Ahmed al-Sharaa - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ahmed+al-Sharaa) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ahmed+al-Sharaa) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]) Log in       (Log in and more options)  Personal tools  (User menu) (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)  Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ahmed+al-Sharaa) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory)  Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ahmed+al-Sharaa) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Early life and military career    Toggle Early life and military career subsection  1.1 Youth in Syria     1.2 Iraq war       2 Syrian civil war    Toggle Syrian civil war subsection  2.1 Syrian uprising and foundation of al-Nusra Front     2.2 War crimes of al-Nusra Front     2.3 Conflict with ISIS     2.4 Split from al-Qaeda     2.5 Formation of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)     2.6 Idlib governance     2.7 Fall of the Assad regime       3 De facto leader of Syria (2024–2025)    Toggle De facto leader of Syria (2024–2025) subsection  3.1 Formation of caretaker government     3.2 Post-Assad governance       4 Presidency (2025–present)    Toggle Presidency (2025–present) subsection  4.1 Appointment     4.2 Early actions     4.3 Administration and cabinet     4.4 Foreign relations     4.5 Easing sanctions on Syria       5 Political positions    Toggle Political positions subsection  5.1 Views on Bashar al-Assad's handover to Syria     5.2 Views on Syria     5.3 Views on Israel and Gaza     5.4 Views on Iran       6 Public image    Toggle Public image subsection  6.1 Public opinion       7 Personal life    Toggle Personal life subsection  7.1 Assassination attempts and death threats       8 Documentary     9 Bibliography     10 Notes     11 References    Toggle References subsection  11.1 Bibliography       12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Ahmed al-Sharaa    71 languages  (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (أحمد الشرع – Arabic) العربية   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%80) (АхӀмад аш-ШаргӀ – Avaric) Авар   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_%C9%99%C5%9F-%C5%9Earaa) (Əhməd əş-Şaraa – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0) (Ахмед Хусейн аш-Шараа – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0) (Ахмед ал-Шараа – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE) (আহমেদ আল-শারা – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Charaa) (Ahmed al-Charaa – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_e%C5%A1-%C5%A0ara) (Ahmed eš-Šara – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_aix-Xar%27a) (Ahmed aix-Xar'a – Catalan) Català   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B9) (ئەحمەد شەرع – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_%C5%A0ara) (Ahmad Šara – Czech) Čeština   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0) (Ахмед аш-Шараа – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Scharaa) (Ahmed al-Scharaa – German) Deutsch   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%BB_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B1) (Αχμέντ Χουσεΐν αλ Σαράα – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Charaa) (Ahmed al-Charaa – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%A9mad_ash-Shar%CA%BB) (Aḩmad ash-Sharʻ – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Txaraa) (Ahmed al-Txaraa – Basque) Euskara   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Persian) فارسی   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-%C5%A0araa) (Ahmad al-Šaraa – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Charaa) (Ahmed al-Charaa – French) Français   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Hausa) Hausa   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90-%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A2) (אחמד א-שרע – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE) (अहमद अल-शरा – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-%C5%A0ara) (Ahmed al-Šara – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Huszejn_es-Sar) (Ahmed Huszejn es-Sar – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB) (Աբու Մուհամմադ ալ-Ջուլանի – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amed_Huseyn_al-Shara) (Amed Huseyn al-Shara – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Shara%27) (Ahmad al-Shara' – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A2) (アフマド・フサイン・アッ＝シャラア – Japanese) 日本語   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90) (აჰმედ ალ-შარაა – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0) (Ахмед әл-Шараа – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%8C%EC%83%A4%EB%9D%BC) (아흐마드 알샤라 – Korean) 한국어   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehmed_%C5%9Eer) (Ehmed Şer – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedus_Husainus_al-Shara) (Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara – Latin) Latina   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achmedas_al_%C5%A0ara) (Achmedas al Šara – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmeds_a%C5%A1_%C5%A0ar%C4%81) (Ahmeds aš Šarā – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Sharaa) (Ahmad al-Sharaa – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC) (အာမက် အယ်လ် ရှာရာ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد شرع – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hussein_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa – Dutch) Nederlands   (good article) (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_asz-Szara) (Ahmad asz-Szara – Polish) Polski   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Shar%E2%80%99a) (Ahmed al-Shar’a – Portuguese) Português   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Sharaa) (Ahmad al-Sharaa – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4) (Аш-Шараа, Ахмед – Russian) Русский   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Simple English) Simple English   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0) (Ахмед ел Шара – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Swedish) Svenska   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF) (அபு முகமது அல்-சுலானி – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0) (Аҳмад аш-Шаръа – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C) (อะห์มัด อัชชะเราะอ์ – Thai) ไทย   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_e%C5%9F-%C5%9Eara) (Ahmed eş-Şara – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%85%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4_%D3%99%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0) (Әхмәд әш-Шара – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0) (Ахмед аш-Шараа – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9) (احمد الشرع – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ash-Shar%CA%BCa) (Ahmad ash-Sharʼa – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89) (艾哈迈德·沙拉 – Wu) 吴语   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89) (艾哈迈德·沙拉 – Chinese) 中文    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7934206#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]) View source   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa)  Read   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=edit) (This page is protected.
You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&oldid=1370983803) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&id=1370983803&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAhmed_al-Sharaa) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Wikiquote   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7934206) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected until July 30, 2027 at 02:04 UTC, due to vandalism) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    President of Syria since 2025 (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    "Al-Sharaa" and "Julani" redirect here. For other people with these names, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sharaa_(surname)) (Al-Sharaa (surname)) Al-Sharaa (surname) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julani_(name)) (Julani (name)) Julani (name) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Not to be confused with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_al-Shaar) (Mohammad al-Shaar) Mohammad al-Shaar or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Nidal_al-Shaar) (Mohammad Nidal al-Shaar) Mohammad Nidal al-Shaar .   (./Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism#Ahmed%20al-Sharaa)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2026)   (./Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2025)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excellency) (Excellency) His Excellency  Ahmed al-Sharaa   أحمد الشرع    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa,_President_of_Syria,_in_March_2026.jpg) (Headshot of Al-Sharaa wearing a black suit jacket, and a white shirt.)    Al-Sharaa in 2026   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President of Syria   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent) (Incumbent) Incumbent     Assumed office    29 January 2025 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Prime Minister  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir  (2024–2025)[ a]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Syria) (Vice President of Syria) Vice President   Vacant   Preceded by  Himself  (as de facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader ) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) Leader of Syria [ b]      De facto   8 December 2024 – 29 January 2025 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Prime Minister  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad  (as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President )  Succeeded by  Himself  (as President) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Leader of the Syrian Salvation Government [ c]      De facto   2 November 2017 – 10 December 2024 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Prime Minister  See list   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Sheikh?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mohammed al-Sheikh (page does not exist)) Mohammed al-Sheikh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawaz_Hilal) (Fawaz Hilal) Fawaz Hilal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Keda) (Ali Keda) Ali Keda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir      Preceded by  Office established   Succeeded by  Office abolished  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham [ d]      In office   1 October 2017 – 29 January 2025 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Sheikh) (Abu Jaber Sheikh) Abu Jaber Sheikh   Succeeded by  Office abolished  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Al-Nusra Front [ e]      In office   23 January 2012 – 28 January 2017 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  Office established   Succeeded by  Office abolished     Personal details  Born Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa  (1982-10-29 )  29 October 1982(age 43)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh , Saudi Arabia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party) (Political party) Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician) (Independent politician) Independent (since 2025)  Other political affiliations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham  (2017–2025)  Spouse  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_al-Droubi) (Latifa al-Droubi) Latifa al-Droubi   ​  ( (married) m.  2012)  ​    Children 3  Parents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_al-Sharaa) (Hussein al-Sharaa) Hussein al-Sharaa (father) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widad_al-Khaled) (Widad al-Khaled) Widad al-Khaled (mother)     Relatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaa_family) (Sharaa family) Sharaa family   Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_University) (Damascus University) Damascus University  (dropped out)  Signature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_signature_2.svg) (Ahmed al-Sharaa's signature) ()      Nickname Abu Mohammad al-Julani  Military service  Allegiance (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  Formerly    ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) Al-Qaeda (2003–2016) [ 9]     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq) (Al-Qaeda in Iraq) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2003‍ – ‍ 2011)  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Al-Nusra Front (2012‍ – ‍ 2016)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (2016‍ – ‍ 2017)  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (2017‍ – ‍ 2025)  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government (2017‍ – ‍ 2024)         Years of service  2003–2024[ f]      Battles/wars (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  See list     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War) (Iraq War) Iraq War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003–2006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency) (2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency) Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war) (Prisoner of war) (Prisoner of war) POW  )    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011-2014)) (Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011-2014)) Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011-14)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_insurgency) (Idlib insurgency) Idlib insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)) (Battle of Damascus (2012)) Battle of Damascus (2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)) (Battle of Shaddadi (2013)) Battle of Shaddadi (2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March-August_2013)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (March-August 2013)) Rif Dimashq offensive (March-August 2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September-November_2013)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (September-November 2013)) Rif Dimashq offensive (September-November 2013)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August-November_2014)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (August-November 2014)) Rif Dimashq offensive (August-November 2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive) (2014 Hama offensive) 2014 Hama offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March-April_2017)) (Hama offensive (March-April 2017)) Hama offensive (March-April 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)) (Hama offensive (September 2017)) Hama offensive (September 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017_–_February_2018)) (Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018)) 2017-18 Northwestern Syria campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2019)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)) Dawn of Idlib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019_–_March_2020)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020)) Dawn of Idlib 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022_-_November_2024)) (Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022 - November 2024)) 2022-24 Northwestern Syria clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition-Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Opposition-Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war) Opposition-ISIL conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Markada) (Battle of Markada) Battle of Markada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April-July_2014)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (April-July 2014)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (April-July 2014)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War) (Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War) Inter-rebel conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front-SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict) (Al-Nusra Front-SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict) al-Nusra Front-SRF conflict (2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)) (Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)) Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January–March_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)) January-March 2017 Idlib clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)) July 2017 Idlib clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front-Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (Syrian Liberation Front-Tahrir al-Sham conflict) 2018 Aleppo clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) 2019 Aleppo clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)) 2020 Idlib clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham–Junud_al-Sham_conflict) (Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict) 2021 Idlib clashes    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) 2024 Syrian opposition offensives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)) Northwestern Syria offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Battle of Aleppo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) Hama offensive    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) Homs offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) Fall of Damascus                  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_in_March_2026_(United_Kingdom)_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg)     This article is part of a series about  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa          Personal Early life  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaa_family) (Sharaa family) Family (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_al-Droubi) (Latifa al-Droubi) Latifa al-Droubi (wife)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_al-Sharaa) (Hussein al-Sharaa) Hussein al-Sharaa (father)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widad_al-Khaled) (Widad al-Khaled) Widad al-Khaled (mother)         Political offices (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President of Syria (2025–present)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) De facto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader of Syria (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (2017–2025)   Leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government  (2017–2024)  Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) al-Nusra Front (2012–2017)       President of Syria Incumbent   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Syria) (Government of Syria) Governments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) caretaker  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) transitional    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa) Presidency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (List of international presidential trips made by Ahmed al-Sharaa) Presidential trips (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2025_visit_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_to_the_United_States) (November 2025 visit by Ahmed al-Sharaa to the United States) United States    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_presidency) (Opinion polling on the Ahmed al-Sharaa presidency) Opinion polling    Policies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Declaration_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic) Constitutional Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Missing_(Syria)) (National Commission for the Missing (Syria)) National Commission for the Missing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Transitional_Justice_(Syria)) (National Commission for Transitional Justice (Syria)) National Commission for Transitional Justice    Conferences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_Victory_Conference) (Syrian Revolution Victory Conference) Victory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Dialogue_Conference) (Syrian National Dialogue Conference) National Dialogue        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war  Northwestern Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017_–_February_2018)) (Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018)) Campaign (2017–18)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2019)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)) Offensive (2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2019–2020)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2019–2020)) Offensive (2019–20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022_–_November_2024)) (Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022 – November 2024)) Clashes (2022-24)    Aleppo clashes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) 2019    Idlib clashes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)) 2020  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham–Jundullah_conflict) (Tahrir al-Sham–Jundullah conflict) 2021        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) Fall of the Assad regime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) Opposition offensives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)) Northwestern Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Aleppo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) Hama    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) Homs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) Damascus        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Aftermath of the Syrian civil war) Aftermath of the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024–present)) (Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)) Israeli invasion of Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2025_Damascus_airstrikes) (July 2025 Damascus airstrikes) Damascus airstrikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah–Syria_clashes_(2024–present)) (Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)) Hezbollah clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Syria_clashes) (Western Syria clashes) Western Syria clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_insurgency_in_Southern_Syria_(2025–present)) (Druze insurgency in Southern Syria (2025–present)) Southern Syria conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDF–Syrian_transitional_government_clashes_(2025–2026)) (SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes (2025–2026)) Rojava conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_clashes_(2025–2026)) (Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)) Aleppo clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive) (2026 northeastern Syria offensive) Government offensives        (State emblem of Syria)       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_series) (Template:Ahmed al-Sharaa series) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_series) (Template talk:Ahmed al-Sharaa series) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_series) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmed al-Sharaa series) (Edit this template) e         Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa [ g]    (born 29 October 1982), also known by his former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre) (Nom de guerre) nom de guerre  [ h]    Abu Mohammad al-Julani ,[ i]    is a Syrian politician and former rebel commander who has served as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) president of Syria since 2025. As the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and the de facto leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war , he led the decisive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) Syrian opposition offensives that resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) fall of the Assad regime in 2024. Born in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh) (Riyadh) Riyadh , Saudi Arabia, to a Syrian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Muslim family from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights) (Golan Heights) Golan Heights , he grew up in Syria's capital, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus) (Damascus) Damascus . Al-Sharaa joined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq) (Al-Qaeda in Iraq) al-Qaeda in Iraq shortly before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq) (2003 invasion of Iraq) 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq and fought for two years in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003–2011)) (Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)) Iraqi insurgency . From 2005 to 2011, he was captured and imprisoned by American and Iraqi forces. His release coincided with the onset of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_revolution) (Syrian revolution) Syrian revolution against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Ba'athist regime of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad . In 2012, with the support of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda's central command, al-Sharaa founded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat al-Nusra , also known as al-Nusra Front, to depose the Assad regime. As the emir of al-Nusra Front, al-Sharaa built a stronghold in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate) (Idlib Governorate) Idlib Governorate during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war , although his organisation committed a number of war crimes against civilians. Al-Sharaa resisted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi) (Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 's attempts to merge al-Nusra Front with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State , leading to total war between the two groups. In 2016, al-Sharaa cut Jabhat al-Nusra's ties with al-Qaeda, launched a crackdown on its loyalists, and rebranded his organisation as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front#As_Jabhat_Fatah_Al-Sham_(July_2016_–_January_2017)) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat Fatah al-Sham . After breaking with al-Qaeda, he sought international legitimacy by presenting a more moderate view of himself, renouncing transnational (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism) (Jihadism) jihadism and focusing on governance in Syria.  In 2017, al-Sharaa merged Jabhat Fatah al-Sham with other rebel groups to create Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, which he led until 2025. HTS established the Syrian Salvation Government, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy) (Technocracy) technocratic civilian administration, in the territory it controlled in Idlib Governorate. The SSG collected taxes and provided public services, though it faced protests and criticism within Idlib for authoritarian tactics and suppressing dissent. In November 2024, al-Sharaa launched a major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) 11-day offensive against the Assad regime that culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) capture of Damascus by opposition forces, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) toppling the Ba'athist regime as Bashar al-Assad fled to Russia. Al-Sharaa became Syria's de facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) head of state , leading the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government from 8 December 2024 until 29 January 2025, when he was formally appointed as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) president of Syria . As president of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syria's transitional government , he focused on consolidating power, rebuilding state institutions, unifying armed factions, and restoring Syria's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Syria) (Foreign relations of Syria) foreign relations , including with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria–United_States_relations) (Syria–United States relations) United States , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia–Syria_relations) (Russia–Syria relations) Russia , and other regional powers. He signed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Declaration_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic) constitutional declaration establishing a five-year transitional period that enshrined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh) (Fiqh) Islamic jurisprudence as the main source of legislation with plans to hold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Syrian_presidential_election) (Next Syrian presidential election) elections afterwards. In October 2025, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Syrian_parliamentary_election) (2025 Syrian parliamentary election) parliamentary election was held under al-Sharaa's administration, the first since Assad's overthrow.[ 10]     Domestically, al-Sharaa has pursued economic recovery, security stabilization, transitional justice, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war) return of Syrian refugees . Extensive negotiations with the Kurdish-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to integrate their organisation into the state remained inconclusive throughout 2025. In January 2026, after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_clashes_(2025–2026)) (Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)) clashes in Aleppo between the transitional government and SDF forces, he signed a decree stating that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria) (Kurds in Syria) Syrian Kurds are an essential part of Syria while recognizing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language) (Kurdish language) Kurdish language and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds) (Newroz as celebrated by Kurds) Newroz . His government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive) (2026 northeastern Syria offensive) launched a successful offensive against the SDF and subsequently signed a peace and integration agreement, culminating in the full integration of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria) (Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) civil institutions in August 2026.  In the first year of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa) al-Sharaa's presidency , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Alawites) (2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites) massacres targeting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites) (Alawites) Alawites took place in coastal Syria, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_clashes_(July–September_2025)) (Southern Syria clashes (July–September 2025)) clashes with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze) (Druze) Druze occurred in southern Syria, both involving government-affiliated troops. Following the fall of the Ba'athist regime, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria) (Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria) 1974 Agreement on Disengagement void, and initiated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024–present)) (Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)) limited invasion of southwestern Syria from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights) (Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights) Israeli-occupied Golan Heights . Al-Sharaa has opposed renewed conflict with Israel, reaffirmed Syria's commitment to the 1974 deal, and condemned Iranian influence.    Early life and military career  Youth in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_as_a_teenager_(crop).jpg)   Al-Sharaa as a teenager, (circa) c.  1996   Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa was born on 29 October 1982 in Riyadh to a middle-class Syrian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Muslim family[ 11]    [ 12]    [ 13]    of four brothers and two sisters.[ 14]    The family claims to trace their lineage back to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet) (Companions of the Prophet) Sahabi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf) (Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf) Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Zuhrah) (Banu Zuhrah) Banu Zuhra clan of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh) (Quraysh) Quraysh tribe, whose grandson migrated to the al-Kafarat region of Jordan as part of the early Islamic expansion. Like many other Qurayshi families across the Arab world, they had historically been involved in scholarly pursuits.[ 15]    [ 16]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  , the family discussed politics at home but had no record of involvement in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism) (Islamic extremism) Islamic extremism .[ 17]     His father, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_al-Sharaa) (Hussein al-Sharaa) Hussein al-Sharaa , worked as an oil engineer at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_and_Mineral_Resources_(Syria)) (Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Syria)) Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources , while his mother, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widad_al-Khaled) (Widad al-Khaled) Widad al-Khaled , was a geography teacher.[ 18]    [ 19]    The family returned to Syria in 1989, settling in the affluent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzeh) (Mezzeh) Mezzeh neighborhood of Damascus, where his father opened a real estate office.[ 20]    [ 21]    Whilst living in an apartment block in the Mezzeh neighbourhood in the west of the city,[ 14]    al-Sharaa worked part-time as a child in a grocery store owned by his father. He frequented the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi'i_school) (Shafi'i school) Shafi'i mosque in his neighbourhood, and at the age of seventeen, he became religious,[ 22]    habitually wearing a long austere tunic and a knitted cap.[ 23]     According to Syrian researcher Hussam Jazmati, al-Sharaa's classmates remembered him as a studious but unremarkable boy who wore thick glasses and avoided attention.[ 19]    During his youth, he was described as "bookish",[ 23]    "quiet" and "shy",[ 11]    "manipulatively intelligent" but "socially introverted", and was noted for his "good looks" and a romance with an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites) (Alawites) Alawite girl which both families opposed.[ 24]     Al-Sharaa said that, while he largely disagreed with his father ideologically, they both shared a commitment to defending the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians) (Palestinians) Palestinians . Besides the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_towns_and_villages_depopulated_in_the_Arab–Israeli_conflict) (Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict) displacement of his grandfather and his family from the Golan Heights, al-Sharaa stated he was radicalized by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada) (Second Intifada) Second Intifada in 2000.[ 25]    [ 26]    [ 27]    He said: "I was 17 or 18 years old at the time and I started thinking about how I could fulfil my duties, defending a people who are oppressed by occupiers and invaders."[ 28]    When asked about his reaction to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) September 11 attacks , al-Sharaa stated that "Anyone who lived in the Islamic or Arab world at the time who tells you he wasn't happy about it would be lying. But people regret the killing of innocent people, for sure."[ 25]    [ 29]     Al-Sharaa enrolled at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_University) (Damascus University) Damascus University , studying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_studies) (Media studies) media studies and enrolling in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine,_Damascus_University) (Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University) Faculty of Medicine for two years. Whilst being a university student, he travelled from Damascus to Aleppo on Fridays to attend the sermons of (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/محمود%20قول%20آغاسي) (ar:محمود قول آغاسي) Mahmoud Gul Aghasi (Abu al-Qaqaa) there.[ 26]    [ 20]    After studying for two years, he moved to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq in 2003[ 11]    [ 19]    [ 20]    [ 21]    without telling his family.[ 23]      Iraq war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mugshot_of_Abu_Mohammad_al-Jolani.jpg)   Mug shot of al-Sharaa, age 24, after his capture by U.S. forces in Iraq in 2006  Al-Sharaa travelled from Damascus to Baghdad by bus just weeks before the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq.[ 28]    In 2003, he was detained and questioned by the Syrian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)) (Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)) Military Intelligence Directorate for his illegal departure from Syria to Iraq, but was released after denying affiliation with any political parties or extremist groups.[ 21]    After arriving in Iraq, al-Sharaa quickly rose through the ranks of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq) (Al-Qaeda in Iraq) al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[ 28]    In 2004, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service) (Iraqi National Intelligence Service) Iraqi intelligence believed al-Sharaa was Zarqawi's deputy, according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  .[ 30]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) (The Times of Israel) The Times of Israel  claimed in 2013 that al-Sharaa was a close associate of AQI emir, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi) (Abu Musab al-Zarqawi) Abu Musab al-Zarqawi .[ 31]    But in later years, al-Sharaa denied ever meeting al-Zarqawi and stated that he served only as a regular foot-soldier under al-Qaeda against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003–2011)) (Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)) American occupation .[ 32]     In 2005,[ 33]    [ 34]    [ 35]    al-Sharaa was arrested by American forces while planting explosives[ 30]    and imprisoned for six years in various detention centres,[ 36]    including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison) (Abu Ghraib prison) Abu Ghraib , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Bucca) (Camp Bucca) Camp Bucca , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Cropper) (Camp Cropper) Camp Cropper and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Taji) (Camp Taji) Camp Taji prisons.[ 37]    [ 38]    Al-Sharaa convinced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maliki_I_Government) (Al Maliki I Government) Iraqi authorities holding him that he was a local Iraqi, not a foreign fighter,[ 30]    by speaking in Iraqi-accented Arabic and using a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym) (Pseudonym) pseudonym , Amjad Mudhafar.[ 23]    During this time, al-Sharaa reportedly taught (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic) (Classical Arabic) classical Arabic to other prisoners, increasing his popularity.[ 31]       Syrian civil war  Syrian uprising and foundation of al-Nusra Front  During a routine detention review, Iraqi authorities, finding no charges against al-Sharaa's pseudonym, Amjad Mudhafar, released him on 13 March 2011, days before the beginning of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_revolution) (Syrian revolution) Syrian revolution .[ 23]    In August 2011, al-Sharaa was tasked by al-Qaeda emir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri) (Ayman al-Zawahiri) Ayman al-Zawahiri to establish al-Qaeda's mission in Syria.[ 37]    [ 39]    Alongside senior al-Qaeda operatives, he formed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahl ash-Shām  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation) (Literal translation) lit.  'Front of the Supporters of the People of the Levant') which was envisioned as a broad coalition of Islamist militant groups in Syria, led by al-Sharaa with direct allegiance to al-Qaeda's central command.[ 40]    [ 41]    During this time, al-Sharaa went under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_guerre) (Nom de guerre) nom de guerre  Abu Mohammad al-Julani.[ 31]    [ 42]    According to his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)) (Frontline (American TV program)) PBS Frontline  interview, his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)) (Nisba (onomastics)) nisba  "al-Julani" referred to his family's origins in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights) (Golan Heights) Golan Heights .[ 43]     Despite later tensions with the leadership of al-Qaeda in Iraq (also known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq) (Islamic State of Iraq) Islamic State of Iraq (ISI)), al-Sharaa proceeded to orchestrate an agreement with its emir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi) (Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , who gave him (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) $ 50,000 (approximately 60 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar) (Iraqi dinar) dinar ) to expand (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat al-Nusra as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda 's Syrian branch.[ 23]    ISI provided al-Sharaa with fighters, weapons and funding, and maintained an alliance with al-Nusra Front until 2013, with disputes referred to mediation by al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri.[ 44]    Sources differ on whether al-Sharaa was the one who came up with the idea of forming Jabhat al-Nusra or another leader in ISI; however, what is certain is that al-Sharaa became the "general emir" of al-Nusra Front when it was officially announced in January 2012.[ 45]     By December of that year, the US Department of State designated Jabhat al-Nusra as a terrorist organization, identifying it as an alias for al-Qaeda in Iraq.[ 46]    The US State Department listed al-Sharaa as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specially_Designated_Global_Terrorist) (Specially Designated Global Terrorist) Specially Designated Global Terrorist in May 2013.[ 47]    Under al-Sharaa's authority, al-Nusra Front emerged as one of Syria's most powerful rebel groups.[ 31]    Its stronghold was centered on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate) (Idlib Governorate) Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria,[ 48]    where they attacked both Ba'athist Syrian government forces and US-supported Syrian opposition groups.[ 23]      War crimes of al-Nusra Front  Under al-Sharaa's leadership, Jabhat al-Nusra perpetrated a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime) (War crime) war crimes against Syria's Alawite, Shia, and Druze minorities, including suicide bombings, forced conversions, and sectarian massacres. These included the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing) (January 2012 al-Midan bombing) January 2012 al-Midan bombing , which killed 26 people and wounded 63.[ 49]    In 2015, al-Nusra Front fighters killed 20 Druze villagers during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre) (Qalb Loze massacre) Qalb Loze massacre .[ 50]    [ 51]    [ 52]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya) (Al Arabiya) Al-Arabiya , Jabhat al-Nusra's leadership denounced the attack, asserting that the actions of the attackers were in contradiction to the organization's policy.[ 53]    Al-Nusra Front was also suspected of carrying out the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_May_2012_Damascus_bombings) (10 May 2012 Damascus bombings) 10 May 2012 Damascus bombings killing 55 people and injuring over 400,[ 54]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2013_Damascus_bombings) (February 2013 Damascus bombings) February 2013 Damascus bombings which killed 83 people, most of them civilians, and were condemned by the Syrian opposition.[ 55]     In June 2013, al-Nusra Front fighters took part in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatla_massacre) (Hatla massacre) Hatla massacre , during which 30 to 60 Shia civilians were killed in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate) (Deir ez-Zor Governorate) Deir ez-Zor Governorate .[ 56]    On 12 May 2016, rebel militants led by al-Nusra Front killed 42 civilians while kidnapping up to 70 people after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara'a_attack) (Zara'a attack) taking control of the Alawite village of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara'a,_Hama) (Zara'a, Hama) Zara'a in Southern Hama.[ 57]    [ 58]    Al-Nusra Front was also behind suicide bombings in Lebanon directed against Alawite and Shia populations, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tripoli,_Lebanon_bombings) (2015 Tripoli, Lebanon bombings) 2015 Tripoli bombings .[ 59]      Conflict with ISIS   He is a cunning person; two-faced; adores himself; does not care about the religion of his soldiers; is willing to sacrifice their blood in order to make a name for himself in the media; glows when he hears his name mentioned on satellite channels.  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari) (Abu Ali al-Anbari) Abu Ali al-Anbari , describing al-Sharaa per (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lines_Magazine) (New Lines Magazine) New Lines Magazine  [ 60]       As al-Sharaa carved out a fiefdom in northwestern Syria between 2012 and 2013, the Iraqi leadership of ISI grew suspicious of him.[ 60]    Al-Nusra Front became increasingly popular for providing social services and cooperating with other Syrian rebel groups against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Assad regime , and al-Sharaa ignored al-Baghdadi's orders to begin fighting these groups and assassinate opposition activists. Over time, al-Sharaa began distancing himself from transnational jihadism, increasingly framing his faction within the context of a nationalist Syrian struggle.[ 28]    [ 61]    Al-Baghdadi's top aide, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari) (Abu Ali al-Anbari) Abu Ali al-Anbari , travelled to Syria to investigate al-Sharaa, concluding that he was a "cunning person; two-faced; [...] [who] glows when he hears his name mentioned on satellite channels".[ 60]     Concerned about Jabhat al-Nusra's popularity and al-Sharaa's perceived insubordination, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi) (Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi unilaterally announced that al-Nusra Front would merge into ISI to form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in April 2013.[ 61]    [ 62]    The proposed merger would have eliminated Jabhat al-Nusra's autonomy and allegiance to al-Qaeda's central command by placing all its leaders, decisions, and operations under al-Baghdadi's direct control.[ 63]    To preserve his independence, al-Sharaa publicly pledged allegiance directly to al-Qaeda emir, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri) (Ayman al-Zawahiri) Ayman al-Zawahiri , who issued a declaration that confirmed the independence of al-Nusra Front from ISI,[ 64]    [ 65]    [ 66]    proclaiming that Syria was the "spatial state" of al-Nusra Front and that ISI's rule was restricted to Iraq. Al-Zawahiri repudiated al-Baghdadi's merger, which was announced without consulting or informing al-Qaeda's central command, and appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri) (Abu Khalid al-Suri) Abu Khalid al-Suri as his emissary to mediate between the two groups and supervise the implementation of the accords.[ 65]    [ 67]    In late 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered al-Baghdadi to accept the annulment of the merger, who refused and attempted to proceed with it.[ 62]    By February 2014, efforts to end the dispute between ISIS and al-Nusra Front had failed, leading to al-Qaeda formally severing its ties with ISIS in February 2014; leaving Jabhat al-Nusra as the sole representative of al-Qaeda in Syria.[ 68]    [ 64]     After the assassination of Abu Khalid al-Suri on 23 February 2014, al-Sharaa denounced ISIS and likened them to the Iraqi "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Iraq) (Sons of Iraq) sahawat  " who fought against al-Qaeda alongside American forces, accusing them of undermining the fight against Assad.[ 69]    Open warfare between ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra ensued,[ 70]    [ 31]    and over the following months, ISIS captured much of the territory controlled by al-Nusra Front and the Syrian opposition,[ 69]    leaving an estimated four thousand fighters on both sides dead by February 2015.[ 62]    In June 2015, al-Sharaa told (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) (Al Jazeera Media Network) Al-Jazeera  that no resolution to the conflict was forthcoming, and that unless ISIS "repent to God and return to their senses", there would be "nothing but fighting between us".[ 71]     In July 2014, an audio recording of a major rally of fighters in Syria was leaked, including al-Sharaa, al-Nusra Front spokesman and former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden) (Osama bin Laden) Osama bin Laden aide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri) (Abu Firas al-Suri) Abu Firas al-Suri , and Jabhat al-Nusra deputy emir and former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad) (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) Egyptian Islamic Jihad commander (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Salama_Mabruk) (Ahmad Salama Mabruk) Ahmad Salama Mabruk . In it, al-Suri could be heard introducing al-Sharaa as "Abu Mohammad al-Julani", Jabhat al-Nusra's emir, who then spoke of establishing an Islamic emirate in Syria. In a video released by al-Nusra Front on 8 August 2014, al-Suri said Jabhat al-Nusra would declare an emirate in Syria only after consulting with other factions.[ 72]     International and domestic threats  After the start of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve) (Operation Inherent Resolve) Operation Inherent Resolve , the U.S.-led coalition's airstrike campaign against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State , al-Sharaa, in a rare public declaration, described the airstrikes as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy) (War on Islam controversy) assault on Islam , and warned the Western public: "This is what will take the battle to the heart of your land, for the Muslims will not stand as spectators watching their sons bombed and killed in their lands, while you stay safe in your lands." Al-Sharaa also warned that Jabhat al-Nusra would fight any group which takes American cash and weapons, condemning "traitorous factions that were bought by the West with some money and ammunition so as to be a pawn in its hands."[ 73]    In an audio statement released on 28 September 2014, al-Sharaa stated that he would fight the "United States and its allies" and urged his fighters not to accept help from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world) (Western world) West in their battle against the Islamic State.[ 74]     By October 2015, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war prompted al-Sharaa to call for increased attacks on Assad strongholds in Alawite villages in retaliation for Russian airstrikes on Sunni areas, saying, "There is no choice but to escalate the battle and target Alawite towns and villages in Latakia."[ 75]    He also called on Muslims from the former (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union to attack Russian civilians if Russia continued attacking Syrian civilians.[ 76]    [ 77]     Also in 2015, al-Sharaa described the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria) (Geneva II Conference on Syria) Geneva peace conference as a farce and claimed that the Western-backed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces) (National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces) Syrian National Coalition did not represent the Syrian people and had no ground presence in Syria. Al-Sharaa mentioned that al-Nusra Front had no plans for attacking Western targets and was focused on fighting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Ba'athist Syrian government , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah) (Hezbollah) Hezbollah , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant .[ 78]    When asked about Jabhat al-Nusra's plans for post-war Syria, al-Sharaa initially stated that all factions in the country will be consulted before anyone thinks about "establishing an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state) (Islamic state) Islamic state ," referring to Baghdadi. He also stated that al-Nusra Front would not target the country's Alawite minority despite its support for the Assad regime. He continued: "Our war is not a matter of revenge against the Alawites despite the fact that in Islam, they are considered to be heretics", he added.[ 78]    A commentary on this interview, however, states that al-Sharaa also added that Alawites would be left alone as long as they abandon elements of their faith which contradict Islam.[ 79]      Split from al-Qaeda  The Russian entrance into the war led to military setbacks for the Syrian opposition, causing their foreign backers to exert a greater level of influence over them. In January 2016, al-Nusra Front held unity negotiations with other rebel groups in a bid to pre-empt any foreign attempt to co-opt these groups against it. When the talks collapsed due to concerns over Jabhat al-Nusra's affiliation with al-Qaeda, the reformist wing of al-Nusra Front, which may have comprised a third of its overall membership, presented al-Sharaa with an ultimatum: to sever ties with al-Qaeda and merge with other rebel groups, or face a mass defection.[ 80]     In July 2016, al-Sharaa convened Jabhat al-Nusra's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_al-Shura) (Majlis al-Shura) Shura Council twice to discuss the matter. The first council was inconclusive, while the second council settled on a "middle way" after several meetings: to break ties with al-Qaeda outside of Syria while retaining them inside Syria.[ 80]    As al-Zawahiri could not be contacted, several senior al-Qaeda leaders, including al-Zawahiri's deputy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri) (Abu Khayr al-Masri) Abu Khayr al-Masri , approved the split contingent on al-Zawahiri later approving it himself.[ 81]    [ 80]    If he did not, the split would have to be reversed. Al-Sharaa agreed to these terms, which Jabhat al-Nusra's Shura Council narrowly approved.[ 80]     On 28 July 2016, al-Sharaa announced that al-Nusra Front had severed ties with al-Qaeda and rebranded as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front#As_Jabhat_Fatah_Al-Sham_(July_2016_–_January_2017)) (Al-Nusra Front) Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (JFS).[ 82]    [ 83]    He added that the new organisation would have "no affiliation to any external entity".[ 84]    Ayman al-Zawahiri was publicly supportive of the split,[ 82]    even though he had rejected the plan when it was presented to him.[ 81]    In protest, several leading al-Qaeda loyalists in al-Nusra Front left JFS.[ 80]       Formation of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)  After forming JFS, al-Sharaa attempted to arrange a merger with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham) (Ahrar al-Sham) Ahrar al-Sham .[ 85]    However, negotiations collapsed due to al-Sharaa supporting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa) (Jund al-Aqsa) Jund al-Aqsa , a group that he had secretly established to discourage Jabhat al-Nusra's foreign fighters from defecting to ISIS, in their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes) (October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes) conflict with Ahrar al-Sham. Ahrar al-Sham's leadership was also concerned that JFS continued to maintain ties with al-Qaeda.[ 80]    Meanwhile, al-Sharaa came under attack from al-Qaeda. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Maqdisi) (Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi) Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi wrote a critique of JFS, and rumours circulated that al-Qaeda was preparing to launch a new affiliate in Syria.[ 80]     In a last-ditch attempt to secure a merger, al-Sharaa led efforts to undermine Ahrar al-Sham's nationalist and anti-merger wing.[ 80]    When Ahrar al-Sham's leadership again refused to merge in December 2017, the Islamist and pro-merger wing formed a breakaway "sub-faction" named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Ahrar) (Jaysh al-Ahrar) Jaysh al-Ahrar .[ 85]    [ 80]    Shortly afterwards, JFS attacked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army) (Free Syrian Army) Free Syrian Army (FSA) positions across Idlib and Aleppo, precipitating a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January–March_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)) conflict with Ahrar al-Sham. The conflict allowed JFS to defeat CIA-backed FSA groups, which it viewed as a "foreign conspiracy".[ 80]     On 28 January 2017, al-Sharaa announced that JFS would dissolve and merge with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)) (Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)) Liwa al-Haqq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna) (Jaysh al-Sunna) Jaysh al-Sunna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front) (Ansar al-Din Front) Ansar al-Din Front and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement) (Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement) Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement to form (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS),[ 86]    [ 80]    gaining approximately 3,000 to 5,000 more fighters.[ 80]    In an effort to demonstrate the maturity of the new group, al-Sharaa arranged for Jaysh al-Ahrar's leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jaber_Sheikh) (Abu Jaber Sheikh) Abu Jaber Sheikh to serve as the nominal emir of HTS, although authority was formally transferred back to al-Sharaa by December 2017.[ 85]    The remaining al-Qaeda loyalists in JFS viewed the formation of HTS as a definitive break from the organisation and refused to join. A number of al-Qaeda veterans publicly criticised al-Sharaa for his moves. As a result, several were arrested by HTS towards the end of 2017. After their release, some were involved in forming (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurras_al-Din) (Hurras al-Din) Hurras al-Din , the new Syrian affiliate of al-Qaeda.[ 85]     The U.S. government quickly rejected this rebranding, with the U.S. Embassy in Syria stating that "The core of HTS is Nusra, a designated terrorist organisation. This designation applies regardless of what name it uses or what groups merge into it." The Embassy characterized HTS's formation as an attempt to "hijack the Syrian revolution" rather than a move toward moderation.[ 87]    On 10 May 2017, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program) (Rewards for Justice Program) Rewards for Justice program announced a $10 million reward for information leading to the identification or location of al-Sharaa, who was identified by the program as the leader of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) al-Nusra Front . The Rewards for Justice program described this as the first reward offer for a leader of al-Nusra Front, the Syrian branch of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda .[ 88]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_al-Julani_Reward_poster.jpg)   Redacted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice) (Rewards for Justice) Rewards for Justice poster for al-Sharaa, with the photographic portrait removed due to copyright concerns.  Under al-Sharaa's leadership, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham prioritized combating al-Qaeda and ISIS in an effort to improve its standing with Western nations. HTS successfully defeated ISIS, al-Qaeda, and most opposing forces in its territory, establishing control over most of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate) (Idlib Governorate) Idlib Governorate , which it governed through its civilian administration, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government (SSG).[ 40]    [ 89]      Idlib governance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_map_(November_24,_2023).svg)   Military situation before the opposition offensives in late 2024. Territories held by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (white) and the Syrian government (red).  Under al-Sharaa's technocratic administration, Idlib experienced significant economic development, becoming Syria's fastest-growing region despite being historically its poorest province. The area featured new luxury shopping malls, housing estates, and a round-the-clock electricity supply surpassing that of the capital, Damascus. Educational facilities included a university with 18,000 segregated students. However, his government faced criticism for its taxation policies, including customs taxes on goods from Turkey and checkpoint fees on smuggled goods, as well as the economic impact of the Turkish lira's depreciation, which was the main currency in the region.[ 90]    [ 91]     In August 2018, al-Sharaa said that both HTS's allies and opponents viewed the group as "the greatest defender of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunnis in Syria." He cautioned that Turkish positions were uncertain, as political stances could change anytime. He also defended the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu'ah_and_Kafriya) (Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya) evacuation of the Shia-majority villages of Foua and Kafraya , saying it removed the threat of "sectarian militias" and prevented Iran from having a pretext to attack.[ 92]     In February 2023, Idlib Governorate, which was under the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government , was one of the territories hardest hit by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquakes) (2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes) Turkey–Syria earthquakes .[ 93]    The Assad regime's policy of besieging northwestern Syria and blockading the supply of food, medicines and other humanitarian supplies further worsened the crisis in Idlib.[ 94]    Al-Sharaa criticized aid agencies for neglecting Idlib and urged the international community to step up reconstruction and relief efforts, saying, "The United Nations needs to understand that it is required to help in a crisis." When asked about efforts to rebrand HTS, al-Sharaa said, "We have built a government that meets our people's needs, but much more is still required."[ 95]     In March 2024, widespread protests erupted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate) (Idlib Governorate) Idlib Governorate against al-Sharaa's rule, with demonstrators adopting the slogan "Isqat al-Julani " ("Down with Julani"), reminiscent of earlier protests against the Assad regime. Hundreds of protesters marched through Idlib's cities and towns for over a month. The protests were triggered by multiple factors, including allegations of brutality by HTS, with reports of thousands of critics held in prisons, and economic grievances related to high taxes.[ 90]    In response, al-Sharaa made several concessions. He released hundreds of detainees from a previous summer's security operation, including his former deputy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani) (Abu Maria al-Qahtani) Abu Maria al-Qahtani , who had been arrested along with 300 others in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purge) (Purge) purge . He also promised local elections and increased employment opportunities for displaced persons, while warning protesters against what he termed as treachery.[ 90]     Turkey, which had previously helped stabilize the province by connecting it to its electricity grid and allowing building materials to enter freely, had grown concerned about al-Sharaa's expanding influence. In response, it reduced trade through its border crossings with Idlib, affecting HTS's revenue. Reports indicated that al-Sharaa had twice attempted to take over territory from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria) (Turkish occupation of northern Syria) Turkish-administered regions in northern Syria .[ 90]      Fall of the Assad regime  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) Fall of the Assad regime  Planning by Syrian opposition forces for a military offensive against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo) (Aleppo) Aleppo began in late 2023 but was delayed by Turkish objections.[ 96]    [ 97]    Turkish president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan sought negotiations with the Assad regime, to "determine Syria's future together," but received a negative response, following which he allowed the HTS-led opposition troops to begin their offensive against the Assad regime.[ 98]    [ 99]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Civil_War_(November_-_December_2024).svg)   Al-Sharaa led the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) Syrian opposition offensives that overthrew the Assad regime in eleven days  On 27 November 2024, HTS announced that it had launched a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)) large-scale offensive against Ba'athist Syrian government forces in northwestern Syria, that subsequently evolved into a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) nationwide military campaign .[ 27]    [ 100]    [ 101]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Battle of Aleppo , al-Sharaa instructed his forces not to "scare children" and on 29 November, HTS entered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo) (Aleppo) Aleppo and captured most of the city. HTS channels broadcast footage of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians) (Christians) Christians in the city continuing their everyday activities, while Archbishop Afram Ma'lui stated that services would not be affected by the change in control. After government forces were expelled from the city, al-Sharaa declared that "diversity is a strength".[ 102]     The next day, HTS made rapid advances, capturing dozens of towns and villages as pro-government forces disintegrated, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) advanced toward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama) (Hama) Hama in central Syria, subsequently capturing it on 5 December.[ 103]    [ 104]    HTS then (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) advanced further south towards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs) (Homs) Homs .[ 105]    [ 106]    On 6 December, in a face-to-face interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN , al-Sharaa declared that the offensive's goal was to remove Assad from power. Using his birth name, he outlined plans for establishing a government grounded in institutions and a "council chosen by the people".[ 107]    [ 108]    He also expressed his intention to facilitate the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Return of refugees of the Syrian civil war) return of Syrian refugees to their homes and explicitly pledged to protect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Syria#Ethnic_and_religious_groups) (Ethnic groups in Syria) minority communities .[ 109]    By 8 December, HTS had captured Homs, which effectively cut Assad's forces from Syria's coast.[ 110]    HTS then advanced on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia) (Latakia) Latakia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus) (Tartus) Tartus , the last two regional capitals held by Ba'athist forces, capturing them without a battle. The same day, opposition forces also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) captured Damascus, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) toppling the Assad regime and ending its 53-year-long rule.[ 111]        De facto leader of Syria (2024–2025)  Formation of caretaker government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine-Syria_Bilateral_Ties_(2024).jpg)   Al-Sharaa with Ukrainian foreign minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrii_Sybiha) (Andrii Sybiha) Andrii Sybiha , 30 December 2024  On 8 December 2024, al-Sharaa stated on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)) (Telegram (software)) Telegram that Syrian public institutions would not be immediately handed over to military forces but would instead remain temporarily under then–Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_al-Jalali) (Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali) Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali until they were officially transferred. Al-Jalali announced in a social media video that he had been in contact with al-Sharaa, and would stay in Damascus to discuss the transfer of authority.[ 112]    [ 113]     Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) fall of Damascus , al-Sharaa delivered a speech at the city's landmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque) (Umayyad Mosque) Umayyad Mosque , calling the fall of the Assad regime "a new chapter in the history of the region" and condemning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran for using Syria as "a playground for Iranian ambitions", characterized by sectarianism and corruption.[ 108]     After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) fall of the Assad regime , al-Sharaa became the country's de facto leader as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and the head of the new Syrian administration. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir , the Prime Minister of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government was tasked with forming an interim government after meeting with al-Sharaa and al-Jalali to coordinate the transfer of power, and was officially appointed the next day as the prime minister of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government .[ 114]    [ 115]    [ 116]    [ 1]    [ 117]    [ 118]      Post-Assad governance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadja_Lahbib_and_Ahmad_al-Shara_discusses.jpg)   Al-Sharaa with European Commissioner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadja_Lahbib) (Hadja Lahbib) Hadja Lahbib in Damascus, 17 January 2025  Only a few days after the fall of the Assad regime, al-Sharaa met with Turkish officials, marking the first diplomatic delegation to Syria since Assad's overthrow.[ 119]    The United States rescinded a seven-year-old $10 million Rewards for Justice bounty for information leading to al-Sharaa's capture after he met with a U.S. delegation—the first formal U.S. diplomatic presence in Syria in more than a decade—with U.S. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Near_Eastern_Affairs) (Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs) Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_A._Leaf) (Barbara A. Leaf) Barbara A. Leaf stating that the decision was made to initiate dialogue with HTS and noting that, during discussions in Damascus, al-Sharaa committed to preventing ISIS and other terrorist groups from operating within Syria.[ 120]    [ 121]    [ 122]     On 24 December, al-Sharaa announced the dissolution and merger of multiple opposition factions, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Army) (Syrian National Army) Syrian National Army , into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense) (Ministry of Defense) Ministry of Defense , while excluding the Kurdish-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) Syrian Democratic Forces due to conflicts with Turkish-backed rebel forces in northeastern Syria. This reorganization coincided with his efforts to establish new state institutions, including law enforcement and security forces, amid reports of revenge killings and highway banditry, and included the creation of processing centres for former government soldiers and the initiation of police force recruitment.[ 123]    In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Arabiya) (Al-Arabiya) al-Arabiya  on 29 December, al-Sharaa said that he expected the process of writing a new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria) (Constitution of Syria) constitution of Syria to take two or three years, with elections expected after four years.[ 124]    [ 125]    [ 126]     On 3 January 2025, German Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock) (Annalena Baerbock) Annalena Baerbock and French Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Noël_Barrot) (Jean-Noël Barrot) Jean-Noël Barrot became the first top diplomats from European Union member states to visit Damascus since Assad's overthrow, meeting with al-Sharaa to discuss a new political beginning between Europe and Syria. A Russian delegation led by Deputy Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bogdanov_(diplomat)) (Mikhail Bogdanov (diplomat)) Mikhail Bogdanov also visited Damascus on 29 January to meet al-Sharaa, reaffirming Moscow's support for Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity following the collapse of the Assad regime.[ 127]    [ 128]    [ 129]        Presidency (2025–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa) Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa  Appointment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Presidential styles of  Ahmed al-Sharaa    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Syria_(2025–present).svg)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)) (Style (manner of address)) Reference style  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Excellency) (His Excellency) His Excellency   Spoken style President of the Syrian Arab Republic  Alternative style Mr. President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilham_Aliyev_had_expanded_meeting_with_President_of_Syria,_July_2025_(5).jpg)   Al-Sharaa with Azerbaijani president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev) (Ilham Aliyev) Ilham Aliyev , 12 July 2025  On 29 January 2025, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_Victory_Conference) (Syrian Revolution Victory Conference) Syrian Revolution Victory Conference held at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Palace_(Syria)) (People's Palace (Syria)) People's Palace in Damascus, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Abdul_Ghani) (Hassan Abdul Ghani) Hassan Abdul Ghani , spokesman for the HTS-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Operations_Command) (Military Operations Command) Military Operations Command , stated that al-Sharaa had been officially appointed as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) president of Syria and would govern the country during the transitional period, assume the duties of the presidency, and represent the nation on the international stage.[ 130]    [ 131]    [ 2]    After his appointment as president, al-Sharaa gave a brief speech outlining the government's immediate priorities— filling the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_vacuum) (Power vacuum) power vacuum , maintaining civil peace, building state institutions, developing the economy, and restoring Syria's international and regional standing—and received congratulations from leaders of many countries, including Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Canada, Mauritania, Morocco, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[ 132]    [ 133]    [ 134]      Early actions  A day after al-Sharaa's appointment as president, Qatari Emir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the first head of state to visit Damascus since the fall of the Assad regime to discuss post-conflict reconstruction and other topics, and on 12 February 2025, al-Sharaa held his first phone call with Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin since the fall of the Assad regime, while also meeting representatives of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Coalition) (Syrian National Coalition) Syrian National Coalition and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Negotiation_Commission) (Syrian Negotiation Commission) Syrian Negotiation Commission , including their presidents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_al-Bahra) (Hadi al-Bahra) Hadi al-Bahra and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bader_Jamous) (Bader Jamous) Bader Jamous , with both organizations announced to dissolve under the new authorities.[ 135]    [ 136]    [ 137]    [ 138]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vjosa_Osmani_met_with_Ahmed_al-Sharaa,_April_2025_(cropped).png)   Al-Sharaa with Kosovan president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani) (Vjosa Osmani) Vjosa Osmani , 11 April 2025  In mid-February, al-Sharaa made his first official trip to the coastal provinces of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia) (Latakia) Latakia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartus) (Tartus) Tartus , former strongholds of the ousted president Bashar al-Assad, and on 21 February, he met with China's ambassador to Damascus, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Hongwei) (Shi Hongwei) Shi Hongwei , marking the first official interaction between the two nations since Assad's overthrow, while in early June, he visited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_Governorate) (Daraa Governorate) Daraa Governorate for the first time since the fall of the Assad regime, coinciding with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) (Eid al-Adha) Eid al-Adha , in the city widely known as the "cradle of the revolution" for being the site of the first protests against the Assad regime.[ 139]    [ 140]    [ 141]    [ 142]     On 12 March 2025, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government announced the formation of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Syria)) (National Security Council (Syria)) National Security Council , to be chaired by al-Sharaa.[ 143]    [ 144]    [ 145]    The next day on 13 March, he signed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Declaration_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic) Syria's constitutional declaration , which set a five-year transitional period, established a presidential system with executive power vested in the president who appoints ministers, and abolished the position of prime minister. It enshrined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Islamic law as the main source of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence) (Jurisprudence) jurisprudence while preserving freedoms of opinion and expression, and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Assembly_of_Syria) (People's Assembly of Syria) People's Assembly to serve as the Syrian parliament during the transition and oversee the drafting of a new permanent constitution.[ 146]    [ 147]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_met_European_Commission_President_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_and_European_Council_President_António_Costa_in_January_2026_(3).jpg)   Al-Sharaa with European Commission President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen) (Ursula von der Leyen) Ursula von der Leyen and European Council President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Costa) (António Costa) António Costa , 9 January 2026  By 6 March 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2025_Western_Syria_clashes) (March 2025 Western Syria clashes) clashes had broken out in coastal Syria between Assad loyalists and government forces, marking the worst violence since the Assad regime was toppled. Al-Sharaa urged pro-government fighters to "avoid any abuses" following reports of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Alawites) (2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites) massacres of Alawite civilians in Latakia, and on 9 March, he announced the formation of an independent national committee of seven judges to investigate the events and violations in the Syrian coastal areas, emphasizing that the committee must submit its findings to the president within 30 days and describing the coastal violence as part of the "expected challenges."[ 148]    [ 149]    [ 150]    [ 151]    In July 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_clashes_(July–September_2025)) (Southern Syria clashes (July–September 2025)) armed clashes broke out in Suwayda between the Syrian Druze and government-affiliated troops, shortly after the ceasefire took effect, al-Sharaa addressed the nation, criticizing Israel for its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2025_Damascus_airstrikes) (July 2025 Damascus airstrikes) airstrikes on Damascus and its attacks on government forces and civilian facilities, while expressing gratitude to American, Turkish, and Arab mediators for helping de-escalate the conflict.[ 152]     On 10 March 2025, al-Sharaa signed an agreement with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi) (Mazloum Abdi) Mazloum Abdi , commander-in-chief of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), to integrate the organisation into state institutions and bring northeastern Syria under central government control, but negotiations remained inconclusive throughout 2025.[ 153]    [ 154]    [ 155]    [ 156]    [ 157]    After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_clashes_(2025–2026)) (Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)) clashes in Aleppo in January 2026, he recognised the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria) (Kurds in Syria) Syrian Kurds as an essential part of the nation, declaring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language) (Kurdish language) Kurdish a national language and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds) (Newroz as celebrated by Kurds) Newroz a national holiday. His administration launched a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive) (2026 northeastern Syria offensive) military campaign against the SDF, initially in the eastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate) (Aleppo Governorate) Aleppo Governorate around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_Hafir) (Dayr Hafir) Deir Hafir and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskanah) (Maskanah) Maskanah , before expanding to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa) (Raqqa) Raqqa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor) (Deir ez-Zor) Deir ez-Zor , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasakah) (Al-Hasakah) Al-Hasakah . He announced ceasefires on 20 and 30 January 2026, before signing a peace agreement that included plans to integrate the SDF into the government.[ 158]    [ 159]    [ 160]    [ 161]    [ 162]    [ 163]    On 20 August 2026, Abdi declared that integration of its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria) (Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) civil institutions into the Syrian government had been completed.[ 164]      Administration and cabinet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_(2026-01-28).jpg)   Al-Sharaa with Russian president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin , 28 January 2026  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syrian transitional government  On 29 March 2025, al-Sharaa announced the formation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syria's transitional government during a ceremony at the People's Palace in Damascus, where the newly appointed ministers took their oaths and presented their plans, replacing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government . The new administration included four ministers from minority communities— (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarub_Badr) (Yarub Badr) Yarub Badr , an Alawite; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Badr) (Amjad Badr) Amjad Badr , a Druze; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Kabawat) (Hind Kabawat) Hind Kabawat , a Christian; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Abdulrahman_Tarkou) (Mohammad Abdulrahman Tarkou) Mohammad Abdulrahman Tarkou , a Kurd—as well as figures from different former opposition groups, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abu_al-Khair_Shukri) (Mohammed Abu al-Khair Shukri) Mohammed Abu al-Khair Shukri , former member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Coalition) (Syrian National Coalition) Syrian National Coalition and the new Minister of Endowments, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raed_al-Saleh) (Raed al-Saleh) Raed al-Saleh , former Director of the White Helmets and the new Minister of Disaster Management and Emergency Response. The transitional government was described by some observers as technocratic, with ministers chosen according to their competencies, by al-Sharaa.[ 165]    [ 166]    [ 167]    [ 168]    [ 169]    [ 170]     On 9 May 2026, as part of a partial cabinet reshuffle, al-Sharaa appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Fawaz_Zaarour) (Khaled Fawaz Zaarour) Khaled Fawaz Zaarour and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_al-Suweydan) (Basel al-Suweydan) Basel al-Suweydan as the Ministers of Information and Agriculture, replacing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Mustafa) (Hamza al-Mustafa) Hamza al-Mustafa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Badr) (Amjad Badr) Amjad Badr , respectively.[ 30]    [ 171]    The reshuffle was the first since the overthrow of former president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad .[ 172]      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (List of international presidential trips made by Ahmed al-Sharaa) List of international presidential trips made by Ahmed al-Sharaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_President_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_with_U.S._President_Donald_Trump,_November_2025.jpg)   U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump with al-Sharaa in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office) (Oval Office) Oval Office on 10 November 2025. The visit marked the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2025_visit_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_to_the_United_States) (November 2025 visit by Ahmed al-Sharaa to the United States) first time a Syrian president had visited the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House) (White House) White House since Syria gained independence in 1946.[ 173]      After being appointed as president, al-Sharaa made a trip abroad, visiting Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, France, Qatar, Turkey, the United States,[ 174]    [ 175]    [ 176]    [ 177]    and the United Arab Emirates.[ 178]    [ 179]    [ 180]    He attended the emergency summit of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , the fourth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Diplomacy_Forum) (Antalya Diplomacy Forum) Antalya Diplomacy Forum , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) 2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit .[ 181]    [ 182]    [ 183]     On 2 February 2025, al-Sharaa and Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad_al-Shaibani) (Asaad al-Shaibani) Asaad al-Shaibani visited Saudi Arabia and met with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, marking al-Sharaa's first foreign visit since the fall of the Assad regime.[ 184]    [ 185]    On 7 May 2025, he met with French President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Emmanuel Macron in Paris on his first official visit to Europe since becoming president of Syria, and on 14 May, he (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2025_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_the_Middle_East) (May 2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East) met with U.S. President Donald Trump in Riyadh— the first meeting between American and Syrian presidents since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton) (Bill Clinton) Bill Clinton and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad) (Hafez al-Assad) Hafez al-Assad met in Geneva in 2000—during which Trump urged him to join the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) (Abraham Accords) Abraham Accords .[ 186]    [ 187]    [ 188]    [ 189]    On 28 January 2026, al-Sharaa met with Putin in Moscow for the second time to discuss Russia's military presence in Syria, during which Putin reaffirmed Moscow's support for Syria's unity and territorial integrity, congratulated Damascus on recent political developments, and expressed hope that the return of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazira_Region) (Jazira Region) Jazira region would advance the full restoration of Syrian sovereignty, while both sides also emphasised continued economic and reconstruction cooperation.[ 190]    [ 191]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:06.11.2025_–_Recepção_Oficial_dos_Chefes_de_Delegação_da_Cúpula_do_Clima_(54905395842).jpg)   Al-Sharaa and Brazilian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) (2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference) COP30 summit in Belém, 6 November 2025   Easing sanctions on Syria  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Syria) (International sanctions against Syria) International sanctions against Syria  Since 2011, several countries and international bodies have imposed sanctions on Syria under Bashar al-Assad's rule, mainly due to the Ba'athist regime's violent crackdown on civilians during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war .[ 192]    [ 193]    In an interview with The New York Times in April 2025, al-Sharaa stated that the sanctions should be permanently lifted, as they were imposed on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Assad regime . He noted that the sanctions were damaging his government and slowing economic recovery.[ 194]     In November 2025, with the support of the United States and other countries, the UN Security Council (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2799) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 2799) removed al-Sharaa and his Interior Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_Khattab) (Anas Khattab) Anas Khattab from the sanctions list of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL_(Da'esh)_and_Al-Qaida_Sanctions_Committee) (ISIL (Da'esh) and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee) ISIL and Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee . On 7 November, the United States also delisted him from its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specially_Designated_Global_Terrorist) (Specially Designated Global Terrorist) Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) sanctions list, while the United Kingdom announced the removal of both al-Sharaa and Anas Khattab from its consolidated sanctions list, stating that he was no longer subject to asset freezes.[ 195]    [ 196]    [ 197]       Political positions   Views on Bashar al-Assad's handover to Syria  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_handover_of_Bashar_al-Assad_to_Syria) (Proposed handover of Bashar al-Assad to Syria) Proposed handover of Bashar al-Assad to Syria  In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  in April 2025, al-Sharaa said that Syrian officials requested Russia to extradite Assad as a condition for allowing their military presence in Syria, but Russia refused.[ 198]    In a September 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes) (60 Minutes) 60 Minutes  , al-Sharaa said he still intended to pursue justice against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad through legal means.[ 199]     In a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News) (Fox News) Fox News  interview on 10 November 2025, al-Sharaa said that Russia had a different view on sending wanted individuals back to Syria, but he stressed that justice must be carried out through a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Transitional_Justice_(Syria)) (National Commission for Transitional Justice (Syria)) transitional justice committee to ensure accountability for all perpetrators, including Assad.[ 200]    In a November 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  , al-Sharaa said that the issue of Bashar al-Assad remained sensitive for Russia, with Syria's relationship with Moscow still in its early stages and emphasized that "Syria will preserve its right to demand Assad's trial."[ 201]      Views on Syria  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330)   Part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamism) (Category:Islamism) a series on  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamism   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada) (Shahada)      Fundamentals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamism) (History of Islamism) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture) (Islamic culture) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics) (Islamic economics) Economics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam) (Political aspects of Islam) Politics       Variants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy) (Islam and democracy) Islamic democracy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi_movement) (Deobandi movement) Deobandi movement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism) (Deobandi jihadism) Deobandi jihadism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdoğanism) (Erdoğanism) Erdoğanism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamofascism) (Islamofascism) Fascism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism) (Islamic fundamentalism) Fundamentalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_feminism) (Islamic feminism) Feminism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeinism) (Khomeinism) Khomeinism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam) (Liberalism and progressivism within Islam) Liberalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism) (Islamic modernism) Modernism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_nationalism) (Islamic nationalism) Nationalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutbism) (Qutbism) Qutbism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement) (Salafi movement) Salafism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism) (Salafi jihadism) Salafi jihadism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism) (International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism) International propagation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region) (International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region) By region    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran) (Islamic Principlism in Iran) Shia Islamism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_socialism) (Islamic socialism) Socialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International_Theory) (Third International Theory) Third International Theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaism) (Ziaism) Ziaism       Concepts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam) (Apostasy in Islam) Apostasy in Islam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir) (Takfir) Takfir     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate) (Caliphate) Caliphate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_governance) (Islamic governance) Governance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state) (Islamic state) State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam) (Spread of Islam) Spread of Islam  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge) (Islamization of knowledge) of knowledge ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad) (Jihad) Jihad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism) (Islamic terrorism) Islamic terrorism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism) (Jihadism) Jihadism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Islamism) (Pan-Islamism) Pan-Islamism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Islam) (Political Islam) Political Islam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam) (Political aspects of Islam) aspects    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Islamism) (Post-Islamism) Post-Islamism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura) (Shura) Shura   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory) (Two-nation theory) Two-nation theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah) (Ummah) Ummah        Influences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism) (Anti-capitalism) Anti-capitalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism#Islam) (Anti-communism) Anti-communism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-imperialism#Islamist_anti-imperialism) (Anti-imperialism) Anti-imperialism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism) (Anti-Zionism) Anti-Zionism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization) (Decolonization) Decolonization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age) (Islamic Golden Age) Islamic Golden Age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival) (Islamic revival) Islamic revival       Movements Scholastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi) (Barelvi) Barelvi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami) (Dawat-e-Islami) Dawat-e-Islami  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi) (Deobandi) Deobandi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism) (Salafism) Salafism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madkhalism) (Madkhalism) Madkhalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith) (Ahl-i Hadith) Ahl-i Hadith  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahwa_movement) (Sahwa movement) Sahwa movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism) (Wahhabism) Wahhabism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism) (International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism) International propagation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region) (International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region) by country/region    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_movement) (Nur movement) Nurcu   Political  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas) (Hamas) Hamas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb-ut-Tahrir) (Hizb-ut-Tahrir) Hizb-ut-Tahrir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami) (Jamaat-e-Islami) Jamaat-e-Islami  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)) (Justice and Development Party (Morocco)) Justice and Development Party (Morocco)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)) (Justice and Development Party (Turkey)) Justice and Development Party (Turkey)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party) (Malaysian Islamic Party) Malaysian Islamic Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Welfare_Party) (New Welfare Party) New Welfare Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party) (Prosperous Justice Party) Prosperous Justice Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) (Taliban) Taliban  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_List) (United Arab List) United Arab List  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties) (List of Islamic political parties) List of Islamic political parties   Militant  Militant Islamism based in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East) (Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East) MENA region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia) (Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia) South Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia) (Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia) Southeast Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa) Sub-Saharan Africa         Key texts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)) (The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)) The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida) (Muhammad Rashid Rida) Rashīd Rīďha 1922 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam) (The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal) (Muhammad Iqbal) Iqbal 1930s ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam) (The Principles of State and Government in Islam) Principles of State and Government  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Asad) (Muhammad Asad) Asad 1961 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestones_(book)) (Milestones (book)) Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones") ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb) (Sayyid Qutb) Qutb 1965 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist) (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist) Islamic Government:  Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) (Ruhollah Khomeini) Khomeini 1970 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)) (The Green Book (Gaddafi)) The Green Book   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi) (Muammar Gaddafi) Gaddafi 1975 )      Heads of state (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada) (Hibatullah Akhundzada) Akhundzada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir) (Omar al-Bashir) al-Bashir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan) (Necmettin Erbakan) Erbakan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi) (Muammar Gaddafi) Gaddafi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh) (Ismail Haniyeh) Haniyeh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Izetbegović) (Alija Izetbegović) Izetbegović  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei) (Ali Khamenei) Khamenei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojtaba_Khamenei) (Mojtaba Khamenei) Khamenei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo) (Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo) Kartosoewirjo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini) (Ruhollah Khomeini) Khomeini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad) (Mahathir Mohamad) Mahathir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi) (Sadiq al-Mahdi) al-Mahdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi) (Mohamed Morsi) Morsi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir) (Mohammad Natsir) Natsir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar) (Mullah Omar) Omar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) House of Saud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) al-Sharaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thani) (House of Thani) House of Thani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq) (Zia ul-Haq) Zia ul-Haq       Key ideologues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh) (Muhammad Abduh) Abduh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad) (Qazi Hussain Ahmad) Ahmad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamāl_al-Dīn_al-Afghānī) (Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī) al-Afghani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani) (Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani) al-Albani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Asad) (Muhammad Asad) Asad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna) (Hassan al-Banna) Banna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi) (Rached Ghannouchi) Ghannouchi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi) (Safwat Hegazi) Hegazi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal) (Muhammad Iqbal) Iqbal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necip_Fazıl_Kısakürek) (Necip Fazıl Kısakürek) Kısakürek  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali) (Rabee al-Madkhali) Madkhali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A'la_Maududi) (Abul A'la Maududi) Maududi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani) (Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani) al-Nabhani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi) (Abul Hasan Nadwi) Nadwi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi) (Yusuf al-Qaradawi) al-Qaradawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb) (Sayyid Qutb) Qutb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan) (Tariq Ramadan) Ramadan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta) (Ata Abu Rashta) Abu Rashta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida) (Rashid Rida) Rida  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navvab_Safavi) (Navvab Safavi) Safavi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shariati) (Ali Shariati) Shariati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah) (Haji Shariatullah) Shariatullah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi) (Hassan al-Turabi) al-Turabi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin) (Ahmed Yassin) Yassin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab) (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) al-Wahhab       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism) (Criticism of Islamism) Criticism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam) (Liberalism and progressivism within Islam) Liberal and reform movements within Islam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe) (Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe) in Europe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America) (Liberal and progressive Islam in North America) in North America    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl) (Khaled Abu al-Fadl) Khaled Abu al-Fadl  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farag_Foda) (Farag Foda) Farag Foda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb) (Abdelwahab Meddeb) Abdelwahab Meddeb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam_Namazie) (Maryam Namazie) Maryam Namazie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz) (Maajid Nawaaz) Maajid Nawaaz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)) (Sam Harris (author)) Sam Harris  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)) (Olivier Roy (professor)) Olivier Roy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassam_Tibi) (Bassam Tibi) Bassam Tibi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Sa'id_al-Ashmawi) (Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi) Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepel) (Gilles Kepel) Gilles Kepel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Maher) (Shiraz Maher) Shiraz Maher  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp) (Magnus Ranstorp) Magnus Ranstorp       Related topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions) (Islam and other religions) Islam and other religions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia) (Islamophobia) Islamophobia       ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam) (Portal:Islam) Islam portal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics) (Portal:Politics) Politics portal     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar) (Template:Islamism sidebar) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar) (Template talk:Islamism sidebar) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar) (Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar) (Edit this template) e         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Senator_Jeanne_Shaheen,_U.S._Congressman_Joe_Wilson,_U.S._envoy_to_Syria_Tom_Barrack,_and_Syrian_President_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_(2025).jpg)   Al‑Sharaa with U.S. Congressman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wilson) (Joe Wilson) Joe Wilson , U.S. Senator (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen) (Jeanne Shaheen) Jeanne Shaheen , and U.S. envoy to Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Barrack) (Tom Barrack) Tom Barrack , August 2025  In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya) (Al Arabiya) Al Arabiya  , al-Sharaa spoke about his ambitions for Syria's economic development. Al-Sharaa said that Syria needs "experts who know the country's assets and try to benefit from all the experiences of the world, so as to come up with something that suits the nature of the society." He said that after the fall of the Assad regime, there are "major investment and economic opportunities" for all neighbouring countries that can implement joint economic projects with the new Syrian administration, and predicted that Saudi Arabia would have a very large role in Syria's economic development. Regarding the sanctions imposed on Syria, al-Sharaa said he had hoped the incoming U.S. administration, led by Donald Trump, would lift them.[ 202]    He said that one of his top priorities is to rebuild the economy by issuing a new currency after the value of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_pound) (Syrian pound) current currency had stabilised.[ 203]     On 14 December, al-Sharaa stressed in his statements that the next phase, after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) fall of the Assad regime , will be an opportunity to serve the Syrian people and build the future. He explained that there is no justification for any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war) foreign intervention after the withdrawal of Iranian forces from Syria, condemning the "Iranian project" as harmful, and declaring that the victory in Syria is a victory over this project. He also stressed that what happened in Syria was not a coincidence but the result of long preparations. He stated that Russia had become frustrated with the Assad regime and that the change in authority represented an opportunity for Russia to build a new relationship with Syria. Regarding Syrian leadership, he pointed out the need to move away from the mentality of revolution and move towards a state of law and institutions.[ 204]    [ 205]    Al-Sharaa stated to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic) (Al Jazeera Arabic) Al Jazeera Arabic  that the choices of governance will be discussed among a group of legal experts; and then public elections would be held to make the final choice.[ 206]     In an interview with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC  , al-Sharaa discussed his plans and said that Syria is not like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) (Taliban) Taliban . He said that their way of leading the country is different because Afghanistan has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism) (Tribalism) tribal system, while the people and way of thinking in Syria are not the same. He also stated that the new Syrian government will follow its own history and culture in its governance.[ 207]     In his first interview as president on 9 February 2025, al-Sharaa told (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  that he opposed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria) (Federalization of Syria) federalization of Syria . He also mentioned that Turkey was planning a full-scale operation in the north against Kurdish forces but had asked them to wait to allow for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation) (Negotiation) negotiations . In response to a question about whether (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia could be implemented, he stated, "That decision rests with the experts. If they approve it, my duty is to enforce it; if they reject it, my duty is to uphold their decision as well." When asked if Syria would become a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy) (Democracy) democracy , he responded, "In our region, there are various definitions of democracy. If democracy means that the people decide who will rule them and who represents them in parliament, then yes, Syria is moving in that direction."[ 208]     In an interview with The New York Times in April 2025, al-Sharaa stated that his government was considering granting citizenship to foreign fighters who had lived in Syria for many years and supported the revolution. Furthermore, he said that his government was negotiating with Turkey and Russia regarding their military presence in Syria and suggested that both countries might eventually provide military support to the new Syrian government.[ 194]     On 27 May 2025, during the "Aleppo, the Key to Victory" event celebrating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_revolution) (Syrian revolution) Syrian revolution and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) liberation of Aleppo , al-Sharaa exhorted the Syrian people to help reconstruct the country: "Our war against tyrants has ended, and our battle against poverty has begun."[ 209]     In a September 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes) (60 Minutes) 60 Minutes  , al-Sharaa said elections would be held once Syria's infrastructure and citizens' records are restored. He stated that he wants Syria to be a place (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) (Universal suffrage) where every person can vote .[ 210]    He added that rebuilding Syria is a top state priority and emphasized the need for international support.[ 211]    He said Syria has reshaped its political identity after years of isolation and is now pursuing balanced relations with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world) (Western world) West , the United States, and regional powers such as Saudi Arabia and Turkey, adding that its calm and stable ties with Russia and China, built on shared strategic interests, align rather than conflict with its relations with Western nations.[ 212]     In a November 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post) (Washington Post) The Washington Post  , al-Sharaa said Syria is emerging from a long war and decades of dictatorship and is in a transitional phase. He compared the country's rebuilding to the long recovery after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War) (American Civil War) American Civil War . He also said that some groups push their own interests and seek autonomy by claiming threats to their sect or creed, adding, "In Syria, we have been living in coexistence with different groups and different religious communities for 1,400 years. We're still here, and we still have that diversity."[ 201]     On 6 December 2025, at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Forum) (Doha Forum) Doha Forum , al-Sharaa told CNN that Syria was moving towards stability and economic recovery following the revolution and the transition to a new system of governance. He noted that his government was working with the United States to lift the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Syria_Civilian_Protection_Act) (Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act) Caesar Act and explained that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Dialogue_Conference) (Syrian National Dialogue Conference) National Dialogue Conference held after the liberation had resulted in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Declaration_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic) provisional constitution granting him a five-year mandate to pass new laws before a new permanent constitution was drafted ahead of elections scheduled in four years. He spoke about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights) (Civil and political rights) civil rights , stating that Syria had closed oppressive prisons such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sednaya_Prison) (Sednaya Prison) Sednaya Prison and was committed to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_empowerment) (Women's empowerment) women's empowerment , with women fully participating in society, government, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Assembly_of_Syria) (People's Assembly of Syria) People's Assembly .[ 213]    He also spoke about engaging with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites) (Alawites) Alawites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze) (Druze) Druze , and other minorities, stressing that every sector of Syrian society had suffered under the Assad regime and that all of them took part in the revolution that brought it down. Al-Sharaa highlighted the need to uphold the rule of law in Syria, saying that it is "the way to guarantee everybody's rights, including the rights of all minorities".[ 214]     On 10 January 2026, al-Sharaa said in an interview with Shams TV that the government is engaging with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) through dialogue to avoid bloodshed. He said that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#10_March_agreement) (Syrian peace process) 10 March agreement protects Kurdish rights and culture, strengthens state authority across Syria, and has wide regional and international support. Al-Sharaa stressed that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds) (Kurds) Kurdish community should be protected through integration into the Syrian state, not through armed groups, with rights guaranteed by the constitution and participation based on ability. He reaffirmed Syria's commitment to the agreement and called on the SDF to integrate, saying that unity and the rule of law are essential for Syria's stability.[ 171]    Al-Sharaa said that in their first meeting, he told SDF general commander (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi) (Mazloum Abdi) Mazloum Abdi that if the goal was to secure Kurdish rights, there was no need for bloodshed, as those rights would be guaranteed by the constitution.[ 171]    He stated that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria) (Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) North and East Syria holds most of Syria's main resources, including oil, gas, water, agriculture, and energy. He added that SDF control has blocked the state from accessing these resources, damaging the economy and slowing reconstruction, despite the urgent need to improve living conditions.[ 171]      Views on Israel and Gaza  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024–present)) (Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)) Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Secretary_of_State_Marco_Rubio,_Syrian_Foreign_Minister_Asaad_al-Shaibani,_U.S_Vice_President_JD_Vance,_U.S._President_Donald_Trump,_and_Syrian_President_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_(2025).jpg)   Al-Sharaa in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office) (Oval Office) Oval Office with U.S. Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio) (Marco Rubio) Marco Rubio , Syrian Foreign Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad_al-Shaibani) (Asaad al-Shaibani) Asaad al-Shaibani , U.S. Vice President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Vance) (JD Vance) JD Vance , and U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump , 10 November 2025  Al-Sharaa has stated that he believes in a commitment to defending the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians) (Palestinians) Palestinians , and that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_towns_and_villages_depopulated_in_the_Arab–Israeli_conflict) (Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab–Israeli conflict) displacement of his family from the Golan Heights as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada) (Second Intifada) Second Intifada in 2000 had a strong impact on his life choices.[ 25]    [ 27]    During a speech to exhort HTS fighters in January 2018, he declared: "If Allah wills it, we will reach not only Damascus, but Jerusalem awaits us as well."[ 215]    [ 216]    [ 217]     In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_TV_(Turkey)) (Syria TV (Turkey)) Syria TV regarding the ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria, al-Sharaa declared that after the fall of the Assad regime, Israel no longer has "any excuses" for attacking Syrian territory. He emphasized that diplomacy was the only way to ensure security and cautioned against "ill-considered military adventures".[ 218]    [ 219]    In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  in December 2024, al-Sharaa reaffirmed Syria's commitment to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria) (Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria) 1974 Agreement .[ 220]    He stated, "Israel entered Syria under the pretext of the Iranian presence, and its pretext has now ended."[ 221]     On 14 December 2024, al-Sharaa clarified that his administration was not interested in engaging in a new conflict with Israel, emphasizing that Syria's priority was rebuilding after years of war. He noted that the country's deteriorating situation did not permit further hostilities and that maintaining state stability was paramount. Al-Sharaa stressed that diplomatic solutions were the only viable path to ensuring security and long-term stability in the region.[ 222]     On 11 February 2025, al-Sharaa stated in an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Politics) (The Rest Is Politics) The Rest Is Politics  that Trump's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Donald_Trump_Gaza_Strip_takeover_proposal) (2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal) proposed United States takeover of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip) (Gaza Strip) Gaza Strip would not succeed, asserting that no power can drive people from their land. He noted that many countries had tried and failed, especially during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war) (Gaza war) recent war in Gaza.[ 223]    His statement came after a joint press conference in which Trump declared that the U.S. would "take over the Gaza Strip; we'll own it."[ 224]     On 4 March 2025, at the extraordinary Arab League summit on Gaza, al-Sharaa condemned calls for the forced displacement of Palestinians, calling them a threat to all Arabs.[ 225]    On 26 August 2025, al-Sharaa said his country would not join the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) (Abraham Accords) Abraham Accords , stressing that its dispute with Israel is very different from the conflicts experienced by other Arab nations.[ 226]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   "Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights) (Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights) occupied the Golan Heights in order to protect Israel, and now they are imposing conditions in the south of Syria in order to protect the Golan Heights. So after a few years, maybe they will occupy the center of Syria in order to protect the south of Syria. They will reach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich) (Munich) Munich on that pathway[...]"  — Ahmed al-Sharaa (11 November 2025)[ 227]       In a September 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes) (60 Minutes) 60 Minutes  , al-Sharaa said Syria poses no threat to Israel and denounced Israeli strikes on the People's Palace as "a declaration of war". He warned that Israel's provocations could drag Syria into war and push U.S. allies to seek alternatives. He urged Israel to withdraw from areas seized after 8 December 2024, and said Syria has made no provocations or threats toward Israel. He added that "the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel) (Thirty-seventh government of Israel) current Israeli government is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism) (Extremism) extremist and guided by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism) (Expansionism) expansionist doctrines," believing that "Israel has the right to establish a larger state than it is now and seeks to expand into Gaza and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank) (West Bank) West Bank , then north and south." He also said Israel refuses to allow the return of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force) (United Nations Disengagement Observer Force) UN forces to the 1974 disengagement lines and is trying to impose "a new format for the security arrangement." He emphasized that Syria seeks a peaceful solution protecting its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_integrity) (Territorial integrity) territorial integrity and rightful claim to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Golan_Heights) (Occupied Golan Heights) occupied Golan heights , warning that Israel's expansionist ambitions could impact Jordan, Iraq, Turkey, and Egypt, and reshape regional alliances.[ 211]    [ 228]     In a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News) (Fox News) Fox News  interview on 10 November 2025, al-Sharaa said that Syria's situation is different from other signatories because it borders Israel, which has occupied the Golan Heights since 1967. He added that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump) (Second presidency of Donald Trump) Trump administration could help Syria make a security agreement with Israel or return to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria) (Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria) 1974 Agreement on Disengagement .[ 200]    [ 229]    In a November 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post) (Washington Post) Washington Post  interview, al-Sharaa said that Syria is negotiating directly with Israel and has made good progress, but a final agreement requires Israel to return to its pre–8 December borders. He added that the United States and many other international parties, including Trump, support Syria's position while working to reach a solution quickly.[ 227]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_Sánchez_asistió_a_la_Cumbre_COP30_(11).jpg)   Al-Sharaa and Spanish Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Sánchez) (Pedro Sánchez) Pedro Sánchez , 7 November 2025  On 6 December 2025, al-Sharaa told the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Forum) (Doha Forum) Doha Forum that any deal with Israel must protect Syria's interests. He accused Israel of using its situation to avoid responsibility for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_genocide) (Gaza genocide) Gaza massacres and said Syria is working with major powers to pressure Israel to withdraw from areas taken after 8 December 2024. He stressed the need for Israel to adhere to the 1974 Disengagement Agreement and added that the demand for a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demilitarized_zone) (Demilitarized zone) demilitarized zone raises many questions, including who would protect it if the Syrian Army is not allowed to be present. He also confirmed that there are talks with Israel involving the United States.[ 230]      Views on Iran  Since the fall of the Assad regime, al-Sharaa has made several statements regarding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Iran's involvement in Syria . For many years, Syria and Iran maintained a strategic alliance, with Damascus serving as a key component of Iran's "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance) (Axis of Resistance) Axis of Resistance ".[ 231]    In an interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat) (Asharq Al-Awsat) Asharq Al-Awsat  published on 20 December 2024, al-Sharaa asserted that under Bashar al-Assad, Syria became a platform for Iran to exert influence over major Arab capitals, expand conflicts, and destabilize (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf) (Arab states of the Persian Gulf) Gulf nations through activities such as drug trafficking, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syrian_Captagon_industry) (Ba'athist Syrian Captagon industry) distribution of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captagon) (Captagon) Captagon . He described Iran's regional ambitions as detrimental and framed the developments in Syria as a setback for Iran's influence in the region. "What we have done and achieved with the least possible damage and losses," he stated, adding that "the Iranian project in the region has been set back 40 years."[ 232]    In February 2025, al-Sharaa condemned Iran and its "Axis of Resistance" as a "strategic threat to the entire region".[ 233]       Public image  In 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100) (Time 100) Time 100  listed him as one of the world's most influential people,[ 234]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) (Agence France-Presse) Agence France-Presse  noted that he made global headlines that year.[ 235]    In the same year, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  awarded its country of the year title to Syria, under al-Sharaa's rule, noting that he had generated a "series of positive surprises".[ 236]     Public opinion  A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov) (YouGov) YouGov opinion poll commissioned in 2026 by the Council for a Secure America showed largely favourable views of al-Sharaa's presidency among Syrians, with 69% of respondents rating his performance as "good," 12% rating it poorly, and 19% saying they were undecided.[ 237]       Personal life  Not much is known about al-Sharaa's personal life, which he is careful not to share with the media. In 2012, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  reported that in one of the meetings of prominent Islamist militant groups attended by the leaders of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham) (Ahrar al-Sham) Ahrar al-Sham , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suqour_al-Sham_Brigades) (Suqour al-Sham Brigades) Suqour al-Sham , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Islam) (Jaysh al-Islam) Liwa al-Islam , and other rebel brigades, al-Sharaa wore a mask, refusing to reveal his identity, and was introduced to the attendees by Jabhat al-Nusra's emirs in Aleppo and Idlib.[ 238]     Al-Sharaa met his wife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_al-Droubi) (Latifa al-Droubi) Latifa al-Droubi while they were both studying at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_University) (Damascus University) Damascus University .[ 239]    They were married in 2012 and have three children.[ 240]    [ 241]    Al-Sharaa plays (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess) (Chess) chess , basketball, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_billiards) (Pocket billiards) pool , and goes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_riding) (Horse riding) horse riding ,[ 242]    [ 243]    [ 244]    [ 245]    while he reportedly played (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) football in his childhood.[ 246]    In a November 2025 interview with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  , al-Sharaa said he admired (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jordan) (Michael Jordan) Michael Jordan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) (National Basketball Association) National Basketball Association , preferred (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball) (Baseball) baseball to football, and was skilled at playing pool.[ 247]     On 1 April 2026, during al-Sharaa's visit to the United Kingdom, he participated in an interview at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House) (Chatham House) Chatham House . During the interview, he clarified that he has one daughter, along with two sons. When asked whether he would want his daughter to become a future president of Syria, al-Sharaa stated that running public affairs is a major responsibility and that he would not wish the role on any of his children.[ 248]     Assassination attempts and death threats  The U.S. Special Envoy for Syria, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Barrack) (Tom Barrack) Tom Barrack , warned of a possible assassination attempt against al-Sharaa due to his efforts to build ties with the West and promote inclusive governance.[ 249]    On 12 June 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Orient–Le_Jour) (L'Orient–Le Jour) L'Orient–Le Jour  reported that al-Sharaa had escaped two assassination attempts by ISIS.[ 250]    On 27 June 2025, al-Sharaa was reportedly the target of an ISIS-backed assassination attempt. It was planned to be carried out in the Daraa Governorate, but was foiled before it could be executed.[ 251]    However, the government denied reports of the assassination attempt.[ 252]     On 16 July 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir) (Itamar Ben-Gvir) Itamar Ben-Gvir , Israel's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Security_(Israel)) (Ministry of National Security (Israel)) Minister of National Security , publicly urged for al-Sharaa's assassination, referring to him as the "head of the snake" and stating that "the only thing that can be done is to eliminate al-Julani."[ 253]    On 10 November 2025, Syria thwarted two attempts on al-Sharaa's life by the Islamic State.[ 254]    [ 255]    On 5 January 2026, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) (Israel Defense Forces) Israel Defense Forces (IDF) claimed that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran , along with additional "hostile elements", was planning to assassinate al-Sharaa.[ 256]     On 12 February 2026, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations and its secretary-general, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres , said that al-Sharaa, along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_Khattab) (Anas Khattab) Anas Khattab and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad_al-Shaibani) (Asaad al-Shaibani) Asaad al-Shaibani , were the targets of five foiled ISIS assassination attempts within the previous year on their lives.[ 257]    [ 258]    [ 259]    On 6 March 2026, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  reported that Turkey's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization) (National Intelligence Organization) National Intelligence Organization had asked Britain's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6) (MI6) MI6 the previous month to take a larger role in protecting al-Sharaa following recent assassination plots. However, Turkey denied that its intelligence organization had made any such request.[ 260]       Documentary  On 1 June 2021, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)) (Frontline (American TV program)) PBS Frontline  released a documentary, The Jihadist , investigating al-Sharaa's past in the context of the ongoing Syrian civil war.[ 261]    In the interview, reflecting on his past affiliation with al-Qaeda, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East) (United States foreign policy in the Middle East) U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism) (Palestinian nationalism) Palestinian cause , al-Sharaa commented: The history of the region and what it went through over the past 20 or 30 years needs to be taken into consideration... We are talking about a region ruled by tyrants, by people who rule with iron fists and their security apparatuses. At the same time, this region is surrounded by numerous conflicts and wars... We can't take a segment of this history and say so-and-so joined Al-Qaeda. There are thousands of people who joined Al-Qaeda, but let us ask what was the reason behind these people joining Al Qaeda? That's the question. Are the U.S. policies after World War II toward the region partially responsibility for driving people towards Al-Qaeda organization? And are the European policies in the region responsible for the reactions of people who sympathize with the Palestinian cause or with the way the Zionist regime deals with the Palestinians?... Are the broken and oppressed peoples who had to endure what happened in Iraq, for example, or in Afghanistan, are they responsible?... Our involvement with Al-Qaeda in the past was an era, and it ended, and even at that time when we were with Al-Qaeda, we were against external attacks, and it's completely against our policies to carry out external operations from Syria to target European or American people. This was not part of our calculations at all, and we did not do it at all.[ 40]       Bibliography  On (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism) (Salafi jihadism) Salafi jihadist online forums, there are essays and articles attributed to al-Sharaa under the pseudonym "Abdullah bin Muhammad", including The Strategy of the Regional War .[ 262]      Notes   ↑   From 10 December 2024 to 29 March 2025, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir served as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria) (Prime Minister of Syria) Prime Minister of Syria under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government until al-Sharaa announced the formation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syrian transitional government , after which the position of Prime Minister was abolished.  ↑   Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) fall of the Assad regime , al-Sharaa served as Syria's de facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader as the emir of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham , general commander and head of the new Syrian administration until 29 January 2025, when he was appointed President of Syria by the Syrian General Command.[ 1]    [ 2]    [ 3]      ↑   As the emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), al-Sharaa was widely regarded as the de facto leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government after HTS established control over most of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate) (Idlib Governorate) Idlib Governorate , which was governed through its civilian administration.[ 4]    [ 5]    [ 6]    [ 7]      ↑   called Commander of Military Operations from 8 December 2024 until 29 January 2025.[ 8]      ↑   Renamed "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham) (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham) Jabhat Fatah al-Sham " from 28 July 2016  ↑   As president, he remains active as the Commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces.  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : أحمَد حُسين الشرع , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) ʾAḥmad Ḥusayn ash-Sharaʿ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈʔaħmad ħuˈsajn aʃˈʃaraʕ]   (./Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  . Also transliterated as Ahmad al-Sharaa and Ahmed al-Shara' .  ↑   The term nom de guerre is used by multiple reliable sources:Abouzeid, Rania (25 December 2012). (https://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/) "Interview with Official of Jabhat al-Nusra, Syria's Islamist Militia Group" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20121227142359/https://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/) Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Jabhat al-Nusra is headed by a man who uses the nom de guerre of Abu Mohammad al-Golani  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Official+of+Jabhat+al-Nusra%2C+Syria%27s+Islamist+Militia+Group&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.aulast=Abouzeid&rft.aufirst=Rania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2012%2F12%2F25%2Finterview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Szybala, Valerie (1 August 2013). (https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/al-qaeda-shows-its-true-colors-syria) "Al-Qaeda Shows Its True Colors in Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War) (Institute for the Study of War) Institute for the Study of War . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130806231232/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/al-qaeda-shows-its-true-colors-syria) Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Among them was JN's leader, who goes by the nom de guerre of Abu Mohammad al-Julani.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda+Shows+Its+True+Colors+in+Syria&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+War&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft.aulast=Szybala&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fal-qaeda-shows-its-true-colors-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abdul-Zahra, Qassim; Karam, Zeina (4 November 2013). (https://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/) "Elusive Al-Qaeda leader in Syria stays in shadows" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) (The Times of Israel) The Times of Israel  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20131107053220/https://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/) Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Al-Golani is a nom de guerre  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Elusive+Al-Qaeda+leader+in+Syria+stays+in+shadows&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.aulast=Abdul-Zahra&rft.aufirst=Qassim&rft.au=Karam%2C+Zeina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Felusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Lami, Mina (9 December 2024). (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0q0w1g8zqvo) "From Syrian jihadist leader to rebel politician: How Abu Mohammed al-Jolani reinvented himself" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209010828/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0q0w1g8zqvo) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Syrian rebel leader Abu Mohammed al-Jolani has dropped that nom de guerre associated with his jihadist past  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=From+Syrian+jihadist+leader+to+rebel+politician%3A+How+Abu+Mohammed+al-Jolani+reinvented+himself&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft.aulast=Al-Lami&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc0q0w1g8zqvo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nasr, Wassim (17 December 2024). (https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241217-exclusive-syria-s-de-facto-new-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-calls-for-lifting-of-sanctions) "Exclusive: Syria's de facto new leader Ahmed al-Sharaa calls for lifting of sanctions" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24) (France 24) France 24  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241217191553/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241217-exclusive-syria-s-de-facto-new-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-calls-for-lifting-of-sanctions) Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. His nom de guerre, Abu Mohammed al-Jolani, has been shed  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Syria%27s+de+facto+new+leader+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+calls+for+lifting+of+sanctions&rft.date=2024-12-17&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Wassim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20241217-exclusive-syria-s-de-facto-new-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-calls-for-lifting-of-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gambrell, Jon (2 February 2025). (https://apnews.com/article/syria-saudi-arabia-ahmad-alsharaa-trip-facf664205c3362de15e67b73527c92b) "Syria's interim president visits Saudi Arabia on first trip abroad, likely a signal to Iran" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_News) (AP News) AP News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250202134217/https://apnews.com/article/syria-saudi-arabia-ahmad-alsharaa-trip-facf664205c3362de15e67b73527c92b) Archived from the original on 2 February 2025. first known internationally by the nom de guerre Abu Mohammed al-Golani  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+interim+president+visits+Saudi+Arabia+on+first+trip+abroad%2C+likely+a+signal+to+Iran&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Gambrell&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyria-saudi-arabia-ahmad-alsharaa-trip-facf664205c3362de15e67b73527c92b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zeidan, Adam (2 February 2025). (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-al-Sharaa) "Ahmed al-Sharaa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115744/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-al-Sharaa) Archived from the original on 3 February 2025. Before replacing Assad as the de facto leader of Syria, Sharaa went by the nom de guerre Abu Mohammad al-Jolani.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Zeidan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAhmed-al-Sharaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)       ↑   Arabic: أبو محمد الجولاني , romanized:  (Arabic-language romanization) ʾAbū Muḥammad al-Jawlānī  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  , (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991)  pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic) (Help:IPA/Arabic) [ ˈʔabuː muˈħammad al.dʒawˈlaːniː]   (./Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA)  . Also transliterated as Jolani , Joulani , Jawlani , and Golani .     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)     References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d9r0vg6v7o) "Ahmed al-Sharaa named Syria's transitional president" . BBC . 31 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250330170100/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d9r0vg6v7o) Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025 . Ahmed al-Sharaa has been Syria's de facto leader since leading the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa+named+Syria%27s+transitional+president&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc8d9r0vg6v7o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/) "General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enab_Baladi) (Enab Baladi) Enab Baladi  . 29 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130015530/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=General+Command+appoints+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+as+President+of+Syria&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2025%2F01%2Fgeneral-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/leader-of-syria-s-new-administration-congratulates-trump/3456721) "Leader of Syria's new administration congratulates Trump" . Anadolu Ajansi . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250904134005/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/leader-of-syria-s-new-administration-congratulates-trump/3456721) Archived from the original on 4 September 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025 . The leader of the new Syrian administration, Ahmed al-Sharaa, congratulated US President Donald Trump on his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump) (Second inauguration of Donald Trump) inauguration   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Ajansi&rft.atitle=Leader+of+Syria%27s+new+administration+congratulates+Trump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fleader-of-syria-s-new-administration-congratulates-trump%2F3456721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-832152) "Abu Mohammed al-Julani: The former al Qaeda chief and Syria rebel leader | The Jerusalem Post" . The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com . 5 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260428080426/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-832152) Archived from the original on 28 April 2026. Retrieved 23 March 2026 . emerging as the de facto ruler of rebel-held northwestern Syria.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Abu+Mohammed+al-Julani%3A+The+former+al+Qaeda+chief+and+Syria+rebel+leader+%7C+The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2024-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-832152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-al-Sharaa) "Ahmed al-Sharaa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica) (Britannica) Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250203115744/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-al-Sharaa) Archived from the original on 3 February 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2026 . In November 2017 HTS announced the creation of what it called the Syrian Salvation Government (SSG) in the northwest governorate of Idlib, with Sharaa as its de facto ruler amid a team of technocrats.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAhmed-al-Sharaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/04/al-jolani-the-one-man-rule/) "Al-Jolani: The one-man rule" . Enab Baladi . 22 April 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240926132739/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/04/al-jolani-the-one-man-rule/) Archived from the original on 26 September 2024. Retrieved 1 April 2026 . Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the forefront of the scene and granting him titles such as "sheikh" and "brother", besides the title of "leader of the liberated areas.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Al-Jolani%3A+The+one-man+rule&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2024%2F04%2Fal-jolani-the-one-man-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chehayeb, -Kareem; Chehayeb, Associated Press Kareem; Press, Associated (8 December 2024). (https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/who-is-abu-mohammed-al-golani-the-leader-of-syrias-insurgency-that-toppled-assad) "Who is Abu Mohammed al-Golani, the leader of Syria's insurgency that toppled Assad?" . PBS News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260302040922/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/who-is-abu-mohammed-al-golani-the-leader-of-syrias-insurgency-that-toppled-assad) Archived from the original on 2 March 2026. Retrieved 1 April 2026 . He sought to polish the image of his de-facto "salvation government" that has been running Idlib to win over international governments  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+Abu+Mohammed+al-Golani%2C+the+leader+of+Syria%27s+insurgency+that+toppled+Assad%3F&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Chehayeb&rft.aufirst=-Kareem&rft.au=Chehayeb%2C+Associated+Press+Kareem&rft.au=Press%2C+Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fwho-is-abu-mohammed-al-golani-the-leader-of-syrias-insurgency-that-toppled-assad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newarab.com/opinion/free-syrias-first-days-good-bad-and-ugly-0?amp=1) "Free Syria s first days: The good, the bad, and the ugly" . The New Arab . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260331151049/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/free-syrias-first-days-good-bad-and-ugly-0?amp=1) Archived from the original on 31 March 2026. Retrieved 29 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Free+Syria+s+first+days%3A+The+good%2C+the+bad%2C+and+the+ugly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fopinion%2Ffree-syrias-first-days-good-bad-and-ugly-0%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/05/state-department-amends-terror-designation-for-al-nusrah-front.php) "State Department amends terror designation for al Nusrah Front | FDD's Long War Journal" . June 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210226074636/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/05/state-department-amends-terror-designation-for-al-nusrah-front.php) Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Department+amends+terror+designation+for+al+Nusrah+Front+%26%23124%3B+FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2018%2F05%2Fstate-department-amends-terror-designation-for-al-nusrah-front.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czrpx1vvr45o) "Syria holds first elections since Assad, but not in all provinces" . BBC. 5 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+holds+first+elections+since+Assad%2C+but+not+in+all+provinces&rft.date=2025-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fczrpx1vvr45o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Atrush, Samer; Spencer, Richard (11 December 2024). (https://web.archive.org/web/20241218161406/https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/abu-mohammed-al-jolani-syrian-leader-xx-9z3lbktjg) "Who is Abu Mohammed al-Jolani? 'Polite' Syrian leader heads home" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times) (The Times) The Times  . Archived from (https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/abu-mohammed-al-jolani-syrian-leader-xx-9z3lbktjg) the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Who+is+Abu+Mohammed+al-Jolani%3F+%27Polite%27+Syrian+leader+heads+home&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft.aulast=Al-Atrush&rft.aufirst=Samer&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle%2Fabu-mohammed-al-jolani-syrian-leader-xx-9z3lbktjg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/) "PBS Transcript: The Jihadist" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)) (Frontline (American TV program)) Frontline  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220819122337/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/) Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. His birth name was Ahmed Hussein al-Sharaa.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=PBS+Transcript%3A+The+Jihadist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fthe-jihadist%2Ftranscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chulov, Martin (28 July 2016). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/al-qaida-syria-nusra-split-terror-network) "Al-Nusra Front cuts ties with al-Qaida and renames itself" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160729151634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/al-qaida-syria-nusra-split-terror-network) Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Jolani, whose birth name is Ahmed Hussein al-Shara'a, had remained hidden throughout the war.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Al-Nusra+Front+cuts+ties+with+al-Qaida+and+renames+itself&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft.aulast=Chulov&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F28%2Fal-qaida-syria-nusra-split-terror-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)       ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.annahar.com/arab-world/arabian-levant/183716/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A) "Ahmad al-Sharaa reveals his true date of birth" (in Arabic). An-Nahar. 30 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250111123548/https://www.annahar.com/arab-world/arabian-levant/183716/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A) Archived from the original on 11 January 2025. Retrieved 30 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmad+al-Sharaa+reveals+his+true+date+of+birth&rft.pub=An-Nahar&rft.date=2024-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annahar.com%2Farab-world%2Farabian-levant%2F183716%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25B4%25D9%2581-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE-%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW827819122024RP1/) "Former neighbours of al-Sharaa reminisce on the HTS leader's childhood" . Reuters . 14 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Former+neighbours+of+al-Sharaa+reminisce+on+the+HTS+leader%27s+childhood&rft.date=2024-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fvideo%2Fwatch%2FidRW827819122024RP1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://baznews.net/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%b9-%d8%a3%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5/) "عائلة الشرع: أصول قرشية عريقة من نسل الصحابي عبدالرحمن بن عوف ودور بارز في تاريخ المنطقة | BAZNEWS" (in Arabic). 21 January 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%81+%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9+%7C+BAZNEWS&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaznews.net%2F%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%2584%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b4%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b9-%25d8%25a3%25d8%25b5%25d9%2588%25d9%2584-%25d9%2582%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b4%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25b9%25d8%25b1%25d9%258a%25d9%2582%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2585%25d9%2586-%25d9%2586%25d8%25b3%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jalabi, Raya (7 March 2025). (https://www.ft.com/content/8aa819a3-2fc7-4790-be00-b42f21ed1c4e) "The secret history of Syria's new leader, Ahmed al-Sharaa" . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+secret+history+of+Syria%27s+new+leader%2C+Ahmed+al-Sharaa&rft.date=2025-03-07&rft.aulast=Jalabi&rft.aufirst=Raya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8aa819a3-2fc7-4790-be00-b42f21ed1c4e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hubbard, Ben (23 September 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) "Jihadist, Rebel, Statesman: The Many Faces of Syria's Leader" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250923123906/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jihadist%2C+Rebel%2C+Statesman%3A+The+Many+Faces+of+Syria%27s+Leader&rft.date=2025-09-23&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F09%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voiceofemirates.com/en/news/2026/04/23/sheikha-fatima-receives-the-mother-of-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-abu-dhabi/) "Sheikha Fatima Receives the Mother of Ahmed Al-Sharaa in Abu Dhabi" . 23 April 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikha+Fatima+Receives+the+Mother+of+Ahmed+Al-Sharaa+in+Abu+Dhabi&rft.date=2026-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofemirates.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2026%2F04%2F23%2Fsheikha-fatima-receives-the-mother-of-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-abu-dhabi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan, Hassan (8 December 2024). (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/08/profile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi/) "Profile: Abu Mohammad al-Jolani" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph) (The Sunday Telegraph) The Sunday Telegraph  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241208220552/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/08/profile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi/) Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fprofile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210607072858/https://www.alalamtv.net/news/5630713/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1--%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB) بعد شهور.. الجولاني يكشف عن أسرار حياته لمارتن سميث  . Al Alam TV. 5 June 2021. Archived from (https://www.alalamtv.net/news/5630713) the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1..+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87+%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alalamtv.net%2Fnews%2F5630713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Elamin, Hazem; Nasreddine, Hala (26 December 2024). (https://daraj.media/en/al-joulanis-file-at-the-palestine-branch-in-syria-a-cunning-personality-evades-the-regimes-intelligence/) "Al-Joulani's File at the Palestine Branch in Syria: A Cunning Personality Evades The Regime's Intelligence" . Daraj . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130121344/https://daraj.media/en/al-joulanis-file-at-the-palestine-branch-in-syria-a-cunning-personality-evades-the-regimes-intelligence/) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 23 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daraj&rft.atitle=Al-Joulani%27s+File+at+the+Palestine+Branch+in+Syria%3A+A+Cunning+Personality+Evades+The+Regime%27s+Intelligence&rft.date=2024-12-26&rft.aulast=Elamin&rft.aufirst=Hazem&rft.au=Nasreddine%2C+Hala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaraj.media%2Fen%2Fal-joulanis-file-at-the-palestine-branch-in-syria-a-cunning-personality-evades-the-regimes-intelligence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan, Hassan (8 December 2024). (https://web.archive.org/web/20241208220552/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/08/profile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi/) "I went to university with rebel leader Jolani – I wonder if he has really turned his back on jihad" . Telegraph . Archived from (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/08/profile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi/) the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2025 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org) (Archive.org) Archive.org . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=I+went+to+university+with+rebel+leader+Jolani+%E2%80%93+I+wonder+if+he+has+really+turned+his+back+on+jihad&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fprofile-abu-mohammad-al-jolani-syria-isis-jihadi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4  5  6  7   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hubbard, Ben (23 September 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) "The Many Faces of Syria's President, Ahmed al-Shara" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . pp. 0362– 4331. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250923123906/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) Archived from the original on 23 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Syria%27s+President%2C+Ahmed+al-Shara&rft.pages=0362-4331&rft.date=2025-09-23&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F09%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Almustafa, Hamzah Almustafa; Jazmati, Hossam (22 June 2021). (https://web.archive.org/web/20241206154745/https://www.middleeasteye.net/big-story/syria-war-hts-leader-jolani-inside-world) "Syria war: Inside the world of HTS leader Abu Mohammad al-Jolani" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Eye) (Middle East Eye) Middle East Eye  . Archived from (https://www.middleeasteye.net/big-story/syria-war-hts-leader-jolani-inside-world) the original on 6 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Syria+war%3A+Inside+the+world+of+HTS+leader+Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Almustafa&rft.aufirst=Hamzah+Almustafa&rft.au=Jazmati%2C+Hossam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fbig-story%2Fsyria-war-hts-leader-jolani-inside-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20241214181000/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/) "The Jihadist" . PBS . 1 June 2021. Archived from (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/transcript/) the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2025 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org) (Archive.org) Archive.org . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Jihadist&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fthe-jihadist%2Ftranscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/7/26/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A) أحمد الشرع (الجولاني).. القائد العام لإدارة العمليات العسكرية للمعارضة السورية  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic) (Al Jazeera Arabic) Al Jazeera Arabic  . 15 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241215141240/https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/7/26/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A) Archived from the original on 15 December 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+Arabic&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29..+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fencyclopedia%2F2015%2F7%2F26%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Salem, Mostafa (6 December 2024). (https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-hts-al-jolani-profile-intl/index.html) "How Syria's rebel leader went from radical jihadist to a blazer-wearing 'revolutionary' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_News) (CNN News) CNN News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209130413/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-hts-al-jolani-profile-intl/index.html) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=How+Syria%27s+rebel+leader+went+from+radical+jihadist+to+a+blazer-wearing+%27revolutionary%27&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.aulast=Salem&rft.aufirst=Mostafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F06%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-hts-al-jolani-profile-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raya Jalabi (7 December 2024). (https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4) "Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the Syrian rebel leader hoping to overthrow Assad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . Retrieved 7 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani%2C+the+Syrian+rebel+leader+hoping+to+overthrow+Assad&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft.au=Raya+Jalabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/) "Abu Mohammad al-Jolani" . FRONTLINE | PBS | Official Site | Documentary Series . Retrieved 15 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRONTLINE+%7C+PBS+%7C+Official+Site+%7C+Documentary+Series&rft.atitle=Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Finterview%2Fabu-mohammad-al-jolani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pelham, Nicolas (5 March 2025). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/1843/2025/03/05/the-great-pretender-how-ahmed-al-sharaa-won-syria) "The great pretender: how Ahmed al-Sharaa won Syria"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_(magazine)) (1843 (magazine)) 1843 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+great+pretender%3A+how+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+won+Syria&rft.date=2025-03-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.aulast=Pelham&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2025%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-great-pretender-how-ahmed-al-sharaa-won-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    1  2  3  4  5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ksl.com/article/27498427/elusive-al-qaida-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows) "Elusive Al-Qaeda leader in Syria stays in shadows" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-FM) (KSL-FM) KSL-FM  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . 4 November 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250914155057/https://www.ksl.com/article/27498427/elusive-al-qaida-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows) Archived from the original on 14 September 2025. Retrieved 1 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KSL-FM&rft.atitle=Elusive+Al-Qaeda+leader+in+Syria+stays+in+shadows&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2Farticle%2F27498427%2Felusive-al-qaida-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/) "Interview-Abu Mohammad al-Jolani" . PBS Frontline . 2 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230116192501/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/) Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023 . Most of the information available on the internet is false... No, I didn't meet Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was mostly present in Fallujah and Ramadi and around this region, and I was in Mosul during that time. I was a regular soldier. I wasn't involved in any major operations that I would meet al-Zarqawi.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=Interview-Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Finterview%2Fabu-mohammad-al-jolani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klausen, Jytte (2021). "11: The ISIS Effect". Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History . Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 399. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) 978-0-19-887079-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+The+ISIS+Effect&rft.btitle=Western+Jihadism%3A+A+Thirty-Year+History&rft.place=Great+Clarendon+Street%2C+Oxford%2C+OX2+6DP%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-887079-1&rft.aulast=Klausen&rft.aufirst=Jytte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_location)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sharawi, Ahmad (18 April 2025). (https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/04/pro-iranian-iraqi-network-releases-documents-on-ahmad-al-sharaas-identity.php) "Pro-Iranian Iraqi network releases documents on Ahmad al Sharaa's identity" . FDD's Long War Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Pro-Iranian+Iraqi+network+releases+documents+on+Ahmad+al+Sharaa%E2%80%99s+identity&rft.date=2025-04-18&rft.aulast=Sharawi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2025%2F04%2Fpro-iranian-iraqi-network-releases-documents-on-ahmad-al-sharaas-identity.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-al-Sharaa) "Ahmed al-Sharaa | Syrian Civil War, al-Qaeda, Bashar al-Assad, Donald Trump, & Israel | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 3 August 2026. Retrieved 22 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa+%7C+Syrian+Civil+War%2C+al-Qaeda%2C+Bashar+al-Assad%2C+Donald+Trump%2C+%26+Israel+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2026-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAhmed-al-Sharaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/) "Interview-Abu Mohammad al-Jolani" . PBS Frontline . 2 April 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230116192501/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/abu-mohammad-al-jolani/) Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=Interview-Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Finterview%2Fabu-mohammad-al-jolani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20241214180012/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/4/who-is-abu-mohamad-al-julani-the-leader-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-in-syria) "Who is Abu Mohammed al-Julani, leader of HTS in Syria?" . Al Jazeera . 4 December 2024. Archived from (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/4/who-is-abu-mohamad-al-julani-the-leader-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-in-syria) the original on 14 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Who+is+Abu+Mohammed+al-Julani%2C+leader+of+HTS+in+Syria%3F&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F12%2F4%2Fwho-is-abu-mohamad-al-julani-the-leader-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jalabi, Raya (8 December 2024). (https://www.ft.com/content/574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4) "Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the Syrian rebel leader" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Abu+Mohammad+al-Jolani%2C+the+Syrian+rebel+leader&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Jalabi&rft.aufirst=Raya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F574cc17a-fa3a-411b-acb0-34fc032c7fe4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klausen, Jytte (2021). "11: The ISIS Effect". Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History . Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 399. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) 978-0-19-887079-1  . In August 2011, the new emir of Al Qaeda, Bin Laden's old second-in-command, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Al Qaeda's central command sent Abu Mohammad al-Julani to set up a mission in Syria.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+The+ISIS+Effect&rft.btitle=Western+Jihadism%3A+A+Thirty-Year+History&rft.place=Great+Clarendon+Street%2C+Oxford%2C+OX2+6DP%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-887079-1&rft.aulast=Klausen&rft.aufirst=Jytte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_location)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/?) "The Jihadist" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) PBS  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210607035634/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-jihadist/) Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Jihadist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fthe-jihadist%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klausen, Jytte (2021). "11: The ISIS Effect". Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History . Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 399. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) 978-0-19-887079-1  . Al-Julani and a cadre of experienced operatives from the Al Qaeda high command set up Jabhat al-Nusra , also known in English as the Nusra Front, which was supposed to function as a united front organization for the various jihadist fighter groups. ... The Nusra Front was, following al-Zawahiri's vision, supposed to work as a broad front organization and high command for aligned fighter groups in the area... In other words, al-Julani was the boss directly answering to al-Zawahiri's HQ  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+The+ISIS+Effect&rft.btitle=Western+Jihadism%3A+A+Thirty-Year+History&rft.place=Great+Clarendon+Street%2C+Oxford%2C+OX2+6DP%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-887079-1&rft.aulast=Klausen&rft.aufirst=Jytte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_location)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/syria-insurgency-alqaida-algolani-0c11961094ca4fb7fe1bccce1c4b3302) "Who is Abu Mohammed al-Golani, the leader of Syria's shock insurgency?" . AP News . 4 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209173747/https://apnews.com/article/syria-insurgency-alqaida-algolani-0c11961094ca4fb7fe1bccce1c4b3302) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+Abu+Mohammed+al-Golani%2C+the+leader+of+Syria%27s+shock+insurgency%3F&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyria-insurgency-alqaida-algolani-0c11961094ca4fb7fe1bccce1c4b3302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/the-jihadist/#transcript-credits) "The Jihadist: Transcript" . PBS Frontline . PBS. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210607035634/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-jihadist/#transcript-credits) Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2026 .  'Jolani' is a reference to the Golan Heights.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Jihadist%3A+Transcript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fthe-jihadist%2F%23transcript-credits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan, Hassan (October 2018). (https://ctc.westpoint.edu/two-houses-divided-conflict-syria-shaped-future-jihadism/) "Two Houses Divided: How Conflict in Syria Shaped the Future of Jihadism" . CTC Sentinel . Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Two+Houses+Divided%3A+How+Conflict+in+Syria+Shaped+the+Future+of+Jihadism&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Ftwo-houses-divided-conflict-syria-shaped-future-jihadism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lister, Charles (2016). (https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/brookings-analysis-paper_charles-lister_web.pdf) "Profiling the Islamic State" (PDF) . Brookings Institution. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profiling+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fbrookings-analysis-paper_charles-lister_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/201759.htm) "Terrorist Designations of the al-Nusrah Front as an Alias for al-Qa'ida in Iraq" . U.S. Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170130213913/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/201759.htm) Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Designations+of+the+al-Nusrah+Front+as+an+Alias+for+al-Qa%27ida+in+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2012%2F12%2F201759.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/209499.htm) "Terrorist Designation of Al-Nusrah Front Leader Muhammad Al-Jawlani" . U.S. Department of State . 16 May 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190822130950/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/05/209499.htm) Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Designation+of+Al-Nusrah+Front+Leader+Muhammad+Al-Jawlani&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2013%2F05%2F209499.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/05/31-syria-isis-lister) "An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity" . Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160602212130/http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/05/31-syria-isis-lister) Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+internal+struggle%3A+Al+Qaeda%27s+Syrian+affiliate+is+grappling+with+its+identity&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblogs%2Fmarkaz%2Fposts%2F2015%2F05%2F31-syria-isis-lister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shadid, Anthony (6 January 2012). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120705204747/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/world/middleeast/bomb-attack-in-syrian-capital-kills-25.html) "Bomb Kills Dozens in Damascus" . The New York Times . Archived from (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/world/middleeast/bomb-attack-in-syrian-capital-kills-25.html) the original on 5 July 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bomb+Kills+Dozens+in+Damascus&rft.date=2012-01-06&rft.aulast=Shadid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F07%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fbomb-attack-in-syrian-capital-kills-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Jun-12/301735-killings-of-syrian-druze-draws-wide-condemnation.ashx) "Killings of Syrian Druze draws wide condemnation" . The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon . 12 June 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190413012744/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Jun-12/301735-killings-of-syrian-druze-draws-wide-condemnation.ashx) Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Killings+of+Syrian+Druze+draws+wide+condemnation&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FLebanon-News%2F2015%2FJun-12%2F301735-killings-of-syrian-druze-draws-wide-condemnation.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33092902) "Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers" . BBC News . 11 June 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210415002202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33092902) Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Al-Nusra+fighters+kill+Druze+villagers&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33092902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/06/11/nusra-front-kills-syrian-villagers-from-minority-druze-sect.html) "Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect" . thestar.com . 11 June 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611215729/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/06/11/nusra-front-kills-syrian-villagers-from-minority-druze-sect.html) Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Nusra+Front+kills+Syrian+villagers+from+minority+Druze+sect&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2015%2F06%2F11%2Fnusra-front-kills-syrian-villagers-from-minority-druze-sect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210127215911/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/06/14/Al-Qaeda-Syria-branch-tries-to-reassure-Druze-after-shoot-out) "Al-Qaeda Syria branch tries to reassure Druze after shoot-out" . Al Arabiya . 14 June 2015. Archived from (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2015/06/14/Al-Qaeda-Syria-branch-tries-to-reassure-Druze-after-shoot-out) the original on 27 January 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+Syria+branch+tries+to+reassure+Druze+after+shoot-out&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2015%2F06%2F14%2FAl-Qaeda-Syria-branch-tries-to-reassure-Druze-after-shoot-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/10/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html) "U.N. envoy mulling invite to Syria in wake of deadly Damascus bombings" . CNN . 10 May 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011163248/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/10/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html) Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=U.N.+envoy+mulling+invite+to+Syria+in+wake+of+deadly+Damascus+bombings&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F05%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsyria-unrest%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9886495/Damascus-bomb-one-of-deadliest-of-Syrian-civil-war.html) "Damascus bomb one of deadliest of Syrian civil war" . The Telegraph . 21 February 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205002622/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9886495/Damascus-bomb-one-of-deadliest-of-Syrian-civil-war.html) Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Damascus+bomb+one+of+deadliest+of+Syrian+civil+war&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F9886495%2FDamascus-bomb-one-of-deadliest-of-Syrian-civil-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-60-shia-muslims-massacred-in-rebel-cleansing-of-hatla-8656301.html) "Syria: 60 Shia Muslims massacred in rebel 'cleansing' of Hatla" . The Independent . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250722171404/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-60-shia-muslims-massacred-in-rebel-cleansing-of-hatla-8656301.html) Archived from the original on 22 July 2025. Retrieved 25 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+60+Shia+Muslims+massacred+in+rebel+%27cleansing%27+of+Hatla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-60-shia-muslims-massacred-in-rebel-cleansing-of-hatla-8656301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301100157/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-opposition-forces-massacre-kidnap-120-civilians-southern-hama/) "Syrian opposition forces massacre, kidnap 120 civilians in southern Hama" . Al-Masdar News . 12 May 2016. Archived from (https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-opposition-forces-massacre-kidnap-120-civilians-southern-hama/) the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Masdar+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+opposition+forces+massacre%2C+kidnap+120+civilians+in+southern+Hama&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyrian-opposition-forces-massacre-kidnap-120-civilians-southern-hama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-village-idUSKCN0Y30Y2) "Rebels seize Alawite village in Syria, abduct civilians: Observatory" . Reuters . 12 May 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004855/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-village-idUSKCN0Y30Y2) Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rebels+seize+Alawite+village+in+Syria%2C+abduct+civilians%3A+Observatory&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-village-idUSKCN0Y30Y2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/162593-nusra-to-hizbullah-jabal-mohsen-we-ll-strike-you-in-your-heartlands) "Nusra to Hizbullah, Jabal Mohsen: We'll Strike You in Your Heartlands" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nusra+to+Hizbullah%2C+Jabal+Mohsen%3A+We%27ll+Strike+You+in+Your+Heartlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F162593-nusra-to-hizbullah-jabal-mohsen-we-ll-strike-you-in-your-heartlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hassan, Hassan; Weiss, Michael (2 December 2024). (https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-backstory-behind-the-fall-of-aleppo/) "The Backstory Behind the Fall of Aleppo" . New Lines Magazine . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241216203704/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-backstory-behind-the-fall-of-aleppo/) Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Lines+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Backstory+Behind+the+Fall+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2024-12-02&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesmag.com%2Freportage%2Fthe-backstory-behind-the-fall-of-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   Zelin 2022, p. 16  1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Byman, Daniel L.; Williams, Jennifer R. (https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/) "ISIS vs. Al Qaeda: Jihadism's global civil war" . Brookings . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220921200819/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war/) Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=ISIS+vs.+Al+Qaeda%3A+Jihadism%27s+global+civil+war&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fisis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadisms-global-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Klausen, Jytte (2021). Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History . Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 399. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-887079-1) 978-0-19-887079-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Jihadism%3A+A+Thirty-Year+History&rft.place=Great+Clarendon+Street%2C+Oxford%2C+OX2+6DP%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-887079-1&rft.aulast=Klausen&rft.aufirst=Jytte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: location ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_location)    1  2   Zelin 2022, p. 17  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger/) "Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaeda, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger' " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France_Presse) (Agence France Presse) Agence France Presse . 10 April 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030807/http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger/) Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Nusra+Commits+to+al-Qaeda%2C+Deny+Iraq+Branch+%27Merger%27&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Evans, Dominic (10 June 2014). (Free registration required) (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-rebels-idUSKBN0EL10R20140610?irpc=932) "Hundreds killed as ISIL insurgents gain ground in east Syria"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203065514/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-rebels-idUSKBN0EL10R20140610?irpc=932) Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hundreds+killed+as+ISIL+insurgents+gain+ground+in+east+Syria&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-rebels-idUSKBN0EL10R20140610%3Firpc%3D932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013699425657882.html) "Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger" . Al Jazeera English. 9 June 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190525165449/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013699425657882.html) Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qaeda+chief+annuls+Syrian-Iraqi+jihad+merger&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2013%2F06%2F2013699425657882.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Sly) (Liz Sly) Liz Sly (3 February 2014). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html) "Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200108033909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html) Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+disavows+any+ties+with+radical+Islamist+ISIS+group+in+Syria%2C+Iraq&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.au=Liz+Sly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fal-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq%2F2014%2F02%2F03%2F2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   Zelin 2022, pp. 53–54  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-08/243402-isis-vows-to-crush-rival-rebel-groups.ashx) "ISIS vows to crush rival rebel groups" . The Daily Star . 8 January 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140107234612/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-08/243402-isis-vows-to-crush-rival-rebel-groups.ashx) Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=ISIS+vows+to+crush+rival+rebel+groups&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FJan-08%2F243402-isis-vows-to-crush-rival-rebel-groups.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/6/4/nusra-leader-no-end-to-conflict-with-isil-in-syria) "Nusra leader: No end to conflict with ISIL in Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera  . 4 June 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190215161702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/nusra-leader-conflict-isil-syria-150604021024858.html) Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Nusra+leader%3A+No+end+to+conflict+with+ISIL+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F6%2F4%2Fnusra-leader-no-end-to-conflict-with-isil-in-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/09/al_qaeda_veteran_tak.php) "Al Qaeda veteran takes on a more prominent role as spokesman in Syria" . The Long War Journal . 6 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611062103/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/09/al_qaeda_veteran_tak.php) Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+veteran+takes+on+a+more+prominent+role+as+spokesman+in+Syria&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2014%2F09%2Fal_qaeda_veteran_tak.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lister, Tim; Razek, Raja (6 October 2014). (https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-al-nusra-syria/index.html) "Islamist rivals in Syria find a common enemy in 'crusaders' coalition" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241214083120/https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-al-nusra-syria/index.html) Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Islamist+rivals+in+Syria+find+a+common+enemy+in+%27crusaders%27+coalition&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Razek%2C+Raja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-al-nusra-syria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/28/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq-strikes/index.html) "U.S. and its allies strike ISIS tank, refineries and checkpoints" . CNN . 28 September 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20181212040737/https://www.cnn.com/2014/09/28/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq-strikes/index.html) Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+its+allies+strike+ISIS+tank%2C+refineries+and+checkpoints&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-syria-iraq-strikes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11927760/Syrias-Nusra-Front-leader-urges-wider-attacks-on-Assads-Alawite-areas-to-avenge-Russian-bombing.html) "Syria's Nusra Front leader urges wider attacks on Assad's Alawite areas to avenge Russian bombing" . The Daily Telegraph . 13 October 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190126064330/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11927760/Syrias-Nusra-Front-leader-urges-wider-attacks-on-Assads-Alawite-areas-to-avenge-Russian-bombing.html) Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Nusra+Front+leader+urges+wider+attacks+on+Assad%27s+Alawite+areas+to+avenge+Russian+bombing&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fislamic-state%2F11927760%2FSyrias-Nusra-Front-leader-urges-wider-attacks-on-Assads-Alawite-areas-to-avenge-Russian-bombing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aji, Albert; Mroue, Bassem (14 October 2015). (https://apnews.com/article/991656eab57d4aa79fbd5458af62b60e) "Russian Embassy shelled in Syria as insurgents hit back" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_News) (Associated Press News) Associated Press News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151019030919/http://news.yahoo.com/syrias-al-qaida-says-russia-launching-crusader-campaign-072924991.html) Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Russian+Embassy+shelled+in+Syria+as+insurgents+hit+back&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Aji&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Mroue%2C+Bassem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F991656eab57d4aa79fbd5458af62b60e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/10/head-of-al-qaedas-syrian-branch-threatens-russia-in-audio-message.php) "Head of al Qaeda's Syrian branch threatens Russia in audio message" . The Long War Journal . 13 October 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190413130708/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/10/head-of-al-qaedas-syrian-branch-threatens-russia-in-audio-message.php) Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Head+of+al+Qaeda%27s+Syrian+branch+threatens+Russia+in+audio+message&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2015%2F10%2Fhead-of-al-qaedas-syrian-branch-threatens-russia-in-audio-message.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/28/syria-al-qaeda-leader-our-mission-is-to-defeat-regime.html) "Syria Al-Qaeda leader: Our mission is to defeat regime, not attack West" . Al Jazeera. 28 May 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20150601000033/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/28/syria-al-qaeda-leader-our-mission-is-to-defeat-regime.html) Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Al-Qaeda+leader%3A+Our+mission+is+to+defeat+regime%2C+not+attack+West&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F5%2F28%2Fsyria-al-qaeda-leader-our-mission-is-to-defeat-regime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lund, Aron (29 May 2015). (http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/abu-mohammed-al-golanis-aljazeera-interview-by-aron-lund/) " "Abu Mohammed al-Golani's Aljazeera Interview" " . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Landis) (Joshua Landis) Syria Comment  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133042/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/abu-mohammed-al-golanis-aljazeera-interview-by-aron-lund/) Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Comment&rft.atitle=%22Abu+Mohammed+al-Golani%27s+Aljazeera+Interview%22&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Aron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joshualandis.com%2Fblog%2Fabu-mohammed-al-golanis-aljazeera-interview-by-aron-lund%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lister, Charles (15 February 2018). (https://ctc.westpoint.edu/al-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story/) "How al-Qa'ida Lost Control of its Syrian Affiliate: The Inside Story" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center) (Combating Terrorism Center) Combating Terrorism Center at West Point  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220504095122/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/al-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story/) Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combating+Terrorism+Center+at+West+Point&rft.atitle=How+al-Qa%27ida+Lost+Control+of+its+Syrian+Affiliate%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Fal-qaida-lost-control-syrian-affiliate-inside-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   Zelin 2022, pp. 17–18  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36916606) "Syrian Nusra Front announces split from al-Qaeda" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News . 28 July 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160730021539/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36916606) Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Nusra+Front+announces+split+from+al-Qaeda&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36916606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20221203103759/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/29/al-nusra-leader-jolani-announces-split-from-al-qaeda) "Al-Nusra leader Jolani announces split from al-Qaeda" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2016. Archived from (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/29/al-nusra-leader-jolani-announces-split-from-al-qaeda) the original on 3 December 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Al-Nusra+leader+Jolani+announces+split+from+al-Qaeda&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F7%2F29%2Fal-nusra-leader-jolani-announces-split-from-al-qaeda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/analysis-al-nusrah-front-rebrands-itself-as-jabhat-fath-al-sham.php) "Analysis: Al Nusrah Front rebrands itself as Jabhat Fath Al Sham" . FDD's Long War Journal . 28 July 2016. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190324200647/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/analysis-al-nusrah-front-rebrands-itself-as-jabhat-fath-al-sham.php) Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Al+Nusrah+Front+rebrands+itself+as+Jabhat+Fath+Al+Sham&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2016%2F07%2Fanalysis-al-nusrah-front-rebrands-itself-as-jabhat-fath-al-sham.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4   Zelin 2022, pp. 18–19  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Joscelyn, Thomas (28 January 2017). (http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/al-qaeda-and-allies-announce-new-entity-in-syria.php) "Al Qaeda and allies announce 'new entity' in Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDD's_Long_War_Journal) (FDD's Long War Journal) FDD's Long War Journal  . Foundation for Defense of Democracies. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170529023948/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/01/al-qaeda-and-allies-announce-new-entity-in-syria.php) Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD%27s+Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Al+Qaeda+and+allies+announce+%27new+entity%27+in+Syria&rft.date=2017-01-28&rft.aulast=Joscelyn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2017%2F01%2Fal-qaeda-and-allies-announce-new-entity-in-syria.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/116111130.cms) "US Stands Firm: HTS and Jolani Still Part of al-Qaeda Network" . Times of India . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241208163935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/116111130.cms) Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=US+Stands+Firm%3A+HTS+and+Jolani+Still+Part+of+al-Qaeda+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F116111130.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2017-2021.state.gov/rewards-for-justice-reward-offer-for-information-on-al-nusrah-front-leader-muhammad-al-jawlani/) "Rewards for Justice - Reward Offer for Information on al-Nusrah Front Leader Muhammad al-Jawlani" . United States Department of State . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260510233542/https://2017-2021.state.gov/rewards-for-justice-reward-offer-for-information-on-al-nusrah-front-leader-muhammad-al-jawlani/) Archived from the original on 10 May 2026. Retrieved 29 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Rewards+for+Justice+-+Reward+Offer+for+Information+on+al-Nusrah+Front+Leader+Muhammad+al-Jawlani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2017-2021.state.gov%2Frewards-for-justice-reward-offer-for-information-on-al-nusrah-front-leader-muhammad-al-jawlani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165746/http://www.huffpostarabi.com/2017/10/02/story_n_18159996.html) "Julani is a temporary leader of the "Liberation of the Sham" .. This is the fate of its former leader" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost) (HuffPost) HuffPost  . 2 October 2017. Archived from (http://www.huffpostarabi.com/2017/10/02/story_n_18159996.html) the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Julani+is+a+temporary+leader+of+the+%22Liberation+of+the+Sham%22+..+This+is+the+fate+of+its+former+leader&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpostarabi.com%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fstory_n_18159996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240417004904/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/04/protests-have-erupted-against-another-syrian-dictator) "Protests have erupted against another Syrian dictator" . The Economist . 4 April 2024. Archived from (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/04/protests-have-erupted-against-another-syrian-dictator) the original on 17 April 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Protests+have+erupted+against+another+Syrian+dictator&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2024%2F04%2F04%2Fprotests-have-erupted-against-another-syrian-dictator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rasgon, Adam; Abdulrahim, Raja (8 December 2024). (https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/syria-hts-jolani.html) "Who Is the Leader of Syria's Rebel Offensive?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Is+the+Leader+of+Syria%27s+Rebel+Offensive%3F&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Rasgon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Abdulrahim%2C+Raja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-hts-jolani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-militant-leader-slams-turkey-and-defends-evacuations-new-video) "Syrian militant leader slams Turkey and defends evacuations in new video" . Middle East Eye . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260316022824/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-militant-leader-slams-turkey-and-defends-evacuations-new-video) Archived from the original on 16 March 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Syrian+militant+leader+slams+Turkey+and+defends+evacuations+in+new+video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-militant-leader-slams-turkey-and-defends-evacuations-new-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michaelson, Tondo; Ruth, Lorenzo (13 February 2023). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230213190605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/grief-and-desperation-in-idlib-as-earthquake-compounds-crises) "Grief and desperation in Idlib as earthquake compounds crises" . The Guardian . Archived from (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/grief-and-desperation-in-idlib-as-earthquake-compounds-crises) the original on 13 February 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Grief+and+desperation+in+Idlib+as+earthquake+compounds+crises&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.au=Michaelson%2C+Tondo&rft.au=Ruth%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fgrief-and-desperation-in-idlib-as-earthquake-compounds-crises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ioanes, Ellen (12 February 2023). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230214211353/https://www.vox.com/world/2023/2/12/23594720/earthquake-aid-crisis-syria-united-nations) "Why the earthquake caused a 'perfect storm' of a crisis in Syria" . Vox . Archived from (https://www.vox.com/world/2023/2/12/23594720/earthquake-aid-crisis-syria-united-nations) the original on 14 February 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+the+earthquake+caused+a+%27perfect+storm%27+of+a+crisis+in+Syria&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=Ioanes&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F2%2F12%2F23594720%2Fearthquake-aid-crisis-syria-united-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michaelson, Tondo; Ruth, Lorenzo (13 February 2023). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230214012142/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/syria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help) "Syrian rebel leader pleads for outside help a week on from earthquakes" . The Guardian . Archived from (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/13/syria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help) the original on 14 February 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader+pleads+for+outside+help+a+week+on+from+earthquakes&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.au=Michaelson%2C+Tondo&rft.au=Ruth%2C+Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fsyria-earthquake-rebel-leader-pleas-for-outside-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dettmer, Jamie (4 December 2024). (https://www.politico.eu/article/tayyip-erdogan-aleppo-abbas-araghchi-hts-lebanon-hezbollah-syria-bashar-assad-forces-aleppo/) "Erdoğan's risky play in Syria" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241204195318/https://www.politico.eu/article/tayyip-erdogan-aleppo-abbas-araghchi-hts-lebanon-hezbollah-syria-bashar-assad-forces-aleppo/) Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erdo%C4%9Fan%27s+risky+play+in+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft.aulast=Dettmer&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Ftayyip-erdogan-aleppo-abbas-araghchi-hts-lebanon-hezbollah-syria-bashar-assad-forces-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-december-2/) "Rebel Groups Overrun Aleppo, Reigniting Syrian Civil War and Challenging Assad" . 2 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241204032000/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-december-2/) Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebel+Groups+Overrun+Aleppo%2C+Reigniting+Syrian+Civil+War+and+Challenging+Assad&rft.date=2024-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesoufancenter.org%2Fintelbrief-2024-december-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Soylu, Ragip (6 December 2024). (https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-backs-rebel-offensive-syria) "Turkey's Erdogan backs rebel offensive in Syria" . Middle East Eye . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241210084914/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-backs-rebel-offensive-syria) Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+backs+rebel+offensive+in+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.aulast=Soylu&rft.aufirst=Ragip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fturkey-erdogan-backs-rebel-offensive-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haddad, Bassam (18 December 2024). (https://mondoweiss.net/2024/12/the-runaway-dictator-and-prospects-for-resistance-to-foreign-aggression/) "The Runaway Dictator and prospects for resistance to foreign aggression" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondoweiss) (Mondoweiss) Mondoweiss  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241218170002/https://mondoweiss.net/2024/12/the-runaway-dictator-and-prospects-for-resistance-to-foreign-aggression/) Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondoweiss&rft.atitle=The+Runaway+Dictator+and+prospects+for+resistance+to+foreign+aggression&rft.date=2024-12-18&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2F2024%2F12%2Fthe-runaway-dictator-and-prospects-for-resistance-to-foreign-aggression%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sakr, Taha (8 December 2024). (https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/12/08/from-riyadh-to-rebellion-rise-of-syrias-abu-mohammad-al-golani/) "From Riyadh to Rebellion: Rise of Syria's Abu Mohammad Al-Golani" . Daily News Egypt . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241208180732/https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/12/08/from-riyadh-to-rebellion-rise-of-syrias-abu-mohammad-al-golani/) Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=From+Riyadh+to+Rebellion%3A+Rise+of+Syria%27s+Abu+Mohammad+Al-Golani&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Sakr&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Ffrom-riyadh-to-rebellion-rise-of-syrias-abu-mohammad-al-golani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abouzeid, Rania (8 December 2024). (https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/the-fall-of-assads-syria) "The Fall of Assad's Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker) (The New Yorker) The New Yorker  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241208225949/https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-lede/the-fall-of-assads-syria) Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Assad%27s+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Abouzeid&rft.aufirst=Rania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-lede%2Fthe-fall-of-assads-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zelin, Aaron Y. (3 December 2024). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-syrias-diversity-friendly-jihadists-plan-building-state) "How Syria's 'Diversity-Friendly' Jihadists Plan on Building a State" . The Washington Institute . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241210130134/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-syrias-diversity-friendly-jihadists-plan-building-state) Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Syria%27s+%27Diversity-Friendly%27+Jihadists+Plan+on+Building+a+State&rft.date=2024-12-03&rft.aulast=Zelin&rft.aufirst=Aaron+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fhow-syrias-diversity-friendly-jihadists-plan-building-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%80-%d9%80%d9%8a%d9%80-%d9%80%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a/738447/) " "The Authority" controls Aleppo International Airport and many cities and towns in the northern Hama countryside amid a complete collapse of the regime forces" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22The+Authority%22+controls+Aleppo+International+Airport+and+many+cities+and+towns+in+the+northern+Hama+countryside+amid+a+complete+collapse+of+the+regime+forces&rft.date=2024-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2587%25d9%2580-%25d9%2580%25d9%258a%25d9%2580-%25d9%2580%25d8%25a6%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25b3%25d9%258a%25d8%25b7%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25b9%25d9%2584%25d9%2589-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b7%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25ad%25d9%2584%25d8%25a8-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2584%25d9%258a%2F738447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/05/middleeast/syria-rebels-hama-government-intl/index.html) "Syrian rebels capture second major city as army withdraws from Hama" . CNN. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+capture+second+major+city+as+army+withdraws+from+Hama&rft.date=2024-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F05%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-rebels-hama-government-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84/739623/) "After the advance of local factions to Daraa al-Balad.. Regime forces lose almost complete control over the province" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+the+advance+of+local+factions+to+Daraa+al-Balad..+Regime+forces+lose+almost+complete+control+over+the+province&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d8%25a8%25d8%25b9%25d8%25af-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2582%25d8%25af%25d9%2585-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2581%25d8%25b5%25d8%25a7%25d8%25a6%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2585%25d8%25ad%25d9%2584%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25a5%25d9%2584%25d9%2589-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a7-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25a8%25d9%2584%2F739623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syriahr.com/%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%ad%d8%a8-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%b5-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7/739519/) "Regime forces withdraw from Homs city, helicopters drop explosive barrels on outskirts of Deir Baalba neighborhood...and death toll in northern countryside rises to 5 as a result of violent escalation" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Regime+forces+withdraw+from+Homs+city%2C+helicopters+drop+explosive+barrels+on+outskirts+of+Deir+Baalba+neighborhood...and+death+toll+in+northern+countryside+rises+to+5+as+a+result+of+violent+escalation&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25d9%2582%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d8%25aa-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2586%25d8%25b8%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2586%25d8%25b3%25d8%25ad%25d8%25a8-%25d9%2585%25d9%2586-%25d9%2585%25d8%25af%25d9%258a%25d9%2586%25d8%25a9-%25d8%25ad%25d9%2585%25d8%25b5-%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b7%25d9%258a%25d8%25b1%25d8%25a7%2F739519%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Karadsheh, Jomana; Tuysuz, Gul; Laine, Brice; Kent, Lauren; Kourdi, Eyad (6 December 2024). (https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-rebel-forces-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-al-jolani-intl-latam/index.html) "Syrian rebel leader says goal is to 'overthrow' Assad regime" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN) (CNN) CNN  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241206131925/https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-rebel-forces-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-al-jolani-intl-latam/index.html) Archived from the original on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader+says+goal+is+to+%27overthrow%27+Assad+regime&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft.aulast=Karadsheh&rft.aufirst=Jomana&rft.au=Tuysuz%2C+Gul&rft.au=Laine%2C+Brice&rft.au=Kent%2C+Lauren&rft.au=Kourdi%2C+Eyad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F06%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-rebel-forces-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-al-jolani-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robertson, Nic (8 December 2024). (https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/analysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam/index.html) "Syrian rebel leader's victory speech holds a message for Iran – and for Trump and Israel too" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209052011/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/analysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam/index.html) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader%27s+victory+speech+holds+a+message+for+Iran+%E2%80%93+and+for+Trump+and+Israel+too&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fanalysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-as-syrian-rebels-advance-on-crossroads-city-of-homs/) "Thousands flee as Syrian rebels advance on crossroads city of Homs" . The Times of Israel . Reuters. 6 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250114215044/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-as-syrian-rebels-advance-on-crossroads-city-of-homs/) Archived from the original on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 6 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Thousands+flee+as+Syrian+rebels+advance+on+crossroads+city+of+Homs&rft.date=2024-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthousands-flee-as-syrian-rebels-advance-on-crossroads-city-of-homs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Al-Khalidi, Suleimi; Azhari, Timour (7 December 2024). (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-seize-fourth-city-close-homs-threat-assads-rule-2024-12-07/) "Syria rebels celebrate in captured Homs, set sights on Damascus" . Reuters. Retrieved 7 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+rebels+celebrate+in+captured+Homs%2C+set+sights+on+Damascus&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft.aulast=Al-Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Suleimi&rft.au=Azhari%2C+Timour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-rebels-seize-fourth-city-close-homs-threat-assads-rule-2024-12-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/) "Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections" . Reuters. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+topple+President+Assad%2C+prime+minister+calls+for+free+elections&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy8xzxe0w7t) "Assad is in Moscow after fleeing Syria and will be given asylum, Russian state media report" . BBC News . 7 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241210010043/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy8xzxe0w7t) Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Assad+is+in+Moscow+after+fleeing+Syria+and+will+be+given+asylum%2C+Russian+state+media+report&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Flive%2Fcwy8xzxe0w7t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/ex-syrian-pm-to-supervise-state-bodies-until-transition-al-julani-says) "Ex-Syrian PM to supervise state bodies until transition" . Al Jazeera . 8 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209115818/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/ex-syrian-pm-to-supervise-state-bodies-until-transition-al-julani-says) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Ex-Syrian+PM+to+supervise+state+bodies+until+transition&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F12%2F8%2Fex-syrian-pm-to-supervise-state-bodies-until-transition-al-julani-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saleh, Heba; Jalabi, Raya (9 December 2024). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/1273c8a3-3044-4595-b5c6-6a15c6eeee34) "Syrian rebels seek to consolidate control"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . Retrieved 9 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+seek+to+consolidate+control&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft.aulast=Saleh&rft.aufirst=Heba&rft.au=Jalabi%2C+Raya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F1273c8a3-3044-4595-b5c6-6a15c6eeee34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/12/mohammed-al-bashir-to-head-syrias-transitional-government/) "Mohammed al-Bashir to head Syria's transitional government" . Enab Baladi . 10 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241210145909/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/12/mohammed-al-bashir-to-head-syrias-transitional-government/) Archived from the original on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Mohammed+al-Bashir+to+head+Syria%27s+transitional+government&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2024%2F12%2Fmohammed-al-bashir-to-head-syrias-transitional-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.diepresse.com/19162965/der-islamist-im-anzug-wer-ist-der-syrische-uebergangspremier-mohammed-al-bashir) "Der Islamist im Anzug: Wer ist der syrische Übergangspremier Mohammed al-Bashir?" [ The Islamist in a suit: who is the Syrian interim prime minister Mohammed al-Bashir?] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Presse) (Die Presse) Die Presse  (in German). 10 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241214003726/https://www.diepresse.com/19162965/der-islamist-im-anzug-wer-ist-der-syrische-uebergangspremier-mohammed-al-bashir) Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Presse&rft.atitle=Der+Islamist+im+Anzug%3A+Wer+ist+der+syrische+%C3%9Cbergangspremier+Mohammed+al-Bashir%3F&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diepresse.com%2F19162965%2Fder-islamist-im-anzug-wer-ist-der-syrische-uebergangspremier-mohammed-al-bashir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/syria/article/2024/12/10/syria-rebels-name-mohammed-al-bashir-head-of-transitional-government_6735906_229.html) "Syrian rebels name Mohammed al-Bashir head of transitional government"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde) (Le Monde) Le Monde  . 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+name+Mohammed+al-Bashir+head+of+transitional+government&rft.date=2024-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fsyria%2Farticle%2F2024%2F12%2F10%2Fsyria-rebels-name-mohammed-al-bashir-head-of-transitional-government_6735906_229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2024/12/9/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF) "المعارضة السورية تكلف محمد البشير بتشكيل حكومة انتقالية" [ Syrian opposition assigns Mohammed al-Bashir to form new government] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic) (Al Jazeera Arabic) Al Jazeera Arabic  (in Arabic). 9 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241219094104/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2024/12/9/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%85-%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af) Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+Arabic&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2F2024%2F12%2F9%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2581-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/12/turkish-delegation-meets-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-damascus/) "Turkish delegation meets with Ahmed al-Sharaa in Damascus" . Enab Baladi . 12 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241213140645/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2024/12/turkish-delegation-meets-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-damascus/) Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Turkish+delegation+meets+with+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+in+Damascus&rft.date=2024-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2024%2F12%2Fturkish-delegation-meets-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-in-damascus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Borger, Julian (20 December 2024). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/20/us-lifts-10m-bounty-on-hts-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-talks) "US lifts $10m bounty on HTS leader after talks in Syrian capital" . theguardian . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian&rft.atitle=US+lifts+%2410m+bounty+on+HTS+leader+after+talks+in+Syrian+capital&rft.date=2024-12-20&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fdec%2F20%2Fus-lifts-10m-bounty-on-hts-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hubbard, Ben (25 February 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/25/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) "From Jihadist to President: The Evolution of Syria's New Leader" . NY Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250309154055/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/25/world/middleeast/syria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html) Archived from the original on 9 March 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=From+Jihadist+to+President%3A+The+Evolution+of+Syria%27s+New+Leader&rft.date=2025-02-25&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F02%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-ahmed-al-shara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bateman, Tom (20 December 2024). (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c07gv3j818ko) "US scraps $10m bounty for arrest of Syria's new leader Sharaa" . BBC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241220060552/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c07gv3j818ko) Archived from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+scraps+%2410m+bounty+for+arrest+of+Syria%27s+new+leader+Sharaa&rft.date=2024-12-20&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc07gv3j818ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dadouch, Sarah (24 December 2024). (https://www.ft.com/content/ac41599c-d264-49cf-80a3-3de6cfea4931) "Syria dissolves rebel factions as al-Sharaa consolidates power" . Financial Times . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Syria+dissolves+rebel+factions+as+al-Sharaa+consolidates+power&rft.date=2024-12-24&rft.aulast=Dadouch&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fac41599c-d264-49cf-80a3-3de6cfea4931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Salame, Richard (29 December 2024). (https://www.ft.com/content/bf11898a-8e0a-416b-bd37-b7835bc8fd1c) "Syrian elections may not be held for 4 years, says de facto leader" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Syrian+elections+may+not+be+held+for+4+years%2C+says+de+facto+leader&rft.date=2024-12-29&rft.aulast=Salame&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbf11898a-8e0a-416b-bd37-b7835bc8fd1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maher, Hatem (14 December 2024). (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-de-facto-leader-not-interested-new-conflicts-despite-israeli-attacks-2024-12-14/) "Syria's de facto leader not interested in new conflicts despite Israeli attacks" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+de+facto+leader+not+interested+in+new+conflicts+despite+Israeli+attacks&rft.date=2024-12-14&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Hatem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrias-de-facto-leader-not-interested-new-conflicts-despite-israeli-attacks-2024-12-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241229-syria-s-leader-says-elections-could-take-4-years-al-arabiya-interview) "Syria's leader says elections could take 4 years: Al Arabiya interview" . France 24 . 29 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241230160824/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241229-syria-s-leader-says-elections-could-take-4-years-al-arabiya-interview) Archived from the original on 30 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+leader+says+elections+could+take+4+years%3A+Al+Arabiya+interview&rft.date=2024-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20241229-syria-s-leader-says-elections-could-take-4-years-al-arabiya-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/russian-delegation-backs-syrias-integrity-during-damascus-visit) "Russian delegation backs Syria's integrity during Damascus visit" . Daily Sabah. 29 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130133717/https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/russian-delegation-backs-syrias-integrity-during-damascus-visit) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+delegation+backs+Syria%27s+integrity+during+Damascus+visit&rft.pub=Daily+Sabah&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fworld%2Fmid-east%2Frussian-delegation-backs-syrias-integrity-during-damascus-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Camut, Nicolas (4 January 2025). (https://www.politico.eu/article/syria-germany-annalena-baerbock-handshake-france-barrot-no-surprise/) "Handshakegate in Syria" . Politico . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250106075409/https://www.politico.eu/article/syria-germany-annalena-baerbock-handshake-france-barrot-no-surprise/) Archived from the original on 6 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Handshakegate+in+Syria&rft.date=2025-01-04&rft.aulast=Camut&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fsyria-germany-annalena-baerbock-handshake-france-barrot-no-surprise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Boxerman, Aaron (3 January 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/03/world/middleeast/syria-damascus-visit-foreign-ministers.html) "European Ministers Visit Syria to Strengthen Ties With New Government" . The New York Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250205125756/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/03/world/middleeast/syria-damascus-visit-foreign-ministers.html) Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=European+Ministers+Visit+Syria+to+Strengthen+Ties+With+New+Government&rft.date=2025-01-03&rft.aulast=Boxerman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F01%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-damascus-visit-foreign-ministers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kourdi, Eyad; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (29 January 2025). (https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/29/middleeast/ahmad-al-sharaa-named-syria-transitional-president-intl-latam/index.html) "Former al Qaeda member named as Syria's president for transitional period" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130202209/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/29/middleeast/ahmad-al-sharaa-named-syria-transitional-president-intl-latam/index.html) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Former+al+Qaeda+member+named+as+Syria%27s+president+for+transitional+period&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft.aulast=Kourdi&rft.aufirst=Eyad&rft.au=Tawfeeq%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2025%2F01%2F29%2Fmiddleeast%2Fahmad-al-sharaa-named-syria-transitional-president-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/1/29/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9) "الشرع رئيسا لسوريا وحل الفصائل وحزب البعث وتعطيل الدستور" [ Sharaa as President of Syria, dissolving factions and the Baath Party, and suspending the constitution] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic) (Al Jazeera Arabic) Al Jazeera Arabic  (in Arabic). 29 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250129223500/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/1/29/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9) Archived from the original on 29 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+Arabic&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7+%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2F2025%2F1%2F29%2F%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   Multiple sources: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohammadi, Habib (18 February 2025). (https://amu.tv/158403/) "Taliban's chief minister congratulates Syria's interim president" . Amu TV . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250321172145/https://amu.tv/158403/) Archived from the original on 21 March 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amu+TV&rft.atitle=Taliban%27s+chief+minister+congratulates+Syria%27s+interim+president&rft.date=2025-02-18&rft.aulast=Mohammadi&rft.aufirst=Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famu.tv%2F158403%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://president.az/en/articles/view/68156) "To His Excellency Mr. Ahmad al-Sharaa, President of the Syrian Arab Republic for transitional period » Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic" . president.az . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250220012629/https://president.az/en/articles/view/68156) Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=president.az&rft.atitle=To+His+Excellency+Mr.+Ahmad+al-Sharaa%2C+President+of+the+Syrian+Arab+Republic+for+transitional+period+%C2%BB+Official+web-site+of+President+of+Azerbaijan+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.az%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fview%2F68156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20250220003029/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/trudeau-congratulates-syrian-interim-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-despite-terrorist-listing/) "Trudeau congratulates Syrian interim leader Ahmed al-Sharaa despite terrorist listing" . CTVNews . The Canadian Press. 13 February 2025. Archived from (https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/trudeau-congratulates-syrian-interim-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-despite-terrorist-listing/) the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTVNews&rft.atitle=Trudeau+congratulates+Syrian+interim+leader+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+despite+terrorist+listing&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2Ftrudeau-congratulates-syrian-interim-leader-ahmed-al-sharaa-despite-terrorist-listing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=346727) "Mauritanian President congratulates President al-Sharaa on assuming the presidency" . Syrian Arab News Agency . 12 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250328032147/https://www.sana.sy/en/?p=346727) Archived from the original on 28 March 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+President+congratulates+President+al-Sharaa+on+assuming+the+presidency&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D346727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/syria/346143/) "King of Morocco congratulates President al-Sharaa, affirms his country's support for Sy" . 4 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+of+Morocco+congratulates+President+al-Sharaa%2C+affirms+his+country%27s+support+for+Sy&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fsyria%2F346143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mhamad (12 February 2025). (https://sana.sy/en/?p=346736) "President Putin congratulates President al-Sharaa on assuming presidency of the Republic" . Syrian Arab News Agency . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250213153842/https://sana.sy/en/?p=346736) Archived from the original on 13 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+Putin+congratulates+President+al-Sharaa+on+assuming+presidency+of+the+Republic&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.au=Mhamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D346736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.barrons.com/news/saudi-king-crown-prince-congratulate-syria-s-sharaa-on-interim-presidency-862107a2) "Saudi King, Crown Prince Congratulate Syria's Sharaa On Interim Presidency" . Barrons . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250222200838/https://www.barrons.com/news/saudi-king-crown-prince-congratulate-syria-s-sharaa-on-interim-presidency-862107a2) Archived from the original on 22 February 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barrons&rft.atitle=Saudi+King%2C+Crown+Prince+Congratulate+Syria%27s+Sharaa+On+Interim+Presidency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Fsaudi-king-crown-prince-congratulate-syria-s-sharaa-on-interim-presidency-862107a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/bhy88va-uae-president-vps-congratulate-ahmed-al-sharaa-1.500026112) "UAE President congratulates Ahmed Al Sharaa on appointment as Syria's interim president" . 31 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250305085825/https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/bhy88va-uae-president-vps-congratulate-ahmed-al-sharaa-1.500026112) Archived from the original on 5 March 2025. Retrieved 22 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE+President+congratulates+Ahmed+Al+Sharaa+on+appointment+as+Syria%27s+interim+president&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Fgovernment%2Fbhy88va-uae-president-vps-congratulate-ahmed-al-sharaa-1.500026112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)      ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/) "General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enab_Baladi) (Enab Baladi) Enab Baladi  . 29 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130015530/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=General+Command+appoints+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+as+President+of+Syria&rft.date=2025-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2025%2F01%2Fgeneral-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/politics/345605/) "President al-Sharaa: Priority today is for maintaining civil peace, building state institutions" . 30 January 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa%3A+Priority+today+is+for+maintaining+civil+peace%2C+building+state+institutions&rft.date=2025-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F345605%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newarab.com/news/syrias-temp-government-forms-national-dialogue-committee) "Syria's transitional government forms national dialogue committee" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Arab) (The New Arab) The New Arab  . 12 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250213082943/https://www.newarab.com/news/syrias-temp-government-forms-national-dialogue-committee) Archived from the original on 13 February 2025. Retrieved 12 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+transitional+government+forms+national+dialogue+committee&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrias-temp-government-forms-national-dialogue-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/syrian-negotiating-committee-and-coalition-prepare-for-dissolution-in-meeting-with-president-al-sharaa.html) "Syrian Negotiating Committee and National Coalition prepare for dissolution in meeting with president al-Sharaa" . The Syrian Observer . 13 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250219234247/https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/syrian-negotiating-committee-and-coalition-prepare-for-dissolution-in-meeting-with-president-al-sharaa.html) Archived from the original on 19 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Syrian+Observer&rft.atitle=Syrian+Negotiating+Committee+and+National+Coalition+prepare+for+dissolution+in+meeting+with+president+al-Sharaa&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyrianobserver.com%2Fsyrian-actors%2Fsyrian-negotiating-committee-and-coalition-prepare-for-dissolution-in-meeting-with-president-al-sharaa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/12/syrias-leader-russias-putin-make-first-contact-since-al-assads-fall) "Syria's leader, Russia's Putin make first contact since al-Assad's fall" . Al Jazeera . 12 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250212233628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/12/syrias-leader-russias-putin-make-first-contact-since-al-assads-fall) Archived from the original on 12 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+leader%2C+Russia%27s+Putin+make+first+contact+since+al-Assad%27s+fall&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F2%2F12%2Fsyrias-leader-russias-putin-make-first-contact-since-al-assads-fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20250130-syria-qatar-discuss-reconstruction-during-emir-s-visit) "Syria, Qatar discuss reconstruction during emir's visit" . RFI . 30 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250501214416/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international-news/20250130-syria-qatar-discuss-reconstruction-during-emir-s-visit) Archived from the original on 1 May 2025. Retrieved 30 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=Syria%2C+Qatar+discuss+reconstruction+during+emir%27s+visit&rft.date=2025-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Finternational-news%2F20250130-syria-qatar-discuss-reconstruction-during-emir-s-visit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-visits-daraa-for-1st-time-since-fall-of-assad-regime-/3590753) "Syrian president visits Daraa for 1st time since fall of Assad regime" . Anadolu Ajansi . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250607061745/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-visits-daraa-for-1st-time-since-fall-of-assad-regime-/3590753) Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Ajansi&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+visits+Daraa+for+1st+time+since+fall+of+Assad+regime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-president-visits-daraa-for-1st-time-since-fall-of-assad-regime-%2F3590753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/06/al-sharaa-visits-daraa-on-first-day-of-eid-al-adha/) "Al-Sharaa visits Daraa on first day of Eid al-Adha" . Enab Baladi . 6 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250607035630/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/06/al-sharaa-visits-daraa-on-first-day-of-eid-al-adha/) Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Al-Sharaa+visits+Daraa+on+first+day+of+Eid+al-Adha&rft.date=2025-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2025%2F06%2Fal-sharaa-visits-daraa-on-first-day-of-eid-al-adha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrias-new-leader-visits-former-assad-strongholds-205920) "Syria's new leader visits former Assad strongholds – World News" . Hürriyet Daily News . 17 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250217132232/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrias-new-leader-visits-former-assad-strongholds-205920) Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+new+leader+visits+former+Assad+strongholds+%E2%80%93+World+News&rft.date=2025-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsyrias-new-leader-visits-former-assad-strongholds-205920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-new-president-meets-chinese-envoy-first-time-since-assads-fall-2025-02-21/) "Syria's new president meets Chinese envoy for first time since Assad's fall" . Reuters. 21 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250420172137/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-new-president-meets-chinese-envoy-first-time-since-assads-fall-2025-02-21/) Archived from the original on 20 April 2025. Retrieved 21 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+new+president+meets+Chinese+envoy+for+first+time+since+Assad%27s+fall&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2025-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrias-new-president-meets-chinese-envoy-first-time-since-assads-fall-2025-02-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250313-syria-interim-president-announces-formation-of-national-security-council-sharaa-bashar-al-assad) "Syria's interim president announces formation of national security council" . France 24 . 12 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250313020631/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250313-syria-interim-president-announces-formation-of-national-security-council-sharaa-bashar-al-assad) Archived from the original on 13 March 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+interim+president+announces+formation+of+national+security+council&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20250313-syria-interim-president-announces-formation-of-national-security-council-sharaa-bashar-al-assad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vaid, Dharvi (13 March 2025). (https://www.dw.com/en/syrias-interim-president-creates-national-security-council/a-71905119) "Syria's president creates National Security Council" . DW News . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+president+creates+National+Security+Council&rft.date=2025-03-13&rft.aulast=Vaid&rft.aufirst=Dharvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsyrias-interim-president-creates-national-security-council%2Fa-71905119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82-3-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7/752798/) "almarsad alsuwriu yuathiq 3 majazir jadidatun.. wa'iijmaliu aldahaya yartafie 'iilaa 1383 mdnyaan.. wayuhadhir min makhatir dafn aldahaya jmaeyaan fi alsaahil alsuwrii – almarsad alsuwrii lihuquq al'iinsan" المرصد السوري يوثق 3 مجازر جديدة.. وإجمالي الضحايا يرتفع إلى 1383 مدنياً.. ويحذر من مخاطر دفن الضحايا جماعياً في الساحل السوري  [ The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documents three new massacres, bringing the death toll to 1,383 civilians. It warns of the dangers of mass burials on the Syrian coast.] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights) (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights) Syrian Observatory for Human Rights  (in Arabic). 12 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250703000708/https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%ab%d9%82-3-%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7/752798/) Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=almarsad+alsuwriu+yuathiq+3+majazir+jadidatun..+wa%27iijmaliu+aldahaya+yartafie+%27iilaa+1383+mdnyaan..+wayuhadhir+min+makhatir+dafn+aldahaya+jmaeyaan+fi+alsaahil+alsuwrii+%E2%80%93+almarsad+alsuwrii+lihuquq+al%27iinsan+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82+3+%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9..+%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+1383+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B..+%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.date=2025-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582-3-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%2F752798%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-retains-islamic-jurisprudence-main-basis-law-preserves-freedoms-2025-03-13/) "Syria keeps role for Islamic law in 5-year transition" . Reuters . 13 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250313181933/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-retains-islamic-jurisprudence-main-basis-law-preserves-freedoms-2025-03-13/) Archived from the original on 13 March 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria+keeps+role+for+Islamic+law+in+5-year+transition&rft.date=2025-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-retains-islamic-jurisprudence-main-basis-law-preserves-freedoms-2025-03-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/syria-constitution-assad-alsharaa-4caa2074f20155c2399451d9669e435b) "Syrian leader signs constitution that puts the country under an Islamist group's rule for 5 years" . AP News . 13 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250330053113/https://apnews.com/article/syria-constitution-assad-alsharaa-4caa2074f20155c2399451d9669e435b) Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+leader+signs+constitution+that+puts+the+country+under+an+Islamist+group%27s+rule+for+5+years&rft.date=2025-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsyria-constitution-assad-alsharaa-4caa2074f20155c2399451d9669e435b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syria.tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A) "الساحل السوري.. الرئيس الشرع يصدر قرارا بتشكيل لجنة وطنية للتحقيق بالانتهاكات" [ Syrian Coast.. President Al-Shara issues a decision to form a national committee to investigate violations] . Syria TV (in Arabic). 9 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250313234211/https://www.syria.tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A) Archived from the original on 13 March 2025. Retrieved 9 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+TV&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A..+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2025-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syria.tv%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D9%258A%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AD%25D9%2584-%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2587%25D9%2584%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/09/middleeast/syria-president-violence-assad-intl/index.html) "Syria's interim president calls clashes 'expected challenges' as death toll tops 600" . CNN . 9 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250312142734/https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/09/middleeast/syria-president-violence-assad-intl/index.html) Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+interim+president+calls+clashes+%27expected+challenges%27+as+death+toll+tops+600&rft.date=2025-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2025%2F03%2F09%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-violence-assad-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brachet, Eliott (8 March 2025). (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/08/syria-s-new-authorities-face-explosive-situation-after-bloody-clashes-in-alawite-stronghold_6738945_4.html) "Syria's new authorities face explosive situation after bloody clashes in Alawite stronghold" . Le Monde . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250514115609/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/08/syria-s-new-authorities-face-explosive-situation-after-bloody-clashes-in-alawite-stronghold_6738945_4.html) Archived from the original on 14 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+new+authorities+face+explosive+situation+after+bloody+clashes+in+Alawite+stronghold&rft.date=2025-03-08&rft.aulast=Brachet&rft.aufirst=Eliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2025%2F03%2F08%2Fsyria-s-new-authorities-face-explosive-situation-after-bloody-clashes-in-alawite-stronghold_6738945_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/latakia-syria-clashes-assad-loyalists-alawites-ef7496972e037db8e90c77a5f498d721) "Clashes in Syria between government forces and Assad loyalists kill more than 200" . AP News . 7 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250308015720/https://apnews.com/article/latakia-syria-clashes-assad-loyalists-alawites-ef7496972e037db8e90c77a5f498d721) Archived from the original on 8 March 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Clashes+in+Syria+between+government+forces+and+Assad+loyalists+kill+more+than+200&rft.date=2025-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Flatakia-syria-clashes-assad-loyalists-alawites-ef7496972e037db8e90c77a5f498d721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/07/17/syria-s-alsharaa-says-protecting-druze-citizens-is-our-priority-) "Syria's al-Sharaa says protecting Druze citizens is 'our priority', hails mediation" . Al Arabiya English . 17 July 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+al-Sharaa+says+protecting+Druze+citizens+is+%27our+priority%27%2C+hails+mediation&rft.date=2025-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2025%2F07%2F17%2Fsyria-s-alsharaa-says-protecting-druze-citizens-is-our-priority-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hawarnews.com/en/jordan-meeting-explores-syrias-stability-through-integration-decentralization) "Jordan meeting explores Syria' s stability through integration, decentralization" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency) (Hawar News Agency) Hawar News Agency  . 28 August 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)) (WDQ (identifier)) Wikidata  (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135990184) (d:Q135990184) Q135990184 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Jordan+meeting+explores+Syria%26%2339%3Bs+stability+through+integration%2C+decentralization&rft.date=2025-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhawarnews.com%2Fen%2Fjordan-meeting-explores-syrias-stability-through-integration-decentralization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hawarnews.com/en/sdf-leadership-member-outlines-conditions-for-integration) "SDF leadership member outlines conditions for integration" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawar_News_Agency) (Hawar News Agency) Hawar News Agency  . 31 August 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)) (WDQ (identifier)) Wikidata  (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136030226) (d:Q136030226) Q136030226 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawar+News+Agency&rft.atitle=SDF+leadership+member+outlines+conditions+for+integration&rft.date=2025-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhawarnews.com%2Fen%2Fsdf-leadership-member-outlines-conditions-for-integration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://npasyria.com/en/123033/) "Syrian Government and SDF Reach Landmark Agreement on Kurdish Rights and Security" . North Press Agency . 10 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250404130011/https://npasyria.com/en/123033/) Archived from the original on 4 April 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=Syrian+Government+and+SDF+Reach+Landmark+Agreement+on+Kurdish+Rights+and+Security&rft.date=2025-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpasyria.com%2Fen%2F123033%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250310-%F0%9F%94%B4-syria-s-government-signs-deal-with-kurdish-led-authorities-in-the-northeast) "Syria's government signs deal with Kurdish-led authorities in the northeast" . France 24 . 10 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250311030332/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250310-%F0%9F%94%B4-syria-s-government-signs-deal-with-kurdish-led-authorities-in-the-northeast) Archived from the original on 11 March 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+government+signs+deal+with+Kurdish-led+authorities+in+the+northeast&rft.date=2025-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20250310-%25F0%259F%2594%25B4-syria-s-government-signs-deal-with-kurdish-led-authorities-in-the-northeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/10/syria-merges-kurdish-led-syrian-democratic-forces-into-state-institutions) "Syria merges Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces into state institutions" . Al Jazeera . 10 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250622234520/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/10/syria-merges-kurdish-led-syrian-democratic-forces-into-state-institutions) Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria+merges+Kurdish-led+Syrian+Democratic+Forces+into+state+institutions&rft.date=2025-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F3%2F10%2Fsyria-merges-kurdish-led-syrian-democratic-forces-into-state-institutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260120-syrian-government-forces-advance-in-northeast-as-kurds-vow-to-resist) "Syria, Kurdish-led SDF agree to ceasefire as US says IS group fight largely over" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24) (France 24) France 24  . 20 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260121040455/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260120-syrian-government-forces-advance-in-northeast-as-kurds-vow-to-resist) Archived from the original on 21 January 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Syria%2C+Kurdish-led+SDF+agree+to+ceasefire+as+US+says+IS+group+fight+largely+over&rft.date=2026-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20260120-syrian-government-forces-advance-in-northeast-as-kurds-vow-to-resist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260125-syria-opens-humanitarian-corridor-to-kurdish-town-kobane-after-ceasefire-extended) "Syria opens humanitarian corridor to Kurdish town of Kobane after ceasefire extended - France 24" . 25 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260128054759/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260125-syria-opens-humanitarian-corridor-to-kurdish-town-kobane-after-ceasefire-extended) Archived from the original on 28 January 2026. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+opens+humanitarian+corridor+to+Kurdish+town+of+Kobane+after+ceasefire+extended+-+France+24&rft.date=2026-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2F20260125-syria-opens-humanitarian-corridor-to-kurdish-town-kobane-after-ceasefire-extended&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/syria-sdf-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-after-renewed-clashes-faltering-talks) "Syria-SDF ceasefire hangs in balance after renewed clashes, faltering talks" . Al Jazeera . 20 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260121034258/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/syria-sdf-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-after-renewed-clashes-faltering-talks) Archived from the original on 21 January 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria-SDF+ceasefire+hangs+in+balance+after+renewed+clashes%2C+faltering+talks&rft.date=2026-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F1%2F20%2Fsyria-sdf-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-after-renewed-clashes-faltering-talks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9311l0d40qo) "Rapid rollback of Kurdish-led forces reshapes Sharaa' s Syria" . 22 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260131140413/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9311l0d40qo) Archived from the original on 31 January 2026. Retrieved 4 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapid+rollback+of+Kurdish-led+forces+reshapes+Sharaa%26%23x27%3Bs+Syria&rft.date=2026-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc9311l0d40qo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohamed, Edna (20 January 2026). (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/syrian-government-sdf-agree-on-a-four-day-ceasefire) "Syrian government, SDF agree on a four-day ceasefire" . Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260121155126/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/syrian-government-sdf-agree-on-a-four-day-ceasefire) Archived from the original on 21 January 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syrian+government%2C+SDF+agree+on+a+four-day+ceasefire&rft.date=2026-01-20&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Edna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F1%2F20%2Fsyrian-government-sdf-agree-on-a-four-day-ceasefire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/17/syria-decree-grants-kurds-new-rights-formally-recognising-kurdish-language) "Syria decree grants Kurds new rights, formally recognising Kurdish language" . Al Jazeera . 16 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260118121843/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/17/syria-decree-grants-kurds-new-rights-formally-recognising-kurdish-language) Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Retrieved 17 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria+decree+grants+Kurds+new+rights%2C+formally+recognising+Kurdish+language&rft.date=2026-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F1%2F17%2Fsyria-decree-grants-kurds-new-rights-formally-recognising-kurdish-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/08/20/syrian-kurdish-leader-says-integration-with-damascus-complete) "Syrian Kurdish leader says integration with Damascus complete" . Al Arabiya. 20 August 2026. Retrieved 20 August 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurdish+leader+says+integration+with+Damascus+complete&rft.date=2026-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2026%2F08%2F20%2Fsyrian-kurdish-leader-says-integration-with-damascus-complete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schaer, Cathrin (31 March 2025). (https://www.dw.com/en/is-syrias-new-technocratic-cabinet-as-inclusive-as-it-could-be/a-72100412) "How inclusive is Syria's new technocratic cabinet?" . DW. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250503080615/https://www.dw.com/en/is-syrias-new-technocratic-cabinet-as-inclusive-as-it-could-be/a-72100412) Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+inclusive+is+Syria%27s+new+technocratic+cabinet%3F&rft.pub=DW&rft.date=2025-03-31&rft.aulast=Schaer&rft.aufirst=Cathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fis-syrias-new-technocratic-cabinet-as-inclusive-as-it-could-be%2Fa-72100412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/syrian-ambassador-to-uae-defects-1.1053545) "Syrian Ambassador to UAE defects" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News) (Gulf News) Gulf News  . 15 September 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250404163553/https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/syrian-ambassador-to-uae-defects-1.1053545) Archived from the original on 4 April 2025. Retrieved 7 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+Ambassador+to+UAE+defects&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fsyrian-ambassador-to-uae-defects-1.1053545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/30/syrian-president-unveils-transitional-government) "Syrian president unveils transitional government" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English) (Al Jazeera English) Al Jazeera English  . 30 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250330074157/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/30/syrian-president-unveils-transitional-government) Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+unveils+transitional+government&rft.date=2025-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F3%2F30%2Fsyrian-president-unveils-transitional-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-march-29-2025/) "At protest, Tel Aviv mayor vows to shut down the country if the government ignores a High Court ruling" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel) (The Times of Israel) The Times of Israel  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-7909) 0040-7909 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250330203252/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-march-29-2025/) Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=At+protest%2C+Tel+Aviv+mayor+vows+to+shut+down+the+country+if+the+government+ignores+a+High+Court+ruling&rft.issn=0040-7909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog-march-29-2025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syria.tv/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A) "وزراء الحكومة السورية يقدمون خططهم ويؤدون القسم الدستوري" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_TV_(Fadaat_Media)) (Syria TV (Fadaat Media)) Syria TV (Fadaat Media)  (in Arabic). 29 March 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250329220918/https://www.syria.tv/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A) Archived from the original on 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+TV+%28Fadaat+Media%29&rft.atitle=%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A4%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.date=2025-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syria.tv%2F%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B7%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A4%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-2025) "نص الإعلان الدستوري لسوريا 2025" . الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250703002632/https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/3/14/%d9%86%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-) Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%86%D8%AA&rft.atitle=%D9%86%D8%B5+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fencyclopedia%2F2025%2F3%2F14%2F%25D9%2586%25D8%25B5-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/syria/2290518/) "President al-Sharaa: Kurdish rights guaranteed by constitution" . 15 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260114213439/https://sana.sy/en/syria/2290518/) Archived from the original on 14 January 2026. Retrieved 15 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa%3A+Kurdish+rights+guaranteed+by+constitution&rft.date=2026-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fsyria%2F2290518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-sets-first-cabinet-reshuffle-since-assad-ouster-state-media-reports-2026-05-09/) "Syria sets first cabinet reshuffle since Assad ouster, state media reports" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 10 May 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syria+sets+first+cabinet+reshuffle+since+Assad+ouster%2C+state+media+reports&rft.date=2026-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-sets-first-cabinet-reshuffle-since-assad-ouster-state-media-reports-2026-05-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-white-house-ahmed-sharaa-trump-isis-b2862400.html) "Why Syrian president's Trump visit is so significant - but will it be a slam-dunk?" . The Independent . 10 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251111215620/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-white-house-ahmed-sharaa-trump-isis-b2862400.html) Archived from the original on 11 November 2025. Retrieved 10 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+Syrian+president%27s+Trump+visit+is+so+significant+-+but+will+it+be+a+slam-dunk%3F&rft.date=2025-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-white-house-ahmed-sharaa-trump-isis-b2862400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/2/syrias-president-al-sharaa-meets-saudi-arabias-mbs-in-first-foreign-trip) "Syria's President al-Sharaa meets Saudi Arabia's MBS in first foreign trip" . Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250205035858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/2/syrias-president-al-sharaa-meets-saudi-arabias-mbs-in-first-foreign-trip) Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+President+al-Sharaa+meets+Saudi+Arabia%27s+MBS+in+first+foreign+trip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2025%2F2%2F2%2Fsyrias-president-al-sharaa-meets-saudi-arabias-mbs-in-first-foreign-trip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.voanews.com/a/syria-s-sharaa-meets-with-turkey-s-erdogan/7963366.html) "Syria's Sharaa meets with Turkey's Erdogan" . Voice of America . 4 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250205055145/https://www.voanews.com/a/syria-s-sharaa-meets-with-turkey-s-erdogan/7963366.html) Archived from the original on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Sharaa+meets+with+Turkey%27s+Erdogan&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsyria-s-sharaa-meets-with-turkey-s-erdogan%2F7963366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=357859) "President al-Sharaa arrives in Kuwait in an official visit" . Syrian Arab News Agency . 1 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250602023750/https://sana.sy/en/?p=357859) Archived from the original on 2 June 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+al-Sharaa+arrives+in+Kuwait+in+an+official+visit&rft.date=2025-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D357859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/syrian-president-arrives-in-azerbaijan-for-first-official-visit-3704807) "Syrian president arrives in Azerbaijan for first official visit" . Yeni Şafak . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250713003200/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/syrian-president-arrives-in-azerbaijan-for-first-official-visit-3704807) Archived from the original on 13 July 2025. Retrieved 12 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeni+%C5%9Eafak&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+arrives+in+Azerbaijan+for+first+official+visit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yenisafak.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fsyrian-president-arrives-in-azerbaijan-for-first-official-visit-3704807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=352195) "President al-Sharaa and his accompanying delegation arrive in the UAE" . Syrian Arab News Agency . 13 April 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250414034822/https://sana.sy/en/?p=352195) Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+al-Sharaa+and+his+accompanying+delegation+arrive+in+the+UAE&rft.date=2025-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D352195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=352433) "President Ahmad al-Sharaa and Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani arrive in the State of Qatar" . Syrian Arab News Agency . 15 April 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250416031807/https://sana.sy/en/?p=352433) Archived from the original on 16 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+Ahmad+al-Sharaa+and+Foreign+Minister+Asaad+al-Shaibani+arrive+in+the+State+of+Qatar&rft.date=2025-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D352433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bna.bh/en/National/HMKingreceivesHESyrianPresidentdiscussesrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDq72Wx7Ma7jBd67MRgGLYOY%3D) "HM King receives HE Syrian President, discusses relations" . BNA . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250519210341/https://www.bna.bh/en/National/HMKingreceivesHESyrianPresidentdiscussesrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDq72Wx7Ma7jBd67MRgGLYOY%3D) Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNA&rft.atitle=HM+King+receives+HE+Syrian+President%2C+discusses+relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.bh%2Fen%2FNational%2FHMKingreceivesHESyrianPresidentdiscussesrelations.aspx%3Fcms%3Dq8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%252BDq72Wx7Ma7jBd67MRgGLYOY%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/?p=348213) "President al-Sharaa discusses with King Abdullah II means of developing cooperation on common issues" . Syrian Arab News Agency . 26 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250227160628/https://sana.sy/en/?p=348213) Archived from the original on 27 February 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Arab+News+Agency&rft.atitle=President+al-Sharaa+discusses+with+King+Abdullah+II+means+of+developing+cooperation+on+common+issues&rft.date=2025-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D348213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/205340/President-El-Sisi-Meets-Syria%E2%80%99s-President-al-Sharaa?lang=en-us) "President El-Sisi Meets Syria's President al-Sharaa" . SIS . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250305061228/http://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/205340/President-El-Sisi-Meets-Syria%E2%80%99s-President-al-Sharaa?lang=en-us) Archived from the original on 5 March 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIS&rft.atitle=President+El-Sisi+Meets+Syria%27s+President+al-Sharaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sis.gov.eg%2FStory%2F205340%2FPresident-El-Sisi-Meets-Syria%25E2%2580%2599s-President-al-Sharaa%3Flang%3Den-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2267725/) "President al-Sharaa: Syria supports Qatar in the face of Israeli aggression - SANA" . 15 September 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250915163744/https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2267725/) Archived from the original on 15 September 2025. Retrieved 17 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa%3A+Syria+supports+Qatar+in+the+face+of+Israeli+aggression+-+SANA&rft.date=2025-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpresidency%2F2267725%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/world/middleeast/syria-saudi-arabia-interim-president-visit.html) "Syria's New Interim President Travels to Saudi Arabia for First Foreign Visit" . The New York Times . 2 February 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250203022411/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/02/world/middleeast/syria-saudi-arabia-interim-president-visit.html) Archived from the original on 3 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+New+Interim+President+Travels+to+Saudi+Arabia+for+First+Foreign+Visit&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F02%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-saudi-arabia-interim-president-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/syrias-leader-heads-to-saudi-arabia-for-first-foreign-trip/a-71485678) "Syria's leader heads to Saudi Arabia for the first foreign trip – DW – 02/02/2025" . dw.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250202165333/https://www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-wants-to-support-syria-says-al-sharaa/a-71485678) Archived from the original on 2 February 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+leader+heads+to+Saudi+Arabia+for+the+first+foreign+trip+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F02%2F2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsyrias-leader-heads-to-saudi-arabia-for-first-foreign-trip%2Fa-71485678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cheeseman, Abbie (14 May 2025). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/05/14/trump-saudi-arabia-qatar/#link-OPOUYO5HURDLPFTHA3BPDHOQHM) "Trump urges Syria to join Abraham Accords after lifting sanctions" . The Washington Post . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250514145930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/05/14/trump-saudi-arabia-qatar/#link-OPOUYO5HURDLPFTHA3BPDHOQHM) Archived from the original on 14 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+urges+Syria+to+join+Abraham+Accords+after+lifting+sanctions&rft.date=2025-05-14&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Cheeseman&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2025%2F05%2F14%2Ftrump-saudi-arabia-qatar%2F%23link-OPOUYO5HURDLPFTHA3BPDHOQHM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  George, Susannah (14 May 2025). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/05/14/trump-saudi-arabia-qatar/#link-54MZJOGA7BBWTFSVZFID2Z7I74) "Trump meeting was first in 25 years between U.S. and Syrian presidents" . The Washington Post . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250514145930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/05/14/trump-saudi-arabia-qatar/#link-54MZJOGA7BBWTFSVZFID2Z7I74) Archived from the original on 14 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+meeting+was+first+in+25+years+between+U.S.+and+Syrian+presidents&rft.date=2025-05-14&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2025%2F05%2F14%2Ftrump-saudi-arabia-qatar%2F%23link-54MZJOGA7BBWTFSVZFID2Z7I74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-sharaa-arrives-in-paris-his-first-visit-to-europe-since-taking-office/3559977) "Syrian President Sharaa arrives in Paris, his first visit to Europe since taking office" . Anadolu Ajansi . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250524153340/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-sharaa-arrives-in-paris-his-first-visit-to-europe-since-taking-office/3559977) Archived from the original on 24 May 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Ajansi&rft.atitle=Syrian+President+Sharaa+arrives+in+Paris%2C+his+first+visit+to+Europe+since+taking+office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-president-sharaa-arrives-in-paris-his-first-visit-to-europe-since-taking-office%2F3559977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250506-macron-to-host-syria-s-al-sharaa-in-new-president-s-first-visit-to-europe) "Macron to host Syria's al-Sharaa in new leader's first European visit" . France 24 . 6 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Macron+to+host+Syria%27s+al-Sharaa+in+new+leader%27s+first+European+visit&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20250506-macron-to-host-syria-s-al-sharaa-in-new-president-s-first-visit-to-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/syria/2293001/) "Presidents al-Sharaa and Putin support Syria's unity, describe relations as deep" . SANA. 28 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260130020805/https://sana.sy/en/syria/2293001/) Archived from the original on 30 January 2026. Retrieved 1 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidents+al-Sharaa+and+Putin+support+Syria%27s+unity%2C+describe+relations+as+deep&rft.pub=SANA&rft.date=2026-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fsyria%2F2293001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/28/syrias-al-sharaa-discusses-fate-of-russian-military-bases-with-putin) "Al-Sharaa meets Putin as Russia seeks to secure military bases in Syria" . Al Jazeera. 28 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260203083652/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/28/syrias-al-sharaa-discusses-fate-of-russian-military-bases-with-putin) Archived from the original on 3 February 2026. Retrieved 1 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Sharaa+meets+Putin+as+Russia+seeks+to+secure+military+bases+in+Syria&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2026-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F1%2F28%2Fsyrias-al-sharaa-discusses-fate-of-russian-military-bases-with-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Seidensticker, Hannah (12 February 2025). (https://www.wiacon.de/en/sanctions-against-syria/) "Sanctions against Syria –" . WIACON . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250710175155/https://www.wiacon.de/en/sanctions-against-syria/) Archived from the original on 10 July 2025. Retrieved 5 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIACON&rft.atitle=Sanctions+against+Syria+%E2%80%93&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.aulast=Seidensticker&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiacon.de%2Fen%2Fsanctions-against-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/ousted-syrian-regimes-war-criminals-faced-global-sanctions-over-years-of-civil-war/3438965) "Ousted Syrian regime's 'war criminals' faced global sanctions over years of civil war" . Anadolu Ajansi . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250910114231/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/ousted-syrian-regimes-war-criminals-faced-global-sanctions-over-years-of-civil-war/3438965) Archived from the original on 10 September 2025. Retrieved 5 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Ajansi&rft.atitle=Ousted+Syrian+regime%27s+%27war+criminals%27+faced+global+sanctions+over+years+of+civil+war&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Famericas%2Fousted-syrian-regimes-war-criminals-faced-global-sanctions-over-years-of-civil-war%2F3438965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Goldbaum, Christina (23 April 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-nyt-interview-takeaways.html) "Syria's New President Talked to The New York Times. Here Are 3 Takeaways" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 27 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+New+President+Talked+to+The+New+York+Times.+Here+Are+3+Takeaways.&rft.date=2025-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldbaum&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-nyt-interview-takeaways.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Conor Lennon (6 November 2025). (https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166303) "Security Council lifts terror-related sanctions on Syrian President" . UN News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251107041124/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166303) Archived from the original on 7 November 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Security+Council+lifts+terror-related+sanctions+on+Syrian+President&rft.date=2025-11-06&rft.au=Conor+Lennon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2025%2F11%2F1166303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-removes-syrian-president-from-specifically-designated-global-terrorist-sanction-list-/3738053) "US removes Syrian president from specifically designated global terrorist sanction list" . Anadolu Agency . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251205220347/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-removes-syrian-president-from-specifically-designated-global-terrorist-sanction-list-/3738053) Archived from the original on 5 December 2025. Retrieved 5 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=US+removes+Syrian+president+from+specifically+designated+global+terrorist+sanction+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fus-removes-syrian-president-from-specifically-designated-global-terrorist-sanction-list-%2F3738053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/syria/2276410/) "U.K. removes President al-Sharaa from sanctions list" . 7 November 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.K.+removes+President+al-Sharaa+from+sanctions+list&rft.date=2025-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fsyria%2F2276410%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Goldbaum, Christina (23 April 2025). (https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-al-shara-interview.html) "Syria's Jihadist-Turned-President Seeks New Allies" . The New York Times . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) 0362-4331 . Retrieved 27 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Jihadist-Turned-President+Seeks+New+Allies&rft.date=2025-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldbaum&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2025%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-president-al-shara-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-rebuilding-60-minutes/) "Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa's journey from al Qaeda to rebuilding his country after rebellion - CBS News" . CBS News . 12 October 2025. Retrieved 15 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+President+Ahmed+al-Sharaa%27s+journey+from+al+Qaeda+to+rebuilding+his+country+after+rebellion+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2025-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fahmed-al-sharaa-syria-rebuilding-60-minutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/politics/2277158/) "President al-Sharaa to Fox News: Meeting Trump marks start of Syrian and U.S.relations - Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)" . 11 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251112065230/https://sana.sy/en/politics/2277158/) Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa+to+Fox+News%3A+Meeting+Trump+marks+start+of+Syrian+and+U.S.relations+-+Syrian+Arab+News+Agency+%28SANA%29&rft.date=2025-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F2277158%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/politics/2277361/) "President al-Sharaa: We seek a balanced partnership with Washington – Interview - Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)" . 12 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251113090621/https://sana.sy/en/politics/2277361/) Archived from the original on 13 November 2025. Retrieved 15 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa%3A+We+seek+a+balanced+partnership+with+Washington+%E2%80%93+Interview+-+Syrian+Arab+News+Agency+%28SANA%29&rft.date=2025-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F2277361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aleqt.com/2024/12/30/article_2754907.html) "أحمد الشرع: للسعودية دور كبير في تنمية سورية والاقتصاد لن يكون اشتراكيا" . الاقتصادية (in Arabic). 30 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250416132540/https://www.aleqt.com/2024/12/30/article_2754907.html) Archived from the original on 16 April 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D9%84%D9%86+%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.date=2024-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aleqt.com%2F2024%2F12%2F30%2Farticle_2754907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnbcarabia.com/131984/2024/19/12/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7..-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9) "أحمد الشرع يحدد أبرز أولوياته الداخلية في سوريا.. ومن بينها قرارات اقتصادية" . CNBC Arabia (in Arabic). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250126211713/https://www.cnbcarabia.com/131984/2024/19/12/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7..-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9) Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC+Arabia&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2+%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7..+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbcarabia.com%2F131984%2F2024%2F19%2F12%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7..-%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.alhadath.net/syria/2024/12/14/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AC-%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86) "أحمد الشرع: انتصرنا على المشروع الإيراني الخطر على المنطقة" . العربية (in Arabic). 14 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250905172735/https://www.alhadath.net/syria/2024/12/14/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AC-%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86) Archived from the original on 5 September 2025. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9&rft.date=2024-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alhadath.net%2Fsyria%2F2024%2F12%2F14%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AC-%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AC%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AC-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.syria.tv/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) "خاص| أحمد الشرع: يجب التحول من عقلية الثورة إلى عقلية الدولة لقيادة سوريا" . Syria TV . 16 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241216015523/https://www.syria.tv/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7) Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+TV&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%7C+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.date=2024-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.syria.tv%2F%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D9%258A%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D9%2585%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (https://x.com/aja_syria/status/1867964544783618104?s=46&t=YMii71oYflCm9hVR2B48jQ) Ahmed Al-Sharaa: The form of authority in #Syria is left to the decisions of experts and legal experts, and the Syrian people are the ones who decide; The next rule will include elections; We will form committees and councils concerned with re-studying the constitution; Efficiency and ability are the basis for evaluation in the next state (https://web.archive.org/web/20250219031758/https://x.com/aja_syria/status/1867964544783618104?s=46&t=YMii71oYflCm9hVR2B48jQ) Archived 19 February 2025 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  (in Arabic). 14 December 2024. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic) (Al Jazeera Arabic) Al Jazeera Arabic Syria. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter) (Twitter) X   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jewers, Chris (19 December 2024). (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/12/19/syria-rebel-leader-womens-education-alcohol/) "Syrian rebel leader says women's education will continue – but refuses to be drawn on alcohol" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) (The Daily Telegraph) The Telegraph  . Ahmed al-Sharaa, Syria's de facto leader, said he believed in education for women as he denied the new government would be another version of the Taliban.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader+says+women%27s+education+will+continue+%E2%80%93+but+refuses+to+be+drawn+on+alcohol&rft.date=2024-12-19&rft.aulast=Jewers&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F12%2F19%2Fsyria-rebel-leader-womens-education-alcohol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/02/03/an-interview-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-syrias-president) "An interview with Ahmed al-Sharaa, Syria's president"  . The Economist . 3 February 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Ahmed+al-Sharaa%2C+Syria%27s+president&rft.date=2025-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2025%2F02%2F03%2Fan-interview-with-ahmed-al-sharaa-syrias-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newarab.com/news/syrias-sharaa-launches-battle-reconstruction-aleppo) "Syria's Sharaa launches 'battle for reconstruction' in Aleppo" . The New Arab . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250529031259/https://www.newarab.com/news/syrias-sharaa-launches-battle-reconstruction-aleppo) Archived from the original on 29 May 2025. Retrieved 2 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Sharaa+launches+%27battle+for+reconstruction%27+in+Aleppo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrias-sharaa-launches-battle-reconstruction-aleppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-rebuilding-60-minutes/) "Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa's journey from al Qaeda to rebuilding his country after rebellion - CBS News" . www.cbsnews.com . 12 October 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Syrian+President+Ahmed+al-Sharaa%27s+journey+from+al+Qaeda+to+rebuilding+his+country+after+rebellion+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2025-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fahmed-al-sharaa-syria-rebuilding-60-minutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/politics/2272265/) "President al-Sharaa to CBS News: Reconstruction Could Cost Up to $900 Billion - Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)" . 13 October 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251013225115/https://sana.sy/en/politics/2272265/) Archived from the original on 13 October 2025. Retrieved 13 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa+to+CBS+News%3A+Reconstruction+Could+Cost+Up+to+%24900+Billion+-+Syrian+Arab+News+Agency+%28SANA%29&rft.date=2025-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2F2272265%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2272634/) "President al-Sharaa to CBS News: Syria"s liberation Ended its International Isolation - Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)" . 16 October 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251104093838/https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2272634/) Archived from the original on 4 November 2025. Retrieved 17 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa+to+CBS+News%3A+Syria%22s+liberation+Ended+its+International+Isolation+-+Syrian+Arab+News+Agency+%28SANA%29&rft.date=2025-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpresidency%2F2272634%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2281990/) "President al-Sharaa outlines Syria's path toward stability, rebuilding, and recovery" . 6 December 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251206165404/https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2281990/) Archived from the original on 6 December 2025. Retrieved 7 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa+outlines+Syria%27s+path+toward+stability%2C+rebuilding%2C+and+recovery&rft.date=2025-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpresidency%2F2281990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  jcookson (19 December 2025). (https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/inflection-points/dispatch-from-riyadh-why-syria-is-central-to-the-middle-easts-future/) "Dispatch from Riyadh: Why Syria is central to the Middle East's future" . Atlantic Council . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251219123724/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/inflection-points/dispatch-from-riyadh-why-syria-is-central-to-the-middle-easts-future/) Archived from the original on 19 December 2025. Retrieved 19 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Dispatch+from+Riyadh%3A+Why+Syria+is+central+to+the+Middle+East%27s+future&rft.date=2025-12-19&rft.au=jcookson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fcontent-series%2Finflection-points%2Fdispatch-from-riyadh-why-syria-is-central-to-the-middle-easts-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/will-liberate-jerusalem-next-jolanis-big-confirmation-chilling-anti-israel-viral-speech-syria/videoshow/116184810.cms) " 'Will Liberate Jerusalem Next': Jolani's Big Confirmation; Chilling Anti-Israel Viral Speech - Syria" . Times of India . 11 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251110054009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/will-liberate-jerusalem-next-jolanis-big-confirmation-chilling-anti-israel-viral-speech-syria/videoshow/116184810.cms) Archived from the original on 10 November 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Will+Liberate+Jerusalem+Next%27%3A+Jolani%27s+Big+Confirmation%3B+Chilling+Anti-Israel+Viral+Speech+-+Syria&rft.date=2024-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fvideos%2Finternational%2Fwill-liberate-jerusalem-next-jolanis-big-confirmation-chilling-anti-israel-viral-speech-syria%2Fvideoshow%2F116184810.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.memri.org/reports/al-joulani-files-biography-and-evolving-stances-syrian-president-ahmed-al-sharaa#_ednref55) "Syrian Leader Al-Sharaa, aka Al-Joulani: His Bio And Evolution" . MEMRI . 24 July 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250920020928/https://www.memri.org/reports/al-joulani-files-biography-and-evolving-stances-syrian-president-ahmed-al-sharaa#_ednref55) Archived from the original on 20 September 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEMRI&rft.atitle=Syrian+Leader+Al-Sharaa%2C+aka+Al-Joulani%3A+His+Bio+And+Evolution&rft.date=2025-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Freports%2Fal-joulani-files-biography-and-evolving-stances-syrian-president-ahmed-al-sharaa%23_ednref55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.memri.org/jttm/boost-morale-hts-releases-video-leader-al-joulani-visiting-fighters-idlib-front) "To Boost Morale, HTS Releases Video Of Leader Al-Joulani Visiting Fighters On The Idlib Front" . MEMRI . 29 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEMRI&rft.atitle=To+Boost+Morale%2C+HTS+Releases+Video+Of+Leader+Al-Joulani+Visiting+Fighters+On+The+Idlib+Front&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Fjttm%2Fboost-morale-hts-releases-video-leader-al-joulani-visiting-fighters-idlib-front&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-rebel-leader-israel-has-no-more-excuses-to-strike-we-dont-seek-conflict/) "Syrian rebel leader: Israel has 'no more excuses' to strike, we don't seek conflict" . The Times of Israel . 14 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241214211406/https://www.timesofisrael.com/syrian-rebel-leader-israel-has-no-more-excuses-to-strike-we-dont-seek-conflict/) Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader%3A+Israel+has+%27no+more+excuses%27+to+strike%2C+we+don%27t+seek+conflict&rft.date=2024-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsyrian-rebel-leader-israel-has-no-more-excuses-to-strike-we-dont-seek-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cornish, Chloe; Shotter, James; Yackley, Ayla Jean; Dadouch, Sarah (15 December 2024). (https://www.ft.com/content/052ff79a-50a5-4e24-81df-384927961749) "Syria is not interested in conflict with Israel, rebel leader suggests" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . Retrieved 22 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Syria+is+not+interested+in+conflict+with+Israel%2C+rebel+leader+suggests&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft.aulast=Cornish&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft.au=Shotter%2C+James&rft.au=Yackley%2C+Ayla+Jean&rft.au=Dadouch%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F052ff79a-50a5-4e24-81df-384927961749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/syria/2024/12/17/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84) "الشرع: الأراضي السورية لن تستخدم للهجوم على إسرائيل" . العربية (in Arabic). 17 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506004803/https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/syria/2024/12/17/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84) Archived from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84&rft.date=2024-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farab-and-world%2Fsyria%2F2024%2F12%2F17%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2584%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D9%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Robertson, Nic (8 December 2024). (https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/analysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam/index.html) "Syrian rebel leader's victory speech holds a message for Iran – and for Trump and Israel too" . CNN . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241209052011/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/analysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam/index.html) Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebel+leader%27s+victory+speech+holds+a+message+for+Iran+%E2%80%93+and+for+Trump+and+Israel+too&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F12%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fanalysis-syria-rebel-leader-speech-iran-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.alghad.tv/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF/news/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84) "أحمد الشرع: لسنا بصدد الدخول في صراع مع إسرائيل | الغد" . Al Ghad (in Arabic). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250220060107/https://www.alghad.tv/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF/news/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84) Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Ghad&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%3A+%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alghad.tv%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25AF%2Fnews%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D9%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-sharaa-calls-trump-gaza-plan-serious-crime-bound-fail-2025-02-11/) "Syria's Sharaa calls Trump Gaza plan 'serious crime' bound to fail" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters . 11 February 2025. Retrieved 11 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Sharaa+calls+Trump+Gaza+plan+%27serious+crime%27+bound+to+fail&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2025-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrias-sharaa-calls-trump-gaza-plan-serious-crime-bound-fail-2025-02-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valdez, Jonah (5 February 2025). (https://theintercept.com/2025/02/04/trump-netanyahu-gaza-palestinians-displace/) "Trump: "The U.S. Will Take Over the Gaza Strip" " . The Intercept . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=Trump%3A+%22The+U.S.+Will+Take+Over+the+Gaza+Strip%22&rft.date=2025-02-05&rft.aulast=Valdez&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2025%2F02%2F04%2Ftrump-netanyahu-gaza-palestinians-displace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alabi, Rizik (6 March 2025). (https://themedialine.org/top-stories/a-test-of-our-commitment-al-sharaa-urges-arab-unity-on-gaza-reconstruction/) " 'A Test of Our Commitment': Al-Sharaa Urges Arab Unity on Gaza Reconstruction" . The Media Line . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250411161413/https://themedialine.org/top-stories/a-test-of-our-commitment-al-sharaa-urges-arab-unity-on-gaza-reconstruction/) Archived from the original on 11 April 2025. Retrieved 20 March 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Media+Line&rft.atitle=%27A+Test+of+Our+Commitment%27%3A+Al-Sharaa+Urges+Arab+Unity+on+Gaza+Reconstruction&rft.date=2025-03-06&rft.aulast=Alabi&rft.aufirst=Rizik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Ftop-stories%2Fa-test-of-our-commitment-al-sharaa-urges-arab-unity-on-gaza-reconstruction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-rules-out-joining-abraham-accords-to-normalize-ties-with-israel-prepares-for-un-return/3669703) "Syrian president rules out joining Abraham Accords to normalize ties with Israel, prepares for UN return" . Anadolu Ajansi . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250827030848/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-president-rules-out-joining-abraham-accords-to-normalize-ties-with-israel-prepares-for-un-return/3669703) Archived from the original on 27 August 2025. Retrieved 31 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Ajansi&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+rules+out+joining+Abraham+Accords+to+normalize+ties+with+Israel%2C+prepares+for+UN+return&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-president-rules-out-joining-abraham-accords-to-normalize-ties-with-israel-prepares-for-un-return%2F3669703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/11/11/ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-us/) "Syrian president details plans to work with Americans he once fought" . The Washington Post . 11 November 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251111235521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/11/11/ahmed-al-sharaa-syria-us/) Archived from the original on 11 November 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+details+plans+to+work+with+Americans+he+once+fought&rft.date=2025-11-11&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2F11%2F11%2Fahmed-al-sharaa-syria-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/al-sharaa-the-golan-is-syrian-territory-and-we-are-trying-to-regain-it-through-negotiations/) "Al-Sharaa: The Golan is Syrian territory, and we are trying to regain it through negotiations" . Enab Baladi . 15 October 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251018114416/https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/al-sharaa-the-golan-is-syrian-territory-and-we-are-trying-to-regain-it-through-negotiations/) Archived from the original on 18 October 2025. Retrieved 16 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enab+Baladi&rft.atitle=Al-Sharaa%3A+The+Golan+is+Syrian+territory%2C+and+we+are+trying+to+regain+it+through+negotiations&rft.date=2025-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2025%2F10%2Fal-sharaa-the-golan-is-syrian-territory-and-we-are-trying-to-regain-it-through-negotiations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.foxnews.com/video/6384925030112) "Syrian president: We need to get into an agreement about ISIS" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News) (Fox News) Fox News  . 10 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251112055529/https://www.foxnews.com/video/6384925030112) Archived from the original on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 11 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+president%3A+We+need+to+get+into+an+agreement+about+ISIS&rft.date=2025-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fvideo%2F6384925030112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2281966/) "President al-Sharaa at Doha Forum: Any deal with Israel must protect Syria's interests" . 6 December 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251206151413/https://sana.sy/en/presidency/2281966/) Archived from the original on 6 December 2025. Retrieved 6 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+al-Sharaa+at+Doha+Forum%3A+Any+deal+with+Israel+must+protect+Syria%27s+interests&rft.date=2025-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fpresidency%2F2281966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://manaramagazine.org/2025/01/the-fall-of-syria-and-irans-strategy-of-relying-on-allies/) "The Fall of Syria and Iran's Strategy of Relying on Allies – Manara Magazine" . 13 January 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250202154617/https://manaramagazine.org/2025/01/the-fall-of-syria-and-irans-strategy-of-relying-on-allies/) Archived from the original on 2 February 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Syria+and+Iran%27s+Strategy+of+Relying+on+Allies+%E2%80%93+Manara+Magazine&rft.date=2025-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanaramagazine.org%2F2025%2F01%2Fthe-fall-of-syria-and-irans-strategy-of-relying-on-allies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.aawsat.com/interviews/5093482-al-sharaa-asharq-al-awsat-revolution-ended-regime%E2%80%99s-fall-will-not-be-exported) "Al-Sharaa to Asharq Al-Awsat: Revolution Ended with Regime's Fall, Will Not Be Exported" . english.aawsat.com . 20 December 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250130165435/https://english.aawsat.com/interviews/5093482-al-sharaa-asharq-al-awsat-revolution-ended-regime%E2%80%99s-fall-will-not-be-exported) Archived from the original on 30 January 2025. Retrieved 2 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.aawsat.com&rft.atitle=Al-Sharaa+to+Asharq+Al-Awsat%3A+Revolution+Ended+with+Regime%27s+Fall%2C+Will+Not+Be+Exported&rft.date=2024-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Finterviews%2F5093482-al-sharaa-asharq-al-awsat-revolution-ended-regime%25E2%2580%2599s-fall-will-not-be-exported&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Myre, Greg (4 February 2025). (https://www.npr.org/2025/02/04/g-s1-46361/syrias-new-leader-denounces-iran-calling-its-proxies-a-regional-threat) "Syria's new leader denounces Iran, calling its proxies a regional threat" . NPR . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250518173616/https://www.npr.org/2025/02/04/g-s1-46361/syrias-new-leader-denounces-iran-calling-its-proxies-a-regional-threat) Archived from the original on 18 May 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+new+leader+denounces+Iran%2C+calling+its+proxies+a+regional+threat&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft.aulast=Myre&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2025%2F02%2F04%2Fg-s1-46361%2Fsyrias-new-leader-denounces-iran-calling-its-proxies-a-regional-threat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273793/ahmed-al-sharaa/) "Ahmed al-Sharaa: The 100 Most Influential People of 2025" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  . 16 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa%3A+The+100+Most+Influential+People+of+2025&rft.date=2025-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fcollections%2F100-most-influential-people-2025%2F7273793%2Fahmed-al-sharaa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine) (Template:Cite magazine) cite magazine }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.geo.tv/latest/635394-five-people-who-made-headlines-in-2025) "Five people who made headlines in 2025" . GEO TV . AFP. 25 November 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251125100524/https://www.geo.tv/latest/635394-five-people-who-made-headlines-in-2025) Archived from the original on 25 November 2025. Retrieved 25 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GEO+TV&rft.atitle=Five+people+who+made+headlines+in+2025&rft.date=2025-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F635394-five-people-who-made-headlines-in-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2025/12/18/the-economists-country-of-the-year-for-2025) "The Economist's country of the year for 2025" . The Economist . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251219115341/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2025/12/18/the-economists-country-of-the-year-for-2025) Archived from the original on 19 December 2025. Retrieved 20 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Economist%27s+country+of+the+year+for+2025&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2025%2F12%2F18%2Fthe-economists-country-of-the-year-for-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Staff, The Media Line (17 February 2026). (https://themedialine.org/headlines/poll-65-of-syrians-favor-us-engagement-59-say-peace-with-israel-is-likely/) "Poll: 65% of Syrians Favor US Engagement, 59% Say Peace With Israel Is Likely" . The Media Line . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260217113530/https://themedialine.org/headlines/poll-65-of-syrians-favor-us-engagement-59-say-peace-with-israel-is-likely/) Archived from the original on 17 February 2026. Retrieved 17 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Media+Line&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+65%25+of+Syrians+Favor+US+Engagement%2C+59%25+Say+Peace+With+Israel+Is+Likely&rft.date=2026-02-17&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=The+Media+Line&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemedialine.org%2Fheadlines%2Fpoll-65-of-syrians-favor-us-engagement-59-say-peace-with-israel-is-likely%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abouzeid, Rania (25 December 2012). (https://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/) "Interview with Official of Jabhat Al-Nusra, Syria's Islamist Militia Group" . Time . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X) 0040-781X . (https://web.archive.org/web/20171110212219/http://world.time.com/2012/12/25/interview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra/) Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Official+of+Jabhat+Al-Nusra%2C+Syria%27s+Islamist+Militia+Group&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Abouzeid&rft.aufirst=Rania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2012%2F12%2F25%2Finterview-with-a-newly-designated-syrias-jabhat-al-nusra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c234r75e9j8o) "Wace ce Latifa al-Droubi – Uwargidan shugaban riƙo na Siriya?" [ Who is Latifa al-Droubi – the wife of the Syrian interim president?] . BBC News Hausa (in Hausa). 14 March 2025. Retrieved 3 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Hausa&rft.atitle=Wace+ce+Latifa+al-Droubi+%E2%80%93+Uwargidan+shugaban+ri%C6%99o+na+Siriya%3F&rft.date=2025-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc234r75e9j8o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web) (Template:Cite web) cite web }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)  (./Category:CS1_Hausa-language_sources_(ha))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2025/06/08/ahmed-al-sharaa-talks-about-his-wife-latifa-al-daroubi-interaction) " "عاشت معي في مغارات وتنقلنا في 49 بيتا".. أحمد الشرع يشعل تفاعلا بحديثه عن زوجته لطيفة الدروبي" [ "She lived with me in caves and we moved between 49 houses".. Ahmed al-Sharaa sparks interaction by talking about his wife Latifa al-Droubi] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Arabic) (CNN Arabic) CNN Arabic  (in Arabic). 8 June 2025. Retrieved 8 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Arabic&rft.atitle=%22%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+49+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%22..+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84+%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87+%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft.date=2025-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabic.cnn.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle%2F2025%2F06%2F08%2Fahmed-al-sharaa-talks-about-his-wife-latifa-al-daroubi-interaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news) (Template:Cite news) cite news }} :  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service)  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Alastair; Stewart, Rory (10 February 2025). (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaB3ke4SHKE) "New President of Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_(podcast)) (Leading (podcast)) Leading  (Podcast). Gallagher Podcasts.  Event occurs at 20:04. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250214025559/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaB3ke4SHKE) Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 13 February 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+President+of+Syria%3A+Ahmed+al-Sharaa&rft.pub=Gallagher+Podcasts&rft.date=2025-02-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKaB3ke4SHKE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.wionews.com/world/watch-syrias-interim-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-shows-off-basketball-skills-in-viral-video-9041381) "Syria's interim president Ahmed al-Sharaa shows off basketball skills in viral video" . WION News . 6 May 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+interim+president+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+shows+off+basketball+skills+in+viral+video&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Fwatch-syrias-interim-president-ahmed-al-sharaa-shows-off-basketball-skills-in-viral-video-9041381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.nbcnews.com/video/syrian-president-plays-basketball-with-military-personnel-during-u-s-trip-251670085895) "Syrian president plays basketball with military personnel during U.S. trip" . NBC News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251110180359/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/syrian-president-plays-basketball-with-military-personnel-during-u-s-trip-251670085895) Archived from the original on 10 November 2025. Retrieved 10 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+president+plays+basketball+with+military+personnel+during+U.S.+trip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fvideo%2Fsyrian-president-plays-basketball-with-military-personnel-during-u-s-trip-251670085895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Woolf, Avi (19 February 2025). (https://www.jfeed.com/middleeast/srybdc) "WATCH: Syrian leader Ahmad "Julani" al-Sharaa rides a horse" . JFeed . (https://web.archive.org/web/20250710180343/https://www.jfeed.com/middleeast/srybdc) Archived from the original on 10 July 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JFeed&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+Syrian+leader+Ahmad+%22Julani%22+al-Sharaa+rides+a+horse&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfeed.com%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsrybdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://royanews.tv/video/7126) "Clip shows Syrian President Ahmad al-Sharaa playing billiards" . رؤيا الإخباري . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251102224537/https://royanews.tv/video/7126) Archived from the original on 2 November 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.atitle=Clip+shows+Syrian+President+Ahmad+al-Sharaa+playing+billiards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyanews.tv%2Fvideo%2F7126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nasar, Hala. (https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/03/01/syrias-leader-al-shara-was-a-quiet-boy-who-enjoyed-football-says-childhood-barber/) "Syria's leader Al Shara was a quiet boy who enjoyed football, says childhood barber" . The National . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251031174028/https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2025/03/01/syrias-leader-al-shara-was-a-quiet-boy-who-enjoyed-football-says-childhood-barber/) Archived from the original on 31 October 2025. Retrieved 15 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+leader+Al+Shara+was+a+quiet+boy+who+enjoyed+football%2C+says+childhood+barber&rft.aulast=Nasar&rft.aufirst=Hala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmena%2F2025%2F03%2F01%2Fsyrias-leader-al-shara-was-a-quiet-boy-who-enjoyed-football-says-childhood-barber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/11/11/syria-sharaa-sanctions-trump-terrorism/) "Opinion: This man personifies Trump's 'no permanent enemies' doctrine" . The Washington Post . 11 November 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) 0190-8286 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251111235730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/11/11/syria-sharaa-sanctions-trump-terrorism/) Archived from the original on 11 November 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+This+man+personifies+Trump%27s+%27no+permanent+enemies%27+doctrine&rft.date=2025-11-11&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2025%2F11%2F11%2Fsyria-sharaa-sanctions-trump-terrorism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSAeZ8Gzezk) "Ahmed al-Sharaa, president of Syria, on Syria's future" (Podcast). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_House) (Chatham House) Chatham House . 1 April 2026.  Event occurs at 17:09. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260415223019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vSAeZ8Gzezk) Archived from the original on 15 April 2026. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmed+al-Sharaa%2C+president+of+Syria%2C+on+Syria%27s+future&rft.pub=Chatham+House&rft.date=2026-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvSAeZ8Gzezk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrias-sharaa-faces-assassination-risk-us-envoy-says-210168) "Syria's Sharaa faces assassination risk, US envoy says – World News" . Hürriyet Daily News . 11 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250629090147/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syrias-sharaa-faces-assassination-risk-us-envoy-says-210168) Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Sharaa+faces+assassination+risk%2C+US+envoy+says+%E2%80%93+World+News&rft.date=2025-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fsyrias-sharaa-faces-assassination-risk-us-envoy-says-210168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1464315/exclusive-sharaa-has-escaped-two-assassination-attempts-in-recent-months.html) "Exclusive: Sharaa has escaped two assassination attempts in recent months" . L'Orient Today . 12 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250613104703/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1464315/exclusive-sharaa-has-escaped-two-assassination-attempts-in-recent-months.html) Archived from the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Orient+Today&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Sharaa+has+escaped+two+assassination+attempts+in+recent+months&rft.date=2025-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.lorientlejour.com%2Farticle%2F1464315%2Fexclusive-sharaa-has-escaped-two-assassination-attempts-in-recent-months.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://azon.global/en/posts/International-Life/assassination-attempt-on-ahmad-al-shara-foiled) "Assassination attempt on Ahmed al-Sharaa foiled" . Azon Global . 27 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250708235316/https://azon.global/en/posts/International-Life/assassination-attempt-on-ahmad-al-shara-foiled) Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azon+Global&rft.atitle=Assassination+attempt+on+Ahmed+al-Sharaa+foiled&rft.date=2025-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazon.global%2Fen%2Fposts%2FInternational-Life%2Fassassination-attempt-on-ahmad-al-shara-foiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-denies-reports-assassination-attempt-al-sharaa) "Syria govt denies reports of IS assassination attempt on al-Sharaa" . The New Arab . 29 June 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250701142016/https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-denies-reports-assassination-attempt-al-sharaa) Archived from the original on 1 July 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Syria+govt+denies+reports+of+IS+assassination+attempt+on+al-Sharaa&rft.date=2025-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Fsyria-denies-reports-assassination-attempt-al-sharaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Karmel, Ariela (16 July 2025). (https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ben-gvir-says-israel-must-eliminate-syrias-sharaa-over-violence-against-druze) "Ben Gvir says Israel must 'eliminate' Syria's Sharaa over violence against Druze" . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 26 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Ben+Gvir+says+Israel+must+%27eliminate%27+Syria%27s+Sharaa+over+violence+against+Druze&rft.date=2025-07-16&rft.aulast=Karmel&rft.aufirst=Ariela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fben-gvir-says-israel-must-eliminate-syrias-sharaa-over-violence-against-druze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-foiled-islamic-state-plots-president-sharaas-life-sources-say-2025-11-10/) "Exclusive: Syria foiled Islamic State plots on President Sharaa's life, sources say" . Reuters . 10 November 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Syria+foiled+Islamic+State+plots+on+President+Sharaa%27s+life%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2025-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-foiled-islamic-state-plots-president-sharaas-life-sources-say-2025-11-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timesofisrael.com/syria-foiled-islamic-state-assassination-plots-on-president-sharaa-sources/) "Syria foiled two Islamic State plots to assassinate President Sharaa, officials say" . The Times of Israel . Reuters. 10 November 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-7909) 0040-7909 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20251110203421/https://www.timesofisrael.com/syria-foiled-islamic-state-assassination-plots-on-president-sharaa-sources/) Archived from the original on 10 November 2025. Retrieved 10 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Syria+foiled+two+Islamic+State+plots+to+assassinate+President+Sharaa%2C+officials+say&rft.date=2025-11-10&rft.issn=0040-7909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsyria-foiled-islamic-state-assassination-plots-on-president-sharaa-sources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-882403) "IDF sources: Iran seeking to kill Syria's Ahmed al-Sharaa" . The Jerusalem Post . 5 January 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260108193444/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-882403) Archived from the original on 8 January 2026. Retrieved 9 January 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=IDF+sources%3A+Iran+seeking+to+kill+Syria%27s+Ahmed+al-Sharaa&rft.date=2026-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-882403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/un-syria-president-assassination-attempt-islamic-state-07d0fd1d0c15a804aa336d56253fc79c) "Syria's president and 2 top ministers were targets of 5 foiled assassination attempts, UN says" . AP News . 11 February 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260212014102/https://apnews.com/article/un-syria-president-assassination-attempt-islamic-state-07d0fd1d0c15a804aa336d56253fc79c) Archived from the original on 12 February 2026. Retrieved 12 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+president+and+2+top+ministers+were+targets+of+5+foiled+assassination+attempts%2C+UN+says&rft.date=2026-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fun-syria-president-assassination-attempt-islamic-state-07d0fd1d0c15a804aa336d56253fc79c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Staff, Al Jazeera. (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/12/several-assassination-attempts-targeted-syrias-al-sharaa-ministers-un) "Several assassination attempts targeted Syria's al-Sharaa, ministers: UN" . Al Jazeera . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260212122113/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/12/several-assassination-attempts-targeted-syrias-al-sharaa-ministers-un) Archived from the original on 12 February 2026. Retrieved 12 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Several+assassination+attempts+targeted+Syria%27s+al-Sharaa%2C+ministers%3A+UN&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F2%2F12%2Fseveral-assassination-attempts-targeted-syrias-al-sharaa-ministers-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sana.sy/en/syria/2296507/) "Olabi: Achievements in northeast Syria consolidate unity, victory for all Syrians" . 14 February 2026. (https://web.archive.org/web/20260213222359/https://sana.sy/en/syria/2296507/) Archived from the original on 13 February 2026. Retrieved 14 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olabi%3A+Achievements+in+northeast+Syria+consolidate+unity%2C+victory+for+all+Syrians&rft.date=2026-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2Fsyria%2F2296507%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Algemeiner, The. (https://www.algemeiner.com/2026/03/06/turkey-asks-britains-mi6-step-up-protection-syrias-sharaa-sources-say-ankara-denies-report/) "Turkey Asks Britain's MI6 to Step Up Protection of Syria's Sharaa, Sources Say; Ankara Denies Report" . Algemeiner.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260306231041/https://www.algemeiner.com/2026/03/06/turkey-asks-britains-mi6-step-up-protection-syrias-sharaa-sources-say-ankara-denies-report/) Archived from the original on 6 March 2026. Retrieved 7 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algemeiner.com&rft.atitle=Turkey+Asks+Britain%27s+MI6+to+Step+Up+Protection+of+Syria%27s+Sharaa%2C+Sources+Say%3B+Ankara+Denies+Report&rft.aulast=Algemeiner&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2026%2F03%2F06%2Fturkey-asks-britains-mi6-step-up-protection-syrias-sharaa-sources-say-ankara-denies-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-vbHHl8RpY) The Designated Terrorist and the Fight Over the Future of Syria  . PBS. June 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210604211458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-vbHHl8RpY) Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Designated+Terrorist+and+the+Fight+Over+the+Future+of+Syria&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0-vbHHl8RpY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Mustapha, Hamza (2014). "From Formation to Dissension". The Al-Nusra Front: From Formation to Dissension . Doha: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Center_for_Research_and_Policy_Studies) (Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies) Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies . p. 7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12643) resrep12643 . the Jihadist online forums treat the writings of Abdullah Bin Muhammad as the writings of Abu Muhammad al-Julani himself.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Formation+to+Dissension&rft.btitle=The+Al-Nusra+Front%3A+From+Formation+to+Dissension&rft.place=Doha&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Arab+Center+for+Research+and+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep12643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=al-Mustapha&rft.aufirst=Hamza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)       Bibliography  Zelin, Aaron Y. (2022). (https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PolicyFocus175Zelinv2.pdf) The Age of Political Jihadism: A Study of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham  (PDF). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy) (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798985447446) (Special:BookSources/9798985447446) 9798985447446  .    External links   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Ahmed al-Sharaa at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ahmed%20al-Sharaa) (c:Category:Ahmed al-Sharaa) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ahmed%20al-Sharaa) (q:Ahmed al-Sharaa) Quotations from Wikiquote  ()    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7934206) (d:Q7934206) Data from Wikidata      (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch#c)   (http://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/abu-muhammad-al-golani) Abu Muhammad al-Golani —Profile in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Extremism_Project) (Counter Extremism Project) Counter Extremism Project  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/syria-after-assad/) "Syria After Assad" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)) (Frontline (American TV program)) Frontline  . Season 43. Episode 19. 1 July 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS) (PBS) PBS . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBH-TV) (WGBH-TV) WGBH . Retrieved 4 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline&rft.series=Season+43.+Episode+19&rft.date=2025-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fsyria-after-assad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmed+al-Sharaa)   (https://www.reuters.com/investigates/section/syria-after-assad/) Syria After Assad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters , 2025 (https://x.com/AH_AlSharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa on  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(social_network)) (X (social network)) X   Political offices   Preceded byHimself  as De facto leader    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President of Syria   2025–present Incumbent   Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad  as President    De facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader of Syria   2024–2025 Succeeded byHimself  as President       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Template:Ahmed al-Sharaa) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Template talk:Ahmed al-Sharaa) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Special:EditPage/Template:Ahmed al-Sharaa) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President of Syria (2025–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) De facto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader of Syria (2024–2025)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir) (Emir) Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (2017–2025)  Leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024)  Emir of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) al-Nusra Front (2012–2017)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa) Presidency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (List of international presidential trips made by Ahmed al-Sharaa) Presidential trips (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2025_visit_by_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_to_the_United_States) (November 2025 visit by Ahmed al-Sharaa to the United States) November 2025 visit by Ahmed al-Sharaa to the United States    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Ahmed_al-Sharaa_presidency) (Opinion polling on the Ahmed al-Sharaa presidency) Opinion polling    Policies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Declaration_of_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic) Constitutional Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Missing_(Syria)) (National Commission for the Missing (Syria)) National Commission for the Missing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Commission_for_Transitional_Justice_(Syria)) (National Commission for Transitional Justice (Syria)) National Commission for Transitional Justice      Speeches Conferences (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_Victory_Conference) (Syrian Revolution Victory Conference) Victory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Dialogue_Conference) (Syrian National Dialogue Conference) National Dialogue        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Aftermath of the Syrian civil war) Syrian conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024–present)) (Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)) Israeli invasion of Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2025_Damascus_airstrikes) (July 2025 Damascus airstrikes) Damascus airstrikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah–Syria_clashes_(2024–present)) (Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)) Hezbollah clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Syria_clashes) (Western Syria clashes) Western Syria clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_insurgency_in_Southern_Syria_(2025–present)) (Druze insurgency in Southern Syria (2025–present)) Southern Syria conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDF–Syrian_transitional_government_clashes_(2025–2026)) (SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes (2025–2026)) Rojava conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_clashes_(2025–2026)) (Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)) Aleppo clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive) (2026 northeastern Syria offensive) Government offensives        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Syria) (Government of Syria) Governments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Caretaker (2024–2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Transitional (2025–)         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa,_President_of_Syria,_in_March_2026.jpg)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Syria_(2025–present).svg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaa_family) (Sharaa family) Family  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latifa_al-Droubi) (Latifa al-Droubi) Latifa al-Droubi (wife) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_al-Sharaa) (Hussein al-Sharaa) Hussein al-Sharaa (father) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widad_al-Khaled) (Widad al-Khaled) Widad al-Khaled (mother)     Political affiliation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) Fall of the Assad regime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) Opposition offensives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)) Northwestern Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Aleppo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) Hama    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) Homs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) Damascus        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) ← Bashar al-Assad   (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Category:Ahmed al-Sharaa) Category          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Articles related to Ahmed al-Sharaa   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Syria) (Template:Presidents of Syria) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Syria) (Template talk:Presidents of Syria) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Syria) (Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Syria) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) Presidents of Syria ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Syria) (List of presidents of Syria) list )   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon) (Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon) French Mandate  (1922–1932) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg) (French mandate) (French mandate)   French mandate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhi_Bey_Barakat) (Subhi Bey Barakat) Subhi Bey Barakat (1922–1925) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Pierre-Alype) (François Pierre-Alype) François Pierre-Alype (1926)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Nami) (Ahmad Nami) Ahmad Nami (1926–1928) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani) (Taj al-Din al-Hasani) Taj al-Din al-Hasani (1928–1931)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Solomiac) (Léon Solomiac) Léon Solomiac (1931–1932)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic) (First Syrian Republic) First Syrian Republic  (1932–1950) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930–1958,_1961–1963).svg) (First Syrian Republic) (First Syrian Republic)   First Syrian Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Bey_al-Abid) (Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid) Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid (1932–1936) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi) (Hashim al-Atassi) Hashim al-Atassi (1936–1939) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahij_al-Khatib) (Bahij al-Khatib) Bahij al-Khatib (1939–1941) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm) (Khalid al-Azm) Khalid al-Azm (1941)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_al-Din_al-Hasani) (Taj al-Din al-Hasani) Taj al-Din al-Hasani (1941–1943) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi) (Jamil al-Ulshi) Jamil al-Ulshi (1943)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Bey_al-Ayyubi) (Ata Bey al-Ayyubi) Ata Bey al-Ayyubi (1943) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli) (Shukri al-Quwatli) Shukri al-Quwatli (1943–1949) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_al-Za'im) (Husni al-Za'im) Husni al-Za'im (1949–1950) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_al-Hinnawi) (Sami al-Hinnawi) Sami al-Hinnawi (1949)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi) (Hashim al-Atassi) Hashim al-Atassi (1949–1951)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic) (Second Syrian Republic) Second Syrian Republic  (1950–1958) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930–1958,_1961–1963).svg) (Second Syrian Republic) (Second Syrian Republic)   Second Syrian Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli) (Adib Shishakli) Adib Shishakli (1951)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzi_Selu) (Fawzi Selu) Fawzi Selu (1951–1953) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Shishakli) (Adib Shishakli) Adib Shishakli (1953–1954) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamun_al-Kuzbari) (Maamun al-Kuzbari) Maamun al-Kuzbari (1954)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi) (Hashim al-Atassi) Hashim al-Atassi (1954–1955) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli) (Shukri al-Quwatli) Shukri al-Quwatli (1955–1958)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic) (United Arab Republic) United Arab Republic  (1958–1961) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958–1971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980–2024).svg) (United Arab Republic) (United Arab Republic)   United Arab Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser (1958–1961)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic) (Second Syrian Republic) Second Syrian Republic  (1961–1963) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(1930–1958,_1961–1963).svg) (Second Syrian Republic) (Second Syrian Republic)   Second Syrian Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazim_al-Qudsi) (Nazim al-Qudsi) Nazim al-Qudsi (1961–1963)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Ba'athist Syria  (1963–2024) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_(1958–1971),_Flag_of_Syria_(1980–2024).svg) (Ba'athist Syria) (Ba'athist Syria)   Ba'athist Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu'ay_al-Atassi) (Lu'ay al-Atassi) Lu'ay al-Atassi (1963) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Hafiz) (Amin al-Hafiz) Amin al-Hafiz (1963–1966) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi) (Nureddin al-Atassi) Nureddin al-Atassi (1966–1970) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Khatib) (Ahmad al-Khatib) Ahmad al-Khatib (1970–1971)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad) (Hafez al-Assad) Hafez al-Assad ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Hafez_al-Assad) (Presidency of Hafez al-Assad) 1971–2000 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam) (Abdul Halim Khaddam) Abdul Halim Khaddam (2000)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar al-Assad ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bashar_al-Assad) (Presidency of Bashar al-Assad) 2000–2024 )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syrian Arab Republic  (Transitional period)  (2024–present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Syria_(2025-).svg) (Transitional period) (Transitional period)   Transitional period  post vacant, 2024–25  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Presidency of Ahmed al-Sharaa) 2025–present )     Elections (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1932 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1932  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1936 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1936  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1943 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1943  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1948 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1948  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1949_Syrian_presidential_election) (June 1949 Syrian presidential election) 1949 (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1949_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (December 1949 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1949 (Dec)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Syrian_presidential_election) (1953 Syrian presidential election) 1953  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1955 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1955  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Syrian_United_Arab_Republic_referendum) (1958 Syrian United Arab Republic referendum) 1958  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Syrian_presidential_election?action=edit&redlink=1) (1961 Syrian presidential election (page does not exist)) 1961  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Syrian_presidential_election) (1971 Syrian presidential election) 1971  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Syrian_presidential_election) (1978 Syrian presidential election) 1978  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Syrian_presidential_election) (1985 Syrian presidential election) 1985  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Syrian_presidential_election) (1991 Syrian presidential election) 1991  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Syrian_presidential_election) (1999 Syrian presidential election) 1999  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Syrian_presidential_election) (2000 Syrian presidential election) 2000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Syrian_presidential_election) (2007 Syrian presidential election) 2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election) (2014 Syrian presidential election) 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election) (2021 Syrian presidential election) 2021      Acting presidents are denoted by italics .      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syrian_caretaker_government_cabinet) (Template:Syrian caretaker government cabinet) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_caretaker_government_cabinet) (Template talk:Syrian caretaker government cabinet) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_caretaker_government_cabinet) (Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian caretaker government cabinet) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Syria) (Cabinet of Syria) Cabinet of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Syria) (Cabinet of Syria) Cabinet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Administrative_Development_(Syria)) (Ministry of Administrative Development (Syria)) Minister of Administrative Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadi_al-Qassem) (Fadi al-Qassem) Fadi al-Qassem (2024–2025)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) De facto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Syria) (List of heads of state of Syria) leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa  (2024–2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa_in_April_2025.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President  Ahmed al-Sharaa (2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohammed_al-Bashir_at_Umayyad_Mosque_(cropped2)_(brightened).png)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Syria) (Prime Minister of Syria) Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir  (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Agrarian_Reform) (Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform) Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Taha_al-Ahmed) (Mohammed Taha al-Ahmed) Mohammed Taha al-Ahmed (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(Syria)) (Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Syria)) Minister of Communications and Information Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_al-Masri) (Hussein al-Masri) Hussein al-Masri (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)) (Ministry of Defense (Syria)) Minister of Defense  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murhaf_Abu_Qasra) (Murhaf Abu Qasra) Murhaf Abu Qasra *** (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Foreign_Trade_(Syria)) (Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade (Syria)) Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Abdul_Hannan) (Basel Abdul Hannan) Basel Abdul Hannan (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Syria)) (Ministry of Education (Syria)) Minister of Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazir_al-Qadri) (Nazir al-Qadri) Nazir al-Qadri (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Awqaf_(Syria)) (Ministry of Awqaf (Syria)) Minister of Awqaf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussam_Haj_Hussein) (Hussam Haj Hussein) Hussam Haj Hussein (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Electricity_(Syria)) (Ministry of Electricity (Syria)) Minister of Electricity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Shaqrouq) (Omar Shaqrouq) Omar Shaqrouq (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Syria)) (Ministry of Finance (Syria)) Minister of Finance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abazaid) (Mohammed Abazaid) Mohammed Abazaid (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)) Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad_al-Shaibani) (Asaad al-Shaibani) Asaad al-Shaibani *** (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Syria)) (General Intelligence Service (Syria)) Director of General Intelligence Service  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_Khattab) (Anas Khattab) Anas Khattab (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Customs_(Syria)) (General Directorate of Customs (Syria)) Director of Customs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutaiba_Ahmed_Badawi) (Qutaiba Ahmed Badawi) Qutaiba Ahmed Badawi (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Syria)) (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Syria)) Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_Abdel_Hafez) (Abdel Moneim Abdel Hafez) Abdel Moneim Abdel Hafez (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(Syria)) (Ministry of Information (Syria)) Minister of Information  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Omar) (Mohammed al-Omar) Mohammed al-Omar (2024–2025)   Acting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Syria)) (Ministry of Health (Syria)) Minister of Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_al-Sharaa) (Maher al-Sharaa) Maher al-Sharaa (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Syria)) (Ministry of Interior (Syria)) Minister of Interior  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Rahman) (Mohammad Abdul Rahman) Mohammad Abdul Rahman (2024–2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Keda) (Ali Keda) Ali Keda (2025–2025)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Trade_and_Consumer_Protection_(Syria)) (Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection (Syria)) Minister of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_Khalil_al-Hasan) (Maher Khalil al-Hasan) Maher Khalil al-Hasan (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Syria)) (Ministry of Justice (Syria)) Minister of Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadi_al-Waisi) (Shadi al-Waisi) Shadi al-Waisi (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Administration_and_Environment) (Ministry of Local Administration and Environment) Ministry of Local Administration and Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Muslim) (Mohamed Muslim) Mohamed Muslim (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_and_Mineral_Resources_(Syria)) (Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Syria)) Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghiath_Diab) (Ghiath Diab) Ghiath Diab (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Syria)) (Ministry of Transport (Syria)) Minister of Transport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaa_Aldeen_Shurm) (Bahaa Aldeen Shurm) Bahaa Aldeen Shurm (2024–2025)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources_(Syria)) (Ministry of Water Resources (Syria)) Minister of Water Resources  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_Abu_Zaid) (Osama Abu Zaid) Osama Abu Zaid (2024–2025)   Head of Women's Affairs Office (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha_al-Dibs) (Aisha al-Dibs) Aisha al-Dibs (2024–2025)        *** Al-Shaibani and Abu Qasra retained their positions in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syrian transitional government       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syrian_transitional_government_cabinet) (Template:Syrian transitional government cabinet) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_transitional_government_cabinet) (Template talk:Syrian transitional government cabinet) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_transitional_government_cabinet) (Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian transitional government cabinet) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Syria) (Cabinet of Syria) Cabinet of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syrian transitional government (2025–present)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Syria) (Cabinet of Syria) Cabinet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Syria)) (Ministry of Interior (Syria)) Minister of Interior  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anas_Khattab) (Anas Khattab) Anas Khattab (2025–present)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmed_al-Sharaa,_President_of_Syria,_in_March_2026.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria) (President of Syria) President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa  (2025–present)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Syria)) (Ministry of Defense (Syria)) Minister of Defence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murhaf_Abu_Qasra) (Murhaf Abu Qasra) Murhaf Abu Qasra (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Expatriates_(Syria)) (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)) Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaad_al-Shaibani) (Asaad al-Shaibani) Asaad al-Shaibani (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Syria)) (Ministry of Justice (Syria)) Minister of Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhar_al-Wais) (Mazhar al-Wais) Mazhar al-Wais (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Endowments_(Syria)) (Ministry of Endowments (Syria)) Minister of Endowments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abu_al-Khair_Shukri) (Mohammed Abu al-Khair Shukri) Mohammed Abu al-Khair Shukri (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Syria)) (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Syria)) Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_al-Halabi) (Marwan al-Halabi) Marwan al-Halabi (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Affairs_and_Labor_(Syria)) (Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor (Syria)) Minister of Social Affairs and Labor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_Kabawat) (Hind Kabawat) Hind Kabawat (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Syria)) (Ministry of Energy (Syria)) Minister of Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Syria)) (Ministry of Finance (Syria)) Minister of Finance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Yisr_Barnieh) (Mohammed Yisr Barnieh) Mohammed Yisr Barnieh (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Industry_(Syria)) (Ministry of Economy and Industry (Syria)) Minister of Economy and Industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Nidal_al-Shaar) (Mohammad Nidal al-Shaar) Mohammad Nidal al-Shaar (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Syria)) (Ministry of Health (Syria)) Minister of Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaab_Nazzal_al-Ali) (Musaab Nazzal al-Ali) Musaab Nazzal al-Ali (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Local_Administration_and_Environment) (Ministry of Local Administration and Environment) Ministry of Local Administration and Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Anjrani) (Mohammed Anjrani) Mohammed Anjrani (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_and_Disaster_Management) (Ministry of Emergency and Disaster Management) Ministry of Emergency and Disaster Management  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raed_al-Saleh) (Raed al-Saleh) Raed al-Saleh (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(Syria)) (Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Syria)) Minister of Communications and Information Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Haykal) (Abdul Salam Haykal) Abdul Salam Haykal (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Syria)) (Ministry of Agriculture (Syria)) Minister of Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Badr) (Amjad Badr) Amjad Badr (2025–2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_al-Suweydan) (Basel al-Suweydan) Basel al-Suweydan (2026–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Syria)) (Ministry of Education (Syria)) Minister of Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Abdulrahman_Tarkou) (Mohammad Abdulrahman Tarkou) Mohammad Abdulrahman Tarkou (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_and_Housing_(Syria)) (Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Syria)) Minister of Public Works and Housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Razzaq) (Mustafa Abdul Razzaq) Mustafa Abdul Razzaq (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Syria)) (Ministry of Culture (Syria)) Minister of Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Yassin_Saleh) (Mohammed Yassin Saleh) Mohammed Yassin Saleh (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sports_and_Youth_(Syria)) (Ministry of Sports and Youth (Syria)) Minister of Sports and Youth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Sameh_Hamedh) (Mohammad Sameh Hamedh) Mohammad Sameh Hamedh (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Syria)) (Ministry of Tourism (Syria)) Minister of Tourism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazen_al-Salhani) (Mazen al-Salhani) Mazen al-Salhani (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Administrative_Development) (Ministry of Administrative Development) Ministry of Administrative Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Skaf) (Mohammad Skaf) Mohammad Skaf (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Syria)) (Ministry of Transport (Syria)) Minister of Transport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarub_Badr) (Yarub Badr) Yarub Badr (2025–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(Syria)) (Ministry of Information (Syria)) Minister of Information  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Mustafa) (Hamza al-Mustafa) Hamza al-Mustafa (2025–2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Fawaz_Zaarour) (Khaled Fawaz Zaarour) Khaled Fawaz Zaarour (2026–present)             (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Template:Heads of state of republics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Template talk:Heads of state of republics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of republics) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government) (List of current heads of state and government) Current heads of state of republics    Africa Algeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune) (Abdelmadjid Tebboune) Tebboune   Angola: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Lourenço) (João Lourenço) Lourenço   Benin: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald_Wadagni) (Romuald Wadagni) Wadagni   Botswana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma_Boko) (Duma Boko) Boko   Burkina Faso: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Traoré) (Ibrahim Traoré) Traoré  * Burundi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Évariste_Ndayishimiye) (Évariste Ndayishimiye) Ndayishimiye   Cameroon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Biya) (Paul Biya) Biya   Cape Verde: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Maria_Neves) (José Maria Neves) Neves   Central African Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touadéra) (Faustin-Archange Touadéra) Touadéra   Chad: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Déby   Comoros: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani) (Azali Assoumani) Assoumani   Democratic Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Tshisekedi   Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso) (Denis Sassou Nguesso) Nguesso   Djibouti: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh) (Ismaïl Omar Guelleh) Guelleh   Egypt: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) el-Sisi   Equatorial Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo) (Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo) Obiang   Eritrea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki) (Isaias Afwerki) Isaias   Ethiopia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie) (Taye Atske Selassie) Selassie   Gabon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema) (Brice Oligui Nguema) Oligui   The Gambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Barrow) (Adama Barrow) Barrow   Ghana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mahama) (John Mahama) Mahama   Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya) (Mamady Doumbouya) Doumbouya   Guinea-Bissau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta_Inta-A_Na_Man) (Horta Inta-A Na Man) Inta-A  * Ivory Coast: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara) (Alassane Ouattara) Ouattara   Kenya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruto) (William Ruto) Ruto   Liberia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Boakai) (Joseph Boakai) Boakai   Libya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi) (Mohamed al-Menfi) al-Menfi  * Madagascar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Randrianirina) (Michael Randrianirina) Randrianirina   Malawi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mutharika) (Peter Mutharika) Mutharika   Mali: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Goïta   Mauritania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani) (Mohamed Ould Ghazouani) Ould Ghazouani   Mauritius: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool) (Dharam Gokhool) Gokhool   Mozambique: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chapo) (Daniel Chapo) Chapo   Namibia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah) (Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah) Nandi-Ndaitwah   Niger: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Tiani) (Omar Tiani) Tiani  * Nigeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Tinubu   Rwanda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame) (Paul Kagame) Kagame   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahim_Ghali) (Brahim Ghali) Ghali    São Tomé and Príncipe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova) (Carlos Vila Nova) Vila Nova   Senegal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye) (Bassirou Diomaye Faye) Faye   Seychelles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Herminie) (Patrick Herminie) Herminie   Sierra Leone: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio) (Julius Maada Bio) Bio   Somalia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud) (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud) Hassan   Somaliland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi) (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi) Abdirahman    South Africa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa   South Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir) (Salva Kiir) Kiir   Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) al-Burhan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Agar) (Malik Agar) Agar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Kabbashi) (Shams al-Din Kabbashi) Kabbashi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_al-Atta) (Yasser al-Atta) al-Atta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Jaber) (Ibrahim Jaber) Jaber , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_Abdul_Jabbar_al-Mubarak?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salma Abdul Jabbar al-Mubarak (page does not exist)) al-Mubarak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Adam_Tur?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salah al-Din Adam Tur (page does not exist)) Tur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yahya_Ahmed_Hussein?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abdullah Yahya Ahmed Hussein (page does not exist)) Hussein and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawara_Abu_Muhammad_Muhammad_Taher?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nawara Abu Muhammad Muhammad Taher (page does not exist)) Taher  * Tanzania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan) (Samia Suluhu Hassan) Suluhu   Togo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Lucien_Savi_de_Tové) (Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové) Savi de Tové   Tunisia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kais_Saied) (Kais Saied) Saied   Uganda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni) (Yoweri Museveni) Museveni   Zambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema) (Hakainde Hichilema) Hichilema   Zimbabwe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa) (Emmerson Mnangagwa) Mnangagwa       Asia Bangladesh: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Fakhrul_Islam_Alamgir) (Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir) Alamgir   China: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping) Xi   India: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu) (Droupadi Murmu) Murmu   Indonesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo   Iran: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian   Iraq: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Amidi) (Nizar Amidi) Amidi   Israel: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog) (Isaac Herzog) Herzog   Kazakhstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev) (Kassym-Jomart Tokayev) Tokayev   Kyrgyzstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov) (Sadyr Japarov) Japarov   Laos: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith) (Thongloun Sisoulith) Thongloun   Lebanon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aoun) (Joseph Aoun) Aoun   Maldives: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu) (Mohamed Muizzu) Muizzu   Mongolia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Khürelsükh) (Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh) Khürelsükh   Myanmar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing) (Min Aung Hlaing) Min Aung Hlaing   Nepal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Paudel) (Ram Chandra Paudel) Paudel   North Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un) (Kim Jong Un) Kim   Pakistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari) (Asif Ali Zardari) Zardari   Palestine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas) (Mahmoud Abbas) Abbas    Philippines: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) (Bongbong Marcos) Marcos   Singapore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam) (Tharman Shanmugaratnam) Tharman   South Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee   Sri Lanka: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake) (Anura Kumara Dissanayake) Dissanayake   Syria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) al-Sharaa  * Taiwan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai    Tajikistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon) (Emomali Rahmon) Rahmon   Timor-Leste: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Ramos-Horta) (José Ramos-Horta) Ramos-Horta   Turkmenistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow) (Serdar Berdimuhamedow) Berdimuhamedow   Uzbekistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev) (Shavkat Mirziyoyev) Mirziyoyev   Vietnam: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tô_Lâm) (Tô Lâm) Tô   Yemen: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi) (Rashad al-Alimi) al-Alimi       Europe Abkhazia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badra_Gunba) (Badra Gunba) Gunba    Albania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Begaj) (Bajram Begaj) Begaj   Armenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan) (Vahagn Khachaturyan) Khachaturyan   Austria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen) (Alexander Van der Bellen) Van der Bellen   Azerbaijan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev) (Ilham Aliyev) Aliyev   Belarus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko) (Alexander Lukashenko) Lukashenko   Bosnia and Herzegovina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Bećirović) (Denis Bećirović) Bećirović , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Željka_Cvijanović) (Željka Cvijanović) Cvijanović and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Željko_Komšić) (Željko Komšić) Komšić   Bulgaria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliana_Iotova) (Iliana Iotova) Iotova   Croatia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Milanović) (Zoran Milanović) Milanović   Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides) (Nikos Christodoulides) Christodoulides   Czech Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Pavel) (Petr Pavel) Pavel   Estonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar_Karis) (Alar Karis) Karis   Finland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stubb) (Alexander Stubb) Stubb   France: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Macron   Georgia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Kavelashvili) (Mikheil Kavelashvili) Kavelashvili   Germany: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier) (Frank-Walter Steinmeier) Steinmeier   Greece: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Tasoulas) (Konstantinos Tasoulas) Tasoulas   Hungary: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/András_Baka) (András Baka) Baka   Iceland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halla_Tómasdóttir) (Halla Tómasdóttir) Halla   Ireland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Connolly) (Catherine Connolly) Connolly   Italy: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella) (Sergio Mattarella) Mattarella   Kosovo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albulena_Haxhiu) (Albulena Haxhiu) Haxhiu  *  Latvia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgars_Rinkēvičs) (Edgars Rinkēvičs) Rinkēvičs   Lithuania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanas_Nausėda) (Gitanas Nausėda) Nausėda   Malta: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono) (Myriam Spiteri Debono) Spiteri Debono   Moldova: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Sandu) (Maia Sandu) Sandu   Montenegro: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Milatović) (Jakov Milatović) Milatović   Northern Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufan_Erhürman) (Tufan Erhürman) Erhürman    North Macedonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova) (Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova) Siljanovska-Davkova   Poland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Nawrocki) (Karol Nawrocki) Nawrocki   Portugal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_José_Seguro) (António José Seguro) Seguro   Romania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicușor_Dan) (Nicușor Dan) Dan   Russia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin   San Marino: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Mina) (Alice Mina) Mina and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiro_Selva) (Vladimiro Selva) Selva   Serbia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vučić) (Aleksandar Vučić) Vučić   Slovakia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini) (Peter Pellegrini) Pellegrini   Slovenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataša_Pirc_Musar) (Nataša Pirc Musar) Pirc Musar   South Ossetia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Kambolov) (Marat Kambolov) Kambolov  *  Switzerland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Parmelin) (Guy Parmelin) Parmelin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis) (Ignazio Cassis) Cassis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter) (Karin Keller-Sutter) Keller-Sutter , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rösti) (Albert Rösti) Rösti , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Baume-Schneider) (Élisabeth Baume-Schneider) Baume-Schneider , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Jans) (Beat Jans) Jans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pfister) (Martin Pfister) Pfister   Transnistria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky) (Vadim Krasnoselsky) Krasnoselsky    Turkey: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan   Ukraine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy) (Volodymyr Zelenskyy) Zelenskyy       North America Barbados: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bostic) (Jeffrey Bostic) Bostic   Costa Rica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Fernández) (Laura Fernández) Fernández   Cuba: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Díaz-Canel) (Miguel Díaz-Canel) Díaz-Canel   Dominica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton) (Sylvanie Burton) Burton   Dominican Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Abinader) (Luis Abinader) Abinader   El Salvador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayib_Bukele) (Nayib Bukele) Bukele   Guatemala: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Arévalo) (Bernardo Arévalo) Arévalo   Haiti: vacant  Honduras: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasry_Asfura) (Nasry Asfura) Asfura   Mexico: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum   Nicaragua: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ortega) (Daniel Ortega) Ortega and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Murillo) (Rosario Murillo) Murillo   Panama: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Raúl_Mulino) (José Raúl Mulino) Mulino   Trinidad and Tobago: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo) (Christine Kangaloo) Kangaloo   United States: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump       South America Argentina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) (Javier Milei) Milei   Bolivia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Paz) (Rodrigo Paz) Paz   Brazil: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula   Chile: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Antonio_Kast) (José Antonio Kast) Kast   Colombia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo_de_la_Espriella) (Abelardo de la Espriella) de la Espriella   Ecuador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Noboa) (Daniel Noboa) Noboa   Guyana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfaan_Ali) (Irfaan Ali) Ali   Paraguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Peña) (Santiago Peña) Peña   Peru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori) (Keiko Fujimori) Fujimori   Suriname: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Geerlings-Simons) (Jennifer Geerlings-Simons) Geerlings-Simons   Uruguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamandú_Orsi) (Yamandú Orsi) Orsi   Venezuela: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolás_Maduro) (Nicolás Maduro) Nicolás Maduro  (de jure) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodríguez) (Delcy Rodríguez) Delcy Rodríguez  * (de facto)      Oceania Fiji: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu) (Naiqama Lalabalavu) Lalabalavu   Kiribati: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneti_Maamau) (Taneti Maamau) Maamau   Marshall Islands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Heine) (Hilda Heine) Heine   Federated States of Micronesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Simina) (Wesley Simina) Simina   Nauru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adeang) (David Adeang) Adeang   Palau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr.) (Surangel Whipps Jr.) Whipps Jr.   Samoa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuimalealiʻifano_Vaʻaletoʻa_Sualauvi_II) (Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II) Sualauvi   Vanuatu: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu) (Nikenike Vurobaravu) Vurobaravu       Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Current_heads_of_government) (Template:Current heads of government) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Current_heads_of_government) (Template talk:Current heads of government) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_heads_of_government) (Special:EditPage/Template:Current heads of government) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government) (List of current heads of state and government) Current heads of government    Africa Algeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifi_Ghrieb) (Sifi Ghrieb) Ghrieb   Angola: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Lourenço) (João Lourenço) Lourenço   Benin: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald_Wadagni) (Romuald Wadagni) Wadagni   Botswana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma_Boko) (Duma Boko) Boko   Burkina Faso: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Emmanuel_Ouédraogo) (Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo) Ouédraogo  * Burundi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ntahontuye) (Nestor Ntahontuye) Ntahontuye   Cameroon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ngute) (Joseph Ngute) Ngute   Cape Verde: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Carvalho) (Francisco Carvalho) Carvalho   Central African Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Moloua) (Félix Moloua) Moloua   Chad: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamaye_Halina) (Allamaye Halina) Halina   Comoros: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani) (Azali Assoumani) Assoumani   Democratic Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Suminwa) (Judith Suminwa) Suminwa   Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_Collinet_Makosso) (Anatole Collinet Makosso) Makosso   Djibouti: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh) (Ismaïl Omar Guelleh) Guelleh   Egypt: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly) (Mostafa Madbouly) Madbouly   Equatorial Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Osa_Nsue_Nsua) (Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua) Osa   Eritrea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki) (Isaias Afwerki) Isaias   Eswatini: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dlamini) (Russell Dlamini) Dlamini   Ethiopia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Abiy   Gabon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema) (Brice Oligui Nguema) Oligui   The Gambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Barrow) (Adama Barrow) Barrow   Ghana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mahama) (John Mahama) Mahama   Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah_Oury) (Bah Oury) Oury   Guinea-Bissau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilídio_Vieira_Té) (Ilídio Vieira Té) Té   Ivory Coast: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Beugré_Mambé) (Robert Beugré Mambé) Mambé   Kenya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruto) (William Ruto) Ruto   Lesotho: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Matekane) (Sam Matekane) Matekane   Liberia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Boakai) (Joseph Boakai) Boakai   Libya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh) (Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh) Dbeibeh   Madagascar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamitiana_Rajaonarison) (Mamitiana Rajaonarison) Rajaonarison   Malawi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mutharika) (Peter Mutharika) Mutharika   Mali: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Goïta   Mauritania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhtar_Ould_Djay) (Mokhtar Ould Djay) Djay   Mauritius: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navin_Ramgoolam) (Navin Ramgoolam) Ramgoolam   Morocco: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch) (Aziz Akhannouch) Akhannouch   Mozambique: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chapo) (Daniel Chapo) Chapo   Namibia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah) (Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah) Nandi-Ndaitwah   Niger: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Lamine_Zeine) (Ali Lamine Zeine) Zeine   Nigeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Tinubu   Rwanda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Nsengiyumva) (Justin Nsengiyumva) Nsengiyumva   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchraya_Hammoudi_Bayoun) (Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun) Bouchraya    São Tomé and Príncipe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Américo_Ramos) (Américo Ramos) Ramos   Senegal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadou_Al_Aminou_Lo) (Ahmadou Al Aminou Lo) Lo   Seychelles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Herminie) (Patrick Herminie) Herminie   Sierra Leone: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio) (Julius Maada Bio) Bio   Somalia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Abdi_Barre) (Hamza Abdi Barre) Hamza   Somaliland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi) (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi) Abdirahman    South Africa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa   South Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir) (Salva Kiir) Kiir   Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Idris) (Kamil Idris) Idris   Tanzania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan) (Samia Suluhu Hassan) Suluhu   Togo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faure_Gnassingbé) (Faure Gnassingbé) Gnassingbé   Tunisia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Zaafarani) (Sara Zaafarani) Zaafarani   Uganda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni) (Yoweri Museveni) Museveni   Zambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema) (Hakainde Hichilema) Hichilema   Zimbabwe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa) (Emmerson Mnangagwa) Mnangagwa       Asia Afghanistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Akhund) (Hasan Akhund) Akhund   Bahrain: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa) (Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa) Salman   Bangladesh: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarique_Rahman) (Tarique Rahman) Rahman   Bhutan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay) (Tshering Tobgay) Tobgay   Brunei: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah) (Hassanal Bolkiah) Bolkiah   Cambodia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_Manet) (Hun Manet) Manet   China: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li   India: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Modi   Indonesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo   Iran: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian   Iraq: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Zaidi) (Ali al-Zaidi) al-Zaidi   Israel: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu) (Benjamin Netanyahu) Netanyahu   Japan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi) (Sanae Takaichi) Takaichi   Jordan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_Hassan) (Jafar Hassan) Hassan   Kazakhstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov) (Oljas Bektenov) Bektenov   Kuwait: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Abdullah_Al-Sabah) (Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah) Sabah   Kyrgyzstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov) (Sadyr Japarov) Japarov   Laos: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonexay_Siphandone) (Sonexay Siphandone) Sonexay   Lebanon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaf_Salam) (Nawaf Salam) Salam   Malaysia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim) (Anwar Ibrahim) Anwar   Maldives: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu) (Mohamed Muizzu) Muizzu   Mongolia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyam-Osoryn_Uchral) (Nyam-Osoryn Uchral) Uchral   Myanmar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing) (Min Aung Hlaing) Min Aung Hlaing   Nepal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balen_Shah) (Balen Shah) Shah   North Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Thae-song) (Pak Thae-song) Pak   Oman: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq) (Haitham bin Tariq) Haitham   Pakistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz   Palestine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mustafa_(politician)) (Mohammad Mustafa (politician)) Mustafa    Philippines: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) (Bongbong Marcos) Marcos   Qatar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani) (Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani) Mohammed   Saudi Arabia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) (Mohammed bin Salman) Mohammed   Singapore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong) (Lawrence Wong) Wong   South Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee   Sri Lanka: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake) (Anura Kumara Dissanayake) Dissanayake   Syria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) al-Sharaa   Taiwan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai) (Cho Jung-tai) Cho    Tajikistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qohir_Rasulzoda) (Qohir Rasulzoda) Rasulzoda   Thailand: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul) (Anutin Charnvirakul) Anutin   Timor-Leste: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusmão) (Xanana Gusmão) Gusmão   Turkmenistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow) (Serdar Berdimuhamedow) Berdimuhamedow   United Arab Emirates: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum) (Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) Mohammed   Uzbekistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulla_Aripov) (Abdulla Aripov) Aripov   Vietnam: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lê_Minh_Hưng) (Lê Minh Hưng) Hưng   Yemen: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaya_al-Zindani) (Shaya al-Zindani) Zindani       Europe Abkhazia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badra_Gunba) (Badra Gunba) Gunba    Albania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Rama) (Edi Rama) Rama   Andorra: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Espot_Zamora) (Xavier Espot Zamora) Espot   Armenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan) (Nikol Pashinyan) Pashinyan   Austria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Stocker) (Christian Stocker) Stocker   Azerbaijan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Asadov) (Ali Asadov) Asadov   Belarus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Turchin) (Aleksandr Turchin) Turchin   Belgium: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_De_Wever) (Bart De Wever) De Wever   Bosnia and Herzegovina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjana_Krišto) (Borjana Krišto) Krišto   Bulgaria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen_Radev) (Rumen Radev) Radev   Croatia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Plenković) (Andrej Plenković) Plenković   Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides) (Nikos Christodoulides) Christodoulides   Czech Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Babiš) (Andrej Babiš) Babiš   Denmark: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mette_Frederiksen) (Mette Frederiksen) Frederiksen   Estonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Michal) (Kristen Michal) Michal   Finland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petteri_Orpo) (Petteri Orpo) Orpo   France: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sébastien_Lecornu) (Sébastien Lecornu) Lecornu   Georgia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakli_Kobakhidze) (Irakli Kobakhidze) Kobakhidze   Germany: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz) (Friedrich Merz) Merz   Greece: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis) (Kyriakos Mitsotakis) Mitsotakis   Hungary: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Péter_Magyar) (Péter Magyar) Magyar   Iceland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristrún_Frostadóttir) (Kristrún Frostadóttir) Kristrún   Ireland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheál_Martin) (Micheál Martin) Martin   Italy: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni) (Giorgia Meloni) Meloni   Kosovo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Kurti) (Albin Kurti) Kurti    Latvia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andris_Kulbergs) (Andris Kulbergs) Kulbergs   Liechtenstein: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Haas) (Brigitte Haas) Haas   Lithuania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindaugas_Sinkevičius) (Mindaugas Sinkevičius) Sinkevičius   Luxembourg: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Frieden) (Luc Frieden) Frieden   Malta: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Abela) (Robert Abela) Abela   Moldova: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Tofan) (Vasile Tofan) Tofan   Monaco: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Mirmand) (Christophe Mirmand) Mirmand   Montenegro: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milojko_Spajić) (Milojko Spajić) Spajić   Netherlands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jetten) (Rob Jetten) Jetten   Northern Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ünal_Üstel) (Ünal Üstel) Üstel    North Macedonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski) (Hristijan Mickoski) Mickoski   Norway: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_Støre) (Jonas Gahr Støre) Støre   Poland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk) (Donald Tusk) Tusk   Portugal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luís_Montenegro) (Luís Montenegro) Montenegro   Romania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan) (Ilie Bolojan) Bolojan  * Russia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin) (Mikhail Mishustin) Mishustin   San Marino: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Beccari) (Luca Beccari) Beccari   Serbia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đuro_Macut) (Đuro Macut) Macut   Slovakia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fico) (Robert Fico) Fico   Slovenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Janša) (Janez Janša) Janša   South Ossetia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Kambolov) (Marat Kambolov) Kambolov    Spain: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Sánchez) (Pedro Sánchez) Sánchez   Sweden: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson) (Ulf Kristersson) Kristersson   Switzerland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Parmelin) (Guy Parmelin) Parmelin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis) (Ignazio Cassis) Cassis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter) (Karin Keller-Sutter) Keller-Sutter , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rösti) (Albert Rösti) Rösti , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Baume-Schneider) (Élisabeth Baume-Schneider) Baume-Schneider , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Jans) (Beat Jans) Jans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pfister) (Martin Pfister) Pfister   Transnistria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Rozenberg) (Aleksandr Rozenberg) Rozenberg    Turkey: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan   Ukraine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhii_Koretskyi) (Serhii Koretskyi) Koretskyi   United Kingdom: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Burnham) (Andy Burnham) Burnham   Vatican City: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaella_Petrini) (Raffaella Petrini) Petrini        North America Antigua and Barbuda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Browne) (Gaston Browne) Browne   The Bahamas: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Davis_(Bahamian_politician)) (Philip Davis (Bahamian politician)) Davis   Barbados: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Mottley) (Mia Mottley) Mottley   Belize: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Briceño) (Johnny Briceño) Briceño   Canada: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney) (Mark Carney) Carney   Costa Rica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Fernández) (Laura Fernández) Fernández   Cuba: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz) (Manuel Marrero Cruz) Marrero Cruz   Dominica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Skerrit) (Roosevelt Skerrit) Skerrit   Dominican Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Abinader) (Luis Abinader) Abinader   El Salvador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayib_Bukele) (Nayib Bukele) Bukele   Grenada: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickon_Mitchell) (Dickon Mitchell) Mitchell   Guatemala: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Arévalo) (Bernardo Arévalo) Arévalo   Haiti: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aimé) (Alix Didier Fils-Aimé) Fils-Aimé  * Honduras: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasry_Asfura) (Nasry Asfura) Asfura   Jamaica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Holness) (Andrew Holness) Holness   Mexico: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum   Nicaragua: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ortega) (Daniel Ortega) Ortega and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Murillo) (Rosario Murillo) Murillo   Panama: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Raúl_Mulino) (José Raúl Mulino) Mulino   Saint Kitts and Nevis: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Drew) (Terrance Drew) Drew   Saint Lucia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Pierre) (Philip J. Pierre) Pierre   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Friday) (Godwin Friday) Friday   Trinidad and Tobago: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar) (Kamla Persad-Bissessar) Persad-Bissessar   United States: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump       South America Argentina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) (Javier Milei) Milei   Bolivia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Paz) (Rodrigo Paz) Paz   Brazil: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula   Chile: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Antonio_Kast) (José Antonio Kast) Kast   Colombia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo_de_la_Espriella) (Abelardo de la Espriella) de la Espriella   Ecuador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Noboa) (Daniel Noboa) Noboa   Guyana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfaan_Ali) (Irfaan Ali) Ali   Paraguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Peña) (Santiago Peña) Peña   Peru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori) (Keiko Fujimori) Fujimori   Suriname: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Geerlings-Simons) (Jennifer Geerlings-Simons) Geerlings-Simons   Uruguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamandú_Orsi) (Yamandú Orsi) Orsi   Venezuela: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolás_Maduro) (Nicolás Maduro) Nicolás Maduro  (de jure) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodríguez) (Delcy Rodríguez) Delcy Rodríguez  * (de facto)      Oceania Australia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Albanese) (Anthony Albanese) Albanese   Cook Islands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Brown_(Cook_Islands_politician)) (Mark Brown (Cook Islands politician)) Brown    Fiji: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka) (Sitiveni Rabuka) Rabuka   Kiribati: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneti_Maamau) (Taneti Maamau) Maamau   Marshall Islands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Heine) (Hilda Heine) Heine   Federated States of Micronesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Simina) (Wesley Simina) Simina   Nauru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adeang) (David Adeang) Adeang   New Zealand: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Luxon) (Christopher Luxon) Luxon   Niue: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Tagelagi) (Dalton Tagelagi) Tagelagi    Palau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr.) (Surangel Whipps Jr.) Whipps Jr.   Papua New Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marape) (James Marape) Marape   Samoa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laʻauli_Leuatea_Schmidt) (Laʻauli Leuatea Schmidt) Schmidt   Solomon Islands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wale) (Matthew Wale) Wale   Tonga: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatafehi_Fakafānua) (Fatafehi Fakafānua) Fakafānua   Tuvalu: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feleti_Teo) (Feleti Teo) Teo   Vanuatu: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotham_Napat) (Jotham Napat) Napat       Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of government Italics indicate a head of government of non-UN member state         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_Arab_League_member_states) (Template:Leaders of Arab League member states) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_Arab_League_member_states) (Template talk:Leaders of Arab League member states) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_Arab_League_member_states) (Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of Arab League member states) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_states) (List of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states) Leaders of Arab League member states     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune) (Abdelmadjid Tebboune) Abdelmadjid Tebboune   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifi_Ghrieb) (Sifi Ghrieb) Sifi Ghrieb     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa) (Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa) Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa) (Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa) Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani) (Azali Assoumani) Azali Assoumani     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh) (Ismaïl Omar Guelleh) Ismaïl Omar Guelleh     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Abdel Fattah el-Sisi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly) (Mostafa Madbouly) Mostafa Madbouly     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Amidi) (Nizar Amidi) Nizar Amidi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Zaidi) (Ali al-Zaidi) Ali al-Zaidi     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan) (Abdullah II of Jordan) Abdullah II   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_Hassan) (Jafar Hassan) Jafar Hassan     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah) (Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah) Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Al-Abdullah_Al-Sabah) (Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah) Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aoun) (Joseph Aoun) Joseph Aoun   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaf_Salam) (Nawaf Salam) Nawaf Salam     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi) (Mohamed al-Menfi) Mohamed al-Menfi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Dbeibeh) (Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh) Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani) (Mohamed Ould Ghazouani) Mohamed Ould Ghazouani   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokhtar_Ould_Djay) (Mokhtar Ould Djay) Mokhtar Ould Djay     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco) (Mohammed VI of Morocco) Mohammed VI   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch) (Aziz Akhannouch) Aziz Akhannouch     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq) (Haitham bin Tariq) Haitham bin Tariq     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas) (Mahmoud Abbas) Mahmoud Abbas   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mustafa_(politician)) (Mohammad Mustafa (politician)) Mohammad Mustafa     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani) (Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Abdulrahman_bin_Jassim_Al_Thani) (Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani) Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Salman of Saudi Arabia) Salman   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman) (Mohammed bin Salman) Mohammed bin Salman     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud) (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud) Hassan Sheikh Mohamud   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Abdi_Barre) (Hamza Abdi Barre) Hamza Abdi Barre     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Agar) (Malik Agar) Malik Agar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Kabbashi) (Shams al-Din Kabbashi) Shams al-Din Kabbashi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_al-Atta) (Yasser al-Atta) Yasser al-Atta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Jaber) (Ibrahim Jaber) Ibrahim Jaber , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_Abdul_Jabbar_al-Mubarak?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salma Abdul Jabbar al-Mubarak (page does not exist)) Salma Abdul Jabbar al-Mubarak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Adam_Tur?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salah al-Din Adam Tur (page does not exist)) Salah al-Din Adam Tur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yahya_Ahmed_Hussein?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abdullah Yahya Ahmed Hussein (page does not exist)) Abdullah Yahya Ahmed Hussein and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawara_Abu_Muhammad_Muhammad_Taher?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nawara Abu Muhammad Muhammad Taher (page does not exist)) Nawara Abu Muhammad Muhammad Taher   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Idris) (Kamil Idris) Kamil Idris     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kais_Saied) (Kais Saied) Kais Saied   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Zaafarani) (Sara Zaafarani) Sara Zaafarani     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan) (Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan) Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum) (Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi) (Rashad al-Alimi) Rashad al-Alimi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaya_al-Zindani) (Shaya al-Zindani) Shaya al-Zindani        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg)          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Template:Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Template talk:Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Special:EditPage/Template:Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham    General topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_insurgency) (Idlib insurgency) Idlib insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Salvation_Government) (Syrian Salvation Government) Syrian Salvation Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government      Factions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna) (Jaysh al-Sunna) Jaysh al-Sunna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_al-Haqq_(Idlib)) (Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)) Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibat_Jabal_al-Islam) (Katibat Jabal al-Islam) Katibat Jabal al-Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_al-Din_al-Zenki_Movement) (Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement) Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Al-Nusra Front (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_Group) (Khorasan Group) Khorasan Group        Key figures (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_al-Bashir) (Mohammed al-Bashir) Mohammed al-Bashir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_al-Mousa) (Mustafa al-Mousa) Mustafa al-Mousa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Abdul_Ghani) (Hassan Abdul Ghani) Hassan Abdul Ghani      Military operations  2017 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike) (2017 al-Jinah airstrike) 2017 al-Jinah airstrike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive) (Beit Jinn offensive) Beit Jinn offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February–June_2017)) (Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)) Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)) (Daraa offensive (June 2017)) Daraa offensive (June 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April–May_2017)) (East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March–April_2017)) (Hama offensive (March–April 2017)) Hama offensive (March–April 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)) (Hama offensive (September 2017)) Hama offensive (September 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January–March_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)) Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)) Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive) (2017 Jobar offensive) 2017 Jobar offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)) (Qaboun offensive (2017)) Qaboun offensive (2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)) (Quneitra offensive (June 2017)) Quneitra offensive (June 2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)) (Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)) Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)      2018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive) (2018 Southern Syria offensive) 2018 Southern Syria offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)) (Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April–May_2018)) (Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)) Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February–April_2018)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)) Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January–February_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April–May_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)      2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2019)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)) Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019_–_March_2020)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020)) Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018–2019)) (Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)) Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)      2020 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)) Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)      2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham–Levant_Front_clashes) (2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes) 2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)) (Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)) Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)      2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) 2024 Syrian opposition offensives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Battle of Aleppo (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) 2024 Hama offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) 2024 Homs offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Southern Syria offensive (2024)) Southern Syria offensive (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) Fall of Damascus (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)              (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Syrian_civil_war) (Template:Syrian civil war) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_civil_war) (Template talk:Syrian civil war) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_civil_war) (Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian civil war) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war     Overviews    Main overviews (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war) Timeline   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War) (Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War) Background and causes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war) Syrian government reactions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Belligerents in the Syrian civil war) Belligerents   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war) Inter-rebel conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Spillover of the Syrian civil war) Spillover  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Control of cities during the Syrian civil war) Cities and towns   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war) Sectarianism and minorities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(2017–2024)) (Syrian Desert campaign (2017–2024)) Syrian Desert campaign (2017–2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) 2024 Syrian opposition offensives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) Fall of the Assad regime      Effects and ongoing concerns (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Casualties of the Syrian civil war) Casualties of the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Refugees of the Syrian civil war) Refugees of the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war) Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war) Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war      Phases and processes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_revolution) (Syrian revolution) Syrian revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war) Early insurgency phase  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012–2013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war) 2012–2013 escalation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires) (Syrian civil war ceasefires) Ceasefires  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process) (Syrian peace process) Syrian peace process      World reaction (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war) (International reactions to the Syrian civil war) International reactions to the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war) Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime) Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime      Specific groups and countries (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war) Russian involvement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Russian intervention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war) Turkish involvement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria) (Turkish occupation of northern Syria) Turkish occupation of northern Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone) (Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone) Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018–2019)) (Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)) Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (US intervention in the Syrian civil war) US intervention in the Syrian civil war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria) (2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria) 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria) (Kurdish Area in Syria) Kurdish Area in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) Syrian Democratic Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict) (Rojava conflict) Rojava conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_–_Operation_Inherent_Resolve) (Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve) U.S. task force      Agreements and dialogues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria) (Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria) Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AANES–Syria_relations) (AANES–Syria relations) Relations between the Syrian government and North-East Syria      Transitional phase (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_caretaker_government) (Syrian caretaker government) Syrian caretaker government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government) (Syrian transitional government) Syrian transitional government                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war) Timeline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War) (Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War) Background   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1963 Syrian coup d'état) 1963 coup (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1963_Syrian_coup_attempt) (July 1963 Syrian coup attempt) 1963 failed coup    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d'état) (1966 Syrian coup d'état) 1966 coup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_Revolution_(Syria)) (Corrective Revolution (Syria)) Corrective Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria) (Islamist uprising in Syria) Islamist uprising  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests) (1999 Latakia protests) Latakia protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Spring) (Damascus Spring) Damascus Spring  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots) (2004 Qamishli riots) Qamishli riots  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon) (Syrian occupation of Lebanon) Syrian occupation of Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Declaration) (Damascus Declaration) Damascus Declaration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria) (Human rights in Syria) Human rights in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history) (2010s in Syria political history) 2010s in Syria political history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring      2011   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2011)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2011)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2011)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_revolution) (Syrian revolution) Syrian revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb) (Killing of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb) Killing of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa) (Siege of Daraa) Siege of Daraa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas) (Siege of Baniyas) Siege of Baniyas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)) (Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)) May Talkalakh siege  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh) (Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh) Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes) (June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes) June Jisr ash-Shughur operation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)) (Siege of Hama (2011)) Siege of Hama  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Homs) (Siege of Homs) Siege of Homs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia_(2011)) (Siege of Latakia (2011)) Siege of Latakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011–2014)) (Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)) Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011–March_2012)) (Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)) Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)) (Battle of Zabadani (2012)) Battle of Zabadani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Douma) (Battle of Douma) Battle of Douma    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011–2013)) (Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)) Daraa Governorate clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)) (Battle of Rastan (2011)) Battle of Rastan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_–_March_2012)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)) Idlib Governorate clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres) (December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres) December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres      2012   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2012)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2012)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2012)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing) (January 2012 al-Midan bombing) January al-Midan bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January–February_2012)) (Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)) Battle of Rastan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)) (Battle of Idlib (2012)) First Battle of Idlib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)) (Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)) Battle of al-Qusayr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation) (April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation) Idlib Governorate operation (Apr) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz) (Battle of Taftanaz) Battle of Taftanaz    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)) (Battle of Rastan (May 2012)) May Battle of Rastan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houla_massacre) (Houla massacre) Houla massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah) (Battle of al-Haffah) Battle of al-Haffah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre) (Al-Qubeir massacre) Al-Qubeir massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh) (Battle of Tremseh) Battle of Tremseh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)) (Battle of Damascus (2012)) Battle of Damascus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing) (18 July 2012 Damascus bombing) 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012–2016)) (Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)) Battle of Aleppo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan) (Battle of Anadan) Battle of Anadan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46) (Siege of Base 46) Siege of Base 46    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012–2014)) (Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)) Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August–October_2012)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darayya_massacre) (Darayya massacre) Darayya massacre    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz) (Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz) Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)) (Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)) Battle of Maarrat al-Numan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012–2013)) (Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)) First siege of Wadi Deif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harem) (Battle of Harem) Battle of Harem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012–February_2013)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012–February_2013)) (Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)) Battle of Darayya    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqrab_massacre) (Aqrab massacre) Aqrab massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive) (2012 Hama offensive) Hama offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfaya_massacre) (Halfaya massacre) Halfaya massacre    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012–February_2013)) (Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)) Battle of Darayya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012–2014)) (Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)) Quneitra Governorate clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre) (Talbiseh bakery massacre) Talbiseh bakery massacre      2013   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2013)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–December_2013)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)) May–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Safira) (Battle of Safira) Battle of Safira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)) (Battle of Shaddadi (2013)) Battle of Shadadeh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)) (Damascus offensive (2013)) Damascus offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012–2013)) (Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)) Raqqa campaign (2012–2013) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)) (Battle of Raqqa (2013)) Battle of Raqqa (Mar)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive) (2013 Daraa offensive) Daraa offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March–August_2013)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl) (Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl) Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack) (Ghouta chemical attack) Ghouta chemical attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive) (Al-Qusayr offensive) Al-Qusayr offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)) (Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)) Battle of al-Qusayr    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres) (Bayda and Baniyas massacres) Bayda and Baniyas massacres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive) (2013 Hama offensive) Hama offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatla_massacre) (Hatla massacre) Hatla massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack) (Khan al-Assal chemical attack) Khan al-Assal chemical attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre) (Khan al-Assal massacre) Khan al-Assal massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adra_massacre) (Adra massacre) Adra massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012–13)) (Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)) Battle of Ras al-Ayn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)) (Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)) Battle of Tell Abyad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September–November_2013)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October–December_2013)) (Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah) (Battle of al-Yaarubiyah) Battle of al-Yaarubiyah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013–January_2014)) (Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)) Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)      2014   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–July_2014)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)) Jan–Jul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August–December_2014)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)) Aug–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war) First Inter-rebel conflict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Markada) (Battle of Markada) Battle of Markada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April–July_2014)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)) Deir ez-Zor offensive    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morek) (Battle of Morek) Battle of Morek  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February–May_2014)) (Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)) Daraa offensive (Feb–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan_massacre) (Maan massacre) Maan massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush) (Al-Otaiba ambush) Al-Otaiba ambush  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive) (2014 Idlib offensive) Idlib offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn) (Battle of Hosn) Battle of Hosn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive) (2014 Latakia offensive) Latakia Offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah) (Battle of Al-Malihah) Battle of Al-Malihah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack) (2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack) Kafr Zita chemical attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)) (Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)) Second siege of Wadi Deif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)) (Qalamoun offensive (2014)) Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)) (Battle of Arsal (2014)) Battle of Arsal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)) (Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)) First Battle of the Shaer gas field  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive) (2014 Eastern Syria offensive) Eastern Syria offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase) (Battle of Tabqa Airbase) Battle of Tabqa Airbase    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February–July_2014)) (Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)) Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive) (2014 Hama offensive) Hama Offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive) (2014 Quneitra offensive) Quneitra offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August–November_2014)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kobanî) (Siege of Kobanî) Siege of Kobanî  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_school_bombing) (Homs school bombing) Homs school bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)) (Daraa offensive (October 2014)) Daraa offensive (Oct)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive) (2014 Al-Safira offensive) Al-Safira offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city) (2014 raid on Idlib city) Idlib Raid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front–SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict) (Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict) Second Inter-Rebel Conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October–November_2014)) (Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)) Second Battle of the Shaer gas field  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)) (Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)) Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)      2015   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–July_2015)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)) Jan–Jul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August–December_2015)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)) Aug–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash) (2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash) Air Force An-26 crash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)) (Daraa offensive (January 2015)) Daraa Offensive (Jan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive) (2015 Southern Syria offensive) Southern Syria Offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hasakah_offensive) (Eastern Hasakah offensive) Eastern Hasakah offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March–April_2015)) (Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)) Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June–July_2015)) (Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)) Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)) (Battle of Bosra (2015)) Battle of Bosra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive) (2015 Idlib offensive) Idlib Offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)) (Battle of Idlib (2015)) Second Battle of Idlib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing) (Battle of Nasib Border Crossing) Battle of Nasib Border Crossing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)) (Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)) Battle of Yarmouk Camp  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hasakah_offensive) (Western Hasakah offensive) Western Hasakah offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)) (Palmyra offensive (May 2015)) Palmyra offensive (May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings) (2015 Qamishli bombings) Qamishli bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive) (Tell Abyad offensive) Tell Abyad offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobanî_massacre) (Kobanî massacre) Kobanî massacre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)) (Quneitra offensive (June 2015)) Quneitra offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July–August_2015)) (Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)) Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October–November_2015)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)) Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October–December_2015)) (Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)) Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive) (2015 al-Hawl offensive) Al-Hawl offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November–December_2015)) (Homs offensive (November–December 2015)) Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015–2016)) (East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)) East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015–2016_Latakia_offensive) (2015–2016 Latakia offensive) 2015–2016 Latakia offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive) (Tishrin Dam offensive) Tishrin Dam offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown) (2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown) Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown      2016   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2016)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2016)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2016)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015–2016)) (Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)) Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January) (2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks) January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)) (Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)) Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February–March_2016)) (Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)) (Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)) Al-Shaddadi offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings) (February 2016 Homs bombings) February Homs bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February) (2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks) February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive) (2016 Khanasir offensive) Khanasir offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)) (Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)) Battle of Tel Abyad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)) (Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)) Battle of Maarrat al-Numan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)) (Battle of Qamishli (2016)) Battle of Qamishli (Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March–June_2016)) (Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)) Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)) (Palmyra offensive (March 2016)) Palmyra offensive (Mar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April–May_2016)) (East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April–May_2016)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive) (Northern Raqqa offensive) Northern Raqqa offensive (May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings) (May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings) May Jableh & Tartous bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)) (Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June–October_2016)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2016)) (Manbij offensive (2016)) Manbij offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhar_massacre) (Tokhar massacre) Tokhar massacre    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign) (2016 Southern Aleppo campaign) Southern Aleppo campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)) (Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)) Battle of al-Rai (Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield) (Operation Euphrates Shield) Operation Euphrates Shield  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign) (2016 Aleppo summer campaign) Aleppo summer campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)) (Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)) Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings) (5 September 2016 Syria bombings) 5 September bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid) (September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid) September Deir ez-Zor air raid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack) (September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack) September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September–October_2016)) (Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)) Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive) (2016 Dabiq offensive) Dabiq offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October–November_2016)) (Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)) Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October–November_2016)) (Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)) Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016–2017)) (Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)) Raqqa campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab) (Battle of al-Bab) Battle of al-Bab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November–December_2016)) (Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)) Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)) (Palmyra offensive (December 2016)) Palmyra offensive (Dec)      2017   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2017)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2017)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2017)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016–2017)) (Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)) Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing) (January 2017 Azaz bombing) January Azaz bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016–April_2017)) (Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)) Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January–March_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)) Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January–February_2017)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February–June_2017)) (Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)) Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)) (Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)) Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)) (Qaboun offensive (2017)) Qaboun offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)) (Palmyra offensive (2017)) Palmyra offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)) (East Aleppo offensive (2017)) East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings) (March 2017 Damascus bombings) March Damascus bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike) (2017 al-Jinah airstrike) Al-Jinah airstrike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March–April_2017)) (Hama offensive (March–April 2017)) Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa) (Battle of Tabqa) Battle of Tabqa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack) (Khan Shaykhun chemical attack) Khan Shaykhun chemical attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike) (2017 Shayrat missile strike) Shayrat missile strike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing) (2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing) Aleppo bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq) (April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq) April Turkish airstrikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April–May_2017)) (East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May–July_2017)) (Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)) Desert campaign (May–Jul)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive) (Maskanah Plains offensive) Maskanah Plains offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)) (East Hama offensive (2017)) East Hama offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)) (Battle of Raqqa (2017)) Battle of Raqqa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)) (Daraa offensive (June 2017)) Daraa offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive) (2017 Southern Raqqa offensive) Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive) (2017 Jobar offensive) Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)) (Quneitra offensive (June 2017)) Quneitra offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)) Idlib clashes (Jul)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign) (Central Syria campaign) Central campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)) (Qalamoun offensive (2017)) Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017–2019)) (Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)) (Hama offensive (September 2017)) Hama offensive (Sep)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017–February_2018)) (Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)) Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate) (Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017–2018)) (Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)) Battle of Harasta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September–December_2017)) (Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)) Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive) (2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive) Euphrates Crossing offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive) (2017 Mayadin offensive) Mayadin offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September–November_2017)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)) Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive) (2017 Abu Kamal offensive) Abu Kamal offensive    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive) (Beit Jinn offensive) Beit Jinn offensive      2018   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2018)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2018)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2018)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch) (Operation Olive Branch) Operation Olive Branch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham) (Battle of Khasham) Battle of Khasham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February–April_2018)) (Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)) Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January–February_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack) (Douma chemical attack) Douma chemical attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria) (April 2018 missile strikes against Syria) Missile strikes (Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April–May_2018)) (Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)) Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)) (Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April–May_2018)) (Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)) Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes) (Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes) Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)) (Suwayda offensive (June 2018)) Suwayda offensive (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive) (2018 Southern Syria offensive) Southern offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Suwayda_attacks) (2018 Suwayda attacks) Suwayda attacks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwayda_offensive_(August–November_2018)) (Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)) Suwayda (Aug-Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)) (Qamishli clashes (2018)) Qamishli clashes (Sep)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)) (Syria missile strikes (September 2018)) Missile strikes (Sep)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes) (2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes) Northern border clashes      2019   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–April_2019)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)) Jan–Apr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May–August_2019)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)) May–Aug  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September–December_2019)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)) Sep–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation–Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict) (National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict) Idlib inter-rebel conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing) (2019 Manbij bombing) Manbij bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani) (Battle of Baghuz Fawqani) Battle of Baghuz Fawqani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)) (ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)) ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dêrik_prison_escape_attempt) (Dêrik prison escape attempt) Dêrik prison escape attempt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes) (2019 Tell Rifaat clashes) Tell Rifaat clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April–August_2019)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)) Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings) (June 2019 Syria bombings) June bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing) (Hass refugee camp bombing) Hass refugee camp bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)) (Syria missile strikes (August 2019)) Missile strikes (Aug)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria) (2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria) Turkish offensive into northeast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi) (Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi) Barisha raid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings) (November 2019 Syria bombings) November bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria) (November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria) Israeli missile strikes (Nov)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qah_missile_strike) (Qah missile strike) Qah missile strike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019–March_2020)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)) Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria) (December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria) US airstrikes      2020   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)) Jan–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria) (COVID-19 pandemic in Syria) COVID-19 pandemic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing) (2020 Afrin bombing) Afrin bombing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)) (Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)) Idlib Governorate clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike) (2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike) Kafr-Takharim airstrike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_Ayn_Issa_clashes) (2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes) Ayn Issa clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush) (2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush) Deir ez-Zor ambush      2021   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)) Jan–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Hasakah) (Siege of Qamishli and Hasakah) Siege of Qamishli and Hasakah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)) (Syria missile strikes (January 2021)) Missile strikes (Jan)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria) (February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria) US airstrike (Feb)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)) (Battle of Qamishli (2021)) Battle of Qamishli (Apr)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria) (June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria) US airstrike (Jun)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes) (2021 Daraa clashes) Daraa clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham–Junud_al-Sham_conflict) (Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict) Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict      2022   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)) Jan–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hasakah_(2022)) (Battle of Hasakah (2022)) Battle of Hasakah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham–Levant_Front_clashes) (2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes) Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishrī_clashes) (2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes) Jabal al-Bishrī clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes?action=edit&redlink=1) (2022 Jarqli airstrikes (page does not exist)) Jarqli airstrikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)) (Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)) Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword) (Operation Claw-Sword) Operation Claw-Sword  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022–present)) (Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)) Northwest clashes (Dec)      2023   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)) Jan–Dec  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack) (2023 Al-Sukhnah attack) Al-Sukhnah attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike) (2023 Damascus airstrike) Damascus airstrike  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hama_attack) (2023 Hama attack) Hama attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes) (2023 Northern Syria clashes) Northern border clashes      2024   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January–October_2024)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)) Jan–Oct  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024–present)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)) Nov–present  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives) (2024 Syrian opposition offensives) Opposition offensives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2024)) (Deir ez-Zor offensive (2024)) Deir ez-Zor offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)) Northwestern Syria offensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2024)) (Battle of Aleppo (2024)) Battle of Aleppo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Hama_offensive) (2024 Hama offensive) Hama offensive    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_offensive_(2024)) (Southern Syria offensive (2024)) Southern offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Freedom) (Operation Dawn of Freedom) Operation Dawn of Freedom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manbij_offensive_(2024)) (Manbij offensive (2024)) Manbij offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Ayn_Issa_attack) (2024 Ayn Issa attack) Ayn Issa attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Kobani_clashes) (2024 Kobani clashes) Kobani clashes    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Homs_offensive) (2024 Homs offensive) Homs offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2024)) (Palmyra offensive (2024)) Palmyra offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)) (Fall of Damascus (2024)) Fall of Damascus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime) (Fall of the Assad regime) Fall of the Assad regime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Syria_clashes) (Western Syria clashes) Western Syria clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah–Syria_clashes_(2024–present)) (Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present)) Hezbollah-Syria clashes      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_offensive_into_northeastern_Syria_(2024–2025)) (Turkish offensive into northeastern Syria (2024–2025)) Turkish offensive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_Syria_(2024–present)) (Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)) Israeli invasion      2025   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024–present)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)) Nov 2024 –present  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_insurgency_in_Southern_Syria) (Druze insurgency in Southern Syria) Druze insurgency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Jaramana_clashes) (2025 Jaramana clashes) Jaramana clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_clashes_(April–May_2025)) (Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025)) Southern clashes (April–May)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Druze) (April 2025 massacres of Syrian Druze) Massacres of Syrian Druze  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Syria_clashes_(July_2025–present)) (Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)) Southern clashes (July–present)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_massacres_of_Syrian_Alawites) (2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites) Massacres of Syrian Alawites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2025_Daraa_clashes) (March 2025 Daraa clashes) Daraa clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Elias_Church_attack) (Mar Elias Church attack) Mar Elias Church attack  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_clashes_(2025–2026)) (Aleppo clashes (2025–2026)) Aleppo clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Homs_mosque_bombing) (2025 Homs mosque bombing) Homs mosque bombing      2026   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(November_2024–present)) (Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)) Nov 2024 –present  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_northeastern_Syria_offensive) (2026 northeastern Syria offensive) Northeastern Syria offensive      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Spillover of the Syrian civil war) Spillover    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli–Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war) Israel and Golan Heights : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Israel–Syria_incident) (March 2017 Israel–Syria incident) March 2017 incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2018_Israel–Syria_incident) (February 2018 Israel–Syria incident) February 2018 incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards) (Operation House of Cards) May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)) (Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)) Iraq : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashat_ambush) (Akashat ambush) Akashat ambush  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah) (Operation al-Shabah) Operation al-Shabah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April) (Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)) April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian–Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war) Jordanian border incidents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian–Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014) (Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war) April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon) (Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon) Lebanon : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012–2017_Lebanon–Syria_border_clashes) (2012–2017 Lebanon–Syria border clashes) Lebanese border clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash) (2013 Sidon clash) Battle of Sidon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut) (Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut) Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)) (North Lebanon clashes (2014)) North Lebanon clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)) (Qalamoun offensive (2017)) Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian–Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war) Turkey : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2011_Syrian–Turkish_border_clash) (December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash) December 2011 Turkish border clash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown) (2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown) 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Syrian–Turkish_border_clashes) (2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes) 2012 Turkish border clashes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Reyhanlı_car_bombings) (2013 Reyhanlı car bombings) 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria) (January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria) January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov) (Assassination of Andrei Karlov) Assassination of Andrei Karlov  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident) (2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident) Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes) (2020 Balyun airstrikes) 2020 Balyun airstrikes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield) (Operation Spring Shield) Operation Spring Shield      Elsewhere: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike) (2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike) Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)                     Belligerents    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Ba'athist regime   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ba'athist_Syria) (Politics of Ba'athist Syria) Politics of Ba'athist Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_–_Syria_Region) (Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region) Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'ath_Brigades) (Ba'ath Brigades) Ba'ath Brigades    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party) (Syrian Social Nationalist Party) Syrian Social Nationalist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement) (Arab Socialist Movement) Arab Socialist Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)) (Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)) Syrian Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Unified)) (Syrian Communist Party (Unified)) Syrian Communist Party (Unified)      Military and militias (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_of_Hussein) (Lions of Hussein) Lions of Hussein  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Dawn) (Guardians of the Dawn) Guardians of the Dawn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Nationalist_Guard) (Arab Nationalist Guard) Arab Nationalist Guard  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin) (Jaysh al-Muwahhidin) Jaysh al-Muwahhidin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sootoro) (Sootoro) Sootoro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'ath_Brigades) (Ba'ath Brigades) Ba'ath Brigades  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Forces) (National Defence Forces) National Defence Forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Committees_(Syria)) (Popular Committees (Syria)) Popular Committees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Regiment) (Golan Regiment) Golan Regiment    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces_(Ba'athist_Syria)) (Syrian Arab Armed Forces (Ba'athist Syria)) Syrian Arab Armed Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind) (Eagles of the Whirlwind) Eagles of the Whirlwind  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Islamic_Resistance_Front_in_Syria) (The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria) The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Council_for_the_Liberation_of_Syria) (Military Council for the Liberation of Syria) Military Council for the Liberation of Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Popular_Resistance) (Syrian Popular Resistance) Syrian Popular Resistance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Resistance) (Syrian Resistance) Syrian Resistance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Resistance_of_the_Eastern_Region) (Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region) Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_–_General_Command) (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command) PFLP-GC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad_Jibril_Brigades) (Jihad Jibril Brigades) Jihad Jibril Brigades    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee_Forces) (Galilee Forces) Galilee Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Palestine_Movement) (Free Palestine Movement) Free Palestine Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_People's_Party) (Palestinian People's Party) Palestinian People's Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun) (Liwa Fatemiyoun) Liwa Fatemiyoun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Sa'iqa) (As-Sa'iqa) As-Sa'iqa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds) (Liwa al-Quds) al-Quds Brigade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army) (Palestine Liberation Army) Palestine Liberation Army      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war) Foreign support  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war) Hezbollah involvement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Iranian involvement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun) (Liwa Fatemiyoun) Liwa Fatemiyoun    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war) Russian involvement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian–Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign) (Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign) medical facility targeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war) military intervention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group_activities_in_Syria) (Wagner Group activities in Syria) Wagner Group    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Iraqi involvement in the Syrian civil war) Iraqi involvement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces) (Popular Mobilization Forces) Popular Mobilization Forces             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition_(2011–2024)) (Syrian opposition (2011–2024)) Opposition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government) (Syrian Interim Government) Interim government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces) (National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces) National Coalition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria) (Local Coordination Committees of Syria) Local Coordination Committees    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Council) (Syrian National Council) Syrian National Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution) (Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution) Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change) (National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change) National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission) (Syrian Revolution General Commission) Syrian Revolution General Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group) (Syrian Support Group) Syrian Support Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution) (Adopt a Revolution) Adopt a Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group) (Syrian National Council) Syrian Patriotic Group      Opposition militias (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Army) (Syrian National Army) Syrian National Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army) (Free Syrian Army) Free Syrian Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation) (National Front for Liberation) National Front for Liberation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza) (Jaysh al-Izza) Army of Glory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front) (Authenticity and Development Front) Authenticity and Development Front  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes) (Army of Free Tribes) Army of Free Tribes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Free_Army) (Syrian Free Army) Syrian Free Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria) (Muslim Brotherhood in Syria) Muslim Brotherhood in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)) (Grey Wolves (organization)) Grey Wolves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Council_of_Tribes_and_Clans) (Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans) Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war) Foreign support  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (US intervention in the Syrian civil war) US intervention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war) Jordanian intervention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war) Turkey           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria) (Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria) Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society) (Movement for a Democratic Society) DFNS Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)) (Democratic Union Party (Syria)) Democratic Union Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council) (Kurdish National Council) Kurdish National Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava) (List of political parties in Rojava) Smaller political parties      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces) (Syrian Democratic Forces) SDF militias  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Defense_Units) (People's Defense Units) People's Protection Units  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Protection_Units) (Women's Protection Units) Women's Protection Units  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units) (Anti-Terror Units) Anti-Terror Units  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces) (Al-Sanadid Forces) Al-Sanadid Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries) (Army of Revolutionaries) Army of Revolutionaries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils) (Syrian Democratic Forces military councils) SDF military councils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council) (Syriac Military Council) Syriac Military Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa) (Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa) Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade) (Northern Democratic Brigade) Northern Democratic Brigade      Support (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan) (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) Patriotic Union of Kurdistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers'_Party) (Kurdistan Workers' Party) Kurdistan Workers' Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion) (International Freedom Battalion) International Freedom Battalion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units) (Sinjar Resistance Units) Sinjar Resistance Units  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Êzîdxan_Women's_Units) (Êzîdxan Women's Units) Êzîdxan Women's Units           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamists   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State) (Islamic State) Islamic State  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State) (Military of the Islamic State) Military activity of ISIL  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokumacılar) (Dokumacılar) Dokumacılar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)) (Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)) Al-Barakah (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army) (Khalid ibn al-Walid Army) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade) (Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade) Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement) (Islamic Muthanna Movement) Islamic Muthanna Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad) (Jaysh al-Jihad) Jaysh al-Jihad      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa) (Jund al-Aqsa) Jund al-Aqsa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only) (Group of the One and Only) Group of the One and Only  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Dawud) (Liwa Dawud) Liwa Dawud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami) (Liwa Aqab al-Islami) Liwa Aqab al-Islami  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara) (Katibah Nusantara) Katibah Nusantara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi) (Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi) Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade) (Al-Khansaa Brigade) Al-Khansaa Brigade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraya_Ansar_al-Sunnah) (Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah) Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda and allies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front) (Al-Nusra Front) Al-Nusra Front ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham) (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham) Jabhat Fatah al-Sham ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_group) (Khorasan group) Khorasan group , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz) (Suqour al-Ezz) Suqour al-Ezz ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham) (Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria) (Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria) Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate) (Caucasus Emirate) Caucasus Emirate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz) (Ajnad al-Kavkaz) Ajnad al-Kavkaz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi) (Junud al-Makhdi) Junud al-Makhdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room) (Rouse the Believers Operations Room) Rouse the Believers Operations Room ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)) (Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)) Ansar al-Tawhid ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba) (Firqat al-Ghuraba) Firqat al-Ghuraba ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurras_al-Din) (Hurras al-Din) Hurras al-Din , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front) (Ansar al-Din Front) Ansar al-Din Front ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam) (Harakat Sham al-Islam) Harakat Sham al-Islam ), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan) (Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan) Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun) (Jaish al-Haramoun) Jaish al-Haramoun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna) (Jaysh al-Sunna) Jaysh al-Sunna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar) (Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar) Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Battalion) (Green Battalion) Green Battalion ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)) (Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)) Mujahideen Shura Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malhama_Tactical) (Malhama Tactical) Malhama Tactical  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad) (Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad) Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibat_Jabal_al-Islam) (Katibat Jabal al-Islam) Katibat Jabal al-Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama'at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham) (Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham) Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham) (Ghuraba al-Sham) Ghuraba al-Sham  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban) (Taliban) Taliban ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban) (Pakistani Taliban) Pakistani Taliban , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat) (Imam Bukhari Jamaat) Imam Bukhari Jamaat ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam) (Fatah al-Islam) Fatah al-Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance) (Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance) Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma) (Liwaa al-Umma) Liwaa al-Umma )                     People    Pro-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba'athist_Syria) (Ba'athist Syria) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assad_family) (Assad family) Assad family (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad) (Bashar al-Assad) Bashar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_al-Assad) (Maher al-Assad) Maher  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad) (Rifaat al-Assad) Rifaat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf) (Rami Makhlouf) Rami Makhlouf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf) (Hafez Makhlouf) Hafez Makhlouf    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij) (Fahd Jassem al-Freij) Fahd Jassem al-Freij  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan) (Suheil al-Hassan) Suheil al-Hassan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud) (Ali Habib Mahmud) Ali Habib Mahmud  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha) (Dawoud Rajiha) Dawoud Rajiha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban) (Bouthaina Shaaban) Bouthaina Shaaban  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid) (Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid) Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid  (Accused)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_opposition) (Syrian opposition) Dissidents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid) (Ammar Abdulhamid) Ammar Abdulhamid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah) (Ali al-Abdallah) Ali al-Abdallah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor) (Adnan al-Aroor) Adnan al-Aroor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad) (Riad al-Asaad) Riad al-Asaad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi_al-Bahra) (Hadi al-Bahra) Hadi al-Bahra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni) (Anwar al-Bunni) Anwar al-Bunni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh) (Haitham al-Maleh) Haitham al-Maleh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib) (Moaz al-Khatib) Moaz al-Khatib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani) (Kamal al-Labwani) Kamal al-Labwani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Hamza_Ali_al-Khateeb) (Killing of Hamza Ali al-Khateeb) Hamza al-Khateeb  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi) (Tal al-Mallohi) Tal al-Mallohi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed) (Fida al-Sayed) Fida al-Sayed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_al-Turk) (Riad al-Turk) Riad al-Turk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Khoja) (Khaled Khoja) Khaled Khoja  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi) (Ammar al-Qurabi) Ammar al-Qurabi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suheir_Atassi) (Suheir Atassi) Suheir Atassi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni) (Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni) Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aref_Dalila) (Aref Dalila) Aref Dalila  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Ghadry) (Farid Ghadry) Farid Ghadry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun) (Burhan Ghalioun) Burhan Ghalioun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi) (Razan Ghazzawi) Razan Ghazzawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto) (Ghassan Hitto) Ghassan Hitto  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Idris) (Salim Idris) Salim Idris  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randa_Kassis) (Randa Kassis) Randa Kassis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam) (Abdul Halim Khaddam) Abdul Halim Khaddam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Kilo) (Michel Kilo) Michel Kilo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani) (Bassma Kodmani) Bassma Kodmani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman) (Ali Mahmoud Othman) Ali Mahmoud Othman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh) (Yassin al-Haj Saleh) Yassin al-Haj Saleh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda) (Abdulbaset Sieda) Abdulbaset Sieda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad_Seif) (Riad Seif) Riad Seif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane) (Fadwa Souleimane) Fadwa Souleimane  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara) (Yaser Tabbara) Yaser Tabbara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh) (Razan Zaitouneh) Razan Zaitouneh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_Jarrah) (Rami Jarrah) Rami Jarrah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa) (Abdurrahman Mustafa) Abdurrahman Mustafa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji) (Fadlallah al-Haji) Fadlallah al-Haji      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAANES) (DAANES) DAANES  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazloum_Abdi) (Mazloum Abdi) Mazloum Abdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhad_Şamî) (Ferhad Şamî) Ferhad Şamî  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_Muslim) (Salih Muslim) Salih Muslim                 Related    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Syria) (Elections in Syria) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections) (2011 Syrian local elections) 2011 local elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election) (2012 Syrian parliamentary election) 2012 parliamentary election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election) (2014 Syrian presidential election) 2014 presidential election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections) (2015 Rojava local elections) 2015 Northern local elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election) (2016 Syrian parliamentary election) 2016 parliamentary election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections) (2017 Rojava local elections) 2017 Northern local elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections) (2017 Rojava regional elections) 2017 Northern regional elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections) (2018 Syrian local elections) 2018 local elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election) (2020 Syrian parliamentary election) 2020 parliamentary election  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election) (2021 Syrian presidential election) 2021 presidential election      Issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Casualties of the Syrian civil war) Casualties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war) Cities and towns  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war) Chemical weapons  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war) Damaged heritage sites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war) Foreign involvement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war) Human rights violations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war) Humanitarian aid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war) (International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war) International demonstrations and protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war) (International reactions to the Syrian civil war) International reactions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war) (List of massacres during the Syrian civil war) Massacres  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_mass_graves) (Syrian mass graves) Mass graves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Refugees of the Syrian civil war) Refugees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war) Sectarianism and minorities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights) (Status of the Golan Heights) Status of the Golan Heights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon) (Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon) Spillover in Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war) Syrian government reactions      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_peace_process) (Syrian peace process) Peace process  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria) (Arab League monitors in Syria) Arab League monitors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group) (Friends of Syria Group) Friends of Syria Group  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan) (Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan) Kofi Annan peace plan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria) (United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria) UN supervision mission    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan) (Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan) Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.–Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria) (U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria) U.S.–Russia peace proposals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_G8_summit) (39th G8 summit) 39th G8 summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118) UN Security Council Resolution 2118  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria) (Geneva II Conference on Syria) Geneva II conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement) (2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement) 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria) (Vienna peace talks for Syria) Vienna talks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)) (Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)) 2016 Geneva talks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018–2019)) (Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)) Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone) (Northern Syria Buffer Zone) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone) (Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone) Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Negotiation_Commission) (Syrian Negotiation Commission) Syrian Negotiation Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee) (Syrian Constitutional Committee) Syrian Constitutional Committee      Investigations/legal cases Investigations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic) International Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_to_Investigate_Alleged_Uses_of_Chemical_Weapons_in_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic) (United Nations Mission to Investigate Alleged Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic) Chemical weapons    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_Syrian_civil_war_criminals) (Prosecution of Syrian civil war criminals) War crimes cases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Völkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war,_2017–present) (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch) Germany    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_and_the_Netherlands_v._Syrian_Arab_Republic) (Canada and the Netherlands v. Syrian Arab Republic) Canada + Netherlands vs Syria       Related topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_mandate) (Exclusive mandate) Exclusive mandate  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Files) (Syria Files) Syria Files  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report) (2014 Syrian detainee report) Syrian detainee report  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Media coverage of the Syrian civil war) Syrian media coverage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis) (2015 European migrant crisis) 2015 European migrant crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture) (Syrian civil war in popular culture) Syrian civil war in popular culture                (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Syrian_civil_war) (Category:Syrian civil war) Category                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography) (Portal:Biography) Biography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics) (Portal:Politics) Politics  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Syria) (Portal:Syria) Syria    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7934206#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000454251067) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/134145003297861301771) VIAF   (Scharaa, Ahmed al-) (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1351730525) GND        National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2015070673) United States   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007568291705171) Israel           (./Category:Ahmed_al-Sharaa#%20)  (./Category:1982_births)  (./Category:21st-century_Syrian_politicians)  (./Category:Al-Nusra_Front_members)  (./Category:Al-Qaeda_leaders)  (./Category:Al-Sharaa_family#Ahmed)  (./Category:Former_members_of_al-Qaeda)  (./Category:Hay'at_Tahrir_al-Sham)  (./Category:Independent_politicians_in_Syria)  (./Category:Iraq_War_prisoners_of_war)  (./Category:Leaders_of_jihadist_groups)  (./Category:Living_people)  (./Category:Members_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq)  (./Category:People_from_Riyadh)  (./Category:People_of_the_Syrian_civil_war)  (./Category:Presidents_of_Syria)  (./Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Syria)  (./Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_United_States_military)  (./Category:Sunni_Islamists)  (./Category:Syrian_al-Qaeda_members)  (./Category:Syrian_people_imprisoned_abroad)  (./Category:Syrian_Sunni_Muslims)  (./Category:Syrian_individuals_subject_to_U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury_sanctions)  (./Category:Syrian_individuals_subject_to_European_Union_sanctions)  (./Category:Damascus_University_alumni)  (./Category:Syrian_people_of_the_Iraq_War)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&oldid=1370983803) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&oldid=1370983803 "  (/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (/wiki/Category:Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Category:Ahmed al-Sharaa) Ahmed al-Sharaa  (/wiki/Category:1982_births) (Category:1982 births) 1982 births  (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Syrian_politicians) (Category:21st-century Syrian politicians) 21st-century Syrian politicians  (/wiki/Category:Al-Nusra_Front_members) (Category:Al-Nusra Front members) Al-Nusra Front members  (/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda_leaders) (Category:Al-Qaeda leaders) Al-Qaeda leaders  (/wiki/Category:Al-Sharaa_family) (Category:Al-Sharaa family) Al-Sharaa family  (/wiki/Category:Former_members_of_al-Qaeda) (Category:Former members of al-Qaeda) Former members of al-Qaeda  (/wiki/Category:Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham) (Category:Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham) Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham  (/wiki/Category:Independent_politicians_in_Syria) (Category:Independent politicians in Syria) Independent politicians in Syria  (/wiki/Category:Iraq_War_prisoners_of_war) (Category:Iraq War prisoners of war) Iraq War prisoners of war  (/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_jihadist_groups) (Category:Leaders of jihadist groups) Leaders of jihadist groups  (/wiki/Category:Living_people) (Category:Living people) Living people  (/wiki/Category:Members_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq) (Category:Members of al-Qaeda in Iraq) Members of al-Qaeda in Iraq  (/wiki/Category:People_from_Riyadh) (Category:People from Riyadh) People from Riyadh  (/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Syrian_civil_war) (Category:People of the Syrian civil war) People of the Syrian civil war  (/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Syria) (Category:Presidents of Syria) Presidents of Syria  (/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_Syria) (Category:Prisoners and detainees of Syria) Prisoners and detainees of Syria  (/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_United_States_military) (Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States military) Prisoners and detainees of the United States military  (/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamists) (Category:Sunni Islamists) Sunni Islamists  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_al-Qaeda_members) (Category:Syrian al-Qaeda members) Syrian al-Qaeda members  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_people_imprisoned_abroad) (Category:Syrian people imprisoned abroad) Syrian people imprisoned abroad  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_Sunni_Muslims) (Category:Syrian Sunni Muslims) Syrian Sunni Muslims  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_individuals_subject_to_U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury_sanctions) (Category:Syrian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions) Syrian individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_individuals_subject_to_European_Union_sanctions) (Category:Syrian individuals subject to European Union sanctions) Syrian individuals subject to European Union sanctions  (/wiki/Category:Damascus_University_alumni) (Category:Damascus University alumni) Damascus University alumni  (/wiki/Category:Syrian_people_of_the_Iraq_War) (Category:Syrian people of the Iraq War) Syrian people of the Iraq War    Hidden categories: (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) (Category:Articles with short description) Articles with short description  (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) (Category:Short description matches Wikidata) Short description matches Wikidata  (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism) (Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism  (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2026) (Category:Use dmy dates from April 2026) Use dmy dates from April 2026  (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2025) (Category:Use British English from July 2025) Use British English from July 2025  (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_British_English) (Category:All Wikipedia articles written in British English) All Wikipedia articles written in British English  (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text) (Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text) Articles containing Arabic-language text  (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA) (Category:Pages with Arabic IPA) Pages with Arabic IPA  (/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)) (Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)  (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service) (Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service) CS1 maint: deprecated archival service  (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar)) (Category:CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)) CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)  (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) (Category:CS1 maint: location) CS1 maint: location  (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) (Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)) CS1 German-language sources (de)  (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) (Category:Webarchive template wayback links) Webarchive template wayback links  (/wiki/Category:CS1_Hausa-language_sources_(ha)) (Category:CS1 Hausa-language sources (ha)) CS1 Hausa-language sources (ha)  (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch) (Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch) Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch        This page was last edited on 24 August 2026, at 01:15(UTC) . Page was rendered with (https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) (mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid) Parsoid . Text is available under the (/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License) (Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use) Terms of Use and (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) (foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy) Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the (https://wikimediafoundation.org/) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy) Privacy policy  (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) About Wikipedia  (/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer) Disclaimers  (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) Contact Wikipedia  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information) Legal & safety contacts  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct) Code of Conduct  (https://developer.wikimedia.org) Developers  (https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org) Statistics  (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement) Cookie statement  (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_al-Sharaa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile) Mobile view   (https://www.wikimedia.org/) (Wikimedia Foundation)    (https://www.mediawiki.org/) (Powered by MediaWiki)          Search   (Search Wikipedia)   (Special:Search)  Search      Toggle the table of contents      Ahmed al-Sharaa                            71 languages   Add topic