United Nations - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+Nations) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+Nations) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 History    Toggle History subsection  1.1 Background (pre-1941)     1.2 Declarations by the Allies of World War II (1941–1944)     1.3 Founding (1945)     1.4 Cold War (1947–1991)     1.5 After the Cold War (1991–1999)     1.6 2020s: financial crisis       2 Structure    Toggle Structure subsection  2.1 General Assembly     2.2 Security Council     2.3 UN Secretariat     2.4 International Court of Justice     2.5 Economic and Social Council     2.6 Specialized agencies     2.7 Funds, programmes and other bodies       3 Membership    Toggle Membership subsection  3.1 Group of 77       4 Objectives    Toggle Objectives subsection  4.1 Peacekeeping and security     4.2 Human rights     4.3 Economic development and humanitarian assistance     4.4 Environment and climate     4.5 Other global issues       5 Funding     6 Assessments and reviews     7 Awards     8 Criticism    Toggle Criticism subsection  8.1 Role     8.2 Representation and structure     8.3 Exclusion of nations     8.4 Independence     8.5 United States sovereignty     8.6 Alleged pro-Palestinian bias     8.7 Effectiveness     8.8 Inefficiency and corruption       9 Hymn to the United Nations     10 See also     11 Notes     12 References    Toggle References subsection  12.1 Citations     12.2 Bibliography       13 Further reading     14 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      United Nations    296 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%AD%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D2%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0) (Еиду Амилаҭқәа Реиҿкаара – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persjarikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Persjarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5) (Дунэе Лъэпкъ Организацие – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies) (Verenigde Nasies – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinte_Nationen) (Vereinte Nationen – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%A9%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85%E1%89%B5) (የተባበሩት መንግሥታት ድርጅት – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_d%27as_Nacions_Unidas) (Organización d'as Nacions Unidas – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0em%C7%A3nra_%C3%9E%C4%93oda) (Ġemǣnra Þēoda – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9) (الأمم المتحدة – Arabic) العربية   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9) (لأمم لمتحدة – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87) (الامم المتحده – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98) (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_les_Naciones_Xun%C3%ADes) (Organización de les Naciones Xuníes – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8) (Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀи – Avaric) Авар   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayachat_Markanaka) (Mayachat Markanaka – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Mill%C9%99tl%C9%99r_T%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1) (Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88) (بیرلشمیش میلتلر قورومو – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B) (Берләшкән Милләттәр Ойошмаһы – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_vo_de_Vaoantn_Nationa) (Organisation vo de Vaoantn Nationa – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongt%C4%97niu_Taut%C5%AB_Organizac%C4%97j%C4%97) (Jongtėniu Tautū Organizacėjė – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangso-Bangso) (Perserikatan Bangso-Bangso – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkakasararong_Nasyon) (Nagkakasararong Nasyon – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%9E) (Арганізацыя Аб’яднаных Нацыяў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B1%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9) (Арганізацыя Аб’яднаных Нацый – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8) (Организация на обединените нации – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8) (यूनाइटेड नेशंस – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaeted_Nesen) (Yunaeted Nesen – Bislama) Bislama   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82) (ကုလသမဂ္ဂ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya_Kelenyat%C9%94nba) (Duniya Kelenyatɔnba – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98) (জাতিসংঘ – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D) (མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཚོགས། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98) (জাতিসংঘ – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aozadur_ar_Broado%C3%B9_Unanet) (Aozadur ar Broadoù Unanet – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjene_nacije) (Ujedinjene nacije – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsarikatan_Bangso-Bangso) (Parsarikatan Bangso-Bangso – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asseddingenna_Bangsa_Bangsae) (Asseddingenna Bangsa Bangsae – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0) (Нэгэдэмэл Үндэһэтэнэй Байгуулга – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides) (Organització de les Nacions Unides – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciones_Unidas) (Naciones Unidas – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ng-h%C4%83k-gu%C3%B3k) (Lièng-hăk-guók – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0) (Цхьаьнакхеттачу Къаьмнийн Цхьанакхетаралла – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%C3%ADpong_Kanasuran) (Tinípong Kanasuran – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidas_Nasion) (Unidas Nasion – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86) (نەتەوە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioni_Uniti) (Nazioni Uniti – Corsican) Corsu   (featured article) (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fken_Milletler_Te%C5%9Fkil%C3%A2t%C4%B1) (Birleşken Milletler Teşkilâtı – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizace_spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rod%C5%AF) (Organizace spojených národů – Czech) Čeština   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95) (Пĕрлешӳллĕ Нацисен Организацийĕ – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig) (Y Cenhedloedd Unedig – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forenede_Nationer) (Forenede Nationer – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bgbana_Na%C5%8Bgban_Yini_La%C9%A3i%C5%8Bgu) (Tiŋgbana Naŋgban Yini Laɣiŋgu – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinte_Nationen) (Vereinte Nationen – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1let%C3%AA_Yewbiyayey) (Mıletê Yewbiyayey – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Bone_narody) (Zjadnośone narody – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu) (Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (featured article) (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8_%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0) (އެކުވެރި ދައުލަތްތައް – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D) (མཉམ་འབྲེལ་རྒྱལ་ཚོགས། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duk%C9%94_%C6%91o%C6%92uawo) (Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD) (Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi%C3%B2un_Un%C3%ACdi) (Nasiòun Unìdi – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (good article) (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj) (Unuiĝintaj Nacioj – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_las_Naciones_Unidas) (Organización de las Naciones Unidas – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chinenud_Rahvaste_Organisatsioon) (Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Erakundea) (Nazio Batuen Erakundea – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionis_Un%C3%ADas) (Nacionis Unías – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF) (سازمان ملل متحد – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngenndiije_Dentu%C9%97e) (Ngenndiije Dentuɗe – Fula) Fulfulde   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneet_kansakunnat) (Yhdistyneet kansakunnat – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctist%C3%BCn%C3%BCq_Rahvaq) (Ütistünüq Rahvaq – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabose_kei_Vuravura) (Matabose kei Vuravura – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (featured article) (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameindu_Tj%C3%B3%C3%B0ir) (Sameindu Tjóðir – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies) (Organisation des Nations unies – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisacion_de_les_Nacions_unies) (Organisacion de les Nacions unies – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriand_Natsioonen) (Feriand Natsioonen – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizazion_des_Nazions_Unidis) (Organizazion des Nazions Unidis – Friulian) Furlan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feriene_Naasjes) (Feriene Naasjes – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAin_Aontaithe) (Na Náisiúin Aontaithe – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletl%C3%A4r) (Birleşmiş Milletlär – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B) (聯合國 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizasyon_di_s%C3%A9_Nasyonzini) (Organizasyon di sé Nasyonzini – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_D%C3%B9thchannan_Aonaichte) (Na Dùthchannan Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas) (Organización das Nacións Unidas – Galician) Galego   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ngu%C3%A9ra_Joaju) (Tetãnguéra Joaju – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE) (संयुक्त राश्ट्रसंघटना – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%98) (સંયુક્ત રાષ્ટ્રસંઘ – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-Ashoonyn_Unnaneysit) (Ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar_%C6%8Ainkin_Duniya) (Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8n-ha%CC%8Dp-koet) (Lièn-ha̍p-koet – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81_Aupuni_Hui_P%C5%AB_%CA%BBia) (Nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻia – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA) (האומות המאוחדות – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjeni_narodi) (Ujedinjeni narodi – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87ene_narody) (Zjednoćene narody – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ganizasyon_Nasyonzini) (Òganizasyon Nasyonzini – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Nemzetek_Szervezete) (Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6) (Միավորված ազգերի կազմակերպություն – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6) (Միացեալ Ազգերու Կազմակերպութիւն – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_del_Nationes_Unite) (Organisation del Nationes Unite – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerempung_Bansa_Beserakup) (Gerempung Bansa Beserakup – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_del_Unit_Nationes) (Organisation del Unit Nationes – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba_Nd%E1%BB%8B_D%E1%BB%8B_n%27Otu) (Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannapta_Nunat) (Tannapta Nunat – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_Nagkaykaysa_a_Pagilian) (Dagiti Nagkaykaysa a Pagilian – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8) (Цхьанкхийттача Къамий Организаци – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionita_Nacioni) (Unionita Nacioni – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0irnar) (Sameinuðu þjóðirnar – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacija_sjedinjenyh_narodov) (Organizacija sjedinjenyh narodov – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_delle_Nazioni_Unite) (Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%95%90%E1%92%A5_%E1%91%B2%E1%91%90%E1%94%BE%E1%94%A8%E1%96%83%E1%91%8E%E1%92%8C%E1%91%A6) (ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88) (国際連合 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitid_Nieshan) (Yunaitid Nieshan – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunma_natmi) (gunma natmi – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar%C3%A9katan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაცია – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlesken_Milletler_Sh%C3%B3lkemi) (Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuddsa_n_Ye%C9%A3lanen_Yeddukklen) (Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80) (Лъэпкъ Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B) (ONU ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C3%A1%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_Bibyin_Swanta) (Muná̱pyia̱ Bibyin Swanta – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nations_unies) (Nations unies – Kongo) Kongo   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8r%C5%A9mwe_wa_Mab%C5%A9r%C5%A9ri_(UN)) (Ũrũmwe wa Mabũrũri (UN) – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B) (Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымы – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7) (អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86) (ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94) (유엔 – Korean) 한국어   (good article) (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B) (Бирлешген Миллетлени Организациясы – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%95) (اقوامہٕ متحدٕ – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netewey%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE) (Neteweyên Yekbûyî – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A6%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%87%D3%A7%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80) (Ӧтувтчӧм Войтыръяслӧн Котыр – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenedhlow_Unys) (Kenedhlow Unys – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%83) (Бириккен Улуттар Уюму – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationes_Unitae) (Nationes Unitae – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyones_Unidas) (Nasyones Unidas – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereent_Natiounen) (Vereent Natiounen – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82) (Садхьанвай миллетрин тешкилат – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiones_Unida) (Nasiones Unida – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Bik%C3%B3lo_bya_Mol%C9%94%CC%81ng%C9%94%CC%81) (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́ – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Naties) (Verenigde Naties – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7ion_de_Na%C3%A7ioin_Un%C3%AFe) (Organizaçion de Naçioin Unïe – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisazion_dla_Nazions_Unides) (Organisazion dla Nazions Unides – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urganizaziun_di_Naziun_%C3%9Cnii) (Urganizaziun di Naziun Ünii – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Bik%C3%B3lo_bya_Mol%C9%94%CC%81ng%C9%94%CC%81) (Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́ – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94) (ສະຫະປະຊາຊາດ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Taut%C5%B3_Organizacija) (Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvienoto_N%C4%81ciju_Organiz%C4%81cija) (Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsyarikatan_Bh%C3%A2ngsa-Bh%C3%A2ngsa) (Parsyarikatan Bhângsa-Bhângsa – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0) (संयुक्तराष्ट्र – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar%C3%A9katan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenena_Mikambana) (Firenena Mikambana – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9) (Иктыш ушнышо Наций-влак Организаций – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotahitanga_o_Ng%C4%81_Iwi_o_te_Ao) (Kotahitanga o Ngā Iwi o te Ao – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasarikatan_Banso-Banso) (Pasarikatan Banso-Banso – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8) (Обединети нации – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD) (ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (featured article) (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0) (Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллага – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81) (ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯅꯦꯁꯟꯁ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82) (ကုလသမဂ္ဂ – Mon) ဘာသာမန်   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87) (संयुक्त राष्ट्रे – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu) (Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0nus_Mag%C4%A7quda) (Ġnus Magħquda – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourganiza%C3%A7on_de_las_Naciones_Ounidas) (Ourganizaçon de las Naciones Ounidas – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82) (ကုလသမဂ္ဂ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86) (متحد ملل سازمان – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacetililli_Tlacatiyan) (Tlacetililli Tlacatiyan – Nahuatl) Nāhuatl   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_d%22e_Nazzione_Aunite) (Organizzazione d"e Nazzione Aunite – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereynigde_Natys) (Vereynigde Natys – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereente_Natschonen) (Vereente Natschonen – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98) (संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Nias) Li Niha   (featured article) (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Naties) (Verenigde Naties – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_sameinte_nasjonane) (Dei sameinte nasjonane – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_forente_nasjoner) (De forente nasjoner – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionati_Nationes) (Unionati Nationes – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%B2_%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%AC%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%B2_%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%A7%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C) (ߡߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisatioun_des_Natiouns_Eunies_(ONE)) (Organisatioun des Natiouns Eunies (ONE) – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dit%C5%A1haba_t%C5%A1e_Kopanego) (Ditšhaba tše Kopanego – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahasdz%C3%A1%C3%A1n_Bik%C3%A1a%CA%BCgi_K%C3%A9yah_Naaznilgo_A%C5%82hidadiidzoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD) (Nahasdzáán Bikáaʼgi Kéyah Naaznilgo Ałhidadiidzooígíí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitundu_Yogwirizana) (Mitundu Yogwirizana – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacion_de_las_Nacions_Unidas) (Organizacion de las Nacions Unidas – Occitan) Occitan   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootummoota_Gamtoomanii) (Mootummoota Gamtoomanii – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%98) (ମିଳିତ ଜାତିସଂଘ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8) (Иугонд Нациты Организаци – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0) (ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyones_Unidas) (Nasyones Unidas – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misasanmetung_a_Bangsa) (Misasanmetung a Bangsa – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashonnan_Uni) (Nashonnan Uni – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacions-Unies) (Nacions-Unies – Picard) Picard   (https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinte_Nationen) (Vereinte Nationen – Palatine German) Pälzisch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_Narod%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych) (Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisassion_dle_Nassion_Un%C3%ACe) (Organisassion dle Nassion Unìe – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81) (اقوام متحدہ – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87) (ملګري ملتونه – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas) (Organização das Nações Unidas – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/marekakunian) (marekakunian – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukllachasqa_Kawsayllaqtakuna) (Hukllachasqa Kawsayllaqtakuna – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisaziun_da_las_Naziuns_unidas) (Organisaziun da las Naziuns unidas – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladine_N%C3%A0cie) (Maladine Nàcie – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishirahamwe_Mpuzamakungu) (Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite) (Organizația Națiunilor Unite – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsiile_Unite) (Natsiile Unite – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizzazione_de_le_Naziune_Aun%C3%ACte) (Organizzazione de le Naziune Aunìte – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9) (Организация Объединённых Наций – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%97%D1%8A%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9) (Орґанізація Зъєдиненых Націй – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuryango_w%E2%80%99Abibumye) (Umuryango w’Abibumye – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%83) (संयुक्तराष्ट्रसङ्घः – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D) (Холбоһуктаах Нациялар Тэрилтэлэрэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E) (ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONU) (ONU – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazzioni_Uniti) (Nazzioni Uniti – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Naitions) (Unitit Naitions – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%8F%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88) (گڏيل قومن جو عالمي ادارو – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovttastuvvan_na%C5%A1uvnnat) (Ovttastuvvan našuvnnat – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendo_ti_Gigi) (Bendo ti Gigi – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjene_nacije) (Ujedinjene nacije – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamttiwin_munnin) (Tamttiwin munnin – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%BE%E1%82%83%E1%82%89) (ၸၢတ်ႈၸိုင်ႈလုမ်ႈၾႃႉ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiz%C3%A1cia_Spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rodov) (Organizácia Spojených národov – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81) (اقوام متحدہ – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacija_zdru%C5%BEenih_narodov) (Organizacija združenih narodov – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Aufaatasi) (Malo Aufaatasi – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovt%C3%A2stum_aalmugeh) (Ovtâstum aalmugeh – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubatanidzwa_weNyika_Pasirose) (Mubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaramada_Midoobay) (Qaramada Midoobay – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizata_e_Kombeve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara) (Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5) (Уједињене нације – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_N%C3%A2si) (Verenigde Nâsi – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhlabuhlangene) (Mhlabuhlangene – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machaba_a_Kopaneng) (Machaba a Kopaneng – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereende_Natione) (Fereende Natione – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasarikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa) (Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6renta_nationerna) (Förenta nationerna – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mataifa) (Umoja wa Mataifa – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rganizacyj%C5%8F_Zjydnocz%C5%8Dnych_Nacyj%C5%8Dw) (Ôrganizacyjŏ Zjydnoczōnych Nacyjōw – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakaputay_a_kanatal) (sakaputay a kanatal – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88) (ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் அவை – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN) (UN – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86) (ವಿಶ್ವ ಸಂಸ್ತೆ – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF) (ఐక్యరాజ్య సమితి – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasoens_Unidas) (Nasoens Unidas – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4) (Созмони Милали Муттаҳид – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (featured article) (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4) (สหประชาชาติ – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%83%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5) (ሕቡራት ሃገራት – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fen_Milletler_Guramasy) (Birleşen Milletler Guramasy – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkakaisang_Bansa) (Nagkakaisang Bansa – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikard%C9%99_by%C9%99_Mill%C9%99ton_T%C9%99%C5%A1kilot) (Ikardə byə Milləton Təškilot – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dit%C5%A1haba_Tse_di_Kopaneng) (Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaahi_Pule%CA%BBanga_Fakatahatah%C3%A1) (Ngaahi Puleʻanga Fakatahatahá – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulupu_pi_wan_ma) (kulupu pi wan ma – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunaitet_Nesen) (Yunaitet Nesen – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler) (Birleşmiş Milletler – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynhekwo) (Reynhekwo – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiko_la_ma_hlanganeke) (Matiko la ma hlanganeke – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B) (Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасы – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanaman_Nkabom) (Amanaman Nkabom – Twi) Twi   (https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaa_Amui) (Nunaa Amui – Tahitian) Reo tahiti   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%9E) (КНО – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B) (Огазеяськем Нациослэн Организацизы – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%83%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89) (بىرلەشكەن دۆلەتلەر تەشكىلاتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9) (Організація Об'єднаних Націй – Ukrainian) Українська   (featured article) (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81) (اقوام متحدہ – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlashgan_Millatlar_Tashkiloti) (Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzangano_%E1%B8%BDa_Yuno) (Dzangano ḽa Yuno – Venda) Tshivenda   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organixasion_de_%C5%82e_Nasion_Un%C3%ACe) (Organixasion de łe Nasion Unìe – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chtenzoittud_Rahvahiden_Organizacii) (Ühtenzoittud Rahvahiden Organizacii – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_H%E1%BB%A3p_Qu%E1%BB%91c) (Liên Hợp Quốc – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%AAnigde_Noaties) (Verênigde Noaties – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogan_Netas_Pebal%C3%B6l) (Nogan Netas Pebalöl – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiz%C3%A5cion_des_N%C3%A5cions_uneyes) (Organizåcion des Nåcions uneyes – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagkakaurusa_nga_mga_Nasod) (Nagkakaurusa nga mga Nasod – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kureelu_Mbootayu_Xeet_yi) (Kureelu Mbootayu Xeet yi – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD) (联合国 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izizwe_ezimanyeneyo) (Izizwe ezimanyeneyo – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (გოართოიანაფილი ერეფიშ ორგანიზაცია – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8) (פאראייניגטע פעלקער – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%E1%BB%8D_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8) (Àjọ àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzhozgoz) (Lenzhozgoz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8F) (ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B) (聯合國 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp-kok) (Liân-ha̍p-kok – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B) (聯合國 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD) (联合国 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZizwe_Ezihlangene) (IZizwe Ezihlangene – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1065#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/United_Nations) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:United_Nations) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) 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(Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Global intergovernmental organization (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    "UN" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_(disambiguation)) (UN (disambiguation)) UN (disambiguation) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_(disambiguation)) (United Nations (disambiguation)) United Nations (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#United%20Nations)  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#United%20Nations)    (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022)   (./Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_February_2022)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English_with_Oxford_spelling)    United Nations (in other official languages)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic  (Arabic-language text) (Arabic-language text) منظمة الأمم المتحدة  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) Munazzamat al-Umam al-Muttaḥida    (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish  (Spanish-language text) (Spanish-language text) Organización de las Naciones Unidas  (./Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text)    (./Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French  (French-language text) (French-language text) Organisation des Nations unies  (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)    (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian  (Russian-language text) (Russian-language text) Организация Объединённых Наций  (./Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)   (Russian-language romanization) Organizatsiya Obyedinyonnykh Natsiy    (./Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (Chinese-language text) (Chinese-language text) 联合国  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (Chinese-language romanization) Liánhéguó    (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg) (Flag of the United Nations) (Flag of the United Nations)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations) (Flag of the United Nations) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_emblem_blue.svg) (Emblem of the United Nations) (Emblem of the United Nations)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations#Design) (Flag of the United Nations) Emblem      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_(Member_States_and_Territories).svg) (Members of the United Nations) (Members of the United Nations)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_United_Nations) (Members of the United Nations) Members of the United Nations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters) (Headquarters) Headquarters  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations) (Headquarters of the United Nations) 760 United Nations Plaza , Manhattan, New York City ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_zone) (International zone) international zone )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations) (Official languages of the United Nations) Official languages   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English) (British English) English  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish [ 1]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_script) (Official script) Official script   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script) (Arabic script) Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script) (Cyrillic script) Cyrillic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script) (Latin script) Latin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Simplified Chinese      Type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization) (Intergovernmental organization) Intergovernmental organization   Membership (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) 193 member states [ 2]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) 2 observer states [ 3]    [ a]      Leaders  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Secretary‑General   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations) Deputy Secretary-General   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed) (Amina J. Mohammed) Amina J. Mohammed   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly) (President of the United Nations General Assembly) General Assembly President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock) (Annalena Baerbock) Annalena Baerbock   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council) Economic and Social Council President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Bendjama) (Amar Bendjama) Amar Bendjama     Establishment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) UN Charter signed   26 June 1945 (81 years ago)  (1945-06-26 )   • Charter entered into force   24 October 1945 (80 years ago)  (1945-10-24 )     Website  (http://un.org) un .org      Preceded by    ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) (League of Nations) League of Nations              (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TUnited%20Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   Part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Nations) (Category:United Nations) a series on the   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) United Nations   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_emblem_blue.svg)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System) (United Nations System) UN System   Principal organs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) (United Nations General Assembly) General Assembly  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (United Nations Economic and Social Council) Economic and Social Council  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) Secretariat  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council) (United Nations Trusteeship Council) Trusteeship Council     Secretariat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Secretary-General  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations) Deputy Secretary-General  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations) Under-Secretary-General  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat#Organization) (United Nations Secretariat) Secretariat structure     Funds, programmes, and other bodies  UN development programmes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) UNDP  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) WFP  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund) (United Nations Population Fund) UNFPA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) (United Nations Environment Programme) UNEP  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Women) (UN Women) UN Women  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme) (United Nations Human Settlements Programme) UN Habitat     Humanitarian agencies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) OCHA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UNHCR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration) (International Organization for Migration) IOM  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees) (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees) UNRWA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction) (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) UNDRR     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) Specialized agencies   Development & social (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) FAO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development) (International Fund for Agricultural Development) IFAD  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) ILO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization) (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) UNIDO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) WHO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization) (World Meteorological Organization) WMO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Tourism) (UN Tourism) UN Tourism     Technical & regulatory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization) (International Civil Aviation Organization) ICAO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization) (International Maritime Organization) IMO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union) (International Telecommunication Union) ITU  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union) (Universal Postal Union) UPU  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) WIPO     Finance & trade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) IMF  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) WTO     Peace & security (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations) (United Nations Department of Peace Operations) DPO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs) DPPA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacebuilding_Commission) (Peacebuilding Commission) PBC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacebuilding_Fund) (United Nations Peacebuilding Fund) PBF  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs) (United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs) UNODA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs) (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs) UNOOSA  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime) (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) UNODC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mine_Action_Service) (United Nations Mine Action Service) UNMAS  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Counter-Terrorism) (United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism) UNOCT  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Counter-Terrorism_Committee) (United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee) CTC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons) (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) OPCW  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization) (Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization) CTBTO PrepCom     Research & training (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research) (United Nations Institute for Training and Research) UNITAR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development) (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development) UNRISD  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research) (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research) UNIDIR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_University) (United Nations University) UNU  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College) (United Nations System Staff College) UNSSC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute) (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute) UNICRI     Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council) (United Nations Human Rights Council) UNHRC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) OHCHR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review) (Universal Periodic Review) UPR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee) (United Nations Human Rights Committee) Human Rights Committee  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights) (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) CESCR  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Racial_Discrimination) (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) ICERD  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_against_Women) (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) CEDAW  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_Against_Torture) (Committee Against Torture) CAT  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child) (Committee on the Rights of the Child) CRC  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur) (United Nations special rapporteur) Special rapporteurs  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_on_Arbitrary_Detention) (Working Group on Arbitrary Detention) WGAD     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) Membership   Members & observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s) (Enlargement of the United Nations) Founding members  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members) (Member states of the United Nations) Full members  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) Security Council Permanent members  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations) (Permanent representative to the United Nations) Permanent representatives to the UN ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations) (List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations) list ) ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) General Assembly Observers ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations) (European Union and the United Nations) European Union )    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations) (History of the United Nations) History   Preceding years (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union) (International Telecommunication Union) International Telecommunication Union  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union) (Universal Postal Union) Universal Postal Union  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907) (Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907) Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration) (Permanent Court of Arbitration) Permanent Court of Arbitration  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene) (International Office of Public Hygiene) International Office of Public Hygiene  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) (League of Nations) League of Nations     Preparatory years (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace) (Declaration of St James's Palace) Declaration of St James's Palace  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter) (Atlantic Charter) Atlantic Charter  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations) (Declaration by United Nations) Declaration by United Nations  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)) (Moscow Conference (1943)) Moscow Conference (1943)  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference) (Tehran Conference) Tehran Conference  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference) (Bretton Woods Conference) Bretton Woods Conference  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference) (Dumbarton Oaks Conference) Dumbarton Oaks Conference  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference) (Yalta Conference) Yalta Conference  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization) (United Nations Conference on International Organization) UNCIO  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_of_the_United_Nations) (Preparatory Commission of the United Nations) Preparatory Commission     Activities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals) (Sustainable Development Goals) Sustainable Development Goals  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping) (United Nations peacekeeping) Peacekeeping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions) (List of United Nations peacekeeping missions) missions ) ·   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territories_administered_by_the_United_Nations) (List of territories administered by the United Nations) governed territories ) ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Police) (United Nations Police) UNPOL  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples) (Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) UNDRIP  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Universal Declaration of Human Rights  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention) (World Heritage Convention) World Heritage Convention  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child) (Convention on the Rights of the Child) Convention on the Rights of the Child  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants) (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants) Declaration on the Rights of Peasants     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_resolution) (United Nations resolution) Resolutions   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Nations_series) (Template:United Nations series) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations_series) (Template talk:United Nations series) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations_series) (Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations series) (Edit this template) e         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritoriality) (Extraterritoriality) Extraterritorialities   Earth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System) (Antarctic Treaty System) Antarctic Treaty System  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission) (Diplomatic mission) Diplomatic mission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters) (International waters) International waters  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority) (International Seabed Authority) International Seabed Authority  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_zone) (International zone) International zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) United Nations     Space  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate) (Extraterrestrial real estate) Extraterrestrial real estate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Treaty) (Moon Treaty) Moon Treaty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty) (Outer Space Treaty) Outer Space Treaty     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Extraterritorialities) (Template:Extraterritorialities) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterritorialities) (Template talk:Extraterritorialities) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities) (Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterritorialities) (Edit this template) e         The United Nations (UN ) is an international (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization) (Intergovernmental organization) intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter of the United Nations on 26 June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_peace) (International peace) international peace and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_security) (International security) security , to develop friendly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy) (Diplomacy) relations among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)) (State (polity)) states , to promote international cooperation, and to serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of states in achieving those goals. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters) (United Nations headquarters) United Nations headquarters is located in New York City, with several other offices located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva) (United Nations Office at Geneva) Geneva , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi) (United Nations Office at Nairobi) Nairobi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna) (United Nations Office at Vienna) Vienna and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague) (The Hague) The Hague . The UN comprises six principal organizations: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) (United Nations General Assembly) General Assembly , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (United Nations Economic and Social Council) Economic and Social Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) Secretariat and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council) (United Nations Trusteeship Council) Trusteeship Council which, together with several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) specialized agencies and related agencies, make up the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System) (United Nations System) UN System . There is a total of 193 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) member states , representing nearly all of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state) (Sovereign state) sovereign states , as well as two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) observer states , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) State of Palestine . The United Nations has primarily focused on economic and social development, particularly during the wave of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization) (Decolonization) decolonization in the mid-twentieth century. The UN currently operates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping) (United Nations peacekeeping) 11 peacekeeping missions , by order of inception, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization) (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) the Middle East , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute) (UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute) Kashmir , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus) (United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) Cyprus , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force) (United Nations Disengagement Observer Force) Golan Heights , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon) (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) Lebanon , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara) (United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara) Western Sahara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo) (United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo) Kosovo , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO) (MONUSCO) Democratic Republic of the Congo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei) (United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei) Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan) (United Nations Mission in South Sudan) South Sudan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINUSCA) (MINUSCA) Central African Republic . The UN has been recognized as a global leader of peace and human development, with many officials and agencies having been awarded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize but has also been (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations) (Criticism of the United Nations) criticized for perceived ineffectiveness, bias, and corruption .   History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations) (History of the United Nations) History of the United Nations   Background (pre-1941)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_League_of_Nations_speech.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie) (Haile Selassie) Haile Selassie I at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) (League of Nations) League of Nations appealing Italy's 1936 invasion in which the League failed to intervene.  In the century prior to the UN's creation, several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization) (International organization) international organizations such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (International Committee of the Red Cross) International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.[ 4]     During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I , several major leaders, especially then-U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) (Woodrow Wilson) Woodrow Wilson , advocated for a world body to guarantee peace. The winners of the war, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) (Allies of World War I) Allied Powers , met to decide on formal peace terms at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)) (Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)) Paris Peace Conference . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations) (League of Nations) League of Nations was approved and started operations, but the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States never joined. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations) (Covenant of the League of Nations) Covenant of the League of Nations , ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took effect.[ 5]    The League of Nations Council acted as an executive body directing the Assembly's business, though with few powers explicitly vested in either body, the League's operation was mostly derived from informal convention than the Covenant itself. With few exceptions, all of the League's substantive decisions required unanimity, a provision negotiated in the name of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty) (Westphalian sovereignty) upholding national sovereignty . It began with four permanent members of the Council—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) United Kingdom , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_French_Republic) (Third French Republic) France , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy) (Kingdom of Italy) Italy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Japan . The fifth permanent seat on the Council, meant to be held by the United States, was later given to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic) (Weimar Republic) Germany and, after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_German_League_of_Nations_withdrawal_referendum) (1933 German League of Nations withdrawal referendum) its withdrawal , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union . Forty nations voted for Japan to end (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Manchuria) (Japanese occupation of Manchuria) its occupation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria) (Manchuria) Manchuria but Japan voted against it and withdrew from the League instead.[ 6]    It also failed to act against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War) (Second Italo-Ethiopian War) Second Italo-Ethiopian War , after the appeal for international intervention by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Emperor) (Ethiopian Emperor) Ethiopian Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie) (Haile Selassie) Haile Selassie I at Geneva in 1936 went with no avail, including when calls for economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the League.[ 7]     When (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II broke out in 1939, the League effectively closed down. Among its final acts was the expulsion of the Soviet Union for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War) (Winter War) invasion of Finland .[ 8]       Declarations by the Allies of World War II (1941–1944)  The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace) (Declaration of St James's Palace) Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941.[ 9]    [ 10]    By August 1941, American president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill) (Winston Churchill) Winston Churchill had drafted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter) (Atlantic Charter) Atlantic Charter ; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II) (List of governments in exile during World War II) governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation , together with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union and representatives of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Forces) (Free French Forces) Free French Forces , unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United States.[ 11]    [ 12]     Roosevelt and Churchill met at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House) (White House) White House in December 1941 for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Conference) (Arcadia Conference) Arcadia Conference . Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,[ 13]    [ 14]    and coined the term United Nations to describe the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allied countries .[ 15]    Churchill accepted it, noting its use by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron) (Lord Byron) Lord Byron .[ 16]    The text of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations) (Declaration by United Nations) Declaration by United Nations was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hopkins) (Harry Hopkins) Harry Hopkins . It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_freedom) (Religious freedom) religious freedom , which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[ 17]    [ 18]     Roosevelt's idea of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen) (Four Policemen) Four Powers " refers to the four major Allied countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) China , emerged in the Declaration by the United Nations.[ 19]    On New Year's Day 1942, Roosevelt, Churchill, the Soviet Union's former Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov) (Maxim Litvinov) Maxim Litvinov , and the Chinese Premier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Soong) (T. V. Soong) T. V. Soong signed the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations) (Declaration by United Nations) Declaration by United Nations ",[ 20]    and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures. During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. In order to join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) (Axis powers) Axis powers .[ 21]     The October 1943 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)) (Moscow Conference (1943)) Moscow Conference resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Declarations) (Moscow Declarations) Moscow Declarations , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations) (Declaration of the Four Nations) Four Power Declaration on General Security . This declaration was signed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_II)) (Big Four (World War II)) Allied Big Four —the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China—and aimed for the creation "at the earliest possible date of a general international organization". This was the first public announcement that a new international organization was being contemplated to replace the League of Nations. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference) (Tehran Conference) Tehran Conference followed shortly afterwards at which Roosevelt, Churchill and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) (Joseph Stalin) Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union, met and discussed the idea of a post-war international organization.[ 22]     The new international organization was formulated and negotiated amongst the delegations from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_II)) (Big Four (World War II)) Allied Big Four at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference) (Dumbarton Oaks Conference) Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September to 7 October 1944. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure and functioning of the new organization.[ 23]    [ 24]    [ 25]    It took the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference) (Yalta Conference) conference at Yalta in February 1945, and further negotiations with the Soviet Union, before all the issues were resolved.[ 23]       Founding (1945)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Member_States-1945.png)   The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue (Some nations' land would be different from now.)  By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United Nations.[ 26]    After months of planning, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization) (United Nations Conference on International Organization) UN Conference on International Organization opened in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco) (San Francisco) San Francisco on 25 April 1945. It was attended by 50 nations' governments and a number of non-governmental organizations.[ 27]    [ 28]    [ 29]    The delegations of the Big Four chaired the plenary meetings.[ 30]    Previously, Churchill had urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris) (Liberation of Paris) liberation of Paris in August 1944. The drafting of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter of the United Nations was completed over the following two months, and it was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.[ 31]    [ 32]    The UN officially came into existence at 20:07 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC ) on 24 October 1945,[ 33]    [ 34]    upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council : the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) China — and by a majority of the other 46 nations.[ 35]    [ 36]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly) (First session of the United Nations General Assembly) first meetings of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly) (General Assembly) General Assembly , with 51 nations represented,[ b]    and the Security Council took place in London beginning in January 1946.[ 35]    Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan) (Iranian Azerbaijan) Iranian Azerbaijan and British forces in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece .[ 39]    British diplomat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladwyn_Jebb) (Gladwyn Jebb) Gladwyn Jebb served as interim secretary-general. The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Lie) (Trygve Lie) Trygve Lie , was the first elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) UN secretary-general .[ 35]       Cold War (1947–1991)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dag_Hammarskjöld_(3x4_cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld) (Dag Hammarskjöld) Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active secretary-general from 1953 until his death in 1961.  Though the UN's primary mandate was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping) (Peacekeeping) peacekeeping , the division between the United States and the Soviet Union often paralysed the organization; this generally allowed it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War .[ 40]    Two notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Command) (United Nations Command) US-led coalition to repel the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pokpung) (Operation Pokpung) North Korean invasion of South Korea , passed in the absence of the Soviet Union,[ 35]    [ 41]    and the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement) (Korean Armistice Agreement) Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.[ 42]     On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine) (United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine) Resolution 181 , a proposal to partition British Mandatory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine) (Mandatory Palestine) Palestine into two states, a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem placed under international status.[ 43]    The Partition plan passed 33–13 with 10 abstentions and one absent. The plan was accepted by the Jews and rejected by the Arabs of Palestine and the Arab states [ 44]    leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947–1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine) (1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine) civil war . Following the declaration of the State of Israel on 15 May 1948, the surrounding Arab armies invaded Palestine,[ 45]    beginning the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–Israeli_War) (1948 Arab–Israeli War) 1948 Arab–Israeli War .[ 46]    Two years later, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche) (Ralph Bunche) Ralph Bunche , a UN official, negotiated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements) (1949 Armistice Agreements) an armistice to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war) (1948 Palestine war) resulting conflict , with the Security Council deciding that "an armistice shall be established in all sectors of Palestine."[ 44]    [ 47]    On 7 November 1956, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force) (United Nations Emergency Force) first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis) (Suez Crisis) Suez Crisis ;[ 48]    however, the UN was unable to intervene against the Soviet Union's simultaneous invasion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary , following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) (Hungarian Revolution of 1956) the country's revolution .[ 49]     On 14 July 1960, the UN established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo) (United Nations Operation in the Congo) United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga) (State of Katanga) Katanga , restoring it to the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(Léopoldville)) (Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)) Democratic Republic of the Congo by 11 May 1964.[ 50]    While travelling to meet rebel leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Tshombe) (Moise Tshombe) Moise Tshombe during the conflict, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld) (Dag Hammarskjöld) Dag Hammarskjöld , often named as one of the UN's most effective secretaries-general,[ 51]    [ 52]    [ 53]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Ndola_United_Nations_DC-6_crash) (1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash) died in a plane crash . Months later he was posthumously awarded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize .[ 54]    In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thant) (U Thant) U Thant , deployed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus) (United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus , which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.[ 55]     With the spread of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization) (Decolonization) decolonization in the 1960s, the UN's membership shot up due to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.[ 48]    On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World) (Third World) Third World nations, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China (also known as Taiwan). The vote was widely seen as a sign of waning American influence in the organization.[ 56]    Third World nations organized themselves into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77) (Group of 77) Group of 77 under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.[ 57]    On 10 November 1975, a bloc comprising the Soviet Union and Third World nations passed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379) (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379) a resolution , over strenuous American and Israeli opposition, declaring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism) (Zionism) Zionism to be a form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism) (Racism) racism . The resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.[ 58]    [ 59]     With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) Middle East , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) (Vietnam War) Vietnam , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) Kashmir , the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.[ 60]       After the Cold War (1991–1999)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kofi_Annan_2012_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan) (Kofi Annan) Kofi Annan , secretary-general from 1997 to 2006  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Members_Flags2.JPG)   Flags of member nations at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations) (Headquarters of the United Nations) United Nations Headquarters , pictured in 2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN70.JPG)   Marking of the UN's 70th anniversary – Budapest, 2015  After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in five years than it had in the previous four decades.[ 61]    Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.[ 62]    [ 63]    [ 64]    [ 65]    The UN negotiated an end to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War) (Salvadoran Civil War) Salvadoran Civil War , launched a successful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group) (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) peacekeeping mission in Namibia , and oversaw democratic elections in post-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa) (Apartheid in South Africa) apartheid South Africa and post-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge) (Khmer Rouge) Khmer Rouge Cambodia.[ 66]    In 1991, the UN authorized a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) US-led coalition that repulsed Iraq's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait) (Invasion of Kuwait) invasion of Kuwait .[ 67]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Urquhart) (Brian Urquhart) Brian Urquhart , the under-secretary-general of the UN from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.[ 64]     Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption.[ 68]    In 1984, American president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan) (Ronald Reagan) Ronald Reagan withdrew the United States' funding from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (or UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by the United Kingdom and Singapore.[ 69]    [ 70]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali) (Boutros Boutros-Ghali) Boutros Boutros-Ghali , the secretary-general from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, somewhat reducing the size of the organization.[ 71]    [ 72]    His successor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan) (Kofi Annan) Kofi Annan , initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the US to withhold its UN dues.[ 72]     Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced several simultaneous, serious crises within Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the nations that previously made up Yugoslavia.[ 73]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II) (United Nations Operation in Somalia II) UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the United States' withdrawal following casualties in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)) (Battle of Mogadishu (1993)) Battle of Mogadishu . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force) (United Nations Protection Force) UN mission to Bosnia faced worldwide ridicule for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.[ 74]    In 1994, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda) (United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda) UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide) (Rwandan genocide) Rwandan genocide amidst indecision in the Security Council.[ 75]     From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 authorized the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO -led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force) (Kosovo Force) Kosovo Force beginning in 1999. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone) (United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone) UN mission in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War) (Sierra Leone Civil War) Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_military_intervention_in_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War) (British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War) British military intervention . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–present)) (War in Afghanistan (2001–present)) invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.[ 76]    In 2003, the United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq) (2003 invasion of Iraq) invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the UN's effectiveness.[ 77]     Under the eighth secretary-general, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon) (Ban Ki-moon) Ban Ki-moon , the UN intervened with peacekeepers in crises such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) War in Darfur in Sudan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_conflict) (Kivu conflict) Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War) (Syrian Civil War) Syrian Civil War .[ 78]    In 2013, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General's_Internal_Review_Panel_on_United_Nations_Action_in_Sri_Lanka) (Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka) an internal review of UN actions in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War) (Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War) the final battles of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war) (Sri Lankan civil war) Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered a "systemic failure."[ 79]    In 2010, the organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when 101 personnel died in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake) (2010 Haiti earthquake) Haiti earthquake .[ 80]    Acting under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 in 2011, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO countries intervened in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War) (First Libyan Civil War) First Libyan Civil War . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summit) (Millennium Summit) Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century.[ 81]    The three-day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, and it culminated in the adoption by all member states of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals) (Millennium Development Goals) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction) (Poverty reduction) poverty reduction , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality) (Gender equality) gender equality and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health) (Public health) public health . Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was ultimately uneven. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Summit) (2005 World Summit) 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting development, peacekeeping, human rights and global security.[ 82]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals) (Sustainable Development Goals) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[ 83]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Land_Cruiser._Dnipro.jpg)   UN car in Dnipro, Ukraine  In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society) (Civil society) civil society and fostering a global constituency.[ 84]    In an effort to enhance transparency, in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for secretary-general.[ 85]    On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres , who had previously served as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UN High Commissioner for Refugees , became the ninth secretary-general. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts, more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to international needs.[ 86]     On 13 June 2019, the UN signed a Strategic Partnership Framework with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum in order to "jointly accelerate" the implementation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2030_Agenda_for_Sustainable_Development) (2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .[ 87]      2020s: financial crisis  Throughout most of its history, the UN has faced funding issues. However, they have become severe since 2020, and in 2025, the UN began facing a financial crisis resulting from delays in member state due payments and refusal to pay the amount the UN charges.[ 88]    A major problem is that the United States, the largest contributor, has a law in place since 1994 where it will not pay more than 25% of total UN Peacekeeping fees (although as of 2024 it was paying 27%). Additionally, the US and the second largest contributor, China, often delay their payments in order to influence the UN on topics such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war) (Gaza war) Gaza war and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) Persecution of Uyghurs in China . Other countries began to follow suit, triggering a financial crisis.[ 89]    On 19 May 2025, only 61 countries paid their dues on time and in full.[ 88]    The crisis is causing massive budget cuts within the UN, with the UN warning that millions of lives are being put at risk.[ 90]    [ 91]    [ 88]    [ 92]    In January 2026, Guterres sent a letter to all members about an "imminent financial collapse" of the UN.[ 93]    [ 94]    [ 95]       Structure  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System) (United Nations System) United Nations System  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_organization_sketch_by_Franklin_Roosevelt_with_the_Four_Policemen_in_1943.jpg)   1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen) (Four Policemen) Four Policemen , an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states.  The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five principal organs established by the UN Charter: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) (United Nations General Assembly) General Assembly , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (United Nations Economic and Social Council) Economic and Social Council , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) UN Secretariat .[ 96]    A sixth principal organ, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council) (United Nations Trusteeship Council) Trusteeship Council , suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau) (Palau) Palau ; the last remaining UN trustee territory.[ 97]     Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague) (The Hague) The Hague .[ 98]    Most other major agencies are based in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva) (United Nations Office at Geneva) UN offices at Geneva ,[ 99]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna) (United Nations Office at Vienna) Vienna ,[ 100]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi) (United Nations Office at Nairobi) Nairobi ,[ 101]    and additional UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language) (Spanish language) Spanish .[ 102]    On the basis of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Privileges_and_Immunities_of_the_United_Nations) (Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations) Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations , the UN and its agencies are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity) (Diplomatic immunity) immune from the laws of the countries where they operate , safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member countries.[ 103]     Below the six organs are, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it."[ 104]    These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds and other UN entities.[ 105]     All organizations in the UN system obey the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblemaire_principle) (Noblemaire principle) Noblemaire principle  , which calls for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value regardless of the employee's nationality.[ 106]    [ 107]    In practice, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Service_Commission) (International Civil Service Commission) International Civil Service Commission , which governs the conditions of UN personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.[ 108]    Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.[ 106]    [ 109]        Principal organs of the United Nations  [ 110]    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Nations_organs) (Template:United Nations organs) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations_organs) (Template talk:United Nations organs) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations_organs) (Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations organs) (Edit this template) e       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) (United Nations General Assembly) UN General Assembly   —  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly) (Deliberative assembly) Deliberative assembly of all UN member states —   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) UN Secretariat   —  Administrative organ of the UN —   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice   —  Universal court for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law) (International law) international law  —   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC24-158_UN.jpg) (UN General Assembly hall) (UN General Assembly hall)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City,_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg) (Headquarters of the UN in New York City) (Headquarters of the UN in New York City)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice_HQ_2006.jpg) (International Court of Justice) (International Court of Justice)         May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC); Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC; Adopts the budget; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of the Economic and Social Council; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) UN Secretary-General (following their proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.   Supports the other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System) (United Nations System) UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget); Its chairperson—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) UN Secretary-General —is elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.   Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction; Issues legal opinions; Renders judgment by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_majority) (Relative majority) relative majority . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) UN Security Council   —  For international security issues —  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (United Nations Economic and Social Council) UN Economic and Social Council   —  For global economic and social affairs —  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council) (United Nations Trusteeship Council) UN Trusteeship Council   —  For administering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories) (United Nations trust territories) trust territories (currently inactive ) —   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg) (UN security council) (UN security council)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_2.JPG) (UN Economic and Social Council) (UN Economic and Social Council)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council_chamber_in_New_York_City_2.JPG) (UN Trusteeship Council) (UN Trusteeship Council)         Responsible for the maintenance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_peace) (World peace) international peace and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_security) (International security) security ; May adopt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution) (United Nations Security Council resolution) compulsory resolutions ; Has fifteen members: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council) five permanent members with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power) (United Nations Security Council veto power) veto power and ten (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (List of members of the United Nations Security Council) elected members .   Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) specialized agencies ; Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates.   Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate) (League of Nations mandate) League of Nations mandates ; Has been inactive since 1994, when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau) (Palau) Palau , the last trust territory, attained independence.       General Assembly  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly) (United Nations General Assembly) United Nations General Assembly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_828797_Mikhail_Gorbachev_addressing_UN_General_Assembly_session.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) (Mikhail Gorbachev) Mikhail Gorbachev , leader of the Soviet Union, addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988  The General Assembly is the primary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_assembly) (Deliberative assembly) deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) UN member states , the assembly gathers at annual sessions at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Hall) (United Nations General Assembly Hall) General Assembly Hall , but emergency sessions can be summoned.[ 111]    The assembly is led by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly) (President of the United Nations General Assembly) president , elected by the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.[ 112]    The first session convened on 10 January 1946 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster) (Methodist Central Hall, Westminster) Methodist Central Hall in London and comprised representatives of 51 nations.[ 35]    The General Assembly is the only UN organ in which all member states have the right to be represented and vote. When the General Assembly decides on seminal questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.[ 113]    [ 114]    All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member has one vote. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.[ 111]     Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:[ 115]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_First_Committee) (General Assembly First Committee) First Committee (Disarmament and International Security)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Second_Committee) (United Nations General Assembly Second Committee) Second Committee (Economic and Financial)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Third_Committee) (United Nations General Assembly Third Committee) Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Fourth_Committee) (United Nations Fourth Committee) Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fifth_Committee) (United Nations General Assembly Fifth Committee) Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Sixth_Committee_(Legal)) (United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee (Legal)) Sixth Committee (Legal)   As well as by the following two committees: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Committee) (United Nations General Committee) General Committee – a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-presidents, and committee heads (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Credentials_Committee) (United Nations Credentials Committee) Credentials Committee – responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives   Security Council  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) United Nations Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell) (Colin Powell) Colin Powell , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State) (United States Secretary of State) US Secretary of State , demonstrates a vial with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq#Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction) (Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq) alleged Iraq (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon) (Chemical weapon) chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War) (United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War) Iraq war hearings, 5 February 2003.  The Security Council is the UN body charged with primary authority for maintaining peace and security among nations. Under Article VII of the Charter, the Security Council may enact binding resolutions whenever it determines that there is a threat to peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression. Moreover, the Security Council has the power to authorize the use of force in response to a breach of the peace. While other organs of the UN can only make recommendations to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[ 116]    The decisions of the council are known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution) (United Nations Security Council resolution) United Nations Security Council resolutions .[ 117]    To be adopted in the Security Council, a resolution (other than a procedural matter) must receive support from all of the permanent members and at least 4 of the elected members (for a total of 9 votes). The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states: five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten non-permanent (elected) members ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) Denmark , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama) (Panama) Panama , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea) (Republic of Korea) Republic of Korea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia , as of 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  ). The five permanent members hold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power) (United Nations Security Council veto power) veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five members elected each year by the General Assembly on a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Groups) (United Nations Regional Groups) regional basis .[ 118]    The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.[ 119]      UN Secretariat  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) United Nations Secretariat and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Secretary-General of the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:António_Guterres,_23.03.23.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres , the current (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) secretary-general   The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day duties required to operate and maintain the UN system.[ 120]    It is composed of tens of thousands of international civil servants worldwide and headed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) secretary-general , who is assisted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations) deputy secretary-general .[ 121]    The Secretariat's duties include providing information and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings and carrying out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.[ 122]     The secretary-general acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's chief administrative officer.[ 123]    Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that secretaries-general since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Lie) (Trygve Lie) Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.[ 124]    The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_issues) (List of global issues) global issues .[ 125]     The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five years.[ 126]    The current secretary-general is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres of Portugal, who replaced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon) (Ban Ki-moon) Ban Ki-moon in 2017. Secretaries-general of the United Nations[ 127]     No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Time in office Notes  – (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladwyn_Jebb) (Gladwyn Jebb) Gladwyn Jebb  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  24 October 1945 2 February 1946  101  days  Served as acting secretary-general until Lie's election  1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Lie) (Trygve Lie) Trygve Lie  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) (Norway) Norway  2 February 1946 10 November 1952  6  years, 282  days  Resigned  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld) (Dag Hammarskjöld) Dag Hammarskjöld  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden) (Sweden) Sweden  10 April 1953 18 September 1961  8  years, 161  days  Died in office  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thant) (U Thant) U Thant  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-independence_Burma_(1948–1962)) (Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)) Burma  30 November 1962 31 December 1971  9  years, 31  days  First non-European to hold office  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Waldheim) (Kurt Waldheim) Kurt Waldheim  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria  1 January 1972 31 December 1981 10 years   5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Pérez_de_Cuéllar) (Javier Pérez de Cuéllar) Javier Pérez de Cuéllar  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru) (Peru) Peru  1 January 1982 31 December 1991 10 years   6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali) (Boutros Boutros-Ghali) Boutros Boutros-Ghali  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  1 January 1992 31 December 1996 5 years Served for the shortest time  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan) (Kofi Annan) Kofi Annan  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  1 January 1997 31 December 2006 10 years   8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon) (Ban Ki-moon) Ban Ki-moon  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  1 January 2007 31 December 2016 10 years   9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal  1 January 2017 Incumbent   9  years, 236  days       International Court of Justice  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Hall_de_Justice_de_Palais_de_La_Paix_à_La_Haye_Pays-Bas.jpg)   The ICJ ruled that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence) (2008 Kosovo declaration of independence) Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law.  The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court,[ 128]    is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice) (Permanent Court of International Justice) Permanent Court of International Justice and occupies the body's former headquarters in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace) (Peace Palace) Peace Palace in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague) (The Hague) The Hague, Netherlands , making it the only principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is adjudicating disputes among nations. Examples of issues they have heard include war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing.[ 129]    The court can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on matters of international law.[ 130]    All UN member states are parties to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice) (Statute of the International Court of Justice) ICJ Statute , which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with its advisory opinions, serve as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law) (Sources of international law) sources of international law .[ 128]    The court is composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly. Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.[ 130]    [ 131]      Economic and Social Council  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council) (United Nations Economic and Social Council) United Nations Economic and Social Council  The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development.[ 132]    It was established to serve as the UN's primary forum for global issues and is the largest and most complex UN body.[ 132]    The ECOSOC's functions include gathering data, conducting studies and advising and making recommendations to member states.[ 133]    [ 134]    Its work is carried out primarily by subsidiary bodies focused on a wide variety of topics. These include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues) (United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues) United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , which advises UN agencies on issues relating to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples) (Indigenous peoples) indigenous peoples , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Forum_on_Forests) (United Nations Forum on Forests) United Nations Forum on Forests , which coordinates and promotes sustainable forest management, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Statistical_Commission) (United Nations Statistical Commission) United Nations Statistical Commission , which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Sustainable_Development) (Commission on Sustainable Development) Commission on Sustainable Development , which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development) (Sustainable development) sustainable development . ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations.[ 133]    As of April 2021 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2021)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  almost 5,600 organizations have this status.[ 135]    [ 136]      Specialized agencies  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) List of specialized agencies of the United Nations  The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.[ 137]    Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the coordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council. Each was integrated into the UN system through an agreement with the UN under UN Charter Article 57.[ 138]    There are fifteen specialized agencies, which perform functions as diverse as facilitating international travel, preventing and addressing pandemics, and promoting economic development.[ 139]    [ c]     Specialized agencies of the United Nations No. Acronym Agency Headquarters Head Established  1 FAO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) (Italy)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) (Rome) Rome , Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu_Dongyu) (Qu Dongyu) Qu Dongyu  1945  2 ICAO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization) (International Civil Aviation Organization) International Civil Aviation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) (Canada)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec) (Montreal, Quebec) Montreal, Quebec , Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia) (Colombia) (Colombia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Salazar_Gómez) (Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez) Juan Carlos Salazar  1947  3 IFAD (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development) (International Fund for Agricultural Development) International Fund for Agricultural Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) (Italy)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) (Rome) Rome , Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) (Spain)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaro_Lario) (Alvaro Lario) Alvaro Lario  1977  4 ILO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) (Geneva) Geneva , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) (Togo)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Houngbo) (Gilbert Houngbo) Gilbert Houngbo  1946 (1919)  5 IMO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization) (International Maritime Organization) International Maritime Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) (London) London , United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama) (Panama) (Panama)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Dominguez) (Arsenio Dominguez) Arsenio Dominguez  1948  6 IMF (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. , United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) (Bulgaria)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva) (Kristalina Georgieva) Kristalina Georgieva  1945 (1944)  7 ITU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union) (International Telecommunication Union) International Telecommunication Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) (Geneva) Geneva , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Bogdan-Martin) (Doreen Bogdan-Martin) Doreen Bogdan-Martin  1947 (1865)  8 UNESCO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) (France)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) (Paris) Paris , France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) (France)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Azoulay) (Audrey Azoulay) Audrey Azoulay  1945  9 UNIDO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization) (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) United Nations Industrial Development Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) (Austria)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna) (Vienna) Vienna , Austria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) (Germany)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Müller_(politician)) (Gerd Müller (politician)) Gerd Müller  1967  10 UNWTO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization) (World Tourism Organization) World Tourism Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) (Spain)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid) (Madrid) Madrid , Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) (Georgia (country))     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurab_Pololikashvili) (Zurab Pololikashvili) Zurab Pololikashvili  1974  11 UPU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union) (Universal Postal Union) Universal Postal Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern) (Bern) Bern , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Metoki) (Masahiko Metoki) Masahiko Metoki  1947 (1874)  12 WBG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) (Washington, D.C.) Washington, D.C. , United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Banga) (Ajay Banga) Ajay Banga (president)  1945 (1944)  13 WHO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) (Geneva) Geneva , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) (Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom) (Tedros Adhanom) Tedros Adhanom  1948  14 WIPO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) (Geneva) Geneva , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) (Singapore)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daren_Tang) (Daren Tang) Daren Tang  1974  15 WMO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization) (World Meteorological Organization) World Meteorological Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) (Switzerland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva) (Geneva) Geneva , Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) (Argentina)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celeste_Saulo) (Celeste Saulo) Celeste Saulo (secretary-general)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) (United Arab Emirates)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulla_Al_Mandous) (Abdulla Al Mandous) Abdulla Al Mandous (president)  1950 (1873)      Funds, programmes and other bodies  The United Nations system includes a myriad of autonomous, separately administered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies) (United Nations System) funds, programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary bodies .[ 140]    Each of these entities have their own area of work, governance structure, and budgets such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization (WTO) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), operate independently of the UN but maintain formal partnership agreements. The UN performs much of its humanitarian work through these institutions, such as preventing famine and malnutrition ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme ), protecting vulnerable and displaced people ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UNHCR ), and combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS) (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) UNAIDS ).[ 141]     Programmes and funds of the United Nations Acronyms Agency Headquarters Head Established  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP) (UNDP) UNDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     New York City, United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) (Germany)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achim_Steiner) (Achim Steiner) Achim Steiner  1965  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Children's_Fund) (United Nations Children's Fund) United Nations Children's Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     New York City, United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_M._Russell) (Catherine M. Russell) Catherine M. Russell  1946  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCDF) (UNCDF) UNCDF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund) (United Nations Capital Development Fund) United Nations Capital Development Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     New York City, United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) (Luxembourg)     Marc Bichler 1966  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFP) (WFP) WFP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) (Italy)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome) (Rome) Rome , Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_McCain) (Cindy McCain) Cindy McCain  1963  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNEP) (UNEP) UNEP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) (United Nations Environment Programme) United Nations Environment Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) (Kenya)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi) (Nairobi) Nairobi , Kenya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) (Denmark)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inger_Andersen_(environmentalist)) (Inger Andersen (environmentalist)) Inger Andersen  1972  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFPA) (UNFPA) UNFPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund) (United Nations Population Fund) United Nations Population Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     New York City, United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Kanem) (Natalia Kanem) Natalia Kanem  1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN-HABITAT) (UN-HABITAT) UN-HABITAT  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme) (United Nations Human Settlements Programme) United Nations Human Settlements Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) (Kenya)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi) (Nairobi) Nairobi , Kenya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) (Malaysia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimunah_Mohd_Sharif) (Maimunah Mohd Sharif) Maimunah Mohd Sharif  1978  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers) (United Nations Volunteers) UNV  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers) (United Nations Volunteers) United Nations Volunteers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) (Germany)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn) (Bonn) Bonn , Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)     Toily Kurbanov 1978      Membership  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) Member states of the United Nations and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations) (Expulsion from the United Nations) Expulsion from the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_(Member_States_and_Territories).svg)       193 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) UN member states  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) UN Observer States (Palestine, Holy See) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      2 eligible Non-Member States (Niue, Cook Islands) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories) (United Nations list of non-self-governing territories) non-self-governing territories  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica) (Antarctica) Antarctica    All the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) undisputed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states) (List of sovereign states) independent states are members of the United Nations.[ 142]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan , which joined on 14 July 2011, is the most recent addition, bringing a total of 193 UN member states.[ 2]    The UN Charter outlines the membership rules: # Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.[ 143]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno_(retouched).jpg)   Under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno) (Sukarno) Sukarno , Indonesia was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_and_the_United_Nations#Withdrawal_in_1965) (Indonesia and the United Nations) the first and only country that attempted to leave the United Nations.  In addition, there are two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) non-member observer states : the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine .[ 3]    [ d]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands) (Cook Islands) Cook Islands and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niue , both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state) (Associated state) states in free association with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (New Zealand) New Zealand , are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.[ 144]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia was the first and the only nation that attempted to withdraw its membership from the United Nations, in protest to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council in 1965 during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia–Malaysia_confrontation) (Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation) conflict between the two countries .[ 145]    After forming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONEFO) (CONEFO) CONEFO as a short-lived rival to the UN, Indonesia resumed its membership in 1966. Group of 77  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77) (Group of 77) Group of 77  The Group of 77 (or the G77) at the UN is a loose coalition of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_nations) (Developing nations) developing nations that is designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.[ 146]    The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development) (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (or the UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers) (Algiers) Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.[ 147]    With the adoption of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Economic_Order) (New International Economic Order) New International Economic Order by developing countries in the 1970s, the work of the G77 spread throughout the UN system.[ 148]    Similar groupings of developing states also operate in other UN agencies, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_24) (Group of 24) Group of 24 (or the G-24), which operates in the IMF on monetary affairs.[ 149]       Objectives  The strategy of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Secretary-General of the United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres is captured in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Common_Agenda) (Our Common Agenda) Our Common Agenda .[ 150]    [ 151]    The United Nations is limited to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-interventionism) (Non-interventionism) non-interventionism in matters of domestic jurisdiction of any state according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter of the United Nations Article 2(7), except for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) United Nations Security Council powers under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter) (Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter) Chapter VII .[ 152]     Peacekeeping and security  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping) (United Nations peacekeeping) United Nations peacekeeping  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions) (List of United Nations peacekeeping missions) List of United Nations peacekeeping missions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Helmet_Icon.svg)   United Nations Peacekeeping Logo  The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" because they wear distinctive blue helmets.[ 153]    [ 154]    Peacekeeping forces as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.[ 155]     The UN has carried out 71 peacekeeping operations since 1947, and As of April 2021 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2021)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , over 88,000 peacekeeping personnel from 121 nations have been deployed on missions.[ 156]    The largest is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan) (United Nations Mission in South Sudan) United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), which has close to 19,200 uniformed personnel,[ 157]    and the smallest, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan) (United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan) United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), consists of 113 civilians and experts charged with monitoring the ceasefire in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)) (Jammu and Kashmir (state)) Jammu and Kashmir . UN peacekeepers with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization) (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.[ 158]     A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two-thirds of its peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the UN to those of the United States and found that 87.5% of UN cases are at peace, as compared with 50% of U.S. cases at peace.[ 159]    Also in 2005, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005) (Human Security Report 2005) Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (Genocide) genocides , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuses) (Human rights abuses) human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism – mostly spearheaded by the UN – has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict.[ 160]    Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War.[ 161]    Further studies published between 2008 and 2021 determined UN peacekeeping operations to be more effective at ensuring long-lasting peace and minimizing civilian casualties.[ 162]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GreenLine_BufferZone_Large.JPG)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus) (UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus) UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) (Turkish invasion of Cyprus) Turkish invasion of Cyprus .  The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_Genocide) (1971 Bangladesh Genocide) Bangladesh genocide in 1971 ,[ 163]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodia) (Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia) Cambodian genocide in the 1970s,[ 164]    and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[ 165]    Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre) (Srebrenica massacre) Srebrenica massacre or complete the peacekeeping operations during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War) (Somali Civil War) Somali Civil War .[ 166]    UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[ 167]    Haiti,[ 168]    Liberia,[ 169]    Sudan,[ 170]    Burundi, and Côte d'Ivoire.[ 171]    Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the source of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak) (2010s Haiti cholera outbreak) 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak , which killed more than 8,000 people.[ 172]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_United_Nations_Peacekeeper_from_Nepal_provides_security_at_a_rice_distribution_site_in_Kenscoff,_Haiti,_Feb._20,_2010_100220-N-HX866-010.jpg)   A Nepalese soldier on a peacekeeping deployment providing security at a rice distribution site in Haiti during 2010  In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament) (Disarmament) disarmament . Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation.[ 116]    The advent of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon) (Nuclear weapon) nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution) (United Nations General Assembly resolution) resolution of the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly) (General Assembly) General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction."[ 173]    The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty) (Outer Space Treaty) Outer Space Treaty , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty) (Seabed Arms Control Treaty) Seabed Arms Control Treaty , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention) (Biological Weapons Convention) Biological Weapons Convention , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention) (Chemical Weapons Convention) Chemical Weapons Convention , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Treaty) (Ottawa Treaty) Ottawa Treaty .[ 174]    Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) International Atomic Energy Agency , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons) (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization_Preparatory_Commission) (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission .[ 175]    Additionally, many peacekeeping missions focus on disarmament: several operations in West Africa disarmed roughly 250,000 former combatants and secured tens of thousands of weapons and millions of munitions.[ 176]      Human rights  One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.[ 137]    [ 177]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt) (Eleanor Roosevelt) Eleanor Roosevelt with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Universal Declaration of Human Rights , 1949  In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights) (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Universal Declaration of Human Rights , drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt) (Eleanor Roosevelt) Eleanor Roosevelt , and including the French lawyer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Cassin) (René Cassin) René Cassin . The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.[ 178]    The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights) (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights) (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights .[ 179]    In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.[ 180]     In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women) (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ; followed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child) (Convention on the Rights of the Child) Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.[ 181]    With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.[ 182]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights) (United Nations Commission on Human Rights) United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights) (World Conference on Human Rights) World Conference on Human Rights . Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.[ 183]    In 2006, it was replaced by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council) (United Nations Human Rights Council) Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations.[ 184]    Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples) (Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People ,[ 185]    and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT) (LGBT) LGBTQ+ community.[ 186]     Other UN bodies responsible for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights) (Women's rights) women's rights issues include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women) (United Nations Commission on the Status of Women) United Nations Commission on the Status of Women , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women) (United Nations Development Fund for Women) United Nations Development Fund for Women and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_International_Research_and_Training_Institute_for_the_Advancement_of_Women) (United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women) United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women .[ 187]    The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.[ 188]      Economic development and humanitarian assistance  Millennium Development Goals[ 189]       Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development      Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character."[ 177]    Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and the ECOSOC.[ 190]    In 2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals) (Millennium Development Goals) Millennium Development Goals by 2015.[ 191]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals) (Sustainable Development Goals) Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[ 83]    The SDGs have an associated financing framework called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Action_Agenda) (Addis Ababa Action Agenda) Addis Ababa Action Agenda . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Directors_of_Global_Smallpox_Eradication_Program.jpg)   Three former directors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox#Eradication) (Smallpox) Global Smallpox Eradication Programme reading the news that smallpox has been globally eradicated in 1980  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) UN Development Programme (UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance, is one of the leading bodies in the field of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_development) (International development) international development . The organization also publishes the UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index , a comparative measure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.[ 192]    [ 193]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promotes agricultural development and food security.[ 194]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the convention on the Rights of the Child.[ 195]    [ 196]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund (or the IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework.[ 197]    They were initially formed separately from the UN through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system) (Bretton Woods system) Bretton Woods Agreement .[ 198]    The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.[ 199]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iman_Mutlaq_visits_Zaatari_Refugee_Camp.jpg)   In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan , UNHCR remains responsible for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_refugees) (Syrian refugees) Syrian refugees and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp) (Zaatari refugee camp) Zaatari refugee camp .  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization (or WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox) (Smallpox) smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO) (WHO) WHO eradicated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio) (Polio) polio , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_blindness) (River blindness) river blindness , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy) (Leprosy) leprosy .[ 200]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS) (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) coordinated the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic.[ 201]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Population_Fund) (UN Population Fund) UN Population Fund , which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_health) (Reproductive health) reproductive health and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning) (Family planning) family planning services.[ 202]     Along with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement) (International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the UN takes a leading role in coordinating emergency relief.[ 203]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme (WFP) provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations per year.[ 203]    [ 204]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and stateless people.[ 205]    The UNHCR and the WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.[ 206]      Environment and climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) (United Nations Environment Programme) United Nations Environment Programme , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change) (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Advisory_Group_on_Climate_Change) (Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change) Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change  Beginning with the formation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Environmental_Programme) (UN Environmental Programme) UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit) (Earth Summit) Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, which sought to give new impetus to these efforts.[ 207]    In 1988, the UNEP and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization) (World Meteorological Organization) World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which assesses and reports on research on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming) (Global warming) global warming .[ 208]    The UN-sponsored (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol) (Kyoto Protocol) Kyoto Protocol set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.[ 209]      Other global issues  Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples) (Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples) Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization) (Special Committee on Decolonization) UN Committee on Decolonization .[ 210]    The committee lists seventeen remaining "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-self-governing_territories) (Non-self-governing territories) non-self-governing territories ", the largest and most populous of which is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara) (Western Sahara) Western Sahara .[ 211]     The UN also declares and co-ordinates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_observance) (International observance) international observances that bring awareness to issues of international interest or concern; examples include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tuberculosis_Day) (World Tuberculosis Day) World Tuberculosis Day , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day) (Earth Day) Earth Day , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Deserts_and_Desertification) (International Year of Deserts and Desertification) International Year of Deserts and Desertification .[ 212]     Starting in 2023, the United Nations Office for Digital and Emerging Technologies has organized an annual UN Open Source Week to facilitate collaborative and international technological projects, AI policies, and governance.[ 213]       Funding   Top 25 contributors to the UN budget  (2025–2027)[ 214]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) Member state  Contribution (% of UN budget)   ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States   22.000     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China   20.004     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan   6.930     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany   5.694     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom   3.999     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France   3.869     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy   2.816     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada   2.543     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea   2.349     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia   2.040     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) Spain   1.884     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia   1.637     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil   1.411     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands) (Netherlands) Netherlands   1.293     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia   1.157     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India   1.106     ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland   1.029     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey   1.024     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico   0.840     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland   0.831     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden) (Sweden) Sweden   0.822     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium   0.773     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) (Norway) Norway   0.640     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria   0.626     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel   0.528     Other member states  12.977       The UN budget for 2026 was $3.45 billion, not including additional resources donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.
Including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) specialized agencies of the UN , the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination reports total expenses of $67.4 billion in 2022 for 43 United Nations entities.[ 215]    [ 216]     The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each nation to pay, as measured by its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_income) (Gross national income) gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income) (Per capita income) per capita income .[ 217]     The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.[ 218]    For the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_country) (Least developed country) least developed countries (LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[ 217]    In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year budget 2021–2022).[ 219]    [ 220]     A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.[ 221]    The peacekeeping budget for the 2025–2026 fiscal year is $5.38 billion, supporting 66,839 personnel deployed in 12 missions worldwide.[ 222]    UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. The largest contributors to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping) (Peacekeeping) UN peacekeeping budget for 2025–2026 are: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States (26.158%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China (23.785%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan (6.930%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany (5.694%), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom (3.999%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France (3.869%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy (2.816%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada (2.543%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia (2.490%) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea (2.349%). Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.[ 223]    [ 224]      Assessments and reviews  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations) (Reform of the United Nations) Reform of the United Nations and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Reform of the United Nations Security Council) Reform of the United Nations Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Friedensnobelpreis_2001_Vereinte_Nationen.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2001 Nobel Peace Prize) 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations) (Headquarters of the United Nations) UN Headquarters in New York City  Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggest that the council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.[ 225]     UN peacekeeping missions are assessed to be generally successful. A book looking at 47 peace operations by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Page_Fortna) (Virginia Page Fortna) Virginia Page Fortna of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University) (Columbia University) Columbia University found that UN-led conflict resolution usually resulted in long-term peace.[ 226]     Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiree_Nilsson?action=edit&redlink=1) (Desiree Nilsson (page does not exist)) Desiree Nilsson of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_University) (Uppsala University) Uppsala University studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, concluding that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than counterterrorism operations by nation states.[ 227]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University) (Georgetown University) Georgetown University professor Lise Howard postulates that UN peacekeeping operations are more effective due to their emphasis on "verbal persuasion, financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including surveillance and arrest", which are likelier to change the behavior of warring parties.[ 162]     British historian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennedy) (Paul Kennedy) Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."[ 228]     In 2012, then French President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Hollande) (François Hollande) François Hollande stated that "France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises. France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance".[ 229]    In his 1953 address to the United States Committee for United Nations Day, American President Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed his view that, for all its flaws, "the United Nations represents man's best organized hope to substitute the conference table for the battlefield."[ 230]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Fomerand?action=edit&redlink=1) (Jacques Fomerand (page does not exist)) Jacques Fomerand , a professor in political sciences, writes that the "accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions."[ 231]     Reviewing the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Meisler?action=edit&redlink=1) (Stanley Meisler (page does not exist)) Stanley Meisler writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.[ 232]      Awards  A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two secretaries-general, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize; as were Ralph Bunche, a UN negotiator, René Cassin, a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the American Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull) (Cordell Hull) Cordell Hull for his role in the organization's founding. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson) (Lester B. Pearson) Lester B. Pearson , the Canadian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs) (Secretary of State for External Affairs) Secretary of State for External Affairs , was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peacekeeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons) (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the prize in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan.[ 233]    In 2007, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) IPCC received the prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."[ 234]     On March 21, 2025, the joint Universities of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven) (KU Leuven) Leuven and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLouvain) (UCLouvain) Louvain (Belgium) awarded the UN an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree) (Honorary degree) honorary degree which was given in the hands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres .  Criticism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations) (Criticism of the United Nations) Criticism of the United Nations  Role  In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) (George W. Bush) George W. Bush stated in February 2003—referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime—that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."[ 235]    [ 236]    [ 237]     In 2020, former American President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama , in his memoir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Promised_Land) (A Promised Land) A Promised Land  noted, "In the middle of the Cold War, the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) (Hungarian Revolution of 1956) Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) (Vietnam War) U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside . Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia , or prevent an ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."[ 238]    [ 239]     Since its founding, there have been many calls for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations) (Reform of the United Nations) reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.  Representation and structure  Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power) (United Nations Security Council veto power) veto privileges of some nations in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council) (Security Council) Security Council , are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and a main cause of inaction on genocides and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity) (Crimes against humanity) crimes against humanity .[ 240]    [ 241]     Jacques Fomerand state that the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the North–South split" between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North–South_divide_in_the_World) (North–South divide in the World) richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations . Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire) (Laissez-faire) laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.[ 242]     There have been numerous calls for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council) (Reform of the United Nations Security Council) UN Security Council's membership to be increased , for different ways of electing the UN's secretary-general, and for a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly) (United Nations Parliamentary Assembly) UN Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA).[ 243]      Exclusion of nations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories) (United Nations list of non-self-governing territories) United Nations list of non-self-governing territories and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) List of states with limited recognition  After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation) (French Committee of National Liberation) French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the United States as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. Future French president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle) (Charles de Gaulle) Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin (contraption), and was not convinced that a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_security) (Global security) global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France) (Foreign relations of France) direct defence treaties between countries.[ 244]     Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War , the government of China was disputed between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Chinese Nationalist Party and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party . After the foundation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China) (People's Republic of China) People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1 October 1949, the government of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China) (Republic of China) Republic of China (ROC) retreated to the island of Taiwan,[ 245]    continuing to claim that it was the sole government of China. After the civil war, the United Nations continued recognizing the ROC as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_505_(VI)) (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505 (VI)) official government of China . In 1971, amid growing debate over the representation of the Chinese people on the mainland,[ 246]    the General Assembly passed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758_(XXVI)) (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI)) a resolution recognizing the PRC as "the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations".[ 247]    Critics(./Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases)  (./Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_May_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch) (The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2025)) who?   ]  allege that this position reflects a failure of the organization's development goals and guidelines,[ 248]    and it garnered renewed scrutiny during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic , when Taiwan was denied membership into the World Health Organization despite its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan) (COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan) relatively effective response to the virus .[ 249]    Support for Taiwan's inclusion in the UN remains challenged by the People's Republic of China, which claims the territories controlled by Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_China) (One China) as their own territory .[ 250]      Independence  Throughout the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the organization in protest to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations) (China and the United Nations) China's seat at the UN Security Council being given to the anti-communist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China . Three years later, the Soviets effectively forced the resignation of UN Secretary-General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve_Lie) (Trygve Lie) Trygve Lie by refusing to acknowledge his administration due to his support of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War .[ 251]     Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile accusation that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_Hiss) (Alger Hiss) Alger Hiss , an American who had taken part in the establishment of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat) (United Nations Secretariat) UN Secretariat under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists, leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign.[ 252]    The United States saw nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives, with groups such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society) (John Birch Society) John Birch Society stating that the organization was an instrument for communism.[ 253]    Popular opposition to the UN was expressed through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without U.N."[ 254]      United States sovereignty  In the United States, there were concerns about supposed threats to national sovereignty, most notably promoted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birch_Society) (John Birch Society) John Birch Society , which mounted a nationwide campaign in opposition to the UN during the 1960s.[ 255]    [ 256]    [ 257]     Beginning in the 1990s, the same concern appeared with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sovereignty_Restoration_Act) (American Sovereignty Restoration Act) American Sovereignty Restoration Act , which has been introduced multiple times in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress) (United States Congress) United States Congress . In 1997, an amendment containing the bill received a floor vote, with 54 representatives voting in favour.[ 258]    [ 259]    The 2007 version of the bill ((https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/1146) H.R. 1146 ) was authored by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative) (U.S. Representative) U.S. Representative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul) (Ron Paul) Ron Paul , to effect the United States' withdrawal from the United Nations. It would repeal various laws pertaining to the UN, terminate authorization for funds to be spent on the UN, terminate UN presence on American property, and withdraw diplomatic immunity for UN employees.[ 260]    It would provide up to two years for the United States to withdraw.[ 261]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal) (Yale Law Journal) Yale Law Journal  cited the Act as proof that "the United States's complaints against the United Nations have intensified".[ 262]    The most recent iteration, as of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , is H.R. 7806, introduced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)) (Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)) Mike D. Rogers .[ 263]     American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)) (State legislature (United States)) state lawmakers have proposed legislation to block various UN programs deemed to threaten U.S. sovereignty.[ 264]    In 2023, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee) (Tennessee) Tennessee enacted legislation to block the implementation of programs "originating in, or traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations", including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21) (Agenda 21) Agenda 21 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals) (Sustainable Development Goals) the 2030 Agenda .[ 265]    [ 266]      Alleged pro-Palestinian bias  The UN's attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians has been considered excessive by Israeli diplomat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dore_Gold) (Dore Gold) Dore Gold and pro-Israeli individuals and organisations such as British scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich) (Robert S. Wistrich) Robert S. Wistrich , American legal scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz) (Alan Dershowitz) Alan Dershowitz , Australian politician (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dreyfus) (Mark Dreyfus) Mark Dreyfus , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League) (Anti-Defamation League) Anti-Defamation League .[ 267]    The UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias by Ex-President of the United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) (George W. Bush) George W. Bush , who complained that the Council focused too much attention on Israel and not enough on adversaries of the US such as Cuba, Venezuela, North Korea and Iran.[ 268]    In her confirmation hearing before the Senate panel to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Stefanik) (Elise Stefanik) Elise Stefanik , described the UN's attitude toward Israel as "anti-semitic".[ 269]    [ 270]    [ 271]    [ 272]      Effectiveness  According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations) (International relations) international relations scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Luck) (Edward Luck) Edward Luck , the United States has preferred a feeble United Nations in major projects undertaken by the organization to forestall UN interference with, or resistance to, American policies. "The last thing the U.S. wants is an independent UN throwing its weight around", Luck said. Similarly, former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations) (US Ambassador to the United Nations) US Ambassador to the United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan) (Daniel Patrick Moynihan) Daniel Patrick Moynihan explained that "The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. The task was given to me, and I carried it forward with not inconsiderable success."[ 273]     In 1994, former special representative of the secretary-general of the UN to Somalia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Sahnoun) (Mohamed Sahnoun) Mohamed Sahnoun published Somalia: The Missed Opportunities ,[ 274]    a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia . Sahnoun claims that between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre) (Siad Barre) Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies. When the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO) (NGO) NGOs , whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Sahnoun warned that if radical reform were not undertaken, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept improvisation.[ 275]     Beyond specific instances or areas of alleged ineffectiveness, some scholars debate the overall effectiveness of the UN. Adherents to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)) (Realism (international relations)) realist school of international relations take a pessimistic position, arguing that the UN is not an effective organization because it is dominated and constrained by great powers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)) (Liberalism (international relations)) Liberal scholars counter that it is an effective organization because it has proved capable of solving many problems by working around the restrictions imposed by powerful member states. The UN is generally considered by scholars to be more effective in realms such as public health, and humanitarian assistance.[ 276]    The ineffectiveness of enforcing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_integrity) (Territorial integrity) territorial integrity in the 21st century[ 277]    have led to debate on possible re-emergence of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_conquest) (Right of conquest) right of conquest .[ 278]      Inefficiency and corruption  Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Inspection_Unit) (Joint Inspection Unit) Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services) (United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services) Office of Internal Oversight Services (or the OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[ 279]     In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme) (Oil-for-Food Programme) Oil-for-Food Programme — in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions — had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)) (Kickback (bribery)) kickbacks . An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Program_Hearings) (Oil-for-Food Program Hearings) the scheme , and raised significant questions about the role of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojo_Annan) (Kojo Annan) Kojo Annan , the son of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan) (Kofi Annan) Kofi Annan .[ 280]       Hymn to the United Nations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_to_the_United_Nations) (Hymn to the United Nations) Hymn to the United Nations  On the request of then United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations) (Secretary-General of the United Nations) Secretary-General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thant) (U Thant) U Thant , a Hymn to the United Nations was performed on the occasion of its 26th anniversary, on 24 October 1971, by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Casals) (Pau Casals) Pau Casals , the lyrics to which were penned by the poet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden) (W. H. Auden) W. H. Auden .[ 281]     Thant first approached Casals, who was a personal friend, looking to create a hymn to peace and hoping for the song to be based on the preamble of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations) (Charter of the United Nations) Charter of the United Nations . Thant later commissioned Auden to write the poem after Casals requested one to set to music.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)) citation needed   ]  Auden completed his work in three days time. The finished work, scored for chorus and orchestra, takes approximately seven minutes to play. However, there were never any plans to adopt the song as the organization's official anthem.  See also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics) (Portal:Politics) Politics portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Blue_Marble,_AS17-148-22727.jpg) ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World) (Portal:World) World portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations) (Outline of the United Nations) Outline of the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations) (International relations) International relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_groupings) (List of country groupings) List of country groupings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations) (List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations) List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free_trade_agreements) (List of multilateral free trade agreements) List of multilateral free trade agreements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PassBlue) (PassBlue) PassBlue  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spying_on_the_United_Nations) (Spying on the United Nations) Spying on the United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development_III) (UN Trade and Development III) UN Trade and Development III  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture) (United Nations Convention Against Torture) United Nations Convention Against Torture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture) (United Nations in popular culture) United Nations in popular culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery) (United Nations Memorial Cemetery) United Nations Memorial Cemetery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series) (United Nations television film series) United Nations television film series  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society) (World Summit on the Information Society) World Summit on the Information Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Houthi_raids_on_UN_buildings_in_Sanaa?action=edit&redlink=1) (2025 Houthi raids on UN buildings in Sanaa (page does not exist)) 2025 Houthi raids on UN buildings in Sanaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations) (Model United Nations) Model United Nations    Notes   ↑   The Holy See is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) (Sovereignty) sovereign entity with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)) (State (polity)) statehood over the territory of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City) (Vatican City) Vatican City State . For details, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations) (Holy See and the United Nations) Holy See and the United Nations .  ↑   Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.[ 37]    [ 38]      ↑   Some sources identify seventeen specialized agencies, taking into account the three specialized agencies that make up the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group , which is now treated as one organization: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development) (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association) (International Development Association) International Development Association (IDA), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation) (International Finance Corporation) International Finance Corporation (IFC).  ↑   The Holy See is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty) (Sovereignty) sovereign entity with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)) (State (polity)) statehood over the territory of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City) (Vatican City) Vatican City State . For details, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations) (Holy See and the United Nations) Holy See and the United Nations .      References  Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   (https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages) "Official Languages" . United Nations. Archived from (https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages) the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Languages&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Four-work%2Fofficial-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.un.org/en/member-states/) "United Nations Member States" . United Nations. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-member+States&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fmember-states%2Fnon-member-states%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc) "Red Cross-History-Objective" . International Committee of the Red Cross . 11 September 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005302/https://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc) Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Red+Cross-History-Objective&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fhistory-icrc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted) "League of Nations instituted" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com) (History.com) history.com  . 9 February 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005625/https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/league-of-nations-instituted) Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=League+of+Nations+instituted&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fleague-of-nations-instituted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm) "League of Nations and Manchuria invasion" . www.johndclare.net . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181127143657/http://www.johndclare.net/EL5.htm) Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johndclare.net&rft.atitle=League+of+Nations+and+Manchuria+invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johndclare.net%2FEL5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nault, Derrick M. (17 December 2020), (Paid subscription required) (https://academic.oup.com/book/32047/chapter/267848649) "Haile Selassie, the League of Nations, and Human Rights Diplomacy"  , Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights (first ed.), Oxford University Press, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198859628.003.0004) 10.1093/oso/9780198859628.003.0004 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885962-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885962-8) 978-0-19-885962-8  , retrieved 15 April 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haile+Selassie%2C+the+League+of+Nations%2C+and+Human+Rights+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Shaping+of+International+Human+Rights&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198859628.003.0004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885962-8&rft.aulast=Nault&rft.aufirst=Derrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F32047%2Fchapter%2F267848649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://johndclare.net/league_of_nations8.htm) "Why the League failed" . johndclare.net . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180803231709/http://johndclare.net/league_of_nations8.htm) Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johndclare.net&rft.atitle=Why+the+League+failed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohndclare.net%2Fleague_of_nations8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Department of Public Information, United Nations (1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22) Everyone's United Nations  . United Nations. p. 5. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-100273-7) (Special:BookSources/978-92-1-100273-7) 978-92-1-100273-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165825/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98U8YSrp1YUC&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+first+of+the+specific+steps+that+led+to+the+establishment+of+the+United+Nations+was+the+Inter-Allied+Declaration%22%22) Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyone%27s+United+Nations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-92-1-100273-7&rft.au=Department+of+Public+Information%2C+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D98U8YSrp1YUC%26q%3D%2522The%2Bfirst%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bspecific%2Bsteps%2Bthat%2Bled%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bestablishment%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BNations%2Bwas%2Bthe%2BInter-Allied%2BDeclaration%2522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tandon, Mahesh Prasad; Tandon, Rajesh (1989). (https://books.google.com/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+(1)+London+Declaration%22) Public International Law  . Allahabad Law Agency. p. 421. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201116165837/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P5g6AQAAIAAJ&dq=The+first+step+towards+the+formation+of+the+UN+was+the+Declaration+of+St+James%27s+12+June+1941&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22The+following+may+be+summed+up+as+the+steps+that+led+to+the+formation+of+the+United+Nations.+%281%29+London+Declaration%22) Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+International+Law&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Allahabad+Law+Agency&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Mahesh+Prasad&rft.au=Tandon%2C+Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5g6AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bfollowing%2Bmay%2Bbe%2Bsummed%2Bup%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bsteps%2Bthat%2Bled%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bformation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BNations.%2B%281%29%2BLondon%2BDeclaration%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lauren, Paul Gordon (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140) The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen  . University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 140– 141. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2138-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2138-1) 978-0-8122-2138-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201215201515/https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140) Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+International+Human+Rights%3A+Visions+Seen&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1&rft.aulast=Lauren&rft.aufirst=Paul+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefV5wvpUjDgC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp) "Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter" . The Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library. 24 September 1941. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110803012648/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp) Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Inter-Allied+Council+Statement+on+the+Principles+of+the+Atlantic+Charter&rft.date=1941-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fwwii%2Finterall.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html) "Press Conference On Franklin Delano Roosevelt Disability Award" . UN Press. 4 May 1999. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170557/https://press.un.org/en/1999/19990504.award.brf.html) Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Conference+On+Franklin+Delano+Roosevelt+Disability+Award&rft.pub=UN+Press&rft.date=1999-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F1999%2F19990504.award.brf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html) "Without Global Cooperation Between Great And Small Alike, No Progress And No Peace Can Last Forever, Secretary-General States" . UN Press. 17 November 1998. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220717024142/https://press.un.org/en/1998/19981117.sgsm6799.html) Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Without+Global+Cooperation+Between+Great+And+Small+Alike%2C+No+Progress+And+No+Peace+Can+Last+Forever%2C+Secretary-General+States&rft.pub=UN+Press&rft.date=1998-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F1998%2F19981117.sgsm6799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ward, Geoffrey C.; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Burns) (Ken Burns) Burns, Ken (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60) "Nothing to Conceal" . The Roosevelts: An Intimate History . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group) (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group) Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 397. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35306-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35306-9) 978-0-385-35306-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220308161849/https://books.google.com/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA60) Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nothing+to+Conceal&rft.btitle=The+Roosevelts%3A+An+Intimate+History&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35306-9&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV73CAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA6-PA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/) "United Nations" . Wordorigins.org . 3 February 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160331193323/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/) Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hopkins+Touch%3A+Harry+Hopkins+and+the+Forging+of+the+Alliance+to+Defeat+Hitler&rft.pages=172-175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989195-5&rft.aulast=Roll&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   Sherwood 1948 , pp. 447–453.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Urquhart) (Brian Urquhart) Urquhart, Brian (16 July 1998). (http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/) "Looking for the Sheriff" . New York Review of Books . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054432/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1998/07/16/looking-for-the-sheriff/) Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Looking+for+the+Sheriff&rft.date=1998-07-16&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1998%2F07%2F16%2Flooking-for-the-sheriff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html) "1942: Declaration of The United Nations" . United Nations. (https://web.archive.org/web/20151108015243/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html) Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Milestones+in+the+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+-+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1937-1945%2Ftehran-conf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bohlen, C.E. (1973). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/witnesstohistory00bohl) Witness to History, 1929–1969   . New York: Norton. p. (https://archive.org/details/witnesstohistory00bohl/page/159) 159 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07476-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07476-5) 978-0-393-07476-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+History%2C+1929%E2%80%931969&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07476-5&rft.aulast=Bohlen&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitnesstohistory00bohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024) Video: Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. (1944)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Newsreel) (Universal Newsreel) Universal Newsreel . 1944. (https://web.archive.org/web/20141204142851/https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39024) Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+%E2%80%93+the+birthplace+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FSan-Francisco-the-birthplace-of-the-United-6336655.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html) "1945: The San Francisco Conference" . United Nations. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170112180024/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san-francisco-conference/index.html) Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2015 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+in+International+Law&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=837&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "South Africa: Time Running Out", The Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa , University of California Press, 1981, p. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charter+Becomes+%27Law+of+Nations%2C%27+29+Ratifying+It&rft.aulast=Hulen&rft.aufirst=Bertram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    1  2  3  4  5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013705/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html) "Milestones 1941–1950" . United Nations. Archived from (http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html) the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+the+United+Nations+and+Statue+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=6%2C+20%2C+31&rft.pub=Treaty+Section%2C+United+Nations+Office+of+Legal+Affairs&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FCTC%2Funcharter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   Grant 2009 , pp. 25–26.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/) "Poland and the United Nations" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003602/http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/international_organisations/united_nations/poland_and_the_un/) Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msz.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fforeign_policy%2Finternational_organisations%2Funited_nations%2Fpoland_and_the_un%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roberts, John Morris (1993). History of the world . New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 778. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521043-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521043-9) 978-0-19-521043-9  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28378422) 28378422 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=778&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28378422&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521043-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   Meisler 1995 , p. 35.  ↑   Meisler 1995 , pp. 58–59.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181103212423/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html) "UN Milestones Korean War" . United Nations. 4 August 2015. Archived from (http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1941-1950/index.html) the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Learning+Network&rft.atitle=Nov.+29%2C+1947+%7C+U.N.+Partitions+Palestine%2C+Allowing+for+Creation+of+Israel&rft.date=2011-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearning.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fnov-29-1947-united-nations-partitions-palestine-allowing-for-creation-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   Meisler 1995 , pp. 51–54.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1951-1960/index.html) "UN Milestones 1951–1960" . United Nations. 6 August 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171026061431/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history/milestones-1951-1960/index.html) Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Secretary+of+State&rft.atitle=State+of+Tennessee+Public+Chapter+No.+479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.tnsosfiles.com%2Facts%2F113%2Fpub%2Fpc0479.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sullivan, Kevin (15 May 2023). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/) "Inside the Tennessee legislature, where a GOP supermajority reigns" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230529075221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/05/15/inside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns/) Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Tennessee+legislature%2C+where+a+GOP+supermajority+reigns&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F05%2F15%2Finside-tennessee-legislature-where-gop-supermajority-reigns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   For Gold, see Gold, p. 20. For Wistrich, see Wistrich, p. 487. For Dershowitz, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz) (Alan Dershowitz) Dershowitz, Alan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_for_Peace) (The Case for Peace) The Case for Peace : How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2005. For Dreyfus, see (http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z) "Don't be lynch mob, lawyers urge U.N." (https://web.archive.org/web/20120910130332/http://jta.org/news/article/2009/07/08/1006396/dont-be-lynch-mob-lawyers-urge-un#When:14:22:00Z) Archived 10 September 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency) (Jewish Telegraphic Agency) JTA  . 8 July 2009. For Anti-Defamation League, see (http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm) "ADL: UN Human Rights Council Resolution Reveals 'Cancerous Bias' Against Israel." (https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134316/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/UnitedNations_94/5443_94.htm) Archived 2 November 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ADL. 7 July 2009.    ↑   (http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460) "Human Rights Council president wants reform" , SwissInfo, 29 September 2007. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002555/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Human_Rights_Council_president_wants_reform.html?cid=6171460) Archived 11 August 2011 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gedeon, Joseph (21 January 2025). (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/21/trump-un-elise-stefanik-israel) "Trump UN nominee backs Israeli claims of biblical rights to West Bank" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trump+UN+nominee+backs+Israeli+claims+of+biblical+rights+to+West+Bank&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft.aulast=Gedeon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2025%2Fjan%2F21%2Ftrump-un-elise-stefanik-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Demirjian, Karoun (21 January 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/21/us/politics/elise-stefanik-senate-confirmation-hearing.html) "Elise Stefanik Pledges to Back Trump's Vision of a 'Reformed' U.N." The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elise+Stefanik+Pledges+to+Back+Trump%27s+Vision+of+a+%27Reformed%27+U.N.&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Demirjian&rft.aufirst=Karoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F01%2F21%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Felise-stefanik-senate-confirmation-hearing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Samuels, Ben. (Free registration required) (https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-21/ty-article/.premium/trumps-un-pick-stefanik-backs-defunding-unrwa-citing-terrorist-ties-to-hamas/00000194-89b0-dee1-aff7-ebffecec0000) " 'Antisemitic Rot': Trump's UN Pick Stefanik Backs Defunding UNRWA, Citing 'Terrorist Ties' to Hamas"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz) (Haaretz) Haaretz  . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%27Antisemitic+Rot%27%3A+Trump%27s+UN+Pick+Stefanik+Backs+Defunding+UNRWA%2C+Citing+%27Terrorist+Ties%27+to+Hamas&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2025-01-21%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Ftrumps-un-pick-stefanik-backs-defunding-unrwa-citing-terrorist-ties-to-hamas%2F00000194-89b0-dee1-aff7-ebffecec0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al Jazeera Staff. (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/21/trumps-un-ambassador-pick-says-israel-has-biblical-right-to-west-bank) "Trump's UN ambassador pick says Israel has 'biblical right' to West Bank" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+UN+ambassador+pick+says+Israel+has+%27biblical+right%27+to+West+Bank&rft.au=Al+Jazeera+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F1%2F21%2Ftrumps-un-ambassador-pick-says-israel-has-biblical-right-to-west-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   Los Angeles Times , 17 October 2002 (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-17-fg-resolution17-story.html) "U.N. 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(Paid subscription required) (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3) "The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force"  . Liverpool Law Review . 41 (3): 293– 313. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10991-020-09250-3) 10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liverpool+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Re-Emergence+of+Conquest%3A+International+Law+and+the+Legitimate+Use+of+Force&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-313&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10991-020-09250-3&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10991-020-09250-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Reddy, Shravanti (29 October 2002). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Insider%27s+Guide+to+the+UN&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10155-3&rft.aulast=Fasulo&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidersguidetou00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fomerand, Jacques (2009). The A to Z of the United Nations . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5547-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5547-2) 978-0-8108-5547-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+United+Nations&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5547-2&rft.aulast=Fomerand&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dore_Gold) (Dore Gold) Gold, Dore (2004). (https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h8s1) Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos  . New York: Crown Forum. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5475-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5475-6) 978-1-4000-5475-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Babble%3A+How+the+United+Nations+Has+Fueled+Global+Chaos&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5475-6&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_h8s1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grant, Thomas D. (2009). Admission to the United Nations: Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization . Legal Aspects of International Organization. Vol. 50. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17363-7) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17363-7) 978-90-04-17363-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0924-4883) 0924-4883 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admission+to+the+United+Nations%3A+Charter+Article+4+and+the+Rise+of+Universal+Organization&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Legal+Aspects+of+International+Organization&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0924-4883&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17363-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_Hoopes) (Townsend Hoopes) Hoopes, Townsend ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley) (Douglas Brinkley) Brinkley, Douglas (2000) [1997]. FDR and the Creation of the U.N . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2) 978-0-300-08553-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+Creation+of+the+U.N.&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08553-2&rft.aulast=Hoopes&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennedy) (Paul Kennedy) Kennedy, Paul (2007) [2006]. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parliament_of_Man) (The Parliament of Man) The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations  . New York: Random House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70341-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70341-6) 978-0-375-70341-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliament+of+Man%3A+The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+the+United+Nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70341-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Manchester) (William Manchester) Manchester, William ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reid_(writer)) (Paul Reid (writer)) Reid, Paul (2012). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Lion:_Winston_Spencer_Churchill) (The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill) The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965  . New York: Little Brown and Company. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54770-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54770-3) 978-0-316-54770-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lion%3A+Winston+Spencer+Churchill+Vol.+3%3A+Defender+of+the+Realm%2C+1940%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-316-54770-3&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Reid%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meisler, Stanley (1995). (https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_z7w4) United Nations: The First Fifty Years  . New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-616-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-616-9) 978-0-87113-616-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-616-9&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_z7w4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mires, Charlene (2013). Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations . New York University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0794-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0794-4) 978-0-8147-0794-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+of+the+World%3A+The+Race+to+Host+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0794-4&rft.aulast=Mires&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Osmańczyk) (Edmund Osmańczyk) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2004). Mango, Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements . Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93924-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93924-9) 978-0-415-93924-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+United+Nations+and+International+Agreements&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93924-9&rft.aulast=Osma%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schlesinger) (Stephen Schlesinger) Schlesinger, Stephen C. (2003). (https://archive.org/details/actofcreationfou00schl_0) Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World  . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3324-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3324-3) 978-0-8133-3324-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+of+Creation%3A+The+Founding+of+the+United+Nations%3A+A+Story+of+Super+Powers%2C+Secret+Agents%2C+Wartime+Allies+and+Enemies%2C+and+Their+Quest+for+a+Peaceful+World&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3324-3&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factofcreationfou00schl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood) (Robert E. Sherwood) Sherwood, Robert E. (1948). Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History . New York: Harper and Brothers. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+and+Hopkins%3A+An+Intimate+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Weiss, Thomas G.; Daws, Sam, eds. (2009) [2007]. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956010-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956010-3) 978-0-19-956010-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+on+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956010-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich) (Robert S. Wistrich) Wistrich, Robert S. (2010). (https://archive.org/details/lethalobsessiona00wist) A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad  . New York: Random House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6097-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6097-9) 978-1-4000-6097-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lethal+Obsession%3A+Anti-Semitism+from+Antiquity+to+the+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6097-9&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flethalobsessiona00wist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)       Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Lowe) (Vaughan Lowe) Lowe, Vaughan ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)) (Adam Roberts (scholar)) Roberts, Adam ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Welsh) (Jennifer Welsh) Welsh, Jennifer ; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5) 978-0-19-953343-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953343-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations)   Mazower, Mark (2009). No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press) (Princeton University Press) Princeton University Press . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)) (Adam Roberts (scholar)) Roberts, Adam ; Kingsbury, Benedict, eds. (1994). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/unitednationsdiv00adam) United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations   (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827926-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827926-6) 978-0-19-827926-6  . 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organization) Intergovernmental organizations  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations) (List of intergovernmental organizations) list )   Non-cultural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization) (Intergovernmental organization) IGOs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements) (Bank for International Settlements) Bank for International Settlements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court) (International Criminal Court) International Criminal Court  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seabed_Authority) (International Seabed Authority) International Seabed Authority  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organization) (World Customs Organization) World Customs Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union) (Inter-Parliamentary Union) Inter-Parliamentary Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol) (Interpol) Interpol  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Development_Bank) (New Development Bank) New Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons) (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) United Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization      Cultural IGOs ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_cultural_organizations) (Category:International cultural organizations) list )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) Commonwealth of Nations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries) (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) Community of Portuguese Language Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organisation_for_the_Russian_Language) (International Organisation for the Russian Language) International Organisation for the Russian Language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie              (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UN_International_Years) (Template:UN International Years) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UN_International_Years) (Template talk:UN International Years) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_International_Years) (Special:EditPage/Template:UN International Years) (Edit this template) e     International years proclaimed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) United Nations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Refugee_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (World Refugee Year (page does not exist)) World Refugee (1959-1960) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Health_and_Medical_Research_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Health and Medical Research Year (page does not exist)) Health and Medical Research (1961) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Co-operation_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Co-operation Year (page does not exist)) Co-operation (1965) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rice_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Rice Year (page does not exist)) Rice (FAO) (1966) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tourist_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Tourist Year (page does not exist)) Tourist (1967) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Human_Rights) (International Year of Human Rights) Human Rights (1968) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Education_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Education Year (page does not exist)) Education (1970) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_Action_to_Combat_Racism_and_Racial_Prejudice?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice (page does not exist)) Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice (1971) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Book_Year) (International Book Year) Book (UNESCO) (1972) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Population_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (World Population Year (page does not exist)) World Population (1974) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women's_Year) (International Women's Year) Women (1975) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Anti-Apartheid_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Anti-Apartheid Year (page does not exist)) Anti-Apartheid (1978-1979) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Child) (International Year of the Child) The Child (1979) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Disabled_Persons) (International Year of Disabled Persons) Disabled Persons (1981) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Mobilization_for_Sanctions_Against_South_Africa?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa (page does not exist)) Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa (1982) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Communications_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (World Communications Year (page does not exist)) World Communications (1983) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Youth_Year) (International Youth Year) Youth (1985) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_United_Nations?action=edit&redlink=1) (Year of the United Nations (page does not exist)) United Nations (1985) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Peace) (International Year of Peace) Peace (1986) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Shelter_for_the_Homeless) (International Year of Shelter for the Homeless) Shelter for the Homeless (1987) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Literacy_Year?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Literacy Year (page does not exist)) Literacy (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Year) (International Space Year) Space (1992) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_the_World's_Indigenous_People) (International Year for the World's Indigenous People) World's Indigenous People (1993) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sport_and_the_Olympic_Ideal?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal (page does not exist)) Sport and the Olympic Ideal (1994) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Family) (International Year of the Family) Family (1994) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Year_of_Peoples’_Commemoration_of_the_Victims_of_the_Second_World_War?action=edit&redlink=1) (World Year of Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War (page does not exist)) Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War (1995) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Year_for_Tolerance) (United Nations Year for Tolerance) Tolerance (1995) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_the_Eradication_of_Poverty?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year for the Eradication of Poverty (page does not exist)) Eradication of Poverty (1996) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Ocean?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of the Ocean (page does not exist)) Ocean (1998) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Older_Persons) (International Year of Older Persons) Older Persons (1999) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_the_Culture_of_Peace) (International Year for the Culture of Peace) Culture of Peace (2000) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Thanksgiving?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Thanksgiving (page does not exist)) Thanksgiving (2000) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Mobilization_against_Racism,_Racial_Discrimination,_Xenophobia_and_Related_Intolerance) (International Year of Mobilization against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance) Mobilization against Racism (2001) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Volunteers) (International Year of Volunteers) Volunteers (2001) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Year_of_Dialogue_among_Civilizations?action=edit&redlink=1) (United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations (page does not exist)) Dialogue among Civilizations (2001) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Ecotourism?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Ecotourism (page does not exist)) Ecotourism (2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Mountains?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Mountains (page does not exist)) Mountains (2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Year_for_Cultural_Heritage?action=edit&redlink=1) (United Nations Year for Cultural Heritage (page does not exist)) Cultural Heritage (2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Freshwater?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Freshwater (page does not exist)) Freshwater (2003) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_Kyrgyz_Statehood?action=edit&redlink=1) (Year of Kyrgyz Statehood (page does not exist)) Kyrgyz Statehood (2003) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Rice) (International Year of Rice) Rice (2004) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_to_Commemorate_the_Struggle_Against_Slavery_and_Its_Abolition) (International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition) Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (2004) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Year_of_Physics_2005) (World Year of Physics 2005) Physics (2005) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_Sport_and_Physical_Education?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year for Sport and Physical Education (page does not exist)) Sport and Physical Education (2005) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Microcredit) (International Year of Microcredit) Microcredit (2005) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Deserts_and_Desertification) (International Year of Deserts and Desertification) Deserts and Desertification (2006) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Dolphin) (Year of the Dolphin) Dolphin (UNEP) (2007–2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Polar_Year) (International Polar Year) Polar (2007–2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Potato) (International Year of the Potato) The Potato (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sanitation) (International Year of Sanitation) Sanitation (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Languages) (International Year of Languages) Languages (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth) (International Year of Planet Earth) Planet Earth (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Gorilla?action=edit&redlink=1) (Year of the Gorilla (page does not exist)) Gorilla (2009) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Astronomy) (International Year of Astronomy) Astronomy (2009) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Human_Rights_Learning?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Human Rights Learning (page does not exist)) Human Rights Learning (2009) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres) (International Year of Natural Fibres) Natural Fibres (2009) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Reconciliation?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Reconciliation (page does not exist)) Reconciliation (2009) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Seafarer?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of the Seafarer (page does not exist)) Seafarer (2010) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Biodiversity) (International Year of Biodiversity) Biodiversity (2010) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_the_Rapprochement_of_Cultures?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures (page does not exist)) Rapprochement of Cultures (2010) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Youth) (International Year of Youth) Youth (2010–2011) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Forests) (International Year of Forests) Forests (2011) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Chemistry) (International Year of Chemistry) Chemistry (2011) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_People_of_African_Descent) (International Year for People of African Descent) People of African Descent (2011) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sustainable_Energy_for_All?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Sustainable Energy for All (page does not exist)) Sustainable Energy for All (2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Cooperatives) (International Year of Cooperatives) Cooperatives (2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Quinoa) (International Year of Quinoa) Quinoa (2013) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Water_Cooperation) (International Year of Water Cooperation) Water Cooperation (2013) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Family_Farming) (International Year of Family Farming) Family Farming (2014) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Crystallography) (International Year of Crystallography) Crystallography (2014) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Small_Island_Developing_States?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Small Island Developing States (page does not exist)) Small Island Developing States (2014) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Solidarity_with_the_Palestinian_People?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Solidarity with the Palestinian People (page does not exist)) Solidarity with the Palestinian People (2014) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Soil) (International Year of Soil) Soil (2015) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Light) (International Year of Light) Light (2015) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Pulses) (International Year of Pulses) Pulses (2016) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sustainable_Tourism_for_Development) (International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development) Sustainable Tourism for Development (2017) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Periodic_Table_of_Chemical_Elements?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (page does not exist)) Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (2019) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Moderation?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Moderation (page does not exist)) Moderation (2019) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Indigenous_Languages) (International Year of Indigenous Languages) Indigenous Languages (2019) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Nurse_and_the_Midwife?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife (page does not exist)) Nurse and the Midwife (2020) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Plant_Health) (International Year of Plant Health) Plant Health (2020) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_for_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour (page does not exist)) Elimination of Child Labour (2021) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Fruits_and_Vegetables?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Fruits and Vegetables (page does not exist)) Fruits and Vegetables (2021) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Creative_Economy_for_Sustainable_Development) (International Year of Creative Economy for Sustainable Development) Creative Economy for Sustainable Development (2021) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Peace_and_Trust?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Peace and Trust (page does not exist)) Peace and Trust (2021) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Artisanal_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (page does not exist)) Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Glass?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Glass (page does not exist)) Glass (2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Basic_Sciences_for_Sustainable_Development) (International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development) Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sustainable_Mountain_Development?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Sustainable Mountain Development (page does not exist)) Sustainable Mountain Development (2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Millets) (International Year of Millets) Millets (2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Dialogue_as_a_Guarantee_of_Peace?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Dialogue as a Guarantee of Peace (page does not exist)) Dialogue as a Guarantee of Peace (2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Camelids?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Camelids (page does not exist)) Camelids (2024) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Peace_and_Trust?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Peace and Trust (page does not exist)) Peace and Trust (2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Glaciers'_Preservation) (International Year of Glaciers' Preservation) Glaciers' Preservation (2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Cooperatives_(2025)?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Cooperatives (2025) (page does not exist)) Cooperatives (2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Quantum_Science_and_Technology) (International Year of Quantum Science and Technology) Quantum Science and Technology (2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Rangelands_and_Pastoralists?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Rangelands and Pastoralists (page does not exist)) Rangelands and Pastoralists (2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Volunteers_for_Sustainable_Development?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Volunteers for Sustainable Development (page does not exist)) Volunteers for Sustainable Development (2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Woman_Farmer?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of the Woman Farmer (page does not exist)) Woman Farmer (2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Sustainable_and_Resilient_Tourism?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism (page does not exist)) Sustainable and Resilient Tourism (2027) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Asteroid_Awareness_and_Planetary_Defence?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Year of Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence (page does not exist)) Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence (2029)        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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_(alliance)) (Entente (alliance)) Entente  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition) (Coalition) Coalition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance) (Military alliance) Military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_pact) (Defense pact) Defense pact    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeasement) (Appeasement) Appeasement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-belligerence) (Co-belligerence) Co-belligerence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security) (Collective security) Collective security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism) (Colonialism) Colonialism / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization) (Colonization) Colonization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis) (Crisis) Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory) (Deterrence theory) Deterrence theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism) (Expansionism) Expansionism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)) (Grey-zone (international relations)) Grey-zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony) (Hegemony) Hegemony  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations) (Idealism in international relations) Idealism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism) (Imperialism) Imperialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_community) (International community) International community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)) (Internationalism (politics)) Internationalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationality) (Internationality) Internationality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism) (Liberal institutionalism) Liberal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)) (Interventionism (politics)) Interventionism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolationism) (Isolationism) Isolationism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_interest) (National interest) National interest  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country) 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Friendship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateral_treaty) (Multilateral treaty) Multilateral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggression_pact) (Non-aggression pact) Non-aggression  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty) (Peace treaty) Peace    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War) (War) War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-of-society) (Whole-of-society) Whole-of-society      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory) (International relations theory) Theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)) (Constructivism (international relations)) Constructivism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory) (English school of international relations theory) English school  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations) (Feminism in international relations) Feminism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)) (Liberalism (international relations)) Liberalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory) (Marxist international relations theory) Marxism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations) (Postcolonial international relations) Postcolonialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)) (Realism (international relations)) Realism      Related fields and subfields (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics) (Comparative politics) Comparative politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterproliferation) (Counterproliferation) Counterproliferation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy) (Diplomacy) Diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis) (Foreign policy analysis) Foreign policy analysis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics) (Geopolitics) Geopolitics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law) (International law) International law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_political_economy) (International political economy) International political economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_political_sociology) (International political sociology) International political sociology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies) (Peace and conflict studies) Peace and conflict studies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_studies) (Security studies) Security studies               (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates) (Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates) (Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates) (Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates) (List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates) Laureates of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize    1901–1925 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1901 Nobel Peace Prize) 1901 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dunant) (Henry Dunant) Henry Dunant  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_Passy) (Frédéric Passy) Frédéric Passy  1902: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Ducommun) (Élie Ducommun) Élie Ducommun  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat) (Charles Albert Gobat) Charles Gobat  1903: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Cremer) (Randal Cremer) Randal Cremer  1904: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Law) (Institute of International Law) Institute of International Law  1905: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner) (Bertha von Suttner) Bertha von Suttner  1906: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt) (Theodore Roosevelt) Theodore Roosevelt  1907: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta) (Ernesto Teodoro Moneta) Ernesto Moneta  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)) (Louis Renault (jurist)) Louis Renault  1908: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson) (Klas Pontus Arnoldson) Klas Arnoldson  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer) (Fredrik Bajer) Fredrik Bajer  1909: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert) (Auguste Beernaert) A. M. F. Beernaert  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d'Estournelles_de_Constant) (Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant) Paul Estournelles de Constant  1910: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau) (International Peace Bureau) International Peace Bureau  1911: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Asser) (Tobias Asser) Tobias Asser  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried) (Alfred Hermann Fried) Alfred Fried  1912: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root) (Elihu Root) Elihu Root  1913: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine) (Henri La Fontaine) Henri La Fontaine  1914  1915  1916  1917: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (International Committee of the Red Cross) International Committee of the Red Cross  1918  1919: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson) (Woodrow Wilson) Woodrow Wilson  1920: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois) (Léon Bourgeois) Léon Bourgeois  1921: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting) (Hjalmar Branting) Hjalmar Branting  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange) (Christian Lous Lange) Christian Lange  1922: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen) (Fridtjof Nansen) Fridtjof Nansen  1923  1924  1925: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain) (Austen Chamberlain) Austen Chamberlain  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes) (Charles G. Dawes) Charles Dawes     ()       1926–1950 1926: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand) (Aristide Briand) Aristide Briand  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann) (Gustav Stresemann) Gustav Stresemann  1927: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson) (Ferdinand Buisson) Ferdinand Buisson  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde) (Ludwig Quidde) Ludwig Quidde  1928  1929: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg) (Frank B. Kellogg) Frank B. Kellogg  1930: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Söderblom) (Nathan Söderblom) Nathan Söderblom  1931: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Addams) (Jane Addams) Jane Addams  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler) (Nicholas Murray Butler) Nicholas Butler  1932  1933: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell) (Norman Angell) Norman Angell  1934: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henderson) (Arthur Henderson) Arthur Henderson  1935: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky) (Carl von Ossietzky) Carl von Ossietzky  1936: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas) (Carlos Saavedra Lamas) Carlos Saavedra Lamas  1937: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood) (Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood) Robert Cecil  1938: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees) (Nansen International Office for Refugees) Nansen International Office for Refugees  1939  1940  1941  1942  1943  1944: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (International Committee of the Red Cross) International Committee of the Red Cross  1945: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull) (Cordell Hull) Cordell Hull  1946: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch) (Emily Greene Balch) Emily Balch  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mott) (John Mott) John Mott  1947: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness) (Quaker Peace and Social Witness) Friends Service Council  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee) (American Friends Service Committee) American Friends Service Committee  1948  1949: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr) (John Boyd Orr) John Boyd Orr  1950: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche) (Ralph Bunche) Ralph Bunche      1951–1975 1951: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Jouhaux) (Léon Jouhaux) Léon Jouhaux  1952: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer) (Albert Schweitzer) Albert Schweitzer  1953: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall) (George C. Marshall) George C. Marshall  1954: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  1955  1956  1957: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson) (Lester B. Pearson) Lester B. Pearson  1958: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Pire) (Dominique Pire) Georges Pire  1959: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker) (Philip Noel-Baker) Philip Noel-Baker  1960: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Luthuli) (Albert Luthuli) Albert Luthuli  1961: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskjöld) (Dag Hammarskjöld) Dag Hammarskjöld  1962: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling) (Linus Pauling) Linus Pauling  1963: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross) (International Committee of the Red Cross) International Committee of the Red Cross  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies) (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) League of Red Cross Societies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1964 Nobel Peace Prize) 1964 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) (Martin Luther King Jr.) Martin Luther King Jr.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1965 Nobel Peace Prize) 1965 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1966 Nobel Peace Prize) 1966   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1967 Nobel Peace Prize) 1967   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1968 Nobel Peace Prize) 1968 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Cassin) (René Cassin) René Cassin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1969 Nobel Peace Prize) 1969 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) International Labour Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1970 Nobel Peace Prize) 1970 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug) (Norman Borlaug) Norman Borlaug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1971 Nobel Peace Prize) 1971 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt) (Willy Brandt) Willy Brandt  1972  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (1973 Nobel Peace Prize) 1973 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lê_Đức_Thọ) (Lê Đức Thọ) Lê Đức Thọ  (declined award)  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger) (Henry Kissinger) Henry Kissinger  1974: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seán_MacBride) (Seán MacBride) Seán MacBride  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisaku_Satō) (Eisaku Satō) Eisaku Satō  1975: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov) (Andrei Sakharov) Andrei Sakharov      1976–2000 1976: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Williams) (Betty Williams) Betty Williams  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairead_Maguire) (Mairead Maguire) Mairead Corrigan  1977: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International  1978: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat) (Anwar Sadat) Anwar Sadat  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin) (Menachem Begin) Menachem Begin  1979: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa) (Mother Teresa) Mother Teresa  1980: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Pérez_Esquivel) (Adolfo Pérez Esquivel) Adolfo Pérez Esquivel  1981: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees  1982: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Myrdal) (Alva Myrdal) Alva Myrdal  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_García_Robles) (Alfonso García Robles) Alfonso García Robles  1983: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wałęsa) (Lech Wałęsa) Lech Wałęsa  1984: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu) (Desmond Tutu) Desmond Tutu  1985: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War) (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War) International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War  1986: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel) (Elie Wiesel) Elie Wiesel  1987: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Óscar_Arias) (Óscar Arias) Óscar Arias  1988: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping) (United Nations peacekeeping) UN Peacekeeping Forces  1989: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama) (14th Dalai Lama) Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)  1990: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev) (Mikhail Gorbachev) Mikhail Gorbachev  1991: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi) (Aung San Suu Kyi) Aung San Suu Kyi  1992: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoberta_Menchú) (Rigoberta Menchú) Rigoberta Menchú  1993: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) (Nelson Mandela) Nelson Mandela  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk) (F. W. de Klerk) F. W. de Klerk  1994: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres) (Shimon Peres) Shimon Peres  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin) (Yitzhak Rabin) Yitzhak Rabin  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat) (Yasser Arafat) Yasser Arafat  1995: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs) (Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs) Pugwash Conferences  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat) (Joseph Rotblat) Joseph Rotblat  1996: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo) (Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo) Carlos Belo  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Ramos-Horta) (José Ramos-Horta) José Ramos-Horta  1997: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines) (International Campaign to Ban Landmines) International Campaign to Ban Landmines  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Williams) (Jody Williams) Jody Williams  1998: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume) (John Hume) John Hume  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble) (David Trimble) David Trimble  1999: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Médecins_Sans_Frontières) (Médecins Sans Frontières) Médecins Sans Frontières  2000: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung) (Kim Dae-jung) Kim Dae-jung      2001–present (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2001 Nobel Peace Prize) 2001 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) United Nations  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan) (Kofi Annan) Kofi Annan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2002 Nobel Peace Prize) 2002 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter) (Jimmy Carter) Jimmy Carter  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2003 Nobel Peace Prize) 2003 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi) (Shirin Ebadi) Shirin Ebadi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2004 Nobel Peace Prize) 2004 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangarĩ_Maathai) (Wangarĩ Maathai) Wangarĩ Maathai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2005 Nobel Peace Prize) 2005 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) International Atomic Energy Agency  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei) (Mohamed ElBaradei) Mohamed ElBaradei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2006 Nobel Peace Prize) 2006 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grameen_Bank) (Grameen Bank) Grameen Bank  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus) (Muhammad Yunus) Muhammad Yunus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2007 Nobel Peace Prize) 2007 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore) (Al Gore) Al Gore  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2008 Nobel Peace Prize) 2008 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari) (Martti Ahtisaari) Martti Ahtisaari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2009 Nobel Peace Prize) 2009 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2010 Nobel Peace Prize) 2010 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo) (Liu Xiaobo) Liu Xiaobo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2011 Nobel Peace Prize) 2011 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf) (Ellen Johnson Sirleaf) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee) (Leymah Gbowee) Leymah Gbowee  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman) (Tawakkol Karman) Tawakkol Karman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2012 Nobel Peace Prize) 2012 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2013 Nobel Peace Prize) 2013 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons) (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2014 Nobel Peace Prize) 2014 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi) (Kailash Satyarthi) Kailash Satyarthi  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) (Malala Yousafzai) Malala Yousafzai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2015 Nobel Peace Prize) 2015 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet) (Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet) Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2016 Nobel Peace Prize) 2016 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos) (Juan Manuel Santos) Juan Manuel Santos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2017 Nobel Peace Prize) 2017 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons) (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons) International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2018 Nobel Peace Prize) 2018 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mukwege) (Denis Mukwege) Denis Mukwege  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Murad) (Nadia Murad) Nadia Murad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2019 Nobel Peace Prize) 2019 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy Ahmed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2020 Nobel Peace Prize) 2020 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2021 Nobel Peace Prize) 2021 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa) (Maria Ressa) Maria Ressa  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov) (Dmitry Muratov) Dmitry Muratov  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2022 Nobel Peace Prize) 2022 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski) (Ales Bialiatski) Ales Bialiatski  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_(society)) (Memorial (society)) Memorial  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)) (Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)) Center for Civil Liberties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2023 Nobel Peace Prize) 2023 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi) (Narges Mohammadi) Narges Mohammadi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2024 Nobel Peace Prize) 2024 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo) (Nihon Hidankyo) Nihon Hidankyo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Nobel_Peace_Prize) (2025 Nobel Peace Prize) 2025 : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_Corina_Machado) (María Corina Machado) María Corina Machado         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000123317789) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/144904638) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/333-5) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/530351) FAST       National (United Nations) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021345) United States   (United Nations) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98000836) 2      (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118650631) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118650631) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00288555) Japan   (Organizace spojených národů) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711348&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX89609) Spain   (Nations Unies) (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/453125) Portugal   (Organização das Nações Unidas) (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/21633) 2      (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058028) Norway   (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004368&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Latvia   (https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=9288) Greece   (https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000028736) Argentina   (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB201903244) Korea   (https://libris.kb.se/vs686bpd13rcfvg) Sweden   (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/16891) Vatican   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269142505171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516471306706) Catalonia   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005670239709366) Croatia       Academics (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00472305?l=en) CiNii       Artists (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354403) ULAN       People (https://www.librarything.com/author/nationsunited) LibraryThing       Other (https://www.idref.fr/026395258) IdRef   (https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2783975A?mode=all) Open Library   (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026469) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/8f9e2cc9-91b2-4479-9481-1feccdb1f602) Yale LUX          (./Category:United_Nations#%20)  (./Category:1945_establishments_in_California)  (./Category:Intergovernmental_organizations_established_by_treaty)  (./Category:Organizations_awarded_Nobel_Peace_Prizes)  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