+with+Africa&rft.date=2025-03-24&rft.aulast=Procopio&rft.aufirst=Maddalena&rft.au=%C4%8Cok%2C+Corrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Fpublication%2Fdiversification-nations-the-gulf-way-to-engage-with-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-337) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gulf-times.com/story/646676/Milaha-showcases-its-digital-transformation-at-Qat) "Milaha showcases its digital transformation at Qatar Silk Road Exhibition" . Gulf-Times . 5 November 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210224041622/https://gulf-times.com/story/646676/Milaha-showcases-its-digital-transformation-at-Qat) Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf-Times&rft.atitle=Milaha+showcases+its+digital+transformation+at+Qatar+Silk+Road+Exhibition&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-times.com%2Fstory%2F646676%2FMilaha-showcases-its-digital-transformation-at-Qat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-338) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chaziza, Mordechai (14 February 2020). (Paid subscription required) (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0009445519895612) "China–Qatar Strategic Partnership and the Realization of One Belt, One Road Initiative"  . China Report . 56 (1): 78– 102. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009445519895612) 10.1177/0009445519895612 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212800716) 212800716 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211145116/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0009445519895612) Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Report&rft.atitle=China%E2%80%93Qatar+Strategic+Partnership+and+the+Realization+of+One+Belt%2C+One+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-102&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0009445519895612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212800716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chaziza&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0009445519895612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-339) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2830706&language=en) "KUNA : Qatar, Kuwait critical partners in China's Silk Road Initiative – Communications – 03/11/2019" . www.kuna.net.kw . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210515153916/https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2830706&language=en) Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kuna.net.kw&rft.atitle=KUNA+%3A+Qatar%2C+Kuwait+critical+partners+in+China%27s+Silk+Road+Initiative+%E2%80%93+Communications+%E2%80%93+03%2F11%2F2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuna.net.kw%2FArticleDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D2830706%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-340) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/09/qatar-emir-officially-inaugurates-hamad-port-170905110351179.html) "Qatar's emir officially inaugurates Hamad Port" . Al Jazeera. 5 September 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180507005912/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/09/qatar-emir-officially-inaugurates-hamad-port-170905110351179.html) Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%27s+emir+officially+inaugurates+Hamad+Port&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fvideo%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2Fqatar-emir-officially-inaugurates-hamad-port-170905110351179.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-reuters1_341-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  John Davison (15 June 2017). (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-gulf-qatar-port-idUKKBN19624H) "Gulf crisis a "blessing in disguise" for Qatar seaport" . Reuters . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171016003513/http://www.reuters.com/article/uk-gulf-qatar-port-idUKKBN19624H) Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Gulf+crisis+a+%22blessing+in+disguise%22+for+Qatar+seaport&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft.au=John+Davison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-gulf-qatar-port-idUKKBN19624H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-342) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022511/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/sea-change-state%e2%80%99s-port-facilities-capacity-and-transport-links-are-being-strengthened) "Qatar strengthens port facilities, capacity and transport links" . Oxford Business Group. 2016. Archived from (https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/sea-change-state%E2%80%99s-port-facilities-capacity-and-transport-links-are-being-strengthened) the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+strengthens+port+facilities%2C+capacity+and+transport+links&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordbusinessgroup.com%2Fanalysis%2Fsea-change-state%25E2%2580%2599s-port-facilities-capacity-and-transport-links-are-being-strengthened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-QR_343-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200402103811/https://www.qr.com.qa/home) "QatarRail" . www.qr.com.qa . Archived from (https://www.qr.com.qa/home) the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qr.com.qa&rft.atitle=QatarRail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qr.com.qa%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_344-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/) "World Population Prospects 2022" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_345-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx) "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950%E2%80%932100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-346) ↑   Gulf Labour Markets and Migration (5 June 2025). (https://gulfmigration.grc.net/qatar-population-by-nationality-qatari-non-qatari-at-dates-of-censuses-1970-2020/) "Qatar: Population by nationality (Qatari/ non-Qatari) at dates of censuses (1970-2020)" . gulfmigration.grc.net . Retrieved 5 November 2025.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-pop_347-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053320/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/) "Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report" . Archived from (http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/) the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Qatar+by+nationality+%E2%80%93+2017+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpriyadsouza.com%2Fpopulation-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qsahist_348-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100420182258/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/HistoryOfCensus.aspx) "History of Census in Qatar" . Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from (http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/HistoryOfCensus.aspx) the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Census+in+Qatar&rft.pub=Qatar+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsa.gov.qa%2FQatarCensus%2FHistoryOfCensus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-349) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  National Planning Council, State of Qatar. (https://www.npc.qa/en/statistics/census2020/Pages/results/default.aspx) "Qatar Census 2020 Detailed Results" . www.npc.qa . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250426213600/https://www.npc.qa/en/statistics/census2020/Pages/results/default.aspx) Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 5 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npc.qa&rft.atitle=Qatar+Census+2020+Detailed+Results&rft.aulast=National+Planning+Council&rft.aufirst=State+of+Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.qa%2Fen%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus2020%2FPages%2Fresults%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-350) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC) Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education  . Multilingual Matters. p. 429. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853593628) (Special:BookSources/978-1853593628) 978-1853593628  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035950/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC) Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Bilingualism+and+Bilingual+Education&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1853593628&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sylvia+Prys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgtSqB9oqDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-351) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guttenplan, D. D. (11 June 2012). (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/11iht-educlede11.html) "Battling to Preserve Arabic From English's Onslaught" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201120045411/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/11iht-educlede11.html) Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Battling+to+Preserve+Arabic+From+English%27s+Onslaught&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.aulast=Guttenplan&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F11iht-educlede11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-352) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tweedie, Gregory; Johnson, Robert. (http://bild-lida.ca/journal/volume_2_1_2018/tweedie_johnson/) "Listening instruction and patient safety: Exploring medical English as a lingua franca (MELF) for nursing education" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803074912/http://bild-lida.ca/journal/volume_2_1_2018/tweedie_johnson/) Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listening+instruction+and+patient+safety%3A+Exploring+medical+English+as+a+lingua+franca+%28MELF%29+for+nursing+education&rft.aulast=Tweedie&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbild-lida.ca%2Fjournal%2Fvolume_2_1_2018%2Ftweedie_johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-353) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140712062300/http://fqoc.hamad.qa/en/venue/about_qatar/about_qatar.aspx) "Qatar Facts" . First Qatar Orthodontic Conference. Archived from (http://fqoc.hamad.qa/en/venue/about_qatar/about_qatar.aspx) the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Facts&rft.pub=First+Qatar+Orthodontic+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffqoc.hamad.qa%2Fen%2Fvenue%2Fabout_qatar%2Fabout_qatar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-354) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170612/http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm) "Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar" . US Department of State. Archived from (https://m.state.gov/md14011.htm) the original on 21 August 2014. The official state religion follows the conservative Wahhabi tradition of the Hanbali school of Islam  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Qatar&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.state.gov%2Fmd14011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-355) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/qatar/) "Qatar" . United States Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120150503/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/qatar/) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fqatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-wahh_356-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852) "Tiny Qatar's growing global clout" . BBC. 30 April 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190504024932/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852) Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiny+Qatar%27s+growing+global+clout&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13229852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-insom_357-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927) "Qatar's modern future rubs up against conservative traditions" . Reuters . 27 September 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210203001518/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927) Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+modern+future+rubs+up+against+conservative+traditions&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-risingreuters_358-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212) "Rising power Qatar stirs unease among some Mideast neighbors" . Reuters . 12 February 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160118142355/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212) Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rising+power+Qatar+stirs+unease+among+some+Mideast+neighbors&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-359) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html) "2011 Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar" . US Department of State. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210126141320/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html) Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Qatar&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F50210591c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-360) ↑   Hackett, Conrad; Stonawski, Marcin; Tong, Yunping; Kramer, Stephanie; Fengyan Shi, Anne; Zanetti, Nick (9 June 2025). (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020/) "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2020" . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 5 November 2025.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-361) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dr.Adnan (6 October 2016). (https://www.arabisklondon.com/?p=1498) "Qatar has edge in European hotel acquisitions" . www.arabisklondon.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221120131905/https://www.arabisklondon.com/?p=1498) Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arabisklondon.com&rft.atitle=Qatar+has+edge+in+European+hotel+acquisitions&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.au=Dr.Adnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabisklondon.com%2F%3Fp%3D1498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-362) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/islam-qatar-world-cup-2022-b2222975.html) "Islam in Qatar explained ahead of 2022 World Cup" . The Independent . 11 November 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221119120053/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/islam-qatar-world-cup-2022-b2222975.html) Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Qatar+explained+ahead+of+2022+World+Cup&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fislam-qatar-world-cup-2022-b2222975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Contempory_Sharee’ah_363-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.afreno.com/blog/the-ministry-of-awqaf-and-islamic-affairs) "The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs" . Afreno . 25 November 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806155422/https://www.afreno.com/blog/the-ministry-of-awqaf-and-islamic-affairs) Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afreno&rft.atitle=The+Ministry+of+Awqaf+and+Islamic+Affairs&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afreno.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-ministry-of-awqaf-and-islamic-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-364) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/) "Christians to Welcome Qatar's First Christian Church" . Christianpost.com. 24 February 2008. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201121015057/https://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/) Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+to+Welcome+Qatar%27s+First+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Christianpost.com&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fchristians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-365) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm) "CIA The World Fact Book" . State.gov. 29 June 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191110022107/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm) Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+The+World+Fact+Book&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90219.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Report_on_Qatar_366-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Report_on_Qatar_366-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_country_reports&story_id=90) "Report on Qatar" . Cumorah Project. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221123180431/https://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_country_reports&story_id=90) Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Qatar&rft.pub=Cumorah+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumorah.com%2Findex.php%3Ftarget%3Dview_country_reports%26story_id%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar_367-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-The_Anglican_Centre_in_Qatar_367-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235828/http://www.epiphany-qatar.org/buildingproject.html) "The Anglican Centre in Qatar" . Epiphany-qatar.org. Archived from (http://www.epiphany-qatar.org/buildingproject.html) the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Centre+in+Qatar&rft.pub=Epiphany-qatar.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epiphany-qatar.org%2Fbuildingproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_368-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_368-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  David B. Barrett; George Thomas Kurian; Todd M. Johnson (2001). World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world . Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 617. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510318-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510318-2) 978-0-19-510318-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Christian+encyclopedia%3A+a+comparative+survey+of+churches+and+religions+in+the+modern+world&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510318-2&rft.au=David+B.+Barrett&rft.au=George+Thomas+Kurian&rft.au=Todd+M.+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Guardian20221109_369-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/qatars-claims-of-diversity-are-undermined-by-its-treatment-of-bahais) "Qatar's claims of diversity are undermined by its treatment of Bahá'ís" . The Guardian . 9 November 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221109170928/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/09/qatars-claims-of-diversity-are-undermined-by-its-treatment-of-bahais) Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+claims+of+diversity+are+undermined+by+its+treatment+of+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fnov%2F09%2Fqatars-claims-of-diversity-are-undermined-by-its-treatment-of-bahais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-wapo_370-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anderson, Nick (6 December 2015). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/12/06/the-education-city-contracts-a-case-study-from-vcu-in-qatar/) "The Education City contracts: A case study from VCU in Qatar" . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Education+City+contracts%3A+A+case+study+from+VCU+in+Qatar&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fgrade-point%2Fwp%2F2015%2F12%2F06%2Fthe-education-city-contracts-a-case-study-from-vcu-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-371) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083746/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/News/2012/Article/72.htm) "In the occasion of Literacy Arab Day, Qatar has the Lowest Illiteracy Rates in 2012" . Qatar Statistics Authority. 8 January 2013. Archived from (http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/News/2012/Article/72.htm) the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+occasion+of+Literacy+Arab+Day%2C+Qatar+has+the+Lowest+Illiteracy+Rates+in+2012&rft.pub=Qatar+Statistics+Authority&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qsa.gov.qa%2Feng%2FNews%2F2012%2FArticle%2F72.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-372) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130918053402/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80) "Qatar constitution" . Archived from (http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80) the original on 18 September 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mofa.gov.qa%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fid%3D80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-373) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20161225121300/http://www.qu.edu.qa/theuniversity/history.php) "Our history" . Qatar University. Archived from (http://www.qu.edu.qa/theuniversity/history.php) the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+history&rft.pub=Qatar+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qu.edu.qa%2Ftheuniversity%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-374) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hendengren, Adam (25 June 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20180506235206/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/special-reports/article/the-middle-east-university-list_672) "SPECIAL REPORT: UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST" . Your Middle East. Archived from (http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/special-reports/article/the-middle-east-university-list_672) the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPECIAL+REPORT%3A+UNIVERSITY+STUDIES+IN+THE+MIDDLE+EAST&rft.pub=Your+Middle+East&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Hendengren&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Fspecial-reports%2Farticle%2Fthe-middle-east-university-list_672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-375) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Qatar.pdf) "World Data on Education – Qatar" (PDF) . UNESCO. Retrieved 21 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Data+on+Education+%E2%80%93+Qatar&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FPublications%2FWDE%2F2010%2Fpdf-versions%2FQatar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-376) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anderson, Margery K.; Tarfa Nasser Alnaimi; Shaikha Hamad Alhajri (1 November 2010). "National student research fairs as evidence for progress in Qatar's Education for a New Era". Improving Schools . 13 (3): 235– 248. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1365480210390083) 10.1177/1365480210390083 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144828063) 144828063 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Improving+Schools&rft.atitle=National+student+research+fairs+as+evidence+for+progress+in+Qatar%27s+Education+for+a+New+Era&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-248&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1365480210390083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144828063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Margery+K.&rft.au=Tarfa+Nasser+Alnaimi&rft.au=Shaikha+Hamad+Alhajri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-377) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20050913005112/http://www.english.education.gov.qa/) "Education for a New Era" . Supreme Education Council. Archived from (http://www.english.education.gov.qa) the original on 13 September 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+for+a+New+Era&rft.pub=Supreme+Education+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.education.gov.qa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-378) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Qatar) "Qatar" . Ranking Web of Universities. Retrieved 26 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar&rft.pub=Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webometrics.info%2Fen%2Faw%2FQatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-379) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nhlstenden.com/en/locations/qatar-doha) "NHL Stenden University Qatar" . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHL+Stenden+University+Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlstenden.com%2Fen%2Flocations%2Fqatar-doha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-380) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  PISA 2012 Results in Focus . OECD. 2014. p. 5. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PISA+2012+Results+in+Focus&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-381) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results.htm) "Key findings – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" . Oecd.org. Retrieved 30 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+findings+%E2%80%93+Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.pub=Oecd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fkeyfindings%2Fpisa-2012-results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-382) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/qatar) "GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025" . WIPO . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=GII+Innovation+Ecosystems+%26+Data+Explorer+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fgii-ranking%2Fen%2Fqatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-383) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html) Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization . p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.58864) 10.34667/tind.58864 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) (Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3797-0) 978-92-805-3797-0  . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2025%3A+Innovation+at+a+Crossroads&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.58864&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3797-0&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Soumitra&rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2025%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-384) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html) "Global Innovation Index 2019" . www.wipo.int . Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-385) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930) "Global Innovation Index" . INSEAD Knowledge . 28 October 2013. Archived from (https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930) the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INSEAD+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.insead.edu%2Fentrepreneurship-innovation%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-386) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104820/http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/knowledge_center/Tab/Qatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf) "Qatar National Development Strategy 2011~2016" (PDF) . Doha, Qatar: Gulf Publishing and Printing Company. March 2011. Archived from (http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/knowledge_center/Tab/Qatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+National+Development+Strategy+2011~2016&rft.place=Doha%2C+Qatar&rft.pub=Gulf+Publishing+and+Printing+Company&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsdp.gov.qa%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fgsdp_en%2Fknowledge_center%2FTab%2FQatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-387) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php) "Welcome to Al-Bairaq World" . Qu.edu.qa. 6 March 2014. Archived from (http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php) the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Al-Bairaq+World&rft.pub=Qu.edu.qa&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qu.edu.qa%2Foffices%2Fresearch%2FCAM%2Fdmsprogram%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-388) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210902194211/https://www.qatar.tamu.edu/news-and-events/news/2021/01/26/qf-partner-texas-a-and-m-at-qatar-receives-11-qnrf-grants-for-research-to-benefit-qatar/) "QF partner Texas A&M at Qatar receives 11 QNRF grants for research to benefit Qatar" . Texas A&M University at Qatar. 26 January 2021. Archived from (https://www.qatar.tamu.edu/news-and-events/news/2021/01/26/qf-partner-texas-a-and-m-at-qatar-receives-11-qnrf-grants-for-research-to-benefit-qatar/) the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QF+partner+Texas+A%26M+at+Qatar+receives+11+QNRF+grants+for+research+to+benefit+Qatar&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+at+Qatar&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatar.tamu.edu%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2021%2F01%2F26%2Fqf-partner-texas-a-and-m-at-qatar-receives-11-qnrf-grants-for-research-to-benefit-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-389) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gremm, Julia; Barth, Julia; Fietkiewicz, Kaja J.; Stock, Wolfgang G. (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=x9FBDwAAQBAJ) Transitioning Towards a Knowledge Society  . Springer International Publishing. p. 49. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319711959) (Special:BookSources/9783319711959) 9783319711959  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitioning+Towards+a+Knowledge+Society&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319711959&rft.aulast=Gremm&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Barth%2C+Julia&rft.au=Fietkiewicz%2C+Kaja+J.&rft.au=Stock%2C+Wolfgang+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9FBDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-menon_390-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-menon_390-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vineetha Menon (23 February 2009). (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-foundation-pumps-800-million-into-r-d-hub-65118.html) "Qatar Foundation pumps $800 million into R&D hub" . Arabian Business . Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Qatar+Foundation+pumps+%24800+million+into+R%26D+hub&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.au=Vineetha+Menon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fqatar-foundation-pumps-800-million-into-r-d-hub-65118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-391) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lesley Walker (14 July 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20151207152024/http://dohanews.co/qatari-spanish-jv-win-qr1-6bn-contract-to-build-new-economic-zone/) "Qatari-Spanish JV win QR1.6bn contract to build new economic zone" . Doha News. Archived from (http://dohanews.co/qatari-spanish-jv-win-qr1-6bn-contract-to-build-new-economic-zone/) the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatari-Spanish+JV+win+QR1.6bn+contract+to+build+new+economic+zone&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft.au=Lesley+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Fqatari-spanish-jv-win-qr1-6bn-contract-to-build-new-economic-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-imtj_392-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=429611) "QATAR: Compulsory health insurance leaves window for treatment abroad" . International Medical Travel Journal. 21 October 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724073236/http://www.imtj.com/news/?entryid82=429611) Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QATAR%3A+Compulsory+health+insurance+leaves+window+for+treatment+abroad&rft.pub=International+Medical+Travel+Journal&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imtj.com%2Fnews%2F%3Fentryid82%3D429611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-393) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-s-2015-healthcare-expenditure-worth-5-2bn-599419.html#.VbFeOflViko) "Qatar's 2015 healthcare expenditure worth $5.2bn" . Arabian Business . 13 July 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724170030/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-s-2015-healthcare-expenditure-worth-5-2bn-599419.html#.VbFeOflViko) Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+2015+healthcare+expenditure+worth+%245.2bn&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fqatar-s-2015-healthcare-expenditure-worth-5-2bn-599419.html%23.VbFeOflViko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-394) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shane McGinley (30 July 2012). (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html) "Qatar is MidEast's biggest healthcare spender" . Arabian Business . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150705022728/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html) Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Qatar+is+MidEast%27s+biggest+healthcare+spender&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.au=Shane+McGinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fqatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-395) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hamad.qa/EN/About-Us/Our-Accreditations/Pages/default.aspx) "Home" . hamad.qa . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hamad.qa&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamad.qa%2FEN%2FAbout-Us%2FOur-Accreditations%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-396) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Newspaper, The Peninsula (26 August 2022). (https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/26/08/2022/hmc-marks-16-years-of-accreditation-in-a-row-by-jci) "HMC marks 16 years of accreditation in a row by JCI" . thepeninsulaqatar.com . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thepeninsulaqatar.com&rft.atitle=HMC+marks+16+years+of+accreditation+in+a+row+by+JCI&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.aulast=Newspaper&rft.aufirst=The+Peninsula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepeninsulaqatar.com%2Farticle%2F26%2F08%2F2022%2Fhmc-marks-16-years-of-accreditation-in-a-row-by-jci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-397) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shane McGinley (30 July 2012). (http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html) "Qatar is MidEast's biggest healthcare spender" . Arabian Business . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150705022728/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html) Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Qatar+is+MidEast%27s+biggest+healthcare+spender&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.au=Shane+McGinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fqatar-is-mideast-s-biggest-healthcare-spender-467863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-398) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.who.int/countries/qat/en) "Health report" . World Health Organization. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150329111644/http://www.who.int/countries/qat/en/) Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+report&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fqat%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-399) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/life-expectancy-middle-east) "Life expectancy in the Middle East" . World Life Expectancy. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150415010118/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/life-expectancy-middle-east) Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=World+Life+Expectancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlifeexpectancy.com%2Flife-expectancy-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-400) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc) "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)" . The World Bank. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317155758/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?order=wbapi_data_value_2013%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc) Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+rate%2C+infant+%28per+1%2C000+live+births%29&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.IMRT.IN%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2013%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-401) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160618014351/http://www.allianzworldwidecare.com/healthcare-in-qatar) "Healthcare in Qatar" . Allianz. Archived from (http://www.allianzworldwidecare.com/healthcare-in-qatar) the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+in+Qatar&rft.pub=Allianz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allianzworldwidecare.com%2Fhealthcare-in-qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-402) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://dohanews.co/report-qatars-healthcare-sector-fastest-growing-region/) "Report: Qatar's healthcare sector the fastest growing in the region" . Doha News. 25 April 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724072656/http://dohanews.co/report-qatars-healthcare-sector-fastest-growing-region/) Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Qatar%27s+healthcare+sector+the+fastest+growing+in+the+region&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Freport-qatars-healthcare-sector-fastest-growing-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-403) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamrava, Mehran (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=oT_3XpqlgQoC) Qatar: Small State, Big Politics  . Cornell University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801452093) (Special:BookSources/978-0801452093) 978-0801452093  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Small+State%2C+Big+Politics&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0801452093&rft.aulast=Kamrava&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoT_3XpqlgQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-404) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.timeoutdoha.com/gallery/28438-qatar-national-day-2011#.ULXViaysiSo) "Qatar National Day 2011" . Time Out Doha . 29 November 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050318/https://www.timeoutdoha.com/gallery/28438-qatar-national-day-2011#.ULXViaysiSo) Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+Doha&rft.atitle=Qatar+National+Day+2011&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutdoha.com%2Fgallery%2F28438-qatar-national-day-2011%23.ULXViaysiSo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-405) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150219051048/http://dohanews.co/everything-you-need-to-know-about-qatar-national-day/) "Everything you need to know about Qatar National Day 2012" . Doha News. 10 December 2012. Archived from (http://dohanews.co/everything-you-need-to-know-about-qatar-national-day/) the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Qatar+National+Day+2012&rft.pub=Doha+News&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdohanews.co%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-qatar-national-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-406) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/31520.pdf) "State of Qatar" (PDF) . 22 June 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+Qatar&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fdoc%2Fsrc%2F31520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-407) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.artnews.com/art-collectors/top-200-profiles/sheikha-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/) "Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani" . 10 September 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033432/https://www.artnews.com/art-collectors/top-200-profiles/sheikha-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikha+Al+Mayassa+bint+Hamad+bin+Khalifa+Al+Thani&rft.date=2017-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnews.com%2Fart-collectors%2Ftop-200-profiles%2Fsheikha-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-408) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.artfortomorrow.org/speakers-moderators/he-sheika-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/) "H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa Bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani – Chairperson, Qatar Museums" . www.artfortomorrow.org . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033436/https://www.artfortomorrow.org/speakers-moderators/he-sheika-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/) Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artfortomorrow.org&rft.atitle=H.E.+Sheikha+Al+Mayassa+Bint+Hamad+bin+Khalifa+Al+Thani+%E2%80%93+Chairperson%2C+Qatar+Museums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artfortomorrow.org%2Fspeakers-moderators%2Fhe-sheika-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-sandsmith_409-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/culture/2010/12/29/a-smithsonian-in-the-sand) "Art in Qatar: A Smithsonian in the sand" . The Economist . 1 January 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171018120109/http://www.economist.com/node/17797006) Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Art+in+Qatar%3A+A+Smithsonian+in+the+sand&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fculture%2F2010%2F12%2F29%2Fa-smithsonian-in-the-sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-410) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092712/http://www.qma.org.qa/online/index.php/en/about-us/board-of-trustees) "QMA Board of Trustees" . Qatar Museums Authority. Archived from (http://www.qma.org.qa/online/index.php/en/about-us/board-of-trustees) the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QMA+Board+of+Trustees&rft.pub=Qatar+Museums+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qma.org.qa%2Fonline%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fboard-of-trustees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-theart_411-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150307065133/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Qatar+revealed+as+the+world%E2%80%99s+biggest+contemporary+art+buyer/24185) "Qatar revealed as the world's biggest contemporary art buyer" . The Art Newspaper . Archived from (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Qatar+revealed+as+the+world%E2%80%99s+biggest+contemporary+art+buyer/24185) the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Qatar+revealed+as+the+world%27s+biggest+contemporary+art+buyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farticles%2FQatar%2Brevealed%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bworld%25E2%2580%2599s%2Bbiggest%2Bcontemporary%2Bart%2Bbuyer%2F24185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-412) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bohas, Alexander. (http://www.chaos-international.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=580%3Athe-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur&catid=49%3Alist-of-pac&directory=65&lang=fr&d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e=306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3) "The Political Trump-Cards of Cultural Potency Qatar's Policy of 'Cultural Grandeur' " . Chaos International . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141025103108/http://www.chaos-international.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=580:the-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur&catid=49:list-of-pac&directory=65&lang=fr&d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e=306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3) Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaos+International&rft.atitle=The+Political+Trump-Cards+of+Cultural+Potency+Qatar%27s+Policy+of+%27Cultural+Grandeur%27&rft.aulast=Bohas&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaos-international.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D580%253Athe-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur%26catid%3D49%253Alist-of-pac%26directory%3D65%26lang%3Dfr%26d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e%3D306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-tawfiq_413-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-tawfiq_413-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan Tawfiq (1 May 2015). (http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727) الشعر في قطر علي امتداد مائة سنة  (in Arabic). Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075610/http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727) Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9&rft.pub=Al+Jasra+Cultural+and+Social+Club&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.au=Hassan+Tawfiq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faljasra.org%2Farchive%2Fcms%2F%3Fp%3D2727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-cambridge1_414-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Muḥammad Muṣṭafá Badawī; Muhammad Mustafa Badawi; M. M. Badawi; María Rosa Menocal; Raymond P. Scheindlin & Michael Sells (1992). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk5TA0sfERIC&pg=PA448) Modern Arabic Literature  . Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521331975) (Special:BookSources/9780521331975) 9780521331975  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Arabic+Literature&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521331975&rft.au=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1+Badaw%C4%AB&rft.au=Muhammad+Mustafa+Badawi&rft.au=M.+M.+Badawi&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa+Menocal&rft.au=Raymond+P.+Scheindlin&rft.au=Michael+Sells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPk5TA0sfERIC%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-freedomhouse1_415-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-freedomhouse1_415-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170221/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/qatar#.VL1KFkfF95a) "Qatar Freedom of the Press" . Freedom House. Archived from (https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/qatar#.VL1KFkfF95a) the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+Freedom+of+the+Press&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2F2014%2Fqatar%23.VL1KFkfF95a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-416) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barrie Gunter; Roger Dickinson (6 June 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=89pMZd0JhDsC&pg=PA33) News Media in the Arab World: A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries  . A&C Black. p. 33. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0239-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0239-3) 978-1-4411-0239-3  . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+Media+in+the+Arab+World%3A+A+Study+of+10+Arab+and+Muslim+Countries&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0239-3&rft.au=Barrie+Gunter&rft.au=Roger+Dickinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89pMZd0JhDsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-blanchard_417-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Blanchard, Christopher (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7GCvg2eCx4C) Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations  . Congressional Research Service. p. 17. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437987089) (Special:BookSources/9781437987089) 9781437987089  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Background+and+U.S.+Relations&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781437987089&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7GCvg2eCx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-418) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roth, Richard J. (8 May 2013). (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/opinion/global/Awaiting-a-Modern-Press-Law-in-Qatar.html) "Awaiting a Modern Press Law in Qatar" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170310/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/opinion/global/Awaiting-a-Modern-Press-Law-in-Qatar.html) Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Awaiting+a+Modern+Press+Law+in+Qatar&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fglobal%2FAwaiting-a-Modern-Press-Law-in-Qatar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-419) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://cpj.org/2014/09/new-cybercrime-law-could-have-serious-consequences.php) "New cybercrime law could have serious consequences for press freedom in Qatar" . cpj.org. 27 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190423121229/https://cpj.org/2014/09/new-cybercrime-law-could-have-serious-consequences.php) Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+cybercrime+law+could+have+serious+consequences+for+press+freedom+in+Qatar&rft.pub=cpj.org&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2014%2F09%2Fnew-cybercrime-law-could-have-serious-consequences.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-420) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gc4hr.org/news/view/747) "Qatar: New Cyber Crime Law poses real threat to Freedom of Expression" . gc4hr.org. 17 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180718022453/https://www.gc4hr.org/news/view/747) Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+New+Cyber+Crime+Law+poses+real+threat+to+Freedom+of+Expression&rft.pub=gc4hr.org&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc4hr.org%2Fnews%2Fview%2F747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-421) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=BT1gIeuQq6wC) The Report: Qatar 2010  . Oxford Business Group. 2010. p. 237. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907065446) (Special:BookSources/9781907065446) 9781907065446  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Qatar+2010&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781907065446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBT1gIeuQq6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-422) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Newspaper, The Peninsula (15 December 2014). (https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/15/12/2014/qatar-has-122-publications-in-8-languages) "Qatar has 122 publications in 8 languages" . thepeninsulaqatar.com . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thepeninsulaqatar.com&rft.atitle=Qatar+has+122+publications+in+8+languages&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Newspaper&rft.aufirst=The+Peninsula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepeninsulaqatar.com%2Farticle%2F15%2F12%2F2014%2Fqatar-has-122-publications-in-8-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-423) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.eastview.com/resources/gpa/crl-san/) "South Asian Newspapers (Open Access)" . East View . Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+View&rft.atitle=South+Asian+Newspapers+%28Open+Access%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastview.com%2Fresources%2Fgpa%2Fcrl-san%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-424) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf) "NRI Overall Ranking 2014" (PDF) . World Economic Forum. (https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102647/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRI+Overall+Ranking+2014&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGITR%2F2014%2FGITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qatarembassy1_425-0) 1  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qatarembassy1_425-1) 2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023616/http://qatarembassy.info/index.php?catid=12:tourism-culture-and-leisure&id=61:arts-and-culture&itemid=4&option=com_content&view=article) "Arts and Culture" . Embassy of Qatar in London. Archived from (http://www.qatarembassy.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61:arts-and-culture&catid=12:tourism-culture-and-leisure&Itemid=4) the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Culture&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Qatar+in+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarembassy.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D61%3Aarts-and-culture%26catid%3D12%3Atourism-culture-and-leisure%26Itemid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-426) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150304223231/http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Tourism,+Culture+and+Leisure/heritageandcultural) "Heritage and Culture" . Qatar e-Gov. Archived from (http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Tourism,+Culture+and+Leisure/heritageandcultural) the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pub=Qatar+e-Gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.www.gov.qa%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Ftopics%2FTourism%2C%2BCulture%2Band%2BLeisure%2Fheritageandcultural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-427) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation) "Qatar – a Sporting Nation" . Qatar e-Government. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201020024944/https://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation) Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+%E2%80%93+a+Sporting+Nation&rft.pub=Qatar+e-Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.www.gov.qa%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Ftopics%2FHealthcare%2Band%2BWell-being%2Fqatarasportingnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-428) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gibbes, Martin; Schiller, Emma (4 January 2011). (http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978) "Fox Sports brings you everything you need to know – and a few things you don't – about the Asian Cup" . Fox Sports . (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181305/http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978) Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+Sports&rft.atitle=Fox+Sports+brings+you+everything+you+need+to+know+%E2%80%93+and+a+few+things+you+don%27t+%E2%80%93+about+the+Asian+Cup&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.aulast=Gibbes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxsports.com.au%2Ffootball%2Fasian-cup%2Ffox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup%2Fstory-e6frf4fu-1225979619978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-429) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions) "Qatar stun Japan with 3–1 win to be crowned Asian Cup champions" . The Guardian . 1 February 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184539/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions) Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Qatar+stun+Japan+with+3%E2%80%931+win+to+be+crowned+Asian+Cup+champions&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F01%2Fqatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-430) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html) "Afif stars as Qatar defeat Jordan to retain title" . Asian Football Confederation. 10 February 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240219062450/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html) Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afif+stars+as+Qatar+defeat+Jordan+to+retain+title&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fen%2Fnational%2Fafc_asian_cup%2Fnews%2Fafif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-431) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Paul Radford (2 December 2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20101205014106/http://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202) "Russia, Qatar win 2018 and 2022 World Cups" . Reuters . Archived from (https://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202) the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Qatar+win+2018+and+2022+World+Cups&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.au=Paul+Radford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FsportsNews%2FidAFJOE6B10FA20101202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-432) ↑   (https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59868204) "World Cup 2022: A guide to the eight World Cup stadiums in Qatar" (1 April 2022). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC  . Retrieved 3 April 2022.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-433) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums) "Stadiums" . Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy . 6 July 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171114015238/http://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums) Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Committee+for+Delivery+%26+Legacy&rft.atitle=Stadiums&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.qa%2Fen%2Fstadiums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-434) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130817110819/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/) "Europe's Top Leagues protest against 2022 winter World Cup in Qatar" . Qatar Chronicle . 12 August 2013. Archived from (http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/) the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Top+Leagues+protest+against+2022+winter+World+Cup+in+Qatar&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarchronicle.com%2Fsports%2F35752%2Feuropes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-435) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20141110211907/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/) "Fifa wants Qatar 2022 postponed to Winter" . Qatar Chronicle. 20 July 2013. Archived from (http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/) the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fifa+wants+Qatar+2022+postponed+to+Winter&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qatarchronicle.com%2Fsports%2F34172%2Ffifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-436) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27652181) "BBC Sport – Qatar World Cup: '£3m payments to officials' corruption claim" . BBC Sport . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=BBC+Sport+%E2%80%93+Qatar+World+Cup%3A+%27%C2%A33m+payments+to+officials%27+corruption+claim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2F0%2Ffootball%2F27652181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-437) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ronay, Barney (8 October 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/blatter-to-beckham-who-was-in-the-room-when-qatar-got-the-world-cup) "Blatter to Beckham: who was in the room when Qatar got the World Cup" . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Blatter+to+Beckham%3A+who+was+in+the+room+when+Qatar+got+the+World+Cup&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft.aulast=Ronay&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2022%2Foct%2F08%2Fblatter-to-beckham-who-was-in-the-room-when-qatar-got-the-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-438) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30031405) "World Cup inquiry clears Qatar but criticises English FA" . BBC. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Cup+inquiry+clears+Qatar+but+criticises+English+FA&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2F0%2Ffootball%2F30031405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-439) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ronay, Barney (8 October 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/football-corruption-and-the-remarkable-road-to-qatar-world-cup) "Football corruption and the remarkable road to Qatar's World Cup" . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Football+corruption+and+the+remarkable+road+to+Qatar%27s+World+Cup&rft.date=2022-10-08&rft.aulast=Ronay&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2022%2Foct%2F08%2Ffootball-corruption-and-the-remarkable-road-to-qatar-world-cup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-Guardian20130925_440-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pattisson, Pete (25 September 2013). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves) "Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . So entrenched is this exploitation that the Nepalese ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, recently described the emirate as an "open jail".  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Qatar%27s+World+Cup+%27slaves%27&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.aulast=Pattisson&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fsep%2F25%2Frevealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-441) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Booth, Robert; Pattisson, Pete (28 July 2014). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/28/qatar-world-cup-migrants-not-paid-building-office) "Qatar World Cup: migrants wait a year to be paid for building offices" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Qatar+World+Cup%3A+migrants+wait+a+year+to+be+paid+for+building+offices&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Pattisson%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2014%2Fjul%2F28%2Fqatar-world-cup-migrants-not-paid-building-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-442) ↑   Owen Gibson and Pete Pattisson (23 December 2014). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/23/qatar-nepal-workers-world-cup-2022-death-toll-doha) Death toll among Qatar's 2022 World Cup workers revealed . The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2015.  (Qatar.html#cite_ref-443) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gibson, Owen (14 June 2014). (https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/15/qatar-world-cup-bid-2022) "Qatar hits back at allegations of bribery over 2022 World Cup" . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Qatar+hits+back+at+allegations+of+bribery+over+2022+World+Cup&rft.date=2014-06-14&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2014%2Fjun%2F15%2Fqatar-world-cup-bid-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-444) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pattisson, Pete; et al. (23 February 2021). (https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/23/revealed-migrant-worker-deaths-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2022) "Revealed: 6,500 migrant workers have died in Qatar since World Cup awarded" . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+6%2C500+migrant+workers+have+died+in+Qatar+since+World+Cup+awarded&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.aulast=Pattisson&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F23%2Frevealed-migrant-worker-deaths-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-445) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12098/12643330/world-cup-2022-qatar-tournament-to-feature-semi-automated-offside-technology-with-ball-sensors-and-cameras) "World Cup 2022: Qatar tournament to feature semi-automated offside technology with ball sensors and cameras" . Sky Sports . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+Sports&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2022%3A+Qatar+tournament+to+feature+semi-automated+offside+technology+with+ball+sensors+and+cameras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skysports.com%2Ffootball%2Fnews%2F12098%2F12643330%2Fworld-cup-2022-qatar-tournament-to-feature-semi-automated-offside-technology-with-ball-sensors-and-cameras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-446) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20191226093733/https://thefloridapost.com/football-fans-to-sleep-in-glastonbury-like-tented-villages-at-qatar-world-cup/) "Football fans to sleep in Glastonbury-like tented villages at Qatar World Cup" . The Florida Post . Archived from (https://thefloridapost.com/football-fans-to-sleep-in-glastonbury-like-tented-villages-at-qatar-world-cup/) the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Post&rft.atitle=Football+fans+to+sleep+in+Glastonbury-like+tented+villages+at+Qatar+World+Cup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefloridapost.com%2Ffootball-fans-to-sleep-in-glastonbury-like-tented-villages-at-qatar-world-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-447) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150201181403/http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf) "Match report" (PDF) . International Handball Federation. Archived from (http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf) the original (PDF) on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Match+report&rft.pub=International+Handball+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihf.info%2Ffiles%2FCompetitionData%2F153%2Fpdf%2F88OMR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-448) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20151031210632/http://russia2014.fiba.com/) "2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships" . International Basketball Federation. Archived from (http://russia2014.fiba.com/) the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+FIBA+3x3+World+Championships&rft.pub=International+Basketball+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussia2014.fiba.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-449) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/8/5/adrenaline-rush-how-street-cricket-has-evolved-in-qatar) " 'Adrenaline rush': How street cricket has evolved in Qatar" . Al Jazeera. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Adrenaline+rush%27%3A+How+street+cricket+has+evolved+in+Qatar&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fsports%2F2022%2F8%2F5%2Fadrenaline-rush-how-street-cricket-has-evolved-in-qatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-qatar2027_450-0) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fiba.basketball/news/qatar-announced-as-host-of-the-fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027) "Qatar announced as host of the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027" . FIBA. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qatar+announced+as+host+of+the+FIBA+Basketball+World+Cup+2027&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Fnews%2Fqatar-announced-as-host-of-the-fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-451) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235824/http://www.letour.fr/us/homepage_courseTQA.html) "The homepage of Tour of Qatar" . Letour.fr. 1 December 1994. Archived from (http://www.letour.fr/us/homepage_courseTQA.html) the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+homepage+of+Tour+of+Qatar&rft.pub=Letour.fr&rft.date=1994-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letour.fr%2Fus%2Fhomepage_courseTQA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-452) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gay, Chris. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015733/http://www.skydivemag.com/article/incredible-demo-at-doha) "Skydive Mag – Incredible Demo at Doha" . Archived from (http://www.skydivemag.com/article/incredible-demo-at-doha) the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skydive+Mag+%E2%80%93+Incredible+Demo+at+Doha&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skydivemag.com%2Farticle%2Fincredible-demo-at-doha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)    (Qatar.html#cite_ref-453) ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180803171632/http://www.volleyball.qa/en/) "QVA – Qatar Volleyball Association" . QVA . Archived from (http://www.volleyball.qa/en/) the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QVA&rft.atitle=QVA+%E2%80%93+Qatar+Volleyball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volleyball.qa%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)       Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Tamimi, Nawaf; Amin, Azzam; Zarrinabadi, Nourollah (2023). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24651-7) Qatar's Nation Branding and Soft Power: Exploring the Effects on National Identity and International Stance  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-24651-7) 10.1007/978-3-031-24651-7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-24651-7) (Special:BookSources/978-3-031-24651-7) 978-3-031-24651-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%27s+Nation+Branding+and+Soft+Power%3A+Exploring+the+Effects+on+National+Identity+and+International+Stance&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-24651-7&rft.isbn=978-3-031-24651-7&rft.aulast=Al-Tamimi&rft.aufirst=Nawaf&rft.au=Amin%2C+Azzam&rft.au=Zarrinabadi%2C+Nourollah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-24651-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bantekas, Ilias; Al-Ahmed, Ahmed (2023). (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/contract-law-of-qatar/F2DD12EA391FE77B26948ED57D5E185E) Contract Law of Qatar  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009052009) (Special:BookSources/9781009052009) 9781009052009  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contract+Law+of+Qatar&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009052009&rft.aulast=Bantekas&rft.aufirst=Ilias&rft.au=Al-Ahmed%2C+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcontract-law-of-qatar%2FF2DD12EA391FE77B26948ED57D5E185E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cochrane, Logan; Al-Hababi, Reem, eds. (2023). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-7398-7) Sustainable Qatar: Social, Political and Environmental Perspectives  . Gulf Studies. Vol. 9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-19-7398-7) 10.1007/978-981-19-7398-7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-7398-7) (Special:BookSources/978-981-19-7398-7) 978-981-19-7398-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Qatar%3A+Social%2C+Political+and+Environmental+Perspectives&rft.series=Gulf+Studies&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-7398-7&rft.isbn=978-981-19-7398-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-981-19-7398-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scott-Jackson, Julie (2021). (https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803270500) Qatar: Evidence of the Palaeolithic Earliest People Revealed  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopress) (Archaeopress) Archaeopress . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803270517) (Special:BookSources/9781803270517) 9781803270517  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qatar%3A+Evidence+of+the+Palaeolithic+Earliest+People+Revealed&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781803270517&rft.aulast=Scott-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopress%2FProducts%2F9781803270500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Kuwari, Maryam (2025). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-9663-2) Tribal Reawakening and the Future of State-Building in Kuwait and Qatar  . Gulf Studies. Vol. 20. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-9663-2) 10.1007/978-981-97-9663-2 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-9663-2) (Special:BookSources/978-981-97-9663-2) 978-981-97-9663-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Reawakening+and+the+Future+of+State-Building+in+Kuwait+and+Qatar&rft.series=Gulf+Studies&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-9663-2&rft.isbn=978-981-97-9663-2&rft.aulast=Al-Kuwari&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-9663-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zaidan, Esmat; Tok, Evren; Al-Fadala, Asmaa; Cochrane, Logan, eds. (2025). (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-9667-0) The Future of Education Policy in the State of Qatar  . Gulf Studies. Vol. 21. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-9667-0) 10.1007/978-981-97-9667-0 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-9667-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-97-9667-0) 978-981-97-9667-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Education+Policy+in+the+State+of+Qatar&rft.series=Gulf+Studies&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-9667-0&rft.isbn=978-981-97-9667-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-9667-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Elbanna, Said; Elsharnouby, Tamer; Aljafari, Abdullah; Fatima, Tahniyath, eds. (2025). (https://link.springer.com/book/9789819784134) The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: Unveiling Insights Beyond the Pitch  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-8414-1) (Special:BookSources/978-981-97-8414-1) 978-981-97-8414-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+FIFA+World+Cup+Qatar+2022%3A+Unveiling+Insights+Beyond+the+Pitch&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=978-981-97-8414-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F9789819784134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQatar)     External links   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Qatar at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar) (wikt:Special:Search/Qatar) Definitions from Wiktionary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/قطر%20/%20Qatar) (c:قطر / Qatar) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar) (q:Special:Search/Qatar) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar) (s:Special:Search/Qatar) Texts from Wikisource  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) (Wikibooks logo)    (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar) (b:Special:Search/Qatar) Textbooks from Wikibooks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Qatar) (v:Special:Search/Qatar) Resources from Wikiversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Qatar) (voy:Qatar) Travel information from Wikivoyage      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#voy)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search#v)   (https://diwan.gov.qa) Amiri Diwan (official government website). (https://web.archive.org/web/20260113131758/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/) Qatar . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . (http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=qatar) Qatar web resources provided by GovPubs at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries) (University of Colorado Boulder Libraries) University of Colorado Boulder Libraries  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14702226) Qatar from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Qatar) (commons:Atlas of Qatar) Wikimedia Atlas of Qatar  (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=QA) Key Development Forecasts for Qatar from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures .  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Qatar_topics) (Template:Qatar topics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Qatar_topics) (Template talk:Qatar topics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qatar_topics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Qatar topics) (Edit this template) e     (Qatar.html) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Qatar-related_topics) (List of Qatar-related topics) articles    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar) (History of Qatar) History (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Qatar) (Archaeology of Qatar) Archaeology        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Qatar) (Geography of Qatar) Geography   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Saudi_Arabia_border) (Qatar–Saudi Arabia border) Border  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1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  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Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observer states ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia      Dialogue partners ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()   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 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure) (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Evils) (Three Evils) Three Evils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium) (SCO Interbank Consortium) SCO Interbank Consortium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) (Eurasian Land Bridge) Eurasian Land Bridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Template:Gulf Cooperation Council) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Gulf Cooperation Council) Gulf Cooperation Council    Member states (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (Qatar.html) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg) (Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf) (Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf)       Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project) (Dolphin Gas Project) Dolphin Gas Project  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office) (GCC Patent Office) GCC Patent Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization) (GCC Standardization Organization) GCC Standardization Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum) (Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum) Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_Mark) (Gulf Conformity Mark) Gulf Conformity Mark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting) (Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting) Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Railway) (Gulf Railway) Gulf Railway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)) (Khaleeji (currency)) Khaleeji currency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (List of bilateral free-trade agreements) Bilateral free-trade agreements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region) (Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region) Migrant workers in the GCC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafala_system) (Kafala system) kafala system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test) (GCC homosexuality test) homosexuality test    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_nationalization) (Workforce nationalization) Workforce nationalization      Geopolitical history (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_war) (Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising) (2011 Bahraini uprising) 2011 Bahraini uprising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain) (Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain) Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict) (Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict) Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis) (Qatar diplomatic crisis) Qatar diplomatic crisis    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014–present)) (Yemeni civil war (2014–present)) Yemeni Civil War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian–led_intervention_in_Yemen) (Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen) Saudi-led intervention    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force) (Peninsula Shield Force) Peninsula Shield Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder) (Exercise North Thunder) Exercise North Thunder  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_alliance) (Arab–Israeli alliance) Arab–Israeli alliance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_meetings_on_Syria_(2025)) (Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)) Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)      Sport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup) (Arabian Gulf Cup) Arabian Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team) (Arabian Gulf rugby union team) Arabian Gulf rugby union team  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League) (AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League) AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-17_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-17 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-17 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-20_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-20 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-20 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCFF_U-23_Gulf_Cup) (AGCFF U-23 Gulf Cup) AGCFF U-23 Gulf Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Games) (GCC Games) GCC Games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Futsal_Cup) (GCC Futsal Cup) GCC Futsal Cup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships) (Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships) GCC Athletics Championships  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship) (Gulf Ice Hockey Championship) Gulf Ice Hockey Championship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship) (GCC Volleyball Club Championship) GCC Volleyball Club Championship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships) (Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships) GCC Youth Athletics Championships      Foreign relations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States–Gulf_Cooperation_Council_relations) (United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations) United States–Gulf Cooperation Council relations      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council) (Category:Gulf Cooperation Council) Category:Gulf Cooperation Council        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchies) (Template:Monarchies) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies) (Template talk:Monarchies) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies) (Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy) (Monarchy) Monarchies    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch) (Monarch) Monarch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks) (Imperial, royal and noble ranks) Imperial, royal and noble ranks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states) (List of current monarchs of sovereign states) List of current sovereign monarchs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs) (List of current non-sovereign monarchs) List of current non-sovereign monarchs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums) (List of monarchy referendums) List of monarchy referendums      Type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy) (Absolute monarchy) Absolute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy) (Constitutional monarchy) Constitutional  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarchy) (Diarchy) Diarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_monarchy) (Elective monarchy) Elective  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_monarchy) (Federal monarchy) Federal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy) (Hereditary monarchy) Hereditary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy) (Non-sovereign monarchy) Non-sovereign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union) (Personal union) Personal union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent) (Regent) Regency      Topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication) (Abdication) Abdication  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy) (Abolition of monarchy) Abolition of monarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)) (Aristocracy (class)) Aristocracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy) (Criticism of monarchy) Criticism of monarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization) (Decolonization) Decolonization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization) (Democratization) Democratization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty) (Dynasty) Dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government) (Government) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) Head of state  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy) (Oligarchy) Oligarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession) (Order of succession) Order of succession  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_legitimacy) (Political legitimacy) Political legitimacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism) (Republicanism) Republicanism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy) (Self-proclaimed monarchy) Self-proclaimed monarchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) (Sovereignty) Sovereignty      Titles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati) (Chhatrapati) Chhatrapati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor) (Emperor) Emperor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)) (Khan (title)) Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King) (King) King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_regnant) (Queen regnant) Queen regnant    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh) (Pharaoh) Pharaoh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_regnant) (Prince regnant) Prince regnant  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja) (Raja) Raja  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah) (Shah) Shah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan) (Sultan) Sultan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar) (Tsar) Tsar      Current  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa) (Monarchies in Africa) Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwenyama) (Ngwenyama) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho) (List of monarchs of Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Morocco) (King of Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_African_monarchs) (List of current non-sovereign African monarchs) list       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia) (Monarchies in Asia) Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bahrain) (King of Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bhutan) (King of Bhutan) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei) (List of Sultans of Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia) (Monarchy of Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan) (Emperor of Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan) (List of kings of Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait) (Emir of Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong) (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman) (List of rulers of Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar) (Emir of Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia) (King of Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand) (Monarchy of Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates) (President of the United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs) (List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs) list       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe) (Monarchies in Europe) Europe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-princes_of_Andorra) (Co-princes of Andorra) Andorra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium) (Monarchy of Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark) (Monarchy of Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein) (Monarchy of Liechtenstein) Liechtenstein  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg) (Monarchy of Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco) (Monarchy of Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands) (Monarchy of the Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway) (Monarchy of Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain) (Monarchy of Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden) (Monarchy of Sweden) Sweden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State) (List of sovereigns of Vatican City State) Vatican City (Holy See)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania) (Monarchies in Oceania) Oceania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga) (List of monarchs of Tonga) Tonga      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm) (Commonwealth realm) Commonwealth  realms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda) (Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda) Antigua and Barbuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia) (Monarchy of Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas) (Monarchy of the Bahamas) Bahamas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize) (Monarchy of Belize) Belize  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada) (Monarchy of Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada) (Monarchy of Grenada) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica) (Monarchy of Jamaica) Jamaica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand) (Monarchy of New Zealand) New Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands) (Monarchy in the Cook Islands) Cook Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs) (List of Niuean monarchs) Niue    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea) (Monarchy of Papua New Guinea) Papua New Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis) Saint Kitts and Nevis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia) (Monarchy of Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands) (Monarchy of Solomon Islands) Solomon Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu) (Monarchy of Tuvalu) Tuvalu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom) (Monarchy of the United Kingdom) United Kingdom           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy) (Abolition of monarchy) Former   Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate) (Adamawa Emirate) Adamawa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate) (Angoche Sultanate) Angoche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankole) (Ankole) Ankole  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa) (Sultanate of Aussa) Aussa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi) (Sultanate of Bagirmi) Bagirmi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotseland) (Barotseland) Barotseland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem–Bornu_Empire) (Kanem–Bornu Empire) Bornu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi) (Kingdom of Burundi) Burundi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Empire) (Central African Empire) Central Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey) (Dahomey) Dahomey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Kingdom of Egypt) Egypt ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egypt ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire) (Ethiopian Empire) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire) (Ghana Empire) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma) (Kingdom of Gomma) Gomma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma) (Kingdom of Gumma) Gumma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment) (Islands of Refreshment) Islands of Refreshment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa) (Kingdom of Kaffa) Kaffa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo) (Kingdom of Kongo) Kongo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya) (Kingdom of Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba) (Kingdom of Luba) Luba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imerina) (Imerina) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayotte#History) (Mayotte) Maore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravi) (Maravi) Maravi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohéli#History) (Mohéli) Mwali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history) (Anjouan) Ndzuwani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Comore#History) (Grande Comore) Ngazidja  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda) (Kingdom of Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom) (Shilluk Kingdom) Shilluk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Trarza) (Emirate of Trarza) Trarza (Mauritania) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia) (Kingdom of Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wituland) (Wituland) Wituland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire) (Wassoulou Empire) Wassoulou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom) (Yeke Kingdom) Yeke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar) (Sultanate of Zanzibar) Zanzibar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe) (Kingdom of Zimbabwe) Zimbabwe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_Empire) (Zulu Empire) Zulu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa) (List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa) and other       Americas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucanía_and_Patagonia) (Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia) Araucanía  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire) (Aztec Empire) Aztec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil) (Empire of Brazil) Brazil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti) (Second Empire of Haiti) Haiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Empire) (Inca Empire) Inca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire) (Second Mexican Empire) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Coast) (Mosquito Coast) Miskito  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)) (Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca) (Kingdom of Talamanca) Talamanca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad) (Principality of Trinidad) Trinidad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies) (Thirteen Colonies) Thirteen Colonies      Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan) (Kingdom of Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir) (Idrisid Emirate of Asir) Asir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate) (Bengal Sultanate) Bengal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara) (Emirate of Bukhara) Bukhara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty) (Konbaung dynasty) Burma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)) (Cebu (historical polity)) Cebu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_dynasty) (Shihab dynasty) Chehab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_China) (Monarchy of China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom) (Dapitan Kingdom) Dapitan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz) (Kingdom of Hejaz) Hejaz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies) (List of Indonesian monarchies) Indonesia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran) (Pahlavi Iran) Iran ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran) (Qajar Iran) Qajar ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq) (Kingdom of Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar) (Emirate of Jabal Shammar) Jabal Shammar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiri) (Kathiri) Kathiri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate) (Kazakh Khanate) Kazakh Khanate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva) (Khanate of Khiva) Khiva  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire) (Korean Empire) Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumul_Khanate) (Kumul Khanate) Kumul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan) (Kingdom of Kurdistan) Kurdistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos) (Kingdom of Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao) (Sultanate of Maguindanao) Maguindanao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate) (Mahra Sultanate) Mahra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs) (List of Maldivian monarchs) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo) (Manchukuo) Manchukuo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia) (Bogd Khanate of Mongolia) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Najran) (Principality of Najran) Najran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal) (Kingdom of Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu'aiti) (Qu'aiti) Qu'aiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom) (Ryukyu Kingdom) Ryukyu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak) (Raj of Sarawak) Sarawak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_States) (Shan States) Shan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire) (Sikh Empire) Sikh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim) (Kingdom of Sikkim) Sikkim  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy) (Sinhalese monarchy) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai) (Sip Song Chau Tai) Sip Song Chau Tai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu) (Sultanate of Sulu) Sulu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria) (Arab Kingdom of Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_(1912–1951)) (Tibet (1912–1951)) Tibet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir) (Sheikdom of Upper Asir) Upper Asir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Yafa) (Upper Yafa) Upper Yafa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam) (List of monarchs of Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen) (Kingdom of Yemen) Yemen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia) (Federation of South Arabia) South Arabia        Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928–1939)) (Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon) (Kingdom of Aragon) Aragon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias) (Kingdom of Asturias) Asturias  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire) (Austrian Empire) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary) (Austria-Hungary) Austria-Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria) (Kingdom of Bavaria) Bavaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia) (Kingdom of Bosnia) Bosnia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany) (Duchy of Brittany) Brittany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria) (Kingdom of Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia) (Principality of Catalonia) Catalonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia) (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) Cilicia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)) (Kingdom of Corsica (1736)) Corsica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate) (Crimean Khanate) Crimea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus) (Kingdom of Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland) (Kingdom of Finland) Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire) (Second French Empire) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia) (Kingdom of Galicia) Galicia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia) (Kingdom of Georgia) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire) (German Empire) Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada) (Emirate of Granada) Granada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece) (Kingdom of Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover) (Kingdom of Hanover) Hanover  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary) (Kingdom of Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland) (Kingdom of Iceland) Iceland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti) (Kingdom of Imereti) Imereti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland) (Monarchy of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy) (Kingdom of Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti) (Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti) Kartli-Kakheti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)) (Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca) (Kingdom of Majorca) Majorca  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles) (Kingdom of the Isles) Man  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia) (Moldavia) Moldavia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro) (Kingdom of Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre) (Kingdom of Navarre) Navarre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Neuchâtel) (Principality of Neuchâtel) Neuchâtel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States) (Papal States) Papal States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720–1861)) (Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)) Piedmont-Sardinia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland) (Kingdom of Poland) Poland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917–1918)) (Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)) 1917–1918    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth) (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) Poland–Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal) (Kingdom of Portugal) Portugal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia) (Kingdom of Prussia) Prussia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania) (Kingdom of Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire) (Russian Empire) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Samos) (Principality of Samos) Samos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy) (Duchy of Savoy) Savoy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony) (Kingdom of Saxony) Saxony  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland) (Kingdom of Scotland) Scotland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia) (Kingdom of Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara) (Kingdom of Tavolara) Tavolara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany) (Grand Duchy of Tuscany) Tuscany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies) (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) Two Sicilies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy) (United Baltic Duchy) United Baltic Duchy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia) (Kingdom of Valencia) Valencia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Württemberg) (Kingdom of Württemberg) Württemberg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia) (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia      Oceania (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Abemama) (State of Abemama) Abemama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora) (Kingdom of Bora Bora) Bora Bora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island) (King of Easter Island) Easter Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji) (Kingdom of Fiji) Fiji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom) (Hawaiian Kingdom) Hawaii  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huahine) (Huahine) Huahine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mangareva) (List of monarchs of Mangareva) Mangareva  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niuē-Fekai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuku_Hiva) (Nuku Hiva) Nuku Hiva  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea) (List of monarchs of Raiatea) Raiatea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Iti) (Rapa Iti) Rapa Iti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga) (Kingdom of Rarotonga) Rarotonga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimatara) (Rimatara) Rimatara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurutu) (Rurutu) Rurutu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti) (Kingdom of Tahiti) Tahiti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahuata) (Tahuata) Tahuata      Commonwealth  realms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados) (Monarchy of Barbados) Barbados  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948–1972)) (Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)) Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji) (Monarchy of Fiji) Fiji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia) (Queen of the Gambia) The Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana) (Queen of Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana) (Queen of Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs) (List of Indian monarchs) India (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj) (British Raj) British Raj (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)) (List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)) princely states    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India) (Dominion of India) Dominion    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State) (Irish Free State) Irish Free State / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya) (Queen of Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi) (Queen of Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Malta) (Queen of Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius) (Queen of Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria) (Queen of Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan) (Monarchy of Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia) (Queen of Rhodesia) Rhodesia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone) (Queen of Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa) (Monarchy of South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika) (Queen of Tanganyika) Tanganyika  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago) (Queen of Trinidad and Tobago) Trinidad and Tobago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda) (Queen of Uganda) Uganda                    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000120973908) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/130142909) VIAF   (Katar) (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029924-7) GND    (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205755) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8KgGgP3hbDmC9bcYdcP) WorldCat       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79077269) United States   (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457077) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119457077) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565155) Japan   (Katar) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge222888&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453567) Spain   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547812005171) Israel       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/348dcc25-7bb6-3f75-8739-97eabc84a330) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/d93d3172-8372-4da7-ba21-e89cc766c964) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/ZSRwSaZf) UK Parliament       Other (Qatar) (https://www.idref.fr/028045424) IdRef   (Qatar) (https://www.idref.fr/027408876) 2      (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035777) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/katar) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/5cee3a11-05c5-413d-9816-700bf17ab4f6) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qatar&params=25_30_N_51_15_E_type:country_region:QA) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25°30′N 51°15′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25.500°N 51.250°E  / 25.500; 51.250     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Qatar#%20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arabian_Peninsula)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Emirates)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_OPEC_member_states)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_monarchies)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  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