Xi Jinping - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Xi+Jinping) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Xi+Jinping) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Early life and education     2 Early political career    Toggle Early political career subsection  2.1 Central Military Commission     2.2 Hebei     2.3 Fujian     2.4 Zhejiang     2.5 Shanghai     2.6 Vice presidency       3 Leadership    Toggle Leadership subsection  3.1 Political developments     3.2 Anti-corruption campaign     3.3 Media and censorship     3.4 Reforms   3.4.1 Political reforms     3.4.2 Legal reforms     3.4.3 Military reforms       3.5 Economy and technology     3.6 Foreign policy   3.6.1 Africa     3.6.2 Asia     3.6.3 Europe     3.6.4 United States       3.7 National security     3.8 Hong Kong     3.9 Taiwan     3.10 Human rights   3.10.1 Xinjiang       3.11 Education     3.12 COVID-19 pandemic     3.13 Environmental policy     3.14 Governance style       4 Political positions    Toggle Political positions subsection  4.1 Chinese Dream     4.2 Culture     4.3 Ideology     4.4 Xi Jinping Thought       5 Personal life    Toggle Personal life subsection  5.1 Family     5.2 Personality     5.3 Interests       6 Public image     7 Honours     8 Select works     9 Notes     10 References    Toggle References subsection  10.1 Citations   10.1.1 Books     10.1.2 Journal articles     10.1.3 Other         11 Further reading     12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Xi Jinping    158 languages  (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%BA_%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%95%E1%8D%92%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D) (ሺ ጂንፒንግ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA) (شي جين بينغ – Arabic) العربية   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC) (شى چينپينج – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (featured article) (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82) (ছি জিনপিং – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Tsinpin) (Si Tsinpin – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Си Цзиньпин – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD) (Сі Цзіньпін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD) (Сі Цзіньпін – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Си Дзинпин – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97) (शी जिनपिंग – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82) (শি চিনফিং – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84) (ཞི་ཅིན་ཕིང – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97_%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81) (ᨔᨗ ᨍᨗᨊᨄᨗᨊᨁ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Catalan) Català   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADk_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-b%C3%ACng) (Sĭk Gê̤ṳng-bìng – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%98%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF) (شی ژنپنگ – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei_Cinpi%C3%B1) (Şi Cinpiñ – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_%C5%A4in-pching) (Si Ťin-pching – Czech) Čeština   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Danish) Dansk   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99) (सि जिनपिङ – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA) (Σι Τζινπίνγκ – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF) (شی جین‌پینگ – Persian) فارسی   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3) (習近平 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Galician) Galego   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dp_Khi%C3%BBn-ph%C3%ACn) (Si̍p Khiûn-phìn – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92) (שי ג'ינפינג – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97) (शी जिनपिंग – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hszi_Csin-ping) (Hszi Csin-ping – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB_%D4%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B6) (Սի Ծինփին – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinping_Xi) (Jinping Xi – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Igbo) Igbo   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3) (習近平 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (სი ძინპინი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Ji%CC%B1mping) (Shi Ji̱mping – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Komering) Kumoring   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Си Цзиньпин – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%84) (ស៊ី ជិនភីង – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%84%ED%95%91) (시진핑 – Korean) 한국어   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%90%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF) (شی جِن پِنٛگ – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Latin) Latina   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Lombard) Lombard   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B5_%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87) (ສີ ຈິ້ນຜິງ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sji_Dzji%C5%86pins) (Sji Dzjiņpins – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99) (सि जिनपिङ – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%EF%BC%88%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%EF%BC%89) (Сила Цзиньпина（习近平） – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3) (Си Ѓинпинг – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D) (ഷി ജിൻപിങ് – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Ши Жиньпин – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97) (शी जिनपिंग – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Maltese) Malti   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA) (ရှီကျင့်ဖျင် – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF) (شی جین پینگ – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99) (सि जिनपिङ – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Nupe) Nupe   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Occitan) Occitan   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97) (ଶି ଜିନପିଙ୍ଗ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97) (ਸ਼ੀ ਜਿੰਨਪਿੰਗ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF) (شی جن پنگ – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AB) (شي جين پينګ – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Си Цзиньпин – Russian) Русский   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D) (शी जिन्पिङ् – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD) (Си Цзиньпин – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D) (ᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱱᱯᱤᱝ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF) (شي جنپنگ – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82) (ෂී ජිංපිං – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_%C5%A4in-pching) (Si Ťin-pching – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i_D%C5%BEinping) (Ši Džinping – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_jinping) (Xi jinping – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Xhinping) (Xi Xhinping – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3) (Си Ђинпинг – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D) (சீ சின்பிங் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B2_%E1%A5%93%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9A%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B3) (ᥔᥤᥲ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥚᥤᥢᥳ – Tai Nuea) ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ   (featured list) (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D) (షీ జిన్‌పింగ్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A3_%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3) (Сӣ Ҷинпинг – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87) (สี จิ้นผิง – Thai) ไทย   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei_Jinpi%C5%88) (Şi Jinpiň – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/jan_Si_Sinpin) (jan Si Sinpin – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei_Cinping) (Şi Cinping – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Cinpi%C3%B1) (Si Cinpiñ – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%89%DA%AD) (شى جىنپىڭ – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD) (Сі Цзіньпін – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF) (شی جن پنگ – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Szinpin) (Si Szinpin – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_C%E1%BA%ADn_B%C3%ACnh) (Tập Cận Bình – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Volapük) Volapük   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Waray) Winaray   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3) (习近平 – Wu) 吴语   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siz_Ginbingz) (Siz Ginbingz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dp_K%C4%ABn-p%C3%AAng) (Si̍p Kīn-pêng – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3) (習近平 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3) (习近平 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (Xi Jinping – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15031#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Xi_Jinping) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Xi_Jinping) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Read   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(Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia      (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Xi%20Jinping)   Leader of China since 2012 (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    "Jinping" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinping_(disambiguation)) (Jinping (disambiguation)) Jinping (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   In this (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name) (Chinese name) Chinese name , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname) (Chinese surname) family name is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_(surname)) (Xi (surname)) Xí ((Chinese-language text) 习  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ) . (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Xi%20Jinping)    (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023)   (./Category:Articles_with_hCards)   Xi Jinping   习近平    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_on_August_18,_2026_(cropped).jpg) (Xi in 2026, wearing black suit, smiling)    Xi in 2026   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent) (Incumbent) Incumbent     Assumed office    15 November 2012 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent) (Incumbent) Incumbent     Assumed office    14 March 2013 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Premier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang  (2013–2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (2023–present)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao  (2013–2018) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan  (2018–2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng  (2023–present)     Preceded by  Hu Jintao (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman of the Central Military Commission   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent) (Incumbent) Incumbent     Assumed office    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  Party Commission : 15 November 2012  State Commission : 14 March 2013     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Deputy (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Changlong) (Fan Changlong) Fan Changlong  (2013–2018) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia) (Zhang Youxia) Zhang Youxia  (2018–2026) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Qiliang) (Xu Qiliang) Xu Qiliang  (2013–2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Weidong) (He Weidong) He Weidong  (2023–2025) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin) (Zhang Shengmin) Zhang Shengmin  (2025–present)     Preceded by  Hu Jintao    Other offices held       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President of China   In office   15 March 2008 – 14 March 2013 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   President Hu Jintao  Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong   Succeeded by  Li Yuanchao (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission   In office   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  Party Commission : 18 October 2010 – 15 November 2012  State Commission : 28 October 2010 – 14 March 2013    Serving with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Boxiong) (Guo Boxiong) Guo Boxiong and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Caihou) (Xu Caihou) Xu Caihou   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Chairman Hu Jintao (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai) (Party Secretary of Shanghai) Party Secretary of Shanghai   In office   24 March 2007 – 27 October 2007 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  Han Zheng  Succeeded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng) (Yu Zhengsheng) Yu Zhengsheng  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Zhejiang) (Party Secretary of Zhejiang) Party Secretary of Zhejiang   In office   24 December 2002 – 25 March 2007 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang) (Zhang Dejiang) Zhang Dejiang   Succeeded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu) (Zhao Hongzhu) Zhao Hongzhu  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zhejiang) (Governor of Zhejiang) Governor of Zhejiang   In office   12 October 2002 – 22 January 2003 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong   Succeeded by  Li Yuanchao (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fujian) (Governor of Fujian) Governor of Fujian   In office   9 August 1999 – 12 October 2002 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Preceded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang   Succeeded by  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhangong) (Lu Zhangong) Lu Zhangong         Personal details  Born (1953-06-15 )  15 June 1953(age 73)  Beijing, China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party) (Political party) Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Communist Party of China (since 1974)  Spouses (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Lingling) (Ke Lingling) Ke Lingling  ​   ​  ( (married) m.  1979;  (divorced) div.  1982)  ​   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1298804929)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan) (Peng Liyuan) Peng Liyuan   ​  ( (married) m.  (1 September 1987) 1987 )  ​       Children (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Mingze) (Xi Mingze) Xi Mingze   Parents (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Xin) (Qi Xin) Qi Xin      Relatives (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_family) (Xi family) Xi family   Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University) (Tsinghua University) Tsinghua University ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science) (Bachelor of Science) BS , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws) (Doctor of Laws) LLD )  Awards  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping) Full list   Signature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_signature_(2023).svg) (Xi Jinping's signature) ()      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     Scientific career   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis) (Thesis) Thesis  (https://archive.org/details/20220730_20220730_1031) A Tentative Study on China's Rural Marketization   (2001)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisor) (Doctoral advisor) Doctoral advisor   Liu Meixun ((Chinese-language text) 刘美珣  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_addressing_the_press_October_2022.ogg) (File:Xi Jinping addressing the press October 2022.ogg) Xi's voice     (Ænglisc ‪(ang)‬)  (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (বাংলা ‪(bn)‬)  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (فارسی ‪(fa)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ ‪(grc)‬)  (עברית ‪(he)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (조선말 ‪(ko-kp)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (русский ‪(ru)‬)  (うちなーぐち ‪(ryu)‬)  (ไทย ‪(th)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (粵語 ‪(yue)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)      Xi speaking to reporters after the First Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Recorded 22 October 2022      (./Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats)     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     Chinese name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Simplified Chinese  (Chinese-language text) 习近平  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese  (Chinese-language text) 習近平  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)   Transcriptions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Mandarin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin) (Hanyu Pinyin) Hanyu Pinyin  (Chinese-language romanization) Xí Jìnpíng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo) (Bopomofo) Bopomofo  (Chinese-language text) ㄒㄧˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade–Giles) (Wade–Giles) Wade–Giles  (Chinese-language romanization) Hsi2 Chin4 -pʻing2      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II) (Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II) MPS2  (Chinese-language romanization) Shí Jìn-píng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) [ɕǐ  tɕî n.pʰǐ ŋ]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese) (Hakka Chinese) Hakka   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka) (Guangdong Romanization) Romanization  (Hakka-language romanization) Sip6 Kiun4     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha̍k-fa-sṳ) (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ) Pha̍k-fa-sṳ  (Hakka-language romanization) Si̍p Khiun-phìn    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese) (Cantonese) Yue: Cantonese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese) (Yale romanization of Cantonese) Yale Romanization  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) Jaahp Gahn-pìhng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping) (Jyutping) Jyutping  (Yue Chinese-language romanization) Zaap6 Gan6-ping4    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) IPA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese) (Help:IPA/Cantonese) [tsap̚˨ kɐn˨.pʰɪŋ˩]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min) (Southern Min) Southern Min   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien) (Hokkien) Hokkien (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe̍h-ōe-jī) (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) POJ  (Min Nan Chinese-language romanization) Si̍p Kīn-pêng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System) (Taiwanese Romanization System) Tâi-lô  (Min Nan Chinese-language romanization) Si̍p Kīn-pîng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbánlám_pìngyīm) (Bbánlám pìngyīm) Bbánlám Pìngyīm  (Min Nan Chinese-language romanization) Síp Gîn-bíng    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Min) (Eastern Min) Eastern Min   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect) (Fuzhou dialect) Fuzhou (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foochow_Romanized) (Foochow Romanized) BUC  (Min Dong Chinese-language romanization) Sĭk Gê̤ṳng-ping            Central institution membership[ 1]      2007–: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Politburo Standing Committee  2007–: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Politburo  2007–2012: Member (first-ranked), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Secretariat  2002–: Full member, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Central Committee  1997–2002: Alternate member, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th Central Committee  1998–: Delegate, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_People's_Congress) (9th National People's Congress) 9th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_National_People's_Congress) (10th National People's Congress) 10th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_People's_Congress) (11th National People's Congress) 11th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_National_People's_Congress) (12th National People's Congress) 12th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_National_People's_Congress) (13th National People's Congress) 13th , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People's_Congress) (14th National People's Congress) 14th National People's Congress     Leading Groups and Commissions[ 2]    [ 3]      2018–present: Director, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission  2018–present: Director, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Central Foreign Affairs Commission  2018–2023: Director, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission) (Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission) Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission [ 4]     2018–present: Director, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission) (Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission) Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission  2018–present: Director, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission  2014–present: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform) (Central Leading Group for Military Reform) Leading Group for Defence and Military Reform  2014–2018: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Internet_Security_and_Informatization) (Central Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization) Leading Group for Internet Security and Informatization  2013–present: Chairman, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) National Security Commission  2013–2018: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Group_for_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs) (Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs) Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs  2013–2018: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms) (Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms) Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms  2012–present: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs) (Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs) Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs  2012–2018: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Foreign Affairs Leading Group  2007–2012: Leader Group for Party Building  c. 2007–2012: Leader, Leading Group for Activities of Deepening the Study and Practice of the Scientific Outlook on Development[ 5]     2007–2012: Leader, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coordination_Group_for_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs) (Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs) Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs     Other offices held[ 1]    [ 6]      2016–present: Commander-in-chief, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_Joint_Operations_Command_Center) (Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center) Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center  2010–2013: Vice Chairman, State Central Military Commission  2010–2012: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Vice Chairman, Party Central Military Commission  2008–2013: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President of China  2007–2012: President, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Party School  2007: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary) (Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary) Party Committee Secretary , Shanghai municipality  2002–2007: Party Secretary, Zhejiang province, director, Standing Committee of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_People's_Congress) (Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress) Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress  2002: Deputy Party Secretary & acting governor, Zhejiang province  1999–2002: Governor, Fujian province  1995–2002: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary) (Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary) Deputy Party Secretary , Fujian province  1990–1996: Party Secretary, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou) (Fuzhou) Fuzhou  1990–1996: Chairman, Standing Committee of the Fuzhou Municipal People's Congress  1988–1990: Party Secretary, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde) (Ningde) Ningde  1985–1988: Deputy Mayor, Xiamen  1983–1985: Party Secretary, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengding_County) (Zhengding County) Zhengding County     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China   ←  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (Current holder )           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_on_August_18,_2026_(cropped).jpg)     This article is part of a series about  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping          Personal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early life of Xi Jinping) Early life  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_political_career_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early political career of Xi Jinping) Early political career  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Xi_Jinping) (Views of Xi Jinping) Views  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping) Awards  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping) (Bibliography of Xi Jinping) Bibliography (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_of_General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping's_Series_of_Important_Speeches) (Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches) Series of Important Speeches   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China) (The Governance of China) The Governance of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu) (Zhijiang Xinyu) Zhijiang Xinyu         CCP General Secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China_(2012–present)) (History of China (2012–present)) Leadership  Party Congresses (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2022    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction) (Xi Jinping faction) Xi Jinping faction  Trips (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2012–2017)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2012–2017)) First term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2017–2022)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2017–2022)) Second term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2022–present)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2022–present)) Third term    Presidential orders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_12th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 12th National People's Congress) First term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_13th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 13th National People's Congress) Second term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_14th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 14th National People's Congress) Third term        Policies and theories (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream) (Chinese Dream) Chinese Dream  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity) (Common prosperity) Common prosperity  Comprehensively Deepening Reforms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_modernization) (Chinese modernization) Chinese modernization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation) (Dual circulation) Dual circulation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Musts) (Eight Musts) Eight Musts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation) (Eight-point Regulation) Eight-point Regulation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping) (Foreign policy of Xi Jinping) Foreign policy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Comprehensives) (Four Comprehensives) Four Comprehensives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Confidences) (Four Confidences) Four Confidences  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Consciousnesses) (Four Consciousnesses) Four Consciousnesses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality_development) (High-quality development) High-quality development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_security_concept) (Holistic security concept) Holistic security concept  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_are_for_living,_not_for_speculation) (Houses are for living, not for speculation) Houses are for living, not for speculation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-country_diplomacy) (Major-country diplomacy) Major-country diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_concept_for_development) (New concept for development) New concept for development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_normal_(China)) (New normal (China)) New normal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_productive_forces) (New productive forces) New productive forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party's_last_name) (Party media takes the party's last name) Party media takes the party's last name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubao_culture) (Rubao culture) Rubao culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-revolution) (Self-revolution) Self-revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation) (Targeted Poverty Alleviation) Targeted Poverty Alleviation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_red_lines) (Three red lines) Three red lines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests) (Three Stricts and Three Honests) Three Stricts and Three Honests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Centenaries) (Two Centenaries) Two Centenaries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Establishments) (Two Establishments) Two Establishments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Upholds) (Two Upholds) Two Upholds  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Thought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture) (Xi Jinping Thought on Culture) culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy) diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Ecological_Civilization) (Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization) ecological civilization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Economy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Economy) economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_the_Rule_of_Law) (Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law) rule of law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Strengthening_the_Military) (Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military) strengthening the military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Party_Building) (Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building) party building    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_cult_of_personality) (Xi Jinping's cult of personality) Personality cult  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy) (Wolf warrior diplomacy) Wolf warrior diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-process_people's_democracy) (Whole-process people's democracy) Whole-process people's democracy      Tenure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_southern_tour) (Xi Jinping's southern tour) Southern tour  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) Anti-corruption campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Forum_on_Literature_and_Art) (Beijing Forum on Literature and Art) Beijing Forum on Literature and Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/709_crackdown) (709 crackdown) 709 crackdown  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_against_poverty) (Battle against poverty) Battle against poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform) (Deepening National Defense and Military Reform) Deepening National Defense and Military Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) Persecution of Uyghurs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps) (Xinjiang internment camps) Xinjiang internment camps    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_the_reform_of_the_Party_and_state_institutions) (Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions) 2018 Party and state reforms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China) (2018 amendment to the Constitution of China) 2018 constitutional amendment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) China–US trade war  State visits by Donald Trump to China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_China) (2017 state visit by Donald Trump to China) 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_China) (2026 state visit by Donald Trump to China) 2026    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–20_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–20 Hong Kong protests) 2019–20 Hong Kong protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China) (COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China) COVID-19 pandemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19) (Chinese government response to COVID-19) response    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP centenary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century) (Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century) Historical resolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree) (2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree) 2020–2021 reform spree  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong) (2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong) 2022 Hong Kong visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China) (2022 COVID-19 protests in China) 2022 COVID-19 protests      Diplomatic activities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Xi–Chu_meeting) (2015 Xi–Chu meeting) Xi–Chu meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ma–Xi_meeting) (First Ma–Xi meeting) Xi–Ma Meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi–Kim_meetings) (Xi–Kim meetings) Xi–Kim meetings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Pakistan) (State visit by Xi Jinping to Pakistan) 2015 Pakistan visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States) (2015 state visit by Xi Jinping to the United States) 2015 United States visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom) (State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom) 2015 United Kingdom visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Italy_and_France) (2019 state visits by Xi Jinping to Italy and France) 2019 Italy and France visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_North_Korea) (2019 state visit by Xi Jinping to North Korea) 2019 North Korea visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit) (CPC and World Political Parties Summit) CPC and World Political Parties Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia) (2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia) 2023 Russia visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam) (2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam) 2023 Vietnam visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia,_and_Hungary) (State visits by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia, and Hungary) 2024 France, Serbia and Hungary visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia) (2025 state visit by Xi Jinping to Russia) 2025 Russia visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_China–Japan_diplomatic_crisis) (2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis) 2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping_sidebar) (Template:Xi Jinping sidebar) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping_sidebar) (Template talk:Xi Jinping sidebar) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping_sidebar) (Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping sidebar) (Edit this template) e         Xi Jinping [ a]    (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China . He has served as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) chairman of the Party Central Military Commission (CMC) since 2012, and as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) president of China and chairman of the State Central Military Commission since 2013. The elder son of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun 's second marriage to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Xin) (Qi Xin) Qi Xin , Xi was born in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing . He is considered a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeling) (Princeling) princeling but kept a low-key image in his early career. As a teenager, his father was purged, and he was sent down to the rural village of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiahe) (Liangjiahe) Liangjiahe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi) Shaanxi , during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution . He lived in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaodong) (Yaodong) yaodong there, joined the CCP after several failed attempts, and served as the local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary) (Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary) party secretary . After studying (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering) (Chemical engineering) chemical engineering at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University) (Tsinghua University) Tsinghua University as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker-peasant-soldier_student) (Worker-peasant-soldier student) worker-peasant-soldier student , Xi rose through the party ranks. He served as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fujian) (Governor of Fujian) governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002 before serving as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zhejiang) (Governor of Zhejiang) governor and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Zhejiang) (Party Secretary of Zhejiang) party secretary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Xi briefly replaced disgraced Shanghai party secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liangyu) (Chen Liangyu) Chen Liangyu in 2007, the same year he joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee and became the first-ranked member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat . Appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) vice president in 2008 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission) vice chairman of the CMC in 2010, he succeeded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao as China's leader in 2012, becoming the first paramount leader to be born after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) foundation of the People's Republic of China . Xi's tenure as paramount leader has been marked by a sweeping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) anti-corruption campaign and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform) (Deepening National Defense and Military Reform) restructuring of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army , both claiming prominent officials. He initiated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_against_poverty) (Battle against poverty) battle against poverty , expanded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China) (State-owned enterprises of China) state-owned enterprises , promoted advanced manufacturing, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization) (Import substitution industrialization) import substitution , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military–civil_fusion) (Military–civil fusion) military–civil fusion , while overseeing regulatory crackdowns on the private sector, notably real estate, technology, and for-profit tutoring. His rule has seen a growing presence of the CCP over society, significant expansion of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China) (Censorship in China) censorship and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China) (Mass surveillance in China) mass surveillance and a deterioration in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China) (Human rights in China) human rights . During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China) (COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China) COVID-19 pandemic , he imposed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID) (Zero-COVID) zero-COVID policies for two years and lifted them following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China) (2022 COVID-19 protests in China) protests . Xi has pursued an assertive foreign policy, including toward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_relations) (China–United States relations) China–United States relations , in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea , and along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute) (Sino-Indian border dispute) Sino-Indian border dispute . He expanded China's presence in Africa and Eurasia through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative . His 2015 meeting with Taiwanese president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou) (Ma Ying-jeou) Ma Ying-jeou , the first between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-strait_relations) (Cross-strait relations) cross-strait leaders since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War , was followed by deteriorating relations under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party . He oversaw the enactment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law) (2020 Hong Kong national security law) 2020 Hong Kong national security law , which effectively suppressed the city's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)) (Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)) pro-democracy camp . In 2018, Xi amended the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) constitution to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China) (2018 amendment to the Constitution of China) remove presidential term limits and, upon his re-election in 2023, became the first Chinese president to serve more than two terms. Xi's ideology, known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought , has been incorporated into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) party and national constitutions.      Early life and education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early life of Xi Jinping) Early life of Xi Jinping  Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) (Beijing) Beijing as the third child of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun and his second wife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Xin) (Qi Xin) Qi Xin .[ 7]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party (CCP) revolutionary, Xi's father held a series of posts after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,[ 8]    including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party) head of the Party Publicity Department , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China) (Vice Premier of China) vice premier , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) vice chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress .[ 9]    [ 10]    Xi has two older sisters, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao) (Qi Qiaoqiao) Qi Qiaoqiao , born in 1949, and Qi An'an ((Chinese-language text) 齐安安  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ), born in 1952.[ 11]    Xi's father was from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuping_County,_Shaanxi) (Fuping County, Shaanxi) Fuping County , Shaanxi.[ 12]     Xi went to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Bayi_School) (Beijing Bayi School) Beijing Bayi School , where students were primarily the children of high-ranking military officials.[ 13]    In 1963, when Xi was ten years old, his father was purged from the CCP and sent to work in a factory in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang) (Luoyang) Luoyang , Henan.[ 12]    Following the start of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution in 1966, Xi was persecuted due to his father's status.[ 14]    Student militants ransacked the Xi family home.[ 15]    His mother was forced to publicly denounce his father, as he was paraded before a crowd as an enemy of the revolution.[ 16]    After the Bayi School closed down in 1967, Xi was transferred to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_No._25_Middle_School) (Beijing No. 25 Middle School) Beijing No. 25 School .[ 17]    In 1968, when Xi was aged 15, his father was imprisoned. Xi left Beijing and arrived in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiahe) (Liangjiahe) Liangjiahe Village , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan'an) (Yan'an) Yan'an , Shaanxi in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement) (Down to the Countryside Movement) Down to the Countryside Movement .[ 18]    At the time, Yan'an was once of the poorest places in the country.[ 19]    After a few months, unable to stand rural life, he ran away to Beijing. He was arrested during a crackdown on deserters from the countryside and sent to a work camp to dig ditches. He later returned to the village under the persuasion of his aunt Qi Yun and uncle Wei Zhenwu.[ 20]    [ 21]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:习近平插队时使用过的物品，黑河知青博物馆.jpg)   Items used by Xi during his time working in the countryside in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiahe) (Liangjiahe) Liangjiahe   He then spent a total of seven years in Liangjiahe, where he lived in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaodong) (Yaodong) yaodong , a type of cave house found in northern China.[ 22]    [ 23]    During his time in Liangjiahe, Xi's half-sister Heping hanged herself at her military academy.[ 24]    In 1973, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanchuan_County) (Yanchuan County) Yanchuan County assigned Xi to Zhaojiahe Village in the Jiajianping Commune to lead social education efforts.[ 25]    Due to his effective work and strong rapport with the villagers, the community expressed a desire to keep him. However, after Liangjiahe Village advocated for his return, Xi was sent back there.[ 14]    The village branch secretaries supported his application to the CCP. Yet, due to his father Xi Zhongxun still facing political persecution, the application was initially denied by the higher authorities.[ 16]    According to one account, Xi applied for CCP membership twice; his first application was rejected due to his father's status, but the second time, due to a new policy of not judging offsprings due to their parents, the application was approved.[ 26]    Around that time, as the Liangjiahe village underwent leadership changes, Xi was recommended to become the Party branch chairman of the Liangjiahe Brigade, later taking office.[ 27]    In 1975, when the Yan’an region was allocated two spots at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University) (Tsinghua University) Tsinghua University , Xi applied to the university in all three of his allowable choices.[ 28]    From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering) (Chemical engineering) chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student) (Worker-Peasant-Soldier student) worker-peasant-soldier student in Beijing.[ 29]      Early political career  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_political_career_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early political career of Xi Jinping) Early political career of Xi Jinping  Central Military Commission  After graduating in April 1979, Xi worked at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council) (General Office of the State Council) General Office of the State Council as one of the three secretaries of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng_Biao) (Geng Biao) Geng Biao , who was the secretary-general of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission .[ 30]    [ 31]    [ 16]    As part of his job, Xi participated in central meetings and decision-making, dealt with regional and foreign affairs, and became familiar with the handling of central documents, including confidential ones. Xi worked to inspect the armed forces, draft documents, and oversee Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan affairs together with Geng.[ 30]      Hebei  In March 1982, Xi was appointed deputy party secretary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengding_County) (Zhengding County) Zhengding County in Hebei.[ 32]    [ 33]    Together with Lü Yulan, the other deputy party secretary of Zhengding, Xi wrote a letter to the central government addressing the excessive requisitions that burdened local farmers.[ 34]    [ 35]    Their efforts successfully convinced the central government to reduce the annual requisition amount by 14 million kilograms. Xi also set up a pilot project for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_responsibility_system) (Household responsibility system) household responsibility system in one of the poorer communes despite reservations from some in the local leadership.[ 34]     As the secretary of the CCP Zhengding County Committee in July 1983,[ 36]    [ 35]    Xi initiated several development projects, including the development of "Nine Articles of Zhengding talents",[ 36]    the construction of Changshan Park,[ 37]    the restoration of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longxing_Temple) (Longxing Temple) Longxing Temple , the formation of a tourism company, and the establishment of the Rongguo Mansion and Zhengding Table Tennis Base.[ 38]    He also persuaded the China Teleplay Production Center to set the filming base of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_(1987_TV_series)) (Dream of the Red Chamber (1987 TV series)) Dream of the Red Chamber  in Zhengding and secured 3.5 million yuan to build Rongguo Mansion,[ 39]    which significantly boosted the county's tourism industry, generating 17.61 million yuan in revenue that year.[ 40]    Additionally, Xi invited prominent figures such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Luogeng) (Hua Luogeng) Hua Luogeng , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Guangyuan) (Yu Guangyuan) Yu Guangyuan , Pan Chengxiao to visit Zhengding,[ 41]    which eventually led to the development of the county's "semi-urban" strategy,[ 38]    leveraging its proximity to Shijiazhuang for diverse business growth.[ 42]    [ 43]     In September 1984, during a briefing session chaired by He Zai, the secretary-general of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP Central Organization Department , Xi's strategic vision and comprehensive understanding of Zhengding County's development were highlighted.[ 44]    He Zai, along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jianxing) (Wei Jianxing) Wei Jianxing , deputy head of the CCP Central Organization Department, communicated these findings to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang) (Hu Yaobang) Hu Yaobang , describing Xi as a leader with a strategic outlook and a strong alliance ideology between workers and peasants.[ 45]    [ 46]    In 1985, Xi participated in a study tour on corn processing and traveled to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa) (Iowa) Iowa , the United States,[ 47]    to study agricultural production and corn processing technology.[ 48]    [ 44]    During his visit to the U.S., the CCP Central Organization Department decided to transfer him to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen) (Xiamen) Xiamen as a member of the Standing Committee of the CCP Xiamen Municipal Committee and as vice mayor.[ 45]      Fujian  Arriving in Xiamen as vice-mayor in June 1985, Xi drafted the first strategic plan for the development of the city, the Xiamen Economic and Social Development Strategy for 1985–2000.[ 49]    From August, he oversaw the resolution for Yundang Lake's comprehensive treatments,[ 50]    and prepared (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen_Airlines) (Xiamen Airlines) Xiamen Airlines ,[ 51]    the Xiamen Economic Information Center,[ 52]    and the Xiamen Special Administrative Region Road Project. He then married (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan) (Peng Liyuan) Peng Liyuan in Xiamen.[ 53]    [ 54]    In September 1988, he was appointed as the secretary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde) (Ningde) Ningde before being elevated to head of the region.[ 55]    Ningde's economy was far worse at that time than that of Fuzhou and Xiamen.[ 56]    Xi condensed his work log and memories of his Ningde period into the book Getting out of Poverty ,[ 57]    and led local poverty eradicating efforts and local CCP building projects.[ 58]    The CCP Fujian Provincial Committee decided in May 1990 to assign Xi to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_City) (Fuzhou City) Fuzhou City as the Municipal Committee Secretary.[ 59]    In 1995, Xi Jinping was elevated to deputy secretary of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party .[ 60]     In September 1997, he was elected as an alternate member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th CCP Central Committee by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th Party National Congress . In 1998, he became a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_People's_Congress) (9th National People's Congress) 9th National People's Congress .[ 61]    In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Vice Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. Xi proposed the concept of the Golden Triangle at Min River and oversaw the construction of the Fuzhou 3820 Project Master Plan,[ 62]    which outlines Fuzhou's growth strategy for 3, 8, and 20 years.[ 63]    He also championed the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_Changle_International_Airport) (Fuzhou Changle International Airport) Fuzhou Changle International Airport ,[ 64]    the Min River Water Transfer Project, the Fuzhou Telecommunication Hub, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou_Port) (Fuzhou Port) Fuzhou Port , among others. He also focused on attracting Taiwanese and foreign investment,[ 65]    establishing Southwest TPV Electronics and Southeast Automobile in Fuzhou, and fostering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyao_Glass) (Fuyao Glass) Fuyao Glass , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newland_Digital_Technology) (Newland Digital Technology) Newland Digital Technology and other manufacturing firms.[ 59]    He served as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fujian) (Governor of Fujian) governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, during which he presented the notion of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China) (Megalopolises in China) Megalopolises " and advocated for the inter-island growth strategy of Fuzhou and Xiamen, which motivated local officials to swiftly overcome the repercussions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Changxing) (Lai Changxing) Yuanhua smuggling case ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese :  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  远华走私案 ) and adopt a new development strategy.[ 60]    Xi also oversaw the development of "Digital Fujian", including the province's complaint hotline into the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12345_hotline) (12345 hotline) 12345 Citizen Service Platform ", so enhancing organizational efficiency.[ 62]      Zhejiang  In October 2002, Xi left Fujian and became the deputy governor, acting governor and deputy Party secretary of neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) provincial Party Committee secretary after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th Party National Congress , occupying a top provincial office for the first time in his career.[ 66]    In November 2002, he was elected a full member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th Central Committee by the 16th Party National Congress, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, Xi presided over reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[ 67]    During this period, Zhejiang increasingly transitioned away from heavy industry.[ 68]    Xi's career in Zhejiang was marked by a tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials. This earned him a name in the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.[ 69]    Between 2004 and 2007, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang acted as Xi's chief of staff through his position as secretary-general of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Zhejiang Party Committee , where they developed close mutual ties.[ 70]    During this period, Xi and Li drafted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Eight_Strategy) (Double Eight Strategy) Double Eight Strategy , which listed eight comparative advantages of Zhejiang and eight corresponding actions to improve the province.[ 71]      Shanghai  Following the dismissal of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai) (Party Secretary of Shanghai) Shanghai Party secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liangyu) (Chen Liangyu) Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_pension_scandal) (Shanghai pension scandal) social security fund scandal , Xi was transferred to Shanghai on 24 March 2007, where he was the party secretary there for seven months.[ 72]    [ 73]    While in Shanghai, he worked on preserving unity of the local party organisation. He pledged there would be no purges during his administration, despite the fact many local officials were thought to have been implicated in the Chen Liangyu corruption scandal.[ 74]    In Shanghai, Xi was known for supporting market based reforms.[ 75]    [ 76]    On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line of the central leadership.[ 77]    He developed a reputation in his early career for avoiding controversy and not making political opponents.[ 78]      Vice presidency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_with_Vice_President_Xi_Jinping.jpg)   Xi greeting U.S. president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush) (George W. Bush) George W. Bush in August 2008  Immediately after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Party Congress , Xi was elected by the first plenary session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Central Committee to be the 6th-ranking member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee on 22 October 2007. In addition, Xi became a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Secretariat . He also led the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Party_Building) (Central Leading Group for Party Building) Central Leading Group for Party Building and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs) (Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs) Central Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leading Group , as well as being the deputy leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group .[ 79]    He was ranked above (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang in the PSC, an indication that he was going to succeed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao as China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China) (Succession of power in China) next leader . This assessment was further supported at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_session_of_the_11th_National_People's_Congress) (First session of the 11th National People's Congress) first session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_People's_Congress) (11th National People's Congress) 11th National People's Congress in March 2008, when Xi was elected as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) vice president of China .[ 80]     Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics) (2008 Summer Olympics) 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,[ 81]    as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Central_Party_School) (President of the Central Party School) president of the Central Party School , the CCP's cadre-training and ideological education school. In the wake of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake) (2008 Sichuan earthquake) 2008 Sichuan earthquake , Xi visited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi) (Shaanxi) Shaanxi , which was also hit by the earthquake.[ 82]    After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of committee chair for the preparations of celebrations for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_anniversary_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China) 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China . He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6521_Project) (6521 Project) 6521 Project , which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[ 83]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2009_Ürümqi_riots) (July 2009 Ürümqi riots) July 2009 Ürümqi riots , Xi was put in charge to restore order, aided by security chief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang) (Zhou Yongkang) Zhou Yongkang .[ 84]    Xi also took active part in diplomacy, visiting various countries as vice president.[ 85]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_China_28_September_2010-6.jpeg)   Xi with Russian president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev) (Dmitry Medvedev) Dmitry Medvedev on 28 September 2010  Xi's position as the apparent successor to become the paramount leader was threatened with the rapid rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Xilai) (Bo Xilai) Bo Xilai , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Chongqing) (Party Secretary of Chongqing) party secretary of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing) (Chongqing) Chongqing at the time. Bo was expected to join the PSC after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Party Congress , with most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver himself into replacing Xi.[ 86]    Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received praise from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lijun_incident) (Wang Lijun incident) Wang Lijun incident , which opened the door for Xi to come to power without challengers.[ 87]    On 18 October 2010, at the fifth plenary session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Central Committee , Xi was elected to be a vice chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission,[ 88]    followed by his appointment as vice chairman of the state CMC on 28 October by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) Standing Committee of the National People's Congress .[ 89]     A few months before his ascendancy to the party leadership, Xi disappeared from official media coverage and cancelled meetings with foreign officials for several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors.[ 16]    He then reappeared on 15 September.[ 90]    On 15 November 2012, immediately after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Party National Congress , Xi was elected by the first plenary session the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Central Committee to the posts of Party general secretary and chairman of the Party CMC. This made him both the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP leader and, informally, China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader . The following day Xi led the new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance.[ 91]    The membership of the PSC was reduced from nine to seven, with Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the other five members were new.[ 92]    [ 93]    [ 94]    In December 2012, Xi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_southern_tour) (Xi Jinping's southern tour) visited Guangdong in his first trip outside Beijing since taking the general secretaryship. The overarching theme of the trip was to call for further economic reform and a strengthened military.[ 95]    Xi was elected president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_session_of_the_12th_National_People's_Congress) (First session of the 12th National People's Congress) first session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_National_People's_Congress) (12th National People's Congress) 12th National People's Congress in Beijing. He received 2,952 for, one vote against, and three abstentions.[ 91]    He replaced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao , who retired after serving two terms.[ 96]    Xi was also elected as the chairman of the state CMC. He subsequently nominated Li Keqiang to be the premier, who was then appointed by the NPC.[ 97]       Leadership  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretaryship_of_Xi_Jinping) (General secretaryship of Xi Jinping) General secretaryship of Xi Jinping  Political developments  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction) (Xi Jinping faction) Xi Jinping faction  Political observers have called Xi the most powerful Chinese leader since Chairman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong , especially since the ending of presidential two-term limits in 2018.[ 98]    [ 99]    [ 100]    Xi has departed from the CCP's previous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership) (Collective leadership) collective leadership practices.[ 101]    [ 102]    Observers have said that Xi has seriously diluted the influence of the once-dominant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanpai) (Tuanpai) Tuanpai , also called the Youth League Faction, which were CCP officials who rose through the Communist Youth League (CYLC).[ 103]    Xi has had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality) (Cult of personality) cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office[ 104]    [ 105]    with books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honouring his rule.[ 106]    [ 107]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_cult_of_personality) (Xi Jinping's cult of personality) Xi's cult of personality has been especially pronounced in Xinjiang.[ 108]    In 2016, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_plenary_session_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Sixth plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) sixth plenary session of the 18th Central Committee officially announced Xi as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) leadership core , making him the fourth leader to have been given this designation after Mao Zedong, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao was never given this designation.[ 109]           Xi and other members of the new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Politburo Standing Committee meeting the press following Xi's re-election as general secretary in October 2022  Xi was re-elected as general secretary and CMC chairman by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Central Committee after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Party National Congress , held between 18 and 24 October 2017; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Politburo was noted for containing no potential successor.[ 110]    In March 2018, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_session_of_the_13th_National_People's_Congress) (First session of the 13th National People's Congress) first session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_National_People's_Congress) (13th National People's Congress) 13th National People's Congress passed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China) (2018 amendment to the Constitution of China) constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, the creation of a National Supervisory Commission, as well as codifying the leading role of the CCP.[ 111]    [ 112]    Xi was reappointed as president, now without term limits,[ 113]    [ 114]    while Li Keqiang was reappointed premier.[ 115]    In its sixth plenary session in November 2021, the 19th Central Committee adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century) (Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century) Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century  , which evaluated the party's historical legacy from its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) foundation in 1921 until its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th anniversary in 2021. The third historical resolution after the ones adopted by Mao and Deng,[ 116]    [ 117]    Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history in comparison.[ 118]    To accompany the resolution, the CCP promoted the terms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Establishments) (Two Establishments) Two Establishments and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Upholds) (Two Upholds) Two Upholds , calling the CCP to unite around and protect Xi's core status within the party.[ 119]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Party National Congress , held between 16 and 22 October 2022, has overseen amendments in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP constitution , with the overall result of the Congress further strengthening Xi's power.[ 120]    Xi was subsequently re-elected as general secretary of the CCP and chairman of the CMC for a third term during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_plenary_session_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (First plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) first plenary session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Central Committee held on 23 October 2022, held immediately after the Party Congress. Xi's re-election made him the first party leader since Mao Zedong to be chosen for a third term.[ 121]    The new Politburo Standing Committee elected by the Central Committee was filled almost completely with people close to Xi, with four out of the seven members of the previous PSC stepping down.[ 122]    Xi was unanimously re-elected as the president and chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission on 10 March 2023 during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_session_of_the_14th_National_People's_Congress) (First session of the 14th National People's Congress) first session of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_People's_Congress) (14th National People's Congress) 14th National People's Congress .[ 123]    At the same time, Xi ally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang succeeded Li Keqiang as the Premier.[ 124]      Anti-corruption campaign  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping   "To speak the truth" means to focus on the nature of things, to speak frankly, and follow the truth. This is an important embodiment of a leading official's characteristics of truth seeking, embodying justice, devotion to public interests, and uprightness. Moreover, he highlighted that the premise of telling the truth is to listen to the truth.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in 2012[ 125]       Xi called for a crackdown on corruption immediately after he ascended to power, starting an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) anti-corruption campaign . In his inaugural speech as general secretary, Xi mentioned that fighting corruption was one of the toughest challenges for the party.[ 126]    A few months into his term, Xi outlined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation) (Eight-point Regulation) Eight-point Regulation , listing rules intended to curb corruption and waste during official party business; it aimed at stricter discipline on the conduct of officials. Xi vowed to root out "tigers and flies", that is, high-ranking officials and ordinary party functionaries.[ 127]    He also launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party's_Mass_Line_Education_and_Practice_Activities) (Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities) Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities , aiming CCP cadres to use (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_line) (Mass line) mass line and instill Party discipline. The campaign lasted from 2013 to 2014.[ 128]     Xi's anti-corruption campaign has led to the downfall of prominent incumbent and retired CCP officials, including members of the PSC.[ 129]    Xi initiated cases against former CMC vice chairmen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Caihou) (Xu Caihou) Xu Caihou and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Boxiong) (Guo Boxiong) Guo Boxiong , former PSC member and security chief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang) (Zhou Yongkang) Zhou Yongkang and former CCP General Office director (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Jihua) (Ling Jihua) Ling Jihua .[ 130]    Xi has overseen significant reforms of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), CCP's highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_control) (Internal control) internal control institution.[ 131]    He and CCDI Secretary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan further institutionalized CCDI's independence from the day-to-day operations of the CCP, improving its ability to function as a bona fide control body.[ 131]    Along with Wang Qishan, Xi's administration spearheaded the formation of "centrally-dispatched inspection teams". These were cross-jurisdictional squads whose task was to gain an understanding of the operations of provincial and local party organizations and enforce party discipline mandated by Beijing. Work teams had the effect of identifying and initiating investigations of high-ranking officials. Over one hundred provincial-ministerial level officials were implicated during a nationwide anti-corruption campaign. These included former and current regional officials, leading figures of state-owned enterprises and central government organs, and generals. Within the first two years of the campaign alone, over 200,000 officials received warnings, fines, and demotions.[ 132]    As of 2023, approximately 2.3 million government officials have been prosecuted.[ 133]     According to The Wall Street Journal , anti-corruption punishment to officials at or above the vice ministerial level need approval from Xi.[ 134]    In 2017, the campaign led to the downfall of Chongqing Party Secretary and Politburo member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Zhengcai) (Sun Zhengcai) Sun Zhengcai .[ 135]    In March 2018, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission) (National Supervisory Commission) National Supervisory Commission was established as the highest state supervisory and anti-corruption authority in an effort to aid the CCDI.[ 136]    In January 2018, Xi launched a three-year (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Crack_Down_on_Organized_Crime_and_Eliminate_Evil) (Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil) Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil that lasted until 2020.[ 137]    After the special campaign exposed problems in the legal system, the CCP announced a campaign to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Rectification_of_the_Political_and_Legal_Teams) (Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams) educate and rectify the political and legal teams in July 2020.[ 138]    [ 139]    Especially since 2023, Xi has also overseen significant anti-corruption efforts in the military, with some targets involving those that rose to prominence under his leadership.[ 140]    Those targeted included former defense ministers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shangfu) (Li Shangfu) Li Shangfu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Fenghe) (Wei Fenghe) Wei Fenghe ,[ 141]    CMC vice chairmen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Weidong) (He Weidong) He Weidong and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia) (Zhang Youxia) Zhang Youxia , and CMC member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Hua) (Miao Hua) Miao Hua .[ 142]    [ 143]    In addition, former Xinjiang Party Secretary and Politburo member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xingrui) (Ma Xingrui) Ma Xingrui was put under investigation in 2026.[ 144]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg News estimated that as October 2025, at least 14 generals out of 79 appointed under Xi's leadership have been ousted.[ 145]    Xi has introduced stringent restrictions on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_official) (Naked official) naked officials , CCP officials with spouses or children residing abroad, eventually culminating in a 2025 campaign to require cadres of vice-ministerial rank or above being required to either repatriate family members or resign from office.[ 146]      Media and censorship  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China) (Censorship in China) Censorship in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China) (Internet censorship in China) Internet censorship in China  Since Xi became general secretary, censorship has stepped up.[ 147]    [ 148]    Xi has overseen the increased coordination and consolidation of censorship authorities, raising their efficiency, and under his leadership censorship practices have tightened.[ 149]    Xi has called on for more (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_energy_(China)) (Positive energy (China)) positive energy at Chinese media, referring to the need for uplifting messages as opposed to critical or negative ones.[ 150]    In August 2013, he gave what became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19_speech) (August 19 speech) August 19 speech , emphasizing the guiding role of ideology in propaganda.[ 151]    At the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_on_News_Reporting_and_Public_Opinion) (Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion) Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion in 2016, Xi stated that "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party's_last_name) (Party media takes the party's last name) party and government-owned media must hold the family name of the party " and that the state media "must embody the party's will, safeguard the party's authority".[ 152]     Xi's administration has overseen more Internet restrictions imposed, and is described as being "stricter across the board" on speech than previous administrations.[ 153]    [ 148]    In 2013, the State Internet Information Office summoned influential bloggers to a seminar to instruct them to avoid writing about politics, the CCP, or making statements contradicting official narratives. Many bloggers stopped writing about controversial topics, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weibo) (Weibo) Weibo went into decline, with much of its readership shifting to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat) (WeChat) WeChat users speaking to limited social circles.[ 154]    The SIIO also formulated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Bottom_Lines) (Seven Bottom Lines) Seven Bottom Lines , which serve as the bottom lines that internet users and social media companies in China must adhere to.[ 155]    In September 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People's_Court) (Supreme People's Court) Supreme People's Court authorized a three-year prison term for bloggers who shared more than 500 times any content considered "defamatory".[ 154]     In 2014, the Chinese government launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_the_Web_2014) (Cleaning the Web 2014) Cleaning the Web campaign, aiming to crack down on pornographic, vulgar, and politically questionable content.[ 156]    It also launched (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Qinglang) (Operation Qinglang) Operation Qinglang campaigns since 2016 to "clean up" the Chinese internet.[ 157]    China under Xi has taken a strong stand to control internet usage inside China, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google) (Google) Google , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook) (Facebook) Facebook [ 158]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia) (Wikipedia) Wikipedia ,[ 159]    advocating Internet censorship under the concept of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_sovereignty) (Network sovereignty) internet sovereignty .[ 160]    [ 161]    Likewise, the situation for users of Weibo has been described as a change from fearing one's account would be deleted, to fear of arrest.[ 162]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisions_on_the_Governance_of_the_Online_Information_Content_Ecosystem) (Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem) Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem , which came into effect in 2020, defined the scope of legal expression for service platforms and content creators.[ 163]    Under Xi's administration, China started enforcing an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_real-name_system_in_China) (Internet real-name system in China) Internet real-name system for online platforms, requiring them to collect users' real names, ID numbers, and other information when providing services.[ 164]      Reforms  In November 2013, at the conclusion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_plenary_session_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) third plenum of the 18th Central Committee , the Communist Party adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_on_Several_Major_Issues_Concerning_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reform) (Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform) Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform  , a far-reaching reform agenda that alluded to changes in both economic and social policy. Xi signaled at the plenum that he was consolidating control of the massive internal security organization that was formerly the domain of Zhou Yongkang.[ 165]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms) (Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms) Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms —another ad hoc policy coordination body led by Xi upgraded to a commission in 2018—was also formed to oversee the implementation of the reform agenda.[ 166]    [ 167]    Termed "comprehensive deepening reforms", they were said to be the most significant since Deng Xiaoping's 1992 Southern Tour. The plenum also announced economic reforms and resolved to abolish the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laogai) (Laogai) laogai  system of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-education_through_labor) (Re-education through labor) re-education through labour ", which was largely seen as a blot on China's human rights record. The system has faced significant criticism for years from domestic critics and foreign observers.[ 165]     In 2015, Xi announced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Comprehensives) (Four Comprehensives) Four Comprehensives , namely comprehensively build a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society) (Moderately prosperous society) moderately prosperous society , deepening reform, governing the nation according to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_law) (Chinese law) law , and strictly governing the Party;[ 168]    [ 169]    in 2021, at the 100th anniversary of the CCP, Xi declared that China achieved its goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.[ 170]    In January 2016, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-child_policy) (Two-child policy) two-child policy replaced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy) (One-child policy) one-child policy ,[ 171]    which was in turn was replaced with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-child_policy) (Three-child policy) three-child policy in May 2021.[ 172]    In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.[ 173]    Since abandoning population control restrictions, China has pursued (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalism) (Natalism) pro-natalist policies in an attempt to boost the birth rate.[ 174]     Political reforms  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)) (Neoauthoritarianism (China)) Neoauthoritarianism (China) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Party_Building) (Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building) Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   The most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The greatest advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and the party is the highest political leading force.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in June 2018[ 175]       Xi's administration enacted a number of changes to the structure of the CCP and state bodies, especially in a large overhaul in 2018. These reforms have been characterized by the integration of CCP and state bodies.[ 176]    Beginning in 2013, the CCP under Xi has created a series of Central Leading Groups: supra-ministerial steering committees, designed to bypass existing institutions when making decisions, and ostensibly make policy-making a more efficient process. Xi was also believed to have diluted the authority of premier Li Keqiang, taking authority over the economy which has generally been considered to be the domain of the premier.[ 177]    [ 178]    February 2014 oversaw the creation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission) (Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission) Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization with Xi as its leader. The State Internet Information Office (SIIO), previously under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office) (State Council Information Office) State Council Information Office (SCIO), was transferred to the central leading group and renamed in English into the Cyberspace Administration of China.[ 179]    As part of managing the financial system, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Stability_and_Development_Committee) (Financial Stability and Development Committee) Financial Stability and Development Committee , a State Council body, was established in 2017. Chaired by vice premier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_(politician)) (Liu He (politician)) Liu He during its existence, the committee was disestablished by the newly established Central Financial Commission during the 2023 Party and state reforms.[ 180]    Xi has increased the role of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission at the expense of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council .[ 181]     2018 has seen the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_the_reform_of_the_Party_and_state_institutions) (Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions) deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions . In that year, several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Small_Group) (Leading Small Group) central leading groups including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) reform , cyberspace affairs, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) finance and economics , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) foreign affairs were upgraded to commissions.[ 182]    The powers of the Central Publicity Department was strengthened, which now oversaw the newly established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Media_Group) (China Media Group) China Media Group (CMG).[ 182]    Two State Council departments. one dealing with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office) (Overseas Chinese Affairs Office) overseas Chinese , and other one dealing with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_for_Religious_Affairs) (State Administration for Religious Affairs) religious affairs , were merged into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department of the CCP while another commission dealing with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ethnic_Affairs_Commission) (National Ethnic Affairs Commission) ethnic affairs was brought under formal UFWD leadership.[ 182]    In 2020, all elections at all levels of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_people's_congress) (System of people's congress) people's congress system and NPC were mandated to adhere to the leadership of the CCP.[ 183]    2023 has seen further reforms to the CCP and state bureaucracy called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_on_reforming_Party_and_state_institutions) (Plan on reforming Party and state institutions) plan on reforming Party and state institutions , which included the strengthening of Party control over the financial and technology domains.[ 184]    This included the creation of two CCP bodies for overseeing finance; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission) (Central Financial Commission) Central Financial Commission (CFC), as well as the revival of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission) (Central Financial Work Commission) Central Financial Work Commission (CFWC) that was previously dissolved in 2002.[ 184]    Additionally, a new CCP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission) (Central Science and Technology Commission) Central Science and Technology Commission would be established to broadly oversee the technology sector, while a newly created (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Work_Department) (Society Work Department) Society Work Department was tasked with CCP interactions with several sectors, including civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups, as well as handling public petition and grievance work.[ 184]    Regulatory bodies saw large overhauls.[ 185]    Several regulatory responsibilities were also transferred from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Bank_of_China) (People's Bank of China) People's Bank of China (PBC) to another regulatory body, while the PBC reopened offices around the country that were closed in a previous reorganization.[ 186]    In 2024, the CCP's role was strengthened further with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State_Council) (Organic Law of the State Council) Organic Law of the State Council amended to add a clause about following CCP ideology and policies.[ 187]      Legal reforms  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_the_Rule_of_Law) (Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law) Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   Efforts should be made to enable the people to see that justice is served in every judicial case.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in November 2020[ 188]       The party under Xi announced a raft of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_reform) (Law reform) legal reforms at the fourth plenum held in the fall 2014, and he called for "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_China) (Rule of law in China) Chinese socialistic rule of law " immediately afterwards. The party aimed to reform the legal system, which had been perceived as ineffective at delivering justice and affected by corruption, local government interference and lack of constitutional oversight. The plenum, while emphasizing the absolute leadership of the party, also called for a greater role of the constitution in the affairs of state and a strengthening of the role of the National People's Congress Standing Committee in interpreting the constitution.[ 189]    It also called for more transparency in legal proceedings, more involvement of ordinary citizens in the legislative process, and an overall "professionalization" of the legal workforce. The party also planned to institute cross-jurisdictional circuit legal tribunals as well as giving provinces consolidated administrative oversight over lower level legal resources, which is intended to reduce local government involvement in legal proceedings.[ 190]     There have been several reforms to the court system under Xi, including transferring the authority over local court finance and personnel from local governments to the provincial-level, establishing a personnel quota system, emphasizing "lifetime accountability" for judges for their judicial decisions, and specification of case transferring procedures between various courts.[ 191]    In 2014, China started efforts to pass a unified (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Code_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Civil Code of the People's Republic of China) Civil Code , which was eventually adopted in 2020.[ 192]    In 2015, Xi's administration oversaw the establishment of two circuit courts under the Supreme People's Court, followed by four other circuit courts being established in 2016.[ 193]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Internet_Court) (Hangzhou Internet Court) Hangzhou Internet Court was established as a court of special jurisdiction in 2017, followed by the establishment of Beijing Internet Court and Guangzhou Internet Court.[ 194]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Financial_Court) (Shanghai Financial Court) Shanghai Financial Court was established in 2018  as a specialized financial court.[ 195]    Under Xi, an increasing share of laws passed by the NPC explicitly affirmed the leadership of the CCP, with the share increasing from 4% in 2018 to nearly 70% in 2024.[ 196]      Military reforms  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People's_Liberation_Army) (Modernization of the People's Liberation Army) Modernization of the People's Liberation Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform) (Deepening National Defense and Military Reform) Deepening National Defense and Military Reform , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Strengthening_the_Military) (Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military) Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   In the USSR, where the military was depoliticized, separated from the party and nationalized, the party was disarmed. When the Soviet Union came to crisis point, a big party was gone just like that. Proportionally, the Soviet Communist Party had more members than we do, but nobody was man enough to stand up and resist.  — Xi Jinping during a speech[ 197]       Since taking power in 2012, Xi has undertaken an overhaul of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army , including both political reform and its modernization.[ 198]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military-civil_fusion) (Military-civil fusion) Military-civil fusion has advanced under Xi.[ 199]    [ 200]    Xi has been active in his participation in military affairs, taking a direct hands-on approach to military reform. In addition to being the chairman of the CMC and leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform) (Central Leading Group for Military Reform) Central Leading Group for Military Reform founded in 2014 to oversee comprehensive military reforms, Xi has delivered numerous high-profile pronouncements vowing to clean up malfeasance and complacency in the military. Xi has repeatedly warned that the depoliticization of the PLA from the CCP would lead to a collapse similar to that of the Soviet Union.[ 201]    Xi held the New Gutian Conference in 2014, gathering China's top military officers, re-emphasizing the principle of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_commands_the_gun) (The Party commands the gun) the party has absolute control over the army " first established by Mao at the 1929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_Congress) (Gutian Congress) Gutian Congress .[ 202]    Xi's tenure saw an emphasis on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_responsibility_system) (Chairman responsibility system) chairman responsibility system , highlighting the CMC chairman's absolute leadership over the Central Military Commission and the military.[ 203]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_and_Putin_inspected_the_PLA_troops-20260520.jpg)   Xi and Russian president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin reviewing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army troops during a welcome ceremony in Beijing, 20 May 2026  At the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade) (2015 China Victory Day Parade) 2015 China Victory Day Parade , Xi announced a reduction of 300,000 troops from the PLA, bringing its size to 2 million troops. Xi described this as a gesture of peace, while analysts have said that the cut was done to reduce costs as well as to modernize the PLA.[ 204]    In November 2015, the Central Leading Group for Military Reform announced extensive reforms in the PLA called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform) (Deepening National Defense and Military Reform) Deepening National Defense and Military Reform .[ 205]    In 2016, Xi reduced the number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_command) (Theater command) theater commands of the PLA from seven to five.[ 206]    He also abolished the four autonomous general departments of the PLA, replacing them with 15 agencies directly reporting to the CMC.[ 198]    Two new branches of the PLA were created under his reforms, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force) Strategic Support Force [ 207]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force) Joint Logistics Support Force .[ 208]    PLA Second Artillery Corps was upgraded to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force) (People's Liberation Army Rocket Force) PLA Rocket Force .[ 209]    In March 2016, the CMC announced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessation_of_paid_services_by_the_Chinese_military) (Cessation of paid services by the Chinese military) abolishment of paid services by the PLA and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police (PAP) by 2019, meaning activities like military-run hospitals and hotels open to the public.[ 210]    On 21 April 2016, Xi was named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China) commander-in-chief of the country's new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_Joint_Operations_Command_Center) (Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center) CMC Joint Operations Command Center .[ 211]    [ 212]    In 2018, the PAP was placed under the sole control of the CMC; it was previously under the joint command of the CMC and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security.[ 213]    The PLA went through further extensive reforms in 2024; the Strategic Support Force was dissolved and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force) (People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force) Aerospace Force , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force) (People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force) Cyberspace Force and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force) (People's Liberation Army Information Support Force) Information Support Force was established as arms of the PLA, joining the Joint Logistics Support Force.[ 214]     Under Xi, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget_of_China) (Military budget of China) China's official military budget has more than doubled,[ 215]    reaching a record $282 billion in 2026.[ 216]    Though predating Xi, his administration has taken a more assertive stance towards maritime affairs, and has boosted CCP control over the maritime security forces.[ 217]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Navy) (People's Liberation Army Navy) PLA Navy has grown rapidly under Xi, with China adding more warships, submarines, support ships and major amphibious vessels from 2014 to 2019 than the entire number of ships  serving in the United Kingdom’s fleet.[ 218]    Aircraft carriers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Shandong) (Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong) Shandong  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Fujian) (Chinese aircraft carrier Fujian) Fujian  entered into service under Xi in 2019 and 2025 respectively.[ 219]    In 2017, China established the navy's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti) (People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti) overseas base in Djibouti .[ 220]    Xi has also undertaken an expansion of China's nuclear arsenal, with him calling China to "establish a strong system of strategic deterrence." The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists) (Federation of American Scientists) Federation of American Scientists (FAS) has estimated China's total nuclear arsenal to be 600 in 2025, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense) (United States Department of Defense) US Department of Defense estimating that China's arsenal could reach 1,000 by 2030.[ 221]       Economy and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China) (Economy of China) Economy of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Economy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Economy) Xi Jinping Thought on Economy  The Decision of the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee announced "market forces" would begin to play a "decisive" role in allocating resources.[ 165]    [ 222]    This meant that the state would gradually reduce its involvement in the distribution of capital, and restructure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China) (State-owned enterprises of China) state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to allow further competition, potentially by attracting foreign and private sector players in industries previously highly regulated. This policy aimed to address the bloated state sector that had unduly profited from re-structuring by purchasing assets at below-market prices, assets no longer being used productively. However, by 2017, Xi's promise of economic reforms was said to have stalled by external observers.[ 223]    [ 222]    In 2015, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015–2016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence) (2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence) Chinese stock market bubble popped , which led Xi to use state forces to fix it.[ 224]    China's economy has grown under Xi, more than doubling from CN¥54.8 trillion (US$8.7 trillion) in 2012 to CN¥140.2 trillion (US$20.1 trillion) in 2025, while China's nominal GDP per capita increased from CN¥40,431 (US$6,408) in 2012 to CN¥99,665 (US$14,318) in 2025,[ 225]    surpassing the world average in 2021,[ 226]    though growth has slowed from 7.9% in 2012 to 5% in 2024.[ 227]     Xi has increased state control over the economy, voicing support for SOEs,[ 228]    [ 222]    while also supporting the private sector.[ 229]    CCP control of SOEs has increased, while limited steps towards market liberalization, such as increasing mixed ownership of SOEs were undertaken.[ 230]    Under Xi, an increasing number of private companies have established Party branches.[ 231]    From 2012 to 2022, the share of the market value of private sector firms in China's top listed companies increased from 10% to over 40%.[ 232]    He has overseen the relaxation of restrictions on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment) (Foreign direct investment) foreign direct investment (FDI) and increased cross-border holdings of stocks and bonds.[ 232]    His administration made it easier for banks to issue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan) (Mortgage loan) mortgages , increased foreign participation in the bond market, and increased the national currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi) (Renminbi) renminbi 's global role, helping it to join (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) IMF's basket of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_drawing_rights) (Special drawing rights) special drawing right .[ 233]    Xi launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Free-Trade_Zone) (Shanghai Free-Trade Zone) Shanghai Free-Trade Zone in 2013.[ 234]    In 2018, Xi announced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_STAR_Market) (Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market) Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market , which opened in 2019.[ 235]    He also led the establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Free_Trade_Port) (Hainan Free Trade Port) Hainan Free Trade Port .[ 236]    In 2020, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  reported that Xi ordered a halt to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Group) (Ant Group) Ant Group 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering) (Initial public offering) initial public offering (IPO), in reaction to its founder (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma) (Jack Ma) Jack Ma criticizing government regulation in finance.[ 237]    Under Xi, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund) (China Government Guidance Fund) government guidance funds , public-private investment funds set up by or for government bodies, have raised more than $900 billion for early funding to companies that work in sectors the government deems as strategic.[ 238]    Xi's administration has overseen a decrease in offshore IPOs by Chinese companies, with most Chinese IPOs taking place either in Shanghai or Shenzhen as of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi_Jinping&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , and has increasingly directed funding to IPOs of companies that works in sectors it deems as strategic, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China) (Electric vehicle industry in China) electric vehicles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China) (Biotechnology industry in China) biotechnology , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China) (Renewable energy in China) renewable energy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China) (Artificial intelligence industry in China) artificial intelligence , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China) (Semiconductor industry in China) semiconductors and other high-technology manufacturing.[ 238]     Xi has formulated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_concept_for_development) (New concept for development) new concept for development , stressing the importance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality_development) (High-quality development) high-quality development rather than "inflated growth".[ 239]    He has stated China has abandoned a growth-at-all-costs strategy which Xi refers to as "GDP heroism".[ 240]    Instead, Xi said other social issues such as environmental protection are important.[ 240]    Xi has made eradicating extreme poverty through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation) (Targeted Poverty Alleviation) targeted poverty alleviation a key goal.[ 241]    In 2015, he launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_against_poverty) (Battle against poverty) battle against poverty .[ 242]    The campaign concluded by 2021, when Xi declared a "complete victory" over extreme poverty, saying nearly 100 million have been lifted out of poverty under his tenure, though some experts said China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold) (Poverty threshold) poverty threshold was lower than that of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank .[ 243]    In 2020, premier Li Keqiang, citing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China) (National Bureau of Statistics of China) National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said that China still had 600 million people living with less than 1000 yuan ($140) a month, although The Economist said the methodology NBS used was flawed.[ 244]    When Xi took office in 2012, 58% of people in China were living on less than $8.30 per day, in 2022 this had fallen to 21%.[ 245]    At the 19th Party Congress in 2017, Xi stated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism) (Dialectical materialism) primary contradiction of China's conditions in the new era as "the contradiction between the people's ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development."[ 246]    In this context, "unbalanced" refers to rural-urban inequalities, regional inequalities, inequalities between the rich and poor, and structural imbalances in the economy.[ 247]    "Inadequate" refers to household income share.[ 247]     Xi has overseen regional economic development initiatives within China such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Development_of_the_Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei_Region) (Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region) Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region ,[ 248]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_for_Integrated_Development_of_the_Yangtze_River_Delta) (Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta) Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta [ 249]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong–Hong_Kong–Macao_Greater_Bay_Area) (Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area) Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area .[ 250]    Xi has been involved in the development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiong'an) (Xiong'an) Xiong'an , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_areas) (New areas) new area announced in 2017, planned to become a major metropolis near Beijing; the relocation aspect is estimated to last until 2035 while it is planned to developed into a "modern socialist city" by 2050.[ 251]    Additionally, Xi's administration has accelerated efforts to further integrate border regions such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (Tibet Autonomous Region) Tibet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang with the rest of China.[ 252]    Xi supports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation) (Dual circulation) dual circulation , a reorientation of the economy towards domestic consumption while remaining open to foreign trade and investment.[ 253]    Xi has prioritised boosting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity) (Productivity) productivity .[ 254]    Xi has attempted to reform the property sector to combat the steep increase in prices and cut the economy's dependence on it.[ 255]    In the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi declared "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_are_for_living,_not_for_speculation) (Houses are for living, not for speculation) houses are for living, not for speculation ."[ 256]    In 2020, Xi's government formulated the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_red_lines) (Three red lines) three red lines " policy that aimed to deleverage the heavily indebted property sector.[ 257]    Xi has supported a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax) (Property tax) property tax , for which he has faced resistance from members of the CCP.[ 258]    His administration pursued a debt-deleveraging campaign, seeking to slow and cut the unsustainable amount of debt China has accrued during its growth.[ 259]    Since 2021, China has faced a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020–present)) (Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)) property sector crisis , with decreasing house prices, shrinking of the real estate sector and bankruptcies of many property developers, partially as a result of Xi's efforts to decrease the sector's role in the Chinese economy.[ 260]     Xi has heavily emphasized the role of advanced manufacturing and technology development to drive China's future economic growth.[ 261]    Since shortly after taking office as General Secretary, Xi emphasised the use of industrial policy to increase domestic innovation and reduce reliance on foreign technology.[ 262]    In 2015, Xi's administration launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction) (Double First-Class Construction) Double First-Class Construction , a higher education development and sponsorship scheme intended to replace the previous programs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_211) (Project 211) Project 211 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_985) (Project 985) Project 985 .[ 263]    Xi's administration has promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025) (Made in China 2025) Made in China 2025 plan that aims to make China self-reliant in key technologies; although publicly China de-emphasised this plan due to the outbreak of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) China–United States trade war , majority of its goals were considered achieved by 2024.[ 264]    Since the outbreak of the trade war in 2018, Xi has further pushed calls for "self-reliance", especially on technology.[ 265]    China's domestic spending on R&D has significantly increased, surpassing the European Union (EU) and reaching a record $564 billion in 2020.[ 215]    The Chinese government has supported technology companies like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei) (Huawei) Huawei through grants, tax breaks, credit facilities and other assistance, enabling their rise, leading to US countermeasures.[ 266]    In 2023, Xi put forward (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_productive_forces) (New productive forces) new productive forces , this refers to a new form of productive forces derived from continuous sci-tech breakthroughs and innovation that drive strategic emerging and future industries in a more intelligent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age) (Information Age) information era .[ 267]    Under Xi, China made rapid advances in key technological areas, becoming a world leader in tech such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_China) (Plug-in electric vehicles in China) electric vehicles , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_batteries_in_China) (Lithium batteries in China) lithium batteries and solar panels,[ 264]    as well as emerging as a global leader in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_industry_in_China) (Artificial intelligence industry in China) artificial intelligence .[ 268]    [ 269]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   Common prosperity is an essential requirement of socialism and a key feature of Chinese-style modernization. The common prosperity we are pursuing is for all, affluence both in material and spiritual life, but not for a small portion nor for uniform egalitarianism.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in 2021[ 270]       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China) (Income inequality in China) Income inequality decreased during Xi's tenure.[ 271]    Since 2021, Xi has promoted the term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity) (Common prosperity) common prosperity , which he defined as an "essential requirement of socialism", described as affluence for all and said entailed reasonable adjustments to excess incomes.[ 270]    [ 272]    Common prosperity has been used as the justification for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree) (2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree) large-scale crackdowns and regulations towards the perceived "excesses" of several sectors, most prominently tech and tutoring industries.[ 273]    Actions taken include fining large tech companies[ 274]    and passing laws such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Security_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China) Data Security Law . China introduced severe restrictions on private tutoring in the name of promoting social equality, effectively eliminating the private education industry.[ 275]    [ 276]    Xi opened a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange) (Beijing Stock Exchange) new stock exchange in Beijing targeted for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).[ 277]    There have been other cultural regulations including restrictions on minors playing video games and crackdowns on celebrity culture.[ 278]    [ 279]    The push for common prosperity has also included salary and bonus cuts, especially across the financial sector,[ 280]    [ 281]    as well as crackdowns on wealth flaunting.[ 282]      Foreign policy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping) (Foreign policy of Xi Jinping) Foreign policy of Xi Jinping , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy) Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of international trips made by Xi Jinping) List of international trips made by Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_leaders_attending_the_2025_China_Victory_Day_Parade_(2).jpg)   Xi together with North Korean leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un) (Kim Jong Un) Kim Jong Un , Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin and Pakistani Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz Sharif during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_China_Victory_Day_Parade) (2025 China Victory Day Parade) 2025 China Victory Day Parade   Xi has taken a harder line on security issues as well as foreign affairs, projecting a more (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism) (Chinese nationalism) nationalist and assertive China on the world stage.[ 283]    His political program calls for a China more united and confident of its own value system and political structure.[ 284]    Foreign analysts and observers have frequently said that Xi's main foreign policy objective is to restore China's position on the global stage as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power) (Great power) great power .[ 285]    [ 197]    [ 286]    Xi advocates "baseline thinking" in China's foreign policy: setting explicit red lines that other countries must not cross.[ 287]    In the Chinese perspective, these tough stances on baseline issues reduce strategic uncertainty, preventing other nations from misjudging China's positions or underestimating China's resolve in asserting what it perceives to be in its national interest.[ 287]    Xi stated during the 20th CCP National Congress that he wanted to ensure China "leads the world in terms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power) (Comprehensive National Power) composite national strength and international influence" by 2049.[ 288]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg)   World leaders assemble for "family photo" at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit) (2017 G20 Hamburg summit) G20 summit in Hamburg.  Xi's foreign policy thoughts are collectively known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy) Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy .[ 289]    Xi has promoted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-country_diplomacy) (Major-country diplomacy) major-country diplomacy , stating that China is already a "big power" and breaking away from previous Chinese leaders who had a more precautious diplomacy.[ 290]    Diplomats under Xi have adopted a hawkish foreign policy posture called "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy) (Wolf warrior diplomacy) wolf warrior diplomacy " starting from the late 2010s;[ 291]    this form of diplomacy peaked in the early 2020s and declined afterwards.[ 292]    Xi frequently says that the world is seeing "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_changes_unseen_in_a_century) (Great changes unseen in a century) great changes unseen in a century ", referring to geopolitical shifts in which the United States is seen as a declining power and in which the rise of populism, economic securitization, and advancing technology create an environment of uncertainty that results in both opportunities and threats for China.[ 293]    In October 2020, he said that "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_East_is_rising_and_the_West_is_declining) (The East is rising and the West is declining) the East is rising and the West is declining ", saying that the power of the Western world was in decline as exemplified by their COVID-19 response, and that China was entering a period of opportunity because of this.[ 294]     Xi has frequently alluded to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny) (Community of Common Destiny) community with a shared future for mankind , which Chinese diplomats have said does not imply an intention to change the international order,[ 295]    but which foreign observers say China wants a new order that puts it more at the centre.[ 296]    During the Xi administration, China seeks to shape international norms and rules in emerging policy areas where China has an advantage as an early participant.[ 297]    Xi describes such areas as "new frontiers", and they include policy areas such as space, deep sea, polar regions, the Internet, nuclear safety, anticorruption, and climate change.[ 297]    Xi has put an emphasis on increasing China's "international discourse power" ((./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  国际话语权 ) to create a more favorable global opinion of China in the world.[ 298]    In this pursuit, Xi has emphasised the need to "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telling_China's_story_well) (Telling China's story well) tell China's story well ", meaning expanding China's external propaganda ((./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  外宣 ) and communications.[ 299]    Xi has expanded the focus and scope of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) united front , which aims to consolidate support for CCP in non-CCP elements both inside and outside China, and has accordingly expanded the United Front Work Department.[ 300]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20191223china1_04.jpg)   Xi and Japanese Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abe) (Shinzo Abe) Shinzo Abe in Beijing, December 2019  In 2013, Xi announced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a global infrastructure and economic development project.[ 301]    Encompassing much of Africa and Eurasia, the BRI became central to Chinese foreign policy and is the largest infrastructure investment by a great power since the Marshall Plan.[ 302]    In 2015, Xi announced the founding of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank) (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank , seen as a competitor to other multilateral banks such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank) (Asian Development Bank) Asia Development Bank .[ 303]    Xi has unveiled the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Development_Initiative) (Global Development Initiative) Global Development Initiative (GDI),[ 304]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Security_Initiative) (Global Security Initiative) Global Security Initiative (GSI),[ 305]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Civilization_Initiative) (Global Civilization Initiative) Global Civilisation Initiative (GCI), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Governance_Initiative) (Global Governance Initiative) Global Governance Initiative (GGI)[ 306]    in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2025 respectively, aiming to increase China's influence in the international order.[ 307]    Under Xi, China has, along with Russia, also focused on increasing relations with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South) (Global North and Global South) Global South in order to blunt the effect of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine) international sanctions .[ 308]     Africa  During Xi's administration, China has maintained cordial relationships with each Africa government except (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini , which recognizes Taiwan but not the PRC.[ 309]    Under Xi, China has cut back lending to Africa after fears that African countries could not repay their debts to China.[ 310]    Xi has also promised that China would write off debts of some African countries.[ 311]    In 2025, China announced that it would remove nearly all import tariffs on African countries.[ 312]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_(2024)_02.jpg)   Xi meeting Indian Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Narendra Modi at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_Summit) (16th BRICS Summit) 16th BRICS Summit in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan) (Kazan) Kazan , Russia, October 2024   Asia  Under Xi, China initially took a more critical stance on North Korea due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) (North Korea and weapons of mass destruction) its nuclear tests .[ 313]    However, starting in 2018, the relations started to improve due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim–Xi_meetings) (Kim–Xi meetings) meetings between Xi and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un .[ 314]    Xi has initially improved relationships with South Korea,[ 313]    and the two countries signed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement) (China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement) free-trade agreement in December 2015.[ 315]    Starting in 2017, China's relationship with South Korea soured over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense) (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD), a missile defense system, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THAAD_deployment_by_South_Korea) (THAAD deployment by South Korea) deployment of the latter, but improved after South Korea halted further deployments the THAAD.[ 316]    China–Japan relations have initially soured under Xi's administration; the most thorny issue between the two countries remains the dispute over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands) (Senkaku Islands) Senkaku Islands , which China calls Diaoyu.[ 317]    However, the relations later started to improve,[ 318]    though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_China–Japan_diplomatic_crisis) (2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis) deteriorated in 2025 after comments made by Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi) (Sanae Takaichi) Sanae Takaichi regarding a potential defense of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan .[ 319]     Since Xi came to power, China has been rapidly building and militarizing islands in the South China Sea, a decision (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_Times) (Study Times) Study Times  of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School) (Central Party School) Central Party School said was personally taken by Xi.[ 320]    Relations between China and India had ups and downs under Xi. The two countries had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff) (2013 Depsang standoff) standoff in Depsang in 2013,[ 321]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_China–India_border_standoff) (2017 China–India border standoff) again had a standoff over a Chinese construction of a road in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doklam) (Doklam) Doklam , a territory both claimed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan) (Bhutan) Bhutan , India's ally, and China, in 2017.[ 322]    The most serious crisis in the relationship came when the two countries had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_China–India_skirmishes) (2020–2021 China–India skirmishes) deadly clash in 2020 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control) (Line of Actual Control) Line of Actual Control , leaving some soldiers dead.[ 323]    [ 324]    The relationship later improved starting from 2024.[ 325]    While China has historically been wary of getting closer to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East countries, Xi has changed this approach, getting closer to both Iran and Saudi Arabia.[ 326]      Europe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_to_France_-_2024_(P063803-92196).jpg)   Xi with French President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Emmanuel Macron and European Commission President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen) (Ursula von der Leyen) Ursula von der Leyen during his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary) (State visits by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary) state visit to France , 6 May 2024  China's efforts under Xi has been for the European Union (EU) to stay in a neutral position in their contest with the U.S.[ 327]    China and the EU announced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_Investment) (Comprehensive Agreement on Investment) Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) in 2020, although the deal was later frozen due to mutual sanctions over Xinjiang.[ 328]     Xi has cultivated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Russia_relations) (China–Russia relations) stronger relations with Russia , particularly in the wake of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine) (2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine) Ukraine crisis of 2014.[ 329]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022–present)) (Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)) Russo-Ukrainian war , Xi expressed opposition to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war) (International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian war) sanctions against Russia [ 330]    and asserted China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine) support for Russia on issues of sovereignty and security, but also said China is committed to respecting "the territorial integrity of all countries",[ 331]    while China has cast itself as a neutral party.[ 332]    Xi's stance during the war has been criticized by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine and several Western governments,[ 333]    [ 334]    which argued that China's support for Russia and its defense industrial base was inconsistent with its stated neutrality.[ 335]      United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_visit_to_China,_May_2026_P20260514DT-1642.jpg)   With U.S. president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump in Beijing during his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_China) (2026 state visit by Donald Trump to China) visit to China , May 2026  Xi has called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_relations) (China–United States relations) China–United States relations in the contemporary world a "new type of great-power relations", a phrase the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama) (Presidency of Barack Obama) Obama administration had been reluctant to embrace.[ 336]    Xi has indirectly spoken out critically on the U.S. "strategic pivot" to Asia.[ 337]    Relations with the U.S. soured after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump became president in 2017.[ 338]    Since 2018, U.S. and China have been engaged in an escalating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) trade war .[ 339]    In 2020, the relations further deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[ 340]       National security  Xi has devoted a large amount of work towards national security, calling for the establishment of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_national_security) (Holistic national security) holistic national security concept that encompasses "all aspects of the work of the party and the country."[ 341]    He introduced the concept in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security."[ 309]    A new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) National Security Commission was formed in 2014 with Xi at its helm, centralizing national security decision-making.[ 342]    [ 343]    Since its creation by Xi, the National Security Commission has established local security committees, focusing on dissent.[ 344]     Believing it to be an important foundation of national security, Xi's administration has prioritized efforts to establish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security) (Food security) food security by pushing for as much as self-sufficiency in food as possible, while launching the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Plate_campaign) (Clean Plate campaign) Clean Plate campaign in 2013 and 2020 to combat food waste.[ 345]    [ 346]    He has additionally given priority to energy security; China is the world's largest energy consumer, having consumed more energy than the United States, the European Union and Japan combined in 2024. China has made heavy investments in its energy grid and designed policies to lessen dependence on foreign energy imports by investing in renewable energy as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China) (Coal in China) coal .[ 347]     Xi has championed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengqiao_experience) (Fengqiao experience) Fengqiao experience , calling on officials to contain and resolve conflicts at the grassroots level without needing to involve higher legal bodies.[ 348]    In the name of national security, Xi's government has passed numerous laws including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterespionage_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Counterespionage Law of the People's Republic of China) Counterespionage Law in 2014,[ 349]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (National Security Law of the People's Republic of China) National Security Law [ 350]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Counterterrorism Law of the People's Republic of China) Counterterrorism Law in 2015,[ 351]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybersecurity_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China) Cybersecurity Law [ 352]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_on_Administration_of_Foreign_NGOs'_Activities_within_China) (Law on Administration of Foreign NGOs' Activities within China) Law on Administration of Foreign NGOs' Activities within China in 2016,[ 353]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (National Intelligence Law of the People's Republic of China) National Intelligence Law in 2017,[ 354]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Security_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China) Data Security Law in 2021.[ 355]    Under Xi, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China) (Mass surveillance in China) China's mass surveillance network has dramatically grown, with comprehensive profiles being built for each citizen.[ 356]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-style_social_management_in_China) (Grid-style social management in China) Grid-style social management , which involves subdividing China's counties into smaller zones, and assigning each zone to a person that reports all activity to the local government on a regular basis, has risen in prominence under Xi.[ 357]    Public security spending has increased significantly under Xi, reaching $210 billion in 2020, more than double from the decade prior; this was accompanied by a significant decrease in crime.[ 358]    Xi's leadership has also seen a more prominent role taken by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)) (Ministry of State Security (China)) Ministry of State Security , which expanded its public profile.[ 359]      Hong Kong  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong#National_security_law_and_autocratisation) (Conservatism in Hong Kong) Conservatism in Hong Kong § National security law and autocratisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-10-01_Demonstration_Hong_Kong_11.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2020_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–2020 Hong Kong protests) Some Hong Kong protesters throw eggs at Xi's portrait on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (National Day of the People's Republic of China) National Day .  During his leadership, Xi has supported and pursued a greater political and economic integration of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong to mainland China, including through projects such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong–Zhuhai–Macau_Bridge) (Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge) Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge .[ 360]    He has pushed for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong–Hong_Kong–Macao_Greater_Bay_Area) (Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area) Greater Bay Area project, which aims to integrate Hong Kong, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau , and nine other cities in Guangdong.[ 250]    [ 360]    Xi's integration efforts have led to deeper economic links between mainland China and Hong Kong, as well as decreased freedoms and the weakening of Hong Kong's distinct identity from mainland China.[ 250]    [ 361]    Many of the views held by the central government and eventually implemented in Hong Kong were outlined in a white paper published by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office) (State Council Information Office) State Council Information Office in 2014 named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice_of_the_'One_Country,_Two_Systems'_Policy_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region) (The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region  , which outlined that the scope of Hong Kong's autonomy is not inherent, but solely determined by the Central Authorities' delegation of power.[ 362]    Under Xi, the Chinese government also declared the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration) (Sino-British Joint Declaration) Sino-British Joint Declaration to be legally void.[ 362]    In August 2014, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) made a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong) (2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong) decision allowing universal suffrage for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election) (2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election) 2017 election of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong) (Chief Executive of Hong Kong) chief executive of Hong Kong , also requiring the candidates to "love the country, and love Hong Kong," as well as other measures that ensured the Chinese leadership would be the ultimate decision-maker on the selection, leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests) (2014 Hong Kong protests) protests ,[ 363]    and the eventual rejection of the reform bill in the Legislative Council due to a walk-out by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)) (Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)) pro-Beijing camp to delay to vote.[ 364]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:庆祝香港回归祖国25周年大会暨香港特别行政区第六届政府就职典礼_20220701-4.png)   Xi swearing in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu) (John Lee Ka-chiu) John Lee Ka-chiu as chief executive during the 25th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China  In the 2017 chief executive election, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Lam) (Carrie Lam) Carrie Lam was victorious, reportedly with the endorsement of the CCP Politburo.[ 365]    Xi supported the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong) (Government of Hong Kong) Hong Kong Government and Carrie Lam against the protesters in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2020_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–2020 Hong Kong protests) 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests , which broke out after a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill) (2019 Hong Kong extradition bill) proposed bill that would allow extraditions to mainland China.[ 366]    He defended the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force) (Hong Kong Police Force) Hong Kong Police Force 's use of force, saying that "We sternly support the Hong Kong police to take forceful actions in enforcing the law, and the Hong Kong judiciary to punish in accordance with the law those who have committed violent crimes."[ 367]    While (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Macau) (2019 visit by Xi Jinping to Macau) visiting Macau on 20 December 2019 as part of the 20th anniversary of its return to China, Xi warned of foreign forces interfering in Hong Kong and Macau,[ 368]    while also hinting that Macau could be a model for Hong Kong to follow.[ 369]    In 2020, the NPCSC passed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law) (2020 Hong Kong national security law) national security law in Hong Kong that dramatically expanded government clampdown over the opposition in the city; amongst the measures were the dramatic restriction on political opposition and the creation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security) (Office for Safeguarding National Security) Office for Safeguarding National Security outside Hong Kong jurisdiction to oversee the enforcement of the law.[ 362]    Xi visited Hong Kong as Chinese leader in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Hong_Kong) (2017 visit by Xi Jinping to Hong Kong) 2017 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Hong_Kong) (2022 visit by Xi Jinping to Hong Kong) 2022 , in the 20th and 25th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong respectively.[ 370]    During his 2017 visit to Hong Kong, Xi swore in Lam as chief executive.[ 371]    In his 2022 visit, he swore in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu) (John Lee Ka-chiu) John Lee Ka-chiu as chief executive, a former police officer that was backed by the Chinese government to expand control over the city.[ 372]    [ 373]    Under Lee, Hong Kong adopted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance) (Safeguarding National Security Ordinance) Safeguarding National Security Ordinance in 2024 to implement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_23) (Article 23) Article 23 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law) (Hong Kong Basic Law) Hong Kong Basic Law , further criminalizing acts endangering national security.[ 374]      Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations) (Cross-Strait relations) Cross-Strait relations and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_meeting_of_Ma_Ying-jeou_and_Xi_Jinping) (2015 meeting of Ma Ying-jeou and Xi Jinping) 2015 meeting of Ma Ying-jeou and Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Ma–Xi_Meeting_08.jpg)   Xi meeting with then-Taiwanese president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou) (Ma Ying-jeou) Ma Ying-jeou in November 2015  In 2013, Xi coined the slogan "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_sides_of_the_Taiwan_Strait_are_one_family) (Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family) both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family " regarding (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan .[ 375]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yu-chi) (Wang Yu-chi) Wang Yu-chi , Minister of Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council) (Mainland Affairs Council) Mainland Affairs Council , spoke with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhijun) (Zhang Zhijun) Zhang Zhijun , Director of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office) (Taiwan Affairs Office) Taiwan Affairs Office , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Wang–Zhang_meetings) (2014 Wang–Zhang meetings) met in 2014, making the first official, high-level, government-to-government contact between the two sides since 1949.[ 376]    In November 2015, Xi met with Taiwanese president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou) (Ma Ying-jeou) Ma Ying-jeou , which marked the first time the political leaders of both sides of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait) (Taiwan Strait) Taiwan Strait have met since the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War in mainland China in 1950.[ 377]    [ 378]    However, the relations started deteriorating after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen) (Tsai Ing-wen) Tsai Ing-wen of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (2016 Taiwanese presidential election) 2016 presidential elections .[ 379]     In the 19th Party Congress held in 2017, Xi reaffirmed six of the nine principles that had been affirmed continuously since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, with the notable exception of "Placing hopes on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Taiwan) (People of Taiwan) Taiwan people as a force to help bring about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification) (Chinese unification) unification ".[ 380]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution) (Brookings Institution) Brookings Institution , Xi used stronger language on potential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwan independence than his predecessors towards previous DPP governments in Taiwan. Xi said that "we will never allow any person, any organisation, or any political party to split any part of the Chinese territory from China at any time at any form."[ 380]    At the same time, he offered the chance for open talks and "unobstructed exchanges" with Taiwan as long as the government moved to accept the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Consensus) (1992 Consensus) 1992 Consensus .[ 381]    Xi stated that people from Taiwan could receive national treatment in pursuing careers on the mainland and in February 2018 the PRC government announced 31 preferential policies for Taiwan people on matters of industry, finance, taxation, land use, employment, education, and health care.[ 382]     In January 2019, Xi gave a speech commemorating the 40th anniversary of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_to_Compatriots_in_Taiwan) (Message to Compatriots in Taiwan) Message to Compatriots in Taiwan  , outlining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi's_Five_Points) (Xi's Five Points) five points proposing unification under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems_(Taiwan_plan)) (One country, two systems (Taiwan plan)) "one country, two systems" formula .[ 383]    He called on Taiwan to reject formal independence from China, saying: "We make (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_promise_to_renounce_the_use_of_force) (Never promise to renounce the use of force) no promise to renounce the use of force and reserve the option of taking all necessary means." Those options, he said, could be used against "external interference". Xi also said that they "are willing to create broad space for peaceful reunification, but will leave no room for any form of separatist activities."[ 384]    [ 385]    President Tsai responded to the speech by saying Taiwan would not accept a one country, two systems arrangement with the mainland, while stressing the need for all cross-strait negotiations to be on a government-to-government basis.[ 386]    Since 2018, the People's Liberation Army has conducted military drills around Taiwan with increasing frequency to pressure the DPP-led government.[ 387]    In 2022, the Chinese government released (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taiwan_Question_and_China's_Reunification_in_the_New_Era) (The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era) The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era  , outlining the PRC's official line on Taiwan under Xi.[ 388]    In 2025, China established the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocession_Day) (Retrocession Day) Commemoration Day of Taiwan's Restoration ", a decision which Taiwan Affairs Office director (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)) (Song Tao (diplomat)) Song Tao said was done "personally" by Xi.[ 389]    [ 390]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China) (Human rights in China) Human rights in China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China) (Antireligious campaigns in China) Antireligious campaigns in China  According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch , Xi has "started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights" since he became leader in 2012.[ 391]    The HRW also said that repression in China is "at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre."[ 392]    Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained.[ 393]    He presided over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/709_crackdown) (709 crackdown) 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained.[ 394]    His term has seen the arrest and imprisonment of activists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Zhiyong) (Xu Zhiyong) Xu Zhiyong , as well as numerous others who identified with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Citizens'_Movement) (New Citizens' Movement) New Citizens' Movement . Prominent legal activist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Zhiqiang) (Pu Zhiqiang) Pu Zhiqiang of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiquan_movement) (Weiquan movement) Weiquan movement was also arrested and detained.[ 395]    According to activists, "Xi is waging the most severe systematic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_China#Restrictions_and_international_interest) (Christianity in China) suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982," and according to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith."[ 396]     Under Xi, the CCP has embraced assimilationist policies towards ethnic minorities, scaling back (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_China) (Affirmative action in China) affirmative action in the country by 2019,[ 397]    and scrapping a wording in October 2021 that guaranteed the rights of minority children to be educated in their native language, replacing it with one that emphasized teaching the national language.[ 398]    In 2014, Xi called to foster a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_community_for_the_Chinese_nation) (Sense of community for the Chinese nation) sense of community for the Chinese nation among ethnic minorities.[ 399]    In 2020, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xiaojiang) (Chen Xiaojiang) Chen Xiaojiang was appointed as head of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ethnic_Affairs_Commission) (National Ethnic Affairs Commission) National Ethnic Affairs Commission , the first Han Chinese head of the body since 1954.[ 400]    On 24 June 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Yue_(politician)) (Pan Yue (politician)) Pan Yue , another Han Chinese, became the head of the commission, with him reportedly holding assimilationist policies toward ethnic minorities.[ 401]    Xi outlined his official views relations between the majority Han Chinese and ethnic minorities by saying "[n]either (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_chauvinism) (Han chauvinism) Han chauvinism nor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ethnic_chauvinism) (Local ethnic chauvinism) local ethnic chauvinism is conducive to the development of a community for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu) (Zhonghua minzu) Chinese nation ."[ 402]    Xi's policies toward ethnic minorities were codified in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_on_Promoting_Ethnic_Unity_and_Progress) (Law on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress) Law on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress in 2026.[ 403]     Xinjiang  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) Persecution of Uyghurs in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_Entrance_Hall_at_the_XUAR_Museum.jpg)   Xi's picture at the entrance hall of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Museum) (Xinjiang Museum) Xinjiang Museum in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ürümqi) (Ürümqi) Ürümqi in August 2018  There were several terrorist attacks in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang in 2013 and 2014; an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2014_Ürümqi_attack) (April 2014 Ürümqi attack) attack in Ürümqi in April 2014 occurred just after the conclusion of a visit by Xi to Xinjiang.[ 404]    Following these attacks, CCP leaders held a secret meeting to find a solution,[ 405]    leading to Xi to launch the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism) (Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism) Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in 2014, which involved mass detention, and surveillance of ethnic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) (Uyghurs) Uyghurs there.[ 406]    [ 407]    The campaign included the detainment of 1.8 million people in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps) (Xinjiang internment camps) internment camps , mostly Uyghurs but also including other ethnic and religious minorities, by 2020,[ 405]    and a birth suppression campaign that led to a large drop in the Uyghur birth rate by 2019.[ 408]    Human rights groups and former inmates have said Uyghurs and other minorities have been forcibly assimilated into China's majority (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) ethnic Han society in the camps.[ 409]    This program has been called a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide) (Genocide) genocide by some observers, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Office_report_on_Xinjiang) (UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang) a report by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights) UN Human Rights Office said they may amount to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity) (Crimes against humanity) crimes against humanity .[ 410]    [ 411]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_papers) (Xinjiang papers) Internal Chinese government documents leaked to the press in November 2019 showed that Xi personally ordered a security crackdown in Xinjiang, saying that the party must show "absolutely no mercy" and that officials use all the "weapons of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_democratic_dictatorship) (People's democratic dictatorship) people's democratic dictatorship " to suppress those "infected with the virus of extremism."[ 407]    [ 412]    The papers also showed that Xi repeatedly discussed about (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism) (Islamic extremism) Islamic extremism in his speeches, likening it to a "virus" or a "drug" that could be only addressed by "a period of painful, interventionary treatment."[ 407]    However, he also warned against the discrimination against Uyghurs and rejected proposals to eradicate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China) (Islam in China) Islam in China , calling that kind of viewpoint "biased, even wrong."[ 407]    Xi's exact role in the building of internment camps has not been publicly reported, though he's widely believed to be behind them and his words have been the source for major justifications in the crackdown in Xinjiang.[ 413]    [ 414]    China began to wind down the camps in 2019, and some detainees were transferred to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China) (Penal system in China) penal system , while others were transferred to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor) (Forced labor) forced labor and factory work programs.[ 415]    [ 416]    In a July 2022 visit to Xinjiang, Xi urged local officials to always listen to the citizens' voices[ 417]    and to improve efforts in preserving ethnic minority culture.[ 418]    [ 419]    In a visit to Xinjiang the following year, Xi stated that the region was "no longer a remote area" and should open up more for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Xinjiang) (Tourism in Xinjiang) tourism to attract domestic and foreign visitors.[ 420]    [ 421]       Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_China) (Education in China) Education in China  In 2014, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Office of the Chinese Communist Party) Party General Office and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_China) (State Council of China) State Council issued guidance on strengthening ideological education in colleges and universities.[ 422]    During Xi Jinping's tenure, numerous colleges and universities have established schools of Marxism.[ 423]    Xi has implemented a number of education reforms.[ 424]    Schools are required to adjust their opening hours to be consistent with work hours in their area so that parents can pick-up their children directly after work (in order to reduce reliance on private classes for adult supervision after school hours).[ 424]    Schools must also promote health by requiring outdoor physical education classes daily and providing eye examinations twice per term.[ 424]    Educational reforms have also limited the amount of homework students can be assigned.[ 425]     In 2021, Xi enacted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Reduction_Policy) (Double Reduction Policy) Double Reduction Policy (reducing excessive off-campus tutoring and reducing homework burdens), mandating schools may not assign homework to children to grades one and two, homework is limited to no more than 60 minutes for children in grades three to six, and no more than 90 minutes for middle school children.[ 425]    In July 2021, China enacted a series of rules designed to shutdown the private tutoring sector as part of its common prosperity program.[ 425]    Rules issued in July 2021 prohibits new registration of private tuition tutoring centers and required existing centers to re-organize as non-profits.[ 425]    Tuition centers are prohibited from being listed on the stock market or receiving "excessive capital."[ 425]    They are no longer permitted to offer tutoring on the weekends or during public holidays.[ 425]    Since September 2021, private schools providing compulsory education can no longer be controlled by foreign entities or individuals.[ 136]    Only Chinese nationals may serve on their boards of directors.[ 426]    In 2023, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Education_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Patriotic Education Law of the People's Republic of China) Patriotic Education Law was adopted, codifying the mandatory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_education_in_China) (Patriotic education in China) patriotic education program in the country.[ 427]      COVID-19 pandemic  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19) (Chinese government response to COVID-19) Chinese government response to COVID-19 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China) (COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China) COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China  On 20 January 2020, Xi commented for the first time on the emerging (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) (COVID-19 pandemic) COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, and ordered "efforts to curb the spread" of the virus.[ 428]    He gave premier Li Keqiang some responsibility over the COVID-19 response, in what has been suggested by The Wall Street Journal was an attempt to potentially insulate himself from criticism if the response failed.[ 429]    The government initially responded to the pandemic with a lockdown and censorship, with the initial response causing widespread backlash within China.[ 430]    Xi met with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus) (Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus) Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus , the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), on 28 January.[ 431]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel) (Der Spiegel) Der Spiegel  reported that in January 2020 Xi pressured Tedros Adhanom to hold off on issuing a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern) (Public health emergency of international concern) global warning about the outbreak of COVID-19 and hold back information on human-to-human transmission of the virus, allegations denied by the WHO.[ 432]    On 5 February, Xi met with Cambodian prime minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_Sen) (Hun Sen) Hun Sen in Beijing, the first foreign leader allowed into China since the outbreak.[ 431]    After the COVID-19 outbreak got under control in Wuhan, Xi visited the city on 10 March.[ 433]     After getting the outbreak in Wuhan under control, Xi has favoured what has officially been termed "dynamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID) (Zero-COVID) zero-COVID policy "[ 434]    that aims to control and suppress the virus as much as possible within the country's borders. This has involved local lockdowns and mass-testing.[ 435]    While initially credited for China's suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak, the policy was later criticized by foreign and some domestic observers for being out of touch with the rest of the world and taking a heavy toll on the economy.[ 435]    This approach has especially come under criticism during a 2022 lockdown on Shanghai, which forced millions to their homes and damaged the city's economy.[ 436]    Conversely, Xi has said that the policy was designed to protect people's life safety.[ 437]    On 23 July 2022, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Commission) (National Health Commission) National Health Commission reported that Xi and other top leaders have taken the local COVID-19 vaccines.[ 438]     At the 20th CCP Congress, Xi confirmed the continuation of the zero-COVID policy,[ 439]    stating he would "unswervingly" carry out "dynamic zero-COVID" and promising to "resolutely win the battle",[ 440]    though China started a limited easing of the policies in the following weeks.[ 441]    In November 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China) (2022 COVID-19 protests in China) protests broke out against China's COVID-19 policies, with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ürümqi_fire) (2022 Ürümqi fire) fire in a high-rise apartment building in Ürümqi being the trigger.[ 442]    The protests were held in multiple major cities, with some of the protesters demanding the end of Xi's and the CCP's rule.[ 442]    The protests were mostly suppressed by December,[ 442]    though the government further eased COVID-19 restrictions in the time since.[ 443]    On 7 December 2022, China announced large-scale changes to its COVID-19 policy, including allowing quarantine at home for mild infections, reducing of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction) (Polymerase chain reaction) PCR testing , and decreasing the power of local officials to implement lockdowns, effectively ending the zero-COVID policy.[ 444]      Environmental policy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Ecological_Civilization) (Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization) Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China) (Environmental policy in China) Environmental policy in China  Xi identifies environmental protection as one of China's five major priorities for national progress.[ 445]    Xi has popularized a metaphor of "two mountains" to emphasize the importance of environmental protection.[ 445]    The concept is that a mountain made of gold or silver is valuable, but (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_waters_and_green_mountains) (Clear waters and green mountains) green mountains with clear waters are more valuable .[ 445]    The slogan's meaning is that economic development priorities must also provide for economic protection.[ 445]     In September 2020, Xi announced that China would "strengthen its 2030 climate target (NDC), peak emissions before 2030 and aim to achieve (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality) (Carbon neutrality) carbon neutrality before 2060."[ 446]    If accomplished, this would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2–0.3 °C – "the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker."[ 446]    Xi mentioned the link between the COVID-19 pandemic and nature destruction as one of the reasons for the decision, saying that "Humankind can no longer afford to ignore the repeated warnings of nature."[ 447]    On 27 September, Chinese scientists presented a detailed plan how to achieve the target.[ 448]    In September 2021, Xi announced that China will not build "coal-fired power projects abroad", which was said to be potentially "pivotal" in reducing emissions. The Belt and Road Initiative did not include financing such projects in the first half of 2021.[ 449]    Xi did not attend (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference) (2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference) COP26 personally. However, a Chinese delegation led by climate change envoy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Zhenhua_(politician)) (Xie Zhenhua (politician)) Xie Zhenhua did attend.[ 450]    [ 451]    During the conference, the United States and China agreed on a framework to reduce (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHG_emission) (GHG emission) GHG emission by co-operating on different measures.[ 452]      Governance style  Known as a very secretive leader, little is known publicly about how Xi makes political decisions, or how he came to power.[ 453]    [ 454]    Xi's speeches generally get released months or years after they are made.[ 453]    Xi has also never given a press conference since becoming paramount leader, except in rare joint press conferences with foreign leaders.[ 453]    [ 455]    The Wall Street Journal reported that Xi prefers micromanaging in governance, in contrast to previous leaders such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao who left details of major policies to lower-ranking officials.[ 134]    Reportedly, ministerial officials try to get Xi's attention in various ways, with some creating slide shows and audio reports. The Wall Street Journal also reported that Xi created a performance-review system in 2018 to give evaluations on officials on various measures, including loyalty.[ 134]    According to The Economist , Xi's orders have generally been vague, leaving lower level officials to interpret his words.[ 413]     Chinese state media Xinhua News Agency said that Xi "personally reviews every draft of major policy documents" and "all reports submitted to him, no matter how late in the evening, were returned with instructions the following morning."[ 456]    With regard to behavior of Communist Party members, Xi emphasizes the "Two Musts" (members must not be arrogant or rash and must keep their hard-working spirit) and the "Six Nos" (members must say no to formalism, bureaucracy, gift-giving, luxurious birthday celebrations, hedonism, and extravagance).[ 457]    Xi called for officials to practice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_and_self-criticism) (Criticism and self-criticism) self-criticism which, according to observers, is in order to appear less corrupt and more popular among the people.[ 458]    [ 459]    [ 460]       Political positions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Xi_Jinping) (Views of Xi Jinping) Views of Xi Jinping  Chinese Dream  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream) (Chinese Dream) Chinese Dream  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_Dream,_South_Lake_Park,_Panzhou,_Guizhou,_China,_1_November_2019.jpg)   According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiushi) (Qiushi) Qiushi  , the Chinese Dream is about Chinese prosperity, collective effort, socialism, and national glory.  Xi and CCP ideologues coined the phrase "Chinese Dream" to describe his overarching plans for China as its leader. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_China) (National Museum of China) National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Politburo Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.[ 461]    [ 462]    The origin of the term "Chinese Dream" is unclear. While the phrase has been used before by journalists and scholars,[ 463]    some publications have posited the term likely drew its inspiration from the concept of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream) (American Dream) American Dream .[ 464]    The Economist noted the abstract and seemingly accessible nature of the concept with no specific overarching policy stipulations may be a deliberate departure from the jargon-heavy ideologies of his predecessors.[ 465]    Xi has linked the "Chinese Dream" with the phrase "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_rejuvenation_of_the_Chinese_nation) (Great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation) great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation ".[ 466]      Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture) (Xi Jinping Thought on Culture) Xi Jinping Thought on Culture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy_of_China) (Cultural policy of China) Cultural policy of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_policy_of_Xi_Jinping) (Religious policy of Xi Jinping) Religious policy of Xi Jinping  Xi has called traditional Chinese culture the "soul" of the nation and the "foundation" of the CCP's culture.[ 467]    He has praised the "splendid Chinese civilization", calling the CCP's governance part of "the uninterrupted development of a civilization for several thousand years" which is "rarely seen among nations in the world".[ 468]    Xi has also called for integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China's traditional culture.[ 307]    He has established the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Confidences) (Four Confidences) Four Confidences ", which has later been added to the CCP constitution, calling for CCP members, government officials and the Chinese people to be "confident in our chosen path, confident in our guiding theories, confident in our political system, and confident in our culture." He unveiled Global Civilization Initiative in 2023, calling for "respecting the diversity of civilizations, advocating the common values of humanity, valuing the inheritance and innovation of civilizations, and strengthening international people-to-people exchanges and cooperation".[ 307]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   A party and its authority rests on winning the hearts and minds of the people. What the public opposes and hates, we must address and resolve.  [M]aterial and cultural needs grown; demands for democracy, rule of law, fairness and justice, security, and a better environment are also increasing each day.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in 2017[ 469]       Xi supports a socialist artistic revival, including the promotion of patriotic art and red classics.[ 470]    Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Party Congress , Xi has emphasized utilizing red resources, telling red stories, and inheriting red genes.[ 471]    On 15 October 2014, Xi emulated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan'an_Forum) (Yan'an Forum) Yan'an Forum with his '(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Forum_on_Literature_and_Art) (Beijing Forum on Literature and Art) Speech at the Forum on Literature and Art .'[ 472]    Consistent with Mao's view in the Yan'an Talks, Xi believes works of art should be judged by political criteria.[ 473]    In 2021, Xi quoted the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the 11th National Congress of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Federation_of_Literary_and_Art_Circles) (China Federation of Literary and Art Circles) China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the 10th National Congress of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Writers_Association) (China Writers Association) Chinese Writers Association .[ 474]    According to Xi, art should be judged by political criteria.[ 473]    This view rejects the concept of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_for_art's_sake) (Art for art's sake) art-for-art's-sake and contends that art should serve the goal of national rejuvenation.[ 473]    Xi criticizes market-driven art which he deems sensationalist, particularly works which "exaggerate society's dark side" for profit.[ 473]    He ordered the arts industry to "tell China's stories and spread Chinese voices to strengthen the country's international communication capacity."[ 475]    Xi states that Chinese writers should follow the Party's leadership, serve the cause of socialism, and "let people see the good, feel hope, [and] have dreams".[ 476]    Xi is a proponent of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_policy_of_Xi_Jinping) (Religious policy of Xi Jinping) Sinicization of Chinese religion ".[ 477]    At the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Party Congress , Xi stated, "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, uphold the principle that religions in China must be Chinese in orientation and provide active guidance to religions so that they can adapt themselves to a socialist society."[ 477]      Ideology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party        Xi Jinping delivering a speech on 30 June 2021 at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding   Xi has said that "only socialism can save China."[ 478]    Xi has also declared (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) socialism with Chinese characteristics to be the "only correct path to realize national rejuvenation."[ 479]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News , while the CCP was perceived to have abandoned its communist ideology since it initiated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up) (Reform and opening up) economic reforms in the 1970s, Xi is believed by some observers to be more believing in the "idea of a communist project",[ 480]    and was described as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist–Leninist) (Marxist–Leninist) Marxist–Leninist by former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd.[ 481]    Xi's emphasis on prioritizing ideology has included re-asserting the Party's goal of eventually (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production) (Socialist mode of production) realizing communism and reprimanding those who dismiss communism as impractical or irrelevant.[ 230]    Xi described the communist ideal as the "calcium" in a Party member's spine, without which the Party member would suffer the "osteoporosis" of political decay and be unable to stand upright.[ 230]     Xi supports stronger Party leadership, saying "government, the military, society and schools, north, south, east and west – (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_leads_everything) (The Party leads everything) the party leads them all ."[ 482]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th anniversary of the CCP in 2021, he said that "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_the_Communist_Party,_There_Would_Be_No_New_China) (Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China) without the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China and no national rejuvenation," and that "the leadership of the Party is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and constitutes the greatest strength of this system."[ 483]    Xi has said that China, despite many setbacks, has achieved great progress under the CCP, saying that "socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the standard-bearer of 21st-century socialist development."[ 484]    However, he also warned that it will take a long time for China under the CCP to complete its rejuvenation, and during this timeframe, party members must be vigilant to not let CCP rule collapse.[ 484]    For the CCP  to maintain "purity" and "eternal youth" and not led Party rule to collapse, Xi has called on cadres to engage in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-revolution) (Self-revolution) self-revolution , through which the CCP roots out corruption and ineffectual officials.[ 485]    Xi has said that "our party is so large, and our country, so huge–it is such that if the Party Central lacks the sole authority to make decisions, nothing can be achieved", comparing the Party Central to the CCP's "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum) (Cerebrum) cerebrum " and the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system) (Central nervous system) central nervous system ", and said it "should have the sole authority in making decisions".[ 486]     Xi has spoken out against "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_nihilism) (Historical nihilism) historical nihilism ", meaning historical viewpoints that challenge the official line of the CCP.[ 487]    Xi said that one of the reasons for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union) (Dissolution of the Soviet Union) collapse of the Soviet Union has been historical nihilism.[ 488]    Subscribing to the view that socialism will eventually triumph over capitalism, Xi has said "Marx and Engels's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectical_materialism) (Dialectical materialism) analysis of the basic contradictions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)) (Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)) capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism) (Historical materialism) historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism bound to win."[ 489]    Xi has called for the further (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinicization_of_Marxism) (Sinicization of Marxism) Sinicization of Marxism , referring to adapting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism) (Marxism) Marxism to the Chinese context. In July 2021, he formulated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Integrations) (Two Integrations) Two Integrations , calling for integrating Marxism with China's specific conditions and China's traditional culture.[ 490]    Xi has called on CCP members to "remain true to our original aspiration", meaning to work for the happiness and well-being of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of China, and launched an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remain_true_to_our_original_aspiration_and_keep_our_mission_firmly_in_mind) (Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind) educational campaign for that goal from 2019 to 2020.[ 491]    Xi has said that the "feeling of devotion and sense of attachment to our motherland is a duty and responsibility of every Chinese", while adding "In contemporary China, the essence of patriotism is loving the country, the Party and socialism all at the same time".[ 492]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   China's success proves that socialism is not dead. It is thriving. Just imagine this: had socialism failed in China, had our communist party collapsed like the party in the Soviet Union, then global socialism would lapse into a long dark age. And communism, like Karl Marx once said, would be a haunting spectre lingering in limbo.  — Xi Jinping during a speech in 2018[ 484]       Xi has ruled out a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system) (Multi-party system) multi-party system for China, saying that "constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked."[ 493]    However, Xi considers China to be a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China) (Democracy in China) democracy , saying that "China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_democracy) (Socialist democracy) socialist democracy is the most comprehensive, genuine and effective democracy."[ 494]    China's definition of democracy is different from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracies) (Liberal democracies) liberal democracies and is rooted in Marxism–Leninism, and is based on the phrases (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_democratic_dictatorship) (People's democratic dictatorship) people's democratic dictatorship and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism) (Democratic centralism) democratic centralism .[ 494]    Xi has additionally coined the term whole-process people's democracy which he said was about having "the people as masters".[ 495]    Foreign analysts and observers have widely disputed that China is a democracy, saying that it is a one-party authoritarian state and Xi an authoritarian leader.[ 500]    Xi has sometimes referred to as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism) (Traditionalist conservatism) traditionalist " or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#Neoauthoritarianism) (Conservatism in China) neo-authoritarian ".[ 501]    [ 467]    [ 307]    Xi has additionally rejected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westernization) (Westernization) Westernisation as the only way to modernize, instead promoting what he says is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_modernization) (Chinese modernization) Chinese modernization .[ 502]      Xi Jinping Thought  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District,_Shenzhen,_Guangdong,_China,_picture1.jpg)   A billboard promoting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen) (Shenzhen) Shenzhen   In January 2013, Politburo Standing Committee member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan referred to Xi's speech for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Party National Congress as the "General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches". In October 2017, the CCP Central Committee announced that Xi's political philosophies were developed into the "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era".[ 503]    [ 504]    Xi first made mention of the "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his opening day speech delivered to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. His Politburo Standing Committee colleagues, in their own reviews of Xi's keynote address at the Congress, prepended the name "Xi Jinping" in front of "Thought".[ 505]    On 24 October 2017, at its closing session, the 19th Party Congress approved the incorporation of Xi Jinping Thought into the Constitution of the CCP,[ 506]    while in March 2018, the National People's Congress amended the state constitution to include Xi Jinping Thought.[ 507]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:201901_Xi_Jinping's_books_at_Shanghai_Library.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China) (The Governance of China) The Governance of China  in different languages presented at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Library) (Shanghai Library) Shanghai Library   Xi himself has described the Thought as part of the broad framework created around socialism with Chinese characteristics, a term coined by Deng Xiaoping that places China in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism) (Primary stage of socialism) primary stage of socialism . The thought's main elements are summarized in the ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, and the thirteen areas of achievements.[ 508]    In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the Thought is said to be a continuation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought) (Mao Zedong Thought) Mao Zedong Thought , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory) (Deng Xiaoping Theory) Deng Xiaoping Theory , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents) (Three Represents) Three Represents , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development) (Scientific Outlook on Development) Scientific Outlook on Development , as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adopted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations.[ 505]    It has additionally been described as the "21st century Marxism" by two professors in the Central Party School of the CCP.[ 18]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning , a top political adviser and a close ally of Xi, has been described as pivotal to developing Xi Jinping Thought.[ 18]    The concepts and context behind Xi Jinping Thought are elaborated in Xi's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China) (The Governance of China) The Governance of China  book series, published by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Press) (Foreign Languages Press) Foreign Languages Press for an international audience. Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017.[ 509]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuexi_Qiangguo) (Xuexi Qiangguo) Xuexi Qiangguo  , an app for teaching Xi Jinping Thought had become the most popular smartphone app in China in 2019, as the CCP launched a new campaign that calls on its cadres to immerse themselves in the political doctrine every day.[ 510]       Personal life  Family  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_family) (Xi family) Xi family  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presiden_China_Hadiri_APEC_2013_(5).jpg)   Xi and his wife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan) (Peng Liyuan) Peng Liyuan landing in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali) (Bali) Bali to attend the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013) (APEC Indonesia 2013) APEC Indonesia 2013   Xi's first marriage was to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Lingling) (Ke Lingling) Ke Lingling , the daughter of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Hua) (Ke Hua) Ke Hua , China's ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. They divorced within a few years.[ 511]    The two were said to fight "almost every day," and after the divorce, Ke moved to the UK.[ 16]    In 1987, Xi married famed folk singer Peng Liyuan.[ 512]    Xi and Peng were introduced by friends as many Chinese couples were in the 1980s.[ 513]    Peng had gained fame in the 1980s and remained far better known in China than Xi until the latter emerged as a likely successor in the late 2000s. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. Peng has played a much more visible role as China's "first lady" compared to her predecessors; for example, Peng hosted U.S. First Lady (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama) (Michelle Obama) Michelle Obama on her high-profile visit to China in March 2014.[ 514]    Xi and Peng have a daughter named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Mingze) (Xi Mingze) Xi Mingze , who graduated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) (Harvard University) Harvard University in the spring of 2015. While at Harvard, she used a pseudonym and studied Psychology and English.[ 515]    Xi's family has a home in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Spring_Hill) (Jade Spring Hill) Jade Spring Hill , a garden and residential area in north-western Beijing run by the CMC.[ 516]     In June 2012, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News) (Bloomberg News) Bloomberg News reported that members of Xi's extended family including his sister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao) (Qi Qiaoqiao) Qi Qiaoqiao have substantial business interests, although there was no evidence he had intervened to assist them.[ 517]    The Bloomberg News website was blocked in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China in response to the article about his family's wealth and the sales of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Terminal) (Bloomberg Terminal) Bloomberg Terminals in China slowed,[ 518]    while access to the files of Qinchuan Dadi, which was Qi's investment vehicle, was shut down.[ 519]    Relatives of highly placed Chinese officials, including seven current and former members of the Politburo, have been named in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers) (Panama Papers) Panama Papers , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Jiagui) (Deng Jiagui) Deng Jiagui ,[ 520]    Xi's brother-in-law. Deng had two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_corporation) (Shell corporation) shell companies in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) (British Virgin Islands) British Virgin Islands while Xi was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, which became dormant by the time Xi became CCP general secretary in 2012.[ 521]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  in 2012, after coming to power, Xi told his family to get out of their investments and that Qi Qiaoqiao and Deng Jiagui had divested their investments in at least 10 companies.[ 522]    In 2015, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jianlin) (Wang Jianlin) Wang Jianlin , the leader of the company (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Group) (Wanda Group) Dalian Wanda , defended Qi and Deng, saying that they sold their shares in the company two months before the IPO in October 2014. The New York Times commented that this information is conflicted with official documents, which state that Qi and Deng transferred the ownership of the holding company to one of their employees in October 2013.[ 523]      Personality  Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth: "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."[ 524]    In 1992, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  journalist Lena H. Sun had an interview with Xi, then CCP secretary of Fuzhou; Sun described Xi as considerably more at ease and confident than many officials his age, and said that he talked without consulting notes.[ 525]    He was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key." He was described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office."[ 526]    The Chinese state media has also cast him as a fatherly figure and a man of the people, determined to stand up for Chinese interests.[ 454]      Interests  Unlike previous Chinese leaders, Chinese state media has given a more encompassing view of Xi's private life, although still strictly controlled. According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi would swim one kilometer and walk every day as long as there was time, and is interested in foreign writers, especially Russian.[ 456]    Some of his favorite foreign authors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy) (Leo Tolstoy) Leo Tolstoy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov) (Mikhail Sholokhov) Mikhail Sholokhov , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo) (Victor Hugo) Victor Hugo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoré_de_Balzac) (Honoré de Balzac) Honoré de Balzac , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe) (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London) (Jack London) Jack London .[ 527]    Xi reportedly invoked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F_(novel)) (What Is to Be Done? (novel)) What Is to Be Done?  by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky) (Nikolay Chernyshevsky) Nikolay Chernyshevsky as a guide during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit) (16th BRICS summit) 16th BRICS summit .[ 528]    Xi is reported to also like films and TV shows such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan) (Saving Private Ryan) Saving Private Ryan  ,[ 529]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_in_Seattle) (Sleepless in Seattle) Sleepless in Seattle  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather) (The Godfather) The Godfather  ,[ 530]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones) (Game of Thrones) Game of Thrones  ,[ 531]    and he has praised Chinese independent film-maker (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Zhangke) (Jia Zhangke) Jia Zhangke .[ 532]    Xi is also known to be an avid football fan.[ 533]       Public image  It is hard to gauge the opinion of the Chinese public on Xi, as no independent surveys exist in China and mentions of his name in social media are heavily censored.[ 534]    However, he is believed to be widely popular in the country.[ 535]    [ 536]    According to a 2014 poll co-sponsored by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government) (John F. Kennedy School of Government) Harvard Kennedy School's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Center_for_Democratic_Governance_and_Innovation) (Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation) Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation , Xi ranked 9 out of 10 in domestic approval ratings.[ 537]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov) (YouGov) YouGov poll released in July 2019 found that about 22% of people in mainland China list Xi as the person they admire the most, a plurality, although this figure was less than 5% for residents of Hong Kong.[ 538]     In the spring of 2026, the Pew Research Center made a survey on confidence on Xi among 36 countries, which indicated that a median 34% have confidence in Xi to do the right thing regarding world affairs, meanwhile a median of 53% have no confidence; these numbers are higher than those of Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin (31% confidence, 65% no confidence) and United States President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump (23% confidence, 76% no confidence).[ 539]     In 2017, The Economist named him the most powerful person in the world.[ 540]    In 2018, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  ranked him as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_World's_Most_Powerful_People) (Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People) the most powerful and influential person in the world , replacing Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been ranked so for five consecutive years.[ 541]    In 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  also named Xi as the world's most powerful person, writing Xi "is the first among 1.4 billion people. If not among 7.7 billion."[ 542]    Since 2013, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders , an international non-profit and non-governmental organization with the stated aim of safeguarding the right to freedom of information, included Xi among the list of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_freedom_predator) (Press freedom predator) press freedom predators .[ 543]      Honours  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping) List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping  Xi has received state honours from several countries, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Eagle) (Order of the Golden Eagle) Order of the Golden Eagle from Kazakhstan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Tajikistan) (Orders, decorations, and medals of Tajikistan) Order of the Crown from Tajikistan.[ 544]    [ 545]      Select works  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping#Books) (Bibliography of Xi Jinping) Bibliography of Xi Jinping § Books .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping&action=edit) edit ]   Xi, Jinping (1999). Theory and Practice on Modern Agriculture . Fuzhou: Fujian Education Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+on+Modern+Agriculture&rft.place=Fuzhou&rft.pub=Fujian+Education+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2007). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu) (Zhijiang Xinyu) Zhijiang Xinyu  . Hangzhou: Zhengjiang People's Publishing House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787213035081) (Special:BookSources/9787213035081) 9787213035081  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhijiang+Xinyu&rft.place=Hangzhou&rft.pub=Zhengjiang+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9787213035081&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2014). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China) (The Governance of China) The Governance of China  . Vol. I. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119090573) (Special:BookSources/9787119090573) 9787119090573  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9787119090573&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  [ 546]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2014). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_of_General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping's_Series_of_Important_Speeches) (Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches) Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches  . Vol. I. Beijing: People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119090573) (Special:BookSources/9787119090573) 9787119090573  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader+of+General+Secretary+Xi+Jinping%27s+Series+of+Important+Speeches&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House+%26+Study+Publishing+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9787119090573&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2016). Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches . Vol. II. Beijing: People's Publishing House & Study Publishing House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787514706284) (Special:BookSources/9787514706284) 9787514706284  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader+of+General+Secretary+Xi+Jinping%27s+Series+of+Important+Speeches&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=People%27s+Publishing+House+%26+Study+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9787514706284&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2017). The Governance of China . Vol. II. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119111643) (Special:BookSources/9787119111643) 9787119111643  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9787119111643&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  [ 546]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2019). The Belt And Road Initiative . Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7119119960) (Special:BookSources/978-7119119960) 978-7119119960  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+And+Road+Initiative&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-7119119960&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2020). The Governance of China . Vol. III. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119124117) (Special:BookSources/9787119124117) 9787119124117  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9787119124117&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2020). On Propaganda and Ideological Work of Communist Party . Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787507347791) (Special:BookSources/9787507347791) 9787507347791  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Propaganda+and+Ideological+Work+of+Communist+Party&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Central+Party+Literature+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9787507347791&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2021). On History of the Communist Party of China . Beijing: Central Party Literature Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787507348033) (Special:BookSources/9787507348033) 9787507348033  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Central+Party+Literature+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9787507348033&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (2022). The Governance of China . Vol. IV. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119130941) (Special:BookSources/9787119130941) 9787119130941  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9787119130941&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)       Notes   ↑   English:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ (/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy') ʃ (/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece') iː   (/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam') dʒ (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ ('n' in 'nigh') n (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('p' in 'pie') p (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ (/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing') ŋ  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) SHEE jin-PING   , or often (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ (/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure') ʒ (/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece') iː  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) ZHEE   ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters) (Simplified Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text)  习近平 ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) pinyin : Xí Jìnpíng  , pronounced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin) (Help:IPA/Mandarin) [ɕǐ  tɕî n.pʰǐ ŋ]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Xi_Jinping.ogg/Xi_Jinping.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping.ogg) (File:Xi Jinping.ogg) ⓘ         References  Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2017-10/25/c_1121856289.htm) "习近平同志简历" [ Resume of Comrade Xi Jinping] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency  . 25 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%BF%97%E7%AE%80%E5%8E%86&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fpolitics%2Fleaders%2F2017-10%2F25%2Fc_1121856289.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   Li 2022 , p. 1.  ↑   Miller 2008 , p. 6.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zheng, William (28 March 2024). (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3257096/xi-jinpings-chief-staff-chinas-new-internet-tsar-sources-say) "Xi Jinping's chief of staff is China's new internet tsar, sources say" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328165657/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3257096/xi-jinpings-chief-staff-chinas-new-internet-tsar-sources-say) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+chief+of+staff+is+China%27s+new+internet+tsar%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3257096%2Fxi-jinpings-chief-staff-chinas-new-internet-tsar-sources-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2014/0603/c385524-25097772.html) "三、全党深入学习实践科学发展观活动" [ III. The Party-wide Campaign to Deepen the Study and Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_News_Network) (Chinese Communist Party News Network) Chinese Communist Party News Network  . 3 June 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Communist+Party+News+Network&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%85%A8%E5%85%9A%E6%B7%B1%E5%85%A5%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%82%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2014%2F0603%2Fc385524-25097772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   Li 2022 , pp. 1–2.  ↑   Wong 2023 , pp. 19–20.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.rferl.org/a/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html) "Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty) (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 7 November 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083336/http://www.rferl.org/content/china-profile-xi-jinping/24764283.html) Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Chinese+Vice+President+Xi+Jinping&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fchina-profile-xi-jinping%2F24764283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   Wong 2023 , p. 27.  ↑   Torigian 2025 , pp. 265.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130326085822/http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872_2.htm) 與丈夫習仲勛相伴58年 齊心：這輩子無比幸福  [ With her husband Xi Zhongxun for 58 years: very happy in this life] (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency) (Xinhua News Agency) Xinhua News Agency . 28 April 2009. Archived from (http://news.xinhuanet.com/book/2009-04/28/content_11270872_2.htm) the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E8%88%87%E4%B8%88%E5%A4%AB%E7%BF%92%E4%BB%B2%E5%8B%9B%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%B458%E5%B9%B4+%E9%BD%8A%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%9A%E9%80%99%E8%BC%A9%E5%AD%90%E7%84%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fbook%2F2009-04%2F28%2Fcontent_11270872_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    1  2   Torigian 2025 , pp. 18–19.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Takahashi, Tetsushi (1 June 2002). (https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Beijing-Diary/Connecting-the-dots-of-the-Hong-Kong-law-and-veneration-of-Xi) "Connecting the dots of the Hong Kong law and veneration of Xi" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Shimbun) (Nikkei Shimbun) Nikkei Shimbun  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211203074351/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Beijing-Diary/Connecting-the-dots-of-the-Hong-Kong-law-and-veneration-of-Xi) Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Connecting+the+dots+of+the+Hong+Kong+law+and+veneration+of+Xi&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Tetsushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FBeijing-Diary%2FConnecting-the-dots-of-the-Hong-Kong-law-and-veneration-of-Xi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    1  2   Chan 2022 , pp. 44.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Buckley, Chris; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (24 September 2015). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Assailants+Attack+Train+Station+in+Restive+Western+China+%28Published+2014%29&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fblast-hits-railway-station-in-restive-western-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). (https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang) "Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker) (The New Yorker) The New Yorker  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210801044142/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang) Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+Crackdown+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Khatchadourian&rft.aufirst=Raffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F04%2F12%2Fsurviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shepherd, Christian (12 September 2019). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77) "Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221202/https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77) Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Fear+and+oppression+in+Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+war+on+Uighur+culture&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019). (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html) " 'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200108214926/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html) Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Absolutely+No+Mercy%27%3A+Leaked+Files+Expose+How+China+Organized+Mass+Detentions+of+Muslims&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xinjiang-documents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c) "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press . 28 June 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c) Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+cuts+Uighur+births+with+IUDs%2C+abortion%2C+sterilization&rft.date=2020-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/11/more-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang) "More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  . 11 July 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190711031342/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/11/more-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang) Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=More+than+20+ambassadors+condemn+China%27s+treatment+of+Uighurs+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjul%2F11%2Fmore-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10) "China's Xi responsible for Uyghur 'genocide', unofficial tribunal says" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 10 December 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221024104722/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10) Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+responsible+for+Uyghur+%27genocide%27%2C+unofficial+tribunal+says&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchinas-xi-responsible-uyghur-genocide-unofficial-tribunal-says-2021-12-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/china/outgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31) "U.N. says China may have committed crimes against humanity in Xinjiang" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters  . 1 September 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221126235118/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/outgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31) Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.N.+says+China+may+have+committed+crimes+against+humanity+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Foutgoing-un-human-rights-chief-says-serious-human-rights-violations-committed-2022-08-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tugendhat, Tom (19 January 2020). (https://www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/19/huaweis-human-rights-record-needs-scrutiny-britain-signs-5g-contracts) "Huawei's human rights record needs scrutiny before Britain signs 5G contracts" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press) (Hong Kong Free Press) Hong Kong Free Press  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240711081528/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/01/19/huaweis-human-rights-record-needs-scrutiny-britain-signs-5g-contracts) Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+human+rights+record+needs+scrutiny+before+Britain+signs+5G+contracts&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=Tugendhat&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongkongfp.com%2F2020%2F01%2F19%2Fhuaweis-human-rights-record-needs-scrutiny-britain-signs-5g-contracts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.economist.com/china/2022/01/01/even-in-secret-chinas-leaders-speak-in-code) "Even in secret, China's leaders speak in code" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 1 January 2022. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Even+in+secret%2C+China%27s+leaders+speak+in+code&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2022%2F01%2F01%2Feven-in-secret-chinas-leaders-speak-in-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chin, Josh (30 November 2021). (https://www.wsj.com/articles/leaked-documents-detail-xi-jinpings-extensive-role-in-xinjiang-crackdown-11638284709) "Leaked Documents Detail Xi Jinping's Extensive Role in Xinjiang Crackdown" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) (The Wall Street Journal) The Wall Street Journal  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) 0099-9660 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142807/https://www.wsj.com/articles/leaked-documents-detail-xi-jinpings-extensive-role-in-xinjiang-crackdown-11638284709) Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Leaked+Documents+Detail+Xi+Jinping%27s+Extensive+Role+in+Xinjiang+Crackdown&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fleaked-documents-detail-xi-jinpings-extensive-role-in-xinjiang-crackdown-11638284709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sudworth, John (December 2020). (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/nz0g306v8c/china-tainted-cotton) "China's 'tainted' cotton" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . Retrieved 23 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+%27tainted%27+cotton&rft.date=2020-12&rft.aulast=Sudworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fextra%2Fnz0g306v8c%2Fchina-tainted-cotton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Killing, Alison (25 May 2026). (https://www.ft.com/content/119d8c3a-e10f-4bf7-a198-90507293054b?syn-25a6b1a6=1) "How China is breaking apart a people and its culture" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times) (Financial Times) Financial Times  . Retrieved 25 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+China+is+breaking+apart+a+people+and+its+culture&rft.date=2026-05-25&rft.aulast=Killing&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F119d8c3a-e10f-4bf7-a198-90507293054b%3Fsyn-25a6b1a6%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se2h1pyAjKw) Momen Langka! Presiden China Xi Jinping Kunjungi Kampung Muslim Uighur  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas_TV) (Kompas TV) Kompas TV , 19 July 2022, (https://web.archive.org/web/20240307204442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se2h1pyAjKw) archived from the original on 7 March 2024, retrieved 7 March 2024 – via Youtube, Selama 4 hari, Xi Jinping mengunjungi sejumlah situs di Xinjiang termasuk perkebunan kapas, zona perdagangan dan museum. Penduduk Uighur pun menyambut Presiden Xi Jinping. Dalam kunjungannya, Xi mendesak agar pejabat Xinjiang selalu mendengarkan suara rakyat demi memenangkan hati dan membuat rakyat bersatu.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Momen+Langka%21+Presiden+China+Xi+Jinping+Kunjungi+Kampung+Muslim+Uighur&rft.pub=Kompas+TV&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSe2h1pyAjKw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0Q2iq_HVFs&t=42s) China's President Xi visits far western Xinjiang region for first time in 8 years  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCMP) (SCMP) SCMP , 15 July 2022, (https://web.archive.org/web/20240307204440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0Q2iq_HVFs&t=42s) archived from the original on 7 March 2024, retrieved 7 March 2024 – via Youtube (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+President+Xi+visits+far+western+Xinjiang+region+for+first+time+in+8+years&rft.pub=SCMP&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Ds0Q2iq_HVFs%26t%3D42s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/china-xi-jinping-visits-xinjiang-for-first-time-since-uyghur-crackdown/a-62481343) "Xi Jinping visits Xinjiang for first time since crackdown" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) (Deutsche Welle) Deutsche Welle  . 15 July 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+visits+Xinjiang+for+first+time+since+crackdown&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchina-xi-jinping-visits-xinjiang-for-first-time-since-uyghur-crackdown%2Fa-62481343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ong Han Sean (20 November 2023). (https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/11/20/xinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm) "China's Xinjiang: A marvel of wild beauty and a land full of culture and charm" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)) (The Star (Malaysia)) The Star  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231120143603/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2023/11/20/xinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm) Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Our visit came on the heels of Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Ürümqi, where he reportedly stressed on the positive promotion of the region to show an open and confident Xinjiang. Xi also called for Xinjiang to be opened more widely for tourism to encourage visits from domestic and foreign tourists.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xinjiang%3A+A+marvel+of+wild+beauty+and+a+land+full+of+culture+and+charm&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.au=Ong+Han+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fxinjiang-is-a-land-that039s-full-of-culture-colour-and-charm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dw.com/en/china-how-is-beijing-whitewashing-its-xinjiang-policy/a-66779242) "China: How is Beijing whitewashing its Xinjiang policy?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) (Deutsche Welle) Deutsche Welle  . 11 September 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240307204440/https://www.dw.com/en/china-how-is-beijing-whitewashing-its-xinjiang-policy/a-66779242) Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%3A+the+making+of+a+dictator&rft.date=2022-10-19&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2022%2F10%2F19%2Fxi-jinping-the-making-of-a-dictator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007991/xi-jinping-shows-his-love-game-thrones-warns-reality-must-not) "Xi Jinping shows his love of Game of Thrones but warns reality must not mirror fantasy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . 28 April 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190505041030/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3007991/xi-jinping-shows-his-love-game-thrones-warns-reality-must-not) Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019 . 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(https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2026/06/23/how-do-views-of-trump-compare-with-other-global-leaders) "How do views of Trump compare with other global leaders?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center  . Retrieved 1 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+do+views+of+Trump+compare+with+other+global+leaders%3F&rft.date=2026-06-23&rft.aulast=Wike&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Silver%2C+Laura&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Moira&rft.au=Schulman%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2026%2F06%2F23%2Fhow-do-views-of-trump-compare-with-other-global-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/10/14/xi-jinping-has-more-clout-than-donald-trump-the-world-should-be-wary) "Xi Jinping has more clout than Donald Trump. The world should be wary"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist  . 14 October 2017. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613) 0013-0613 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190918133802/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/10/14/xi-jinping-has-more-clout-than-donald-trump-the-world-should-be-wary) Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+has+more+clout+than+Donald+Trump.+The+world+should+be+wary&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2017%2F10%2F14%2Fxi-jinping-has-more-clout-than-donald-trump-the-world-should-be-wary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McWalter) (David McWalter) Ewalt, David M. (31 May 2018). (https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/#7e7884216c47) "The World's Most Powerful People 2018" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180509222602/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2018/05/08/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018/#7e7884216c47) Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People+2018&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.aulast=Ewalt&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidewalt%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fthe-worlds-most-powerful-people-2018%2F%237e7884216c47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aust, Stefan; Geiges, Adrian (14 September 2022). (https://time.com/6211110/china-xi-jinping-world-power) "The Most Powerful Person in the World Is China's President" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)) (Time (magazine)) Time  . Retrieved 18 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Most+Powerful+Person+in+the+World+Is+China%27s+President&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Aust&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Geiges%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6211110%2Fchina-xi-jinping-world-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://rsf.org/en/predator/xi-jinping) "Xi Jinping" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders  . 17 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fpredator%2Fxi-jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nikolaev, Victor (14 September 2022). (https://www.nur.kz/politics/universe/1987795-ya-ochen-dorozhu-etim-ordenom-kak-proshla-tseremoniya-nagrazhdeniya-si-tszinpina) "Я очень дорожу этим орденом": как прошла церемония награждения Си Цзиньпина  [ "I really treasure this order": how Xi Jinping's award ceremony went] . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur.kz?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nur.kz (page does not exist)) Nur.kz  [ (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur.kz) (ru:Nur.kz) ru ]   . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221029101603/https://www.nur.kz/politics/universe/1987795-ya-ochen-dorozhu-etim-ordenom-kak-proshla-tseremoniya-nagrazhdeniya-si-tszinpina) Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nur.kz%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bru%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=%22%D0%AF+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%22%3A+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%B8+%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.aulast=Nikolaev&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nur.kz%2Fpolitics%2Funiverse%2F1987795-ya-ochen-dorozhu-etim-ordenom-kak-proshla-tseremoniya-nagrazhdeniya-si-tszinpina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/politics/20190617/chinas-president-xi-receives-zarrintoj-order-from-president-emomali-rahmon) "China's President Xi receives Zarrintoj Order from President Emomali Rahmon" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Plus) (Asia-Plus) Asia-Plus  . 17 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia-Plus&rft.atitle=China%27s+President+Xi+receives+Zarrintoj+Order+from+President+Emomali+Rahmon&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaplustj.info%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftajikistan%2Fpolitics%2F20190617%2Fchinas-president-xi-receives-zarrintoj-order-from-president-emomali-rahmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (15 May 2018). (https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/little-red-book-big-white-one/) "From the Little Red Book to the Big White one" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement) (Times Literary Supplement) Times Literary Supplement  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180711191435/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/little-red-book-big-white-one/) Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Literary+Supplement&rft.atitle=From+the+Little+Red+Book+to+the+Big+White+one&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Wasserstrom&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpublic%2Flittle-red-book-big-white-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)       Books   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aoyagi, Akiko; Shurtleff, William (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FFU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262) History of Biodiesel – with Emphasis on Soy Biodiesel (1900–2017): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook  . Soyinfo Center. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-97-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-97-6) 978-1-928914-97-6  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Biodiesel+%E2%80%93+with+Emphasis+on+Soy+Biodiesel+%281900%E2%80%932017%29%3A+Extensively+Annotated+Bibliography+and+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-928914-97-6&rft.aulast=Aoyagi&rft.aufirst=Akiko&rft.au=Shurtleff%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFU8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024). (https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china) The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People  (EPUB) . Berlin, Germany: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (European Council on Foreign Relations) European Council on Foreign Relations . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-916682-42-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-916682-42-9) 978-1-916682-42-9  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china) Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+China%3A+Chinese+Thinkers+on+Power%2C+Progress%2C+and+People&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1-916682-42-9&rft.aulast=Bachulska&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Mark&rft.au=Oertel%2C+Janka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Fpublication%2Fidea-of-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=YqFPAAAAIAAJ) 血脉总相连: 中国名人后代大寻踪  [ Blood is Always Connected: Tracing the Descendants of Chinese Celebrities ] (in Chinese). Beijing Yanshan Publishing House. 1993. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5402-0658-1) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5402-0658-1) 978-7-5402-0658-1  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%80%E8%84%89%E6%80%BB%E7%9B%B8%E8%BF%9E%3A+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8E%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%BB%E8%B8%AA&rft.pub=Beijing+Yanshan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-7-5402-0658-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYqFPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Borst, Nicholas (2025). The Bird and the Cage: China's Economic Contradictions . Singapore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-96-3997-7) 10.1007/978-981-96-3997-7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-96-3996-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-96-3996-0) 978-981-96-3996-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bird+and+the+Cage%3A+China%27s+Economic+Contradictions&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2025&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-96-3997-7&rft.isbn=978-981-96-3996-0&rft.aulast=Borst&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bougon, François (2018). Inside the Mind of Xi Jinping . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Hurst_&_Co.) (C. Hurst & Co.) C. Hurst & Co. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-984-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-984-9) 978-1-84904-984-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Mind+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-984-9&rft.aulast=Bougon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, William N. (2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OzsxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9) Chasing the Chinese Dream: Four Decades of Following China's War on Poverty  . Springer Nature Singapore. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0654-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0654-0) 978-981-16-0654-0  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+the+Chinese+Dream%3A+Four+Decades+of+Following+China%27s+War+on+Poverty&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-16-0654-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzsxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Brown, William N. (2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=eVWbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR6) The Evolution of China's Anti-Poverty Strategies: Cases of 20 Chinese Changing Lives  . Springer Nature Singapore. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-7281-2) (Special:BookSources/978-981-19-7281-2) 978-981-19-7281-2  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+China%27s+Anti-Poverty+Strategies%3A+Cases+of+20+Chinese+Changing+Lives&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-19-7281-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVWbEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chan, Alfred L. (24 March 2022). (https://academic.oup.com/book/41435/chapter/352774284) Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953–2018  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-761525-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-761525-6) 978-0-19-761525-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xi+Jinping%3A+Political+Career%2C+Governance%2C+and+Leadership%2C+1953%E2%80%932018&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-761525-6&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F41435%2Fchapter%2F352774284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) (Bloomsbury Academic) Bloomsbury Academic . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-43571-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-350-43571-1) 978-1-350-43571-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Tour%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Fight+for+China%27s+Future&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-43571-1&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=y5j-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74) 中国脱贫攻坚精神  [ China's Spirit of Poverty Alleviation ] (in Chinese). Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press. 2021. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5680-6816-1) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5680-6816-1) 978-7-5680-6816-1  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%84%B1%E8%B4%AB%E6%94%BB%E5%9D%9A%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E&rft.pub=Huazhong+University+of+Science+and+Technology+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-7-5680-6816-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5j-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order . New Haven and London: Yale University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102) 10.2307/jj.11589102 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900) (Special:BookSources/9780300266900) 9780300266900  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102) jj.11589102 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=9780300266900&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=pq8XEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT141) 决策论  [ Decision Theory ] (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2018. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-226-05307-2) (Special:BookSources/978-7-226-05307-2) 978-7-226-05307-2  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA&rft.pub=Beijing+Book+Co.+Inc.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-7-226-05307-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpq8XEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dillon, Michael (2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=-EEiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93) China in the Age of Xi Jinping  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37096-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37096-6) 978-1-000-37096-6  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+the+Age+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-37096-6&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EEiEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing, eds. (2024). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment . Leiden University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411) (Special:BookSources/9789087284411) 9789087284411  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fenby, Jonathan (2019). The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present . Penguin Books Limited. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141988450) (Special:BookSources/978-0141988450) 978-0141988450  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0141988450&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Feng, Hexia (2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=D5n-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11) 中国的贫困治理  [ Poverty Governance in China ] (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences_Literature_Press) (Social Sciences Literature Press) Social Sciences Literature Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5228-1509-1) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5228-1509-1) 978-7-5228-1509-1  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%AB%E5%9B%B0%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Literature+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-7-5228-1509-1&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Hexia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5n-EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=3YmzAAAAIAAJ) 福州年鉴  [ Fuzhou Yearbook ] (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Statistics_Press) (China Statistics Press) China Statistics Press . 1995. Retrieved 7 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3YmzAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic) (Bloomsbury Academic) Bloomsbury Academic . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8) 978-1-350-25231-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=z-sXEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3) 河北社会主义核心价值观培育践行报告  [ Hebei's Report on the Cultivation and Practice of Socialist Core Values ] (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences_Literature_Press) (Social Sciences Literature Press) Social Sciences Literature Press . 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5228-1618-0) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5228-1618-0) 978-7-5228-1618-0  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%82%E5%9F%B9%E8%82%B2%E8%B7%B5%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Literature+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-7-5228-1618-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-sXEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Guo, Xuezhi (2019). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hm2MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA363) The Politics of the Core Leader in China: Culture, Institution, Legitimacy, and Power  . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48049-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48049-9) 978-1-108-48049-9  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Core+Leader+in+China%3A+Culture%2C+Institution%2C+Legitimacy%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48049-9&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xuezhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhm2MDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann) (Sebastian Heilmann) Heilmann, Sebastian (2017). China's Political System . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_&_Littlefield) (Rowman & Littlefield) Rowman & Littlefield . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7734-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7734-2) 978-1-4422-7734-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+System&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7734-2&rft.aulast=Heilmann&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyu_Jin) (Keyu Jin) Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism . New York: Viking. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1) 978-1-9848-7828-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+China+Playbook%3A+Beyond+Socialism+and+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Keyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5UoOoQZCIC&pg=PA420) How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders  . Wiley. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10425-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10425-5) 978-1-118-10425-5  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China%27s+Leaders+Think%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+China%27s+Past%2C+Current+and+Future+Leaders&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-10425-5&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j5UoOoQZCIC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Lam) (Willy Lam) Lam, Willy (2015). Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping: Renaissance, Reform, or Retrogression? . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4209-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-4209-7) 978-0-7656-4209-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+in+the+Era+of+Xi+Jinping%3A+Renaissance%2C+Reform%2C+or+Retrogression%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-4209-7&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lam, Willy Wo-Lap (2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZELGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21) Xi Jinping: The Hidden Agendas of China's Ruler for Life  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-92583-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-92583-8) 978-1-000-92583-8  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xi+Jinping%3A+The+Hidden+Agendas+of+China%27s+Ruler+for+Life&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-92583-8&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Willy+Wo-Lap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZELGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development . Translated by Topp, Gary. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6) 10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0) 978-981-97-0079-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Works%3A+An+Introduction+to+China%27s+State-led+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6&rft.isbn=978-981-97-0079-0&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=Xiaohuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Cheng (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3NKACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA338) Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership  . Brookings Institution Press. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29239-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-393-29239-8) 978-0-393-29239-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+World+View%3A+Demystifying+China+to+Prevent+Global+Conflict&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-393-29239-8&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=David+Daokui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Hongshan (2024b). Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War . New York, NY: Columbia University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fli--20704) 10.7312/li--20704 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231207058) (Special:BookSources/9780231207058) 9780231207058  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/li--20704) 10.7312/li--20704 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+on+the+Cultural+Front%3A+U.S.-China+Relations+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fli--20704&rft.isbn=9780231207058&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Hongshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Ying (2024). Red Ink: A History of Printing and Politics in China . Royal Collins Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487812737) (Special:BookSources/9781487812737) 9781487812737  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Ink%3A+A+History+of+Printing+and+Politics+in+China&rft.pub=Royal+Collins+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781487812737&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mariani, Paul Philip (2025). China's Church Divided: Bishop Louis Jin and the Post-Mao Catholic Revival . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29765-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-29765-4) 978-0-674-29765-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Church+Divided%3A+Bishop+Louis+Jin+and+the+Post-Mao+Catholic+Revival&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=978-0-674-29765-4&rft.aulast=Mariani&rft.aufirst=Paul+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise . Kunyuan Qiao. New Haven: Yale University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6) 978-0-300-26883-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572) 1348572572 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xi, Jinping (20 November 2019). "Stories of Incorrupt Government: "The Corruption and Unjustness of Officials Give Birth to the Decline of Governance" ". Narrating China's Governance . Translated by Jing Luo. Preface by Yang Zhenwu; Introduction by B.R. Deepak; Source: People's Daily, Department of Commentary. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 3– 39. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-32-9178-2_1) 10.1007/978-981-32-9178-2_1 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-177-5) (Special:BookSources/978-981-329-177-5) 978-981-329-177-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Incorrupt+Government%3A+%22The+Corruption+and+Unjustness+of+Officials+Give+Birth+to+the+Decline+of+Governance%22&rft.btitle=Narrating+China%27s+Governance&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=3-39&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-32-9178-2_1&rft.isbn=978-981-329-177-5&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_N._Pieke) (Frank N. Pieke) Pieke, Frank N. ; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022). CPC Futures: The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics . Singapore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore_Press) (National University of Singapore Press) National University of Singapore Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.56159%2Feai.52060) 10.56159/eai.52060  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-18-5206-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-18-5206-0) 978-981-18-5206-0  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847) 1354535847 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CPC+Futures%3A+The+New+Era+of+Socialism+with+Chinese+Characteristics&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1354535847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.56159%2Feai.52060&rft.isbn=978-981-18-5206-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn9pAAAAIAAJ) 紅色后代  [ Red Offspring ] (in Chinese). Chengdu Publishing House. 1996. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80575-946-3) (Special:BookSources/978-7-80575-946-3) 978-7-80575-946-3  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8E%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=Chengdu+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-7-80575-946-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn9pAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd) (Kevin Rudd) Rudd, Kevin (2024). On Xi Jinping: How Xi's Marxist Nationalism is Shaping China and the World . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197766033) (Special:BookSources/9780197766033) 9780197766033  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Xi+Jinping%3A+How+Xi%27s+Marxist+Nationalism+is+Shaping+China+and+the+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197766033&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sheridan, Michael (2024). The Red Emperor: Xi Jinping and His New China . Headline. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0354-1349-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-0354-1349-2) 978-1-0354-1349-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Emperor%3A+Xi+Jinping+and+His+New+China&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-0354-1349-2&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Shinn) (David H. Shinn) Shinn, David H. ; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement . New York: Columbia University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0) 978-0-231-21001-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Relations+with+Africa%3A+a+New+Era+of+Strategic+Engagement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21001-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Eisenman%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics". Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi . Acton, Australia: Australian National University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-249-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-249-9) 978-1-76046-249-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aesthetics&rft.btitle=Afterlives+of+Chinese+Communism%3A+Political+Concepts+from+Mao+to+Xi&rft.place=Acton%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-249-9&rft.aulast=Sorace&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Torigian, Joseph (2025). The Party's Interests Come First: The Life of Xi Zhongxun, Father of Xi Jinping . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503634756) (Special:BookSources/9781503634756) 9781503634756  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party%27s+Interests+Come+First%3A+The+Life+of+Xi+Zhongxun%2C+Father+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=9781503634756&rft.aulast=Torigian&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Tsang) (Steve Tsang) Tsang, Steve ; Cheung, Olivia (2024). The Political Thought of Xi Jinping . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197689363) (Special:BookSources/9780197689363) 9780197689363  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197689363&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Olivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=SxsaEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT17) 社会的逻辑  [ The Logic of Society ] (in Chinese). Peking University Press. 2017. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-301-26916-9) (Special:BookSources/978-7-301-26916-9) 978-7-301-26916-9  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&rft.pub=Peking+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-7-301-26916-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxsaEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tu, Hang (2025). Sentimental Republic: Chinese Intellectuals and the Maoist Past . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Asia_Center) (Harvard University Asia Center) Harvard University Asia Center . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674297579) (Special:BookSources/9780674297579) 9780674297579  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sentimental+Republic%3A+Chinese+Intellectuals+and+the+Maoist+Past&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=9780674297579&rft.aulast=Tu&rft.aufirst=Hang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Chun Han (2023). Party of One: The Rise of Xi Jinping and China's Superpower Future . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster) (Simon & Schuster) Simon & Schuster . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8573-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8573-2) 978-1-9821-8573-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+of+One%3A+The+Rise+of+Xi+Jinping+and+China%27s+Superpower+Future&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-8573-2&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Han&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Xu, Guoqi (2026). The Idea of China: A Contested History . Harvard University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674303997) 10.4159/9780674303997 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674976795) (Special:BookSources/9780674976795) 9780674976795  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.33092015) jj.33092015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+China%3A+A+Contested+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.33092015%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674303997&rft.isbn=9780674976795&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Guoqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=MZFBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61) 習近平扶貧故事  [ Xi Jinping's Poverty Alleviation Story ] (in Chinese). Sino United Electronic Publishing Limited. 2021. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8758-27-2) (Special:BookSources/978-988-8758-27-2) 978-988-8758-27-2  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%89%B6%E8%B2%A7%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.pub=Sino+United+Electronic+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-988-8758-27-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZFBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=AZBJAAAAMAAJ) 青春岁月: 当代青年小报告文学选  [ Youth Years: A Selection of Contemporary Youth Reportage ] (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Literature_Publishing_House) (People's Literature Publishing House) People's Literature Publishing House . 1986. Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E5%B2%81%E6%9C%88%3A+%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8F%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%89&rft.pub=People%27s+Literature+Publishing+House&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZBJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197682258) (Special:BookSources/9780197682258) 9780197682258  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Wire%3A+How+China+Regulates+Big+Tech+and+Governs+Its+Economy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197682258&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Angela+Huyue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Huang, Qunhui; Zhang, Qizi; et al. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=j0dsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP9) 厦门城市治理体系和治理能力现代化研究  [ Research on the modernization of Xiamen's urban governance system and governance capacity ] . A series of achievements of inter-academy cooperation of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Xiamen (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences_Literature_Press) (Social Sciences Literature Press) Social Sciences Literature Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5097-9562-0) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5097-9562-0) 978-7-5097-9562-0  . Retrieved 19 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.series=A+series+of+achievements+of+inter-academy+cooperation+of+Chinese+Academy+of+Social+Sciences%3A+Xiamen&rft.pub=Social+Sciences+Literature+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-7-5097-9562-0&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Qunhui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qizi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0dsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhong, Wen; Zhang, Jie (2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ImNcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3) 习近平传  [ Biography of Xi Jinping ] (in Chinese). Bouden House. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-034-94892-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-034-94892-6) 978-1-034-94892-6  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E4%BC%A0&rft.pub=Bouden+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-034-94892-6&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImNcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao) (Suisheng Zhao) Zhao, Suisheng (2023). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao) (Suisheng Zhao) Zhao, Suisheng (2024). "Is Beijing's Long Game on Taiwan about to End? Peaceful Unification, Brinksmanship, and Military Takeover". In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao) (Suisheng Zhao) Zhao, Suisheng (ed.). The Taiwan Question in Xi Jinping's Era: Beijing's Evolving Taiwan Policy and Taiwan's Internal and External Dynamics . London and New York: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003521709) 10.4324/9781003521709 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032861661) (Special:BookSources/9781032861661) 9781032861661  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Beijing%27s+Long+Game+on+Taiwan+about+to+End%3F+Peaceful+Unification%2C+Brinksmanship%2C+and+Military+Takeover&rft.btitle=The+Taiwan+Question+in+Xi+Jinping%27s+Era%3A+Beijing%27s+Evolving+Taiwan+Policy+and+Taiwan%27s+Internal+and+External+Dynamics&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003521709&rft.isbn=9781032861661&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=SRMnAAAAMAAJ) 正定縣志  [ Zhengding Chronicle ] (in Chinese). China City Press. 1992. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5074-0610-8) (Special:BookSources/978-7-5074-0610-8) 978-7-5074-0610-8  . Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%A3%E5%AE%9A%E7%B8%A3%E5%BF%97&rft.pub=China+City+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-7-5074-0610-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRMnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))      Journal articles  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Allen, Kenneth W.; Allen, Jana (2017). (https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Building-Strategic-Missile-Force_Final.pdf) "Building a Strong Informatized Strategic Missile Force: An Overview of the Second Artillery Force with a Focus on Training in 2014" (PDF) . China Brief . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation) (Jamestown Foundation) Jamestown Foundation . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Brief&rft.atitle=Building+a+Strong+Informatized+Strategic+Missile+Force%3A+An+Overview+of+the+Second+Artillery+Force+with+a+Focus+on+Training+in+2014&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FBuilding-Strategic-Missile-Force_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amako, Satoshi (2 January 2018). (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24761028.2018.1483700) "China's authoritarian path to development: is democratization possible?, by Liang Tang, Abingdon, Routledge, 2017, 263pp., ISBN: 978-1-138-01647-7" . Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies . 7 (1). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24761028.2018.1483700) 10.1080/24761028.2018.1483700  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2476-1028) 2476-1028 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+East+Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=China%27s+authoritarian+path+to+development%3A+is+democratization+possible%3F%2C+by+Liang+Tang%2C+Abingdon%2C+Routledge%2C+2017%2C+263pp.%2C+ISBN%3A+978-1-138-01647-7&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F24761028.2018.1483700&rft.issn=2476-1028&rft.aulast=Amako&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F24761028.2018.1483700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Baranovitch, Nimrod (4 March 2021). "A Strong Leader for A Time of Crisis: Xi Jinping's Strongman Politics as A Collective Response to Regime Weakness". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China) (Journal of Contemporary China) Journal of Contemporary China  . 30 (128): 249– 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1790901) 10.1080/10670564.2020.1790901 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564) 1067-0564 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=A+Strong+Leader+for+A+Time+of+Crisis%3A+Xi+Jinping%27s+Strongman+Politics+as+A+Collective+Response+to+Regime+Weakness&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=128&rft.pages=249-265&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2020.1790901&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Baranovitch&rft.aufirst=Nimrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Barrass, Gordon; Inkster, Nigel (2 January 2018). "Xi Jinping: The Strategist Behind the Dream". Survival . 60 (1): 41– 68. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396338.2018.1427363) 10.1080/00396338.2018.1427363 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6338) 0039-6338 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158856300) 158856300 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%3A+The+Strategist+Behind+the+Dream&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-68&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158856300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0039-6338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00396338.2018.1427363&rft.aulast=Barrass&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Inkster%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bitzinger, Richard A. (2021). "China's Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion". Asia Policy . 28 (1): 5– 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasp.2021.0001) 10.1353/asp.2021.0001 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=China%27s+Foreign+Propaganda+Machine&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146531927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1086-3214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2015.0056&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_democracy%2Fv026%2F26.4.brady.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Düben, Björn Alexander (3 March 2020). "Xi Jinping and the End of Chinese Exceptionalism". Problems of Post-Communism . 67 (2): 111– 128. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10758216.2018.1535274) 10.1080/10758216.2018.1535274 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-8216) 1075-8216 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158657283) 158657283 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Post-Communism&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+and+the+End+of+Chinese+Exceptionalism&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-128&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158657283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1075-8216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10758216.2018.1535274&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCben&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gong, Xiang-sheng (29 July 2022). (https://indsr.org.tw/respublicationcon?uid=12&resid=1907&pid=3310&typeid=3) "習近平近期對港台統戰之比較" [ Comparison of Xi Jinping's recent united front works in Hong Kong and Taiwan] . The Defense Security Bi-weekly (in Traditional Chinese). 59 . Taipei, Taiwan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_National_Defense_and_Security_Research) (Institute for National Defense and Security Research) Institute for National Defense and Security Research . Retrieved 3 August 2022 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=China%27s+economic+development+history+and+Xi+Jinping%27s+%22China+dream%3A%22+an+overview+with+personal+reflections&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-134&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228867589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2162-0555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21620555.2020.1833321&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Martin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21620555.2020.1833321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yang, Peidong; Tang, Lijun (February 2018). " "Positive Energy": Hegemonic Intervention and Online Media Discourse in China's Xi Jinping Era". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China:_An_International_Journal) (China: An International Journal) China: An International Journal  . 16 (1): 1– 22. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchn.2018.0000) 10.1353/chn.2018.0000 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0219-8614) 0219-8614 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Positive+Energy%22%3A+Hegemonic+Intervention+and+Online+Media+Discourse+in+China%27s+Xi+Jinping+Era&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fchn.2018.0000&rft.issn=0219-8614&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Peidong&rft.au=Tang%2C+Lijun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Denghua (May 2018). (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp5.231) "The Concept of 'Community of Common Destiny' in China's Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications" . Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies . 5 (2): 196– 207. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp5.231) 10.1002/app5.231  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F255057) 1885/255057  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-2680) 2050-2680 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+%26+the+Pacific+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%27Community+of+Common+Destiny%27+in+China%27s+Diplomacy%3A+Meaning%2C+Motives+and+Implications&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-207&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F255057&rft.issn=2050-2680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp5.231&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Denghua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fapp5.231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)      Other  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Attrill, Nathan; Fritz, Audrey (24 November 2021). (https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/2021-11/Chinas%20cyber%20vision.pdf?VersionId=M0ePH4Ij3w7WRJrLlhyxVvt269MWSYOs) "China's cyber vision: How the Cyberspace Administration of China is building a new consensus on global internet governance" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute) (Australian Strategic Policy Institute) Australian Strategic Policy Institute  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221229145556/https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/2021-11/Chinas%20cyber%20vision.pdf?VersionId=M0ePH4Ij3w7WRJrLlhyxVvt269MWSYOs) Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Strategic+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=China%27s+cyber+vision%3A+How+the+Cyberspace+Administration+of+China+is+building+a+new+consensus+on+global+internet+governance&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft.aulast=Attrill&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Fritz%2C+Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com%2F2021-11%2FChinas%2520cyber%2520vision.pdf%3FVersionId%3DM0ePH4Ij3w7WRJrLlhyxVvt269MWSYOs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=7No2AAAAIAAJ) 驼铃: 大众文学  [ Camel Bells: Popular Literature ] (in Chinese). Camel Bells Magazine. 2000. Retrieved 7 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A9%BC%E9%93%83%3A+%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&rft.pub=Camel+Bells+Magazine&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7No2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=gx8zAQAAIAAJ) 河北青年  [ Hebei Youth ] (in Chinese). Hebei Youth Magazine. 1984. Retrieved 30 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=Hebei+Youth+Magazine&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgx8zAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Cheng (October 2022). (https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/20thpartycongress_xi_jinping.pdf) "Xi Jinping 习近平" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution) (Brookings Institution) Brookings Institution  . Retrieved 19 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3&rft.date=2022-10&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2F20thpartycongress_xi_jinping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rudolf, Moritz (2021). (https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/xi-jinping-thought-on-the-rule-of-law) "Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law" . Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) (in German). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.18449%2F2021c28) 10.18449/2021c28 . Retrieved 31 October 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stiftung+Wissenschaft+und+Politik+%28SWP%29&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+Thought+on+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18449%2F2021c28&rft.aulast=Rudolf&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swp-berlin.org%2Fpublikation%2Fxi-jinping-thought-on-the-rule-of-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wuthnow, Joel (16 April 2019). (https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/China%20SP%2014%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf) China's Other Army: The People's Armed Police in an Era of Reform  (PDF) . Washington: Institute for National Strategic Studies. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200704193636/https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/82/China%20SP%2014%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Other+Army%3A+The+People%27s+Armed+Police+in+an+Era+of+Reform&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Institute+for+National+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.aulast=Wuthnow&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finss.ndu.edu%2FPortals%2F82%2FChina%2520SP%252014%2520Final%2520for%2520Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)        Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Economy) (Elizabeth Economy) Economy, Elizabeth C. (2018). The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086607-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086607-5) 978-0-19-086607-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Revolution%3A+Xi+Jinping+and+the+New+Chinese+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086607-5&rft.aulast=Economy&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._G._Goodman) (David S. G. Goodman) Goodman, David S. G. (2015). Handbook of the Politics of China . Edward Elga. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-437-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78254-437-1) 978-1-78254-437-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Politics+of+China&rft.pub=Edward+Elga&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78254-437-1&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=David+S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Cheng (2014a). (https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44cl.pdf) "Xi Jinping's Inner Circle (Part 2: Friends from Xi's Formative Years)" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institution) (Hoover Institution) Hoover Institution  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200926055927/https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm44cl.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+Inner+Circle+%28Part+2%3A+Friends+from+Xi%27s+Formative+Years%29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fdocs%2Fclm44cl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simon, Denis Fred; Cong, Cao (2009). China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88513-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88513-3) 978-0-521-88513-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Emerging+Technological+Edge%3A+Assessing+the+Role+of+High-End+Talent&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88513-3&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Denis+Fred&rft.au=Cong%2C+Cao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yang, Rufeng (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4_4pDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12) 習近平如何改變中國  [ How Xi Jinping is changing China ] . China Interpretation Series (in Chinese). Bonfire Limited. p. 12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-5721-05-3) (Special:BookSources/978-986-5721-05-3) 978-986-5721-05-3  . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft.series=China+Interpretation+Series&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bonfire+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-986-5721-05-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Rufeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_4pDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhu, Pengpeng (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=LqRV8BYikI0C&pg=PA619) 谜一样的人生  [ A Mysterious Life ] (in Chinese). Tianma Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787999-2-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9787999-2-2) 978-0-9787999-2-2  . Retrieved 23 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B0%9C%E4%B8%80%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F&rft.pub=Tianma+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9787999-2-2&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Pengpeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqRV8BYikI0C%26pg%3DPA619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXi+Jinping)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))     External links  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Xi Jinping   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xi+Jinping) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Xi+Jinping&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Xi Jinping at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xi%20Jinping) (c:Category:Xi Jinping) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Xi%20Jinping) (q:Xi Jinping) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Xi%20Jinping) (s:Author:Xi Jinping) Texts from Wikisource  ()    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15031) (d:Q15031) Data from Wikidata      (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch#c)   (https://www.c-span.org/person/?1028978) Appearances on  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN) (C-SPAN) C-SPAN (./Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN)   (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7010941/) Xi Jinping at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) (IMDb (identifier)) IMDb  (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15031#P345) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping) (Template:Xi Jinping) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping) (Template talk:Xi Jinping) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping) (Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman of the Central Military Commission       Policies and theories (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Xi_Jinping) (Views of Xi Jinping) Views  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China_(2012–present)) (History of China (2012–present)) History of China (2012–present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) paramount leader (2012– present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) Leadership core  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government) (Li Qiang Government) Li Qiang Government (2023– present)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping–Li_Keqiang_Administration) (Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration) Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_State_Council_of_China) (12th State Council of China) 1st term (2013–2018) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_State_Council_of_China) (13th State Council of China) 2nd term (2018–2023) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang    Trips (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2012–2017)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2012–2017)) First term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2017–2022)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2017–2022)) Second term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_domestic_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping_(2022–present)) (List of domestic trips made by Xi Jinping (2022–present)) Third term    Presidential orders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_12th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 12th National People's Congress) First term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_13th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 13th National People's Congress) Second term  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidential_orders_during_the_14th_National_People's_Congress) (List of presidential orders during the 14th National People's Congress) Third term    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture) (Xi Jinping Thought on Culture) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy) Diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Ecological_Civilization) (Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization) Ecological Civilization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Economy) (Xi Jinping Thought on Economy) Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_the_Rule_of_Law) (Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law) Rule of Law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Strengthening_the_Military) (Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military) Strengthening the Military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Party_Building) (Xi Jinping Thought on Party Building) Party Building    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_sides_of_the_Taiwan_Strait_are_one_family) (Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family) Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_waters_and_green_mountains) (Clear waters and green mountains) Clear waters and green mountains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream) (Chinese Dream) Chinese Dream  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_modernization) (Chinese modernization) Chinese modernization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Intraparty_Political_Life_Under_New_Circumstances) (Code of Conduct for Intraparty Political Life Under New Circumstances) Code of Conduct for Intraparty Political Life Under New Circumstances  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity) (Common prosperity) Common prosperity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_on_Several_Major_Issues_Concerning_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reform) (Decision on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform) Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Number_Nine) (Document Number Nine) Document Number Nine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Eight_Strategy) (Double Eight Strategy) Double Eight Strategy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation) (Dual circulation) Dual circulation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Musts) (Eight Musts) Eight Musts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation) (Eight-point Regulation) Eight-point Regulation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengqiao_experience) (Fengqiao experience) Fengqiao experience  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-in-one) (Five-in-one) Five-in-one  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Comprehensives) (Four Comprehensives) Four Comprehensives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Confidences) (Four Confidences) Four Confidences  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Consciousnesses) (Four Consciousnesses) Four Consciousnesses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Malfeasances) (Four Malfeasances) Four Malfeasances  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noes) (Four Noes) Four Noes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_changes_unseen_in_a_century) (Great changes unseen in a century) Great changes unseen in a century  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality_development) (High-quality development) High-quality development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_are_for_living,_not_for_speculation) (Houses are for living, not for speculation) Houses are for living, not for speculation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_concept_for_development) (New concept for development) New concept for development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_normal_(China)) (New normal (China)) New normal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_productive_forces) (New productive forces) New productive forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party's_last_name) (Party media takes the party's last name) Party media takes the party's last name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_energy_(China)) (Positive energy (China)) Positive energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion_struggle) (Public opinion struggle) Public opinion struggle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_up_our_sleeves_and_work_hard) (Roll up our sleeves and work hard) Roll up our sleeves and work hard  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_national_security) (Holistic national security) Holistic national security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_East_is_rising_and_the_West_is_declining) (The East is rising and the West is declining) The East is rising and the West is declining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century) (Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century) Historical resolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_on_Further_Deepening_Reform_Comprehensively_to_Advance_Chinese_Modernization) (Resolution on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese Modernization) Resolution on Further Deepening Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-revolution) (Self-revolution) Self-revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_community_for_the_Chinese_nation) (Sense of community for the Chinese nation) Sense of community for the Chinese nation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging_a_strong_sense_of_community_for_the_Chinese_nation) (Forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation) Forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply-side_structural_reform) (Supply-side structural reform) Supply-side structural reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi's_Five_Points) (Xi's Five Points) Xi's Five Points  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telling_China's_story_well) (Telling China's story well) Telling China's story well  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Musts) (Three Musts) Three Musts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Cannot_be_Denied) (Two Cannot be Denied) Two Cannot be Denied  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Centenaries) (Two Centenaries) Two Centenaries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Creates) (Two Creates) Two Creates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Establishments) (Two Establishments) Two Establishments  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Integrations) (Two Integrations) Two Integrations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Upholds) (Two Upholds) Two Upholds  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-process_people's_democracy) (Whole-process people's democracy) Whole-process people's democracy      Events  First term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2012 election as Party general secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_southern_tour) (Xi Jinping's southern tour) Southern tour  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping) (Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping) Anti-corruption campaign (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_(2012–2017)) (Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2012–2017)) Implicated officials (2012– 2017)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Plate_campaign) (Clean Plate campaign) Clean Plate campaign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party's_Mass_Line_Education_and_Practice_Activities) (Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities) Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Combat_and_Rectify_Cybercrime) (Special Campaign to Combat and Rectify Cybercrime) Special Campaign to Combat and Rectify Cybercrime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang_case) (Zhou Yongkang case) Zhou Yongkang case  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19_speech) (August 19 speech) August 19 speech  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_New-Type_Urbanization_Plan) (National New-Type Urbanization Plan) National New-Type Urbanization Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaning_the_Web_2014) (Cleaning the Web 2014) Cleaning the Web 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Development_of_the_Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei_Region) (Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region) Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests) (Three Stricts and Three Honests) Three Stricts and Three Honests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Internet_Conference) (World Internet Conference) World Internet Conference  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Forum_on_Literature_and_Art) (Beijing Forum on Literature and Art) Beijing Forum on Literature and Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Macau) (2014 Xi Jinping visit to Macau) 2014 Macau visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Five-Year_Plan) (13th Five-Year Plan) 13th Five-Year Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_National_Defense_and_Military_Reform) (Deepening National Defense and Military Reform) Deepening National Defense and Military Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015–2016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence) (2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence) 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Xi–Chu_meeting) (2015 Xi–Chu meeting) Xi–Chu meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/709_crackdown) (709 crackdown) 709 crackdown  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China) (Toilet Revolution in China) Toilet Revolution in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade) (2015 China Victory Day Parade) 2015 China Victory Day Parade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ma–Xi_meeting) (First Ma–Xi meeting) Ma–Xi meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_against_poverty) (Battle against poverty) Battle against poverty (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Poverty_Alleviation) (Targeted Poverty Alleviation) Targeted Poverty Alleviation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_No_Worries_and_Three_Guarantees) (Two No Worries and Three Guarantees) Two No Worries and Three Guarantees    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_on_News_Reporting_and_Public_Opinion) (Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion) Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Qinglang) (Operation Qinglang) Operation Qinglang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Studies_and_One_Action) (Two Studies and One Action) Two Studies and One Action (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying_the_Party_Constitution) (Copying the Party Constitution) Copying the Party Constitution    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THAAD_deployment_by_South_Korea) (THAAD deployment by South Korea) THAAD deployment by South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Xi–Hung_meeting) (2016 Xi–Hung meeting) Xi–Hung meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong) (2017 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong) 2017 Hong Kong visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_90th_Anniversary_Parade) (People's Liberation Army 90th Anniversary Parade) People's Liberation Army 90th Anniversary Parade      Second term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2017 reelection as Party general secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_(2017–2022)) (Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2017–2022)) Anti-corruption campaign (2017–2022)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Campaign_to_Crack_Down_on_Organized_Crime_and_Eliminate_Evil) (Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil) Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China) (Persecution of Uyghurs in China) Persecution of Uyghurs in China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps) (Xinjiang internment camps) Xinjiang internment camps    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_China) (2018 amendment to the Constitution of China) 2018 constitutional amendment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepening_the_reform_of_the_Party_and_state_institutions) (Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions) Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_South_China_Sea_Parade) (2018 South China Sea Parade) 2018 South China Sea Parade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) China–United States trade war  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200th_birth_anniversary_of_Karl_Marx) (200th birth anniversary of Karl Marx) 200th birth anniversary of Karl Marx  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_for_Integrated_Development_of_the_Yangtze_River_Delta) (Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta) Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–20_Hong_Kong_protests) (2019–20 Hong Kong protests) 2019–20 Hong Kong protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army_Navy_70th_Anniversary_Parade) (People's Liberation Army Navy 70th Anniversary Parade) People's Liberation Army Navy 70th Anniversary Parade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remain_true_to_our_original_aspiration_and_keep_our_mission_firmly_in_mind) (Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind) Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China) 2019 China 70th National Day grand parade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Macau) (2019 Xi Jinping visit to Macau) 2019 Macau visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China) (COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China) COVID-19 pandemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19) (Chinese government response to COVID-19) Response    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_Rectification_of_the_Political_and_Legal_Teams) (Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams) Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests) (2020 Inner Mongolia protests) 2020 Inner Mongolia protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Anniversary_of_the_Shenzhen_Special_Economic_Zone) (40th Anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) 40th Anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Anniversary_of_Chinese_People's_Volunteers'_Participation_in_War_to_Resist_US_Aggression_and_Aid_Korea) (70th Anniversary of Chinese People's Volunteers' Participation in War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea) 70th Anniversary of Chinese People's Volunteers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Anniversary_of_Development_and_Opening_Up_of_Pudong) (30th Anniversary of Development and Opening Up of Pudong) 30th Anniversary of Development and Opening Up of Pudong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Five-Year_Plan) (14th Five-Year Plan) 14th Five-Year Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020–2021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree) (2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree) 2020–2021 reform spree  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics) (2022 Winter Olympics) 2022 Winter Olympics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong) (2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong) 2022 Hong Kong visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan) (2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan) 2022 military exercises around Taiwan        Third term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officials_implicated_by_the_anti-corruption_campaign_in_China_(2022–)) (Officials implicated by the anti-corruption campaign in China (2022–)) Anti-corruption campaign (2022–)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China) (2022 COVID-19 protests in China) 2022 COVID-19 protests in China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_summit) (2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia summit) 2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_on_reforming_Party_and_state_institutions) (Plan on reforming Party and state institutions) Plan on reforming Party and state institutions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_People's_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force_corruption_case) (2023 People's Liberation Army Rocket Force corruption case) 2023 People's Liberation Army Rocket Force corruption case  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan) (2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan) 2023 military exercises around Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024A) (Joint Sword-2024A) Joint Sword-2024A  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024B) (Joint Sword-2024B) Joint Sword-2024B  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_Thunder-2025A) (Strait Thunder-2025A) Strait Thunder-2025A  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Mission_2025) (Justice Mission 2025) Justice Mission 2025    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Central_Conference_on_Work_Related_to_Neighboring_Countries) (2025 Central Conference on Work Related to Neighboring Countries) 2025 Central Conference on Work Related to Neighboring Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_anniversary_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region) (60th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region) 60th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_China_Victory_Day_Parade) (2025 China Victory Day Parade) 2025 China Victory Day Parade  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region) (70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Leaders'_Meeting_on_Women) (Global Leaders' Meeting on Women) Global Leaders' Meeting on Women  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_Summit) (Busan Summit) Busan Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025–2026_China–Japan_diplomatic_crisis) (2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis) 2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Five-Year_Plan) (15th Five-Year Plan) 15th Five-Year Plan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visit_by_Cheng_Li-wun_to_mainland_China) (Visit by Cheng Li-wun to mainland China) Xi–Cheng meeting           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping) (Foreign policy of Xi Jinping) Diplomacy   Policies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) (Belt and Road Initiative) Belt and Road Initiative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation) (Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation) Forum    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny) (Community of Common Destiny) Community of Common Destiny  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Security_Initiative) (Global Security Initiative) Global Security Initiative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Development_Initiative) (Global Development Initiative) Global Development Initiative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Civilization_Initiative) (Global Civilization Initiative) Global Civilization Initiative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Governance_Initiative) (Global Governance Initiative) Global Governance Initiative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-country_diplomacy) (Major-country diplomacy) Major-country diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_type_of_international_relations) (New type of international relations) New type of international relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy) (Wolf warrior diplomacy) Wolf warrior diplomacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine) China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of international trips made by Xi Jinping) Meetings and trips  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia,_Tanzania,_South_Africa,_and_Congo) (State visits by Xi Jinping to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, and Congo) 2013 Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, Congo visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Pakistan) (State visit by Xi Jinping to Pakistan) 2015 Pakistan visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States) (2015 state visit by Xi Jinping to the United States) 2015 United States visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom) (State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom) 2015 United Kingdom visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_China) (2017 state visit by Donald Trump to China) 2017 state visit by Donald Trump to China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam_and_Laos) (2017 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam and Laos) 2017 Vietnam and Laos visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_in_Dialogue_with_World_Political_Parties_High-level_Meeting) (CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting) CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim–Xi_meetings) (Kim–Xi meetings) Kim–Xi meetings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_North_Korea) (2019 state visit by Xi Jinping to North Korea) 2019 North Korea visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_North_Korea) (2026 state visit by Xi Jinping to North Korea) 2026 North Korea visit    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Italy_and_France) (State visits by Xi Jinping to Italy and France) 2019 Italy and France visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Dialogue_of_Asian_Civilizations) (Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations) Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit) (CPC and World Political Parties Summit) CPC and World Political Parties Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan) (2022 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) 2022 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_China-Arab_States_Summit) (2022 China-Arab States Summit) 2022 China-Arab States Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia) (2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia) 2023 Russia visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Central_Asia_Summit) (China-Central Asia Summit) China-Central Asia Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam) (2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam) 2023 Vietnam visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary) (2024 visit by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary) 2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Tajikistan) (2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) 2024 Kazakhstan and Tajikistan visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Peru_and_Brazil) (2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Peru and Brazil) 2024 Peru and Brazil visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam,_Malaysia_and_Cambodia) (State visits by Xi Jinping to Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia) 2025 Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia) (2025 state visit by Xi Jinping to Russia) 2025 Russia visit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_state_visit_by_Donald_Trump_to_China) (2026 state visit by Donald Trump to China) 2026 state visit by Donald Trump to China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_Strategic_and_Stable_Relationship) (Constructive Strategic and Stable Relationship) Constructive Strategic and Stable Relationship    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_state_visit_by_Vladimir_Putin_to_China) (2026 state visit by Vladimir Putin to China) 2026 state visit by Vladimir Putin to China           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping) (Bibliography of Xi Jinping) Works  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_of_General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping's_Series_of_Important_Speeches) (Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches) Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governance_of_China) (The Governance of China) The Governance of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hopes_of_President_Xi) (The Hopes of President Xi) The Hopes of President Xi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Son_of_the_Yellow_Earth) (I Am the Son of the Yellow Earth) I Am the Son of the Yellow Earth   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu) (Zhijiang Xinyu) Zhijiang Xinyu       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_family) (Xi family) Family  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun (father) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Xin) (Qi Xin) Qi Xin (mother) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Lingling) (Ke Lingling) Ke Lingling (1st wife) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Liyuan) (Peng Liyuan) Peng Liyuan (2nd wife) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao) (Qi Qiaoqiao) Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Yuanping) (Xi Yuanping) Xi Yuanping (brother) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhengning) (Xi Zhengning) Xi Zhengning (brother) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Mingze) (Xi Mingze) Xi Mingze (daughter)     Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early life of Xi Jinping) Early life  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_political_career_of_Xi_Jinping) (Early political career of Xi Jinping) Early political career  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_China) (Amazing China) Amazing China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator-in-Chief) (Accelerator-in-Chief) Accelerator-in-Chief  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping) (List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping) Awards  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_in_China) (Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China) Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping's_cult_of_personality) (Xi Jinping's cult of personality) Cult of personality  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#Neoauthoritarianism) (Conservatism in China) Neoauthoritarianism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping's_Kindness_We_Never_Forget) (General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget) General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics_for_a_New_Era) (Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era) Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangjiahe) (Liangjiahe) Liangjiahe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_(Sun_Nan_song)) (New World (Sun Nan song)) New World   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_asking_Xi_Jinping_to_Resign) (Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign) Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_for_the_Study_of_Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics_for_a_New_Era) (Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era) Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers) (Panama Papers) Panama Papers ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Jiagui) (Deng Jiagui) Deng Jiagui ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyzodiastes_xii) (Rhyzodiastes xii) Rhyzodiastes xii   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Boulevard) (Xi Jinping Boulevard) Xi Jinping Boulevard  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction) (Xi Jinping faction) Xi Jinping faction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_in_Fuzhou) (Xi Jinping in Fuzhou) Xi Jinping in Fuzhou   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuexi_Qiangguo) (Xuexi Qiangguo) Xuexi Qiangguo       (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Xi_Jinping) (Category:Xi Jinping) Category:Xi Jinping          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Offices and distinctions   Political offices   Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fujian) (Governor of Fujian) Governor of Fujian   1999–2002 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhangong) (Lu Zhangong) Lu Zhangong    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_Songyue) (Chai Songyue) Chai Songyue   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zhejiang) (Governor of Zhejiang) Governor of Zhejiang   2002–2003 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lü_Zushan) (Lü Zushan) Lü Zushan    Preceded byLi Zemin  Director of the Standing Committee of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_People's_Congress) (Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress) Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress   2003–2007 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Guoxing) (Yu Guoxing) Yu Guoxing    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President of China   2008–2013 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Caihou) (Xu Caihou) Xu Caihou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Boxiong) (Guo Boxiong) Guo Boxiong   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission) Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission   2010–2013 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Changlong) (Fan Changlong) Fan Changlong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Qiliang) (Xu Qiliang) Xu Qiliang    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President of China   2013–present Incumbent   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission   2013–present  Party political offices   Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang) (Zhang Dejiang) Zhang Dejiang   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Zhejiang) (Party Secretary of Zhejiang) Party Secretary of Zhejiang   2002–2007 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu) (Zhao Hongzhu) Zhao Hongzhu    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai) (Party Secretary of Shanghai) Party Secretary of Shanghai   2007 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng) (Yu Zhengsheng) Yu Zhengsheng    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party   2012–present Incumbent   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission   2012–present  Director of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Central Foreign Affairs Commission   2012–present  Director of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission   2013–present  New office  Director of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission   2013–present  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) Chairman of the Central National Security Commission   2014–present  Diplomatic posts   Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono) (Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono   Chairperson of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC) (APEC) APEC   2014 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III) (Benigno Aquino III) Benigno Aquino III    Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan   Chairperson of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) Group of 20   2016 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel) (Angela Merkel) Angela Merkel    Academic offices  Preceded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Central_Party_School) (President of the Central Party School) President of the Central Party School   2007–2013 Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan    Order of precedence  Preceded byFirst as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) CCP General Secretary    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China) (Orders of precedence in China) Rank of the Communist Party and the Government  18th & 19th (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee    Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang  as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China) (Orders of precedence in China) Rank of the Communist Party and the Government  20th (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee    Succeeded by(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_China) (Premier of China) Premier             (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Articles related to Xi Jinping   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_China) (Template:Paramount leaders of China) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_leaders_of_China) (Template talk:Paramount leaders of China) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_China) (Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount leaders of China) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_leader) (Paramount leader) Paramount leaders of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) People's Republic of China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party) Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) Core 1 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng) (Hua Guofeng) Hua Guofeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) Core 2 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) Core 3 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core) (Leadership core) Core (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration) (Xi Jinping Administration) 4 )        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:Chinese Communist Party) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template talk:Chinese Communist Party) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Leader of the Chinese Communist Party) Party Leaders   Pre-PRC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Duxiu) (Chen Duxiu) Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa) (Xiang Zhongfa) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Gu) (Bo Gu) Bo Gu (1931–1935) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wentian) (Zhang Wentian) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943)     National Leaders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng) (Hua Guofeng) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang) (Hu Yaobang) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang) (Zhao Ziyang) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping (2012–present)          Executive bodies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Central Military Commission      Departments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Organization Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party) Publicity Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department) (United Front Work Department) United Front Work Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (International Department of the Chinese Communist Party) International Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Work_Department) (Society Work Department) Society Work Department  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission) (Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) Political and Legal Affairs Commission      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Office of the Chinese Communist Party) General Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) Office of the General Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau) (Central Guard Bureau) Central Guard Bureau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment) (Central Guard Regiment) Central Guard Unit    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection) (National Administration of State Secrets Protection) Secrecy Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration) (State Cryptography Administration) Cryptography Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China) (National Archives Administration of China) Central Archives      Commissions for co-ordination (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office) (Central Policy Research Office) Policy Research Office  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Auditing Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) Auditing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission) (Office of the Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission) (Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission) Comprehensive Law-based Governance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission) (Central Financial Commission) Financial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Financial_Commission) (Office of the Central Financial Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Financial and Economic Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission) (Office of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Foreign Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission) (Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission) (Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission) Cyberspace Affairs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China) (Cyberspace Administration of China) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Integrated_Military_and_Civilian_Development_Commission) (Central Integrated Military and Civilian Development Commission) Integrated Military and Civilian Development (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Integrated_Military_and_Civilian_Development_Commission) (Office of the Central Integrated Military and Civilian Development Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party) National Security (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Security_Commission) (Office of the National Security Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission) (Central Science and Technology Commission) Science and Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission) (Central Institutional Organization Commission) Institutional Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission) (Office of the Central Institutional Organization Commission) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secrecy_Commission) (Central Secrecy Commission) Secrecy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection) (National Administration of State Secrets Protection) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Health_Commission) (Central Health Commission) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Committee_on_Party_and_State_Merit_and_Honor_Commendation) (Working Committee on Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation) Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Air_Traffic_Management_Committee) (Central Air Traffic Management Committee) Air Traffic Management      Dispatched agencies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs) (Working Committee of Central and State Organs) Working Committee of Central and State Organs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission) (Central Financial Work Commission) Central Financial Work Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office) (Hong Kong Liaison Office) Hong Kong Work Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office) (Macau Liaison Office) Macau Work Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security) (Office for Safeguarding National Security) Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_small_group) (Leading small group) Leading groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work?action=edit&redlink=1) (Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)) Cryptography Work (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration) (State Cryptography Administration) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Education_Work_Leading_Group) (Central Education Work Leading Group) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group) (Central Rural Work Leading Group) Rural Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work) (Central Leading Group for Inspection Work) Inspection Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform) (Central Leading Group for Military Reform) Military Reform  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Publicity,_Ideological_and_Cultural_Work) (Central Leading Group for Publicity, Ideological and Cultural Work) Publicity, Ideological and Cultural Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Party_Building) (Central Leading Group for Party Building) Party Building  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_United_Front_Work) (Central Leading Group for United Front Work) United Front Work  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Xinjiang_Work_Coordination_Group) (Central Xinjiang Work Coordination Group) Xinjiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Tibet_Work_Coordination_Group) (Central Tibet Work Coordination Group) Tibet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs) (Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs) Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office) (Taiwan Affairs Office) Office    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs) (Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs) Hong Kong and Macau (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macao_Affairs_Office) (Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office) Office        Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_School) (Central Party School) Central Party School (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance) (Chinese Academy of Governance) Chinese Academy of Governance    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature) (Institute of Party History and Literature) Institute of Party History and Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Daily) (People's Daily) People's Daily   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiushi) (Qiushi) Qiushi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangming_Daily) (Guangming Daily) Guangming Daily   Executive Leadership Academies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Pudong) (China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong) Pudong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Yan'an) (China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an) Yan'an  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Jinggangshan) (China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan) Jinggangshan             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) National Congress  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st (1921)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 2nd (1922)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd (1923)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th (1925)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th (1927)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th (1928)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th (1945)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th (1956)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th (1969)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th (1973)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th (1977)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th (1982)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th (1987)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th (1992)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th (1997)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th (2002)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th (2007)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th (2012)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th (2017)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th (2022)      Leadership sittings/ sessions  Elected by  Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) Politburo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd: 1923–1925  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1925–1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Central Military Commission (China)) Military Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 9th: 1969–1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 10th: 1973–1977  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 11th: 1977–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) 20th: 2022–2027           Approved by Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1980–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) CCDI Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 7th 1949–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 11th: 1978–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 15th: 1997–2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 20th: 2022–2027      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) CCDI Secretary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De (1949–55) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu (1955–68) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yun) (Chen Yun) Chen Yun (1978–87) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Shi) (Qiao Shi) Qiao Shi (1987–92) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jianxing) (Wei Jianxing) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng) (Wu Guanzheng) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang (2007–12) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan (2012–17) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji (2017–22) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)) (Li Xi (politician)) Li Xi (2022–)     Others (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection           Elected by National Congress  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party) 1st: 1921–1922  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 2nd: 1922–1923  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 3rd: 1923–1925  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 4th: 1925–1927  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 5th: 1927–1928  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 6th: 1928–1945 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th: 1945–1956 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th: 1956–1969 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th: 1969–1973 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th: 1973–1977 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th: 1977–1982 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th: 1982–1987 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th: 1987–1992 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th: 1992–1997 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th: 1997–2002 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th: 2002–2007 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th: 2007–2012 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th: 2012–2017 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th: 2017–2022 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?action=edit&redlink=1) (Members of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th: 2022–2027 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Members of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternates_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Alternates of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Alternates )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) Discipline Inspection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 5th: 1927–1928  6th: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Central_Review_Committee?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)) 1928–1933 & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Party_Affairs_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)) 1933–1945  7th: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 1949–1955 & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 1955–1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)) 8th: 1956–1969  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 11th: 1978–1982  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 12th: 1982–1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 13th: 1987–1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 14th: 1992–1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)) 15th: 1997–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 16th: 2002–2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 17th: 2007–2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 18th: 2012–2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 19th: 2017–2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection) (20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection) 20th: 2022–2027                Internal entities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party) Constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Armed_Police) (People's Armed Police) People's Armed Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)) (Militia (China)) Militia (China)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Communist Youth League of China) Communist Youth League of China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Youth_League_of_China) (Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of China) Central Committee    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China) (Young Pioneers of China) Young Pioneers of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)) (United front (China)) United front (China) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_organization) (People's organization) People's organization    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers_and_journals_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Newspapers and journals of the Chinese Communist Party) Newspapers and journals      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party) Ideologies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxism–Leninism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought) (Mao Zedong Thought) Mao Zedong Thought  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Socialism with Chinese characteristics) Socialism with Chinese characteristics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Path of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Path  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_system_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Theoretical system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (System of socialism with Chinese characteristics) System  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics) (Culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics) Culture    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory) (Deng Xiaoping Theory) Deng Xiaoping Theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Represents) (Three Represents) Three Represents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development) (Scientific Outlook on Development) Scientific Outlook on Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought) (Xi Jinping Thought) Xi Jinping Thought      Groupings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_clique) (Shanghai clique) Shanghai clique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanpai) (Tuanpai) Tuanpai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_clique) (Tsinghua clique) Tsinghua clique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elders) (Eight Elders) Eight Elders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princelings) (Princelings) Princelings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_faction) (Xi Jinping faction) Xi Jinping faction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xishan_Society) (Xishan Society) Xishan Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four) (Gang of Four) Gang of Four  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Bolsheviks) (28 Bolsheviks) 28 Bolsheviks      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) Anniversary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100th_anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party) 100th    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party) Cadre system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuzhi_(supervision)) (Liuzhi (supervision)) Liuzhi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party) List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformists_(Chinese_Communist_Party)) (Reformists (Chinese Communist Party)) Reformists (Chinese Communist Party)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_and_flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Emblem and flag of the Chinese Communist Party) Emblem and flag      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party) (Category:Chinese Communist Party) Category       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi) (Cai Qi) Cai Qi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang) (Ding Xuexiang) Ding Xuexiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)) (Li Xi (politician)) Li Xi      Other members in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_stroke_order) (Surname stroke order) surname stroke order    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xingrui) (Ma Xingrui) Ma Xingrui (expelled 2026 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yi) (Wang Yi) Wang Yi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Li) (Yin Li) Yin Li  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Taifeng) (Shi Taifeng) Shi Taifeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Guozhong) (Liu Guozhong) Liu Guozhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ganjie) (Li Ganjie) Li Ganjie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shulei) (Li Shulei) Li Shulei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhong) (Li Hongzhong) Li Hongzhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Weidong) (He Weidong) He Weidong (expelled 2025 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Lifeng) (He Lifeng) He Lifeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia) (Zhang Youxia) Zhang Youxia (expelled 2026 ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing) (Zhang Guoqing) Zhang Guoqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wenqing) (Chen Wenqing) Chen Wenqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jining) (Chen Jining) Chen Jining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Min'er) (Chen Min'er) Chen Min'er  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Jiajun) (Yuan Jiajun) Yuan Jiajun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Kunming) (Huang Kunming) Huang Kunming      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template talk:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Special:EditPage/Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2017–2022)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhanshu) (Li Zhanshu) Li Zhanshu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)) (Wang Yang (politician)) Wang Yang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng      Other members in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_stroke_order) (Surname stroke order) surname stroke order   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang) (Ding Xuexiang) Ding Xuexiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_(politician)) (Wang Chen (politician)) Wang Chen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_He_(politician)) (Liu He (politician)) Liu He  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Qiliang) (Xu Qiliang) Xu Qiliang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Chunlan) (Sun Chunlan) Sun Chunlan ♀  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)) (Li Xi (politician)) Li Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhong) (Li Hongzhong) Li Hongzhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jiechi) (Yang Jiechi) Yang Jiechi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xiaodu) (Yang Xiaodu) Yang Xiaodu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Youxia) (Zhang Youxia) Zhang Youxia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xi_(politician)) (Chen Xi (politician)) Chen Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Quanguo) (Chen Quanguo) Chen Quanguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Min'er) (Chen Min'er) Chen Min'er  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Chunhua) (Hu Chunhua) Hu Chunhua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Shengkun) (Guo Shengkun) Guo Shengkun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Kunming) (Huang Kunming) Huang Kunming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi) (Cai Qi) Cai Qi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template talk:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Special:EditPage/Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–2017)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang) (Zhang Dejiang) Zhang Dejiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng) (Yu Zhengsheng) Yu Zhengsheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli) (Zhang Gaoli) Zhang Gaoli      Other members in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_stroke_order) (Surname stroke order) surname stroke order   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Kai) (Ma Kai) Ma Kai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yandong) (Liu Yandong) Liu Yandong ♀  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qibao) (Liu Qibao) Liu Qibao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Qiliang) (Xu Qiliang) Xu Qiliang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Chunlan) (Sun Chunlan) Sun Chunlan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Zhengcai) (Sun Zhengcai) Sun Zhengcai (expelled 2017) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jianguo) (Li Jianguo) Li Jianguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)) (Wang Yang (politician)) Wang Yang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian) (Zhang Chunxian) Zhang Chunxian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Changlong) (Fan Changlong) Fan Changlong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Jianzhu) (Meng Jianzhu) Meng Jianzhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Chunhua) (Hu Chunhua) Hu Chunhua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhanshu) (Li Zhanshu) Li Zhanshu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Jinlong) (Guo Jinlong) Guo Jinlong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template talk:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Special:EditPage/Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (2007–2012)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Standing Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party) General Secretary ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Bangguo) (Wu Bangguo) Wu Bangguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao) (Wen Jiabao) Wen Jiabao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Qinglin) (Jia Qinglin) Jia Qinglin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Changchun) (Li Changchun) Li Changchun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang) (Li Keqiang) Li Keqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang) (Zhou Yongkang) Zhou Yongkang      Other members in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_stroke_order) (Surname stroke order) surname stroke order   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)) (Wang Gang (politician)) Wang Gang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lequan) (Wang Lequan) Wang Lequan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo) (Wang Zhaoguo) Wang Zhaoguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_Liangyu) (Hui Liangyu) Hui Liangyu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)) (Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)) Liu Qi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yandong) (Liu Yandong) Liu Yandong ♀  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)) (Wang Yang (politician)) Wang Yang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli) (Zhang Gaoli) Zhang Gaoli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang) (Zhang Dejiang) Zhang Dejiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng) (Yu Zhengsheng) Yu Zhengsheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Caihou) (Xu Caihou) Xu Caihou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Boxiong) (Guo Boxiong) Guo Boxiong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Xilai) (Bo Xilai) Bo Xilai (expelled 2012)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 7th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 9th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 10th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th →(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_China) (Template:Presidents of China) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_China) (Template talk:Presidents of China) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_China) (Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of China) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China) State representative of the People's Republic of China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice President      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Program) (Common Program) Common Program  (1949–1954) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_People's_Government_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(1949–54)) (Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)) CPG Chairman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China) 1954 Constitution  (1954–1975) Chairperson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi) (Liu Shaoqi) Liu Shaoqi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling) (Soong Ching-ling) Song Qingling & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu  (co-acting) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu  (acting)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China) 1975 & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China) 1978 Constitutions (1975–1982) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People's_Congress) (Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) NPCSC Chairperson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling) (Soong Ching-ling) Song Qingling  (acting) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Jianying) (Ye Jianying) Ye Jianying      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) 1982 Constitution  (1982–present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_China) (President of China) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiannian) (Li Xiannian) Li Xiannian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Shangkun) (Yang Shangkun) Yang Shangkun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Template:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Template talk:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission) (Special:EditPage/Template:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)) (Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)) Chairmen of the Central Military Commission    CCP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong) (Mao Zedong) Mao Zedong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Guofeng) (Hua Guofeng) Hua Guofeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg) (Emblem of the People's Liberation Army) (Emblem of the People's Liberation Army)       PRC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CCP_Secretariat) (Template:CCP Secretariat) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CCP_Secretariat) (Template talk:CCP Secretariat) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CCP_Secretariat) (Special:EditPage/Template:CCP Secretariat) (Edit this template) e     Members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 8th Secretariat (1956–1969) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping) (Deng Xiaoping) Deng Xiaoping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Kecheng) (Huang Kecheng) Huang Kecheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Sheng) (Kang Sheng) Kang Sheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fuchun) (Li Fuchun) Li Fuchun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiannian) (Li Xiannian) Li Xiannian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xuefeng) (Li Xuefeng) Li Xuefeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Ningyi) (Liu Ningyi) Liu Ningyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Dingyi) (Lu Dingyi) Lu Dingyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing) (Luo Ruiqing) Luo Ruiqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Zhen) (Peng Zhen) Peng Zhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zheng) (Tan Zheng) Tan Zheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin) (Tan Zhenlin) Tan Zhenlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Zhu) (Tao Zhu) Tao Zhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang) (Wang Jiaxiang) Wang Jiaxiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi) (Xie Fuzhi) Xie Fuzhi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Jianying) (Ye Jianying) Ye Jianying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu) (Hu Qiaomu) Hu Qiaomu (alternate) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Lantao) (Liu Lantao) Liu Lantao (alternate) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Shangkun) (Yang Shangkun) Yang Shangkun (alternate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 11th Secretariat (1980–1982) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Li) (Wan Li) Wan Li  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Renzhong) (Wang Renzhong) Wang Renzhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Yi) (Fang Yi) Fang Yi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Mu) (Gu Mu) Gu Mu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Renqiong) (Song Renqiong) Song Renqiong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Qiuli) (Yu Qiuli) Yu Qiuli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Dezhi) (Yang Dezhi) Yang Dezhi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qiaomu) (Hu Qiaomu) Hu Qiaomu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Yaobang) (Hu Yaobang) Hu Yaobang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Yilin) (Yao Yilin) Yao Yilin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Chong) (Peng Chong) Peng Chong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 12th Secretariat (1982–1987) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Li) (Wan Li) Wan Li  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun) (Xi Zhongxun) Xi Zhongxun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Liqun) (Deng Liqun) Deng Liqun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Yong_(general)) (Yang Yong (general)) Yang Yong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Qiuli) (Yu Qiuli) Yu Qiuli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Mu) (Gu Mu) Gu Mu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Pixian) (Chen Pixian) Chen Pixian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qili) (Hu Qili) Hu Qili  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Yilin) (Yao Yilin) Yao Yilin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Shi) (Qiao Shi) Qiao Shi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Jiyun) (Tian Jiyun) Tian Jiyun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Peng) (Li Peng) Li Peng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hao_Jianxiu) (Hao Jianxiu) Hao Jianxiu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo) (Wang Zhaoguo) Wang Zhaoguo      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 13th Secretariat (1987–1992) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Qili) (Hu Qili) Hu Qili  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Shi) (Qiao Shi) Qiao Shi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Xingwen) (Rui Xingwen) Rui Xingwen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Mingfu) (Yan Mingfu) Yan Mingfu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ruihuan) (Li Ruihuan) Li Ruihuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Guangen) (Ding Guangen) Ding Guangen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Baibing) (Yang Baibing) Yang Baibing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao) (Wen Jiabao) Wen Jiabao (alternate)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 14th Secretariat (1992–1997) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Guangen) (Ding Guangen) Ding Guangen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jianxing) (Wei Jianxing) Wei Jianxing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao) (Wen Jiabao) Wen Jiabao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Jianxin) (Ren Jianxin) Ren Jianxin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 15th Secretariat (1997–2002) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jianxing) (Wei Jianxing) Wei Jianxing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Guangen) (Ding Guangen) Ding Guangen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_Gan) (Luo Gan) Luo Gan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiabao) (Wen Jiabao) Wen Jiabao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Bangguo) (Wu Bangguo) Wu Bangguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun) (Jiang Chunyun) Jiang Chunyun      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 16th Secretariat (2002–2007) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang) (Zhou Yongkang) Zhou Yongkang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Gang_(politician)) (Wang Gang (politician)) Wang Gang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Caihou) (Xu Caihou) Xu Caihou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Yong_(politician)) (He Yong (politician)) He Yong      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 17th Secretariat (2007–2012) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Yong_(politician)) (He Yong (politician)) He Yong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Jihua) (Ling Jihua) Ling Jihua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 18th Secretariat (2012–2017) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yunshan) (Liu Yunshan) Liu Yunshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qibao) (Liu Qibao) Liu Qibao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Leji) (Zhao Leji) Zhao Leji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhanshu) (Li Zhanshu) Li Zhanshu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Qinglin) (Du Qinglin) Du Qinglin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu) (Zhao Hongzhu) Zhao Hongzhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Jing) (Yang Jing) Yang Jing      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 19th Secretariat (2017–2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Huning) (Wang Huning) Wang Huning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang) (Ding Xuexiang) Ding Xuexiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xiaodu) (Yang Xiaodu) Yang Xiaodu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xi_(politician)) (Chen Xi (politician)) Chen Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Shengkun) (Guo Shengkun) Guo Shengkun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Kunming) (Huang Kunming) Huang Kunming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Quan) (You Quan) You Quan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party) 20th Secretariat (2022–2027) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Qi) (Cai Qi) Cai Qi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Taifeng) (Shi Taifeng) Shi Taifeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ganjie) (Li Ganjie) Li Ganjie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shulei) (Li Shulei) Li Shulei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wenqing) (Chen Wenqing) Chen Wenqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jinguo) (Liu Jinguo) Liu Jinguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong) (Wang Xiaohong) Wang Xiaohong         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_China) (Template:Vice presidents of China) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_China) (Template talk:Vice presidents of China) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_China) (Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of China) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_China) (Vice President of China) Vice presidents of the People's Republic of China    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Program) (Common Program) Common Program (1949–54) Co-serving: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi) (Liu Shaoqi) Liu Shaoqi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling) (Soong Ching-ling) Soong Ching-ling  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Lan) (Zhang Lan) Zhang Lan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jishen) (Li Jishen) Li Jishen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Gang) (Gao Gang) Gao Gang      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China) 1954 Constitution (1954–75) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_De) (Zhu De) Zhu De  Co-serving: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling) (Soong Ching-ling) Song Qingling & (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Biwu) (Dong Biwu) Dong Biwu      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_China) (Constitution of China) 1982 Constitution (1982–present) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanhu) (Ulanhu) Ulanhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)) (Wang Zhen (general)) Wang Zhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rong_Yiren) (Rong Yiren) Rong Yiren  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintao) (Hu Jintao) Hu Jintao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong) (Zeng Qinghong) Zeng Qinghong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yuanchao) (Li Yuanchao) Li Yuanchao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Qishan) (Wang Qishan) Wang Qishan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_presidency_in_China) (Abolition of the presidency in China) Presidency abolished ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_China) (1975 Constitution of China) 1975 - 1982 )      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai_leaders) (Template:Shanghai leaders) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_leaders) (Template talk:Shanghai leaders) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_leaders) (Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai leaders) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai) (Politics of Shanghai) Political leaders of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai) (Shanghai) Shanghai since 1949   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai) (Party Secretary of Shanghai) Party committee secretaries  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Party committee )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao_Shushi) (Rao Shushi) Rao Shushi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)) (Chen Yi (marshal)) Chen Yi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Qingshi) (Ke Qingshi) Ke Qingshi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Pixian) (Chen Pixian) Chen Pixian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao) (Zhang Chunqiao) Zhang Chunqiao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Zhenhua) (Su Zhenhua) Su Zhenhua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Chong) (Peng Chong) Peng Chong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guodong) (Chen Guodong) Chen Guodong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Xingwen) (Rui Xingwen) Rui Xingwen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Rongji) (Zhu Rongji) Zhu Rongji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Bangguo) (Wu Bangguo) Wu Bangguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Ju) (Huang Ju) Huang Ju  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liangyu) (Chen Liangyu) Chen Liangyu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng (acting)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng) (Yu Zhengsheng) Yu Zhengsheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jining) (Chen Jining) Chen Jining      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_People's_Congress) (Shanghai Municipal People's Congress) Congress directors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Youmin) (Yan Youmin) Yan Youmin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Lijiao) (Hu Lijiao) Hu Lijiao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Gongqi?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ye Gongqi (page does not exist)) Ye Gongqi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Tiedi?action=edit&redlink=1) (Chen Tiedi (page does not exist)) Chen Tiedi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Xueping?action=edit&redlink=1) (Gong Xueping (page does not exist)) Gong Xueping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yungeng) (Liu Yungeng) Liu Yungeng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Yicui) (Yin Yicui) Yin Yicui  ♀ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zhuoqing) (Jiang Zhuoqing) Jiang Zhuoqing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Yunhu) (Dong Yunhu) Dong Yunhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Lixin) (Huang Lixin) Huang Lixin  ♀     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Shanghai) (Mayor of Shanghai) Mayors  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_People's_Government) (Shanghai Municipal People's Government) Municipal Government )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)) (Chen Yi (marshal)) Chen Yi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Qingshi) (Ke Qingshi) Ke Qingshi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Diqiu) (Cao Diqiu) Cao Diqiu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao) (Zhang Chunqiao) Zhang Chunqiao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Zhenhua) (Su Zhenhua) Su Zhenhua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Chong) (Peng Chong) Peng Chong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Daohan) (Wang Daohan) Wang Daohan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin) (Jiang Zemin) Jiang Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Rongji) (Zhu Rongji) Zhu Rongji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Ju) (Huang Ju) Huang Ju  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Kuangdi) (Xu Kuangdi) Xu Kuangdi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Liangyu) (Chen Liangyu) Chen Liangyu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Zheng) (Han Zheng) Han Zheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(politician)) (Yang Xiong (politician)) Yang Xiong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Yong) (Ying Yong) Ying Yong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Zheng) (Gong Zheng) Gong Zheng      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Conference  chairpersons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Qingshi) (Ke Qingshi) Ke Qingshi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Pixian) (Chen Pixian) Chen Pixian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Chong) (Peng Chong) Peng Chong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yiping?action=edit&redlink=1) (Wang Yiping (page does not exist)) Wang Yiping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Guohao) (Li Guohao) Li Guohao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Xide) (Xie Xide) Xie Xide  ♀ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Tiedi?action=edit&redlink=1) (Chen Tiedi (page does not exist)) Chen Tiedi  ♀ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Liping_(politician)) (Wang Liping (politician)) Wang Liping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Yiren?action=edit&redlink=1) (Jiang Yiren (page does not exist)) Jiang Yiren  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Guoqin?action=edit&redlink=1) (Feng Guoqin (page does not exist)) Feng Guoqin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zhiming?action=edit&redlink=1) (Wu Zhiming (page does not exist)) Wu Zhiming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Yunhu) (Dong Yunhu) Dong Yunhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Wenrong) (Hu Wenrong) Hu Wenrong      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Supervisory_Commission) (Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Commission) Supervisory  directors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Guoxun) (Liao Guoxun) Liao Guoxun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xuexin) (Liu Xuexin) Liu Xuexin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yangzhe) (Li Yangzhe) Li Yangzhe         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Zhejiang_leaders) (Template:Zhejiang leaders) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Zhejiang_leaders) (Template talk:Zhejiang leaders) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhejiang_leaders) (Special:EditPage/Template:Zhejiang leaders) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang) (Politics of Zhejiang) Political leaders of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang since 1949   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Zhejiang) (Party Secretary of Zhejiang) Party committee secretaries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin) (Tan Zhenlin) Tan Zhenlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Qilong) (Tan Qilong) Tan Qilong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Hua) (Jiang Hua) Jiang Hua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Qian) (Long Qian) Long Qian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Ping) (Nan Ping) Nan Ping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Qilong) (Tan Qilong) Tan Qilong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Ying) (Tie Ying) Tie Ying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Fang_(politician)) (Wang Fang (politician)) Wang Fang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Ju_(politician)) (Xue Ju (politician)) Xue Ju  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zemin) (Li Zemin) Li Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dejiang) (Zhang Dejiang) Zhang Dejiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu) (Zhao Hongzhu) Zhao Hongzhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Baolong) (Xia Baolong) Xia Baolong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Jun) (Che Jun) Che Jun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Jiajun) (Yuan Jiajun) Yuan Jiajun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Lianhong) (Yi Lianhong) Yi Lianhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(politician,_born_1963)) (Wang Hao (politician, born 1963)) Wang Hao      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_People's_Congress) (Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress) Congress directors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Ying) (Tie Ying) Tie Ying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fengping) (Li Fengping) Li Fengping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Anyu) (Chen Anyu) Chen Anyu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zemin) (Li Zemin) Li Zemin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Guoxing) (Yu Guoxing) Yu Guoxing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Hongzhu) (Zhao Hongzhu) Zhao Hongzhu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Baolong) (Xia Baolong) Xia Baolong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Jun) (Che Jun) Che Jun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Jiajun) (Yuan Jiajun) Yuan Jiajun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Lianhong) (Yi Lianhong) Yi Lianhong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(politician,_born_1963)) (Wang Hao (politician, born 1963)) Wang Hao      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Zhejiang) (Governor of Zhejiang) Governors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin) (Tan Zhenlin) Tan Zhenlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Wenhan) (Sha Wenhan) Sha Wenhan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huo_Shilian) (Huo Shilian) Huo Shilian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Jianren) (Zhou Jianren) Zhou Jianren  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Qian) (Long Qian) Long Qian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan_Ping) (Nan Ping) Nan Ping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Qilong) (Tan Qilong) Tan Qilong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Ying) (Tie Ying) Tie Ying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fengping) (Li Fengping) Li Fengping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Ju_(politician)) (Xue Ju (politician)) Xue Ju  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Zulun) (Shen Zulun) Shen Zulun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Hongsheng) (Ge Hongsheng) Ge Hongsheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Xueyuan) (Wan Xueyuan) Wan Xueyuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_Songyue) (Chai Songyue) Chai Songyue  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping (acting) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lü_Zushan) (Lü Zushan) Lü Zushan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Baolong) (Xia Baolong) Xia Baolong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Qiang) (Li Qiang) Li Qiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Jun) (Che Jun) Che Jun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Jiajun) (Yuan Jiajun) Yuan Jiajun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Shanjie) (Zheng Shanjie) Zheng Shanjie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Hao_(politician)) (Wang Hao (politician)) Wang Hao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jie_(politician,_born_1970)) (Liu Jie (politician, born 1970)) Liu Jie      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Conference  chairpersons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Zhenlin) (Tan Zhenlin) Tan Zhenlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Qilong) (Tan Qilong) Tan Qilong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Hua) (Jiang Hua) Jiang Hua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Ying) (Tie Ying) Tie Ying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Qihua) (Mao Qihua) Mao Qihua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jiayang) (Wang Jiayang) Wang Jiayang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Jingcai) (Shang Jingcai) Shang Jingcai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Feng_(politician)) (Liu Feng (politician)) Liu Feng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jinming_(politician)) (Li Jinming (politician)) Li Jinming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Guofu) (Zhou Guofu) Zhou Guofu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiao_Chuanxiu) (Qiao Chuanxiu) Qiao Chuanxiu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_Huijun) (Ge Huijun) Ge Huijun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Lixin) (Huang Lixin) Huang Lixin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lian_Yimin) (Lian Yimin) Lian Yimin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_Supervisory_Commission) (Zhejiang Provincial Supervisory Commission) Supervisory  directors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zeming) (Ren Zeming) Ren Zeming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jianchao) (Liu Jianchao) Liu Jianchao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhenhe) (Ren Zhenhe) Ren Zhenhe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Luode) (Xu Luode) Xu Luode  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Mingxian) (Fu Mingxian) Fu Mingxian         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fujian_leaders) (Template:Fujian leaders) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fujian_leaders) (Template talk:Fujian leaders) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fujian_leaders) (Special:EditPage/Template:Fujian leaders) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Fujian) (Politics of Fujian) Political leaders of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian since 1949   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Fujian) (Party Secretary of Fujian) Party committee secretaries  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party) (Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party) Party committee )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng) (Zhang Dingcheng) Zhang Dingcheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Fei) (Ye Fei) Ye Fei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Yizhen) (Jiang Yizhen) Jiang Yizhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xianchu) (Han Xianchu) Han Xianchu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Zhigao) (Liao Zhigao) Liao Zhigao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiang_Nan) (Xiang Nan) Xiang Nan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guangyi) (Chen Guangyi) Chen Guangyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Qinglin) (Jia Qinglin) Jia Qinglin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Mingyi) (Chen Mingyi) Chen Mingyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Defu) (Song Defu) Song Defu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhangong) (Lu Zhangong) Lu Zhangong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Chunlan) (Sun Chunlan) Sun Chunlan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Quan) (You Quan) You Quan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Weiguo) (Yu Weiguo) Yu Weiguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Li) (Yin Li) Yin Li  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Zuyi) (Zhou Zuyi) Zhou Zuyi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_People's_Congress) (Fujian Provincial People's Congress) Congress  directors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Zhigao) (Liao Zhigao) Liao Zhigao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guangyi) (Chen Guangyi) Chen Guangyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Qinglin) (Jia Qinglin) Jia Qinglin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Defu) (Song Defu) Song Defu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhangong) (Lu Zhangong) Lu Zhangong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Chunlan) (Sun Chunlan) Sun Chunlan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Quan) (You Quan) You Quan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Weiguo) (Yu Weiguo) Yu Weiguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Li) (Yin Li) Yin Li  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Zuyi) (Zhou Zuyi) Zhou Zuyi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Fujian) (Governor of Fujian) Governors  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_People's_Government) (Fujian Provincial People's Government) People's Government )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Dingcheng) (Zhang Dingcheng) Zhang Dingcheng  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Fei) (Ye Fei) Ye Fei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Yizhen) (Jiang Yizhen) Jiang Yizhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Jinshui) (Wei Jinshui) Wei Jinshui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Xianchu) (Han Xianchu) Han Xianchu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Zhigao) (Liao Zhigao) Liao Zhigao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xingyuan_(politician)) (Ma Xingyuan (politician)) Ma Xingyuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Ping_(politician)) (Hu Ping (politician)) Hu Ping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Zhaoguo) (Wang Zhaoguo) Wang Zhaoguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Qinglin) (Jia Qinglin) Jia Qinglin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Mingyi) (Chen Mingyi) Chen Mingyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Guoqiang) (He Guoqiang) He Guoqiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi Jinping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhangong) (Lu Zhangong) Lu Zhangong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Xiaojing) (Huang Xiaojing) Huang Xiaojing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Shulin) (Su Shulin) Su Shulin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Weiguo) (Yu Weiguo) Yu Weiguo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dengjie) (Tang Dengjie) Tang Dengjie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ning_(politician,_born_1961)) (Wang Ning (politician, born 1961)) Wang Ning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Long) (Zhao Long) Zhao Long      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People's_Political_Consultative_Conference) (Fujian Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference) Conference  chairpersons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Jingbing) (Zeng Jingbing) Zeng Jingbing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Yizhen) (Jiang Yizhen) Jiang Yizhen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Fei) (Ye Fei) Ye Fei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Shiren) (Fan Shiren) Fan Shiren  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Zhigao) (Liao Zhigao) Liao Zhigao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Hongxiang) (Wu Hongxiang) Wu Hongxiang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Gai) (Yuan Gai) Yuan Gai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Guangyi) (Chen Guangyi) Chen Guangyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Dexin) (You Dexin) You Dexin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Mingyi) (Chen Mingyi) Chen Mingyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Qiping) (Liang Qiping) Liang Qiping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Changping) (Zhang Changping) Zhang Changping  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Yuying) (Cui Yuying) Cui Yuying  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng_Jiacai) (Teng Jiacai) Teng Jiacai         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Template:Heads of state of republics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Template talk:Heads of state of republics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of republics) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government) (List of current heads of state and government) Current heads of state of republics    Africa Algeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune) (Abdelmadjid Tebboune) Tebboune   Angola: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Lourenço) (João Lourenço) Lourenço   Benin: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald_Wadagni) (Romuald Wadagni) Wadagni   Botswana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duma_Boko) (Duma Boko) Boko   Burkina Faso: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Traoré) (Ibrahim Traoré) Traoré  * Burundi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Évariste_Ndayishimiye) (Évariste Ndayishimiye) Ndayishimiye   Cameroon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Biya) (Paul Biya) Biya   Cape Verde: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Maria_Neves) (José Maria Neves) Neves   Central African Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touadéra) (Faustin-Archange Touadéra) Touadéra   Chad: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamat_Déby) (Mahamat Déby) Déby   Comoros: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani) (Azali Assoumani) Assoumani   Democratic Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Tshisekedi) (Félix Tshisekedi) Tshisekedi   Republic of the Congo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso) (Denis Sassou Nguesso) Nguesso   Djibouti: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaïl_Omar_Guelleh) (Ismaïl Omar Guelleh) Guelleh   Egypt: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) el-Sisi   Equatorial Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo) (Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo) Obiang   Eritrea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki) (Isaias Afwerki) Isaias   Ethiopia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie) (Taye Atske Selassie) Selassie   Gabon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema) (Brice Oligui Nguema) Oligui   The Gambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Barrow) (Adama Barrow) Barrow   Ghana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mahama) (John Mahama) Mahama   Guinea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya) (Mamady Doumbouya) Doumbouya   Guinea-Bissau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta_Inta-A_Na_Man) (Horta Inta-A Na Man) Inta-A  * Ivory Coast: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara) (Alassane Ouattara) Ouattara   Kenya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ruto) (William Ruto) Ruto   Liberia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Boakai) (Joseph Boakai) Boakai   Libya: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi) (Mohamed al-Menfi) al-Menfi  * Madagascar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Randrianirina) (Michael Randrianirina) Randrianirina   Malawi: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mutharika) (Peter Mutharika) Mutharika   Mali: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Goïta   Mauritania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani) (Mohamed Ould Ghazouani) Ould Ghazouani   Mauritius: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool) (Dharam Gokhool) Gokhool   Mozambique: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chapo) (Daniel Chapo) Chapo   Namibia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah) (Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah) Nandi-Ndaitwah   Niger: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Tiani) (Omar Tiani) Tiani  * Nigeria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu) (Bola Tinubu) Tinubu   Rwanda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame) (Paul Kagame) Kagame   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahim_Ghali) (Brahim Ghali) Ghali    São Tomé and Príncipe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova) (Carlos Vila Nova) Vila Nova   Senegal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye) (Bassirou Diomaye Faye) Faye   Seychelles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Herminie) (Patrick Herminie) Herminie   Sierra Leone: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio) (Julius Maada Bio) Bio   Somalia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud) (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud) Hassan   Somaliland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi) (Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi) Abdirahman    South Africa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa   South Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir) (Salva Kiir) Kiir   Sudan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) al-Burhan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Agar) (Malik Agar) Agar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Kabbashi) (Shams al-Din Kabbashi) Kabbashi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_al-Atta) (Yasser al-Atta) al-Atta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Jaber) (Ibrahim Jaber) Jaber , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_Abdul_Jabbar_al-Mubarak?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salma Abdul Jabbar al-Mubarak (page does not exist)) al-Mubarak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Adam_Tur?action=edit&redlink=1) (Salah al-Din Adam Tur (page does not exist)) Tur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yahya_Ahmed_Hussein?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abdullah Yahya Ahmed Hussein (page does not exist)) Hussein and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawara_Abu_Muhammad_Muhammad_Taher?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nawara Abu Muhammad Muhammad Taher (page does not exist)) Taher  * Tanzania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan) (Samia Suluhu Hassan) Suluhu   Togo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Lucien_Savi_de_Tové) (Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové) Savi de Tové   Tunisia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kais_Saied) (Kais Saied) Saied   Uganda: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni) (Yoweri Museveni) Museveni   Zambia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema) (Hakainde Hichilema) Hichilema   Zimbabwe: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa) (Emmerson Mnangagwa) Mnangagwa       Asia Bangladesh: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Fakhrul_Islam_Alamgir) (Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir) Alamgir   China: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi   India: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu) (Droupadi Murmu) Murmu   Indonesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo   Iran: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian   Iraq: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Amidi) (Nizar Amidi) Amidi   Israel: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Herzog) (Isaac Herzog) Herzog   Kazakhstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev) (Kassym-Jomart Tokayev) Tokayev   Kyrgyzstan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov) (Sadyr Japarov) Japarov   Laos: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith) (Thongloun Sisoulith) Thongloun   Lebanon: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Aoun) (Joseph Aoun) Aoun   Maldives: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu) (Mohamed Muizzu) Muizzu   Mongolia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Khürelsükh) (Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh) Khürelsükh   Myanmar: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing) (Min Aung Hlaing) Min Aung Hlaing   Nepal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Paudel) (Ram Chandra Paudel) Paudel   North Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un) (Kim Jong Un) Kim   Pakistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari) (Asif Ali Zardari) Zardari   Palestine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas) (Mahmoud Abbas) Abbas    Philippines: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) (Bongbong Marcos) Marcos   Singapore: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam) (Tharman Shanmugaratnam) Tharman   South Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee   Sri Lanka: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake) (Anura Kumara Dissanayake) Dissanayake   Syria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa) (Ahmed al-Sharaa) al-Sharaa  * Taiwan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai    Tajikistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon) (Emomali Rahmon) Rahmon   Timor-Leste: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Ramos-Horta) (José Ramos-Horta) Ramos-Horta   Turkmenistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow) (Serdar Berdimuhamedow) Berdimuhamedow   Uzbekistan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev) (Shavkat Mirziyoyev) Mirziyoyev   Vietnam: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tô_Lâm) (Tô Lâm) Tô   Yemen: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi) (Rashad al-Alimi) al-Alimi       Europe Abkhazia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badra_Gunba) (Badra Gunba) Gunba    Albania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajram_Begaj) (Bajram Begaj) Begaj   Armenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan) (Vahagn Khachaturyan) Khachaturyan   Austria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen) (Alexander Van der Bellen) Van der Bellen   Azerbaijan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev) (Ilham Aliyev) Aliyev   Belarus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko) (Alexander Lukashenko) Lukashenko   Bosnia and Herzegovina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Bećirović) (Denis Bećirović) Bećirović , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Željka_Cvijanović) (Željka Cvijanović) Cvijanović and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Željko_Komšić) (Željko Komšić) Komšić   Bulgaria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliana_Iotova) (Iliana Iotova) Iotova   Croatia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Milanović) (Zoran Milanović) Milanović   Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides) (Nikos Christodoulides) Christodoulides   Czech Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Pavel) (Petr Pavel) Pavel   Estonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar_Karis) (Alar Karis) Karis   Finland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stubb) (Alexander Stubb) Stubb   France: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Macron   Georgia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Kavelashvili) (Mikheil Kavelashvili) Kavelashvili   Germany: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier) (Frank-Walter Steinmeier) Steinmeier   Greece: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Tasoulas) (Konstantinos Tasoulas) Tasoulas   Hungary: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/András_Baka) (András Baka) Baka   Iceland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halla_Tómasdóttir) (Halla Tómasdóttir) Halla   Ireland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Connolly) (Catherine Connolly) Connolly   Italy: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella) (Sergio Mattarella) Mattarella   Kosovo: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albulena_Haxhiu) (Albulena Haxhiu) Haxhiu  *  Latvia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgars_Rinkēvičs) (Edgars Rinkēvičs) Rinkēvičs   Lithuania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanas_Nausėda) (Gitanas Nausėda) Nausėda   Malta: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono) (Myriam Spiteri Debono) Spiteri Debono   Moldova: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Sandu) (Maia Sandu) Sandu   Montenegro: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Milatović) (Jakov Milatović) Milatović   Northern Cyprus: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufan_Erhürman) (Tufan Erhürman) Erhürman    North Macedonia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova) (Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova) Siljanovska-Davkova   Poland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Nawrocki) (Karol Nawrocki) Nawrocki   Portugal: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_José_Seguro) (António José Seguro) Seguro   Romania: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicușor_Dan) (Nicușor Dan) Dan   Russia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin   San Marino: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Mina) (Alice Mina) Mina and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiro_Selva) (Vladimiro Selva) Selva   Serbia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vučić) (Aleksandar Vučić) Vučić   Slovakia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini) (Peter Pellegrini) Pellegrini   Slovenia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataša_Pirc_Musar) (Nataša Pirc Musar) Pirc Musar   South Ossetia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Kambolov) (Marat Kambolov) Kambolov  *  Switzerland: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Parmelin) (Guy Parmelin) Parmelin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis) (Ignazio Cassis) Cassis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter) (Karin Keller-Sutter) Keller-Sutter , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rösti) (Albert Rösti) Rösti , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Baume-Schneider) (Élisabeth Baume-Schneider) Baume-Schneider , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Jans) (Beat Jans) Jans and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pfister) (Martin Pfister) Pfister   Transnistria: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky) (Vadim Krasnoselsky) Krasnoselsky    Turkey: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan   Ukraine: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy) (Volodymyr Zelenskyy) Zelenskyy       North America Barbados: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bostic) (Jeffrey Bostic) Bostic   Costa Rica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Fernández) (Laura Fernández) Fernández   Cuba: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Díaz-Canel) (Miguel Díaz-Canel) Díaz-Canel   Dominica: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton) (Sylvanie Burton) Burton   Dominican Republic: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Abinader) (Luis Abinader) Abinader   El Salvador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayib_Bukele) (Nayib Bukele) Bukele   Guatemala: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Arévalo) (Bernardo Arévalo) Arévalo   Haiti: vacant  Honduras: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasry_Asfura) (Nasry Asfura) Asfura   Mexico: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum   Nicaragua: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ortega) (Daniel Ortega) Ortega and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Murillo) (Rosario Murillo) Murillo   Panama: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Raúl_Mulino) (José Raúl Mulino) Mulino   Trinidad and Tobago: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo) (Christine Kangaloo) Kangaloo   United States: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump       South America Argentina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) (Javier Milei) Milei   Bolivia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Paz) (Rodrigo Paz) Paz   Brazil: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula   Chile: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Antonio_Kast) (José Antonio Kast) Kast   Colombia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelardo_de_la_Espriella) (Abelardo de la Espriella) de la Espriella   Ecuador: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Noboa) (Daniel Noboa) Noboa   Guyana: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfaan_Ali) (Irfaan Ali) Ali   Paraguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Peña) (Santiago Peña) Peña   Peru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori) (Keiko Fujimori) Fujimori   Suriname: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Geerlings-Simons) (Jennifer Geerlings-Simons) Geerlings-Simons   Uruguay: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamandú_Orsi) (Yamandú Orsi) Orsi   Venezuela: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolás_Maduro) (Nicolás Maduro) Nicolás Maduro  (de jure) , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodríguez) (Delcy Rodríguez) Delcy Rodríguez  * (de facto)      Oceania Fiji: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu) (Naiqama Lalabalavu) Lalabalavu   Kiribati: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneti_Maamau) (Taneti Maamau) Maamau   Marshall Islands: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Heine) (Hilda Heine) Heine   Federated States of Micronesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Simina) (Wesley Simina) Simina   Nauru: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Adeang) (David Adeang) Adeang   Palau: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr.) (Surangel Whipps Jr.) Whipps Jr.   Samoa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuimalealiʻifano_Vaʻaletoʻa_Sualauvi_II) (Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II) Sualauvi   Vanuatu: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu) (Nikenike Vurobaravu) Vurobaravu       Asterisks (*) indicate an acting head of state Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_current_heads_of_state_of_G20) (Template:List of current heads of state of G20) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_current_heads_of_state_of_G20) (Template talk:List of current heads of state of G20) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_current_heads_of_state_of_G20) (Special:EditPage/Template:List of current heads of state of G20) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) Heads of state of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) (African Union)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Lourenço) (João Lourenço) Lourenço  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) (Argentina)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) (Javier Milei) Milei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) (Australia)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III) (Charles III) Charles III  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) (Canada)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III) (Charles III) Charles III  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) (European Union)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Costa) (António Costa) Costa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) (France)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Macron  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) (Germany)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier) (Frank-Walter Steinmeier) Steinmeier  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu) (Droupadi Murmu) Murmu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) (Indonesia)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) (Italy)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella) (Sergio Mattarella) Mattarella  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhito) (Naruhito) Naruhito  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) (Mexico)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) (Saudi Arabia)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Salman of Saudi Arabia) Salman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) (South Africa)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) (South Korea)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) (Turkey)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III) (Charles III) Charles III  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Current_G20_leaders) (Template:Current G20 leaders) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Current_G20_leaders) (Template talk:Current G20 leaders) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_G20_leaders) (Special:EditPage/Template:Current G20 leaders) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) Leaders of the G20    African Union: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Évariste_Ndayishimiye) (Évariste Ndayishimiye) Ndayishimiye  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamoud_Ali_Youssouf) (Mahamoud Ali Youssouf) Youssouf  Argentina: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei) (Javier Milei) Milei   Australia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Albanese) (Anthony Albanese) Albanese   Brazil: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula   Canada: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney) (Mark Carney) Carney   China: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi   European Union: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Costa) (António Costa) Costa  / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen) (Ursula von der Leyen) von der Leyen  France: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron) (Emmanuel Macron) Macron   Germany: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz) (Friedrich Merz) Merz   India: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Modi   Indonesia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo   Italy: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni) (Giorgia Meloni) Meloni   Japan: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi) (Sanae Takaichi) Takaichi   Mexico: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum   Russia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin   Saudi Arabia: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia) (Salman of Saudi Arabia) Salman   South Africa: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa   South Korea: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee   Turkey: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Erdoğan   United Kingdom: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Burnham) (Andy Burnham) Burnham   United States: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BRICS) (Template:BRICS) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS) (Template talk:BRICS) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS) (Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) (BRICS) BRICS    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS) (Member states of BRICS) Membership  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) Brazil  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia      Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit) (1st BRIC summit) Yekaterinburg 2009  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit) (2nd BRIC summit) Brasília 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit) (3rd BRICS summit) Sanya 2011  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit) (4th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit) (5th BRICS summit) Durban 2013  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit) (6th BRICS summit) Fortaleza 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit) (7th BRICS summit) Ufa 2015  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit) (8th BRICS summit) Goa 2016  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit) (9th BRICS summit) Xiamen 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit) (10th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit) (11th BRICS summit) Brasília 2019  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit) (12th BRICS summit) Saint Petersburg 2020  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit) (13th BRICS summit) New Delhi 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit) (14th BRICS summit) Beijing 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit) (15th BRICS summit) Johannesburg 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit) (16th BRICS summit) Kazan 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit) (17th BRICS summit) Rio de Janeiro 2025  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_BRICS_summit) (18th BRICS summit) India 2026      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BRICS_summit_attendees) (List of BRICS summit attendees) Leaders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Inácio_Lula_da_Silva) (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva) Lula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi) (Narendra Modi) Modi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) (South Africa)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa) (Cyril Ramaphosa) Ramaphosa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) (Egypt)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi) (Abdel Fattah el-Sisi) Sisi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) (Ethiopia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed) (Abiy Ahmed) Ahmed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) (Iran)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian) (Masoud Pezeshkian) Pezeshkian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) (United Arab Emirates)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan) (Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan) Al Nahyan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) (Indonesia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo      Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (BRICS U-17 Football Cup) BRICS U-17 Football Cup (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2016 Goa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup) (2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup) 2018 Johannesburg    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Games) (BRICS Games) BRICS Games (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games) (2024 BRICS Games) 2024 Kazan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Athletics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games) Badminton  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games) Gymnastics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Breaking at the 2024 BRICS Games) Breaking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatic_rock_and_roll_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Acrobatic rock and roll at the 2024 BRICS Games) Acrobatic rock and roll  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_football_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital football at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phygital_basketball_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games) (Phygital basketball at the 2024 BRICS Games) Phygital basketball        Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement) (BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement) BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Cable) (BRICS Cable) BRICS Cable  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League) (BRICS Universities League) BRICS Universities League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Development_Bank) (New Development Bank) New Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS_PAY) (BRICS PAY) BRICS PAY  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC_(economics_term)) (BRIC (economics term)) BRIC (economics term)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:APEC_leaders) (Template:APEC leaders) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:APEC_leaders) (Template talk:APEC leaders) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APEC_leaders) (Special:EditPage/Template:APEC leaders) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) Leaders of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) (Australia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Albanese) (Anthony Albanese) Albanese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) (Brunei)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah) (Hassanal Bolkiah) Bolkiah   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) (Canada)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney) (Mark Carney) Carney   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) (Chile)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Antonio_Kast) (José Antonio Kast) Kast   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) (China)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping) Xi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) (Taiwan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Taipei_representatives_to_APEC) (List of Chinese Taipei representatives to APEC) Envoy : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Hsin-i) (Lin Hsin-i) Lin )1   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) (Hong Kong)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu) (John Lee Ka-chiu) Lee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) (Indonesia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto) (Prabowo Subianto) Prabowo   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanae_Takaichi) (Sanae Takaichi) Takaichi   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) (South Korea)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae_Myung) (Lee Jae Myung) Lee   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) (Malaysia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim) (Anwar Ibrahim) Anwar   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) (Mexico)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum) (Claudia Sheinbaum) Sheinbaum   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (New Zealand) (New Zealand)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Luxon) (Christopher Luxon) Luxon   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) (Papua New Guinea) (Papua New Guinea)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marape) (James Marape) Marape   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru) (Peru) (Peru)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori) (Keiko Fujimori) Fujimori   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) (Philippines)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) (Bongbong Marcos) Marcos   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) (Russia)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Putin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) (Singapore)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong) (Lawrence Wong) Wong   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) (Thailand)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul) (Anutin Charnvirakul) Anutin   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) (United States)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Trump   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) (Vietnam)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tô_Lâm) (Tô Lâm) Lâm       1 President is a non-participant; Taiwan is represented as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei .      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