Chinese Communist Party - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chinese+Communist+Party) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chinese+Communist+Party) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]) Log in       (Log in and more options)  Personal tools  (User menu) (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)  Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chinese+Communist+Party) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory)  Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chinese+Communist+Party) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 History    Toggle History subsection  1.1 Founding and early history     1.2 Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War     1.3 Proclamation of the PRC and the Mao era   1.3.1 Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution       1.4 Reform and opening up     1.5 Xi Jinping and the new era       2 Ideology    Toggle Ideology subsection  2.1 Formal ideology     2.2 Economics     2.3 Analysis       3 Governance    Toggle Governance subsection  3.1 Collective leadership     3.2 Democratic centralism     3.3 Supervision     3.4 United front       4 Organization    Toggle Organization subsection  4.1 Central organization     4.2 Lower-level organizations     4.3 Funding     4.4 Members   4.4.1 Membership demographics     4.4.2 Status of women     4.4.3 Benefits and responsibilities of membership   4.4.3.1 Religion       4.4.4 Personality traits     4.4.5 Social views       4.5 Communist Youth League       5 Symbols     6 Party-to-party relations    Toggle Party-to-party relations subsection  6.1 Communist parties   6.1.1 Ruling parties of socialist states       6.2 Non-communist parties       7 Electoral history    Toggle Electoral history subsection  7.1 National People's Congress       8 See also     9 Footnotes     10 References    Toggle References subsection  10.1 Citations     10.2 Sources   10.2.1 Books     10.2.2 Journal articles         11 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Chinese Communist Party    101 languages  (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_China) (Kommunistiese Party van China – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A) (الحزب الشيوعي الصيني – Arabic) العربية   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Comunista_de_China) (Partíu Comunista de China – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1) (Çin Kommunist Partiyası – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C) (چین کومونیست حیزبی – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E) (Камуністычная партыя Кітаю – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F) (Камуністычная партыя Кітая – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Китайска комунистическа партия – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF) (চীনা সাম্যবাদী পার্টি – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Komunour_Sina) (Strollad Komunour Sina – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_de_la_Xina) (Partit Comunista de la Xina – Catalan) Català   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-s%C4%81ng-d%C5%8Dng) (Dṳ̆ng-guók Gê̤ṳng-sāng-dōng – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (حیزبی کۆمۆنیستی چین – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_%C4%8C%C3%ADny) (Komunistická strana Číny – Czech) Čeština   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Gomiwnyddol_Tsieina) (Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiske_parti) (Kinas kommunistiske parti – Danish) Dansk   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistische_Partei_Chinas) (Kommunistische Partei Chinas – German) Deutsch   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82) (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Κίνας – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunista_Partio_de_%C4%88inio) (Komunista Partio de Ĉinio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_China) (Partido Comunista de China – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Kommunistlik_Partei) (Hiina Kommunistlik Partei – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Alderdi_Komunista) (Txinako Alderdi Komunista – Basque) Euskara   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86) (حزب کمونیست چین – Persian) فارسی   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kommunistinen_puolue) (Kiinan kommunistinen puolue – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois) (Parti communiste chinois – French) Français   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Cumannach_na_S%C3%ADne) (Páirtí Cumannach na Síne – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8) (中國共產黨 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_China) (Partido Comunista da China – Galician) Galego   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_Khiung-s%C3%A1n-t%C3%B3ng) (Chûng-koet Khiung-sán-tóng – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F) (המפלגה הקומוניסטית של סין – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2) (चीनी साम्यवादी दल – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_stranka_Kine) (Komunistička stranka Kine – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_Kommunista_P%C3%A1rt) (Kínai Kommunista Párt – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6) (Չինաստանի կոմունիստական ​​կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Tiongkok) (Partai Komunis Tiongkok – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunista_Partiso_di_Chinia) (Komunista Partiso di Chinia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komm%C3%BAnistaflokkur_K%C3%ADna) (Kommúnistaflokkur Kína – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Cinese) (Partito Comunista Cinese – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A) (中国共産党 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9_Komunis_Tiongkok) (Parté Komunis Tiongkok – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90) (ჩინეთის კომუნისტური პარტია – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B) (Қытай коммунистік партиясы – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93) (គណបក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តចិន – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9) (중국공산당 – Korean) 한국어   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C) (چیٖنی کمیٛوٗنِسٹ پارٹی – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Komun%C3%AEst_a_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA) (Partiya Komunîst a Çînê – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_communistica_Sinarum) (Factio communistica Sinarum – Latin) Latina   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Comunista_Cines) (Partii Comunista Cines – Lombard) Lombard   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99) (ພັກກອມມູນິດຈີນ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_komunist%C5%B3_partija) (Kinijos komunistų partija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Komunistisk%C4%81_partija) (Ķīnas Komunistiskā partija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ti_T%C5%8Dp%C5%ABtanga-%C4%81-iwi_o_Haina) (Pāti Tōpūtanga-ā-iwi o Haina – Māori) Māori   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Комунистичка партија на Кина – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8) (കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി ഓഫ് ചൈന – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC) (Хятадын Коммунист Нам – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7) (चीनचा कम्युनिस्ट पक्ष – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China) (Parti Komunis China – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE) (တရုတ်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80) (चिनियाँ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_China) (Communistische Partij van China – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistparti) (Kinas kommunistparti – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistparti) (Kinas kommunistparti – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_Chin%C3%A9s) (Partit Comunista Chinés – Occitan) Occitan   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80) (ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਕਮਿਊਨਿਸਟ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistyczna_Partia_Chin) (Komunistyczna Partia Chin – Polish) Polski   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C) (چین دی کمیونسٹ پارٹی – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF) (د چین کمونیست ګوند – Pashto) پښتو   (good article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_China) (Partido Comunista da China – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Aylluchaq_Pusana_Raki) (Chunwa Aylluchaq Pusana Raki – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_Chinez) (Partidul Comunist Chinez – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F) (Коммунистическая партия Китая – Russian) Русский   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0) (Кытай коммунист партията – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Pairty_o_Cheenae) (Communist Pairty o Cheenae – Scots) Scots   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Kine) (Komunistička partija Kine – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) (Communist Party of China – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_%C4%8C%C3%ADny) (Komunistická strana Číny – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dna_partija_Kitajske) (Komunistična partija Kitajske – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Komuniste_e_Kin%C3%ABs) (Partia Komuniste e Kinës – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5) (Комунистичка партија Кине – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiska_parti) (Kinas kommunistiska parti – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_cha_Kikomunisti_cha_China) (Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF) (சீனப் பொதுவுடமைக் கட்சி – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80) (చైనీస్ కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Ҳизби коммунистии Чин – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99) (พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์จีน – Thai) ไทย   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Tsina) (Partido Komunista ng Tsina – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulupu_Sonkokonsantan) (kulupu Sonkokonsantan – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi) (Çin Komünist Partisi – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89) (جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E) (Комуністична партія Китаю – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C) (چینی کمیونسٹ پارٹی – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Kommunistik_partiyasi) (Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Comunista_Cineze) (Partio Comunista Cineze – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c) (Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_han_Tsina) (Partido Komunista han Tsina – Waray) Winaray   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A) (中国共产党 – Wu) 吴语   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_Gungcanjdangj) (Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8) (中國共產黨 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_Ki%C5%8Dng-s%C3%A1n_T%C3%B3ng) (Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8) (中國共產黨 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A) (中国共产党 – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17427#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]) View source   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party)  Read   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chinese_Communist_Party) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1370951852) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chinese_Communist_Party&id=1370951852&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChinese_Communist_Party) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Wikiquote   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17427) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Ruling party of the People's Republic of China (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    "CCP" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCP_(disambiguation)) (CCP (disambiguation)) CCP (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Chinese%20Communist%20Party)    (./Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2024)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English_with_Oxford_spelling)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2026)    Communist Party of China (Chinese-language text) 中国共产党  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (Chinese-language text) Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danghui.svg)      Abbreviation  CCP (common) CPC (official)     Standing Committee (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi) (Cai Qi) Cai Qi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang) (Ding Xuexiang) Ding Xuexiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)) (Li Xi (politician)) Li Xi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary  Xi Jinping  Founders (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu) (Chen Duxiu) Chen Duxiu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dazhao) (Li Dazhao) Li Dazhao    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ...  and others    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st National Congress representatives:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet) (Henk Sneevliet) Henk Sneevliet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Neumann) (Vladimir Neumann) Vladimir Neumann  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Da_(philosopher)) (Li Da (philosopher)) Li Da  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hanjun) (Li Hanjun) Li Hanjun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao) (Zhang Guotao) Zhang Guotao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Renjing) (Liu Renjing) Liu Renjing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Shuheng) (He Shuheng) He Shuheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Tanqiu) (Chen Tanqiu) Chen Tanqiu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jinmei_(revolutionary)) (Wang Jinmei (revolutionary)) Wang Jinmei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Enming) (Deng Enming) Deng Enming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Gongbo) (Chen Gongbo) Chen Gongbo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Fohai) (Zhou Fohai) Zhou Fohai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Huiseng) (Bao Huiseng) Bao Huiseng      Founded (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   23 July 1921 (105 years, 33 days) at the 1st National Congress[ a]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party  (106 Rue Wantz, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession) (Shanghai French Concession) Shanghai French Concession ; now 76 Xingye Road, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu,_Shanghai) (Huangpu, Shanghai) Huangpu District , Shanghai, China)     Headquarters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongnanhai) (Zhongnanhai) Zhongnanhai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xicheng,_Beijing) (Xicheng, Beijing) Xicheng District , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing   Newspaper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank) (Think tank) Think tank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office) (Central Policy Research Office) Central Policy Research Office   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_wing) (Student wing) Student wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Students'_Federation) (All-China Students' Federation) All-China Students' Federation   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_wing) (Youth wing) Youth wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Communist Youth League of China) Communist Youth League of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_wing) (Women's wing) Women's wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Women's_Federation) (All-China Women's Federation) All-China Women's Federation   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_movement) (Pioneer movement) Children's wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China) (Young Pioneers of China) Young Pioneers of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military) (Military) Armed wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary) (Paramilitary) Paramilitary wing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia   United Front Organisation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference   Membership (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2025)  (Increase) (Increase)    101,286,000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies) (List of political ideologies) Ideology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) Communism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism      International affiliation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers'_Parties) (International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties) IMCWP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Freedom_of_Nations!) (For the Freedom of Nations!) For the Freedom of Nations!   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_colour) (Political colour) Colours    Red  Slogan "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve_the_People) (Serve the People) Serve the People "[ b]      Anthem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale) (Internationale) Internationale   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People's_Congress) (14th National People's Congress) 14th ) 2,040 / 2,977      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) NPC Standing Committee ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People's_Congress) (14th National People's Congress) 14th ) 117 / 175      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) CPPCC National Committee ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) 14th ) 99 / 544    (Seats for political parties)   Party flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg)      Website  (https://12371.cn) 12371 .cn   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17427#P856) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China) (List of political parties in China) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China) (Elections in China) Elections        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Communist Party of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communist_Party_of_China_(Chinese_characters).svg)    "Communist Party of China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Chinese name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Simplified Chinese  (Chinese-language text) 中国共产党  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese  (Chinese-language text) 中國共產黨  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) (Hanyu Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin  Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Mandarin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) (Hanyu Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin  (Chinese-language romanization) Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo) (Bopomofo) Bopomofo  (Chinese-language text) ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade–Giles) (Wade–Giles) Wade–Giles  (Chinese-language romanization) Chung1 -kuo2 Kung4 -ch'an3 -tang3      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin) (Tongyong Pinyin) Tongyong Pinyin  (Chinese-language romanization) Jhongguó Gòng-chǎn-dǎng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) [ʈʂʊ́ ŋ.kwǒ  kʊ̂ ŋ.ʈʂʰà n.tà ŋ]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese) (Cantonese) Yue: Cantonese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese) (Yale romanization of Cantonese) Yale Romanization  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) Jūng-gwok Guhng-cháan-dóng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping) (Jyutping) Jyutping  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) zung1 gwok3 gung6 caan2 dong2    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) [tsʊŋ˥ kʷɔk̚˧ kʊŋ˨ tsʰan˧˥ tɔŋ˧˥]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min) (Southern Min) Southern Min   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien) (Hokkien) Hokkien (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe̍h-ōe-jī) (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) POJ  (Min Nan Chinese-language romanization) Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Abbreviation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (Chinese-language text) 中共  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) (Hanyu Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin  Zhōnggòng    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Mandarin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) (Hanyu Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin  (Chinese-language romanization) Zhōnggòng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo) (Bopomofo) Bopomofo  (Chinese-language text) ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄥˋ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade–Giles) (Wade–Giles) Wade–Giles  (Chinese-language romanization) Chung1 -kung4      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) [ʈʂʊ́ ŋ.kʊ̂ ŋ]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese) (Cantonese) Yue: Cantonese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese) (Yale romanization of Cantonese) Yale Romanization  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) Jūng-guhng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping) (Jyutping) Jyutping  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) zung1 gung6    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) [tsʊŋ˥.kʊŋ˨]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min) (Southern Min) Southern Min   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien) (Hokkien) Hokkien (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe̍h-ōe-jī) (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) POJ  (Min Nan Chinese-language romanization) Tiong-kiōng       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Tibetan name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet) (Tibetan alphabet) Tibetan  (Standard Tibetan-language text) ཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration) (Wylie transliteration) Wylie  (Standard Tibetan-language romanization) Krung go gung khran tang    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription) (THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription) THL  (Standard Tibetan-language romanization) Trung go gung trän tang    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin) (Tibetan pinyin) Tibetan Pinyin  (Standard Tibetan-language romanization) Zhung ko kung chän dang       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Zhuang name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_language) (Zhuang language) Zhuang  Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Mongolian name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script) (Mongolian Cyrillic script) Mongolian Cyrillic  (Mongolian-language text) Дундад улсын (Хятадын) Эв хамт (Kоммунист) Нам  (./Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_script) (Mongolian script) Mongolian script  (Mongolian-language text) ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ (ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ) ᠨᠠᠮ   (./Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian) (SASM/GNC romanization) SASM/GNC  (Mongolian-language romanization) Dumdad ulcyn (Khyatadyn) Av khamt (Kommunist) Ham       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Uyghur name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language) (Uyghur language) Uyghur  جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى ‎   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet) (Uyghur Latin alphabet) Latin Yëziqi  (Uyghur-language romanization) Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script) (Uyghur New Script) Yengi Yeziⱪ  (Uyghur-language romanization) Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet) (Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet) Siril Yëziqi  (Uyghur-language text) Җуңго Коммунистик Партийиcи  (./Category:Articles_containing_Uyghur-language_text)       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)       The Communist Party of China (CPC ),[ 2]    commonly known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP ),[ 3]    is the founding and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) ruling party of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China) (People's Republic of China) People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party) chairmanship of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong in October 1949. The CCP has since governed China and has had sole control over the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) armed forces and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China) (Law enforcement in China) law enforcement . As of 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the CCP has more than 101 million members, making it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_political_parties) (List of largest political parties) second largest political party by membership in the world . In 1921, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu) (Chen Duxiu) Chen Duxiu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dazhao) (Li Dazhao) Li Dazhao founded the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Bureau_of_the_Communist_International) (Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International) Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International . Although the CCP aligned with the Kuomintang (KMT) during its initial years, the rise of the KMT's right-wing under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek) (Chiang Kai-shek) Chiang Kai-shek and subsequent massacres of tens of thousands of CCP members resulted in a split and a prolonged civil war between the CCP and KMT. During the next ten years of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare) (Guerrilla warfare) guerrilla warfare , Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP and the party established a strong base among the rural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant) (Peasant) peasantry with its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)) (Land Reform Movement (China)) land reform policies . Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) (Second Sino-Japanese War) Second Sino-Japanese War . After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan) (Surrender of Japan) Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP emerged triumphant in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) the communist revolution against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_government) (Nationalist government) Nationalist government . The CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, and the remnants of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan) Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan shortly after. Mao Zedong remained the most influential member of the CCP until (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong) (Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong) his death in 1976 . Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China) (Five-year plans of China) five-year plans , and eventually (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split) (Sino-Soviet split) split with the Soviet Union . Although Mao attempted to purge the party of elements deemed capitalist or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary) (Reactionary) reactionary during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution , these policies were only briefly continued by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) (Gang of Four) Gang of Four following his death before a less radical faction seized control. During the 1980s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) reform and opening up . Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) (Revolutions of 1989) collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CCP has focused on maintaining its relations with the ruling parties of the remaining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_states) (List of communist states) communist states . The CCP has also established relations with several non-communist parties, including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy) (Social democracy) social democratic parties in Europe. As a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party) (Communist party) communist party , the CCP officially seeks to adapt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism to Chinese material conditions and present-day circumstances, a process it refers to as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) socialism with Chinese characteristics . The party is organized based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) democratic centralism , a principle that entails open policy discussion on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. The highest body of the CCP is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress , convened every five years. When the National Congress is not in session, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee is the highest body, but since that body usually only meets once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee . Members of the latter are regarded as the party's and the state's top leadership. Today the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) party's leader holds the offices of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) general secretary (responsible for civilian party duties, also the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_China) (Order of precedence in China) top rank official ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the military), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) president of China (a largely ceremonial position). Because of these posts, the party leader is seen as the country's "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader ". The current leader is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping , who was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Central Committee held on 15 November 2012 and has been reelected twice, on 25 October 2017 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Central Committee and on 10 October 2022 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Central Committee .     History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (History of the Chinese Communist Party) History of the Chinese Communist Party  Founding and early history  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution) (October Revolution) October Revolution and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_philosophy) (Marxist philosophy) Marxist theory inspired the founding of the CCP.[ 4]    (Page: 114) :  114   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu) (Chen Duxiu) Chen Duxiu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dazhao) (Li Dazhao) Li Dazhao were among the first to publicly support (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism) (Leninism) Leninism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_revolution) (World revolution) world revolution . Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere.[ 5]     Some historical analysis views the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement) (May Fourth Movement) May Fourth Movement as the beginning of the revolutionary struggle that led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) founding of the People's Republic of China .[ 6]    (Page: 22) :  22   Following the movement, trends towards social transformation increased.[ 7]    (Page: 14) :  14   Writing in 1939, Mao Zedong stated that the Movement had shown that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie) (Bourgeoisie) bourgeois revolution against imperialism and China had developed to a new stage, but that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat) (Proletariat) proletariat would lead the revolution's completion.[ 7]    (Page: 20) :  20   The May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) Chinese Communist Revolution .[ 8]    Chen and Li were among the most influential promoters of Marxism in China during the May Fourth period.[ 7]    (Page: 7) :  7   The CCP itself embraces the May Fourth Movement and views itself as part of the movement's legacy.[ 9]    (Page: 24) :  24    Study circles were, according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Hesen) (Cai Hesen) Cai Hesen , "the rudiments [of our party]".[ 10]    Several study circles were established during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Culture_Movement) (New Culture Movement) New Culture Movement , but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms.[ 11]    China's intellectual movements were fragmented in the early 1920s.[ 12]    (Page: 17) :  17   The May Fourth Movement and the New Culture Movement had identified issues of broad concern to Chinese progressives, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism) (Anti-imperialism) anti-imperialism , support for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism) (Chinese nationalism) nationalism , support for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China) (Democracy in China) democracy , promotion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_China) (Feminism in China) feminism , and rejection of traditional values.[ 12]    (Page: 17) :  17   Proposed solutions among Chinese progressives differed significantly, however.[ 12]    (Page: 17) :  17    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) Site of the first CCP Congress , in the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession) (Shanghai French Concession) Shanghai French Concession   The CCP's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) founding congress commenced on 23 July 1921.[ 13]    [ 14]    (Page: 229) :  229   At the time, there were 57 members of the CCP and 13 Chinese delegates present at the founding.[ 15]    While it was originally held in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) a house in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession) (Shanghai French Concession) Shanghai French Concession , French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July[ 16]    and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake_(Jiaxing)) (South Lake (Jiaxing)) South Lake in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaxing) (Jiaxing) Jiaxing , Zhejiang province.[ 16]    Neither Li Dazhao nor Chen Duxiu attended,[ 16]    the latter sending a personal representative in his stead.[ 16]    The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party) (Communist party) communist party as a branch of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International) (Communist International) Communist International (Comintern) and elected Chen as its leader. Chen then served as the first general secretary of the CCP.[ 16]     The Soviets hoped to foster pro-Soviet forces in East Asia to fight against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist) (Anti-communist) anti-communist countries, particularly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Japan . They attempted to contact the warlord (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Peifu) (Wu Peifu) Wu Peifu but failed.[ 17]    [ 18]    The Soviets then contacted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang (KMT), which was leading the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_in_Guangzhou) (Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou) Guangzhou government parallel to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government) (Beiyang government) Beiyang government . On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin) (Mikhail Borodin) Mikhail Borodin to Guangzhou, and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee of the CCP ,[ 19]    Soviet leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) (Joseph Stalin) Joseph Stalin ,[ 20]    and the Comintern[ 21]    all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents "rightists".[ 22]    [ c]    KMT leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) (Sun Yat-sen) Sun Yat-sen eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. CCP membership grew tremendously after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th congress in 1925, from 900 to 2,428.[ 24]    The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him[ 25]    as he is viewed as a proto-communist[ 26]    and the economic element of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People) (Three Principles of the People) Sun's ideology was socialism.[ 27]    Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".[ 28]     The communists dominated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang) (Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang) left wing of the KMT and struggled for power with the party's right-wing factions.[ 22]    When Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek) (Chiang Kai-shek) Chiang Kai-shek , who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.[ 22]    Chiang, Sun's former assistant, was not actively anti-communist at that time,[ 29]    even though he hated the theory of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict) (Class conflict) class struggle and the CCP's seizure of power.[ 23]    The communists proposed removing Chiang's power.[ 30]    When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries, the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense. Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion of communists within the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT.[ 31]     In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict.[ 32]    Fresh from the success of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition) (Northern Expedition) Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China.[ 33]    Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he turned on them, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927) (Shanghai massacre of 1927) massacring 5,000 [ d]    with the aid of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gang) (Green Gang) Green Gang .[ 33]    [ 36]    [ 37]    Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Ting) (Ye Ting) Ye Ting and his troops.[ 38]    Chiang's allies also attacked communists; for example, in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin) (Zhang Zuolin) Zhang Zuolin .[ 39]    [ 34]    Angered by these events, the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Dehui) (Ye Dehui) Ye Dehui , a famous scholar, was killed by communists in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha) (Changsha) Changsha , and in revenge, KMT general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jian) (He Jian) He Jian and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen.[ 40]    That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.[ 34]      Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) (Second Sino-Japanese War) Second Sino-Japanese War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:中國工農紅軍軍旗.svg)   Flag of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army) (Chinese Red Army) Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army   The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government,[ 34]    but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT.[ 41]    The CCP reacted by founding the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army) (Chinese Red Army) Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China , better known as the "Red Army", to battle the KMT. A battalion led by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De was ordered to take the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang) (Nanchang) Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_uprising) (Nanchang uprising) Nanchang uprising . Initially successful, Zhu and his troops were forced to retreat after five days, marching south to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantou) (Shantou) Shantou , and from there being driven into the wilderness of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian .[ 41]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising) (Autumn Harvest Uprising) Autumn Harvest Uprising , hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan.[ 42]    His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat, with 1,000 survivors marching east to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains) (Jinggang Mountains) Jinggang Mountains of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi) (Jiangxi) Jiangxi .[ 42]    [ 43]    [ 44]     The near destruction of the CCP's urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party.[ 45]    The party adopted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) democratic centralism , a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a politburo to function as the standing committee of the central committee.[ 45]    The result was increased centralization of power within the party.[ 45]    At every level of the party this was duplicated, with standing committees now in effective control.[ 45]    The 1929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_Congress) (Gutian Congress) Gutian Congress was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the party's ideology.[ 46]    (Page: 280) :  280   After being expelled from the party, Chen Duxiu went on to lead China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism) (Trotskyism) Trotskyist movement. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lisan) (Li Lisan) Li Lisan was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929–1930.[ 45]     Li's leadership was a failure, leaving the CCP on the brink of destruction.[ 45]    The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away.[ 45]    By 1935, Mao had become a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP and the party's informal military leader, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai) (Zhou Enlai) Zhou Enlai and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wentian) (Zhang Wentian) Zhang Wentian , the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies.[ 45]    The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army, with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CCP political departments charged with supervising the army.[ 45]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'an_Incident) (Xi'an Incident) Xi'an Incident of December 1936 paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT.[ 47]    Under pressure from Marshal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang) (Zhang Xueliang) Zhang Xueliang and the CCP, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front) (Second United Front) Second United Front focused on repelling the Japanese invaders.[ 48]    While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had effectively ended by 1940.[ 48]    Despite their formal alliance, the CCP used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the coming war with the KMT.[ 49]    In 1939, the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China.[ 49]    This led to frequent clashes between CCP and KMT forces[ 49]    which subsided rapidly on the realization on both sides that civil war amidst a foreign invasion was not an option.[ 49]    By 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT.[ 49]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png)   Map showing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign) (Liaoshen Campaign) Liaoshen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaihai_campaign) (Huaihai campaign) Huaihai , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjin_campaign) (Pingjin campaign) Pingjin Campaigns that decisively turned the war in favour of the CCP.  Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo in 1943 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party) Chairman of the Central Committee in 1945. After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_surrender) (Japanese surrender) Japanese surrender in 1945, the war between the CCP and the KMT began again in earnest.[ 50]    The 1945–1949 period had four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended).[ 50]    By 1945, the KMT had three times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing.[ 50]    With the cooperation of the US and Japan, the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country.[ 50]    However, KMT rule over the reconquered territories proved unpopular because of its endemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption) (Political corruption) political corruption .[ 50]     Notwithstanding its numerical superiority, the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CCP's stronghold.[ 50]    Around the same time, the CCP launched an invasion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria) (Manchuria) Manchuria , where they were assisted by the Soviet Union.[ 50]    The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan'an) (Yan'an) Yan'an , the CCP headquarters, for much of the war.[ 50]    The KMT's successes were hollow; the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead undermined KMT rule there by instigating protests among students and intellectuals. The KMT responded to these demonstrations with heavy-handed repression.[ 51]    In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened its ability to respond to attacks.[ 51]     The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP.[ 51]    The objective was clearing "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China."[ 52]    This operation, coupled with military desertions from the KMT, resulted in the KMT losing 2 million of its 3 million troops by the spring of 1948, and saw a significant decline in support for KMT rule.[ 51]    The CCP was consequently able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several territories.[ 52]     The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists go on the offensive and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.[ 52]    Mao's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949 marked the end of the second phase of the Chinese Civil War (or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) Chinese Communist Revolution , as it is called by the CCP).[ 52]      Proclamation of the PRC and the Mao era  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) Proclamation of the People's Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stalin_birthday2.jpg)   Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949.  Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949. The CCP headed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_People's_Government_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–1954)) (Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)) Central People's Government .[ 4]    (Page: 118) :  118   From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (such as Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding.[ 53]    As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations.[ 53]     Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi) (Liu Shaoqi) Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952.[ 54]    The constitution of the PRC in 1954 subsequently abolished the previous coalition government and established the CCP's one-party system.[ 55]    [ 56]    In 1957, the CCP launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign) (Anti-Rightist Campaign) Anti-Rightist Campaign against political dissidents and prominent figures from minor parties, which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. The campaign significantly damaged the limited pluralistic nature in the socialist republic and solidified the country's status as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) one-party state .[ 57]    [ 58]     The Anti-Rightist Campaign led to the catastrophic results of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_five-year_plan_(China)) (Second five-year plan (China)) Second Five Year Plan from 1958 to 1962, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward) (Great Leap Forward) Great Leap Forward . In an effort to transform the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized one, the CCP collectivized farmland, formed people's communes, and diverted labour to factories. General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine) (Great Chinese Famine) Great Chinese Famine , which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths,[ 59]    [ 60]    making it the largest famine in recorded history.[ 61]    [ 62]    [ 63]    Defense Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Dehuai) (Peng Dehuai) Peng Dehuai , who criticized Mao for his role in causing the disaster, was purged for this in 1959. Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split) (Sino-Soviet split) Sino-Soviet split and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution  During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which had gone through a period of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization) (De-Stalinization) de-Stalinization " under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev) (Nikita Khrushchev) Nikita Khrushchev .[ 64]    By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "continued revolution under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat) (Dictatorship of the proletariat) dictatorship of the proletariat " stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution in which millions were persecuted and killed.[ 65]    During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Long) (He Long) He Long were purged or exiled, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) (Gang of Four) Gang of Four , led by Mao's wife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing) (Jiang Qing) Jiang Qing , emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind.   Reform and opening up  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) Reform and opening up  Following Mao's death in 1976, CCP chairman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng) (Hua Guofeng) Hua Guofeng (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashing_the_Gang_of_Four) (Smashing the Gang of Four) removed the Gang of Four from power and began rehabilitating party leaders persecuted during the Cultural Revolution including Deng Xiaoping. A power struggle between Hua and Deng erupted.[ 66]    Deng won the struggle, and became China's paramount leader in 1978.[ 66]    Deng, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang) (Hu Yaobang) Hu Yaobang and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang) (Zhao Ziyang) Zhao Ziyang , spearheaded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) reform and opening up policies, and introduced the ideological concept of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) socialism with Chinese characteristics , opening China to the world's markets.[ 67]    In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy) (Market economy) market economy without itself being capitalist.[ 68]    While asserting the political power of the CCP, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.[ 69]    This was justified on the basis that "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy) (1978 Truth Criterion Controversy) Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth ", a principle reinforced through a 1978 article that aimed to combat dogmatism and criticized the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Whatevers) (Two Whatevers) Two Whatevers " policy.[ 70]     The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists to the left of the CCP's leadership, as well as by those supporting political liberalization. In 1981, the Party adopted a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China) historical resolution , which assessed the historical legacy of the Mao Zedong era and the future priorities of the CCP.[ 71]    (Page: 6) :  6   With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre) (1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre) 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre .[ 72]    The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest, Deng's economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy) (Socialist market economy) socialist market economy had been introduced.[ 73]    In 1997, Deng's beliefs (officially called "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory) (Deng Xiaoping Theory) Deng Xiaoping Theory ") were embedded into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP's constitution .[ 74]     CCP general secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as paramount leader in 1989 and continued most of his policies.[ 75]    In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly renewed according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy.[ 53]    Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement, educational background, and managerial and technical expertise.[ 53]    There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels.[ 53]     The CCP ratified Jiang's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents) (Three Represents) Three Represents concept for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people."[ 76]    The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois) (Bourgeois) bourgeois elements into the party.[ 76]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao , Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002.[ 77]    Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership) (Collective leadership) collective leadership and opposed one-man dominance of the political system.[ 77]    The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_China) (Social issues in China) wide range of serious social problems . To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development) (Scientific Outlook on Development) Scientific Outlook on Development and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_Society) (Harmonious Society) Harmonious Society .[ 78]    Hu resigned from his post as the CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th National Congress held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.[ 79]    [ 80]      Xi Jinping and the new era  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping) (General secretaryship of Xi Jinping) General secretaryship of Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会_天安门广场_布景.jpg)   The scenery of decorations at Tiananmen Square on 30 June 2021 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding  Since taking power of the general secretary in 2012, Xi Jinping has initiated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign , while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades.[ 81]    Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping) (General secretaryship of Xi Jinping) Xi's general secretaryship as well as "the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively."[ 82]    Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party's role in China.[ 83]    Since 2014, the CCP has led efforts in Xinjiang that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps) (Xinjiang internment camps) internment camps , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) persecution that some characterized as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (Genocide) genocide or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity) (Crimes against humanity) crimes against humanity .[ 84]     Xi has added (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) his ideology , named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017.[ 85]    The National Congress of the CCP declared that China and the CCP entered a "new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics" in 2012.[ 86]    Celebrations of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding , one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Centenaries) (Two Centenaries) Two Centenaries , took place on 1 July 2021.[ 87]    In the sixth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee in November 2021, the CCP adopted a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century) (Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century) resolution on the Party's history , which for the first time credited Xi as being the "main innovator" of Xi Jinping Thought while also declaring Xi's leadership as being "the key to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_rejuvenation_of_the_Chinese_nation) (Great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation) great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation ".[ 88]    [ 89]    In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history.[ 90]    After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party held in 2022, Xi Jinping was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_plenary_session_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (First plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) re-elected as the CCP general secretary for a third term, that made Xi the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP leader since Mao Zedong to be chosen for a third term.[ 91]    [ 92]       Ideology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Communist_parties) (Category:Communist parties) a series on  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party) (Communist party) Communist parties   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comintern_Logo.svg)      Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Party_for_Democracy_and_Socialism) (Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLA) (MPLA) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Benin) (Communist Party of Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MELS_Movement_of_Botswana) (MELS Movement of Botswana) Botswana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaic_Revolutionary_Communist_Party) (Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Communist_Party) (Egyptian Communist Party) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Swaziland) (Communist Party of Swaziland) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Ivory_Coast) (Revolutionary Communist Party of Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kenya) (Communist Party of Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lesotho) (Communist Party of Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Communist_Party) (Libyan Communist Party) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Madagascar) (Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Namibia_(2009)) (Communist Party of Namibia (2009)) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Communist_Party) (Moroccan Communist Party) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Réunion) (Communist Party of Réunion) Réunion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Independence_and_Labour) (Party of Independence and Labour) Senegal  South Africa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters) (Economic Freedom Fighters) EFF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party) (South African Communist Party) SACP    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Sudan) (Communist Party of South Sudan) South Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party) (Sudanese Communist Party) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Togo) (Communist Party of Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_(Tunisia)) (Workers' Party (Tunisia)) Tunisia       Americas Argentina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina) (Communist Party of Argentina) PCA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Argentina_(Extraordinary_Congress)) (Communist Party of Argentina (Extraordinary Congress)) PCCE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Argentina) (Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina) PCRA    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bolivia) (Communist Party of Bolivia) Bolivia  Brazil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil) (Communist Party of Brazil) PCdoB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party) (Brazilian Communist Party) PCB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Brazil)) (Revolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)) PCR    Canada (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada) (Communist Party of Canada) CPC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)) CPC-ML    Chile (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile) (Communist Party of Chile) PCCh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Communist_Party_(Proletarian_Action)) (Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)) PC(AP)    Colombia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Communist_Party) (Colombian Communist Party) PCC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)) PC de C (M–L)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba) (Communist Party of Cuba) Cuba  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Labour) (Communist Party of Labour) Dominican Republic  Ecuador (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador) (Communist Party of Ecuador) PCE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist–Leninist_Communist_Party_of_Ecuador) (Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador) PCMLE    Mexico (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(2011)) (Communist Party of Mexico (2011)) PC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Mexico)) (Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)) PPS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_of_Mexico) (Popular Socialist Party of Mexico) PPSM  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Mexico_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)) PCMML    Panama (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLN-29) (MLN-29) MLN-29  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_of_Panama) (People's Party of Panama) PPP    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Communist_Party) (Paraguayan Communist Party) Paraguay  Peru (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Communist_Party) (Peruvian Communist Party) PCP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_Path) (Shining Path) PCP-SL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_–_Red_Star) (Communist Party – Red Star) PC-ER  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru) (Militarized Communist Party of Peru) MPCP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Peru_–_Red_Fatherland) (Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland) PCdelP–PR    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uruguay) (Communist Party of Uruguay) Uruguay  United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Communist_Party_(2024)) (American Communist Party (2024)) ACP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA) (Communist Party USA) CPUSA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization) (Freedom Road Socialist Organization) FRSO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party) (Freedom Socialist Party) FSP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation) (Party for Socialism and Liberation) PSL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)) (Progressive Labor Party (United States)) PLP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA) (Revolutionary Communist Party, USA) RCPUSA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communists_of_America) (Revolutionary Communists of America) RCA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)) (Socialist Equality Party (United States)) SEP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacist_League/U.S.) (Spartacist League/U.S.) SL/US  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_World_Party) (Workers World Party) WWP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States) (World Socialist Party of the United States) WSPUS    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela) (Communist Party of Venezuela) Venezuela       Asia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_–_Bahrain) (National Liberation Front – Bahrain) Bahrain  Bangladesh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Communist Party of Bangladesh) CPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Socialist Party of Bangladesh) SPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Workers Party of Bangladesh) WPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Revolutionary Workers Party of Bangladesh) RWPB    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bhutan_(Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)) (Communist Party of Bhutan (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma) (Communist Party of Burma) Burma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) China  India (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India) (Communist Party of India) CPI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)) (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) CPI(M)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist–Leninist)_Liberation) (Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation) CPI(ML)L  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)) (Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)) RSP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc) (All India Forward Bloc) AIFB    Iran (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran) (Communist Party of Iran) CPI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran) (Tudeh Party of Iran) Tudeh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Iran) (Labour Party of Iran) Toufan    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party) (Iraqi Communist Party) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_(political_party)) (Maki (political party)) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party) (Japanese Communist Party) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party) (Jordanian Communist Party) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan) (Communist Party of Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kyrgyzstan) (Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Lao People's Revolutionary Party) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party) (Lebanese Communist Party) Lebanon  Nepal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)) CPN (UML)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Communist_Party) (Nepali Communist Party) NCP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party) (Nepal Workers Peasants Party) NWPP    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Korea) (Workers' Party of Korea) North Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Pakistan) (Communist Party of Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_People's_Party) (Palestinian People's Party) Palestine  Philippines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines) (Communist Party of the Philippines) CPP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Pilipinas-1930) (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930) PKP-1930    Sri Lanka (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka) (Communist Party of Sri Lanka) CPSL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna) (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna) JVP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_Socialist_Party) (Frontline Socialist Party) FLSP    Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)) (Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)) SCP (Bakdash)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)) (Syrian Communist Party (Unified)) SCP (Unified)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan) (Communist Party of Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam) (Communist Party of Vietnam) Vietnam   Former parties Cambodia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampuchean_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party) KPRP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea) (Communist Party of Kampuchea) CPK    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia) (Communist Party of Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea) (Communist Party of Korea) Korea  Malaya and Singapore (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party) (Malayan Communist Party) CPM  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist–Leninist) (Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist) CPM/ML  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction) (Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction) CPM/RF    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_in_Saudi_Arabia) (Communist Party in Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party) (North Kalimantan Communist Party) Sarawak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Communist_Party) (Taiwanese Communist Party) Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand) (Communist Party of Thailand) Thailand       Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Albania_(1991)) (Communist Party of Albania (1991)) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Communist_Party) (Armenian Communist Party) Armenia  Austria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Austria) (Communist Party of Austria) KPÖ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Austria) (Party of Labour of Austria) PdA    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1993)) (Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belarus) (Communist Party of Belarus) Belarus  Belgium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Flanders)) (Communist Party (Flanders)) KP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Wallonia)) (Communist Party (Wallonia)) PC    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Communist_Party_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bulgaria) (Communist Party of Bulgaria) KPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Communists_in_Bulgaria) (Union of Communists in Bulgaria) SKB    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_of_Croatia) (Socialist Labour Party of Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People) (Progressive Party of Working People) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia) (Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia) Czech Republic  Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Denmark) (Communist Party of Denmark) DKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Denmark)) (Communist Party (Denmark)) KP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Communist_Party_(Denmark)) (Workers' Communist Party (Denmark)) APK    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia_(1990)) (Communist Party of Estonia (1990)) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland_(1994)) (Communist Party of Finland (1994)) Finland  France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party) (French Communist Party) PCF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Communist_Party_of_France) (Workers' Communist Party of France) PCOF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Communist_Revival_in_France) (Pole of Communist Revival in France) PRCF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Revolutionary_Party_of_France) (Communist Revolutionary Party of France) PCRF    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Georgia) (Unified Communist Party of Georgia) Georgia  Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(1990)) (Communist Party of Germany (1990)) KPD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Communist_Party) (German Communist Party) DKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist–Leninist_Party_of_Germany) (Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany) MLPD    Greece (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece) (Communist Party of Greece) ΚΚΕ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Organization_of_Greece) (Communist Organization of Greece) ΚΟΕ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Reorganization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Greece_1918–55) (Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55) Anasintaxi    Hungary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Workers'_Party) (Hungarian Workers' Party) Munkáspárt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Hungary_2006_–_European_Left) (Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 – European Left) Munkáspárt 2006    Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland) (Communist Party of Ireland) CPI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_(Ireland)) (Workers' Party (Ireland)) WPI    Italy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)) (Communist Party (Italy)) PC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party) (Communist Refoundation Party) PRC    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Latvia) (Socialist Party of Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_People's_Front) (Socialist People's Front) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Luxembourg) (Communist Party of Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malta) (Communist Party of Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova) (Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands) (New Communist Party of the Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Norway) (Communist Party of Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Communist_Party_(2002)) (Polish Communist Party (2002)) Poland  Portugal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party) (Portuguese Communist Party) PCP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Workers'_Communist_Party) (Portuguese Workers' Communist Party) PCTP    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Nepeceriști)) (Communist Party (Nepeceriști)) Romania  Russia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists_of_Russia) (Communists of Russia) KR  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation) (Communist Party of the Russian Federation) CPRF  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_the_Dictatorship_of_the_Proletariat) (Party of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat) PDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Communist_Workers'_Party_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Russian Communist Workers' Party of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) RCWP-CPSU    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia) (New Communist Party of Yugoslavia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia) (Communist Party of Slovakia) Slovakia  Spain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain) (Communist Party of Spain) PCE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Front_(Spain)) (Workers' Front (Spain)) FO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists_of_Catalonia) (Communists of Catalonia) CC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Peoples_of_Spain) (Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain) PCPE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)) PCE (M–L)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Workers_of_Spain) (Communist Party of the Workers of Spain) PCTE    Sweden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Sweden)) (Communist Party (Sweden)) KP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sweden_(1995)) (Communist Party of Sweden (1995)) SKP    Switzerland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Switzerland)) (Communist Party (Switzerland)) Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Party_of_Labour) (Swiss Party of Labour) PdA    Turkey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_People's_Liberation_Party/Front) (Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front) DHKP/C  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Turkey)) (Labour Party (Turkey)) EMEP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Communist_Party_of_Turkey) (People's Communist Party of Turkey) HTKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Revolution_Movement/Leninist_(Turkey)) (Communist Revolution Movement/Leninist (Turkey)) KDH/L  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan) (Communist Party of Kurdistan) KKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Turkey,_2014)) (Communist Party (Turkey, 2014)) TKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)) (Maoist Communist Party (Turkey)) MKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist–Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)) (Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)) MLKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Turkey) (Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey) TDKP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey) (Communist Labour Party of Turkey) TKEP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist) (Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist) TKEP/L  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Turkey) (Communist Workers Party of Turkey) TKIP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist–Leninist) (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist) TKP/ML    Ukraine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine) (Communist Party of Ukraine) KPU  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Communists_of_Ukraine) (Union of Communists of Ukraine) SKU    United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain) (Communist Party of Britain) CPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)) CPB-ML  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)) CPGB-ML  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)) (Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)) CPGB-PCC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Scotland) (Communist Party of Scotland) CPS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain) (New Communist Party of Britain) NCPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)) (Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)) RCG  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)) (Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)) RCP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)) RCPB-ML  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Communist_League_(Great_Britain)) (Young Communist League (Great Britain)) YCL     Former parties (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania) (Party of Labour of Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia) (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) Czechoslovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany) (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) East Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party) (Italian Communist Party) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands) (Communist Party of the Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers'_Party) (Polish United Workers' Party) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party) (Romanian Communist Party) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammarinese_Communist_Refoundation) (Sammarinese Communist Refoundation) San Marino  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Soviet Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)) (Communist Party of Turkey (historical)) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain) (Communist Party of Great Britain) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany) (Communist Party of Germany) West Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia       Oceania Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(current)) (Communist Party of Australia (current)) CPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia_(Marxist–Leninist)) (Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist)) CPA(ML)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_(Australia)) (Socialist Alliance (Australia)) Socialist Alliance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Australia)) (Socialist Alternative (Australia)) Socialist Alternative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Socialists) (Victorian Socialists) Victorian Socialists    New Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_League_(New_Zealand)) (Communist League (New Zealand)) CL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Marxist_Unity_–_New_Zealand) (Organisation for Marxist Unity – New Zealand) OMU  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Aotearoa) (Socialist Party of Aotearoa) SPA     Former parties Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Alliance) (Communist Alliance) Communist Alliance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia) (Communist Party of Australia) CPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Perspective) (Democratic Socialist Perspective) DSP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Australia)) (Revolutionary Socialist Party (Australia)) RSP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party) (Victorian Socialist Party) Victorian Socialist Party    New Zealand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand) (Communist Party of New Zealand) CPNZ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_New_Zealand) (Socialist Unity Party of New Zealand) SUP         International organizations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers'_Parties) (International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties) IMCWP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International) (Communist International) Comintern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform) (Cominform) Cominform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_of_Communist_and_Workers'_Parties) (Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties) INITIATIVE  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Communist_Seminar) (International Communist Seminar) ICS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League_of_Peoples'_Struggle) (International League of Peoples' Struggle) ILPS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Communist_Party) (International Communist Party) ICP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_International) (Fourth International) FI  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals) (List of Trotskyist internationals) Trotskyist internationals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist-Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations?action=edit&redlink=1) (International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations (page does not exist)) ICMLPO  [ (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conférence%20internationale%20des%20partis%20et%20organisations%20marxistes-léninistes%20(Unité%20et%20lutte)) (fr:Conférence internationale des partis et organisations marxistes-léninistes (Unité et lutte)) fr ]        Related topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_committee) (Central committee) Central committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) Communism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communism) (History of communism) history    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule) (Criticism of communist party rule) Criticism of rule  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) Democratic centralism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_centralism) (Organic centralism) Organic centralism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Communist Party) General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_parties) (List of communist parties) List of communist parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo) (Politburo) Politburo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)) (Secretariat (administrative office)) Secretariat       ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism) (Portal:Communism) Communism portal     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Communist_parties) (Template:Communist parties) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties) (Template talk:Communist parties) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties) (Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties) (Edit this template) e         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party  Formal ideology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership) (Generations of Chinese leadership) Generations of Chinese leadership  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marx_et_Engels_à_Shanghai.jpg)   A monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai  The core ideology of the party has evolved with each distinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership) (Generations of Chinese leadership) generation of Chinese leadership . As both the CCP and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army promote their members according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership.[ 93]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism is the official ideology of the CCP.[ 94]    According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism) (Historical materialism) universal laws governing the development of history of human society ."[ 94]    To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides a "vision of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)) (Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)) contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies".[ 94]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought) (Mao Zedong Thought) Mao Zedong Thought "is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China".[ 94]    Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials, according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency .[ 95]     Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th National Congress in 1992.[ 74]    The concepts of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory.[ 74]    Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialism) (State socialism) state socialism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy) (Planned economy) state planning is not by definition communist, and that market mechanisms are class neutral.[ 96]    In addition, the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically; to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not, the party had to "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts) (Seek truth from facts) seek truth from facts " and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion for the truth".[ 97]    At the 14th National Congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked.[ 98]    The CCP's ideology today is often summarized as socialism with Chinese characteristics.[ 99]     The "Three Represents", Jiang Zemin's contribution to the party's ideology, was adopted by the party at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th National Congress . The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP, and stresses that the Party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people."[ 100]    [ 101]    Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values. Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.[ 102]    Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism) (Historical materialism) economic laws of history ".[ 103]    The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_social_strata) (New social strata) new social strata ", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."[ 104]     In 2003, the 3rd Plenary Session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th Central Committee conceived and formulated the ideology of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development) (Scientific Outlook on Development) Scientific Outlook on Development (SOD).[ 105]    It is considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse.[ 106]    The SOD incorporates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_socialism) (Scientific socialism) scientific socialism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development) (Sustainable development) sustainable development , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare) (Social welfare) social welfare , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism) (Humanism) humanistic society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Harmonious_Society) (Socialist Harmonious Society) Socialist Harmonious Society . According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development."[ 107]    In 2012, Xi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream) (Chinese Dream) Chinese Dream " to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi has linked the "Chinese Dream" with the phrase "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,"[ 108]    an overarching goal by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the People's Republic of China.[ 109]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era , commonly known as Xi Jinping Thought, was added to the party constitution in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th National Congress in 2017.[ 85]    [ 110]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District,_Shenzhen,_Guangdong,_China,_picture1.jpg)   A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen) (Shenzhen) Shenzhen , Guangdong  The party combines elements of both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_patriotism) (Socialist patriotism) socialist patriotism [ 111]    [ 112]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism) (Chinese nationalism) Chinese nationalism .[ 113]    As Deng put it, "Some have said that not loving Socialism is not the same as not loving one's motherland. Is the motherland something abstract? If you do not love socialist New China led by the Communist Party, what motherland do you love?"[ 114]    According to official pronouncements, the CCP was the best representative of the nation, communists were the most devoted patriots, and socialism the only viable road for China to become "a great nation".[ 114]    Deng Liqun, in a similar vein, said, "One cannot demonstrate that one loves the motherland if one shows no deep love for the socialist system and the Communist Party. In short, in our times, loving the Chinese Communist Party is the highest expression of Chinese patriotism."[ 115]    In Xi Jinping's view, "...the essence of patriotism is loving the country, the Party and socialism all at the same time".[ 116]    The CCP promotes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification) (Chinese unification) Chinese unification and opposes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwan independence .[ 117]      Economics  Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_planning) (Central planning) central planning versus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market) (Free market) free markets . He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity".[ 68]    Jiang Zemin supported Deng's thinking, and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked.[ 73]    It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy, which replaced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yun) (Chen Yun) Chen Yun 's "planned socialist market economy".[ 73]    In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would "let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation."[ 118]    At the 15th National Congress, the party line was changed to "make market forces further play their role in resource allocation"; this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Central Committee ,[ 118]    when it was amended to "let market forces play a decisive role in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_allocation) (Resource allocation) resource allocation ."[ 118]    Despite this, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed "Maintain the dominance of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector) (Public sector) public sector and strengthen the economic vitality of the state-owned economy."[ 118]      "...  their theory that capitalism is the ultimate [force] has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect, and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path."  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping , on the inevitability of socialism[ 119]       The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist.[ 120]    They insist that socialism, on the basis of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism) (Historical materialism) historical materialism , will eventually triumph over capitalism.[ 120]    In recent years, when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization) (Globalization) globalization occurring, the party has returned to the writings of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx) (Karl Marx) Karl Marx .[ 120]    Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist.[ 121]    The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity.[ 121]    Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (neither socialist nor capitalist) according to the party.[ 121]    The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism.[ 121]    Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism.[ 122]      Analysis  While foreign analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees.[ 123]    Critics of the CCP argue that Jiang Zemin ended the party's formal commitment to Marxism–Leninism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents.[ 124]    However, party theorist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leng_Rong) (Leng Rong) Leng Rong disagrees, claiming that "Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership  ... He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics."[ 124]    The attainment of true "communism" is still described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal".[ 125]    While the CCP claims that China is in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism) (Primary stage of socialism) primary stage of socialism , party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism".[ 125]    Alternatively, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism."[ 125]    Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism.[ 125]    For example, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn) (Robert Lawrence Kuhn) Robert Lawrence Kuhn , a former foreign adviser to the Chinese government, stated: "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists."[ 125]     American political scientist and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology) (Sinology) sinologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shambaugh) (David Shambaugh) David Shambaugh argues that before the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy) (1978 Truth Criterion Controversy) Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth " campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge.[ 126]    However, under Deng's leadership this relationship was turned upside down, with decision making justifying ideology.[ 126]    Chinese policy-makers have described the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Soviet Union's state ideology as "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality", believing that this was one of the reasons for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) dissolution of the Soviet Union . Therefore, Shambaugh argues, Chinese policy-makers believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule.[ 126]     British sinologist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)) (Kerry Brown (historian)) Kerry Brown argues that the CCP does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism) (Pragmatism) pragmatic and interested only in what works.[ 127]    The party itself argues against this assertion. Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets".[ 127]    As such, the CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message.[ 127]       Governance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) Leader of the Chinese Communist Party  Collective leadership  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership) (Collective leadership) Collective leadership  Collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, has been the ideal in the CCP.[ 128]    The concept has its origins back to Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party.[ 129]    At the level of the central party leadership this means that, for instance, all members of the Politburo Standing Committee are of equal standing (each member having only one vote).[ 128]    A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector; during Mao's reign, he controlled the People's Liberation Army, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng) (Kang Sheng) Kang Sheng , the security apparatus, and Zhou Enlai, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)) Ministry of Foreign Affairs .[ 128]    This counts as informal power.[ 128]    Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy) (Hierarchy) hierarchically (despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another).[ 128]    Informally, the collective leadership is headed by a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) leadership core "; that is, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader , the person who holds the offices of CCP general secretary, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) CMC chairman and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) PRC president .[ 130]    [ 131]    Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable.[ 132]    In practice, the core was not responsible to the collective leadership.[ 132]    However, by the time of Jiang, the party had begun propagating a responsibility system, referring to it in official pronouncements as the "core of the collective leadership".[ 132]    Academics have noted a decline in collective leadership under Xi Jinping.[ 133]    [ 134]    [ 135]      Democratic centralism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This paragraph is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) Democratic centralism .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_centralism&action=edit) edit ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) Democratic centralism is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninist) (Leninist) Leninist principle which combines open, internal debate on policies with strict and uniform adherence once debated and adopted. It is adopted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state) (Communist state) communist states and their ruling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party) (Communist party) communist parties . It has also been adopted as the organizational principle of non-ruling communist parties, "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_belt) (Transmission belt) transmission belt " organizations, and other units operating within communist state systems, as well as by some non-communist organizations. (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)     Supervision  The CCP conducts internal supervision through its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). Shuanggui was an intra-party disciplinary process conducted by the CCDI. The process, which literally translates to "double regulation", aims to extract confessions from members accused of violating party rules. According to the Dui Hua Foundation, tactics such as cigarette burns, beatings and simulated drowning are among those used to extract confessions. Other reported techniques include the use of induced hallucinations, with one subject of this method reporting that "In the end I was so exhausted, I agreed to all the accusations against me even though they were false."[ 136]    In 2018, the shuanggui process was superseded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhi_(supervision)) (Liuzhi (supervision)) liuzhi  or "retention in custody", which expands beyond CCP members to the entire public sector, academics, and business leaders.[ 137]    [ 138]      United front  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) United front (China) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Front) (First United Front) First United Front , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front) (Second United Front) Second United Front  The CCP employs a political strategy that it terms "united front work" that involves groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests.[ 139]    [ 140]    United front work is managed primarily but not exclusively by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department (UFWD).[ 141]    The united front has historically been a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_front) (Popular front) popular front that has included eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China) (List of political parties in China) legally permitted political parties alongside other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) people's organizations which have nominal representation in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).[ 142]    However, the CPPCC is a body without real power.[ 143]    While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP.[ 143]    Under Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_operations) (Influence operations) influence have expanded in size and scope.[ 144]    [ 145]       Organization  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization of the Chinese Communist Party and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party) Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party  Central organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th National Congress , convened in November 2012  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress is the party's highest body, and, since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th National Congress in 1969, has been convened every five years (prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis). According to the party's constitution, a congress may not be postponed except "under extraordinary circumstances".[ 146]    The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities:[ 147]     Electing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee ; Electing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI); Examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee; Examining the report of the outgoing CCDI; Discussing and enacting party policies; and, Revising the party's constitution.  In practice, the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses.[ 148]    Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress, in the preparation period, among a group of top party leaders.[ 147]    In between National Congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution.[ 149]    The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system.[ 150]    In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee.[ 150]     The Central Committee, officially the party's highest decision-making institution between national congresses, elects several bodies to carry out its work.[ 151]    In practice, the Politburo Standing Committee overseas all party activities. The first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_session) (Plenary session) plenary session of a newly elected central committee elects the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) general secretary of the Central Committee , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) party's leader ; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission (CMC); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo ; the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The first plenum also endorses the composition of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat and the leadership of the CCDI.[ 151]     According to the party constitution, the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo, while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat.[ 152]    On paper, the Politburo "exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session".[ 153]    The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session.[ 154]    It convenes at least once a week.[ 155]    It was established at the 8th National Congress, in 1958, to take over the policy-making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat.[ 156]    The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on.[ 157]    The CMC is the highest decision-making institution on military affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the People's Liberation Army.[ 158]    The general secretary has, since Jiang Zemin, also served as Chairman of the CMC.[ 158]    Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs, the CMC chairman acts as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_command_of_the_armed_forces_in_China) (Supreme command of the armed forces in China) supreme commander with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will.[ 158]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg)   Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party  A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments, bureaus, central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term (a "term" being the period elapsing between national congresses, usually five years).[ 146]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Office of the Chinese Communist Party) General Office is the party's "nerve centre", in charge of day-to-day administrative work, including communications, protocol, and setting agendas for meetings.[ 159]    The CCP currently has six main central departments: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization Department , responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments,[ 160]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Publicity Department (formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media,[ 161]    [ 162]    the United Front Work Department, which oversees the country's eight minor parties, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) people's organizations , and influence groups inside and outside of the country,[ 163]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (International Department of the Chinese Communist Party) International Department , functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Work_Department) (Society Work Department) Society Work Department , which handles work related to civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups and mixed-ownership and non-public enterprises,[ 164]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission) (Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission , which oversees the country's legal enforcement authorities.[ 165]    The CC also has direct control over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office) (Central Policy Research Office) Central Policy Research Office , which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership,[ 166]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School) (Central Party School) Central Party School , which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high-ranking and rising cadres,[ 167]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature) (Institute of Party History and Literature) Institute of Party History and Literature , which sets priorities for scholarly research in state-run universities and the Central Party School and studies and translates the classical works of Marxism.[ 168]    [ 169]     The party's newspaper, the People's Daily , is under the direct control of the Central Committee[ 170]    and is published with the objectives "to tell good stories about China and the (Party)" and to promote its party leader.[ 171]    The theoretical magazines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiushi) (Qiushi) Qiushi  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_Times) (Study Times) Study Times  are published by the Central Party School.[ 167]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Media_Group) (China Media Group) China Media Group , which oversees (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television) (China Central Television) China Central Television (CCTV), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Radio) (China National Radio) China National Radio (CNR) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Radio_International) (China Radio International) China Radio International (CRI), is under the direct control of the Publicity Department.[ 172]    The various offices of the Commissions and "Central Leading Groups", such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Affairs_Office) (Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office) Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office) (Taiwan Affairs Office) Taiwan Affairs Office , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Office of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Central Finance Office , also report to the central committee during a plenary session.[ 173]    Additionally, per the principle of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_commands_the_gun) (The Party commands the gun) the Party commands the gun ", CCP has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA) through its Central Military Commission.[ 174]      Lower-level organizations  After seizing political power, the CCP extended the dual party-state command system to all government institutions, social organizations, and economic entities.[ 175]    The State Council and the Supreme Court each has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_group) (Party group) party group , established since November 1949. Party committees permeate in every state administrative organ as well as the People's Consultation Conferences and mass organizations at all levels.[ 176]    According to scholar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Doshi) (Rush Doshi) Rush Doshi , "[t]he Party sits above the state, runs parallel to the state, and is enmeshed in every level of the state."[ 176]    Modelled after the Soviet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura) (Nomenklatura) Nomenklatura system, the party committee's organization department at each level has the power to recruit, train, monitor, appoint, and relocate these officials.[ 177]    Party committees exist at the level of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) provinces , cities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(China)) (County (China)) counties , and neighborhoods.[ 178]    These committees play a key role in directing local policy by selecting local leaders and assigning critical tasks.[ 179]    [ 180]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary) (Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary) CCP committee secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the state, with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power.[ 180]    Party committee members in each level are selected by the leadership in the level above, with provincial leaders selected by the central Organizational Department, and not removable by the local party secretary.[ 180]    Neighborhood committees are generally composed of older volunteers.[ 181]    (Page: 118) :  118    CCP committees exist inside of companies, both private and state-owned.[ 182]    A business that has more than three party members is legally required to establish a committee or branch.[ 183]    [ 184]    As of 2021 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , more than half of China's private firms have such organizations.[ 185]    These branches provide places for new member socialization and host morale boosting events for existing members.[ 186]    They also provide mechanisms that help private firms interface with government bodies and learn about policies which relate to their fields.[ 187]    On average, the profitability of private firms with a CCP branch is 12.6 per cent higher than the profitability of private firms.[ 188]    Within (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China) (State-owned enterprises of China) state-owned enterprises , these branches are governing bodies that make important decisions and inculcate CCP ideology in employees.[ 189]    CCP committees or branches within companies also provide various benefits to employees.[ 190]    These may include bonuses, interest-free loans, mentorship programs, and free medical and other services for those in need.[ 190]    Enterprises that have party branches generally provide more expansive benefits for employees in the areas of retirement, medical care, unemployment, injury, and birth and fertility.[ 191]    Increasingly, the CCP is requiring private companies to revise their charters to include the role of the party.[ 183]     As of 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , there are 5.431 million grassroots Party organizations. There were 3,202 CCP committees all levels across China, including 31 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial-level_divisions_of_China) (Provincial-level divisions of China) province-level committees, 396 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China) (Prefecture-level divisions of China) prefecture-level committees, and 2,775 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_divisions_of_China) (County-level divisions of China) county-level committees. There were additionally committees covering 9,158 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)) (Subdistrict (China)) subdistricts , 30,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(China)) (Township (China)) townships , 124,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_community) (Residential community) communities , and 484,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(China)) (Village (China)) administrative villages , with a coverage rate exceeding 99.9%. There were 809,000 party organizations in government agencies, 1,017,000 in public institutions, 1,692,000 in enterprises, and 201,000 in social organizations across China.[ 192]      Funding  The funding of all CCP organizations mainly comes from state fiscal revenue. Data for the proportion of total CCP organizations' expenditures in total China fiscal revenue is unavailable.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)) citation needed   ]    Members  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   "It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party's program, observe the provisions of the Party constitution, fulfill a Party member's duties, carry out the Party's decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party."  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath) (Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath) Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath [ 193]       The CCP reached 101.29 million members at the end of 2025, a net increase of 1.01 million over the previous year.[ 192]    [ 194]    It is the second largest political party in the world.[ 195]     To join the CCP, an applicant must go through an approval process.[ 196]    Adults can file applications for membership with their local party branch.[ 197]    A prescreening process, akin to a background check, follows.[ 197]    Next, established party members at the local branch vet applicants' behaviour and political attitudes and may make a formal inquiry to a party branch near the applicants' parents residence to vet family loyalty to communism and the party.[ 197]    In 2014, only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants.[ 198]    Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member.[ 193]    Probationary members are typically accepted into the party.[ 199]     In contrast to the past, when emphasis was placed on the applicants' ideological criteria, the current CCP stresses technical and educational qualifications.[ 193]    To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag.[ 193]    The relevant CCP organization is responsible for observing and educating probationary members.[ 193]    Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members, with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election.[ 193]    Many join the CCP through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Communist Youth League of China) Communist Youth League .[ 193]    Under Jiang Zemin, private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents) (Three Represents) Three Represents doctrine.[ 193]     Membership demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png)   Badge worn by party members  As of December  2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , individuals who identify as farmers, herdsmen and fishermen make up 26.1 million members; members identifying as workers totalled 6.7 million.[ 198]    [ 192]    Another group, the "professional and technical personnel in enterprises, public institutions and social organizations", made up 16.7 million, 11.9 million identified as managers in enterprises, public institutions and social organizations, 7.4 million described themselves as staff members of Party and government organs, 2.5 million as students, 7.9 million as other occupational personnel, and 22.1 million as retirees.[ 200]    The CCP systematically recruits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker) (White-collar worker) white-collar workers over other social groups.[ 201]    By 2025, CCP membership had become more educated, younger, and less blue-collar than previously, with 59.0% of party members having a college degree or above.[ 194]    As of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , around 30 to 35 per cent of Chinese entrepreneurs are or have been a party member.[ 202]    At the end of 2025, the CCP stated that it has approximately 7.88 million ethnic minority members or 7.8% of the party.[ 192]      Status of women  As of 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , 31.91 million women are CCP members, representing 31.5% of the party.[ 192]    Women in China have low participation rates as political leaders. Women's disadvantage is most evident in their severe underrepresentation in the more powerful political positions.[ 203]    At the top level of decision making, no woman has ever been among the members of the Politburo Standing Committee. Since 1997, there had always been at least one female member in the broader 24-member Politburo, but the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) current 20th Politburo (elected October 2022) no longer has any female members.[ 204]    Just 2 of 26 government ministers are women, and importantly, since 1997, China has fallen to 53rd place from 16th in the world in terms of female representation in the National People's Congress, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union.[ 205]    According to women in the Women's Federations and women's associations, reformist leader Zhao Ziyang made "open comments against women's political participation" prior to his sacking, which they believed contributed to subsequent losses of leadership positions for women.[ 206]    Within the party women face a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling) (Glass ceiling) glass ceiling .[ 207]     As of 2017, China's mandatory national retirement age is 55 for female civil servants and SOE employees while for men it is 60; a lower national retirement age hinders the opportunity for promotion.[ 208]    In September 2024, China announced that, starting 1 January 2025, the retirement age will be raised to 63 years old for men and 58 years for women in white-collar work.[ 209]    [ 210]      Benefits and responsibilities of membership  A 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton_University) (Binghamton University) Binghamton University study found that CCP members gain a 20% wage premium in the market over non-members.[ 211]    A subsequent academic study found that the economic benefit of CCP membership is strongest on those in lower wealth brackets.[ 211]    CCP households also tend to accumulate wealth faster than non-CCP households.[ 212]    Certain CCP cadres have access to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_supply_system_of_China) (Special supply system of China) special supply system for foodstuffs called tegong .[ 213]    CCP leadership cadres have access to a dedicated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_China) (Healthcare in China) healthcare system managed by the CCP General Office.[ 214]     CCP membership additionally comes with several responsibilities. CCP members are required to give between 0.5% and 2% of their monthly salary as membership fee, which goes to the party funds.[ 215]    Members must pay dues regardless of location. They additionally need to regularly attend party meetings and basic organizational cell activities.[ 194]    In 2019, the CCP Central Committee issued a rule requiring members abroad to contact CCP cells at home at least once every six months.[ 216]    Failure to pay dues for six consecutive months is grounds for expulsion, according to party regulations.[ 217]     Religion  The CCP requires its members to be atheists. Party regulations state that religious members are to be given a chance to renounce their beliefs and be expelled if they do not.[ 217]    Cadres that actively practice religion or frequent fortune-tellers have faced investigation and expulsion from the CCP.[ 218]    [ 219]       Personality traits  A 2021 analysis by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University) (Princeton University) Princeton University academic Rory Truex of survey results showed that CCP members on average had very high levels of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion) (Extraversion and introversion) extraversion , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreeableness) (Agreeableness) agreeableness , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientiousness) (Conscientiousness) conscientiousness , and exhibited more traits associated with personal and professional success such as confidence, organization and work ethic, interpersonal skill, and creativity and dynamism. The survey results suggest that this contributes to the CCP's continuing dominance by relegating people discontented with CCP to the margins of society.[ 220]      Social views  A 2019 study based on surveys conducted between 2011 and 2015 show that CCP members were relatively more likely to hold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progressive) (Social progressive) socially progressive views on gender equality, political pluralism, and openness to international exchange compared with the general public. The authors believe the main reasons for this phenomenon are that CCP members are primarily selected from highly educated individuals with a more modern outlook, and that members have adopted more progressive values through their participation in modernization campaigns sponsored by the regime.[ 221]       Communist Youth League  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Communist Youth League of China) Communist Youth League of China  The Communist Youth League (CYL) is the CCP's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_wing) (Youth wing) youth wing , and the largest mass organization for youth in China.[ 222]    To join, an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28.[ 222]    It controls and supervises (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China) (Young Pioneers of China) Young Pioneers , a youth organization for children below the age of 14.[ 222]    The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CCP's; the highest body is the National Congress, followed by the Central Committee, Politburo, and the Politburo Standing Committee.[ 223]    However, the Central Committee (and all central organs) of the CYL work under the guidance of the CCP central leadership.[ 224]    By the end of 2024, the CYLC had 75 million members and 4.4 million organizations throughout China.[ 225]       Symbols  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_and_flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Emblem and flag of the Chinese Communist Party) Emblem and flag of the Chinese Communist Party  At the beginning of its history, the CCP did not have a single official standard for the flag, but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[ 226]    The Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag on 28 April 1942: "The flag of the CPC has the length-to-width proportion of 3:2 with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle) (Hammer and sickle) hammer and sickle in the upper-left corner, and with no five-pointed star. The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom-make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs".[ 226]    According to the People's Daily , "The red color symbolizes revolution; the hammer-and-sickle are tools of workers and peasants, meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people; the yellow color signifies brightness."[ 226]    The CCP does not have an official song, though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internationale) (The Internationale) The Internationale is used in certain events.[ 227]      Party-to-party relations  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (International Department of the Chinese Communist Party) International Department of the Chinese Communist Party is responsible for dialogue with global political parties.[ 228]     Communist parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_and_Nguyễn_Phú_Trọng_2023.jpg)   Xi Jinping and Communist Party of Vietnam General Secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Phú_Trọng) (Nguyễn Phú Trọng) Nguyễn Phú Trọng in December 2023  The CCP continues to have relations with non-ruling communist and workers' parties and attends international communist conferences, most notably the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers'_Parties) (International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties) International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties .[ 229]    (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (April 2025)) better source needed   ]  While the CCP retains contact with major parties such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party) (Portuguese Communist Party) Communist Party of Portugal ,[ 230]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Communist_Party) (French Communist Party) Communist Party of France ,[ 231]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation) (Communist Party of the Russian Federation) Communist Party of the Russian Federation ,[ 232]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia) (Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia) Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia ,[ 233]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil) (Communist Party of Brazil) Communist Party of Brazil ,[ 234]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece) (Communist Party of Greece) Communist Party of Greece ,[ 235]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist−Leninist)) (Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist−Leninist)) Communist Party of Nepal (UML) [ 236]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain) (Communist Party of Spain) Communist Party of Spain ,[ 237]    the party also retains relations with minor communist and workers' parties, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia) (Communist Party of Australia) Communist Party of Australia ,[ 238]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Communist Party of Bangladesh) Communist Party of Bangladesh ,[ 239]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh) (Workers Party of Bangladesh) Workers Party of Bangladesh , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka) (Communist Party of Sri Lanka) Communist Party of Sri Lanka , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Belgium) (Workers' Party of Belgium) Workers' Party of Belgium , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Workers'_Party) (Hungarian Workers' Party) Hungarian Workers' Party , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Workers'_Party) (Dominican Workers' Party) Dominican Workers' Party , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party) (Nepal Workers Peasants Party) Nepal Workers Peasants Party , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_the_Transformation_of_Honduras) (Party for the Transformation of Honduras) Party for the Transformation of Honduras , for instance.[ 240]    It has poor relations with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party) (Japanese Communist Party) Japanese Communist Party .[ 241]    In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CCP "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties."[ 242]     Ruling parties of socialist states  The CCP has retained close relations with the ruling parties of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state) (Socialist state) socialist states still espousing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) communism : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba) (Cuba) Cuba , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam .[ 243]    It spends a fair amount of time analysing the situation in the remaining socialist states, trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not, following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) (Revolutions of 1989) collapse of the Eastern European socialist states in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.[ 244]    In general, the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive, and the CCP believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future.[ 244]     The ruling party which the CCP is most interested in is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam) (Communist Party of Vietnam) Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV).[ 245]    In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post-Soviet era.[ 245]    Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đổi_Mới) (Đổi Mới) Đổi Mới reform policy at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam) (6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam) 6th CPV National Congress is the key reason for Vietnam's current success.[ 245]     While the CCP is probably the organization with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–North_Korea_relations) (China–North Korea relations) most access to North Korea , writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed.[ 244]    The few reports accessible to the general public are those about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_economic_reform) (North Korean economic reform) North Korean economic reforms .[ 244]    While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public, in official discussions (circa) c.  2008 they show much disdain for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea) (Economy of North Korea) North Korea's economic system , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality) (North Korean cult of personality) cult of personality which pervades society, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)) (Kim dynasty (North Korea)) Kim family , the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state, the security state, the use of scarce resources on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_People's_Army) (Korean People's Army) Korean People's Army and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people.[ 246]    Circa 2008, there are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution.[ 247]    [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers) (This information is in need of an update. (June 2022)) needs update   ]   (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_June_2022)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating)  Over the years, the CCP has tried to persuade the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Korea) (Workers' Party of Korea) Workers' Party of Korea (or WPK, North Korea's ruling party) to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China.[ 247]    For instance, in 2006 the CCP invited then-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers'_Party_of_Korea) (General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea) WPK general secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il) (Kim Jong Il) Kim Jong Il to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) Guangdong to showcase the success economic reforms had brought China.[ 247]    In general, the CCP considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a ruling communist party and socialist state.[ 247]    [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items) (Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers) (This information is in need of an update. (June 2022)) needs update   ]   (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_June_2022)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating)   There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CCP.[ 245]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro) (Fidel Castro) Fidel Castro , the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba) (First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba) First Secretary of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba) (Communist Party of Cuba) Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), is greatly admired, and books have been written focusing on the successes of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) (Cuban Revolution) Cuban Revolution .[ 245]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Cuba_relations) (China–Cuba relations) Communication between the CCP and the PCC has increased since the 1990s.[ 248]    At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, which discussed the possibility of the CCP learning from other ruling parties, praise was heaped on the PCC.[ 248]    When (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng) (Wu Guanzheng) Wu Guanzheng , a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. The two countries' friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation, and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated."[ 249]       Non-communist parties  Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the CCP has begun establishing party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[ 163]    These relations are sought so that the CCP can learn from them.[ 250]    For instance, the CCP has been eager to understand how the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Action_Party) (People's Action Party) People's Action Party of Singapore (PAP) maintains its total domination over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore) (Politics of Singapore) Singaporean politics through its "low-key presence, but total control."[ 251]    According to the CCP's own analysis of Singapore, the PAP's dominance can be explained by its "well-developed social network, which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and party-controlled groups."[ 251]    While the CCP accepts that Singapore is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy) (Liberal democracy) liberal democracy , they view it as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_democracy) (Guided democracy) guided democracy led by the PAP.[ 251]    Other differences are, according to the CCP, "that it is not a political party based on the working class—instead it is a political party of the elite.  ... It is also a political party of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) (Parliamentary system) parliamentary system , not a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_party) (Vanguard party) revolutionary party ."[ 252]    Other parties which the CCP studies and maintains strong party-to-party relations with are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organization) (United Malays National Organization) United Malays National Organization , which has ruled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia (1957–2018, 2020–2022), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)) (Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)) Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, which dominated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_politics) (Japanese politics) Japanese politics since 1955.[ 253]     Since Jiang Zemin's time, the CCP has made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe, the Kuomintang. The CCP emphasizes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_the_Kuomintang_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Relations between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party) strong party-to-party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China.[ 254]    However, several studies have been written on the KMT's loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949).[ 254]    In general, one-party states or dominant-party states are of special interest to the party and party-to-party relations are formed so that the CCP can study them.[ 254]    The longevity of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_–_Syria_Region) (Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region) Syrian Regional Branch of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)) (Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)) Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party is attributed to the personalization of power in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family) (Al-Assad family) al-Assad family , the strong (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential system , the inheritance of power, which passed from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad) (Hafez al-Assad) Hafez al-Assad to his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad , and the role given to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_military) (Syrian military) Syrian military in politics.[ 255]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_República_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8959188037).jpg)   Xi Jinping (second from left) with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Peña_Nieto) (Enrique Peña Nieto) Enrique Peña Nieto (second from right), the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico) (President of Mexico) President of Mexico and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party  Circa 2008, the CCP has been especially interested in Latin America,[ 255]    as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries.[ 255]    Of special fascination for the CCP is the 71-year-long rule of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party) (Institutional Revolutionary Party) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in Mexico.[ 255]    While the CCP attributed the PRI's long reign in power to the strong presidential system, tapping into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machismo) (Machismo) machismo culture of the country, its nationalist posture, its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization) (Nationalization) nationalization alongside the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketization) (Marketization) marketization of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico) (Economy of Mexico) economy ,[ 255]    the CCP concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner-party democracy, its pursuit of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy) (Social democracy) social democracy , its rigid party structures that could not be reformed, its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico) (Corruption in Mexico) political corruption , the pressure of globalization, and American interference in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_politics) (Mexican politics) Mexican politics .[ 255]    While the CCP was slow to recognize the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tide) (Pink tide) pink tide in Latin America, it has strengthened party-to-party relations with several socialist and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American) (Anti-American) anti-American political parties over the years.[ 256]    The CCP has occasionally expressed some irritation over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chávez) (Hugo Chávez) Hugo Chávez 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalist) (Anti-capitalist) anti-capitalist and anti-American rhetoric.[ 256]    Despite this, the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela) (United Socialist Party of Venezuela) United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields.[ 257]    By 2008, the CCP claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries.[ 256]     Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CCP since the early 1980s.[ 256]    In 1984, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany) (Social Democratic Party of Germany) Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) initiated party dialogues with the CCP, becoming the first international party relationship CCP established outside of other communist parties.[ 258]    With the exception of a short period in which the CCP forged party-to-party relations with far-right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_empire) (Soviet empire) Soviet expansionism ", the CCP's relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.[ 256]    The CCP credits the European social democrats with creating a "capitalism with a human face".[ 256]    Before the 1980s, the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_International) (Second International) Second International and the Marxist–Leninist view on the social democratic movement.[ 256]    By the 1980s, that view had changed and the CCP concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement.[ 256]    CCP delegates were sent all over Europe to observe.[ 259]    By the 1980s, most European social democratic parties were facing electoral decline and in a period of self-reform.[ 259]    The CCP followed this with great interest, laying most weight on reform efforts within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) (Labour Party (UK)) British Labour Party and the SPD.[ 259]    The CCP concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_socialist) (State socialist) state socialist tenets with new ones supporting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization) (Privatization) privatization , shedding the belief in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_government) (Big government) big government , conceiving a new view of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state) (Welfare state) welfare state , changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, the young and students.[ 260]       Electoral history   National People's Congress  Election Seats +/– Position  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_People's_Congress) (1st National People's Congress) 1954–1959  1,048 / 1,226     New 1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_National_People's_Congress) (2nd National People's Congress) 1959–1964  1,047 / 1,235     (Decrease) (Decrease)    1 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_National_People's_Congress) (3rd National People's Congress) 1964–1975  2,668 / 3,040     (Increase) (Increase)    1621 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_National_People's_Congress) (4th National People's Congress) 1975–1978  2,615 / 2,864     (Decrease) (Decrease)    53 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_National_People's_Congress) (5th National People's Congress) 1978–1983  3,116 / 3,497     (Increase) (Increase)    501 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_National_People's_Congress) (6th National People's Congress) 1983–1988  1,861 / 2,884     (Decrease) (Decrease)    1255 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_National_People's_Congress) (7th National People's Congress) 1988–1993  1,986 / 2,892     (Increase) (Increase)    125 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_National_People's_Congress) (8th National People's Congress) 1993–1998  2,037 / 2,977     (Increase) (Increase)    51 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_People's_Congress) (9th National People's Congress) 1998–2003  2,130 / 2,979     (Increase) (Increase)    93 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_National_People's_Congress) (10th National People's Congress) 2003–2008  2,178 / 2,985     (Increase) (Increase)    48 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_People's_Congress) (11th National People's Congress) 2008–2013  2,099 / 2,987     (Decrease) (Decrease)    79 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_National_People's_Congress) (12th National People's Congress) 2013–2018  2,157 / 2,987     (Increase) (Increase)    58 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_National_People's_Congress) (13th National People's Congress) 2018–2023  2,119 / 2,980     (Decrease) (Decrease)    38 (Steady) (Steady)    1st  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People's_Congress) (14th National People's Congress) 2023–2028  — N/a  — (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436)  N/a  (Steady) (Steady)    1st      See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China) (Portal:China) China portal   ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Communism) (Portal:Communism) Communism portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics) (Portal:Politics) Politics portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China) (Succession of power in China) Succession of power in China    Footnotes   ↑   During the Chinese Civil War, party officials were only able to confirm from available documents that the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in July 1921, but not the specific date of the meeting. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared 1 July the party's "anniversary day". Although the exact date of the 1st National Congress was later determined by party officials to be 23 July 1921, the date of the anniversary has not been changed.[ 1]    (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2023)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)) better source needed   ]    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  为人民服务 ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) pinyin : Wèi Rénmín Fúwù    ↑   Chiang Kai-shek strongly opposed this label and the CCP's analysis of the KMT. He believed that the KMT served all Chinese, regardless of political leanings.[ 23]      ↑   "In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter."[ 34]     Other sources give different estimates, e.g. 5,000–10,000.[ 35]          References  Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   楊立傑 (30 April 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20130430055514/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm) "共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立" . Xinhua (in Chinese). Archived from (http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm) the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E7%AB%8B%E5%82%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fziliao%2F2004-10%2F25%2Fcontent_2136770.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/news/style-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese/) "Style Guide: PRC, China, CCP or Chinese?" . Asia Media Centre – New Zealand . Asia New Zealand Foundation. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220725100303/https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/news/style-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese/) Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022 . Chinese Communist Party (CCP): May also refer to Communist Party of China (CPC)  ... CPC is used officially in China and by China's media, whereas English-language media outside of Chinese conventionally use CCP.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Media+Centre+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Style+Guide%3A+PRC%2C+China%2C+CCP+or+Chinese%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiamediacentre.org.nz%2Fnews%2Fstyle-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party) "Chinese Communist Party" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191002223447/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party) Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChinese-Communist-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hunt, Michael (2013). (https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt) The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24583-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24583-2) 978-0-312-24583-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Transformed%3A+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-312-24583-2&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtransformed0000hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Van de Ven 1991 , pp. 26–27.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future . New York, NY: 1804 Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7368500-8-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-7368500-8-4) 978-1-7368500-8-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-7368500-8-4&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Huang, Yibing (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China . Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0391-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0391-9) 978-1-4878-0391-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ideological+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Royal+Collins+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0391-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hao, Zhidong (March 1997). "May 4th and June 4th compared: A sociological study of Chinese social movements". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China) (Journal of Contemporary China) Journal of Contemporary China  . 6 (14): 79– 99. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670569708724266) 10.1080/10670569708724266 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564) 1067-0564 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=May+4th+and+June+4th+compared%3A+A+sociological+study+of+Chinese+social+movements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=79-99&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670569708724266&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Zhidong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Šebok, Filip (2023). "Historical Legacy". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower? . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 15– 28. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003350064-3) 10.4324/9781003350064-3 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1) 978-1-03-239508-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Legacy&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003350064-3&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebok&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Van de Ven 1991 , p. 38.  ↑   Van de Ven 1991 , p. 44.  1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History . Asia-pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society series. Durham, NC: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press) (Duke University Press) Duke University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w) 10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4) 978-0-8223-4780-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hpp6w) j.ctv11hpp6w . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+a+Concise+History&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.series=Asia-pacific%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+series&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (20 July 2011). (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/asia/21iht-letter21.html) "On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Archived from (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/asia/21iht-letter21.html) the original  on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Party+Anniversary%2C+China+Rewrites+History&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=Didi+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F21iht-letter21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yoshihiro, Ishikawa (31 January 2012). (https://archive.org/details/formationofchine0000ishi) The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press) (Columbia University Press) Columbia University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fishi15808) 10.7312/ishi15808 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50416-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50416-4) 978-0-231-50416-4  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/ishi15808) 10.7312/ishi15808 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840119719) 840119719 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840119719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fishi15808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fishi15808&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50416-4&rft.aulast=Yoshihiro&rft.aufirst=Ishikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofchine0000ishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tamiatto, Jérémie (1 February 2008). (https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fbipr.027.0159) "Un missionnaire de la révolution en Chine: L'action de Maring au sein du mouvement communiste chinois, 1921–1923" . Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin (in French). 27 (1): 159– 174. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fbipr.027.0159) 10.3917/bipr.027.0159  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1276-8944) 1276-8944 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+Pierre+Renouvin&rft.atitle=Un+missionnaire+de+la+r%C3%A9volution+en+Chine%3A+L%27action+de+Maring+au+sein+du+mouvement+communiste+chinois%2C+1921%E2%80%931923&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-174&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fbipr.027.0159&rft.issn=1276-8944&rft.aulast=Tamiatto&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fbipr.027.0159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    1  2  3  4  5   Gao 2009 , p. 119.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "News of the Soviets of People's Deputies". 9 October 1920. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News+of+the+Soviets+of+People%27s+Deputies&rft.date=1920-10-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "News of the Soviets of People's Deputies". 16 November 1921. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News+of+the+Soviets+of+People%27s+Deputies&rft.date=1921-11-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  中央檔案館 (1989). 中共中央文件選集1 . 中共中央黨校出版社. pp. 187, 271– 297. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%9B%861&rft.pages=187%2C+271-297&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8%E6%A0%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1989&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E9%A4%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  中共中央、共青團中央和共產國際代表聯席會議記錄 . December 1924. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%80%81%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%81%AF%E5%B8%AD%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E8%A8%98%E9%8C%84&rft.date=1924-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  共產國際有關中國資料選輯 Collection of the Communist International's Materials on China . Institute of Modern History, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences) (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Chinese Academy of Social Sciences . 1981. p. 83. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%81%B8%E8%BC%AF+Collection+of+the+Communist+International%27s+Materials+on+China&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Institute+of+Modern+History%2C+Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   Schram 1966 , pp. 84, 89.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chiang, Chung Cheng (1957). (https://archive.org/details/sovietrussiainch0000chai) Soviet Russia in China: a Summing Up at Seventy  . Farrar, Straus and Cudahy. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)) (OL (identifier)) OL  (https://openlibrary.org/works/OL89083W) 89083W . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Russia+in+China%3A+a+Summing+Up+at+Seventy&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Cudahy&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL89083W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Chiang&rft.aufirst=Chung+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietrussiainch0000chai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  奎松, 楊 (April 2010). 中間地帶的革命 . Taiyuan: 山西人民出版社. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.place=Taiyuan&rft.pub=%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2010-04&rft.aulast=%E5%A5%8E%E6%9D%BE&rft.aufirst=%E6%A5%8A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. (https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/08/the-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow/) "The Chinese Communist Party Is Still Afraid of Sun Yat-Sen's Shadow" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy) (Foreign Policy) Foreign Policy  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210314084608/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/08/the-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow/) Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+Is+Still+Afraid+of+Sun+Yat-Sen%27s+Shadow&rft.aulast=Allen-Ebrahimian&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fthe-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2044782/tug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen) "Tug of war over China's founding father Sun Yat-sen as Communist Party celebrates his legacy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . 10 November 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125141/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2044782/tug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen) Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Tug+of+war+over+China%27s+founding+father+Sun+Yat-sen+as+Communist+Party+celebrates+his+legacy&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolicies-politics%2Farticle%2F2044782%2Ftug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Dirlik 2005 , p. (https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC&pg=PA20) 20 .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Godley, Michael R. (1987). "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (18): 109– 125. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2158585) 10.2307/2158585 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158585) 2158585 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155947428) 155947428 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=Socialism+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+Sun+Yatsen+and+the+International+Development+of+China&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=109-125&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155947428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2158585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2158585&rft.aulast=Godley&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  獨秀, Du Xiu (3 April 1926). "中國革命勢力統一政策與廣州事變". 嚮導 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%9A%AE%E5%B0%8E&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%88%87%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%8A&rft.date=1926-04-03&rft.aulast=%E7%8D%A8%E7%A7%80&rft.aufirst=Du+Xiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  中央檔案館 (1989). 中共中央文件選集2 . 中共中央黨校出版社. pp. 311– 318. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%9B%862&rft.pages=311-318&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%BB%A8%E6%A0%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1989&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E9%A4%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  奎松, 楊 (2002). "蔣介石從三二零到四一二的心路歷程". 史學月刊 . 6 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E5%BE%9E%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E5%88%B0%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%AF%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%E5%A5%8E%E6%9D%BE&rft.aufirst=%E6%A5%8A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  上海市檔案館 (1983). 上海工人三次武裝起義 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_People's_Press) (Shanghai People's Press) Shanghai People's Press . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&rft.pub=Shanghai+People%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.au=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E9%A4%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   Feigon 2002 , p. 42.  1  2  3  4   Carter 1976 , p. 62.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid; Plozza, Shivaun (eds.). China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience . Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875585-08-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-875585-08-3) 978-1-875585-08-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Rising%3A+The+Revolutionary+Experience&rft.place=Collingwood&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=History+Teachers%27+Association+of+Victoria&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-875585-08-3&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Schram 1966 , p. 106.  ↑   Carter 1976 , pp. 61–62.  ↑   Schram 1966 , p. 112.  ↑   Schram 1966 , pp. 106–109.  ↑   Schram 1966 , pp. 112–113.  1  2   Carter 1976 , p. 63.  1  2   Carter 1976 , p. 64.  ↑   Schram 1966 , pp. 122–125.  ↑   Feigon 2002 , pp. 46–47.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9   Leung 1992 , p. 72.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University_Press) (Leiden University Press) Leiden University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-441-1) (Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-441-1) 978-90-8728-441-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+More+Joint+Strategy%3A+Assessing+Chinese+Military+Reforms+and+Militia+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-441-1&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Leung 1992 , p. 370.  1  2   Leung 1992 , p. 354.  1  2  3  4  5   Leung 1992 , p. 355.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   Leung 1992 , p. 95.  1  2  3  4   Leung 1992 , p. 96.  1  2  3  4   Leung 1996 , p. 96.  1  2  3  4  5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, Alice. (https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-am-final.pdf) "The 19th Central Committee Politburo" (PDF) . China Leadership Monitor, No. 55 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution) (Hoover Institution) Hoover Institution . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210215022611/https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-am-final.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Leadership+Monitor%2C+No.+55&rft.atitle=The+19th+Central+Committee+Politburo&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fdocs%2Fclm55-am-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Che, Shih (1991). 在歷史巨人身邊——師哲回憶錄 [ Beside the Giants of History – Shih-Che's Memoirs ] . Beijing: Central Documents Publishing House. p. 531. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%BA%AB%E9%82%8A%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%B8%AB%E5%93%B2%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E9%8C%84&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Central+Documents+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Che&rft.aufirst=Shih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ziling, Xin (2009). 紅太陽的隕落：千秋功罪毛澤東 [ The Fall of the Red Sun: Mao Zedong's Merits and Demerits Through the Ages ] . Hong Kong: Book Workshop. p. 88. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%95%E8%90%BD%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%83%E7%A7%8B%E5%8A%9F%E7%BD%AA%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Book+Workshop&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ziling&rft.aufirst=Xin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liqun, Qian (2012). 毛澤東和後毛澤東時代 [ Mao Zedong and the Post-Mao Zedong Era ] . Taipei: Linking Books. p. 64. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Linking+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Liqun&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  King, Gilbert (26 September 2012). (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-silence-that-preceded-chinas-great-leap-into-famine-51898077/) "The Silence that Preceded China's Great Leap into Famine" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)) (Smithsonian (magazine)) Smithsonian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191014232813/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-silence-that-preceded-chinas-great-leap-into-famine-51898077/) Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Silence+that+Preceded+China%27s+Great+Leap+into+Famine&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-silence-that-preceded-chinas-great-leap-into-famine-51898077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Du, Guang (2007). (https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/97-mcs-2007-issue-3/1015-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html) " "反右"运动与民主革命——纪念"反右"运动五十周年" [ The Anti-Rightist Movement and the Democratic Revolution – Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Anti-Rightist Movement] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_China_Studies) (Modern China Studies) Modern China Studies  (in Chinese). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035811/https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/97-mcs-2007-issue-3/1015-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html) Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+China+Studies&rft.atitle=%22%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%22%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%8E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%22%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%B3%22%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Guang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernchinastudies.org%2Fus%2Fissues%2Fpast-issues%2F97-mcs-2007-issue-3%2F1015-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gráda, Cormac Ó (2007). (http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/492/3/ogradac_article_pub_063.pdf) "Making Famine History" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature) (Journal of Economic Literature) Journal of Economic Literature  . 45 (1): 5– 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.45.1.5) 10.1257/jel.45.1.5 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F492) 10197/492  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515) 0022-0515 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27646746) 27646746 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54763671) 54763671 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602070651/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/492/3/ogradac_article_pub_063.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=Making+Famine+History&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-38&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27646746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjel.45.1.5&rft.issn=0022-0515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54763671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%A1da&rft.aufirst=Cormac+%C3%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F10197%2F492%2F3%2Fogradac_article_pub_063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). (https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf) "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Review_of_Economic_Studies) (The Review of Economic Studies) The Review of Economic Studies  . 82 (4): 1568– 1611. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) (CiteSeerX (identifier)) CiteSeerX  (Freely accessible) (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.1333) 10.1.1.321.1333  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdv016) 10.1093/restud/rdv016 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200305165942/https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Institutional+Causes+of+China%27s+Great+Famine%2C+1959%E2%80%931961&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1568-1611&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.1333%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frestud%2Frdv016&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Xin&rft.au=Qian%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Yared%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww0.gsb.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fpyared%2Fpapers%2Ffamines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  Cite uses deprecated parameter | citeseerx= ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params) (Help:CS1 errors) help ) (./Category:CS1_errors:_deprecated_parameters)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127087) "China's great famine: 40 years later" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ) (The BMJ) The BMJ  . 319 (7225): 1619– 1621. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1619) 10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138) 0959-8138 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127087) 1127087  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600969) 10600969 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+BMJ&rft.atitle=China%27s+great+famine%3A+40+years+later&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=7225&rft.pages=1619-1621&rft.date=1999-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0959-8138&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10600969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.319.7225.1619&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1127087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mirsky, Jonathan (7 December 2012). (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html) "Unnatural Disaster" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170124011617/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html) Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unnatural+Disaster&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Ftombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dikötter) (Frank Dikötter) Dikötter, Frank . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200716231543/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crossley/HIST5.03/FILES/OHMC_DIkotter.pdf) "Mao's Great Famine: Ways of Living, Ways of Dying" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College) (Dartmouth College) Dartmouth College . Archived from (http://www.dartmouth.edu/~crossley/HIST5.03/FILES/OHMC_DIkotter.pdf) the original (PDF) on 16 July 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Great+Famine%3A+Ways+of+Living%2C+Ways+of+Dying&rft.pub=Dartmouth+College&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~crossley%2FHIST5.03%2FFILES%2FOHMC_DIkotter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Kornberg & Faust 2005 , p. 103.  ↑   Wong 2005 , p. 131.  1  2   Wong 2005 , p. 47.  ↑   Sullivan 2012 , p. 254.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping (30 June 1984). (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1220.html) "Building a Socialism with a specifically Chinese character" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130116081318/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1220.html) Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Building+a+Socialism+with+a+specifically+Chinese+character&rft.date=1984-06-30&rft.au=Deng+Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2Fdengxp%2Fvol3%2Ftext%2Fc1220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harrison, Virginia; Palumbo, Daniele (30 September 2019). (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49806247) "China anniversary: How the country became the world's 'economic miracle' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+anniversary%3A+How+the+country+became+the+world%27s+%27economic+miracle%27&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Palumbo%2C+Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-49806247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fontana, Dorothy Grouse (1982). "Background to the Fall of Hua Guofeng". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Survey) (Asian Survey) Asian Survey  . 22 (3): 237– 260. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644028) 10.2307/2644028 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687) 0004-4687 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644028) 2644028 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Background+to+the+Fall+of+Hua+Guofeng&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-260&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644028&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Grouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Doyon, Jérôme; Froissart, Chloé (2024). "Introduction". In Doyon, Jérôme; Froissart, Chloé (eds.). The Chinese Communist Party: a 100-Year Trajectory . Canberra: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANU_Press) (ANU Press) ANU Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-624-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-624-4) 978-1-76046-624-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+a+100-Year+Trajectory&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-624-4&rft.aulast=Doyon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Froissart%2C+Chlo%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Sullivan 2012 , p. 25.  1  2  3   Vogel 2011 , p. 682.  1  2  3   Vogel 2011 , p. 684.  ↑   Sullivan 2012 , p. 100.  1  2   Sullivan 2012 , p. 238.  1  2   Sullivan 2012 , p. 317.  ↑   Sullivan 2012 , p. 329.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150929080903/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/18cpcnc/2012-11/16/c_131977530.htm) "Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping meet delegates to 18th CCP National Congress" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2011. Archived from (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/special/18cpcnc/2012-11/16/c_131977530.htm) the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao%2C+Xi+Jinping+meet+delegates+to+18th+CCP+National+Congress&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fspecial%2F18cpcnc%2F2012-11%2F16%2Fc_131977530.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  O'Keeffe, Kate; Ferek, Katy Stech (14 November 2019). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000) "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) 0099-9660 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191115142227/https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000) Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Stop+Calling+China%27s+Xi+Jinping+%27President%2C%27+U.S.+Panel+Says&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=O%27Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Ferek%2C+Katy+Stech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fstop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21618780-most-powerful-and-popular-leader-china-has-had-decades-must-use-these-assets-wisely-xi) "The Rise and Rise of Xi Jinping: Xi who must be obeyed"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 20 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020044/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21618780-most-powerful-and-popular-leader-china-has-had-decades-must-use-these-assets-wisely-xi) Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Rise+of+Xi+Jinping%3A+Xi+who+must+be+obeyed&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21618780-most-powerful-and-popular-leader-china-has-had-decades-must-use-these-assets-wisely-xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fiol-Mahon, Alexandra (17 August 2018). (https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/xi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao/) "Xi Jinping's Anti-Corruption Campaign: The Hidden Motives of a Modern-Day Mao" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute) (Foreign Policy Research Institute) Foreign Policy Research Institute  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200717101228/https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/xi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao/) Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+Anti-Corruption+Campaign%3A+The+Hidden+Motives+of+a+Modern-Day+Mao&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.aulast=Fiol-Mahon&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2018%2F08%2Fxi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mitchell, Tom (25 July 2016). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a) "Xi's China: The rise of party politics"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091305/https://www.ft.com/content/57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a) Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Xi%27s+China%3A+The+rise+of+party+politics&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramzy, Austin (1 September 2022). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/world/asia/china-xinjiang-uyghurs.html) "For Uyghurs, U.N. Report on China's Abuses Is Long-Awaited Vindication"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220902020755/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/01/world/asia/china-xinjiang-uyghurs.html) Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Uyghurs%2C+U.N.+Report+on+China%27s+Abuses+Is+Long-Awaited+Vindication&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F09%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xinjiang-uyghurs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution) "Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171024053607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution) Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+becomes+most+powerful+leader+since+Mao+with+China%27s+change+to+constitution&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F24%2Fxi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Rudd 2024 , pp. 96–97.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Evans, Joe (22 April 2021). (https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/china/952582/inside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary) "Inside the plans for the CCP's 100th anniversary" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Week_UK) (The Week UK) The Week UK  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210525233540/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/china/952582/inside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary) Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week+UK&rft.atitle=Inside+the+plans+for+the+CCP%27s+100th+anniversary&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fchina%2F952582%2Finside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/77f8dd89-fd16-42f9-b2a5-0f5e9ee93ace) "Chinese Communist party clears way for Xi to tighten grip on power"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . 11 November 2021. (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221219/https://www.ft.com/content/77f8dd89-fd16-42f9-b2a5-0f5e9ee93ace) Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+party+clears+way+for+Xi+to+tighten+grip+on+power&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F77f8dd89-fd16-42f9-b2a5-0f5e9ee93ace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-communist-party-passes-resolution-party-history-achievements-2021-11-11/) "China's Communist Party passes resolution amplifying President Xi's authority" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 12 November 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810125237/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-communist-party-passes-resolution-party-history-achievements-2021-11-11/) Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+passes+resolution+amplifying+President+Xi%27s+authority&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchinas-communist-party-passes-resolution-party-history-achievements-2021-11-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Chun Han; Zhai, Keith (17 November 2021). (https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-xi-jinping-is-rewriting-chinas-history-to-put-himself-at-the-center-11637157022) "How Xi Jinping Is Rewriting China's History to Put Himself at the Center" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) 0099-9660 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220810135113/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-xi-jinping-is-rewriting-chinas-history-to-put-himself-at-the-center-11637157022) Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Xi+Jinping+Is+Rewriting+China%27s+History+to+Put+Himself+at+the+Center&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.au=Wong%2C+Chun+Han&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-xi-jinping-is-rewriting-chinas-history-to-put-himself-at-the-center-11637157022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/China-s-party-congress/Xi-Jinping-s-path-to-precedent-breaking-third-term) "Xi Jinping's path to precedent-breaking third term – Nikkei Asia" . Nikkei Asia . 22 October 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221110030638/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/China-s-party-congress/Xi-Jinping-s-path-to-precedent-breaking-third-term) Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+path+to+precedent-breaking+third+term+%E2%80%93+Nikkei+Asia&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FChina-s-party-congress%2FXi-Jinping-s-path-to-precedent-breaking-third-term&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Davidson, Helen; Graham-Harrison, Emma (23 October 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/23/xi-jinping-to-rule-china-for-precedent-breaking-third-term) "China's leader Xi Jinping secures third term and stacks inner circle with loyalists" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221023041913/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/23/xi-jinping-to-rule-china-for-precedent-breaking-third-term) Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China%27s+leader+Xi+Jinping+secures+third+term+and+stacks+inner+circle+with+loyalists&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Graham-Harrison%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F23%2Fxi-jinping-to-rule-china-for-precedent-breaking-third-term&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Whitson, William W. (1973). (https://archive.org/details/chinesehighcomma0000whit) The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927–71  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group) (Greenwood Publishing Group) Praeger . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15053-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15053-5) 978-0-333-15053-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+High+Command%3A+A+History+of+Communist+Military+Politics%2C+1927%E2%80%9371&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-333-15053-5&rft.aulast=Whitson&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesehighcomma0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/206215/206216/7997750.html) "Ideological Foundation of the CPC" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 30 October 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131228014526/http://english.people.com.cn/206215/206216/7997750.html) Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Ideological+Foundation+of+the+CPC&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F206215%2F206216%2F7997750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132852/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/26/c_132996545.htm) "Mao Zedong Thought" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency . 26 December 2013. Archived from (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/26/c_132996545.htm) the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mao+Zedong+Thought&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2013-12%2F26%2Fc_132996545.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Vogel 2011 , p. 668.  ↑   Chan 2003 , p. 180.  ↑   Vogel 2011 , p. 685.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shan, Wei; Gu, Yongxin; Chen, Juan (May 2023). (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchn.2023.a898340) "Layering Ideologies from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping: Tracing Ideological Changes of the Communist Party of China Using Text Analysis" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China:_An_International_Journal) (China: An International Journal) China: An International Journal  . 21 (2): 34– 35. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchn.2023.a898340) 10.1353/chn.2023.a898340  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.atitle=Layering+Ideologies+from+Deng+Xiaoping+to+Xi+Jinping%3A+Tracing+Ideological+Changes+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China+Using+Text+Analysis&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=34-35&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fchn.2023.a898340&rft.aulast=Shan&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Gu%2C+Yongxin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fchn.2023.a898340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, Eng. ed., FLP, Beijing, 2013, Vol. III, p. 519.  ↑   Chan 2003 , p. 201.  ↑   Kuhn 2011 , pp. 108–109.  ↑   Kuhn 2011 , pp. 107–108.  ↑   Kuhn 2011 , p. 110.  ↑   Izuhara 2013 , p. 110.  ↑   Guo & Guo 2008 , p. 119.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/102774/8024779.html) "Full text of Hu Jintao's report at 18th Party Congress" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 19 November 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130607164302/http://english.people.com.cn/102774/8024779.html) Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+Hu+Jintao%27s+report+at+18th+Party+Congress&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F102774%2F8024779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tao, Xie (14 March 2014). (https://www.cnn.com/2014/03/14/world/asia/chinese-dream-anniversary-xi-jinping-president/index.html) "Opinion: Is the Chinese dream fantasy or reality?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . Retrieved 14 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Is+the+Chinese+dream+fantasy+or+reality%3F&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Xie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F03%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchinese-dream-anniversary-xi-jinping-president%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://chinaopensourceobservatory.org/glossary/great-rejuvenation-of-the-chinese-nation) "Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation" . China Open Source Observatory . Retrieved 21 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Open+Source+Observatory&rft.atitle=Great+Rejuvenation+of+the+Chinese+Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaopensourceobservatory.org%2Fglossary%2Fgreat-rejuvenation-of-the-chinese-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c1dmwn4r) "His own words: The 14 principles of 'Xi Jinping Thought' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Monitoring) (BBC Monitoring) BBC Monitoring . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171028152832/https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c1dmwn4r) Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+own+words%3A+The+14+principles+of+%27Xi+Jinping+Thought%27&rft.pub=BBC+Monitoring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonitoring.bbc.co.uk%2Fproduct%2Fc1dmwn4r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Zhao 2004 , p. 28.  ↑   Ghai, Arup & Chanock 2000 , p. 77.  ↑   Zheng 2012 , p. 119.  1  2   Ding 2006 , p. 144.  ↑   Ding 2006 , p. 145.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kelter, Frederik (2 March 2024). (https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/2/money-power-and-the-peril-of-courting-chinese-nationalism) "Money, power and the peril of courting Chinese nationalism" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Money%2C+power+and+the+peril+of+courting+Chinese+nationalism&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft.aulast=Kelter&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2024%2F3%2F2%2Fmoney-power-and-the-peril-of-courting-chinese-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-communist-party-amends-its-charter-strengthens-xi-power-2022-10-22/) "Factbox: China's Communist Party amends its charter, strengthens Xi's power" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 22 October 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221023100717/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-communist-party-amends-its-charter-strengthens-xi-power-2022-10-22/) Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+China%27s+Communist+Party+amends+its+charter%2C+strengthens+Xi%27s+power&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchinas-communist-party-amends-its-charter-strengthens-xi-power-2022-10-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013cpctps/2013-11/18/content_17113583.htm) "Marketization the key to economic system reform" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily) (China Daily) China Daily  . Chinese Communist Party. 18 November 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033908/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013cpctps/2013-11/18/content_17113583.htm) Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Marketization+the+key+to+economic+system+reform&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2013cpctps%2F2013-11%2F18%2Fcontent_17113583.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buckley, Chris (13 February 2014). (https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/xi-touts-communist-party-as-defender-of-confuciuss-virtues/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1) "Xi Touts Communist Party as Defender of Confucius's Virtues" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140222200302/http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/xi-touts-communist-party-as-defender-of-confuciuss-virtues/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1) Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Xi+Touts+Communist+Party+as+Defender+of+Confucius%27s+Virtues&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2Fxi-touts-communist-party-as-defender-of-confuciuss-virtues%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   Heazle & Knight 2007 , p. 62.  1  2  3  4   Heazle & Knight 2007 , p. 63.  ↑   Heazle & Knight 2007 , p. 64.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 104.  1  2   Kuhn 2011 , p. 99.  1  2  3  4  5   Kuhn 2011 , p. 527.  1  2  3   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 105.  1  2  3   Brown 2012 , p. 52.  1  2  3  4  5   Unger 2002 , p. 22.  ↑   Baylis 1989 , p. 102.  ↑   Unger 2002 , pp. 22–24.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lindsay Maizland & Eleanor Albert (6 October 2022). (https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinese-communist-party) "The Chinese Communist Party" . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Council on Foreign Relations) Council on Foreign Relations  . Retrieved 6 October 2022 . But most of his power stems from his role as general secretary because of how China's political system works: Party institutions and state institutions are technically separate, but the ultimate power comes from the CCP.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft.au=Lindsay+Maizland+%26+Eleanor+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fchinese-communist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   Unger 2002 , p. 158.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baranovitch, Nimrod (4 March 2021). "A Strong Leader for A Time of Crisis: Xi Jinping's Strongman Politics as A Collective Response to Regime Weakness". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China) (Journal of Contemporary China) Journal of Contemporary China  . 30 (128): 249– 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1790901) 10.1080/10670564.2020.1790901 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564) 1067-0564 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=A+Strong+Leader+for+A+Time+of+Crisis%3A+Xi+Jinping%27s+Strongman+Politics+as+A+Collective+Response+to+Regime+Weakness&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=128&rft.pages=249-265&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1790901&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Baranovitch&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shirk, Susan L. (2018). (Paid subscription required) (https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/china-in-xis-new-era-the-return-to-personalistic-rule/) "The Return to Personalistic Rule"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Democracy) (Journal of Democracy) Journal of Democracy  . 29 (2): 22– 36. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2018.0022) 10.1353/jod.2018.0022 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214) 1086-3214 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240421162036/https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/china-in-xis-new-era-the-return-to-personalistic-rule/) Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=The+Return+to+Personalistic+Rule&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-36&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2018.0022&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft.aulast=Shirk&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofdemocracy.org%2Farticles%2Fchina-in-xis-new-era-the-return-to-personalistic-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lyman Miller, Alice (31 December 2020), "1. Xi Jinping and the Evolution of Chinese Leadership Politics", in Fingar, Thomas; Oi, Jean C. (eds.), Fateful Decisions , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press) (Stanford University Press) Stanford University Press , pp. 33– 50, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503612235-005) 10.1515/9781503612235-005 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1223-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1223-5) 978-1-5036-1223-5   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Xi+Jinping+and+the+Evolution+of+Chinese+Leadership+Politics&rft.btitle=Fateful+Decisions&rft.pages=33-50&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503612235-005&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1223-5&rft.aulast=Lyman+Miller&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jacobs, Andrew (14 June 2012). (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/world/asia/accused-chinese-party-members-face-harsh-discipline.html) "Accused Chinese Party Members Face Harsh Discipline" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Archived from (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/world/asia/accused-chinese-party-members-face-harsh-discipline.html) the original  on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Accused+Chinese+Party+Members+Face+Harsh+Discipline&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Faccused-chinese-party-members-face-harsh-discipline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xiong, Yong (28 December 2024). (https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/china/china-liuzhi-detention-centers-dst-intl-hnk/index.html) "China is building new detention centers all over the country as Xi Jinping widens corruption purge" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241228122229/https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/china/china-liuzhi-detention-centers-dst-intl-hnk/index.html) Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=China+is+building+new+detention+centers+all+over+the+country+as+Xi+Jinping+widens+corruption+purge&rft.date=2024-12-28&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F28%2Fchina%2Fchina-liuzhi-detention-centers-dst-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/china/2025/01/16/an-outrage-that-even-chinas-supine-media-has-called-out) "An outrage that even China's supine media has called out"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 16 January 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . Retrieved 17 January 2025 . In 2018 the Communist Party launched a parallel secretive system called liuzhi (retention in custody) for use in cases involving not only party members—who had always been subject to extra-legal forms of detention—but anyone in public service, including academics and hospital staff.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=An+outrage+that+even+China%27s+supine+media+has+called+out&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2025%2F01%2F16%2Fan-outrage-that-even-chinas-supine-media-has-called-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Brady) (Anne-Marie Brady) Brady, Anne-Marie (2017). (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/magic_weapons.pdf) "Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars) (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197812164) 197812164 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200612023338/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/magic_weapons.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magic+Weapons%3A+China%27s+political+influence+activities+under+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197812164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Farticle%2Fmagic_weapons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). (https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/07/chinas-influence-efforts-germany-students/593689/) "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic) (The Atlantic) The Atlantic  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825) 1072-7825 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190717011931/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/07/chinas-influence-efforts-germany-students/593689/) Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Influence+Effort+Hiding+in+Plain+Sight&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=Didi+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2019%2F07%2Fchinas-influence-efforts-germany-students%2F593689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Joske) (Alex Joske) Joske, Alex (9 June 2020). "Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party?s united front system". (https://www.aspi.org.au/report/party-speaks-you) The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute) (Australian Strategic Policy Institute) Australian Strategic Policy Institute . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (Freely accessible) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep25132) resrep25132  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200609000729/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/party-speaks-you) Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+interference+and+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%3Fs+united+front+system&rft.btitle=The+party+speaks+for+you%3A+Foreign+interference+and+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+united+front+system&rft.pub=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep25132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joske&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspi.org.au%2Freport%2Fparty-speaks-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170123040110/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9.pdf) "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . May 1957. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9.pdf) the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Front+in+Communist+China&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1957-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 70.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), (http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2095/pdf/ch04_forum_groot.pdf) "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF) , in Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution , ANU Press, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fcsy.09.2016.04a) 10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F101484) 2440/101484  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-068-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-068-6) 978-1-76046-068-6  , (https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161800/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2095/pdf/ch04_forum_groot.pdf) archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2017, retrieved 31 August 2020  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Expansion+of+the+United+Front+Under+Xi+Jinping&rft.btitle=The+China+Story+Yearbook+2015%3A+Pollution&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F101484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2Fcsy.09.2016.04a&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-068-6&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn2095%2Fpdf%2Fch04_forum_groot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Groot, Gerry (24 September 2019). (https://sinopsis.cz/en/the-ccps-grand-united-front-abroad/) "The CCP's Grand United Front abroad" . Sinopsis . (https://web.archive.org/web/20191103170211/https://sinopsis.cz/en/the-ccps-grand-united-front-abroad/) Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sinopsis&rft.atitle=The+CCP%27s+Grand+United+Front+abroad&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinopsis.cz%2Fen%2Fthe-ccps-grand-united-front-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 228.  1  2   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 229.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wu, Guoguang (18 September 2015). China's Party Congress: Power, Legitimacy, and Institutional Manipulation (1 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . pp. 46– 52. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139976800) 10.1017/cbo9781139976800 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-97680-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-139-97680-0) 978-1-139-97680-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Party+Congress%3A+Power%2C+Legitimacy%2C+and+Institutional+Manipulation&rft.pages=46-52&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139976800&rft.isbn=978-1-139-97680-0&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Guoguang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 66.  1  2   Joseph 2010 , p. 394.  1  2   Liu 2011 , p. 41.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160216202252/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/11/13/53s732392.htm) "General Secretary of CPC Central Committee" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Radio_International) (China Radio International) China Radio International . 13 November 2012. Archived from (http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/11/13/53s732392.htm) the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Secretary+of+CPC+Central+Committee&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cri.cn%2F6909%2F2012%2F11%2F13%2F53s732392.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 85.  ↑   Miller 2011 , p. 7.  ↑   Joseph 2010 , p. 169.  ↑   Li 2009 , p. 64.  ↑   Fu 1993 , p. 201.  1  2  3   Mackerras, McMillen & Watson 2001 , p. 74.  ↑   Sullivan 2012 , p. 212.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McGregor) (Richard McGregor) McGregor, Richard (30 September 2009). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ae18c830-adf8-11de-87e7-00144feabdc0.html) "The party organiser"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223717/https://www.ft.com/content/ae18c830-adf8-11de-87e7-00144feabdc0) Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+party+organiser&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fae18c830-adf8-11de-87e7-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   McGregor 2012 , p. 17.  ↑   Guo 2012 , p. 123.  1  2   Smith & West 2012 , p. 127.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wang, Kelly (17 March 2023). (https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-03-17/chinas-institutional-shake-up-produces-new-department-to-better-handle-publics-complaints-102009361.html) "China's Institutional Shake-Up Produces New Department to Better Handle Public's Complaints" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixin) (Caixin) Caixin  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230317223246/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-03-17/chinas-institutional-shake-up-produces-new-department-to-better-handle-publics-complaints-102009361.html) Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caixin&rft.atitle=China%27s+Institutional+Shake-Up+Produces+New+Department+to+Better+Handle+Public%27s+Complaints&rft.date=2023-03-17&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caixinglobal.com%2F2023-03-17%2Fchinas-institutional-shake-up-produces-new-department-to-better-handle-publics-complaints-102009361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Guo 2012b , pp. 99, 237.  ↑   Finer 2003 , p. 43.  1  2   Sullivan 2012 , p. 49.  ↑   Chambers 2002 , p. 37.  ↑   Yu 2010 , p. viii.  ↑   Latham 2007 , p. 124.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/10/16/communist-party-mouthpiece-peoples-daily-launches-english-news-app-soft-power-push/) "Communist Party mouthpiece People's Daily launches English news app in soft power push" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press) (Hong Kong Free Press) Hong Kong Free Press  . 16 October 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223727/https://hongkongfp.com/2017/10/16/communist-party-mouthpiece-peoples-daily-launches-english-news-app-soft-power-push/) Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Communist+Party+mouthpiece+People%27s+Daily+launches+English+news+app+in+soft+power+push&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongkongfp.com%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fcommunist-party-mouthpiece-peoples-daily-launches-english-news-app-soft-power-push%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media) "Ownership and control of Chinese media" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguard_Defenders) (Safeguard Defenders) Safeguard Defenders  . 14 June 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210730030200/https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/ownership-and-control-chinese-media) Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safeguard+Defenders&rft.atitle=Ownership+and+control+of+Chinese+media&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafeguarddefenders.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fownership-and-control-chinese-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Heath 2014 , p. 141.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yuwen, Deng (12 November 2025). (https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/10/30/xi-purges-china-military-pla-ccp-power-control/) "Why Are China's Generals So Quiet as Xi Purges Them?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy) (Foreign Policy) Foreign Policy  . Retrieved 6 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+Are+China%27s+Generals+So+Quiet+as+Xi+Purges+Them%3F&rft.date=2025-11-12&rft.aulast=Yuwen&rft.aufirst=Deng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2025%2F10%2F30%2Fxi-purges-china-military-pla-ccp-power-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guo, Baogang (1 November 2020). "A Partocracy with Chinese Characteristics: Governance System Reform under Xi Jinping". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China) (Journal of Contemporary China) Journal of Contemporary China  . 29 (126): 809– 823. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1744374) 10.1080/10670564.2020.1744374 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564) 1067-0564 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216205948) 216205948 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=A+Partocracy+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+Governance+System+Reform+under+Xi+Jinping&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=126&rft.pages=809-823&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216205948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1744374&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Baogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Doshi) (Rush Doshi) Doshi, Rush (30 September 2021). The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order (1 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 35. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197527917.001.0001) 10.1093/oso/9780197527917.001.0001 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-752791-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-752791-7) 978-0-19-752791-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256820870) 1256820870 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Game%3A+China%27s+Grand+Strategy+to+Displace+American+Order&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256820870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197527917.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-752791-7&rft.aulast=Doshi&rft.aufirst=Rush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_N._Pieke) (Frank N. Pieke) Pieke, Frank N. (2009). The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today's China . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511691737) 10.1017/cbo9780511691737 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-69173-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-511-69173-7) 978-0-511-69173-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Communist%3A+Elite+Training+and+State+Building+in+Today%27s+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511691737&rft.isbn=978-0-511-69173-7&rft.aulast=Pieke&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/11/chinas-communist-party-worries-about-its-grassroots-weakness) "China's Communist Party worries about its grassroots weakness"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 11 June 2020. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200613234511/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/11/chinas-communist-party-worries-about-its-grassroots-weakness) Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+worries+about+its+grassroots+weakness&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2Fchinas-communist-party-worries-about-its-grassroots-weakness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McGregor) (Richard McGregor) McGregor, Richard (2010). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party:_The_Secret_World_of_China's_Communist_Rulers) (The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers) The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers  . New York: Harper Perennial. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-170877-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-06-170877-0) 978-0-06-170877-0  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630262666) 630262666 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party%3A+The+Secret+World+of+China%27s+Communist+Rulers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630262666&rft.isbn=978-0-06-170877-0&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gao, Nan; Long, Cheryl Xiaoning; Xu, Lixin Colin (February 2016). "Collective Leadership, Career Concern, and the Housing Market in China: The Role of Standing Committees: Leadership, Careers and Housing Market". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_Development_Economics) (Review of Development Economics) Review of Development Economics  . 20 (1): 1– 13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frode.12202) 10.1111/rode.12202 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150576471) 150576471 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Development+Economics&rft.atitle=Collective+Leadership%2C+Career+Concern%2C+and+the+Housing+Market+in+China%3A+The+Role+of+Standing+Committees%3A+Leadership%2C+Careers+and+Housing+Market&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frode.12202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150576471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Nan&rft.au=Long%2C+Cheryl+Xiaoning&rft.au=Xu%2C+Lixin+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyu_Jin) (Keyu Jin) Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism . New York: Viking. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1) 978-1-9848-7828-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+China+Playbook%3A+Beyond+Socialism+and+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Keyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yan, Xiaojun; Huang, Jie (2017). "Navigating Unknown Waters: The Chinese Communist Party's New Presence in the Private Sector". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Review) (China Review) China Review  . 17 (2): 37– 63. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1680-2012) 1680-2012 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44440170) 44440170 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review&rft.atitle=Navigating+Unknown+Waters%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+New+Presence+in+the+Private+Sector&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-63&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44440170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1680-2012&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Xiaojun&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/china/2023/07/06/chinas-communist-party-is-tightening-its-grip-in-businesses) "China's Communist Party is tightening its grip in businesses"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 6 July 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230709020401/https://www.economist.com/china/2023/07/06/chinas-communist-party-is-tightening-its-grip-in-businesses) Archived from the original on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+is+tightening+its+grip+in+businesses&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2023%2F07%2F06%2Fchinas-communist-party-is-tightening-its-grip-in-businesses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 227.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 225.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 14.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , pp. 225–226.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 230.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 15.  1  2   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , pp. 228–229.  ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 229.  1  2  3  4  5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2026/0630/c461001-40750710.html) "中国共产党党内统计公报" [ Communist Party of China Party Statistics Announcement] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  (in Chinese). 30 June 2026. Retrieved 30 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%86%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2026-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2026%2F0630%2Fc461001-40750710.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   Sullivan 2012 , p. 183.  1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zheng, William (30 June 2025). (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3316367/chinas-communist-party-100-million-strong-and-growing) "China's Communist Party: 100 million strong and growing" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . Retrieved 30 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party%3A+100+million+strong+and+growing&rft.date=2025-06-30&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3316367%2Fchinas-communist-party-100-million-strong-and-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Balachandran, Manu; Dutta, Saptarishi (31 March 2015). (https://qz.com/372466) "Here's How the BJP Surpassed China's Communists to Become the Largest Political Party in the World" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)) (Quartz (publication)) Quartz  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223724/https://qz.com/india/372466/heres-how-the-bjp-surpassed-chinas-communists-to-become-the-largest-political-party-in-the-world/) Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Here%27s+How+the+BJP+Surpassed+China%27s+Communists+to+Become+the+Largest+Political+Party+in+the+World&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Balachandran&rft.aufirst=Manu&rft.au=Dutta%2C+Saptarishi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F372466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , pp. 53–56.  1  2  3   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 53.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McMorrow, R. W. (19 December 2015). (https://daily.jstor.org/communist-party-of-china/) "Membership in the Communist Party of China: Who is Being Admitted and How?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR) (JSTOR) JSTOR Daily  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151221001029/http://daily.jstor.org/communist-party-of-china/) Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Membership+in+the+Communist+Party+of+China%3A+Who+is+Being+Admitted+and+How%3F&rft.date=2015-12-19&rft.aulast=McMorrow&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fcommunist-party-of-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 55.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1829407/chinas-communist-party-enlists-million-new-members) "China's Communist Party membership tops entire population of Germany" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCMP_Group) (SCMP Group) SCMP Group . 30 June 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150703004249/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1829407/chinas-communist-party-enlists-million-new-members) Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+membership+tops+entire+population+of+Germany&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolicies-politics%2Farticle%2F1829407%2Fchinas-communist-party-enlists-million-new-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Angiolillo, Fabio (22 December 2023). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2023.20) "Authoritarian Ruling Parties' Recruitment Dilemma: Evidence from China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies) (Journal of East Asian Studies) Journal of East Asian Studies  : 1– 25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjea.2023.20) 10.1017/jea.2023.20  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408) 1598-2408 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Ruling+Parties%27+Recruitment+Dilemma%3A+Evidence+from+China&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjea.2023.20&rft.issn=1598-2408&rft.aulast=Angiolillo&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjea.2023.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Marquis & Qiao 2022 , p. 13.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bauer, John; Feng, Wang; Riley, Nancy E.; Xiaohua, Zhao (July 1992). "Gender inequality in urban China". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_China) (Modern China) Modern China  . 18 (3): 333– 370. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770049201800304) 10.1177/009770049201800304 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144214400) 144214400 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Gender+inequality+in+urban+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-370&rft.date=1992-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770049201800304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144214400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Feng%2C+Wang&rft.au=Riley%2C+Nancy+E.&rft.au=Xiaohua%2C+Zhao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Graham-Harrison, Emma (23 October 2022). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/22/where-are-the-women-at-the-top-of-chinese-politics) "Women pushed even further from power in Xi Jinping's China" . The Guardian . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) 0261-3077 . Retrieved 6 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Women+pushed+even+further+from+power+in+Xi+Jinping%27s+China&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F22%2Fwhere-are-the-women-at-the-top-of-chinese-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (24 June 2010). (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/world/asia/25iht-letter.html) "Women Struggle for a Foothold in Chinese Politics" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Archived from (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/world/asia/25iht-letter.html) the original  on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Women+Struggle+for+a+Foothold+in+Chinese+Politics&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=Didi+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F25iht-letter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Judd, Ellen R. (2002). The Chinese Women's Movement . Private Collection: Stanford University Press. p. 175. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4406-8) (Special:BookSources/0-8047-4406-8) 0-8047-4406-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Women%27s+Movement&rft.place=Private+Collection&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8047-4406-8&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Ellen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Phillips, Tom (14 October 2017). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/14/in-china-women-hold-up-half-the-sky-but-cant-touch-the-political-glass-ceiling) "In China women 'hold up half the sky' but can't touch the political glass ceiling" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164410/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/14/in-china-women-hold-up-half-the-sky-but-cant-touch-the-political-glass-ceiling) Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+China+women+%27hold+up+half+the+sky%27+but+can%27t+touch+the+political+glass+ceiling&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F14%2Fin-china-women-hold-up-half-the-sky-but-cant-touch-the-political-glass-ceiling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41652487) "Reality Check: Does China's Communist Party have a woman problem?" . 20 October 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reality+Check%3A+Does+China%27s+Communist+Party+have+a+woman+problem%3F&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-41652487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  郑成琼. (http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2025-01/02/content_117641102.html) "China implements gradual retirement age increase to address population aging" . english.scio.gov.cn . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.scio.gov.cn&rft.atitle=China+implements+gradual+retirement+age+increase+to+address+population+aging&rft.au=%E9%83%91%E6%88%90%E7%90%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.scio.gov.cn%2Fchinavoices%2F2025-01%2F02%2Fcontent_117641102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/2024/China-officially-approves-proposal-to-raise-retirement-age) "China officially approves proposal to raise retirement age" . DLA Piper GENIE . Retrieved 22 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DLA+Piper+GENIE&rft.atitle=China+officially+approves+proposal+to+raise+retirement+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.dlapiper.com%2Fdlapiperknowledge%2Fglobalemploymentlatestdevelopments%2F2024%2FChina-officially-approves-proposal-to-raise-retirement-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/07/06/does-it-pay-to-be-a-communist-in-china) "Does it pay to be a communist in China?"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 6 July 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . Retrieved 8 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Does+it+pay+to+be+a+communist+in+China%3F&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2023%2F07%2F06%2Fdoes-it-pay-to-be-a-communist-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Targa, Matteo; Yang, Li (September 2024). (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2024.106660) "The impact of Communist Party membership on wealth distribution and accumulation in urban China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Development_(journal)) (World Development (journal)) World Development  . 181 106660. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024WoDev.18106660T) 2024WoDev.18106660T . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2024.106660) 10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106660  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F283577) 10419/283577  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+Communist+Party+membership+on+wealth+distribution+and+accumulation+in+urban+China&rft.volume=181&rft.artnum=106660&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F283577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2024.106660&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024WoDev.18106660T&rft.aulast=Targa&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Yang%2C+Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.worlddev.2024.106660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsai, Wen-Hsuan (June 2016). "Delicacies for a Privileged Class in a Risk Society: The Chinese Communist Party's Special Supplies Food System". Issues & Studies . 52 (2): 1650005. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1013251116500053) 10.1142/S1013251116500053 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-2511) 1013-2511 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+%26+Studies&rft.atitle=Delicacies+for+a+Privileged+Class+in+a+Risk+Society%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+Special+Supplies+Food+System&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1650005&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1013251116500053&rft.issn=1013-2511&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Wen-Hsuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsai, Wen-Hsuan (2 November 2018). "Medical Politics and the CCP's Healthcare System for State Leaders". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China) (Journal of Contemporary China) Journal of Contemporary China  . 27 (114): 942– 955. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1488107) 10.1080/10670564.2018.1488107 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564) 1067-0564 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Medical+Politics+and+the+CCP%27s+Healthcare+System+for+State+Leaders&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=114&rft.pages=942-955&rft.date=2018-11-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1488107&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Wen-Hsuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Chun Han (30 June 2025). (https://www.wsj.com/world/china/chinas-communist-party-now-has-100-million-members-many-are-in-it-for-the-paycheck-a3658c3c) "China's Communist Party Now Has 100 Million Members. Many Are in It for the Paycheck" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . Retrieved 1 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+Now+Has+100+Million+Members.+Many+Are+in+It+for+the+Paycheck.&rft.date=2025-06-30&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchinas-communist-party-now-has-100-million-members-many-are-in-it-for-the-paycheck-a3658c3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yu, Sun (3 July 2024). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/43ccc5be-29a6-45c0-b4be-547937cae946) "China demands loyalty from young expats in the US"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240703113826/https://www.ft.com/content/43ccc5be-29a6-45c0-b4be-547937cae946) Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+demands+loyalty+from+young+expats+in+the+US&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F43ccc5be-29a6-45c0-b4be-547937cae946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/china/2024/09/05/how-to-get-kicked-out-of-chinas-communist-party) "How to get kicked out of China's Communist Party"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 5 September 2024. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . Retrieved 30 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+to+get+kicked+out+of+China%27s+Communist+Party&rft.date=2024-09-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2024%2F09%2F05%2Fhow-to-get-kicked-out-of-chinas-communist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-religion-idUSKCN0Q307Q20150729) "Uncertain times fuel occult beliefs in China's Party hierarchy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 29 July 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231029224643/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-religion-idUSKCN0Q307Q20150729) Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Uncertain+times+fuel+occult+beliefs+in+China%27s+Party+hierarchy&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-religion-idUSKCN0Q307Q20150729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/05/chinese-communist-party-promotes-atheism-but-many-members-still-partake-in-religious-customs/) "Chinese Communist Party promotes atheism, but many members still partake in religious customs" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . 5 September 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231023192117/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/05/chinese-communist-party-promotes-atheism-but-many-members-still-partake-in-religious-customs/) Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Communist+Party+promotes+atheism%2C+but+many+members+still+partake+in+religious+customs&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2023%2F09%2F05%2Fchinese-communist-party-promotes-atheism-but-many-members-still-partake-in-religious-customs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Truex, Rory (2022). "Political Discontent in China Is Associated with Isolating Personality Traits". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics) (The Journal of Politics) The Journal of Politics  . 84 (4): 2172– 2187. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1086%2F719273) 10.1086/719273 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816) 0022-3816 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Political+Discontent+in+China+Is+Associated+with+Isolating+Personality+Traits&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2172-2187&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F719273&rft.issn=0022-3816&rft.aulast=Truex&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ji, Chengyuan; Jiang, Junyan (2020). "Enlightened One-Party Rule? Ideological Differences between Chinese Communist Party Members and the Mass Public". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Research_Quarterly) (Political Research Quarterly) Political Research Quarterly  . 73 (3): 651– 666. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1065912919850342) 10.1177/1065912919850342 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9129) 1065-9129 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Enlightened+One-Party+Rule%3F+Ideological+Differences+between+Chinese+Communist+Party+Members+and+the+Mass+Public&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=651-666&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1065912919850342&rft.issn=1065-9129&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Chengyuan&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Junyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   Sullivan 2007 , p. 582.  ↑   Sullivan 2007 , p. 583.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524233100/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html) "Constitution of the Communist Party of China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . Chinese Communist Party. Archived from (http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/65732/6758063.html) the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cpc.people.com.cn%2F65732%2F6758063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0503/c64387-40472815.html) "全国共有共青团员7531.8万名" [ There are 75.318 million members of the Communist Youth League nationwide.] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 3 May 2025. Retrieved 3 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9B%A2%E5%91%987531.8%E4%B8%87%E5%90%8D&rft.date=2025-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2025%2F0503%2Fc64387-40472815.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150327215204/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206981/8188029.html) "Flag and emblem of Communist Party of China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 29 March 2013. Archived from (http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206981/8188029.html) the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Flag+and+emblem+of+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cpc.people.com.cn%2F206972%2F206981%2F8188029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.citynewsservice.cn/shine/dd3bd1af-8bcf-4a20-be9e-9be122e07871) "Facts and figures about the CPC and its members" . City News Service . 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+News+Service&rft.atitle=Facts+and+figures+about+the+CPC+and+its+members&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citynewsservice.cn%2Fshine%2Fdd3bd1af-8bcf-4a20-be9e-9be122e07871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hackenesch, Christine; Bader, Julia (9 June 2020). (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqaa028) "The Struggle for Minds and Influence: The Chinese Communist Party's Global Outreach" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Studies_Quarterly) (International Studies Quarterly) International Studies Quarterly  . 64 (3): 723– 733. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqaa028) 10.1093/isq/sqaa028  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F7324dee8-d4d7-4163-86c5-f0e467a5b65a) 11245.1/7324dee8-d4d7-4163-86c5-f0e467a5b65a  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833) 0020-8833 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Minds+and+Influence%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party%27s+Global+Outreach&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=723-733&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2F7324dee8-d4d7-4163-86c5-f0e467a5b65a&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqaa028&rft.aulast=Hackenesch&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Bader%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fisq%252Fsqaa028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131224034053/http://www.solidnet.org/15-imcwp/15-imcwp-list-of-participants) "15 IMCWP, List of participants" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers'_Parties) (International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties) International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties . Solidnet.org. 11 November 2013. Archived from (http://www.solidnet.org/15-imcwp/15-imcwp-list-of-participants) the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+IMCWP%2C+List+of+participants&rft.pub=International+Meeting+of+Communist+and+Workers%27+Parties.+Solidnet.org&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidnet.org%2F15-imcwp%2F15-imcwp-list-of-participants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160205103007/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66485/99306/99309/6855848.html) "Senior CPC official meets Portuguese Communist Party leader" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 21 February 2013. Archived from (http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66485/99306/99309/6855848.html) the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Senior+CPC+official+meets+Portuguese+Communist+Party+leader&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cpc.people.com.cn%2F66485%2F99306%2F99309%2F6855848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/90883/7669292.html) "Senior CPC official vows to develop friendly cooperation with French Communist Party" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 8 November 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121028233646/http://english.people.com.cn/90883/7669292.html) Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Senior+CPC+official+vows+to+develop+friendly+cooperation+with+French+Communist+Party&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90883%2F7669292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7922026.html) "Senior CPC official meets Russian delegation" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 24 August 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140104035505/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7922026.html) Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Senior+CPC+official+meets+Russian+delegation&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90883%2F7922026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384837.html) "CPC to institutionalize talks with European parties" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 19 May 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20111109055618/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384837.html) Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=CPC+to+institutionalize+talks+with+European+parties&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90883%2F7384837.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/200507/05/eng20050705_194032.html) "Senior CPC leader meets chairman of Communist Party of Brazil" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 5 June 2005. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212649/http://english.people.com.cn/200507/05/eng20050705_194032.html) Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Senior+CPC+leader+meets+chairman+of+Communist+Party+of+Brazil&rft.date=2005-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200507%2F05%2Feng20050705_194032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vagenas, Elisseos (2010). (https://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/The-International-role-of-China) "The International role of China" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece) (Communist Party of Greece) Communist Party of Greece  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160422195936/http://inter.kke.gr/en/articles/The-International-role-of-China) Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communist+Party+of+Greece&rft.atitle=The+International+role+of+China&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vagenas&rft.aufirst=Elisseos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finter.kke.gr%2Fen%2Farticles%2FThe-International-role-of-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181014113139/http://www.celaj.gov.cn/english/www/18/2011-07/219.html) "A Leadership Delegation of The Communist Party of Nepal (unified Marxist−Leninist)" . China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan. 27 June 2012. Archived from (http://www.celaj.gov.cn/english/www/18/2011-07/219.html) the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Leadership+Delegation+of+The+Communist+Party+of+Nepal+%28unified+Marxist%E2%88%92Leninist%29&rft.pub=China+Executive+Leadership+Academy%2C+Jinggangshan&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celaj.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fwww%2F18%2F2011-07%2F219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6942176.html) "CPC leader pledges exchanges with Communist Party of Spain" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily  . 6 April 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140104055654/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6942176.html) Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=CPC+leader+pledges+exchanges+with+Communist+Party+of+Spain&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90883%2F6942176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cpa.org.au/resources/congress/12/greetings.html#china) "12th CPA Congress" . Central Committee of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia) (Communist Party of Australia) Communist Party of Australia . 12 September 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150329042903/http://cpa.org.au/resources/congress/12/greetings.html#china) Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12th+CPA+Congress&rft.pub=Central+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+Australia&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.org.au%2Fresources%2Fcongress%2F12%2Fgreetings.html%23china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202412/t20241226_11519677.htm) "Ambassador Yao Wen Meets with Communist Party of Bangladesh President Alam and General Secretary Prince" . Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the People's Republic of Bangladesh . 26 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260102061459/https://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202412/t20241226_11519677.htm) Archived from the original on 2 January 2026. Retrieved 2 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=Ambassador+Yao+Wen+Meets+with+Communist+Party+of+Bangladesh+President+Alam+and+General+Secretary+Prince&rft.date=2024-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbd.china-embassy.gov.cn%2Feng%2Fdshd%2F202412%2Ft20241226_11519677.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140108212651/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/16/content_6891337.htm) "More foreign party leaders congratulate CPC on National Congress" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2007. Archived from (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/16/content_6891337.htm) the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=More+foreign+party+leaders+congratulate+CPC+on+National+Congress&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2007-10%2F16%2Fcontent_6891337.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  O'Dwyer, Shaun (22 October 2021). (https://newbloommag.net/2021/10/22/jcp-beijing-feud/) "The Japanese Communist Party's Feud with Beijing: Will the Global Left Take Note?" . New Bloom Magazine . Retrieved 5 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Bloom+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Communist+Party%27s+Feud+with+Beijing%3A+Will+the+Global+Left+Take+Note%3F&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=O%27Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewbloommag.net%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2Fjcp-beijing-feud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 100.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 81.  1  2  3  4   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 82.  1  2  3  4  5   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 84.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , pp. 82–83.  1  2  3  4   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 83.  1  2   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 85.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , pp. 85–86.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , pp. 86–92.  1  2  3   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 93.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 94.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , pp. 95–96.  1  2  3   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 96.  1  2  3  4  5  6   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 97.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 98.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213020/http://english.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130513/chinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders) "Chinese Communist Party to train chavista leaders" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)) (El Universal (Caracas)) El Universal  . 13 May 2013. Archived from (http://english.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130513/chinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders) the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+Party+to+train+chavista+leaders&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eluniversal.com%2Fnacional-y-politica%2F130513%2Fchinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/german-vice-chancellor-visits-china-in-difficult-times/a-74751588) "German vice chancellor visits China in difficult times" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) (Deutsche Welle) Deutsche Welle  . 16 November 2025. Retrieved 23 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=German+vice+chancellor+visits+China+in+difficult+times&rft.date=2025-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgerman-vice-chancellor-visits-china-in-difficult-times%2Fa-74751588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)    1  2  3   Shambaugh 2008 , p. 99.  ↑   Shambaugh 2008 , pp. 99–100.     Sources  Books   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Baum) (Richard Baum) Baum, Richard (1996). (https://archive.org/details/buryingmao00rich) Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping  . Princeton University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03637-3) 978-0-691-03637-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+Mao%3A+Chinese+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03637-3&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburyingmao00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baylis, Thomas (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies . State University of New York Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-944-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-944-4) 978-0-88706-944-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+by+Committee%3A+Collegial+Leadership+in+Advanced+Societies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-944-4&rft.aulast=Baylis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bush, Richard (2005). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/untyingknot00rich) Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait   . Brookings Institution Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9781-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9781-4) 978-0-8157-9781-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knot%3A+Making+Peace+in+the+Taiwan+Strait&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9781-4&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funtyingknot00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Broodsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Zheng, Yongnian (2006). The Chinese Communist Party in Reform . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09928-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09928-5) 978-0-203-09928-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Reform&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-09928-5&rft.aulast=Broodsgaard&rft.aufirst=Kjeld+Erik&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yongnian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carter, Peter (1976). Mao . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-273140-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-273140-1) 978-0-19-273140-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-19-273140-1&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chan, Adrian (2003). Chinese Marxism . Continuum Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7307-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7307-3) 978-0-8264-7307-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Marxism&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7307-3&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cheek, Timothy; Mühlhahn, Klaus; Van de Ven, Hans J., eds. (2021). Chinese Communist Party: A Century in Ten Lives . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108904186) 10.1017/9781108904186 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-90418-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-108-90418-6) 978-1-108-90418-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241952636) 241952636 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+A+Century+in+Ten+Lives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241952636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108904186&rft.isbn=978-1-108-90418-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Coase) (Ronald Coase) Coase, Ronald ; Wang, Ling (2012). How China Became Capitalist . Palgrave Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01936-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01936-3) 978-1-137-01936-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Became+Capitalist&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01936-3&rft.aulast=Coase&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ding, X.L. (2006). The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977–1989 . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02623-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02623-9) 978-0-521-02623-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Communism+in+China%3A+Legitimacy+Crisis%2C+1977%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02623-9&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=X.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dirlik, Arif (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC) The Marxism in the Chinese revolution  . Rowman & Littlefield. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3069-8) (Special:BookSources/0-7425-3069-8) 0-7425-3069-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC) Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marxism+in+the+Chinese+revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-3069-8&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-aGLEtx7AYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   Dittmer, Lowell, et al. (eds.) Informal politics in East Asia, (2000), (https://archive.org/details/informalpolitics0000unse) Informal politics in East Asia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Feigon) (Lee Feigon) Feigon, Lee (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation . Ivan R. Dee. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-522-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-522-6) 978-1-56663-522-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-522-6&rft.aulast=Feigon&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Finer, Catherine Jones (2003). Social Policy Reform in China: Views from Home and Abroad . Ashgate Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3175-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3175-0) 978-0-7546-3175-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Policy+Reform+in+China%3A+Views+from+Home+and+Abroad&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3175-0&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fu Delete repeated word = Zhengyuan (1993). Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44228-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44228-2) 978-0-521-44228-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocratic+Tradition+and+Chinese+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44228-2&rft.au=Fu+Delete+repeated+word+%3D+Zhengyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gao, James (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949) . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6308-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6308-8) 978-0-8108-6308-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Modern+China+%281800%E2%80%931949%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6308-8&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ghai, Yash; Arup, Chris; Chanock, Martin (12 October 2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=HvF3B7DE4WUC) Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States  . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78642-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78642-3) 978-0-521-78642-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Autonomy_and_Ethnicity/HvF3B7DE4WUC) Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomy+and+Ethnicity%3A+Negotiating+Competing+Claims+in+Multi-Ethnic+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-10-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78642-3&rft.aulast=Ghai&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft.au=Arup%2C+Chris&rft.au=Chanock%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvF3B7DE4WUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._James_Gregor) (A. James Gregor) Gregor, A. James (1999). Marxism, China & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality . Transaction Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2815-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2815-4) 978-1-4128-2815-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%2C+China+%26+Development%3A+Reflections+on+Theory+and+Reality&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2815-4&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Gucheng (1995). A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China . Chinese University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-615-6) (Special:BookSources/978-962-201-615-6) 978-962-201-615-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Political+Terms+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-962-201-615-6&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Gucheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guo, Sujian (2012). Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55138-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55138-0) 978-0-415-55138-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+and+Government%3A+Power%2C+Ideology+and+Organization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-55138-0&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Sujian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guo, Xuezhi (2012b). China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics (1 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139150897) 10.1017/cbo9781139150897 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-15089-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-139-15089-7) 978-1-139-15089-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Security+State%3A+Philosophy%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Politics&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139150897&rft.isbn=978-1-139-15089-7&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xuezhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008). China in Search of a Harmonious Society . Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2624-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2624-0) 978-0-7391-2624-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Search+of+a+Harmonious+Society&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield%7CLexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2624-0&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Sujian&rft.au=Guo%2C+Baogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Heath, Timothy R. (2014). China's New Governing Party Paradigm: Political Renewal and the Pursuit of National Rejuvenation . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing) (Ashgate Publishing) Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6201-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6201-9) 978-1-4094-6201-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+New+Governing+Party+Paradigm%3A+Political+Renewal+and+the+Pursuit+of+National+Rejuvenation&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6201-9&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Heazle, Michael; Knight, Nick (2007). China–Japan Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Creating a Future Past? . Edward Elgar Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78195-623-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78195-623-6) 978-1-78195-623-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%E2%80%93Japan+Relations+in+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Creating+a+Future+Past%3F&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-78195-623-6&rft.aulast=Heazle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Knight%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Izuhara, Misa (2013). Handbook on East Asian Social Policy . Edward Elgar Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-029-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85793-029-3) 978-0-85793-029-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+East+Asian+Social+Policy&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85793-029-3&rft.aulast=Izuhara&rft.aufirst=Misa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joseph, William (2010). Politics in China: an Introduction . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533530-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533530-9) 978-0-19-533530-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+China%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533530-9&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects . University of British Columbia Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-248-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-248-6) 978-1-58826-248-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+World+Politics%3A+Policies%2C+Processes%2C+Prospects&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-248-6&rft.aulast=Kornberg&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Faust%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn) (Robert Lawrence Kuhn) Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2011). How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders . John Wiley & Sons. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10425-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10425-5) 978-1-118-10425-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China%27s+Leaders+Think%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+China%27s+Past%2C+Current+and+Future+Leaders&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-10425-5&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Latham, Kevin (2007). Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle . ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-582-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-582-7) 978-1-85109-582-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+China%21%3A+Media%2C+Arts%2C+and+Lifestyle&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-582-7&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Leung, Edwin Pak-wah, ed. (1992). (https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse) Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976  . Greenwood Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26457-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26457-3) 978-0-313-26457-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Revolutionary+China%2C+1839%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26457-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (1996), Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War (2nd ed.), Scarecrow Press (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Civil+War&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft.au=Leung%2C+Edwin+Pak-wah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Cheng (2009). China's Changing Political Landscape: Prospects for Democracy . Brookings Institution Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-5208-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-5208-0) 978-0-8157-5208-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Changing+Political+Landscape%3A+Prospects+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-5208-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liu, Guoli (2011). Politics and Government in China . ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35731-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35731-2) 978-0-313-35731-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Government+in+China&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35731-2&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Guoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Löfstedt, Jan-Ingvar (1980). (https://books.google.com/books?id=x680AAAAMAAJ) Chinese Educational Policy: Changes and Contradictions, 1949–79  . Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02217-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02217-1) 978-0-391-02217-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://books.google.com/books?id=x680AAAAMAAJ) Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Educational+Policy%3A+Changes+and+Contradictions%2C+1949%E2%80%9379&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell+International&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02217-1&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6fstedt&rft.aufirst=Jan-Ingvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx680AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mackerras, Colin; McMillen, Donald; Watson, Andrew (2001). Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25067-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25067-2) 978-0-415-25067-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Politics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25067-2&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=McMillen%2C+Donald&rft.au=Watson%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McGregor) (Richard McGregor) Richard, McGregor (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers (2nd ed.). Harper Perennial. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-170876-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-06-170876-3) 978-0-06-170876-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party%3A+The+Secret+World+of+China%27s+Communist+Rulers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-170876-3&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=McGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marquis?action=edit&redlink=1) (Christopher Marquis (page does not exist)) Marquis, Christopher ; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise . New Haven: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k) 10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6) 978-0-300-26883-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k) j.ctv3006z6k . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572) 1348572572 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190) 253067190 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Musto, Marcello (2008). Karl Marx's Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07382-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07382-5) 978-1-134-07382-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+Grundrisse%3A+Foundations+of+the+Critique+of+Political+Economy+150+Years+Later&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07382-5&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith, Ivian; West, Nigel (2012). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7174-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7174-8) 978-0-8108-7174-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Intelligence&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7174-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ivian&rft.au=West%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ogden, Chris (2013). Handbook of China s Governance and Domestic Politics . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57953-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57953-0) 978-1-136-57953-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+China+s+Governance+and+Domestic+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57953-0&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Governance in China . OECD Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-00844-1) (Special:BookSources/978-92-64-00844-1) 978-92-64-00844-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+in+China&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-64-00844-1&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pantsov, Alexander (2015). Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (1st ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939203-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939203-2) 978-0-19-939203-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939203-2&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   Pye, Lucian, The Dynamics of Chinese politics (1987) (https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofchines0000pyel/page/13/mode/2up) The Dynamics of Chinese politics  Saich, Tony. From Rebel to Ruler: One Hundred Years of the Chinese Communist Party (2021) Saich, Tony. Finding Allies and Making Revolution The Early Years of the Chinese Communist Party (2020) Saich, Tony. Governance and Politics of China (2015) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saich, Tony; Yang, Benjamin (1995). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis . M.E. Sharpe. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-155-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-155-0) 978-1-56324-155-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+to+Power+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+Documents+and+Analysis&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-155-0&rft.aulast=Saich&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Yang%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram) (Stuart R. Schram) Schram, Stuart (1966). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr) Mao Tse-Tung   . Simon & Schuster. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020840-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020840-5) 978-0-14-020840-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Tse-Tung&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020840-5&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaotsetung0000schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shambaugh) (David Shambaugh) Shambaugh, David (2008). China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press) (University of California Press) University of California Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25492-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25492-3) 978-0-520-25492-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Party%3A+Atrophy+and+Adaptation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25492-3&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shambaugh, David (2013). China Goes Global: The Partial Power . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932369-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932369-2) 978-0-19-932369-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Goes+Global%3A+The+Partial+Power&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932369-2&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   Snow, Edgar, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China) (Red Star Over China) Red Star Over China 1937 (https://archive.org/details/redstaroverchina0000snow) Red Star Over China - The Rise Of The Red Army  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sullivan, Lawrence (2007). Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6443-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6443-6) 978-0-8108-6443-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6443-6&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sullivan, Lawrence (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7225-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7225-7) 978-0-8108-7225-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7225-7&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Unger) (Jonathan Unger) Jonathan, Unger (2002). The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang . M.E. Sharpe. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4115-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4115-1) 978-0-7656-4115-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Chinese+Politics%3A+From+Mao+to+Jiang&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-4115-1&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Unger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_van_de_Ven) (Hans van de Ven) van de Ven, Johan (1991). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/fromfriendtocomr00vand) From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927   . University of California Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91087-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91087-4) 978-0-520-91087-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Friend+to+Comrade%3A+The+Founding+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%2C+1920%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91087-4&rft.aulast=van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromfriendtocomr00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Vogel) (Ezra Vogel) Vogel, Ezra (2011). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China) (Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China) Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press) (Harvard University Press) Harvard University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05544-5) 978-0-674-05544-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05544-5&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yeh, Wen-hsin (1996). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/provincialpassag0000yehw) Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press) (University of California Press) University of California Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91632-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91632-6) 978-0-520-91632-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+Passages%3A+Culture%2C+Space%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Chinese+Communism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91632-6&rft.aulast=Yeh&rft.aufirst=Wen-hsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovincialpassag0000yehw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wang, Gunwu; Zheng, Yongian (2012). China: Development and Governance . World Scientific. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4425-83-4) (Special:BookSources/978-981-4425-83-4) 978-981-4425-83-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Development+and+Governance&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4425-83-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gunwu&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yongian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  White, Stephen (2000). Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58737-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58737-2) 978-0-521-58737-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+New+Politics%3A+The+Management+of+a+Postcommunist+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58737-2&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (https://archive.org/details/chinesehighcomma0000whit) Whitson, William W., The Chinese high command : a history of Communist military politics, 1927–71, (1973)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Yiu-chung (2005). From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China . University Press of America. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3074-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3074-0) 978-0-7618-3074-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Deng+Xiaoping+to+Jiang+Zemin%3A+Two+Decades+of+Political+Reform+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3074-0&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yiu-chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yu, Keping (2010). Democracy and the Rule of Law in China . Brill Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18212-7) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18212-7) 978-90-04-18212-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18212-7&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Keping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhao, Suisheng (2004). A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism . Stanford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5001-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5001-1) 978-0-8047-5001-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation-state+by+Construction%3A+Dynamics+of+Modern+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5001-1&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zheng, Wang (2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OucYBQAAQBAJ) Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations  . Columbia University Press. p. 119. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14891-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14891-7) 978-0-231-14891-7  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201019182807/https://books.google.com/books?id=OucYBQAAQBAJ&q=Chinese+communist+party+nationalism) Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Forget+National+Humiliation%3A+Historical+Memory+in+Chinese+Politics+and+Foreign+Relations&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14891-7&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOucYBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd) (Kevin Rudd) Rudd, Kevin (2024). On Xi Jinping: How Xi's Marxist Nationalism is Shaping China and the World . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197766033) (Special:BookSources/9780197766033) 9780197766033  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Xi+Jinping%3A+How+Xi%27s+Marxist+Nationalism+is+Shaping+China+and+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197766033&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)      Journal articles  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abrami, Regina; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Malesky) (Edmund Malesky) Malesky, Edmund ; Zheng, Yu (2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160216202350/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/cpworkshop/papers/Malesky.pdf) "Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China" (PDF) . University of California Press. pp. 1– 46. Archived from (http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/cpworkshop/papers/Malesky.pdf) the original (PDF) on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Accountability+and+Inequality+in+Single-Party+Regimes%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Vietnam+and+China&rft.pages=1-46&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Abrami&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft.au=Malesky%2C+Edmund&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Fcpworkshop%2Fpapers%2FMalesky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, Kerry (2 August 2012). (http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/china/v010/10.2.brown.pdf) "The Communist Party of China and Ideology" (PDF) . China: An International Journal . 10 (2): 52– 68. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchn.2012.0013) 10.1353/chn.2012.0013 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160216202352/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fchina%2Fv010%2F10.2.brown.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Party+of+China+and+Ideology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-68&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fchn.2012.0013&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fchina%2Fv010%2F10.2.brown.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chambers, David Ian (30 April 2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgZJwXbNEEC&pg=PA31) "Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography" . Journal of the American Intelligence Professional . Vol. 56, no. 3. Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 31– 46. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234518/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgZJwXbNEEC&pg=PA31) Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Intelligence+Professional&rft.atitle=Edging+in+from+the+Cold%3A+The+Past+and+Present+State+of+Chinese+Intelligence+Historiography&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=2002-04-30&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=David+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCgZJwXbNEEC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dynon, Nicholas (July 2008). " "Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology". The China Journal . Vol. 60. University of Chicago Press. pp. 83– 109. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20647989) 20647989 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Four+Civilizations%22+and+the+Evolution+of+Post-Mao+Chinese+Socialist+Ideology&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=83-109&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20647989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dynon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Cheng (19 November 2009). (http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2009/11/fall-china-democracy-li) "Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?" . Vol. 30, no. 4. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1– 14. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160604030519/http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2009/11/fall-china-democracy-li) Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intra-Party+Democracy+in+China%3A+Should+We+Take+It+Seriously%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2F2009%2F11%2Ffall-china-democracy-li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mahoney, Josef Gregory; Yi, Jiexiong; Li, Xiuling (April 2009). "A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: Interview with Jiexiong". pp. 177– 192. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40404544) 40404544 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Marxist+Perspective+on+Chinese+Reforms%3A+Interview+with+Jiexiong&rft.pages=177-192&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40404544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Josef+Gregory&rft.au=Yi%2C+Jiexiong&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiuling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Köllner, Patrick (August 2013). (http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp232_koellner.pdf) "Informal Institutions in Autocracies: Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party" (PDF) . No. 232. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 1– 30. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145421/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp232_koellner.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Informal+Institutions+in+Autocracies%3A+Analytical+Perspectives+and+the+Case+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fde%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fwp232_koellner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, H. Lyman (19 November 2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200413163540/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm9_lm.pdf) "Hu Jintao and the Party Politburo" (PDF) . Vol. 32, no. 9. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1– 11. Archived from (http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm9_lm.pdf) the original (PDF) on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao+and+the+Party+Politburo&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=H.+Lyman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fclm9_lm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party)        External links   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Chinese Communist Party   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chinese+Communist+Party) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chinese+Communist+Party&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    Media related to  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20China) (commons:Communist Party of China) Communist Party of China ( (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communist%20Party%20of%20China) (commons:Category:Communist Party of China) category ) at Wikimedia Commons  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1316373843)  ()    Quotations related to  (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese%20Communist%20Party) (wikiquote:Special:Search/Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party at Wikiquote  (https://12371.cn) Official website    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17427#P856) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:Chinese Communist Party) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template talk:Chinese Communist Party) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Chinese Communist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) Party Leaders   Pre-PRC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu) (Chen Duxiu) Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa) (Xiang Zhongfa) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Gu) (Bo Gu) Bo Gu (1931–1935) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wentian) (Zhang Wentian) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943)     National Leaders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng) (Hua Guofeng) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang) (Hu Yaobang) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang) (Zhao Ziyang) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi Jinping (2012–present)          Executive bodies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission      Departments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Publicity Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (International Department of the Chinese Communist Party) International Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Work_Department) (Society Work Department) Society Work Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission) (Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) Political and Legal Affairs Commission      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Office of the Chinese Communist Party) General Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) Office of the General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau) (Central Guard Bureau) Central Guard Bureau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment) (Central Guard Regiment) Central Guard Unit    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection) (National Administration of State Secrets Protection) Secrecy Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration) (State Cryptography Administration) Cryptography Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China) (National Archives Administration of China) Central Archives      Commissions for co-ordination (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office) (Central Policy Research Office) Policy Research Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Auditing Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) Auditing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Office of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission) (Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission) Comprehensive Law-based Governance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission) (Central Financial Commission) Financial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Financial_Commission) (Office of the Central Financial Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Financial and Economic Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Office of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Foreign Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission) (Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission) Cyberspace Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China) (Cyberspace Administration of China) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Integrated_Military_and_Civilian_Development_Commission) (Central Integrated Military and Civilian Development Commission) Integrated Military and Civilian Development (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Integrated_Military_and_Civilian_Development_Commission) (Office of the Central Integrated Military and Civilian Development Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) National Security (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Security_Commission) (Office of the National Security Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission) (Central Science and Technology Commission) Science and Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission) (Central Institutional Organization Commission) Institutional Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission) (Office of the Central Institutional Organization Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secrecy_Commission) (Central Secrecy Commission) Secrecy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection) (National Administration of State Secrets Protection) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Health_Commission) (Central Health Commission) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Committee_on_Party_and_State_Merit_and_Honor_Commendation) (Working Committee on Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation) Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Air_Traffic_Management_Committee) (Central Air Traffic Management Committee) Air Traffic Management      Dispatched agencies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs) (Working Committee of Central and State Organs) Working Committee of Central and State Organs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission) (Central Financial Work Commission) Central Financial Work Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office) (Hong Kong Liaison Office) Hong Kong Work Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office) (Macau Liaison Office) Macau Work Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security) (Office for Safeguarding National Security) Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_small_group) (Leading small group) Leading groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work?action=edit&redlink=1) (Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)) Cryptography Work (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration) (State Cryptography Administration) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Education_Work_Leading_Group) (Central Education Work Leading Group) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group) (Central Rural Work Leading Group) Rural Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work) (Central Leading Group for Inspection Work) Inspection Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform) (Central Leading Group for Military Reform) Military Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Publicity,_Ideological_and_Cultural_Work) (Central Leading Group for Publicity, Ideological and Cultural Work) Publicity, Ideological and Cultural Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Party_Building) (Central Leading Group for Party Building) Party Building  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_United_Front_Work) (Central Leading Group for United Front Work) United Front Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Xinjiang_Work_Coordination_Group) (Central Xinjiang Work Coordination Group) Xinjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tibet_Work_Coordination_Group) (Central Tibet Work Coordination Group) Tibet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs) (Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs) Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office) (Taiwan Affairs Office) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs) (Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs) Hong Kong and Macau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Affairs_Office) (Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office) Office        Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School) (Central Party School) Central Party School (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance) (Chinese Academy of Governance) Chinese Academy of Governance    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature) (Institute of Party History and Literature) Institute of Party History and Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiushi) (Qiushi) Qiushi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangming_Daily) (Guangming Daily) Guangming Daily   Executive Leadership Academies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Pudong) (China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong) Pudong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Yan'an) (China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an) Yan'an  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Jinggangshan) (China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan) Jinggangshan             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st (1921)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2nd (1922)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd (1923)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th (1925)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th (1927)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th (1928)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th (1945)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th (1956)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th (1969)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th (1973)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th (1977)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th (1982)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th (1987)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th (1992)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th (1997)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th (2002)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th (2007)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th (2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th (2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th (2022)      Leadership sittings/ sessions  Elected by  Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd: 1923–1925  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1925–1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Military Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 20th: 2022–2027           Approved by Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1980–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) CCDI Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 7th 1949–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 11th: 1978–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) CCDI Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De (1949–55) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu (1955–68) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yun) (Chen Yun) Chen Yun (1978–87) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Shi) (Qiao Shi) Qiao Shi (1987–92) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jianxing) (Wei Jianxing) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng) (Wu Guanzheng) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang (2007–12) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan (2012–17) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji (2017–22) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)) (Li Xi (politician)) Li Xi (2022–)     Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection           Elected by National Congress  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st: 1921–1922  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 2nd: 1922–1923  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd: 1923–1925  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1925–1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Discipline Inspection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 5th: 1927–1928  6th: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Review_Committee?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)) 1928–1933 & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_Affairs_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)) 1933–1945  7th: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 1949–1955 & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 1955–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 11th: 1978–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 15th: 1997–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 20th: 2022–2027                Internal entities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia (China)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Communist Youth League of China) Communist Youth League of China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China) Central Committee    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China) (Young Pioneers of China) Young Pioneers of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) United front (China) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) People's organization    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers_and_journals_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Newspapers and journals of the Chinese Communist Party) Newspapers and journals      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Ideologies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought) (Mao Zedong Thought) Mao Zedong Thought  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) Socialism with Chinese characteristics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Path of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Path  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_system_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Theoretical system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (System of socialism with Chinese characteristics) System  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Culture    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory) (Deng Xiaoping Theory) Deng Xiaoping Theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents) (Three Represents) Three Represents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development) (Scientific Outlook on Development) Scientific Outlook on Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought      Groupings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_clique) (Shanghai clique) Shanghai clique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanpai) (Tuanpai) Tuanpai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_clique) (Tsinghua clique) Tsinghua clique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elders) (Eight Elders) Eight Elders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princelings) (Princelings) Princelings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction) (Xi Jinping faction) Xi Jinping faction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishan_Society) (Xishan Society) Xishan Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) (Gang of Four) Gang of Four  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Bolsheviks) (28 Bolsheviks) 28 Bolsheviks      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) Anniversary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party) Cadre system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhi_(supervision)) (Liuzhi (supervision)) Liuzhi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party) List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformists_(Chinese_Communist_Party)) (Reformists (Chinese Communist Party)) Reformists (Chinese Communist Party)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_and_flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Emblem and flag of the Chinese Communist Party) Emblem and flag      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Category:Chinese Communist Party) Category       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CCP_Party_Organs) (Template:CCP Party Organs) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CCP_Party_Organs) (Template talk:CCP Party Organs) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CCP_Party_Organs) (Special:EditPage/Template:CCP Party Organs) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization of the Chinese Communist Party) Organizational structure of the Chinese Communist Party               (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress                                        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection                           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Secretary , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) deputy secretaries  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Secretary General                     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Standing Committee      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary Office                                                    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Vice Chairmen     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Office of the Chinese Communist Party) General Office  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau) (Central Guard Bureau) Central Guard Bureau )   Departments: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Publicity , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (International Department of the Chinese Communist Party) International , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Work_Department) (Society Work Department) Society Work , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission) (Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) Legal Affairs    Research institutions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School) (Central Party School) Central Party School , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature) (Institute of Party History and Literature) Institute of Party History and Literature , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office) (Central Policy Research Office) Central Policy Research Office                                  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat                                                            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Small_Groups) (Leading Small Groups) Leading Small Groups   Local Party branches  Other commissions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization) (Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization) Spiritual Civilization , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission) (Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission) Cyberspace Affairs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Foreign Affairs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) National Security , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission) (Central Institutional Organization Commission) Institutional Organization                         Party organizations within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission) CMC Political Work Department                 See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party) Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Links to related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox) (Template:Politics of China navbox) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China_navbox) (Template talk:Politics of China navbox) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox) (Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China navbox) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics of China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Law of the People's Republic of China) Laws  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Ideology      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Military Commission    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Secretary    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee) (Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee) Provincial standing committees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) Constitution      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China) (Government of China) Central government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) Paramount leader  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People's_Congress) (National People's Congress) National People's Congress (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Standing Committee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Chairman      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China) (Vice Premier of China) Vice Premiers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_councillor) (State councillor) State Councilors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council) (Constituent departments of the State Council) Ministries    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission) (National Supervisory Commission) National Supervisory Commission (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission) (Director of the National Supervisory Commission) Director    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People's_Court) (Supreme People's Court) Supreme People's Court (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People's_Court) (President of the Supreme People's Court) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People's_Procuratorate) (Supreme People's Procuratorate) Supreme People's Procuratorate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People's_Procuratorate) (Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate) Procurator-General        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) United front  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Political Consultative Conference (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) National Committee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Chairperson    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_parties_(China)) (Democratic parties (China)) Democratic parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) People's organization    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department      Politics of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China) (Province-level divisions of China) province-level divisions  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders) (List of current Chinese provincial leaders) current leaders )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China) (Direct-controlled municipalities of China) Municipalities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing) (Politics of Beijing) Beijing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Chongqing) (Politics of Chongqing) Chongqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai) (Politics of Shanghai) Shanghai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Tianjin) (Politics of Tianjin) Tianjin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China) (Provinces of China) Provinces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Anhui) (Politics of Anhui) Anhui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Fujian) (Politics of Fujian) Fujian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Gansu) (Politics of Gansu) Gansu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong) (Politics of Guangdong) Guangdong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Guizhou) (Politics of Guizhou) Guizhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hainan) (Politics of Hainan) Hainan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hebei) (Politics of Hebei) Hebei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Heilongjiang) (Politics of Heilongjiang) Heilongjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Henan) (Politics of Henan) Henan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hubei) (Politics of Hubei) Hubei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan) (Politics of Hunan) Hunan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangsu) (Politics of Jiangsu) Jiangsu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangxi) (Politics of Jiangxi) Jiangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jilin) (Politics of Jilin) Jilin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Liaoning) (Politics of Liaoning) Liaoning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qinghai) (Politics of Qinghai) Qinghai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Shaanxi) (Politics of Shaanxi) Shaanxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Shandong) (Politics of Shandong) Shandong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Shanxi) (Politics of Shanxi) Shanxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sichuan) (Politics of Sichuan) Sichuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Yunnan) (Politics of Yunnan) Yunnan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang) (Politics of Zhejiang) Zhejiang      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China) (Autonomous regions of China) Autonomous regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Guangxi) (Politics of Guangxi) Guangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Inner_Mongolia) (Politics of Inner Mongolia) Inner Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ningxia) (Politics of Ningxia) Ningxia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Xinjiang) (Politics of Xinjiang) Xinjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Tibet) (Politics of Tibet) Tibet ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet) (List of modern political leaders of Tibet) leaders )      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) SARs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong) (Politics of Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Macau) (Politics of Macau) Macau      Claimed province (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan) (Politics of Taiwan) Taiwan           See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Elections in the People's Republic of China) Elections         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_political_parties) (Template:Chinese political parties) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_political_parties) (Template talk:Chinese political parties) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_political_parties) (Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese political parties) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China) (List of political parties in China) Political parties in China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) Ruling party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Chinese Communist Party      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_parties_(China)) (Democratic parties (China)) Minor parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang) (Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang) Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Democratic_League) (China Democratic League) China Democratic League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association) (China National Democratic Construction Association) China National Democratic Construction Association  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy) (China Association for Promoting Democracy) China Association for Promoting Democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Peasants'_and_Workers'_Democratic_Party) (Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party) Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party) (China Zhi Gong Party) China Zhi Gong Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiusan_Society) (Jiusan Society) Jiusan Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League) (Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League) Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League      Banned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China) (Democracy Party of China) Democracy Party of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_of_China) (Maoist Communist Party of China) Maoist Communist Party of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_Party_of_China) (New Democracy Party of China) New Democracy Party of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists) (Union of Chinese Nationalists) Union of Chinese Nationalists      Historical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party) (China Democratic Socialist Party) China Democratic Socialist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_National_Revolution) (Committee for National Revolution) Committee for National Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Association) (Concordia Association) Concordia Association  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)) (Democratic Party (1912)) Democratic Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_Liberation_Organization) (East Turkestan Liberation Organization) East Turkestan Liberation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Front) (First United Front) First United Front  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxinghui) (Huaxinghui) Huaxinghui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang still existing in the Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)) (Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)) Kuomintang-Nanjing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_People's_Party) (Productive People's Party) Productive People's Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)) (Progressive Party (China)) Progressive Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)) (Republican Party (China)) Republican Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_Party) (Royalist Party) Royalist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front) (Second United Front) Second United Front  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_China) (Social Democratic Party of China) Social Democratic Party of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongmenghui) (Tongmenghui) Tongmenghui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)) (Unity Party (China)) Unity Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_People's_Anti-Imperialist_Association) (Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association) Xinjiang People's Anti-Imperialist Association  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_China_Party) (Young China Party) Young China Party still existing in the Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party) (Young Kashgar Party) Young Kashgar Party      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics) (Portal:Politics) Portal:Politics  (List-Class article) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country) (List of political parties by country) Lists of political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China) (Politics of China) Politics of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan) (List of political parties in Taiwan) Political parties in the Republic of China after 1949         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Warlord_era) (Template:Warlord era) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Warlord_era) (Template talk:Warlord era) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord_era) (Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord era) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beiyang_star.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era) (Warlord Era) Warlord Era and warlordism during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_decade) (Nanjing decade) Nanjing decade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg)       1915–1924 1925–1934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era) (List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era) Factions   1911–1914 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion) (Bai Lang Rebellion) Bai Lang Rebellion   1913 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)) (Second Revolution (Republic of China)) Second Revolution   1915 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands) (Twenty-One Demands) Twenty-One Demands   1915–1916 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915–1916)) (Empire of China (1915–1916)) Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Protection_War) (National Protection War) National Protection War   1916 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai) (Yuan Shikai) Death of Yuan Shikai   1917 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_Restoration) (Manchu Restoration) Manchu Restoration   1917–1922 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement) (Constitutional Protection Movement) Constitutional Protection Movement   1917–1929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917–1949)) (Golok rebellions (1917–1949)) Golok rebellions   1918–1920 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_intervention) (Siberian intervention) Siberian intervention   1919 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)) (Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)) Paris Peace Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Problem) (Shandong Problem) Shandong Problem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement) (May Fourth Movement) May Fourth Movement    1919–1921 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia) (Occupation of Mongolia) Occupation of Outer Mongolia   1920 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhili–Anhui_War) (Zhili–Anhui War) Zhili–Anhui War   1920–1921 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong–Guangxi_War) (Guangdong–Guangxi War) Guangdong–Guangxi War   1920–1926 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920–1926)) (Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)) Spirit Soldier rebellions   1921 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st National CCP Congress   1921–1922 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference) (Washington Naval Conference) Washington Naval Conference   1922 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zhili–Fengtian_War) (First Zhili–Fengtian War) First Zhili–Fengtian War   1923–1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Front) (First United Front) First United Front    1923 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage) (Lincheng Outrage) Lincheng Outrage   1924 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu–Zhejiang_War) (Jiangsu–Zhejiang War) Jiangsu–Zhejiang War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Zhili–Fengtian_War) (Second Zhili–Fengtian War) Second Zhili–Fengtian War   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Merchants'_Corps_Uprising) (Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising) Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Beijing_Coup) (1924 Beijing Coup) Beijing Coup       1925 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan–Guangxi_War) (Yunnan–Guangxi War) Yunnan–Guangxi War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement) (May Thirtieth Movement) May Thirtieth Movement   1925–1926 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War) (Anti-Fengtian War) Anti-Fengtian War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton–Hong_Kong_strike) (Canton–Hong Kong strike) Canton–Hong Kong strike   1926 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Coup) (Canton Coup) Zhongshan Warship Incident   1926–1928 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition) (Northern Expedition) Northern Expedition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split) (Wuhan government) Nanjing–Wuhan Split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Nationalist-Communist Civil War    1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927) (Nanking incident of 1927) Nanking incident of 1927   1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927) (Shanghai Commune of 1927) Shanghai Commune of 1927   1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre) (Shanghai massacre) Shanghai massacre   1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15_Incident) (July 15 Incident) July 15 Incident   1927–1930 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927–30)) (Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)) Muslim conflict in Gansu   1928 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_incident) (Jinan incident) Jinan incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanggutun_incident) (Huanggutun incident) Huanggutun incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum) (Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum) Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement) (Northeast Flag Replacement) Northeast Flag Replacement   1928–1929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Spears'_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928–1929)) (Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)) Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong   1929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War) (Chiang-Gui War) Chiang-Gui War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong) (Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong) Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong  (incl. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Revolt) (Beijing Revolt) Beijing Revolt ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)) (Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)) Sino-Soviet conflict   1930 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plains_War) (Central Plains War) Central Plains War    1930–1932 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War) (Sino-Tibetan War) Sino-Tibetan War / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai–Tibet_War) (Qinghai–Tibet War) Qinghai–Tibet War   1931–1935 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion) (Kumul Rebellion) Kumul Rebellion / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang) (Soviet invasion of Xinjiang) Soviet invasion of Xinjiang   1932 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han–Liu_War) (Han–Liu War) Han–Liu War   1932 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Liu_war) (Two-Liu war) Two-Liu war   1934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)) (War in Ningxia (1934)) War in Ningxia       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_Army) (Beiyang Army) Beiyang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_clique) (Anhui clique) Anhui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhili_clique) (Zhili clique) Zhili  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengtian_clique) (Fengtian clique) Fengtian ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pacification_Army) (National Pacification Army) National Pacification Army ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)) (Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)) Zhili Army    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_clique) (Shanxi clique) Shanxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guominjun) (Guominjun) Guominjun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_clique) (Ma clique) Ma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_clique) (Xinjiang clique) Xinjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_clique) (Yunnan clique) Yunnan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_clique) (Sichuan clique) Sichuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique) (Old Guangxi clique) Old Guangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique) (New Guangxi clique) New Guangxi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jiongming) (Chen Jiongming) Guangdong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou_clique) (Guizhou clique) Guizhou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang (KMT)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Communist Party (CCP)            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China (1912–1949)       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War) (Template:Chinese Civil War) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War) (Template talk:Chinese Civil War) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War) (Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War    Principal belligerents and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War) (Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War) campaigns   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Nationalist Party / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) (Taiwan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_government) (Nationalist government) National Government ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army) (National Revolutionary Army) National Revolutionary Army ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Constitution of the Republic of China) → (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) (Taiwan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Government of the Republic of China) Constitutional ROC Government ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces) (Republic of China Armed Forces) ROC Armed Forces ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan) → (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) (Taiwan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Republic of China on Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Communist Party / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic) (Chinese Soviet Republic) Soviet Republic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:中國工農紅軍軍旗.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army) (Chinese Red Army) Red Army ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front) (Second United Front) → (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927–1949)) (Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)) Liberated Area ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army) (Eighth Route Army) 8th Route Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fourth_Army) (New Fourth Army) New Fourth Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) etc. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) → (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People's_Liberation_Army_Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) → ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China     Pre-1945 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War) (Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War) Post-1945   1923 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun–Joffe_Manifesto) (Sun–Joffe Manifesto) Sun–Joffe Manifesto   1924 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_Front) (First United Front) First United Front   1926 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Coup) (Canton Coup) Canton Coup   1927–1949 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) Chinese Communist Revolution   1927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927) (Nanking incident of 1927) Nanking incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927) (Shanghai Commune of 1927) Shanghai Commune  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_massacre) (Shanghai massacre) Shanghai massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing–Wuhan_split) (Nanjing–Wuhan split) Nanjing–Wuhan split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15_Incident) (July 15 Incident) 715 Incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Long_March) (Little Long March) Little Long March  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanchang_uprising) (Nanchang uprising) Nanchang uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising) (Autumn Harvest Uprising) Autumn Harvest Uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising) (Guangzhou Uprising) Guangzhou Uprising   1930–1934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lisan_line) (Li Lisan line) Li Lisan line  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)) (Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)) Encirclement campaigns   1931–1934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic) (Chinese Soviet Republic) Chinese Soviet Republic   1933–1934 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_People's_Government) (Fujian People's Government) Fujian People's Government   1934–1936 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_March) (Long March) Long March   1936 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'an_Incident) (Xi'an Incident) Xi'an Incident   1937–1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_United_Front) (Second United Front) Second United Front ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists) (Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists) Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists )  1941 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident) (New Fourth Army incident) New Fourth Army incident   1944 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Mission) (Dixie Mission) Dixie Mission       1945 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations) (Chongqing Negotiations) Chongqing Negotiations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement) (Double Tenth Agreement) Double Tenth Agreement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan) (Retrocession of Taiwan) Retrocession of Taiwan   1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident) (Jiaochangkou incident) Jiaochangkou Incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Chong_case) (Shen Chong case) Peiping rape case   1945–1947 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Mission) (Marshall Mission) Marshall Mission   1945–1949 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer) (Operation Beleaguer) Operation Beleaguer    1947 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident) (Yu Zisan Incident) Yu Zisan Incident   1948 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Kiangya) (SS Kiangya) SS Kiangya incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign) (Liaoshen campaign) Liaoshen campaign   1948–1949 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaihai_campaign) (Huaihai campaign) Huaihai campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingjin_campaign) (Pingjin campaign) Pingjin campaign   1949 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)) (Taiping (steamer)) Taiping Steamer Incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign) (Yangtze River Crossing campaign) Yangtze River Crossing campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst_incident) (Amethyst incident) Amethyst Incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan) ROC Government retreat to Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kinmen) (Battle of Kinmen) Battle of Kinmen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China) PRC incorporation of Xinjiang   1949–1953 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)) (Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)) Bombing of Shanghai   1950 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island) (Battle of Hainan Island) Hainan Island campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign) (Wanshan Archipelago Campaign) Wanshan Archipelago Campaign    1950–1958 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency) (Kuomintang Islamic insurgency) Kuomintang Islamic insurgency   1954–1955 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (First Taiwan Strait Crisis) First Taiwan Strait Crisis   1958 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Second Taiwan Strait Crisis) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis   1961–1972 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_National_Glory) (Project National Glory) Project National Glory   1995–1996 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Third Taiwan Strait Crisis) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis   2022–present (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis                (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cold_War) (Template:Cold War) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War) (Template talk:Cold War) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War) (Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) (Warsaw Pact) Warsaw Pact  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS) (ANZUS) ANZUS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization) (Central Treaty Organization) METO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization) (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) SEATO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization) (Northeast Asia Treaty Organization) NEATO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance) (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance) Rio Pact  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement      1940s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan) (Morgenthau Plan) Morgenthau Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict) (Jamaican political conflict) Jamaican political conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana) (Dekemvriana) Dekemvriana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states) (Guerrilla war in the Baltic states) Guerrilla war in the Baltic states (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Priboi) (Operation Priboi) Operation Priboi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jungle) (Operation Jungle) Operation Jungle   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states) (Occupation of the Baltic states) Occupation of the Baltic states    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursed_soldiers) (Cursed soldiers) Cursed soldiers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable) (Operation Unthinkable) Operation Unthinkable   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair) (Gouzenko Affair) Gouzenko Affair  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea) (Division of Korea) Division of Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) (Chinese Communist Revolution) Chinese Communist Revolution    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution) (Indonesian National Revolution) Indonesian National Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conflicts_in_Vietnam_(1945–1949)) (Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)) Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer) (Operation Beleaguer) Operation Beleaguer   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty) (Operation Blacklist Forty) Operation Blacklist Forty   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946) (Iran crisis of 1946) Iran crisis of 1946  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War) (Greek Civil War) Greek Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Plan) (Baruch Plan) Baruch Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident) (Corfu Channel incident) Corfu Channel incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion) (Hukbalahap rebellion) Hukbalahap rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis) (Turkish Straits crisis) Turkish Straits crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany) (Restatement of Policy on Germany) Restatement of Policy on Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War) (First Indochina War) First Indochina War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election) (1947 Polish parliamentary election) 1947 Polish parliamentary election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)) (Paraguayan Civil War (1947)) 1947 Paraguayan Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine) (Truman Doctrine) Truman Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference) (Asian Relations Conference) Asian Relations Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1947_crises) (May 1947 crises) May 1947 crises  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) Partition of India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India–Pakistan_war_of_1947–1948) (India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948) India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war) (1948 Palestine war) 1947–1949 Palestine war (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947–1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine) (1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine) 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab–Israeli_War) (1948 Arab–Israeli War) 1948 Arab–Israeli War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight) (1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight) 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan) (Marshall Plan) Marshall Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon) (Comecon) Comecon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d'état) (1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état) 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council) (Allied Control Council) Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising) (Al-Wathbah uprising) Al-Wathbah uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito–Stalin_split) (Tito–Stalin split) Tito–Stalin split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade) (Berlin Blockade) Berlin Blockade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia) (La Violencia) La Violencia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad) (Annexation of Hyderabad) Annexation of Hyderabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madiun_Affair) (Madiun Affair) Madiun Affair  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_betrayal) (Western betrayal) Western betrayal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain) (Iron Curtain) Iron Curtain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc) (Eastern Bloc) Eastern Bloc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc) (Western Bloc) Western Bloc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency) (Malayan Emergency) Malayan Emergency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d'état) (March 1949 Syrian coup d'état) March 1949 Syrian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Valuable) (Operation Valuable) Operation Valuable      1950s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_curtain) (Bamboo curtain) Bamboo curtain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism) (McCarthyism) McCarthyism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War) (First Indochina War) First Indochina War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Cold_War) (Arab Cold War) Arab Cold War (1952–1979)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) Egyptian revolution of 1952  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada) (Iraqi Intifada) Iraqi Intifada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion) (Mau Mau rebellion) Mau Mau rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batepá_massacre) (Batepá massacre) Batepá massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953) (East German uprising of 1953) East German uprising of 1953  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Plzeň_uprising) (1953 Plzeň uprising) 1953 Plzeň uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'état) (1953 Iranian coup d'état) 1953 Iranian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_14_July_1953_in_Paris) (Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris) Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Colombian_coup_d'état) (1953 Colombian coup d'état) 1953 Colombian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid) (Pact of Madrid) Pact of Madrid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricker_Amendment) (Bricker Amendment) Bricker Amendment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1954 Syrian coup d'état) 1954 Syrian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrov_Affair) (Petrov Affair) Petrov Affair  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory) (Domino theory) Domino theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference) (1954 Geneva Conference) 1954 Geneva Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d'état) (1954 Paraguayan coup d'état) 1954 Paraguayan coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d'état) (1954 Guatemalan coup d'état) 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse) (Capture of the Tuapse) Capture of the Tuapse   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (First Taiwan Strait Crisis) First Taiwan Strait Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War) (Jebel Akhdar War) Jebel Akhdar War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War) (Algerian War) Algerian War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Princess) (Kashmir Princess) Kashmir Princess  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Conference) (Bandung Conference) Bandung Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)) (Geneva Summit (1955)) Geneva Summit (1955)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency) (Cyprus Emergency) Cyprus Emergency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) (Vietnam War) Vietnam War  "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences) (On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences) On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences " (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_of_the_Suez_Canal_(1956–1957)) (Closure of the Suez Canal (1956–1957)) Closure of the Suez Canal (1956–1957)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Poznań_protests) (1956 Poznań protests) 1956 Poznań protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956) (Hungarian Revolution of 1956) Hungarian Revolution of 1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash_Communism) (Goulash Communism) Goulash Communism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_October) (Polish October) Polish October  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis) (Suez Crisis) Suez Crisis  "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_will_bury_you) (We will bury you) We will bury you " (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gladio) (Operation Gladio) Operation Gladio   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957) (Syrian Crisis of 1957) Syrian Crisis of 1957  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisis) (Sputnik crisis) Sputnik crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifni_War) (Ifni War) Ifni War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_July_Revolution) (14 July Revolution) Iraqi 14 July Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis) (1958 Lebanon crisis) 1958 Lebanon crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Second Taiwan Strait Crisis) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising) (1959 Mosul uprising) 1959 Mosul uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising) (1959 Tibetan uprising) 1959 Tibetan uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Debate) (Kitchen Debate) Kitchen Debate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution) (Cuban Revolution) Cuban Revolution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution) (Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution) Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split) (Sino-Soviet split) Sino-Soviet split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Frost_Crisis) (Night Frost Crisis) Night Frost Crisis      1960s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis) (Congo Crisis) Congo Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War) (Laotian Civil War) Laotian Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) (Vietnam War) Vietnam War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_rebellion) (Simba rebellion) Simba rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident) (1960 U-2 incident) 1960 U-2 incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion) (Bay of Pigs Invasion) Bay of Pigs Invasion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d'état) (1960 Turkish coup d'état) 1960 Turkish coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian–Soviet_split) (Albanian–Soviet split) Albanian–Soviet split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi–Kurdish_conflict) (Iraqi–Kurdish conflict) Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iraqi–Kurdish_War) (First Iraqi–Kurdish War) First Iraqi–Kurdish War    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961) (Berlin Crisis of 1961) Berlin Crisis of 1961  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall) (Berlin Wall) Berlin Wall  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa) (Annexation of Goa) Annexation of Goa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_conflict) (Papua conflict) Papua conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia–Malaysia_confrontation) (Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation) Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_War) (Sand War) Sand War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War) (Portuguese Colonial War) Portuguese Colonial War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence) (Angolan War of Independence) Angolan War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence) (Guinea-Bissau War of Independence) Guinea-Bissau War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence) (Mozambican War of Independence) Mozambican War of Independence    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis) (Cuban Missile Crisis) Cuban Missile Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Porteñazo) (El Porteñazo) El Porteñazo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War) (Sino-Indian War) Sino-Indian War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak) (Communist insurgency in Sarawak) Communist insurgency in Sarawak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution) (Ramadan Revolution) Ramadan Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence) (Eritrean War of Independence) Eritrean War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war) (North Yemen civil war) North Yemen civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1963 Syrian coup d'état) 1963 Syrian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) (Assassination of John F. Kennedy) Assassination of John F. Kennedy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency) (Aden Emergency) Aden Emergency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964) (Cypriot intercommunal violence) Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifta_War) (Shifta War) Shifta War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War) (Mexican Dirty War) Mexican Dirty War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre) (Tlatelolco massacre) Tlatelolco massacre    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War) (Guatemalan Civil War) Guatemalan Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_conflict) (Colombian conflict) Colombian conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d'état) (1964 Brazilian coup d'état) 1964 Brazilian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War) (Dominican Civil War) Dominican Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War) (Rhodesian Bush War) Rhodesian Bush War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965–66) (Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66) Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order) (Transition to the New Order) Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration) (ASEAN Declaration) ASEAN Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1966 Syrian coup d'état) 1966 Syrian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War) (Cambodian Civil War) Cambodian Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution) (Argentine Revolution) Argentine Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War) (South African Border War) South African Border War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict) (Korean DMZ Conflict) Korean DMZ Conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-3_incident) (12-3 incident) 12-3 incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_junta) (Greek junta) Greek junta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots) (1967 Hong Kong riots) 1967 Hong Kong riots  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_of_the_Suez_Canal_(1967–1975)) (Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)) Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)) (Years of Lead (Italy)) Years of Lead (Italy)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) Six-Day War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition) (War of Attrition) War of Attrition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_rebellion) (Dhofar rebellion) Dhofar rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War) (Al-Wadiah War) Al-Wadiah War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War) (Nigerian Civil War) Nigerian Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_of_1968) (Protests of 1968) Protests of 1968 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_68) (May 68) May 68    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring) (Prague Spring) Prague Spring  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident) (USS Pueblo (AGER-2)) USS Pueblo incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis) (1968 Polish political crisis) 1968 Polish political crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968–1989)) (Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)) Communist insurgency in Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia) (Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia) Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_July_Revolution) (17 July Revolution) 17 July Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d'état) (1968 Peruvian coup d'état) 1968 Peruvian coup d'état (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru) (Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru) Revolutionary Government    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1969 Sudanese coup d'état) 1969 Sudanese coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution) (1969 Libyan revolution) 1969 Libyan revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash_Communism) (Goulash Communism) Goulash Communism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict) (Sino-Soviet border conflict) Sino-Soviet border conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People's_Army_rebellion) (New People's Army rebellion) New People's Army rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_Crisis) (Note Crisis) Note Crisis      1970s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September) (Black September) Black September  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcora_Exercise) (Alcora Exercise) Alcora Exercise  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Syrian_coup_d'etat) (1970 Syrian coup d'etat) 1970 Syrian coup d'etat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict) (Western Sahara conflict) Western Sahara conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand) (Communist insurgency in Thailand) Communist insurgency in Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1970_protests_in_Poland) (December 1970 protests in Poland) December 1970 protests in Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koza_riot) (Koza riot) Koza riot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik) (Realpolitik) Realpolitik   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy) (Ping-pong diplomacy) Ping-pong diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection) (1971 JVP insurrection) 1971 JVP insurrection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)) (Corrective revolution (Egypt)) Corrective revolution (Egypt)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum) (1971 Turkish military memorandum) 1971 Turkish military memorandum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1971 Sudanese coup d'état) 1971 Sudanese coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d'état) (1971 Bolivian coup d'état) 1971 Bolivian coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin) (Four Power Agreement on Berlin) Four Power Agreement on Berlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) (Bangladesh Liberation War) Bangladesh Liberation War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China) (1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China) 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen) (South Yemen) North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Yemenite_War) (First Yemenite War) First Yemenite War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_massacre) (Munich massacre) Munich massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972–1975_Bangladesh_insurgency) (1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency) 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence) (Eritrean War of Independence) Eritrean War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords) (Paris Peace Accords) Paris Peace Accords  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d'état) (1973 Uruguayan coup d'état) 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d'état) (1973 Afghan coup d'état) 1973 Afghan coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d'état) (1973 Chilean coup d'état) 1973 Chilean coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis) (1973 oil crisis) 1973 oil crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution) (Carnation Revolution) Carnation Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War) (Ethiopian Civil War) Ethiopian Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War) (Vietnam War) Vietnam War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy) (Spanish transition to democracy) Spanish transition to democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitefsi) (Metapolitefsi) Metapolitefsi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks) (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Iraqi–Kurdish_War) (Second Iraqi–Kurdish War) Second Iraqi–Kurdish War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus) (Turkish invasion of Cyprus) Turkish invasion of Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'état) (15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état) 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'état) (3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état) Siege of Dhaka (1975)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d'état) (7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état) Sipahi-Janata revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War) (Angolan Civil War) Angolan Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor) (Indonesian invasion of East Timor) Indonesian invasion of East Timor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_genocide) (Cambodian genocide) Cambodian genocide  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1976_in_Polish_protests) (June 1976 in Polish protests) June 1976 in Polish protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War) (Mozambican Civil War) Mozambican Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict) (Oromo conflict) Oromo conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War) (Ogaden War) Ogaden War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt) (1978 Somali coup attempt) 1978 Somali coup attempt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_War) (Western Sahara War) Western Sahara War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War) (Lebanese Civil War) Lebanese Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split) (Sino-Albanian split) Sino-Albanian split  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Indochina_War) (Third Indochina War) Third Indochina War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian–Vietnamese_War) (Cambodian–Vietnamese War) Cambodian–Vietnamese War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_insurgency) (Khmer Rouge insurgency) Khmer Rouge insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War) (Sino-Vietnamese War) Sino-Vietnamese War    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor) (Operation Condor) Operation Condor   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_War) (Dirty War) Dirty War (Argentina)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d'état) (1976 Argentine coup d'état) 1976 Argentine coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian–Libyan_War) (Egyptian–Libyan War) Egyptian–Libyan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Autumn) (German Autumn) German Autumn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902) (Korean Air Lines Flight 902) Korean Air Lines Flight 902  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution) (Nicaraguan Revolution) Nicaraguan Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda–Tanzania_War) (Uganda–Tanzania War) Uganda–Tanzania War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDF_Rebellion) (NDF Rebellion) NDF Rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian–Libyan_War) (Chadian–Libyan War) Chadian–Libyan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War) (Second Yemenite War) Second Yemenite War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure) (Grand Mosque seizure) Grand Mosque seizure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution) (Iranian Revolution) Iranian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saur_Revolution) (Saur Revolution) Saur Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_JEWEL_Movement) (New JEWEL Movement) New JEWEL Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising) (1979 Herat uprising) 1979 Herat uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine) (Seven Days to the River Rhine) Seven Days to the River Rhine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union) (Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union) Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union      1980s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War) (Salvadoran Civil War) Salvadoran Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War) (Soviet–Afghan War) Soviet–Afghan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence) (Eritrean War of Independence) Eritrean War of Independence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts) (List of Olympic Games boycotts) Summer Olympic boycotts ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott) (1980 Summer Olympics boycott) 1980  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott) (1984 Summer Olympics boycott) 1984  ·   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics_boycott) (1988 Summer Olympics boycott) 1988 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Demands) (Gera Demands) Gera Demands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru) (Internal conflict in Peru) Peruvian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Agreements) (August Agreements) August Agreements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)) (Solidarity (Polish trade union)) Solidarity    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Jerzy_Popiełuszko) (Assassination of Jerzy Popiełuszko) Assassination of Jerzy Popiełuszko  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d'état) (1980 Turkish coup d'état) 1980 Turkish coup d'état  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War) (Ugandan Bush War) Ugandan Bush War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)) (Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)) Gulf of Sidra incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland) (Martial law in Poland) Martial law in Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict) (Casamance conflict) Casamance conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War) (Falklands War) Falklands War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Ethiopian–Somali_Border_War) (1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War) 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War) (Ndogboyosoi War) Ndogboyosoi War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada) (United States invasion of Grenada) United States invasion of Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_Archer_83) (Able Archer 83) Able Archer 83  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative) (Strategic Defense Initiative) Star Wars  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)) (Geneva Summit (1985)) 1985 Geneva Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_War) (Iran–Iraq War) Iran–Iraq War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Rebellion) (Somali Rebellion) Somali Rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjavík_Summit) (Reykjavík Summit) Reykjavík Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident) (1986 Black Sea incident) 1986 Black Sea incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemeni_crisis) (South Yemeni crisis) South Yemeni crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_War) (Toyota War) Toyota War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre) (1987 Lieyu massacre) 1987 Lieyu massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Denver) (Operation Denver) Operation Denver  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987–1989_JVP_insurrection) (1987–1989 JVP insurrection) 1987–1989 JVP insurrection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's_Resistance_Army_insurgency) (Lord's Resistance Army insurgency) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident) (1988 Black Sea bumping incident) 1988 Black Sea bumping incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8888_Uprising) (8888 Uprising) 8888 Uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solidarity) (History of Solidarity) Solidarity ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980–1981) (Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981) Soviet reaction ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contras) (Contras) Contras  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_crisis) (Central American crisis) Central American crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_RYAN) (Operation RYAN) Operation RYAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007) (Korean Air Lines Flight 007) Korean Air Lines Flight 007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) (People Power Revolution) People Power Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost) (Glasnost) Glasnost   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika) (Perestroika) Perestroika   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_conflict) (Bougainville conflict) Bougainville conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War) (First Nagorno-Karabakh War) First Nagorno-Karabakh War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989–1992)) (Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)) Afghan Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama) (United States invasion of Panama) United States invasion of Panama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes) (1988 Polish strikes) 1988 Polish strikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement) (Polish Round Table Agreement) Polish Round Table Agreement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre) (1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre) 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989) (Revolutions of 1989) Revolutions of 1989  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall) (Fall of the Berlin Wall) Fall of the Berlin Wall  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border) (Fall of the inner German border) Fall of the inner German border  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution) (Velvet Revolution) Velvet Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_revolution) (Romanian revolution) Romanian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution) (Peaceful Revolution) Peaceful Revolution      1990s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990) (Mongolian Revolution of 1990) Mongolian Revolution of 1990  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident) (Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident) Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202) (Min Ping Yu No. 5202) Min Ping Yu No. 5202  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification) (German reunification) German reunification  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_unification) (Yemeni unification) Yemeni unification  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania) (Fall of communism in Albania) Fall of communism in Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia) (Breakup of Yugoslavia) Breakup of Yugoslavia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) Dissolution of the Soviet Union (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt) (1991 Soviet coup attempt) 1991 August Coup    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia) (Dissolution of Czechoslovakia) Dissolution of Czechoslovakia      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_conflict) (Frozen conflict) Frozen conflicts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict) (Abkhazia conflict) Abkhazia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) China–Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea) (Division of Korea) Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo) (Political status of Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian–Ossetian_conflict) (Georgian–Ossetian conflict) South Ossetia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_conflict) (Transnistria conflict) Transnistria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute) (Sino-Indian border dispute) Sino-Indian border dispute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute) (North Borneo dispute) North Borneo dispute      Foreign policy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine) (Truman Doctrine) Truman Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment) (Containment) Containment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine) (Eisenhower Doctrine) Eisenhower Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Détente) (Détente) Détente   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory) (Domino theory) Domino theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine) (Hallstein Doctrine) Hallstein Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine) (Kennedy Doctrine) Kennedy Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine) (Johnson Doctrine) Johnson Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence) (Peaceful coexistence) Peaceful coexistence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik) (Ostpolitik) Ostpolitik  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine) (Brezhnev Doctrine) Brezhnev Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine) (Nixon Doctrine) Nixon Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine) (Ulbricht Doctrine) Ulbricht Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Doctrine) (Carter Doctrine) Carter Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine) (Reagan Doctrine) Reagan Doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paasikivi–Kekkonen_doctrine) (Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine) Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollback) (Rollback) Rollback  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement) (Kinmen Agreement) Kinmen Agreement      Ideologies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism) (Capitalism) Capitalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics) (Chicago school of economics) Chicago school  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism) (Conservatism) Conservatism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States) (Conservatism in the United States) American conservatism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_capitalism) (Democratic capitalism) Democratic capitalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics) (Keynesian economics) Keynesianism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism) (Liberalism) Liberalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism) (Libertarianism) Libertarianism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism) (Monetarism) Monetarism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics) (Neoclassical economics) Neoclassical economics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaganomics) (Reaganomics) Reaganomics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_economics) (Supply-side economics) Supply-side economics      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism) (Socialism) Socialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism) (Communism) Communism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelismo) (Fidelismo) Fidelismo   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocommunism) (Eurocommunism) Eurocommunism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guevarism) (Guevarism) Guevarism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism) (Hoxhaism) Hoxhaism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche) (Juche) Juche   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought) (Ho Chi Minh Thought) Ho Chi Minh Thought  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism) (Maoism) Maoism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism) (Stalinism) Stalinism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism) (Titoism) Titoism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyism) (Trotskyism) Trotskyism      Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism) (Imperialism) Imperialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism) (Anti-imperialism) Anti-imperialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism) (Nationalism) Nationalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultranationalism) (Ultranationalism) Ultranationalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism) (Chauvinism) Chauvinism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism) (Ethnic nationalism) Ethnic nationalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism) (Racism) Racism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism) (Zionism) Zionism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) (Anti-Zionism) Anti-Zionism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism) (Fascism) Fascism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism) (Neo-Nazism) Neo-Nazism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism) (Totalitarianism) Totalitarianism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism) (Authoritarianism) Authoritarianism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy) (Autocracy) Autocracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy) (Liberal democracy) Liberal democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiberal_democracy) (Illiberal democracy) Illiberal democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_democracy) (Guided democracy) Guided democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy) (Social democracy) Social democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-worldism) (Third-worldism) Third-worldism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy) (White supremacy) White supremacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism) (White nationalism) White nationalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism) (White supremacy) White separatism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid) (Apartheid) Apartheid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandization) (Finlandization) Finlandization           Organizations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization) (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) SEATO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization) (Central Treaty Organization) METO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community) (European Economic Community) EEC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) (Warsaw Pact) Warsaw Pact  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon) (Comecon) Comecon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States) (Neutral and Non-Aligned European States) NN States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) SAARC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Club) (Safari Club) Safari Club      Propaganda  Pro-communist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures) (Active measures) Active measures  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestia) (Izvestia) Izvestia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland) (Neues Deutschland) Neues Deutschland   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravda) (Pravda) Pravda   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow) (Radio Moscow) Radio Moscow  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudé_právo) (Rudé právo) Rudé právo   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu) (Trybuna Ludu) Trybuna Ludu   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS) (TASS) TASS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Life) (Russian Life) Soviet Life       Pro-Western (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)) (Amerika (magazine)) Amerika   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom) (Crusade for Freedom) Crusade for Freedom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paix_et_Liberté) (Paix et Liberté) Paix et Liberté   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty) (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare) (Red Scare) Red Scare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America) (Voice of America) Voice of America           Technological competition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_race) (Arms race) Arms race  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race) (Nuclear arms race) Nuclear arms race  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race) (Space Race) Space Race      Historians (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz) (Gar Alperovitz) Gar Alperovitz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey) (Thomas A. Bailey) Thomas A. Bailey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beschloss) (Michael Beschloss) Michael Beschloss  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_Bhagavan) (Manu Bhagavan) Manu Bhagavan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Borstelmann) (Thomas Borstelmann) Thomas Borstelmann  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)) (Archie Brown (historian)) Archie Brown  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll) (Warren H. Carroll) Warren H. Carroll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jian_(academic)) (Chen Jian (academic)) Chen Jian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu) (Adrian Cioroianu) Adrian Cioroianu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)) (John Costello (historian)) John Costello  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)) (Michael Cox (academic)) Michael Cox  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull) (Nicholas J. Cull) Nicholas J. Cull  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cullather) (Nick Cullather) Nick Cullather  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies) (Norman Davies) Norman Davies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Drees) (Willem Drees) Willem Drees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._English) (Robert D. English) Robert D. English  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Feis) (Herbert Feis) Herbert Feis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell) (Robert Hugh Ferrell) Robert Hugh Ferrell  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick) (Sheila Fitzpatrick) Sheila Fitzpatrick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Fontaine) (André Fontaine) André Fontaine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi) (Anneli Ute Gabanyi) Anneli Ute Gabanyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis) (John Lewis Gaddis) John Lewis Gaddis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner) (Lloyd Gardner) Lloyd Gardner  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash) (Timothy Garton Ash) Timothy Garton Ash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky) (Gabriel Gorodetsky) Gabriel Gorodetsky  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Grandin) (Greg Grandin) Greg Grandin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Halliday) (Fred Halliday) Fred Halliday  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Hanhimäki) (Jussi Hanhimäki) Jussi Hanhimäki  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Hasanli) (Jamil Hasanli) Jamil Hasanli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes) (John Earl Haynes) John Earl Haynes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden) (Patrick J. Hearden) Patrick J. Hearden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hershberg) (James Hershberg) James Hershberg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina) (Tvrtko Jakovina) Tvrtko Jakovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Judt) (Tony Judt) Tony Judt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Khlevniuk) (Oleg Khlevniuk) Oleg Khlevniuk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Klehr) (Harvey Klehr) Harvey Klehr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko) (Gabriel Kolko) Gabriel Kolko  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_R._Kuniholm) (Bruce R. Kuniholm) Bruce R. Kuniholm  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_LaFeber) (Walter LaFeber) Walter LaFeber  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Laqueur) (Walter Laqueur) Walter Laqueur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler) (Melvyn P. Leffler) Melvyn P. Leffler  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Logevall) (Fredrik Logevall) Fredrik Logevall  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geir_Lundestad) (Geir Lundestad) Geir Lundestad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)) (Vojtech Mastny (historian)) Vojtech Mastny  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr.) (Jack F. Matlock Jr.) Jack F. Matlock Jr.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick) (Thomas J. McCormick) Thomas J. McCormick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._McMahon) (Robert J. McMahon) Robert J. McMahon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Naftali) (Timothy Naftali) Timothy Naftali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Oprea) (Marius Oprea) Marius Oprea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Painter) (David S. Painter) David S. Painter  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Pickett) (William B. Pickett) William B. Pickett  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski) (Ronald E. Powaski) Ronald E. Powaski  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_G._Rabe) (Stephen G. Rabe) Stephen G. Rabe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin) (Yakov M. Rabkin) Yakov M. Rabkin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Radchenko) (Sergey Radchenko) Sergey Radchenko  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._E._Sarotte) (M. E. Sarotte) M. E. Sarotte  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr.) (Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.) Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker) (Ellen Schrecker) Ellen Schrecker  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith) (Giles Scott-Smith) Giles Scott-Smith  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Zhihua) (Shen Zhihua) Shen Zhihua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Snyder) (Timothy Snyder) Timothy Snyder  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders) (Frances Stonor Saunders) Frances S. Saunders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Szonyi) (Michael Szonyi) Michael Szonyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Tertitskiy) (Fyodor Tertitskiy) Fyodor Tertitskiy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athan_Theoharis) (Athan Theoharis) Athan Theoharis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe) (Andrew Thorpe) Andrew Thorpe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tismăneanu) (Vladimir Tismăneanu) Vladimir Tismăneanu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan) (Patrick Vaughan) Patrick Vaughan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann) (Alex von Tunzelmann) Alex von Tunzelmann  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad) (Odd Arne Westad) Odd Arne Westad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams) (William Appleman Williams) William Appleman Williams  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler) (Jonathan Reed Winkler) Jonathan Reed Winkler  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker) (Rudolph Winnacker) Rudolph Winnacker  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Young) (Ken Young) Ken Young  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_M._Zubok) (Vladislav M. Zubok) Vladislav M. Zubok      Espionage and intelligence (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States) (List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States) List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States) (Soviet espionage in the United States) Soviet espionage in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States) (Russian espionage in the United States) Russian espionage in the United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation) (American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation) American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Cold_War#Role_of_the_CIA_and_the_CCF) (Cultural Cold War) CIA and the Cultural Cold War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) CIA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5) (MI5) MI5  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6) (MI6) MI6  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change) (United States involvement in regime change) United States involvement in regime change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change) (Soviet involvement in regime change) Soviet involvement in regime change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)) (Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)) MVD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB) (KGB) KGB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi) (Stasi) Stasi      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War) (Origins of the Cold War) Origins of the Cold War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union–United_States_relations) (Soviet Union–United States relations) Soviet Union–United States relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union–United_States_summits) (List of Soviet Union–United States summits) Soviet Union–United States summits  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia–NATO_relations) (Russia–NATO relations) Russia–NATO relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror) (War on terror) War on terror  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War) (Brinkmanship) Brinkmanship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Atomica) (Pax Atomica) Pax Atomica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cold_War) (Second Cold War) Second Cold War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution) (Russian Revolution) Russian Revolution      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cold_War) (Category:Cold War) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War) (List of conflicts related to the Cold War) List of conflicts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War) (Timeline of the Cold War) Timeline         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ruling_communist_parties) (Template:Ruling communist parties) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ruling_communist_parties) (Template talk:Ruling communist parties) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling_communist_parties) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling communist parties) (Edit this template) e     Current and former ruling parties of communist states    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) (Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan) (People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan) People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) (People's Socialist Republic of Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania) (Party of Labour of Albania) Party of Labour of Albania    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Angola) (People's Republic of Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLA) (MPLA) People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola  *   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Benin) (People's Republic of Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Revolutionary_Party_of_Benin) (People's Revolutionary Party of Benin) People's Revolutionary Party of Benin    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria) (People's Republic of Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party) (Bulgarian Communist Party) Bulgarian Communist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea) (Democratic Kampuchea) DK  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea) (Communist Party of Kampuchea) Communist Party of Kampuchea    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Kampuchea) (People's Republic of Kampuchea) PRK  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampuchean_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party) Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) Chinese Communist Party     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_the_Congo) (People's Republic of the Congo) Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour) (Congolese Party of Labour) Congolese Party of Labour  *   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba) (Cuba) Cuba   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba) (Communist Party of Cuba) Communist Party of Cuba          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic) (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) Czechoslovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia) (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) Communist Party of Czechoslovakia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany) (East Germany) East Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany) (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) Socialist Unity Party of Germany    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia) (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg) (Derg) Derg ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Organizing_the_Party_of_the_Working_People_of_Ethiopia) (Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia) COPWE , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Ethiopia) (Workers' Party of Ethiopia) Workers' Party of Ethiopia )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Revolutionary_Government) (People's Revolutionary Government) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_JEWEL_Movement) (New JEWEL Movement) New JEWEL Movement    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_People's_Republic) (Hungarian People's Republic) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People's_Party) (Hungarian Working People's Party) Hungarian Working People's Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers'_Party) (Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party) Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Lao People's Revolutionary Party) Lao People's Revolutionary Party     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People's_Republic) (Mongolian People's Republic) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People's_Party) (Mongolian People's Party) Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party *   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Mozambique) (People's Republic of Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRELIMO) (FRELIMO) FRELIMO  *   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers'_Party_of_Korea) (Workers' Party of Korea) Workers' Party of Korea          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People's_Republic) (Polish People's Republic) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Workers'_Party) (Polish Workers' Party) Polish Workers' Party , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_United_Workers'_Party) (Polish United Workers' Party) Polish United Workers' Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) (Socialist Republic of Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party) (Romanian Communist Party) Romanian Communist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic) (Somali Democratic Republic) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)) (Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)) Supreme Revolutionary Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party) (Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party) Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen) (South Yemen) South Yemen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)) (National Liberation Front (South Yemen)) National Liberation Front , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party) (Yemeni Socialist Party) Yemeni Socialist Party *   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) Communist Party of the Soviet Union    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_People's_Republic) (Tuvan People's Republic) Tuva  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_People's_Revolutionary_Party) (Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party) Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam) (North Vietnam) North Vietnam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam) (Communist Party of Vietnam) Communist Party of Vietnam     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia) (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) Yugoslavia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia) (League of Communists of Yugoslavia) League of Communists of Yugoslavia              (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communist_parties) (List of communist parties) List of communist parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon) (Comecon) Comecon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform) (Cominform) Cominform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International) (Communist International) Comintern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc) (Eastern Bloc) Eastern Bloc  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact) (Warsaw Pact) Warsaw Pact   Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism              (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17427#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121599241) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/132098431) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4564-0) GND       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090028) United States   (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877851x) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11877851x) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00307772) Japan   (Zhongguo gong chan dang) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004264214&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/13351) Portugal   (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1592544502170) Norway   (中國共產黨) (http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002992033&CON_LNG=ENG) Taiwan    (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000117045&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Latvia   (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580404705606) Poland   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007306513105171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508865006706) Catalonia       Academics (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04223608?l=en) CiNii       Other (https://www.idref.fr/027485854) IdRef   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/2d156a8e-0dcf-4754-a6e8-4751c01f589a) Yale LUX          (./Category:Chinese_Communist_Party#%20)  (./Category:Communist_parties_in_China#%20)  (./Category:Ruling_communist_parties)  (./Category:Political_parties_established_in_1921)  (./Category:Political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_China_(1912–1949))  (./Category:Chinese_Civil_War)  (./Category:Maoist_parties)  (./Category:Marxist_parties_in_China)  (./Category:Government_of_China)  (./Category:1921_establishments_in_China)  (./Category:Parties_of_one-party_systems)  (./Category:Chinese_nationalist_political_parties)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1370951852) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1370951852 "  (/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Category:Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party  (/wiki/Category:Communist_parties_in_China) (Category:Communist parties in China) Communist parties in China  (/wiki/Category:Ruling_communist_parties) (Category:Ruling communist parties) Ruling communist parties  (/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1921) (Category:Political parties established in 1921) Political parties established in 1921  (/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)) (Category:Political parties in the Republic of China (1912–1949)) Political parties in the Republic of China (1912–1949)  (/wiki/Category:Chinese_Civil_War) (Category:Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War  (/wiki/Category:Maoist_parties) (Category:Maoist parties) Maoist parties  (/wiki/Category:Marxist_parties_in_China) (Category:Marxist parties in China) Marxist parties in China  (/wiki/Category:Government_of_China) (Category:Government of China) Government of China  (/wiki/Category:1921_establishments_in_China) (Category:1921 establishments in China) 1921 establishments in China  (/wiki/Category:Parties_of_one-party_systems) (Category:Parties of one-party systems) Parties of one-party systems  (/wiki/Category:Chinese_nationalist_political_parties) (Category:Chinese nationalist political parties) Chinese nationalist political parties    Hidden categories: (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) (Category:Articles with short description) Articles with short description  (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) (Category:Short description is different from Wikidata) Short description is different from Wikidata  (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages) (Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages  (/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2024) (Category:Use Oxford spelling from July 2024) Use Oxford spelling from July 2024  (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English_with_Oxford_spelling) (Category:All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling) All Wikipedia articles written in British English with Oxford spelling  (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2026) (Category:Use dmy dates from August 2026) Use dmy dates from August 2026  (/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)) (Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)  (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) (Category:All articles lacking reliable references) All articles lacking reliable references  (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2023) (Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023) Articles lacking reliable references from June 2023  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text) (Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text) Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text) Articles containing Chinese-language text  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text) Articles containing Mongolian-language text  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Uyghur-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Uyghur-language text) Articles containing Uyghur-language text  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025) (Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2025  (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) (Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements) All articles containing potentially dated statements  (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) (Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)) CS1 French-language sources (fr)  (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_deprecated_parameters) (Category:CS1 errors: deprecated parameters) CS1 errors: deprecated parameters  (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts) (Category:Articles with excerpts) Articles with excerpts  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021) (Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021  (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) (Category:All articles with unsourced statements) All articles with unsourced statements  (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023) (Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2025) (Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025) Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022) (Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022  (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) CS1 maint: deprecated archival service  (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2025) (Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2025) Articles lacking reliable references from April 2025  (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_June_2022) (Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2022) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2022  (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating) (Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating) All Wikipedia articles in need of updating        This page was last edited on 23 August 2026, at 22:15(UTC) . Page was rendered with (https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) (mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) Parsoid . Text is available under the (/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License) (Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use) Terms of Use and (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy) Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the (https://wikimediafoundation.org/) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) Privacy policy  (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) About Wikipedia  (/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) Disclaimers  (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) Contact Wikipedia  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) Legal & safety contacts  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) Code of Conduct  (https://developer.wikimedia.org) Developers  (https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) Statistics  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) Cookie statement  (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) Mobile view   (https://www.wikimedia.org/) (Wikimedia Foundation)    (https://www.mediawiki.org/) (Powered by MediaWiki)          Search   (Search Wikipedia)   (Special:Search)  Search      Toggle the table of contents      Chinese Communist Party                            101 languages   Add topic