Turkey - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkey) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turkey) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Prehistory and ancient history     2.2 Early classical antiquity     2.3 Rome and Byzantine Empire     2.4 Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks     2.5 Ottoman Empire     2.6 Republic of Türkiye       3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Biodiversity     3.2 Climate       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 National government     4.2 Administrative divisions     4.3 Parties and elections     4.4 Law     4.5 Foreign relations     4.6 Military     4.7 Human rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Infrastructure     5.2 Science and technology       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Ethnicity and language     6.2 Immigration     6.3 Religion     6.4 Education     6.5 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Architecture     7.2 Literature, theatre, and visual arts     7.3 Music and dance     7.4 Media and cinema     7.5 Cuisine     7.6 Sports       8 See also     9 Notes     10 References    Toggle References subsection  10.1 Works cited       11 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Turkey    338 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0) (Ҭырқәтәыла – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki) (Turuki – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5) (Тыркуе – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkye) (Turkye – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei) (Türkei – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD) (ቱርክ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa) (Turquía – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcland) (Tyrcland – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Angika) अंगिका   (good article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7) (تركيا – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90) (ܛܘܪܩܝܐ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7) (تركيا – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7) (توركيا – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95) (তুৰস্ক – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa) (Turquía – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Atikamekw) Atikamekw   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Туркия – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka) (Turka – Kotava) Kotava   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99) (Türkiyə – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87) (تورکیه – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99) (Төркиә – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakei) (Tiakei – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork%C4%97j%C4%97) (Torkėjė – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Batak Toba) Batak Toba   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – West Coast Bajau) Bajau Sama   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Турэччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F) (Турцыя – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki) (Teki – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Banjar) Banjar   (https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE) (တူရကီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O) ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95) (তুরস্ক – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D) (ཏུར་ཀི། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95) (তুরস্ক – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska) (Turska – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97) (ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81) (Түрэг Улас – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia) (Turquia – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa) (Turquía – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC) (Tū-ī-gì – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C) (Туркойчоь – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya) (Turkeya – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83) (ᎬᏃ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (featured article) (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7) (تورکیا – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko) (Turecko – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABreck%C3%B4) (Tëreckô – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8) (Тѷрци – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8) (Турци – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci) (Twrci – Welsh) Cymraeg   (recommended article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiet) (Tyrkiet – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei) (Türkei – German) Deutsch   (https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Southern Dagaare) Dagaare   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkiya) (Tırkiya – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojska) (Turkojska – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (टर्की – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0) (ތުރުކީވިލާތް – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D) (ཊར་ཀི། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94) (Dɔkɔ – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1) (Τουρκία – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%AE) (Turchî – Emiliano-Romagnolo) Emiliàn e rumagnòl   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkio) (Turkio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa) (Turquía – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi) (Türgi – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia) (Turquia – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87) (ترکیه – Persian) فارسی   (https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Fanti) Mfantse   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Fula) Fulfulde   (good article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki) (Turkki – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrg%C3%BC) (Türgü – Võro) Võro   (https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki) (Taki – Fijian) Na Vosa Vakaviti   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkaland) (Turkaland – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie) (Turquie – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia) (Turquia – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei) (Türkei – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie) (Turchie – Friulian) Furlan   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije) (Turkije – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc) (An Tuirc – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6) (土耳其 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki) (Tirki – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc) (An Tuirc – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa) (Turquía – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87) (تۊرکيه – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyk%C3%ADa) (Turykía – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0) (𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8) (તુર્કસ્તાન – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Wayuu) Wayuunaiki   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Frafra) Farefare   (https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Gun) Gungbe   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkee) (Yn Turkee – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyya) (Turkiyya – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC) (Thú-ngí-khì – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleke) (Kuleke – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94) (טורקיה – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska) (Turska – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowska) (Turkowska – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki) (Tiki – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (featured article) (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g) (Törökország – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Թուրքիա – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1) (Թուրքիա – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia) (Turcia – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A9y) (Turkéy – Igbo) Igbo   (https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Igala) Igala   (https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii) (Turkii – Inupiaq) Iñupiatun   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5) (Туркехье – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkland) (Tyrkland – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija) (Turcija – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%95%90%E1%91%AD) (ᑑᕐᑭ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3) (トルコ – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerki) (Toerki – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/turk) (turk – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Javanese) Jawa   (featured article) (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (თურქეთი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkiya) (Túrkiya – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tturk) (Tturk – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9) (Тыркуей – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuurkii) (Tuurkii – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya) (Turukya – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%A9) (Takĩ – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Түркия – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8) (តួកគី – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF) (ಟರ್ಕಿ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88) (튀르키예 – Korean) 한국어   (https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Тюркия – Komi-Permyak) Перем коми   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA) (Тюрк – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C) (تُرکی – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei) (Türkei – Colognian) Ripoarisch   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkiye) (Tirkiye – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Түркия – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia) (Turcia – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkei) (Tierkei – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Туркия – Lak) Лакку   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia) (Turcia – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturuki) (Buturuki – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije) (Turkije – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrchia) (Türchia – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%AD) (Turkí – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%8D) (ປະເທດຕູຣາເຄຍ – Lao) ລາວ   (featured article) (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija) (Turkija – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turceja) (Turceja – Latgalian) Latgaļu   (featured article) (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija) (Turcija – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (टर्की – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Туркия – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiorkia) (Tiorkia – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9) (Турций – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kei) (Tākei – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (featured article) (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0) (Турција – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF) (തുർക്കി – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA) (Турк – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4) (ꯇꯔꯀꯤ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B3) (တူရကဳ – Mon) ဘာသာမန်   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87) (तुर्किये – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8) (Турци – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija) (Turkija – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie) (Turquie – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (တူရကီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80) (Турция Мастор – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87) (تورکیه – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije) (Turkije – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rkie) (Törkie – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (टर्की – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (टर्की – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Ndonga) Oshiwambo   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Nias) Li Niha   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije) (Turkije – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia) (Tyrkia – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia) (Tyrkia – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%A3%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AB) (ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – South Ndebele) IsiNdebele seSewula   (https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtchie) (Turtchie – Norman) Nouormand   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia) (Turquia – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtsii) (Turtsii – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkii) (Tarkii – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80) (ତୁର୍କୀ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA) (Турк – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80) (ਤੁਰਕੀ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Pangasinan) Pangasinan   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie) (Turkie – Picard) Picard   (https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Nigerian Pidgin) Naijá   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie) (Turkie – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei) (Türkei – Palatine German) Pälzisch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcja) (Turcja – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa) (Turchìa – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C) (ترکی – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1) (Τουρκία – Pontic) Ποντιακά   (https://ppl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Nawat) Nawat   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87) (تورکيه – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia) (Turquia – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE) (တူရကီ – Arakanese) ရခိုင်   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirchia) (Tirchia – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya) (Turukiya – Rundi) Ikirundi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia) (Turcia – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia) (Turchia – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie) (Turchie – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Турска – Pannonian Rusyn) Руски   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F) (Турція – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya) (Turukiya – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80) (तुर्की – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D) (Түүркүйэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4) (ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa) (Turchìa – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A) (ترڪي – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durka) (Durka – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuk%C3%AFi) (Turukïi – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska) (Turska – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkya) (Turkya – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA) (තුර්කිය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko) (Turecko – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C) (ترکی – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (featured article) (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija) (Turčija – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take) (Take – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki) (Turkki – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki) (Turuki – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiga) (Turkiga – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqia) (Turqia – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0) (Турска – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyakondre) (Turkiyakondre – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThekhi) (IThekhi – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A4i) (Turkäi – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki) (Turki – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiet) (Turkiet – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uturuki) (Uturuki – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A4) (ꠔꠥꠞ꠆ꠇꠤ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcyjo) (Turcyjo – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF) (துருக்கி – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF) (ಟರ್ಕಿ – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80) (టర్కీ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia) (Turkia – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Туркия – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5) (ประเทศตุรกี – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA) (ቱርኪ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%A8) (ቱርኪየ – Tigre) ትግሬ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe) (Türkiýe – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99) (Tyrkijə – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Tswana) Setswana   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toake) (Toake – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Tuki) (ma Tuki – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki) (Teki – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) (Türkiye – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (good article) (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Төркия – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Twi) Twi   (https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiti) (Turiti – Tahitian) Reo tahiti   (https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Tuvinian) Тыва дыл   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F) (Турция – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89) (تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Туреччина – Ukrainian) Українська   (featured article) (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81) (ترکیہ – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya) (Turkiya – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Venda) Tshivenda   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa) (Turchìa – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanma) (Turkanma – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3) (Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeye) (Turkeye – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4n) (Türkän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkeye) (Tourkeye – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya) (Turkeya – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki) (Tirki – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6) (土耳其 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD) (Туркгудин Орн – Kalmyk) Хальмг   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITurkiya) (ITurkiya – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98) (თურქეთი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99) (טערקיי – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujwjgiz) (Dujwjgiz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije) (Turkije – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0) (ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6) (土耳其 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE) (Thó͘-ní-kî – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6) (土耳其 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6) (土耳其 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITheki) (ITheki – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Turkey) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Turkey) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English       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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Turkey&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Turkey) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Turkey) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Turkey&oldid=1371253496) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Turkey&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Turkey&id=1371253496&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkey) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Turkey&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turkey&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Turkey&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q43) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Turkey) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Turkey) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkey) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=39_55_N_32_51_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39°55′N 32°51′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39.917°N 32.850°E  / 39.917; 32.850     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended) (This article is extended-confirmed-protected.) (Extended-protected article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in Southeastern Europe and West Asia (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For the bird, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(bird)) (Turkey (bird)) Turkey (bird) . For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(disambiguation)) (Turkey (disambiguation)) Turkey (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   "Türkiye" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türkiye_(disambiguation)) (Türkiye (disambiguation)) Türkiye (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#Turkey)  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Turkey)    (./Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2023)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2025)    Republic of Türkiye (Turkish-language text) Türkiye Cumhuriyeti  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg) (Flag of Turkey) (Flag of Turkey)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey) (Flag of Turkey) Flag    Anthem:  (Turkish-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İstiklal_Marşı) (İstiklal Marşı) İstiklal Marşı   (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)   "Independence March"[ 1]       (azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬)  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (עברית ‪(he)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (íslenska ‪(is)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (Nederlands ‪(nl)‬)  (polski ‪(pl)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (Türkçe ‪(tr)‬)  (українська ‪(uk)‬)  (اردو ‪(ur)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬)  (中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey_(orthographic_projection).svg) (Location of Turkey) (Location of Turkey)      Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=39_55_N_32_51_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39°55′N 32°51′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 39.917°N 32.850°E  / 39.917; 32.850     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)    Largest city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Turkey&params=41_1_N_28_57_E_) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 41°1′N 28°57′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 41.017°N 28.950°E  / 41.017; 28.950     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language) (Turkish language) Turkish [ 2]      Common languages  Predominantly Turkish[ 3]       List  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji) (Kurmanji) Kurdish  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaza_language) (Zaza language) Zaza  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_languages) (Circassian languages) Circassian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_language) (Laz language) Laz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Greek  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) (Armenian language) Armenian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language) (Albanian language) Albanian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language) (Bosnian language) Bosnian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language) (Bulgarian language) Bulgarian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey) (Languages of Turkey) Other languages      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2016)[ 4]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   70–75% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turkish  19% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) Kurdish  6–11% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey) (Ethnic groups in Turkey) other minorities      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonyms   Turkish Turk     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey) (Politics of Turkey) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) (Presidential republic) presidential republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey) (Vice President of Turkey) Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevdet_Yılmaz) (Cevdet Yılmaz) Cevdet Yılmaz   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly) (Speaker of the Grand National Assembly) Speaker   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmuş) (Numan Kurtulmuş) Numan Kurtulmuş   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey) (Constitutional Court of Turkey) Chief Justice   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_Özkaya) (Kadir Özkaya) Kadir Özkaya     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Grand National Assembly    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey) (History of Turkey) Establishment   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire   (circa) c.  1299   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence) (Turkish War of Independence) War of Independence   19 May 1919  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly) (Government of the Grand National Assembly) Government of the Grand National Assembly   23 April 1920  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate) (Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate) Sultanate abolished   1 November 1922  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne) (Treaty of Lausanne) Treaty of Lausanne    24 July 1923  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey) Republic declared    29 October 1923  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey) (Constitution of Turkey) Current constitution   9 November 1982[ 5]        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey) (Geography of Turkey) Area    • Total  783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 36th )  • Water (%)  2.03[ 6]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey) (Demographics of Turkey) Population   • December 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    86,092,168[ 7]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 18th )  • Density  112[ 7]    /km2 (290.1/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 83rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $4.025 trillion[ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 11th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $46,672[ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 51st )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $1.640 trillion[ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 16th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $19,018[ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 63rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     43.7[ 9]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Steady) (Steady)     0.853[ 10]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  very high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 51st )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira) (Turkish lira) Turkish lira ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign) (Turkish lira sign) ₺ ) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) TRY )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +3 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Turkey) (Time in Turkey) TRT )  Date format dd.mm.yyyy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Turkey) (Telephone numbers in Turkey) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+90) (+90) +90   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tr) (.tr) .tr     Turkey ,[ a]    officially the Republic of Türkiye ,[ b]    is a country mainly located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia , with a smaller part called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thrace) (East Thrace) East Thrace in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe) (Southeast Europe) Southeast Europe . It borders the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) (Black Sea) Black Sea to the north; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran to the east; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea) (Aegean Sea) Aegean Sea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 86 million people;[ 7]    most are ethnic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turks , while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) Kurds are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey) (Minorities in Turkey) largest ethnic minority .[ 4]    Officially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey) (Secularism in Turkey) a secular state , Turkey has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey) (Islam in Turkey) a Muslim-majority population. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara is Turkey's capital and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey) (List of largest cities and towns in Turkey) second-largest city. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir) (İzmir) İzmir , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa) (Bursa) Bursa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya) (Antalya) Antalya . First inhabited by modern humans during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Paleolithic) (Late Paleolithic) Late Paleolithic ,[ 11]    present-day Turkey was home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia) (List of ancient peoples of Anatolia) various ancient peoples .[ 12]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians) (Hattians) Hattians were assimilated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites) (Hittites) Hittites and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_peoples) (Anatolian peoples) Anatolian peoples .[ 13]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Anatolia) (Classical Anatolia) Classical Anatolia transitioned into cultural (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization) (Hellenization) Hellenization after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great 's conquests, and later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Anatolia) (Romanization of Anatolia) Romanization during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine) (Byzantine) Byzantine eras.[ 14]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Turks began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification) (Turkification) Turkification process.[ 15]    The Seljuk (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum) (Sultanate of Rum) Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Anatolia) (Mongol invasions of Anatolia) Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks) (Anatolian beyliks) Turkish principalities .[ 16]    Beginning in 1299, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottomans united the principalities and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Rise of the Ottoman Empire) expanded . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II) (Mehmed II) Mehmed II conquered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople) (Fall of Constantinople) Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) in 1453 . During the reigns of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I) (Selim I) Selim I and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) (Suleiman the Magnificent) Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_power) (Global power) global power .[ 17]    From 1789 onwards, the empire saw major changes, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat) (Tanzimat) reforms , centralization, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire) rising nationalism while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire) its territory declined .[ 18]     In the 19th and early 20th centuries, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction) (Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction) persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Russian_Empire) (Persecution of Muslims) in the Russian Empire resulted in large-scale loss of life and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhacir) (Muhacir) mass migration into modern-day Turkey from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans) (Balkans) Balkans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate) (Crimean Khanate) Crimea .[ 19]    Under the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pashas) (Three Pashas) Three Pashas , the Ottoman Empire (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I) (Ottoman entry into World War I) entered World War I in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides) (Late Ottoman genocides) genocides against its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide) (Armenian genocide) Armenian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide) (Greek genocide) Greek , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_genocide) (Assyrian genocide) Assyrian subjects.[ 20]    [ 21]    [ 22]    Following Ottoman defeat, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence) (Turkish War of Independence) Turkish War of Independence resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate) (Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate) abolition of the sultanate and the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne) (Treaty of Lausanne) Treaty of Lausanne . Turkey emerged as a more homogenous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state) (Nation state) nation state .[ 23]    The Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey) was proclaimed on 29 October 1923, modelled on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk's_reforms) (Atatürk's reforms) the reforms initiated by its founder and first president, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk) (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Turkey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_during_World_War_II) (Turkey during World War II) remained neutral during most of World War II , but was involved in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War . Several military interventions interfered with the transition to a multi-party system. Turkey is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_income) (Gross national income) upper-middle-income and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_country) (Emerging country) emerging country ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey) (Economy of Turkey) its economy is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 16th-largest by nominal and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP . As the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production) (List of countries by electricity production) 15th-largest electricity producer in the world, Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary presidential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) republic . Turkey is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Organization of Turkic States) Organization of Turkic States . With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO member and has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO#Military_personnel) (Member states of NATO) its second-largest military personnel . It may be recognized as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power) (Emerging power) emerging , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle , and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power. As (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union) (Accession of Turkey to the European Union) an EU candidate , Turkey is part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Customs_Union) (EU Customs Union) EU Customs Union . Turkey has coastal plains, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey) (Geography of Turkey) a high central plateau , and various mountain ranges with rising elevation eastwards. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey) (Climate of Turkey) Turkey's climate is diverse, ranging from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate) (Mediterranean climate) Mediterranean and other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climates) (Temperate climates) temperate climates to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid) (Semi-arid) semi-arid and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate) (Continental climate) continental types. Home to three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot) (Biodiversity hotspot) biodiversity hotspots , Turkey is prone to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey) (List of earthquakes in Turkey) frequent earthquakes and is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey) (Climate change in Turkey) highly vulnerable to climate change .[ 24]    [ 25]    [ 26]    Turkey has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey) (Health care in Turkey) a universal healthcare system , growing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Turkey) (Education in Turkey) access to education , and increasing levels of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) innovativeness .[ 27]    [ 28]    [ 29]    It is a leading (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_television_drama) (Turkish television drama) TV content exporter.[ 30]    With numerous UNESCO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey) (List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey) World Heritage sites and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (Intangible cultural heritage) intangible cultural heritage inscriptions, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine) (Turkish cuisine) a rich and diverse cuisine , Turkey is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings) (World Tourism rankings) fourth most visited country in the world.   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Turkey) (Name of Turkey) Name of Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples#Etymology) (Turkic peoples) Turkic peoples § Etymology   ()      This section contains an excessive amount of intricate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL) (Wikipedia:DETAIL) detail  .Please help (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkey&action=edit) improve it by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forks#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections) (Wikipedia:Content forks) spinning off or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia) (Wikipedia:Handling trivia) relocating relevant information and removing excessive detail that goes against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not) (Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not) Wikipedia's inclusion policy . (May 2026 )  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) (Help:Maintenance template removal) Learn how and when to remove this message  )       (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_May_2026)  (./Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed)   (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2026)  (./Category:All_articles_with_style_issues)  Turchia , meaning "the land of the Turks", had begun to be used in European texts for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia by the end of the 12th century.[ 31]    [ 32]    [ 33]    As a word in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages) (Turkic languages) Turkic languages , Turk may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength".[ 34]    It may also mean ripe as in for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person.[ 35]    As an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym) (Ethnonym) ethnonym , the etymology is still unknown.[ 36]    In addition to usage in languages such as Chinese in the 6th century,[ 33]    the earliest mention of Turk ((Old Turkic-language text) 𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜  (./Category:Articles_containing_Old_Turkic-language_text)  , (Old Turkic-language romanization) türü̲k̲  ; or (Old Turkic-language text) 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚  (./Category:Articles_containing_Old_Turkic-language_text)  , (Old Turkic-language romanization) türk/tẄrk  ) in Turkic languages comes from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate) (Second Turkic Khaganate) Second Turkic Khaganate .[ 37]     In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine) (Byzantine) Byzantine sources in the 10th century, the name (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkia_(disambiguation)) (Tourkia (disambiguation)) Tourkia  was used for defining two medieval states: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary) (Principality of Hungary) Hungary (Western Tourkia ); and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkia_(Khazaria)) (Tourkia (Khazaria)) Khazaria (Eastern Tourkia ).[ 38]    [ 39]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate) (Mamluk Sultanate) Mamluk Sultanate , with its ruling elite of Turkic origin, was called the "State of the Turks" ((Arabic-language romanization) Dawlat at-Turk  , or (Arabic-language romanization) Dawlat al-Atrāk  , or (Arabic-language romanization) Dawlat-at-Turkiyya  ).[ 40]    Turkestan, also meaning the "land of the Turks", was used for a historic region in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia .[ 41]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English) (Middle English) Middle English usage of (Middle English (1100-1500)-language text) Turkye  (./Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text)  or (Middle English (1100-1500)-language text) Turkeye  (./Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text)  is found in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Duchess) (The Book of the Duchess) The Book of the Duchess  (written in 1369–1372) to refer to Anatolia or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire .[ 42]    The modern spelling Turkey dates back to at least 1719.[ 43]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(bird)) (Turkey (bird)) bird called turkey was named as such due to trade of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineafowl) (Guineafowl) guineafowl from Turkey to England.[ 33]    The name Turkey has been used in international treaties referring to the Ottoman Empire.[ 44]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly) (Government of the Grand National Assembly) Government of the Grand National Assembly adopted the name (Turkish-language text) Türkiye Devleti  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  ("State of Turkey").[ 45]    With the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol) (Treaty of Alexandropol) Treaty of Alexandropol in 1920, the name Türkiye entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan) (Emirate of Afghanistan) Afghanistan in 1921, the expression (Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization) Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye  ("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the Ottoman Empire's name.[ 46]     Upon the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey) proclamation of the republic on 29 October 1923, the name (Turkish-language text) Türkiye Cumhuriyeti  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  ((Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text) توركيه جمهوريتى  (./Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text)  ) was adopted. In December 2021, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for expanded official usage of Türkiye , saying that Türkiye "represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way".[ 47]    In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations and other international organizations to use Türkiye officially in English; the UN agreed.[ 48]    [ 49]    [ 50]    Until 2022, its official English name remained the Republic of Turkey . Though not official, the term Turkish Republic is sometimes used in descriptive, historic, or academic contexts.  History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey) (History of Turkey) History of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anatolia) (History of Anatolia) History of Anatolia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thrace) (History of Thrace) History of Thrace , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia) (Ancient regions of Anatolia) Ancient regions of Anatolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Göbekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg)   Some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henge) (Henge) henges at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe) (Göbekli Tepe) Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe#Large_enclosures) (Göbekli Tepe) 9600 BC , predating those of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge) (Stonehenge) Stonehenge by over seven millennia.[ 51]      Prehistory and ancient history  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia) (Prehistory of Anatolia) Prehistory of Anatolia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeast_Europe) (Prehistory of Southeast Europe) Prehistory of Southeast Europe  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians) (Hattians) Hattians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites) (Hittites) Hittites , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwians) (Luwians) Luwians , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)) (Pala (Anatolia)) Pala (Anatolia)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_of_the_Hitties.png)   Map of the Hittite Empire at its greatest extent, with Hittite rule (circa) c.  1300 BC   Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_humans) (Modern humans) modern humans since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Paleolithic) (Late Paleolithic) late Paleolithic period and contains some of the world's oldest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic sites.[ 11]    [ 52]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe) (Göbekli Tepe) Göbekli Tepe is close to 12,000 years old.[ 11]    Parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent) (Fertile Crescent) Fertile Crescent , an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_agriculture) (Origin of agriculture) origin of agriculture .[ 53]    Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çatalhöyük) (Çatalhöyük) Çatalhöyük and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaca_Höyük) (Alaca Höyük) Alaca Höyük .[ 54]    Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Valley) (Jordan Valley) Jordan Valley .[ 55]    These early Anatolian farmers also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers) (Early European Farmers) migrated into Europe , starting around 9,000 years ago.[ 55]    [ 56]    [ 57]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy) (Troy) Troy 's earliest layers go back to around 4500 BC.[ 54]     Anatolia's historical records start with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablets) (Clay tablets) clay tablets from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kültepe) (Kültepe) Kültepe .[ 58]    These tablets belonged to an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)) (Karum (trade post)) Assyrian trade colony .[ 58]    The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language) (Hittite language) Hittite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwian) (Luwian) Luwian , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaic) (Palaic) Palaic .[ 59]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattic_language) (Hattic language) Hattian was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.[ 59]    [ 60]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_language) (Hurrian language) Hurrian language was used in northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria .[ 59]    Hittite, Palaic, and Luwian languages were "the oldest written (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages) (Indo-European languages) Indo-European languages ",[ 61]    forming the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_languages) (Anatolian languages) Anatolian sub-group .[ 62]    [ c]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians) (Hattians) Hattian rulers were gradually replaced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites) (Hittites) Hittite rulers.[ 58]    The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattusa) (Hattusa) Hattusa .[ 58]    It co-existed in Anatolia with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)) (Pala (Anatolia)) Palaians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwians) (Luwians) Luwians , approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC.[ 58]    As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare.[ 66]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians) (Thracians) Thracians were also present in modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Thrace) (Turkish Thrace) Turkish Thrace .[ 67]    It is not known if the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War) (Trojan War) Trojan War is based on historical events.[ 68]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_Troy) (Late Bronze Age Troy) Troy's Late Bronze Age layers matches most with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad) (Iliad) Iliad  '  s story.[ 69]      Early classical antiquity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Anatolia) (Classical Anatolia) Classical Anatolia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia) (Phrygia) Phrygia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia) (Lydia) Lydia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia) (Lycia) Lycia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria) (Caria) Caria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu) (Urartu) Urartu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization) (Hellenization) Hellenization , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period) (Hellenistic period) Hellenistic period  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Lycian_Way_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycian_Way) (Lycian Way) Lycian Way is a 760 kilometers (470  mi) long hiking path in Southwestern Turkey.[ 70]      Around 750 BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia) (Phrygia) Phrygia had been established, with its two centers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordium) (Gordium) Gordium and modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri) (Kayseri) Kayseri .[ 71]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygians) (Phrygians) Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language, which was closer to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Greek than Anatolian languages.[ 62]    Phrygians shared Anatolia with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Hittites) (Neo-Hittites) Neo-Hittites and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu) (Urartu) Urartu . Luwian-speakers were probably the majority in various Anatolian Neo-Hittite states.[ 72]    Urartians spoke a non-Indo-European language and their capital was around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Van) (Lake Van) Lake Van .[ 73]    [ 71]    Urartu and Phrygia fell in seventh century BC.[ 71]    [ 74]    They were replaced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carians) (Carians) Carians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycians) (Lycians) Lycians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydians) (Lydians) Lydians .[ 74]    These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia".[ 74]     In the late (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age , there were three[ 75]    or four[ 76]    Greek-speaking settlements in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus) (Miletus) Miletus .[ 75]    [ 76]    Around 1000 BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations) (Iron Age Greek migrations) Greeks started migrating to the west coast of Anatolia.[ 71]    These eastern Greek settlements played a vital role in shaping the Archaic Greek civilization;[ 71]    [ 77]    important (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis) (Polis) cities included (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus) (Miletus) Miletus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus) (Ephesus) Ephesus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicarnassus) (Halicarnassus) Halicarnassus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna) (Smyrna) Smyrna (now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir) (İzmir) İzmir ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium) (Byzantium) Byzantium (now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul ).[ 78]    These settlements were grouped as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolis) (Aeolis) Aeolis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia) (Ionia) Ionia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_hexapolis) (Doric hexapolis) Doris , after the specific Greek groups that settled them.[ 79]    [ 80]    Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara) (Megara) Megara in 750–480 BC.[ 81]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Façade.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Celsus) (Library of Celsus) Library of Celsus in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus) (Ephesus) Ephesus was built by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Romans in 114–117.[ 82]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great) (Cyrus the Great) Cyrus attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire eventually (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)) (Siege of Sardis (547 BC)) expanded into western Anatolia .[ 74]    In the east, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia) (Satrapy of Armenia) Armenian province was part of the Achaemenid Empire.[ 71]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars) (Greco-Persian Wars) Greco-Persian Wars , the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire.[ 74]    Two of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World) (Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis) (Temple of Artemis) Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Halicarnassus) (Mausoleum of Halicarnassus) Mausoleum of Halicarnassus , were located in Anatolia.[ 83]     Following the victories of Alexander in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus) (Battle of the Granicus) 334 BC and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus) (Battle of Issus) 333 BC , the Achaemenid Empire collapsed.[ 74]    This led to increasing cultural homogeneity and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization) (Hellenization) Hellenization of Anatolia,[ 84]    [ 85]    [ 86]    which met resistance in some places.[ 87]    Following Alexander's death, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucids) (Seleucids) Seleucids ruled large parts of Anatolia, while native Anatolian states emerged in the Marmara and Black Sea areas. In eastern Anatolia, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)) (Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)) the kingdom of Armenia appeared.[ 88]    In third century BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts) (Celts) Celts invaded central Anatolia and continued as a major ethnic group in the area for around 200 years. They were known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatians_(people)) (Galatians (people)) Galatians .[ 89]      Rome and Byzantine Empire  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Anatolia) (Classical Anatolia) Classical Anatolia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia) (Byzantine Anatolia) Byzantine Anatolia  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic) (Roman Republic) Roman Republic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Anatolia) (Romanization of Anatolia) Romanization of Anatolia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey) (Christianity in Turkey) Christianity in Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) (Byzantine Empire) Byzantine Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) (Byzantine Empire) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 555 under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_the_Great) (Justinian the Great) Justinian the Great , at its greatest extent  When (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon) (Kingdom of Pergamon) Pergamon requested assistance in its conflict with the Seleucids, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic) (Roman Republic) Rome intervened in Anatolia in the second century BC. Without an heir, Pergamum's king left the kingdom to Rome, which was annexed as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Asia) (Province of Asia) province of Asia . Roman influence grew in Anatolia afterwards.[ 90]    Following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers) (Asiatic Vespers) Asiatic Vespers massacre, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars) (Mithridatic Wars) Mithridatic Wars with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus) (Kingdom of Pontus) Pontus , Rome emerged victorious. Around the 1st century BC, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province) (Roman province) Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia , while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites.[ 91]    Several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman–Parthian_Wars) (Roman–Parthian Wars) conflicts with Parthians ensued , with peace and wars alternating.[ 92]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles) (Acts of the Apostles) Acts of the Apostles , early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul) (St Paul) St Paul 's efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity) (Early Christianity) oldest Christian literature .[ 93]    Under Roman authority, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_councils) (Ecumenical councils) ecumenical councils such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea) (First Council of Nicaea) Council of Nicaea (Iznik) in 325 served as a guide for developing "orthodox expressions of basic Christian teachings".[ 93]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aya_Sophia_(7144824757).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia) (Hagia Sophia) Hagia Sophia in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople) (Constantinople) Constantinople (now (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul ) was built by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman) (Eastern Roman) Eastern Roman emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_the_Great) (Justinian the Great) Justinian the Great in 532–537.[ 94]      The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) (Roman Empire) Roman Empire centered in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople) (Constantinople) Constantinople during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity) (Late Antiquity) Late Antiquity and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages) (Middle Ages) Middle Ages . The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire) (Fall of the Western Roman Empire) fall of the West in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople) (Fall of Constantinople) fall of Constantinople to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_world) (Mediterranean world) Mediterranean world . The term Byzantine Empire was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as Romans . Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium) (Byzantium) Byzantium , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion) (Christianity as the Roman state religion) adoption of Christianity as the state religion , and the predominance of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek) (Medieval Greek) Greek instead of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) (Latin) Latin , modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier Roman Empire and the later Byzantine Empire .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)) citation needed   ]   In the early Byzantine Empire period, the Anatolian coastal areas were Greek speaking. In addition to natives, interior Anatolia had diverse groups such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths) (Goths) Goths , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts) (Celts) Celts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians) (Persians) Persians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire) (History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire) Jews . Interior Anatolia had been "heavily Hellenized".[ 95]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_languages) (Anatolian languages) Anatolian languages eventually became extinct after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization) (Hellenization) Hellenization of Anatolia.[ 96]      Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Empire , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum) (Sultanate of Rum) Sultanate of Rum , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks) (Anatolian beyliks) Anatolian beyliks  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration) (Turkic migration) Turkic migration , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks) (Oghuz Turks) Oghuz Turks , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification) (Turkification) Turkification  According to historians and linguists, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language) (Proto-Turkic language) Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia.[ 97]    Initially, Proto-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages) (Turkic languages) Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic) (Nomadic) nomadic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralists) (Pastoralists) pastoralists .[ 97]    Early and medieval (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples) (Turkic peoples) Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranic) (Iranic) Iranic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolic_peoples) (Mongolic peoples) Mongolic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians) (Tocharians) Tocharian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_people) (Uralic people) Uralic , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_people) (Yeniseian people) Yeniseian peoples.[ 98]    During the 9th and 10th centuries CE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks) (Oghuz Turks) the Oghuz were a Turkic group that lived in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic–Caspian_steppe) (Pontic–Caspian steppe) Caspian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea) (Aral Sea) Aral steppes.[ 99]    Partly due to pressure from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks) (Kipchaks) Kipchaks , the Oghuz migrated into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Plateau) (Iranian Plateau) Iran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana) (Transoxiana) Transoxiana .[ 99]    They mixed with Iranic-speaking groups in the area and converted to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam .[ 99]    Oghuz Turks were also known as Turkmen or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)) (Turkoman (ethnonym)) Turkoman .[ 100]    [ 99]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beylicats_d%25u2019Anatolie_vers_1330-en.svg)   A map of independent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks) (Anatolian beyliks) Turkish principalities in Anatolia during the 14th century  The ruling family of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty) (Seljuq dynasty) the Seljuks originated from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kınık_(tribe)) (Kınık (tribe)) Kınık  branch of the Oghuz Turks.[ 101]    In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids) (Ghaznavids) Ghaznavids at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan) (Battle of Dandanaqan) Battle of Dandanaqan and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire) (Seljuk Empire) Seljuk Empire in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan) (Greater Khorasan) Greater Khorasan .[ 102]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad) (Baghdad) Baghdad , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate) (Abbasid Caliphate) Abbasid Caliphate 's capital and center of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age) (Islamic Golden Age) the Islamic world , was taken by Seljuks in 1055.[ 100]    Given the role (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurasani) (Khurasani) Khurasani traditions played in art, culture, and political traditions in the empire, the Seljuk period is described as a mixture of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition) (Turko-Persian tradition) Turkish, Persian and Islamic influences ".[ 103]    In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Armenia) (Medieval Armenia) medieval Armenia and Anatolia.[ 100]    At the time, Anatolia was a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenized) (Hellenized) Hellenized .[ 104]    [ 105]    [ 95]     The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert) (Battle of Manzikert) Battle of Manzikert in 1071, and later established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum) (Sultanate of Rum) the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum .[ 106]    During this period, there were also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks) (Anatolian beyliks) Turkish principalities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danishmendids) (Danishmendids) Danishmendids .[ 107]    Seljuk arrival started the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification) (Turkification) Turkification process in Anatolia;[ 105]    [ 67]    there were Turkic/Turkish migrations, intermarriages, and conversions into Islam.[ 108]    [ 109]    The shift took several centuries and happened gradually.[ 110]    [ 111]    Members of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism#Islamic_mysticism) (Mysticism) Islamic mysticism orders, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlevi_Order) (Mevlevi Order) Mevlevi Order , played a role in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization) (Islamization) Islamization of the diverse people of Anatolia.[ 112]    [ 113]    Seljuk expansion was one of the reasons for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades) (Crusades) Crusades .[ 114]    In 13th century, there was a second significant wave of Turkic migration, as people fled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire) (Mongol Empire) Mongol expansion.[ 115]    [ 116]    Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Köse_Dağ) (Battle of Köse Dağ) Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century. It was replaced by various Turkish principalities.[ 16]    [ 117]      Ottoman Empire  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireMain.png)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire at its greatest European extent, in 1683, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna) (Battle of Vienna) Battle of Vienna   Based around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Söğüt) (Söğüt) Söğüt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Beylik) (Ottoman Beylik) Ottoman Beylik was founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I) (Osman I) Osman I in the early 14th century.[ 118]    According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayı_(tribe)) (Kayı (tribe)) Kayı  tribe of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks) (Oghuz Turks) Oghuz Turks .[ 119]    Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans) (Balkans) Balkans .[ 120]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II) (Mehmed II) Mehmed II completed Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople) (Fall of Constantinople) capturing its capital, Constantinople , on 29 May 1453.[ 121]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I) (Selim I) Selim I united Anatolia under Ottoman rule.[ 122]    Turkification continued as Ottomans mixed with various indigenous people in Anatolia and the Balkans.[ 119]     The Ottoman Empire was a global power during the reigns of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I) (Selim I) Selim I and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) (Suleiman the Magnificent) Suleiman the Magnificent .[ 122]    [ 123]    In the 16th and 17th centuries, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) (History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire) Sephardic Jews moved into Ottoman Empire following their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista#Conversions_and_expulsions) (Reconquista) expulsion from Spain.[ 124]    From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Decline of the Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire began to decline . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat) (Tanzimat) Tanzimat reforms, initiated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II) (Mahmud II) Mahmud II in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876) (Ottoman constitution of 1876) Ottoman constitution of 1876 was the first among Muslim states, but was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era) (First Constitutional Era) short-lived .[ 125]    [ 126]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Topkapı_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001_cropped.jpg)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolmabahçe_Palace,_Istanbul_cropped.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkapı_Palace) (Topkapı Palace) Topkapı Palace and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmabahçe_Palace) (Dolmabahçe Palace) Dolmabahçe Palace were the primary residences of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_sultans) (Ottoman sultans) Ottoman sultans in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul between 1465 and 1856[ 127]    and 1856 to 1922,[ 128]    respectively.     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis) (Great Eastern Crisis) Ottoman economic crisis and default in 1875[ 129]    which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877–1878)) (Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) . The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire) rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples , leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidian_massacres) (Hamidian massacres) Hamidian massacres of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Armenians in the Ottoman Empire) Armenians , which claimed up to 300,000 lives.[ 130]    (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (some of this information is not in the source (November 2024)) better source needed   ]  Ottoman territories in Europe ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia) (Rumelia) Rumelia ) were lost in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War) (First Balkan War) First Balkan War (1912–1913).[ 131]    Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne) (Edirne) Edirne , in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War) (Second Balkan War) Second Balkan War (1913). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction) (Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction) persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Russian_Empire) (Persecution of Muslims) in the Russian Empire resulted in estimated 5 million deaths,[ 132]    [ 133]    with the casualties including Turks.[ 133]    Five to seven or seven to nine million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhacir) (Muhacir) refugees migrated into modern-day Turkey from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans) (Balkans) Balkans , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate) (Crimean Khanate) Crimea , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean) (Mediterranean) Mediterranean islands,[ 134]    shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia.[ 135]    In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians) (Circassians) Circassians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars) (Crimean Tatars) Crimean Tatars .[ 136]    [ 137]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mojzes) (Paul Mojzes) Paul Mojzes has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.[ 138]    Circassian refugees included the survivors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_genocide) (Circassian genocide) Circassian genocide .[ 139]     Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d'état) (1913 Ottoman coup d'état) 1913 coup d'état , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pashas) (Three Pashas) Three Pashas took control of the Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire entered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I) (World War I) World War I on the side of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers) (Central Powers) Central Powers and was ultimately defeated.[ 140]    During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Law_of_Deportation) (Temporary Law of Deportation) deported to Syria as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide) (Armenian genocide) Armenian genocide . As a result, an estimated 600,000[ 141]    to more than 1 million,[ 141]    or up to 1.5 million[ 142]    [ 143]    [ 144]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Armenians in the Ottoman Empire) Armenians were killed. The Turkish government has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial) (Armenian genocide denial) refused to acknowledge [ 20]    [ 145]    the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer) (Population transfer) "relocated " from the eastern war zone.[ 146]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides) (Late Ottoman genocides) Genocidal campaigns were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_genocide) (Assyrian genocide) Assyrians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide) (Greek genocide) Greeks .[ 147]    [ 148]    [ 149]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros) (Armistice of Mudros) Armistice of Mudros in 1918, the victorious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) (Allies of World War I) Allied Powers sought the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) (Partition of the Ottoman Empire) partition of the Ottoman Empire through the 1920 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sèvres) (Treaty of Sèvres) Treaty of Sèvres .[ 150]       Republic of Türkiye  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (History of the Republic of Turkey) History of the Republic of Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atatürk_şapkasıyla_selam_verirken.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atatürk) (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey) (List of presidents of Turkey) first President of the Turkish Republic  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul) (Occupation of Istanbul) occupation of Istanbul (1918) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna) (Occupation of Smyrna) İzmir (1919) by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I) (Allies of World War I) Allies in the aftermath of World War I initiated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement) (Turkish National Movement) Turkish National Movement . Under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha) (Mustafa Kemal Pasha) Mustafa Kemal Pasha , a military commander who had distinguished himself during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli) (Battle of Gallipoli) Battle of Gallipoli , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence) (Turkish War of Independence) Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sèvres) (Treaty of Sèvres) Treaty of Sèvres (1920).[ 151]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Provisional_Government) (Turkish Provisional Government) Turkish Provisional Government in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara , which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) 23 April 1920 , started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled.[ 152]    [ 153]    [ 154]    [ 155]    The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya) (Armistice of Mudanya) Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchical) (Monarchical) monarchical Ottoman rule. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne) (Treaty of Lausanne) Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres,[ 150]    [ 151]    led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul) (Occupation of Istanbul) Istanbul . The Turkish Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey) was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.[ 156]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Concerning_the_Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations) (Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations) Lausanne Convention stipulated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey) (Population exchange between Greece and Turkey) population exchange between Greece and Turkey .[ 157]     Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) president and introduced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk's_reforms) (Atatürk's reforms) many reforms . The reforms aimed to transform the old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)) (Millet (Ottoman Empire)) religion-based and multi-communal Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state) (Nation state) nation state that would be governed as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic) (Parliamentary republic) parliamentary republic under a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924) (Turkish Constitution of 1924) secular constitution .[ 158]    Women gained the right to vote nationally in 1934.[ 159]    With the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname_Law) (Surname Law) Surname Law , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Parliament) (Turkish Parliament) Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father Turk ).[ 151]    Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds) (Kurds) Kurdish and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazas) (Zazas) Zaza tribes leading to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion) (Sheikh Said rebellion) Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925[ 160]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion) (Dersim rebellion) Dersim rebellion in 1937.[ 161]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İsmet_İnönü) (İsmet İnönü) İsmet İnönü became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938. In 1939, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Hatay) (Republic of Hatay) Republic of Hatay voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference) (Second Cairo Conference) remained neutral during almost all of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II ,[ 162]    but entered the war on the side of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allies on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_and_Japan) (Turkish declaration of war on Germany and Japan) 23 February 1945 .[ 163]    Later that year, Turkey became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter) (United Nations Charter) charter member of the United Nations.[ 164]    In 1950 Turkey became a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe) (Council of Europe) Council of Europe . After fighting as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN) (UN) UN forces in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War , Turkey joined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin) (Mediterranean Basin) Mediterranean . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visit_of_Tansu_Çiller,_Turkish_Prime_Minister,_to_the_EC_6.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_Çiller) (Tansu Çiller) Tansu Çiller , Turkey's first female prime minister, attends a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission) (European Commission) European Commission meeting in January 1994.  Military coups or memorandums, which happened in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d'état) (1960 Turkish coup d'état) 1960 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum) (1971 Turkish military memorandum) 1971 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d'état) (1980 Turkish coup d'état) 1980 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum) (1997 Turkish military memorandum) 1997 , complicated Turkey's transition to a democratic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey) multiparty system .[ 165]    [ 166]    Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Süleyman_Demirel) (Süleyman Demirel) Süleyman Demirel , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bülent_Ecevit) (Bülent Ecevit) Bülent Ecevit and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_Özal) (Turgut Özal) Turgut Özal .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)) citation needed   ]  PKK started a "campaign of terrorist attacks on civilian and military targets" in the 1980s.[ 167]    It is designated as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_organization) (Terrorist organization) terrorist organization by Turkey,[ 168]    the United States,[ 169]    and the European Union.[ 170]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_Çiller) (Tansu Çiller) Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister of Turkey in 1993. Turkey applied for full membership of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEC) (EEC) EEC in 1987, joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union) (European Union Customs Union) European Union Customs Union in 1995 and started (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union) (Accession of Turkey to the European Union) accession negotiations with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union in 2005.[ 171]    [ 172]    Customs Union had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.[ 173]    [ 174]     In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election) (2014 Turkish presidential election) presidential election .[ 175]    On 15 July 2016, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt) (2016 Turkish coup attempt) unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the government.[ 176]    According to the Turkish government, there are 13,251 arrested or convicted people in jail as of 2024, related to the 2016 coup attempt.[ 177]    [ 178]    With a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum) (2017 Turkish constitutional referendum) referendum in 2017 , the parliamentary republic was replaced by an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_president) (Executive president) executive presidential system . The office of the prime minister was abolished, and its powers and duties were transferred to the president. On the referendum day, while the voting was still underway, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Election_Council_(Turkey)) (Supreme Election Council (Turkey)) Supreme Electoral Council lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp.[ 179]    The opposition parties claimed that as many as 2.5 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum#Unstamped_ballots) (2017 Turkish constitutional referendum) ballots without a stamp were accepted as valid.[ 179]    In 2025 the PKK declared a ceasefire.[ 180]       Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey) (Geography of Turkey) Geography of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey) (List of national parks of Turkey) List of national parks of Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey_topo.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map) (Topographic map) Topographic map of Turkey  Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles) .[ 181]    With (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_straits) (Turkish straits) Turkish straits and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara) (Sea of Marmara) Sea of Marmara in between, Turkey bridges (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia) (Western Asia) Western Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe) (Southeastern Europe) Southeastern Europe .[ 182]    Turkey's Asian side covers 97% of its surface, and is often called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia .[ 183]    Another definition of Anatolia's eastern boundary is an imprecise line from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) (Black Sea) Black Sea to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Iskenderun) (Gulf of Iskenderun) Gulf of Iskenderun .[ 184]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Thrace) (Eastern Thrace) Eastern Thrace , Turkey's European side, includes around 15% of the population and covers 3% of the surface area.[ 185]    The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea) (Aegean Sea) Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea to the south.[ 186]    Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east.[ 186]    To the south, it's bordered by Syria and Iraq.[ 187]    To the north, its Thracian area is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria.[ 186]     Turkey is divided into "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey) (Geographical regions of Turkey) seven major regions ": (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_Region) (Marmara Region) Marmara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Region) (Aegean Region) Aegean , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Anatolia) (Central Anatolia) Central Anatolia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Region) (Black Sea Region) Black Sea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia) (Eastern Anatolia) Eastern Anatolia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia) (Southeastern Anatolia) Southeastern Anatolia and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey) (Mediterranean Region, Turkey) Mediterranean .[ 186]    As a general trend, the inland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau) (Anatolian Plateau) Anatolian Plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[ 188]    Mountain ranges include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köroğlu_Mountains) (Köroğlu Mountains) Köroğlu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Mountains) (Pontic Mountains) Pontic mountain ranges to the north, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains) (Taurus Mountains) Taurus Mountains to the south. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Lakes_Region) (Turkish Lakes Region) Lakes Region contains some of the largest lakes in Turkey such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Beyşehir) (Lake Beyşehir) Lake Beyşehir and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eğirdir) (Lake Eğirdir) Lake Eğirdir . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Türkiye_tectonic_map.jpg)   Tectonic map of Turkey.[ 189]    Straight lines and lines with triangles denote different types of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)) (Fault (geology)) faults , such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault) (North Anatolian Fault) North Anatolian Fault and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault) (East Anatolian Fault) East Anatolian Fault .  Geographers have used the eastern Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_plateau) (Armenian plateau) Armenian plateau terms to refer to the mountainous area around where (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Plate) (Arabian Plate) Arabian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate) (Eurasian Plate) Eurasian tectonic plates merge. The eastern Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau definitions largely overlap.[ 190]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region) (Eastern Anatolia region) Eastern Anatolia region contains (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat) (Mount Ararat) Mount Ararat , Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet) ,[ 191]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Van) (Lake Van) Lake Van , the largest lake in the country.[ 192]    Eastern Turkey is home to the sources of rivers such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates) (Euphrates) Euphrates , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris) (Tigris) Tigris and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River) (Aras River) Aras . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region) (Southeastern Anatolia Region) Southeastern Anatolia Region includes the northern plains of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia) (Upper Mesopotamia) Upper Mesopotamia . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey) (List of earthquakes in Turkey) Earthquakes happen frequently in Turkey.[ 25]    Almost the entire population lives in areas with varying seismic risk levels, with around 70% in highest or second-highest seismic areas.[ 193]    [ 194]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_plate) (Anatolian plate) Anatolian plate is bordered by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault) (North Anatolian Fault) North Anatolian Fault zone to the north; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault) (East Anatolian Fault) East Anatolian Fault zone and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone to the east; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_subduction_zone) (Hellenic subduction zone) Hellenic and Cyprus subduction zones to the south; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea_Plate) (Aegean Sea Plate) Aegean extensional zone to the west.[ 195]    After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_İzmit_earthquake) (1999 İzmit earthquake) 1999 İzmit and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Düzce_earthquake) (1999 Düzce earthquake) 1999 Düzce earthquakes, North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".[ 196]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquakes) (2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes) 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history.[ 197]    Turkey is sometimes unfavorably compared to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) Chile , a country with a similar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) developmental level that is more successful with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_preparedness) (Earthquake preparedness) earthquake preparedness .[ 198]    [ 199]    [ 200]     Biodiversity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey) (Wildlife of Turkey) Wildlife of Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey) (Fauna of Turkey) Fauna of Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey) (Flora and vegetation of Turkey) Flora and vegetation of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey) (Environmental issues in Turkey) Environmental issues in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tulip_Festival_Emirgan_2018.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip) (Tulip) Tulip is a national flower of Turkey. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirgan_Park) (Emirgan Park) Emirgan Park in Istanbul hosts Tulip Festival each year.  Turkey has rich biodiversity,[ 201]    [ 202]    [ 24]    and includes three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot) (Biodiversity hotspot) biodiversity hotspots [ 202]    [ 24]    out of the 36 in the world.[ 24]    These are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin) (Mediterranean Basin) Mediterranean , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano-Anatolian) (Irano-Anatolian) Irano-Anatolian , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus hotspots.[ 24]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Anatolian_steppe) (Central Anatolian steppe) Central or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe) (Eastern Anatolian montane steppe) Eastern Anatolian steppe ecosystems contain wild animal and plant species whose genetic variation have important implications for the food industry, agriculture, and medicine. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Turkey) (List of ecoregions in Turkey) Other ecosystems in Turkey include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub) (Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub) Mediterranean plant types , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest) (Temperate deciduous forest) temperate deciduous forest , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra) (Alpine tundra) Alpine tundra .[ 203]    An extensive number of species of plants and animals exist in Turkey.[ 203]    These include around 197 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Turkey) (List of mammals of Turkey) mammal species , 420 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Turkey) (List of birds of Turkey) bird species , 820 marine and freshwater fish species, 130 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Turkey) (List of reptiles of Turkey) reptile species , and 10,150 vascular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Turkey) (Flora of Turkey) plant species .[ 204]    Some of these are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered) (Endangered) endangered or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered) (Critically endangered) critically endangered .[ 203]    A lot of the animal and plant species are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic) (Endemic) endemic .[ 24]     Landscapes in Turkey face a variety of threats and risks such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification) (Desertification) desertification , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion) (Soil erosion) soil erosion , declining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater) (Groundwater) groundwater levels, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity) (Soil salinity) salinization of soil . 27% of Turkey is protected, which includes conservation areas, forests, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey) (List of national parks of Turkey) national parks , biosphere reserves, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_monuments_of_Turkey) (List of natural monuments of Turkey) natural monuments , and historical sites.[ 205]    There are 50 national parks;[ 206]    most visited in 2022 were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris_National_Park) (Marmaris National Park) Marmaris National Park and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beydağları_Coastal_National_Park) (Beydağları Coastal National Park) Beydağları Coastal National Park .[ 207]    As of 2020, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_in_Turkey) (Forests in Turkey) Turkey's forests covered 29% of Turkey's surface area.[ 208]    Turkey's forests include globally largest concentrations of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani) (Cedrus libani) Cedrus libani and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cypress) (Mediterranean cypress) Mediterranean cypress trees, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands_of_Turkey) (Wetlands of Turkey) Turkey's wetlands are significant for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratory_birds) (Migratory birds) migratory birds .[ 203]      Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey) (Climate of Turkey) Climate of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey) (Climate change in Turkey) Climate change in Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temperature_and_Precipitation_in_Turkey.png)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Köppen_types_of_Turkey.jpg)       Clockwise from top left image: yearly total precipitation, yearly average temperatures, and Köppen climate types in Turkey[ 209]        (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Turkey's climate is highly varied due to rising overall elevation eastwards and the mountains that run alongside the coasts.[ 182]    Warm summers, "cool to cold" winters, and year-round wet conditions are found in the northern coasts. Rainless and hot summers, and wet, cool to mild winters describe the western and southern coasts of the country.[ 210]    Inland areas feature more severe winters, sharper temperature swings,[ 210]    and relatively low precipitation.[ 211]     According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification , Turkey has 14 distinct climate zones.[ 209]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate) (Mediterranean climate) Mediterranean climate is found in the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, and Southeastern Anatolia regions of the country. In the Black Sea area, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical) (Humid subtropical) humid subtropical and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate) (Oceanic climate) oceanic climate types are usually found. Large swaths of Central and Eastern Anatolia are classified into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid) (Semi-arid) semi-arid or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate) (Continental climate) continental climate types.[ 212]    [ 213]     Turkey is highly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_to_climate_change) (Vulnerable to climate change) vulnerable to climate change ,[ 26]    [ 214]    due to socioeconomic, climatic, and geographic factors.[ 26]    This applies to nine out of ten climate vulnerability dimensions, such as "average annual risk to wellbeing".[ 26]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD median is two out of ten.[ 26]    Inclusive and swift growth is needed for decreasing vulnerability.[ 215]    Turkey aims to achieve (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_zero_emissions) (Net zero emissions) net zero emissions by 2053.[ 216]    [ 217]    Accomplishing climate goals would require large investments, but would benefit the economy due to less illness and death from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey) (Air pollution in Turkey) Turkey's air pollution , and less fuel imports.[ 218]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey) (Politics of Turkey) Politics of Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey) (Constitution of Turkey) Constitution of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TBMM,_October_2021.jpg) (The Parliament of Turkey)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Grand National Assembly ,  the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_chamber) (Legislative chamber) legislative chamber in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidential_Palace_Main.jpg) (The Presidential Complex)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Complex_(Turkey)) (Presidential Complex (Turkey)) Presidential Complex , residence and workplace of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) President of Turkey    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Court_of_Cassation_in_Ankara2.jpg) (The Court of Cassation)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)) (Court of Cassation (Turkey)) Court of Cassation is Turkey's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court) (Supreme court) supreme court for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Turkey is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic) (Republic) republic within a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey) (Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey) multi-party system .[ 219]    Due to Erdoğan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_capture) (Judicial capture) judicial capture , imprisonment of opposition politicians and dissidents, and repression of protest movements, Turkey is not considered a democracy but rather as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_authoritarian) (Competitive authoritarian) competitive or fully (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian) (Authoritarian) authoritarian system.[ 220]    [ 221]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey) (Constitution of Turkey) current constitution was approved by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Turkish_constitutional_referendum) (1982 Turkish constitutional referendum) referendum in 1982 , which determines the government's structure, lays forth the ideals and standards of the state's conduct, and sets out the state's responsibility to its citizens. Furthermore, the constitution specifies the people's rights and obligations, as well as principles for the delegation and exercise of sovereignty that belongs to the people of Turkey.[ 222]     In the Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_system) (Unitary system) unitary system , citizens are subject to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey) (Administrative divisions of Turkey) three levels of government : national, provincial, and local. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government) (Local government) local government 's duties are commonly split between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_corporation) (Municipal corporation) municipal governments and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey) (Districts of Turkey) districts , in which the executive and legislative officials are elected by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_vote) (Plurality vote) plurality vote of citizens by district. Turkey is subdivided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey) (Provinces of Turkey) 81 provinces for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Turkey) (List of districts in Turkey) 973 districts . National government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Turkey) (Government of Turkey) Government of Turkey  The government, regulated by a system of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers) (Separation of powers) separation of powers as defined by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey) (Constitution of Turkey) constitution of Turkey , comprises three branches: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative) (Legislative) Legislative : The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral) (Unicameral) unicameral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Parliament makes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law) (Law) laws , debates and adopts the budget bills, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war) (Declaration of war) declares war , approves treaties, proclaims (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty) (Amnesty) amnesty and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon) (Pardon) pardon , and has the power of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment) (Impeachment) impeachment , by which it can remove incumbent members of the government.[ 223]    The Parliament has 600 voting members, each representing a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency) (Constituency) constituency for a five-year term. Parliamentary seats are distributed among the provinces by population, conforming with the census apportionment. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)) (Executive (government)) Executive : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) The president is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the military, can veto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)) (Bill (law)) legislative bills before they become law (subject to parliamentary override), can issue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree) (Decree) presidential decrees on matters regarding executive power with the exception of fundamental rights, individual rights and certain political rights (parliamentary laws prevail presidential decrees), and appoints the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey) (Cabinet of Turkey) members of the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce national laws and policies.[ 224]    The president is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections) (Turkish presidential elections) elected by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_vote) (Direct vote) direct vote and serves a five-year term. The president cannot run for re-elections after two terms of five-years, unless the parliament prematurely renews the presidential elections during the second term of the President. Elections for the Parliament and presidential elections are held on the same day. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial) (Judicial) Judicial : The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey) (Constitutional Court of Turkey) Constitutional Court (for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality) (Constitutionality) constitutional adjudication and review of individual applications concerning human rights), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_of_Turkey) (Court of Cassation of Turkey) Court of Cassation (final decision maker in ordinary judiciary), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Council_of_State) (Turkish Council of State) Council of State (final decision maker in administrative judiciary) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes) (Court of Jurisdictional Disputes) Court of Jurisdictional Disputes (for resolving the disputes between courts for constitutional jurisdiction) are the four organizations that are described by the Constitution as supreme courts. The Constitutional Court is composed of fifteen judges and are appointed by the president and the parliament.[ 5]    A member is elected for a term of twelve years and cannot be re-elected. The members of the Constitutional Court are obliged to retire when they are over the age of sixty-five.[ 225]      The three-branch system is known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) (Presidential system) presidential system , in contrast to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) (Parliamentary system) parliamentary system where the executive is part of the legislative body.  Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey) (Administrative divisions of Turkey) Administrative divisions of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey) (Regions of Turkey) Regions of Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_of_Turkey) (NUTS of Turkey) NUTS of Turkey  Turkey is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) (Unitary state) unitary state . Its administrative system includes central and local administration. Central administration consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government) (Central government) central government in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara , and local departments such as 81 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey) (Provinces of Turkey) provinces and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey) (Districts of Turkey) their subdivisions . Local administration authorities consist of metropolitan municipalities, municipalities, neighborhoods or villages, and special provincial administrations. For economic and geographic reasons, Turkey is also categorized into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey) (Geographical regions of Turkey) seven regions and 21 sub-regions.[ 226]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlankMapTurkeyProvinces.png) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara_Province) (Ankara Province) Ankara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kırklareli_Province) (Kırklareli Province) Kırklareli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne_Province) (Edirne Province) Edirne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirdağ_Province) (Tekirdağ Province) Tekirdağ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çanakkale_Province) (Çanakkale Province) Çanakkale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balıkesir_Province) (Balıkesir Province) Balıkesir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_Province) (Bursa Province) Bursa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalova_Province) (Yalova Province) Yalova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Province) (Istanbul Province) Istanbul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocaeli_Province) (Kocaeli Province) Kocaeli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakarya_Province) (Sakarya Province) Sakarya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Düzce_Province) (Düzce Province) Düzce  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonguldak_Province) (Zonguldak Province) Zonguldak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolu_Province) (Bolu Province) Bolu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilecik_Province) (Bilecik Province) Bilecik  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskişehir_Province) (Eskişehir Province) Eskişehir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kütahya_Province) (Kütahya Province) Kütahya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisa_Province) (Manisa Province) Manisa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir_Province) (İzmir Province) İzmir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydın_Province) (Aydın Province) Aydın  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muğla_Province) (Muğla Province) Muğla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizli_Province) (Denizli Province) Denizli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdur_Province) (Burdur Province) Burdur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uşak_Province) (Uşak Province) Uşak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province) (Afyonkarahisar Province) Afyonkarahisar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isparta_Province) (Isparta Province) Isparta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province) (Antalya Province) Antalya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya_Province) (Konya Province) Konya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_Province) (Mersin Province) Mersin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaman_Province) (Karaman Province) Karaman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksaray_Province) (Aksaray Province) Aksaray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kırşehir_Province) (Kırşehir Province) Kırşehir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kırıkkale_Province) (Kırıkkale Province) Kırıkkale  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çankırı_Province) (Çankırı Province) Çankırı  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabük_Province) (Karabük Province) Karabük  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartın_Province) (Bartın Province) Bartın  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastamonu_Province) (Kastamonu Province) Kastamonu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinop_Province) (Sinop Province) Sinop  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çorum_Province) (Çorum Province) Çorum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozgat_Province) (Yozgat Province) Yozgat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevşehir_Province) (Nevşehir Province) Nevşehir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niğde_Province) (Niğde Province) Niğde  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Province) (Adana Province) Adana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay_Province) (Hatay Province) Hatay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaniye_Province) (Osmaniye Province) Osmaniye  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahramanmaraş_Province) (Kahramanmaraş Province) K. Maraş  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri_Province) (Kayseri Province) Kayseri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas_Province) (Sivas Province) Sivas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokat_Province) (Tokat Province) Tokat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya_Province) (Amasya Province) Amasya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_Province) (Samsun Province) Samsun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu_Province) (Ordu Province) Ordu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giresun_Province) (Giresun Province) Giresun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan_Province) (Erzincan Province) Erzincan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malatya_Province) (Malatya Province) Malatya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep_Province) (Gaziantep Province) Gaziantep  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilis_Province) (Kilis Province) Kilis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şanlıurfa_Province) (Şanlıurfa Province) Şanlıurfa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adıyaman_Province) (Adıyaman Province) Adıyaman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gümüşhane_Province) (Gümüşhane Province) Gümüşhane  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_Province) (Trabzon Province) Trabzon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_Province) (Rize Province) Rize  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayburt_Province) (Bayburt Province) Bayburt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Province) (Erzurum Province) Erzurum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artvin_Province) (Artvin Province) Artvin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_Province) (Ardahan Province) Ardahan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_Province) (Kars Province) Kars  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ağrı_Province) (Ağrı Province) Ağrı  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iğdır_Province) (Iğdır Province) Iğdır  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunceli_Province) (Tunceli Province) Tunceli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazığ_Province) (Elazığ Province) Elazığ  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakır_Province) (Diyarbakır Province) Diyarbakır  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province) (Mardin Province) Mardin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Province) (Batman Province) Batman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt_Province) (Siirt Province) Siirt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şırnak_Province) (Şırnak Province) Şırnak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Province) (Bitlis Province) Bitlis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingöl_Province) (Bingöl Province) Bingöl  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muş_Province) (Muş Province) Muş  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Province) (Van Province) Van  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkâri_Province) (Hakkâri Province) Hakkâri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Turkey_Labelled_Map) (Template:Turkey Labelled Map)        Parties and elections  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey) (Elections in Turkey) Elections in Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_in_Turkey) (Political parties in Turkey) Political parties in Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_cycle_of_Turkey) (Electoral cycle of Turkey) Electoral cycle of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_President_Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan_in_January_2024_(cropped).jpg) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdoğan) (Recep Tayyip Erdoğan) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) President    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cevdet_Yilmaz_(cropped).jpg) (Cevdet Yılmaz)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevdet_Yılmaz) (Cevdet Yılmaz) Cevdet Yılmaz  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey) (Vice President of Turkey) Vice President       (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Turkish_local_elections.svg)   Results of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections) (2024 Turkish local elections) 2024 Turkish local elections   Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections) (Turkish presidential elections) presidential (national), parliamentary (national), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey) (Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey) municipality mayors (local), district mayors (local), provincial or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Turkey) (List of municipalities in Turkey) municipal council members (local), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhtar_(title)) (Muhtar (title)) muhtars (local). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum) (Referendum) Referendums are also held occasionally. Every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_vote) (Right to vote) right to vote and stand as a candidate at elections.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) (Universal suffrage) Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934.[ 227]    In Turkey, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout) (Voter turnout) turnout rates of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 80%.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)) citation needed   ]  President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is currently serving as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) head of government .[ 228]    [ 229]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Özgür_Özel) (Özgür Özel) Özgür Özel is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_Main_Opposition_Leaders_of_Turkey) (List of the Main Opposition Leaders of Turkey) Main Opposition Leader . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_threshold) (Electoral threshold) electoral threshold for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes.[ 230]    Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_candidates) (Independent candidates) Independent candidates are not subject to an electoral threshold. On the right side of the Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum) (Political spectrum) political spectrum , parties like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946–1961)) (Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)) Democrat Party , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)) (Justice Party (Turkey)) Justice Party , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)) (Motherland Party (Turkey)) Motherland Party , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)) (Justice and Development Party (Turkey)) Justice and Development Party became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing) (Right-wing) right-wing parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism) (Conservatism) conservatism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism) (Nationalism) nationalism or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamism .[ 231]    On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People's_Party) (Republican People's Party) Republican People's Party , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Populist_Party) (Social Democratic Populist Party) Social Democratic Populist Party and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Party_(Turkey)) (Democratic Left Party (Turkey)) Democratic Left Party once enjoyed the largest electoral success. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing) (Left-wing) Left-wing parties are more likely to embrace the principles of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism) (Socialism) socialism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism) (Kemalism) Kemalism or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism) (Secularism) secularism .[ 232]     The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey) (List of political parties in Turkey) political parties that it deems (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey) (Secularism in Turkey) anti-secular or having ties to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey) (Terrorism in Turkey) terrorism , or ban their existence altogether.[ 233]    [ 234]    On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples'_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)) (Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)) HDP and the main opposition (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People's_Party) (Republican People's Party) CHP party.[ 235]    [ 236]    In its 2023 report, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission) (European Commission) European Commission criticized how democratic institutions in Turkey operate.[ 237]    The criticism was rejected by Turkey.[ 238]      Law  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey) (Judicial system of Turkey) Judicial system of Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey) (Law enforcement in Turkey) Law enforcement in Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Turkey) (Hate speech laws in Turkey) Hate speech laws in Turkey  With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)) (Civil law (legal system)) civil law legal system, replacing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia -derived (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_law) (Ottoman law) Ottoman law . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_civil_code_(1926)) (Turkish civil code (1926)) Civil Code , adopted in 1926, was based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code) (Swiss Civil Code) Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Code_of_Obligations) (Swiss Code of Obligations) Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Code) (Criminal Code) Criminal Code , originally based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_law_codes#Penal_Code) (Italian law codes) Italian Criminal Code , was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Penal_Code) (German Penal Code) German Penal Code and German law generally. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law) (Administrative law) Administrative law is based on the French equivalent and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_law) (Procedural law) procedural law generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems.[ 239]    Islamic principles do not play a part in the legal system.[ 240]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey) (Law enforcement in Turkey) Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)) (Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)) Ministry of Internal Affairs . These agencies are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)) (General Directorate of Security (Turkey)) General Directorate of Security , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command) (Gendarmerie General Command) Gendarmerie General Command and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command) (Coast Guard Command) Coast Guard Command .[ 241]    In the years of government by the Justice and Development Party and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey, because of political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors and in their pursuit of public duty.[ 242]    [ 243]    [ 244]      Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey) (Foreign relations of Turkey) Foreign relations of Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:300622-SanchezOTANSegunda3.jpg)   Turkey has been a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO since 1952, has its second largest army and is the host of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Land_Command) (Allied Land Command) Allied Land Command headquarters.  Turkey has been characterized as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power) (Emerging power) emerging ,[ 245]    rising,[ 246]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle ,[ 247]    quasi-regional,[ 248]    and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power) (Regional power) regional power.[ 249]    [ 250]    Turkey's constant foreign policy goal is to pursue its national interests. These interests are mainly growing the economy, and maintaining security from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey) (Terrorism in Turkey) internal terrorist and external threats.[ 251]    After the establishment of the Republic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk) (Atatürk) Atatürk and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İsmet_İnönü) (İsmet İnönü) İnönü followed the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_at_home,_peace_in_the_world) (Peace at home, peace in the world) peace at home, peace in the world " principle until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War 's start.[ 252]    Following (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_territorial_claims_against_Turkey) (Soviet territorial claims against Turkey) threats from the Soviet Union , Turkey sought to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey–United_States_relations) (Turkey–United States relations) ally with the United States and joined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) (NATO) NATO in 1952.[ 253]    [ 252]     Overall, Turkey aims for good relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus , Russia, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East , and Iran. With the West, Turkey also aims to keep its arrangements.[ 254]    By trading with the east and joining the EU, Turkey pursues economic growth.[ 254]    Turkey joined the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union) (European Union Customs Union) European Union Customs Union in 1995,[ 255]    but (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union) (Accession of Turkey to the European Union) its EU accession talks are frozen as of 2024.[ 256]     Turkey has sought closer relations with the Central Asian Turkic states after the breakup of the Soviet Union.[ 257]    Closer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan–Turkey_relations) (Azerbaijan–Turkey relations) relations with Azerbaijan , a culturally close country, was achieved.[ 257]    Turkey is a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture) (International Organization of Turkic Culture) International Organization of Turkic Culture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Organization of Turkic States) Organization of Turkic States .[ 258]    [ 259]    It is also a member of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe) (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe) (Council of Europe) Council of Europe , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .[ 260]     Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring) (Arab Spring) Arab Spring , Turkey had problems with countries such as United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.[ 261]    Relations with these countries have improved since then.[ 261]    [ 262]    [ 263]    There are disputes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_dispute) (Aegean dispute) with Greece over maritime boundaries and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus–Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute) (Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute) with Cyprus .[ 264]    In 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces began an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch) (Operation Olive Branch) operation in Syria aimed at ousting US-backed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPG) (YPG) YPG (which Turkey considers to be an offshoot of the outlawed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKK) (PKK) PKK )[ 265]    [ 168]    from the enclave of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin,_Syria) (Afrin, Syria) Afrin .[ 266]    [ 267]    Turkey has also conducted airstrikes in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan) (Iraqi Kurdistan) Iraqi Kurdistan , which was criticized by Iraq for violating its sovereignty and killing civilians.[ 268]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–Turkey_relations) (Israel–Turkey relations) Diplomatic relations with Israel were damaged after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Gaza_flotilla_raid) (2010 Gaza flotilla raid) 2010 Gaza flotilla raid ,[ 269]    normalized in 2016,[ 270]    and cut again following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip) (Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip .[ 271]    In 2024, Turkey stopped trading with Israel.[ 271]      Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces) (Turkish Armed Forces) Turkish Armed Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey) (Military history of Turkey) Military history of Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces) (Turkish Land Forces) Turkish Land Forces , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces) (Turkish Naval Forces) Turkish Naval Forces , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force) (Turkish Air Force) Turkish Air Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG-TAI-TFX.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAI_TF_Kaan) (TAI TF Kaan) TAI TF Kaan is currently being produced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries) (Turkish Aerospace Industries) Turkish Aerospace Industries for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force) (Turkish Air Force) Turkish Air Force .[ 272]    [ 273]    [ 274]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces) (Turkish Armed Forces) Turkish Armed Forces are responsible for defense against foreign threats. Although the commander-in-chief is the president, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces) (General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces) General Staff , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force) (Turkish Air Force) Air Force , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces) (Turkish Naval Forces) Naval Force , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces) (Turkish Land Forces) Land Force usually report to the Minister of National Defence.[ 275]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command) (Gendarmerie General Command) Gendarmerie General Command and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Command) (Coast Guard Command) Coast Guard Command are under the jurisdiction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)) (Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)) Ministry of the Interior .[ 276]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey) (Conscription in Turkey) Military service is required for 6–12 months for men,[ 277]    which is reduced to one month after paying a fee.[ 278]    Turkey does not recognize (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objection) (Conscientious objection) conscientious objection and does not offer a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service) (Alternative civilian service) civilian alternative to military service.[ 279]     Turkey has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO#Military_personnel) (Member states of NATO) second-largest military force in NATO, after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) (United States Armed Forces) United States , with an estimated strength of 890,700 military personnel as of February 2022.[ 280]    Turkey is considered a significant power in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle) (Unmanned aerial vehicle) unmanned aerial vehicles .[ 281]    As part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing) (Nuclear sharing) nuclear sharing policy of NATO, Turkey hosts approximately 20 United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb) (B61 nuclear bomb) B61 nuclear bombs at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base) (Incirlik Air Base) Incirlik Air Base .[ 282]    [ 283]    In recent years, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey) (Defense industry of Turkey) Turkey's defense industry has developed rapidly.[ 284]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aselsan) (Aselsan) Aselsan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries) (Turkish Aerospace Industries) Turkish Aerospace Industries , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan) (Roketsan) Roketsan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASFAT) (ASFAT) ASFAT are among the top 100 defense companies in the world.[ 285]     Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Brigade) (Turkish Brigade) since the Korean War , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping) (Peacekeeping) peacekeeping missions in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_I) (United Nations Operation in Somalia I) Somalia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force) (United Nations Protection Force) Yugoslavia and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield) (Operation Ocean Shield) Horn of Africa . It supported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War) (Coalition of the Gulf War) coalition forces in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) First Gulf War , contributed military personnel to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force) (International Security Assistance Force) International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, and remains active in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force) (Kosovo Force) Kosovo Force , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocorps) (Eurocorps) Eurocorps and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Battlegroup) (EU Battlegroup) EU Battlegroups .[ 286]    [ 287]    As of 2016, Turkey has assisted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshmerga) (Peshmerga) Peshmerga forces in northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces) (Somali Armed Forces) Somali Armed Forces with security and training.[ 288]    [ 289]    The Turkish Armed Forces have a relatively substantial military presence abroad,[ 290]    with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases) (List of countries with overseas military bases) military bases in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_Liman_Base) (Pasha Liman Base) Albania ,[ 291]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq–Turkey_relations#Turkish_military_presence_in_Iraq) (Iraq–Turkey relations) Iraq ,[ 292]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar–Turkey_relations#Turkish_military_presence_in_Qatar) (Qatar–Turkey relations) Qatar ,[ 293]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_TURKSOM) (Camp TURKSOM) Somalia .[ 294]    The country also maintains a force of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military_forces_in_Northern_Cyprus) (Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus) 36,000 troops in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus since 1974.[ 295]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey) (Human rights in Turkey) Human rights in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feminist_protest_from_Turkey.jpg)   Women demonstrating and asking for non-interference with their clothing in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadıköy) (Kadıköy) Kadıköy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul [ 296]      Article 2 of the Turkish Constitution includes references to upholding the rule of law and human rights.[ 297]    In the 2000s, legal changes were made for public use of and teaching in the Kurdish language. This included opening a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRT_Kurdî) (TRT Kurdî) Kurdish-language national TV channel . Various "openings" were made to address concerns of minorities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi) (Alevi) Alevi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) ethnic Kurds , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey) (Romani people in Turkey) ethnic Romani people .[ 298]    Sentences for violence against women were strengthened.[ 298]     In 2013, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests) (Gezi Park protests) widespread protests erupted, sparked by a plan to demolish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park) (Gezi Park) Gezi Park but soon growing into general anti-government dissent.[ 299]     Prior to 1858, Ottoman Empire had "a lenient legal accommodation of same-sex intimacy". When prosecuted, the punishment was monetary fines. In 1858, the 1810 French Penal Code was adopted by the Ottomans, which had no penalties for same-sex intimacy that is private.[ 300]    Under the Republic, same sex acts have never been criminalized.[ 301]    However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and even violence.[ 302]    In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should have equal rights, which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey in 2018 found that the proportion of people who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019.[ 303]    [ 304]     When the annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Pride) (Istanbul Pride) Istanbul Pride was inaugurated in 2003, Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march.[ 305]    Since 2015, parades at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square) (Taksim Square) Taksim Square and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İstiklal_Avenue) (İstiklal Avenue) İstiklal Avenue have been denied government permission, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year.[ 306]    The bans were criticized.[ 306]     As of 2023, Turkey was the country with the highest number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) (European Court of Human Rights) European Court of Human Rights cases.[ 307]        Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey) (Economy of Turkey) Economy of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey) (Economic history of Turkey) Economic history of Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey) (Tourism in Turkey) Tourism in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Türkiye-gdp-worldbank-constant-usd.png)   Turkey's nominal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) gross domestic product between 1960 and 2023 in 2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_dollars) (Constant dollars) constant US dollars [ 308]    [ 309]      Turkey is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_income) (Gross national income) upper-middle -income country and an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market) (Emerging market) emerging market .[ 194]    [ 310]    A founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) (OECD) OECD and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20) (G20) G20 , it has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 16th-largest economy by nominal and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 11th-largest by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP -adjusted GDP in the world.[ 8]    It is classified among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_countries) (Newly industrialized countries) newly industrialized countries . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_sector) (Service sector) service sector accounts for 61% of the economy, whereas industry accounts for 32% and agriculture contributes about 7%.[ 311]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF) (IMF) IMF estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $43,790 in 2025, while its nominal GDP per capita is $18,200.[ 8]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment) (Foreign direct investment) Foreign direct investment in Turkey peaked at $22.05 billion in 2007 and dropped to $13.09 billion in 2022.[ 312]    Potential growth is weakened by long-lasting structural and macro obstacles, such as slow rates of productivity growth and high inflation.[ 194]     Turkey has a diversified economy; main industries include automobiles, electronics, textiles, construction, steel, mining, and food processing.[ 313]    Machinery and manufacturing lead among products in Turkey's merchandise exports.[ 314]    Turkey is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities) (List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities) major agricultural producer .[ 315]    It ranks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production) (List of countries by steel production) 8th in crude steel production , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production) (List of countries by motor vehicle production) 13th in motor vehicle production , ship building (by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage) (Tonnage) tonnage ), and annual industrial robot installation in the world.[ 316]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey) (Automotive industry in Turkey) Turkish automative companies include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMSA) (TEMSA) TEMSA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokar) (Otokar) Otokar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_(Turkey)) (BMC (Turkey)) BMC and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togg) (Togg) Togg . Togg is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arçelik) (Arçelik) Arçelik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestel) (Vestel) Vestel , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beko) (Beko) Beko are major manufacturers of consumer electronics.[ 317]    Arçelik is one of the largest producers of household goods in the world.[ 318]    In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list.[ 319]    It is also the fifth largest in the world in terms of textile exports.[ 320]    (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS) (Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS) (This claim needs references to more current sources. (May 2026)) obsolete source   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodrum_Harbour,_Türkiye.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum) (Bodrum) Bodrum in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Riviera) (Turkish Riviera) Turkish Riviera . Bodrum peninsula is a high-end spot for vacationers.[ 321]      Turkey's services exports are mostly transport and tourism.[ 322]    Tourism accounts for about 8% of Turkey's GDP.[ 323]    In 2024, Turkey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings#Most_visited_destinations_by_international_tourist_arrivals) (World Tourism rankings) ranked fourth in the world in the number of international tourist arrivals with 60.6 million foreign tourists.[ 324]    Turkey has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey) (List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey) 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey_(Tentative_list)) (List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey (Tentative list)) 84 World Heritage Sites in tentative list . Turkey is home to 625 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Flag_beaches) (Blue Flag beaches) Blue Flag beaches , third most in the world.[ 325]    In 2024, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromonitor_International) (Euromonitor International) Euromonitor International ranked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya) (Antalya) Antalya among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors) (List of cities by international visitors) the top ten most visited cities in the world .[ 326]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines) (Turkish Airlines) Turkish Airlines is one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_airlines_in_the_world) (Largest airlines in the world) largest airlines in the world . Between 2007 and 2021, the share of population below the PPP-$6.85 per day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold) (Poverty threshold) international poverty threshold declined from 20% to 7.6%.[ 194]    In 2023, 13.9% of the population was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate.[ 327]    In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat) (Eurostat) Eurostat definition.[ 328]    Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022.[ 329]    In 2021, it was estimated that 47% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.[ 330]    Compared to the OECD average, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_force_participation) (Labor force participation) labor force participation of women is lower. Affordable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcare) (Childcare) childcare and better (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave) (Parental leave) parental leave policies are needed to lift women's employment.[ 217]     Infrastructure  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey) (Energy in Turkey) Energy in Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey) (Renewable energy in Turkey) Renewable energy in Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey) (Transport in Turkey) Transport in Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Turkey) (Communications in Turkey) Communications in Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Turkey) (Water supply and sanitation in Turkey) Water supply and sanitation in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Türkiye_installed_electricity_capacity.png)   Installed electricity capacity in Turkey between 2000 and 2024 in terms of gigawatts[ 331]      Turkey is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production) (List of countries by electricity production) 15th-largest electricity and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production) (List of countries by renewable electricity production) 13th-largest renewable electricity producer in the world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey) (Energy in Turkey) Turkey's energy generation capacity increased significantly, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey) (Renewable energy in Turkey) electricity generation from renewable sources tripling in the past decade.[ 332]    [ 333]    It produced 43.8% of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Turkey) (Electricity sector in Turkey) its electricity from such sources in 2019.[ 334]    Turkey is also the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#Utility-grade_stations) (Geothermal power) fourth-largest producer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey) (Geothermal energy in Turkey) geothermal power in the world.[ 335]    Turkey's first nuclear power station, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkuyu_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant) Akkuyu , will increase diversification of its energy mix.[ 336]    When it comes to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption#Final_consumption) (World energy supply and consumption) total final consumption , fossil fuels still play a large role, accounting for 73%.[ 337]    A major reason of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey's_greenhouse_gas_emissions) (Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions) Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey) (Coal in Turkey) large proportion of coal in the energy system.[ 338]    While the government has invested in low carbon energy transition, there are some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies#Turkey) (Fossil fuel subsidies) fossil fuel subsidies until at least 2030.[ 339]    [ 340]    By 2053, Turkey aims to have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_zero_emissions) (Net zero emissions) net zero emissions .[ 216]    [ 217]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:İstanbul_Yeni_Havalimanı_airport_Dec_2019.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Airport) (Istanbul Airport) Istanbul Airport is one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic) (List of busiest airports by passenger traffic) top 10 busiest airports in the world .  Turkey has made (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security) (Energy security) energy security a top priority, given its heavy reliance on gas and oil imports.[ 336]    Turkey's main energy supply sources are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Russia) (Energy in Russia) Russia , West Asia, and Central Asia.[ 254]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey) (Gas in Turkey) Gas production began in 2023 in the recently discovered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakarya_gas_field) (Sakarya gas field) Sakarya gas field . When fully operational, it will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically.[ 341]    [ 342]    Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation.[ 343]    Several oil and gas pipelines span the country, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Stream) (Blue Stream) Blue Stream , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurkStream) (TurkStream) TurkStream , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipelines.[ 343]     As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoyol) (Otoyol) controlled-access highways and 29,373 kilometers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highways) (Divided highways) divided highways .[ 344]    Multiple bridges and tunnels connect Asian and European sides of Turkey; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çanakkale_1915_Bridge) (Çanakkale 1915 Bridge) Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles) (Dardanelles) Dardanelles strait is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans#Completed_suspension_bridges) (List of longest suspension bridge spans) longest suspension bridge in the world .[ 345]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaray) (Marmaray) Marmaray and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel) (Eurasia Tunnel) Eurasia tunnels under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus) (Bosporus) Bosporus connect both sides of Istanbul.[ 346]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Gazi_Bridge) (Osman Gazi Bridge) Osman Gazi Bridge connects the northern and southern shores of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_İzmit) (Gulf of İzmit) Gulf of İzmit . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways) (Turkish State Railways) Turkish State Railways operates both conventional and high speed trains, with the government expanding both.[ 347]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey) (High-speed rail in Turkey) High-speed rail lines include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara-Istanbul_high-speed_railway) (Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway) Ankara-Istanbul , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara-Konya_high-speed_railway) (Ankara-Konya high-speed railway) Ankara-Konya , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara–Sivas_high-speed_railway) (Ankara–Sivas high-speed railway) Ankara-Sivas routes.[ 348]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Metro) (Istanbul Metro) Istanbul Metro is the largest subway network in the country with around 704 million annual ridership in 2019.[ 349]    There are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Turkey) (List of airports in Turkey) 115 airports as of 2024.[ 350]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Airport) (Istanbul Airport) Istanbul Airport is one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic) (List of busiest airports by passenger traffic) top 10 busiest airports in the world. Turkey aims to become a transportation hub.[ 351]    [ 352]    It is part of various routes that connect Asia and Europe, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Caspian_International_Transport_Route) (Trans-Caspian International Transport Route) the Middle Corridor .[ 352]    In 2024, Turkey, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar signed an agreement to link Iraqi port facilities to Turkey via road and rail connections.[ 353]      Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey) (Science and technology in Turkey) Science and technology in Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey) (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TaiIDEF2015_(8).JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk-1) (Göktürk-1) Göktürk-1 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk-2) (Göktürk-2) Göktürk-2 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk-3) (Göktürk-3) Göktürk-3 are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite) (Earth observation satellite) Earth observation satellites of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)) (Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)) Turkish Ministry of National Defense , while state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türksat_(company)) (Türksat (company)) Türksat operates the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türksat_(satellite)) (Türksat (satellite)) Türksat series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite) (Communications satellite) communications satellites .  Turkey's spending on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development) (Research and development) research and development as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2023,[ 354]    although it is still around half of the average for the OECD.[ 355]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles) (List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles) Turkey ranks 16th in the world in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Index) (Nature Index) Nature Index .[ 356]    [ 357]    Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators#Latest_filing_trends_by_country_of_origin) (World Intellectual Property Indicators) Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications .[ 358]    In 2025, Turkey ranked 43rd in the world in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index .[ 359]    [ 360]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TÜBİTAK) (TÜBİTAK) TÜBİTAK is one of the main agencies for funding and carrying out research.[ 361]    [ 362]    [ 363]     Although Turkey needs more national innovation,[ 364]    it is improving in areas such as high technology and defense.[ 355]    To boost the output of high-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added) (Value-added) value-added products, Turkey launched its National Technology Initiative in 2019.[ 365]    In line with its research priorities, Turkey developed roadmaps in various areas such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science) (Materials science) advanced materials , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) (Artificial intelligence) artificial intelligence , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology) (Biotechnology) biotechnology , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things) (Internet of things) internet of things , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics) (Nanoelectronics) nanoelectronics , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics) (Robotics) robotics , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology) (Quantum technology) quantum technology .[ 362]    Some of the main science and technology programs include the National Research Program, Industry and Technology Strategy, Climate Change Strategy, National Artificial Intelligence Strategy, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_program_of_Turkey) (Space program of Turkey) National Space Program .[ 362]    In 2024 and 2025, Turkey's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_accelerator) (Electron accelerator) electron accelerator ,[ 366]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer) (Quantum computer) quantum computer ,[ 367]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türksat_6A) (Türksat 6A) communication satellite manufactured domestically became operational.[ 368]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey) (Demographics of Turkey) Demographics of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turkish people  According to the Address-Based Population Recording System , the country's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection.[ 7]    93% lived in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) (Urban area) province and district centers .[ 7]    People within the 15–64 and 0–14 age groups corresponded to 68.3% and 21.4% of the total population, respectively. Those aged 65 years or older made up 10.2%.[ 7]    Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million;[ 369]    however, the population growth rate was 0.1% in 2023.[ 7]    In 2023, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) total fertility rate was 1.51 children per woman, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility) (Sub-replacement fertility) below the replacement rate of 2.10 per woman .[ 370]    In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman.[ 371]        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey) (Template:Largest cities in Turkey) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey) (Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute) (Turkish Statistical Institute) TÜİK 's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published on 7 February 2024.    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population) (List of cities in Turkey by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey) (List of cities in Turkey) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population) (List of cities in Turkey by population) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population) (List of cities in Turkey by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey) (List of cities in Turkey) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population) (List of cities in Turkey by population) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul  15,655,924 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin) (Mersin) Mersin  1,938,389  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara  5,803,482 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakır) (Diyarbakır) Diyarbakır  1,818,133  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir) (İzmir) İzmir  4,479,525 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatay) (Hatay) Hatay  1,544,640  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa) (Bursa) Bursa  3,214,571 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisa) (Manisa) Manisa  1,475,716  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya) (Antalya) Antalya  2,696,249 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri) (Kayseri) Kayseri  1,445,683  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya) (Konya) Konya  2,320,241 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun) (Samsun) Samsun  1,377,546  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana) (Adana) Adana  2,270,298 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balıkesir) (Balıkesir) Balıkesir  1,273,519  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şanlıurfa) (Şanlıurfa) Şanlıurfa  2,213,964 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirdağ) (Tekirdağ) Tekirdağ  1,167,059  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep) (Gaziantep) Gaziantep  2,164,134 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydın) (Aydın) Aydın  1,161,702  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocaeli_Province) (Kocaeli Province) Kocaeli  2,102,907 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey) (Van, Turkey) Van  1,127,612     (./Category:Pages_using_largest_cities_with_class#info%20)   Ethnicity and language  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turkish people , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey) (Minorities in Turkey) Minorities in Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey) (Languages of Turkey) Languages of Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language) (Turkish language) Turkish language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurdish_population_by_region_(KONDA_2010).png)   Percentage of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) ethnic Kurds in Turkey by region (2010)[ 372]      Article 66 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Constitution) (Turkish Constitution) Turkish Constitution defines a Turk as anyone who is a citizen.[ 373]    It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey.[ 374]    Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Turkish_census) (1965 Turkish census) 1965 Turkish census .[ 375]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) the World Factbook , 70–75% of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks.[ 4]    Based on a survey, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy) (KONDA Research and Consultancy) KONDA 's estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as Turk .[ 376]    In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as such in a survey.[ 377]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) Kurds are the largest ethnic minority.[ 378]    Their exact numbers remain disputed,[ 378]    with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population.[ 379]    The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ağrı_Province) (Ağrı Province) Ağrı , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Province) (Batman Province) Batman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingöl_Province) (Bingöl Province) Bingöl , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Province) (Bitlis Province) Bitlis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakır_Province) (Diyarbakır Province) Diyarbakır , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_Province) (Hakkari Province) Hakkari , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iğdır_Province) (Iğdır Province) Iğdır , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province) (Mardin Province) Mardin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muş_Province) (Muş Province) Muş , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt_Province) (Siirt Province) Siirt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şırnak_Province) (Şırnak Province) Şırnak , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunceli_Province) (Tunceli Province) Tunceli and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Province) (Van Province) Van ; a near majority in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şanlıurfa_Province) (Şanlıurfa Province) Şanlıurfa (47%); and a large minority in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_Province) (Kars Province) Kars (20%).[ 380]    In addition, internal migration has resulted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora) (Kurdish diaspora) Kurdish diaspora communities in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world.[ 381]    19% of adult citizens identified as ethnic Kurds in a survey in 2021.[ 377]    Some people have multiple ethnic identities, such as both Turk and Kurd.[ 382]    [ 383]    In 2006, an estimated 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related from interethnic marriages.[ 384]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-TurkicLanguages.png)   Areas with speakers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages) (Turkic languages) Turkic languages   According to the World Factbook, non-Kurdish ethnic minorities are 7–12% of the population.[ 4]    In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population; these were people who gave general descriptions such as Turkish citizen, people with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people) (Turkic people) other Turkic backgrounds , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey) (Arabs in Turkey) Arabs , and others.[ 376]    In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey.[ 377]    According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey) (Minorities in Turkey) minorities in Turkey : the three non-Muslim minorities recognized in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne) (Treaty of Lausanne) Treaty of Lausanne ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey) (Armenians in Turkey) Armenians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey) (Greeks in Turkey) Greeks , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey) (Jews in Turkey) Jews [ d]    ) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Turkey) (Bulgarians in Turkey) Bulgarians .[ e]    [ 388]    [ 389]    [ 390]    In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey) (Assyrians in Turkey) Assyrians in Turkey and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language) (Syriac language) Syriac language .[ 391]    [ 392]    [ 393]    Other unrecognized ethnic groups include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Turkey) (Crimean Tatars in Turkey) Crimean Tatars , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey) (Albanians in Turkey) Albanians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Turkey) (Bosniaks in Turkey) Bosniaks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey) (Circassians in Turkey) Circassians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians_in_Turkey) (Georgians in Turkey) Georgians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laz_people) (Laz people) Laz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaks) (Pomaks) Pomaks , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people) (Romani people) Roma .[ 394]    [ 395]    [ 396]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language) (Turkish language) Turkish , which is the most widely spoken (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_language) (Turkic language) Turkic language in the world.[ 397]    [ 398]    It is spoken by 85%[ 399]    [ 400]    to 90%[ 401]    of the population as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language) (First language) first language . Kurdish speakers are the largest linguistic minority.[ 401]    A survey estimated 13% of the population speak Kurdish or Zaza as a first language.[ 399]    Other minority languages include Arabic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_languages) (Caucasian languages) Caucasian languages , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_language) (Gagauz language) Gagauz .[ 401]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_rights) (Linguistic rights) linguistic rights of the officially recognized minorities are de jure recognized and protected for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language) (Armenian language) Armenian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language) (Bulgarian language) Bulgarian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language) (Greek language) Greek , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew) (Hebrew) Hebrew ,[ f]    [ 385]    [ 388]    [ 389]    [ 390]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language) (Syriac language) Syriac .[ 392]    [ 393]    There are multiple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Asia#Turkey) (List of endangered languages in Asia) endangered languages in Turkey .  Immigration  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey) (Immigration to Turkey) Immigration to Turkey  Excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey in 2023.[ 7]     Following the suppression of the Kurdish uprising in spring 1991, after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War ceasefire, hundreds of thousands of Kurds fled toward the Turkish border. Turkey largely refused entry, leaving many stranded in the mountains; the UNHCR estimated around 280,000 had crossed into Turkey by April 6, 1991.[ 402]    Most returned to Iraq within months after the establishment of a UN-protected safe haven in northern Iraq, with only around 8,000 remaining in Turkey by early 1992.[ 403]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey's_migrant_crisis) (Turkey's migrant crisis) Turkey's migrant crisis in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants.[ 404]    Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world as of April 2020.[ 405]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_and_Emergency_Management_Presidency) (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency manages the refugee crisis in Turkey. Before the start of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war) (Syrian civil war) Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs_in_Turkey) (Arabs in Turkey) Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to more than 2 million.[ 406]     In November 2020, there were 3.6 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Turkey) (Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey) Syrian refugees in Turkey;[ 407]    these included other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Syria) (Ethnic groups of Syria) ethnic groups of Syria , such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurds) (Syrian Kurds) Syrian Kurds [ 408]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen) (Syrian Turkmen) Syrian Turkmens .[ 409]    As of August 2023, the number of these refugees was estimated to be 3.3 million. The number of Syrians had decreased by about 200,000 people since the beginning of the year.[ 410]    The government has granted citizenship to 238 thousand Syrians by November 2023.[ 411]    As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) (Refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine) refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine have sought refuge in Turkey.[ 412]    In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[ 413]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey) (Religion in Turkey) Religion in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Sultan_Ahmed_I_Mosque,_(old_name_P1020390.jpg).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque) (Sultan Ahmed Mosque) Sultan Ahmed Mosque , also known as Blue Mosque in Istanbul, is one of the most iconic and popular monuments of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) (Ottoman architecture) Ottoman architecture .  Turkey is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state) (Secular state) secular state with no official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion ; the constitution provides for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) freedom of religion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience) (Freedom of conscience) conscience .[ 414]    [ 415]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook) (CIA World Factbook) CIA World Factbook , Muslims constitute 99.8% of the population, most of them being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni .[ 4]    Based on a survey, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy) (KONDA Research and Consultancy) KONDA 's estimate for Muslims was 99.4% in 2006.[ 416]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International) (Minority Rights Group International) Minority Rights Group International , estimates of share of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi) (Alevi) Alevi are between 10% and 40% of the population.[ 417]    KONDA's estimate was 5% in 2006.[ 416]    4% of adult citizens identified as Alevi in a survey in 2021, while 88% identified as Sunni.[ 377]     The percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1% in 1914, but fell to 2.5% in 1927.[ 418]    Currently, non-Muslims constitute 0.2% of the population according to the World Factbook.[ 4]    In 2006, KONDA's estimate was that 0.18% of the population adhered to non-Islamic religions.[ 416]    Some of the non-Muslim communities are Armenians, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey) (Assyrians in Turkey) Assyrians , Bulgarian Orthodox, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey) (Catholic Church in Turkey) Catholics , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Turkey) (Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkey) Greeks , Jews, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Turkey) (Protestantism in Turkey) Protestants .[ 419]    Sources estimate that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey) (Christianity in Turkey) Christian population in Turkey ranges between 180,000 and 320,000.[ 420]    [ 421]    Turkey has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country) (Jewish population by country) the largest Jewish community among the Muslim-majority countries.[ 422]    Currently, there are 439 churches and synagogues in Turkey.[ 423]     In 2006, KONDA estimated that 0.47% of the population had no religion.[ 416]    According to KONDA, the share of adult citizens who identified as nonbelievers increased from 2% in 2011 to 6% in 2021.[ 377]    A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z) (Generation Z) Generation Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey) (Irreligion in Turkey) identified as irreligious .[ 424]    [ 425]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Turkey) (Education in Turkey) Education in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey_primary-secondary-tertiary-enrollment-completion-rates.png)   Enrollment rates for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education) (Primary education) primary , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education) (Secondary education) secondary and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education) (Tertiary education) tertiary education in Turkey between 1971 and 2022. Completion rates for primary and lower secondary education.[ 426]      In the past 20 years, Turkey has improved quality of education and has made significant progress in increasing education access.[ 427]    From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access include significant rise in the rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_secondary) (Upper secondary) upper secondary and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education) (Tertiary education) tertiary education completion, and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.[ 28]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment) (Programme for International Student Assessment) PISA results suggest improvements in education quality.[ 28]    There is still a gap with OECD countries. Significant challenges include differences in student outcomes from different schools, differences between rural and urban areas, pre-primary education access, and arrival of students who are Syrian refugees.[ 28]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)) (Ministry of National Education (Turkey)) Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education.[ 428]    Compulsory education is free at public schools and lasts 12 years, divided into three parts.[ 429]    [ 427]    There are 208 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_Turkey) (Universities in Turkey) universities in Turkey .[ 362]    Students are placed to universities based on their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Selection_and_Placement_System) (Student Selection and Placement System) YKS results and their preferences, by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring,_Selection_and_Placement_Center) (Measuring, Selection and Placement Center) Measuring, Selection and Placement Center .[ 430]    All state and private universities are under the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)) (Council of Higher Education (Turkey)) Higher Education Board . Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities.[ 431]     According to the 2024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings) (Times Higher Education World University Rankings) Times Higher Education ranking , the top universities were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koç_University) (Koç University) Koç University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University) (Middle East Technical University) Middle East Technical University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabancı_University) (Sabancı University) Sabancı University , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University) (Istanbul Technical University) Istanbul Technical University .[ 432]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities) (Academic Ranking of World Universities) Academic Ranking of World Universities , the top ones were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_University) (Istanbul University) Istanbul University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Health_Sciences_(Turkey)) (University of Health Sciences (Turkey)) University of Health Sciences (Turkey) , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacettepe_University) (Hacettepe University) Hacettepe University .[ 433]    For foreign students, Turkey has become a regional hub,[ 434]    with a large number of international students[ 435]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türkiye_Scholarships) (Türkiye Scholarships) international scholarships .[ 436]    [ 437]    [ 438]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Turkey) (Health in Turkey) Health in Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey) (Health care in Turkey) Health care in Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BaşakşehirCityHospital_(1).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Başakşehir_Çam_and_Sakura_City_Hospital) (Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital) Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital in Istanbul. It contains 2,068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_base_isolation) (Seismic base isolation) seismic base isolation units to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake-resistant_structures) (Earthquake-resistant structures) withstand earthquakes .[ 439]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Turkey)) (Ministry of Health (Turkey)) Ministry of Health has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003.[ 27]    Known as Universal Health Insurance ((Turkish-language text) Genel Sağlık Sigortası  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  ), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%.[ 27]    Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures.[ 27]    Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%.[ 27]    There are many private hospitals in the country.[ 440]    The government planned several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals, to be constructed since 2013.[ 440]    Turkey is one of the top 10 destinations for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_tourism#Turkey) (Medical tourism) health tourism .[ 441]     Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years.[ 27]    Turkey has high rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity) (Obesity) obesity , with 29.5% of its adult population having a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index) (Body mass index) body mass index (BMI) value of 30 or above.[ 442]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey) (Air pollution in Turkey) Air pollution is a major cause of early death.[ 443]        Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey) (Culture of Turkey) Culture of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_Turkey) (Arts in Turkey) Arts in Turkey , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folklore) (Turkish folklore) Turkish folklore , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivals_in_Turkey) (Festivals in Turkey) Festivals in Turkey  In the 19th century, Turkish identity was debated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire , with three main views: Turkism, Islamism and Westernism.[ 444]    In addition to Europe or Islam, Turkish culture was also influenced by Anatolia's native cultures.[ 445]    After the establishment of the republic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism) (Kemalism) Kemalism emphasized Turkish culture, attempted to make "Islam a matter of personal conviction", and pursued modernization.[ 446]    Currently, Turkey has various local cultures. Things such as music, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance) (Turkish folk dance) folk dance , or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebap) (Kebap) kebap variety may be used to identify a local area. Turkey also has a national culture, such as national sports leagues, music bands, film stars, and trends in fashion.[ 447]    Turkey is home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey) (List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey) 21 UNESCO World Heritage sites and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) (Intangible cultural heritage) 31 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage inscriptions.[ 448]     Architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey) (Architecture of Turkey) Architecture of Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) (Ottoman architecture) Ottoman architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selimiye..._-_panoramio.jpg)     Built by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan) (Mimar Sinan) Mimar Sinan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne) (Selimiye Mosque, Edirne) Selimiye Mosque in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne) (Edirne) Edirne is an example of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture) (Classical Ottoman architecture) classical Ottoman architecture .   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img05_Crowne_Plaza_Old_City.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyare_Apartments) (Tayyare Apartments) Tayyare Apartments in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul , an example of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_national_architectural_movement) (First national architectural movement) first national architectural movement    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eskisehir_Odunpazarı_tour_in_2018_8523.jpg)     With its traditional Turkish houses, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odunpazarı) (Odunpazarı) Odunpazarı district in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskişehir) (Eskişehir) Eskişehir is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentative_list_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey) (Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey) tentative UNESCO World Heritage site .[ 449]         (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Turkey is home to numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic settlements, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Çatalhöyük) (Çatalhöyük) Çatalhöyük .[ 450]    [ 54]    From the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age , important architectural remnants include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaca_Höyük) (Alaca Höyük) Alaca Höyük and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy#Troy_II) (Troy) 2nd layer of Troy .[ 54]    There are various examples of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture) (Ancient Greek architecture) Ancient Greek and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture) (Ancient Roman architecture) Ancient Roman architectures, especially in the Aegean region.[ 451]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture) (Byzantine architecture) Byzantine architecture dates back to the 4th century AD. Its best example is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia) (Hagia Sophia) Hagia Sophia . Byzantine architectural style continued to develop after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Istanbul) (Conquest of Istanbul) conquest of Istanbul , such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture) (Byzantine Revival architecture) Byzantine Revival architecture .[ 452]    During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Sultanate_of_Rum) (Seljuk Sultanate of Rum) Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks) (Anatolian beyliks) Turkish principalities period, a distinct architecture emerged, which incorporated Byzantine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_architecture) (Armenian architecture) Armenian architectures with architectural styles found in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia) (West Asia) West Asia and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia .[ 453]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture) (Anatolian Seljuk architecture) Seljuk architecture often used stones and bricks, and produced numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai) (Caravanserai) caravanserais , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa) (Madrasa) madrasas and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum) (Mausoleum) mausoleums .[ 454]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) (Ottoman architecture) Ottoman architecture emerged in northwest Anatolia and Thrace. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Ottoman_architecture) (Early Ottoman architecture) Early Ottoman architecture mixed "traditional Anatolian Islamic architecture with local building materials and techniques".[ 455]    Following the conquest of Istanbul, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture) (Classical Ottoman architecture) classical Ottoman architecture emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries.[ 456]    The most important architect of the classical period is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan) (Mimar Sinan) Mimar Sinan , whose major works include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şehzade_Mosque) (Şehzade Mosque) Şehzade Mosque , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Süleymaniye_Mosque) (Süleymaniye Mosque) Süleymaniye Mosque , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne) (Selimiye Mosque, Edirne) Selimiye Mosque .[ 456]    Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by European elements, resulting in development of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Baroque_architecture) (Ottoman Baroque architecture) Ottoman baroque style .[ 457]    European influence continued in the 19th century; examples include works of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyan_family) (Balyan family) Balyan family such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture) (Baroque Revival architecture) neo-Baroque style (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmabahçe_Palace) (Dolmabahçe Palace) Dolmabahçe Palace .[ 458]    The last period of Ottoman architecture consists of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Architectural_Movement) (First National Architectural Movement) First National Architectural Movement , including works of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat_Tek) (Vedat Tek) Vedat Tek and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Kemaleddin) (Mimar Kemaleddin) Mimar Kemaleddin .[ 457]     Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts. From 1918 to 1950, the first one includes the First National Architectural Movement period, which transitioned into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture) (Modernist architecture) modernist architecture . Modernist and monumental buildings were preferred for public buildings, whereas "Turkish house" type (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture) (Vernacular architecture) vernacular architecture influenced private houses. From 1950 to 1980, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization. For residential housing, "reinforced concrete, slab-block, medium-rise apartments" became prevalent. Since 1980, the third part is defined by consumer habits and international trends, such as shopping malls and office towers. Luxury residences with "Turkish house style" have been in demand.[ 459]    In the 21st century, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal) (Urban renewal) urban renewal projects have become a trend.[ 460]    Resilience against natural disasters such as earthquakes is one of the main goals for urban renewal projects.[ 461]    Around one-third of Turkey's building stock, corresponding to 6.7 million units, were assessed risky and needing urban renewal.[ 462]       Literature, theatre, and visual arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature) (Turkish literature) Turkish literature , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey) (Theatre of Turkey) Theatre of Turkey , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_art) (Turkish art) Turkish art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orhan_Pamuk.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (Nobel Prize in Literature) Nobel -laureate Turkish novelist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk) (Orhan Pamuk) Orhan Pamuk and his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Angora_cat) (Turkish Angora cat) Turkish Angora cat at his personal writing space  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Süreyya_Opera_House_in_Istanbul,_Turkey.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Süreyya_Opera_House) (Süreyya Opera House) Süreyya Opera House is on the Asian side of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk_Cultural_Center) (Atatürk Cultural Center) Atatürk Cultural Center is the main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_house) (Opera house) opera house on the European side. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorlu_PSM) (Zorlu PSM) Zorlu PSM is the city's largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts) (Performing arts) performing arts theater and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_hall) (Concert hall) concert hall .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature) (Turkish literature) Turkish literature goes back more than a thousand years. The Seljuk and Ottoman periods include numerous works of literature and poetry. Turkic tales and poetry from Central Asia were also kept alive. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut) (Book of Dede Korkut) Tales of Dede Korkut is an example of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_storytelling) (Oral storytelling) oral narrative tradition. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dīwān_Lughāt_al-Turk) (Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk) Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk , from the 11th century, contains Turkish linguistic information and poetry. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus_Emre) (Yunus Emre) Yunus Emre , influenced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi) (Rumi) Rumi , was one of the most important writers of Anatolian Turkish poetry. Ottoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)) (Diwan (poetry)) Divan poetry used "refined diction" and complex vocabulary. It included (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_mysticism) (Sufi mysticism) Sufi mysticism , romanticism, and formal elements.[ 463]     From the 19th century, Ottoman literature was influenced by the West. New genres, such as novels and journalistic style, were introduced. (Turkish-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aşk-ı_Memnu_(novel)) (Aşk-ı Memnu (novel)) Aşk-ı Memnu   (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  , written by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halid_Ziya_Uşaklıgil) (Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil) Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil , was the "first truly refined Turkish novel". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Aliye_Topuz) (Fatma Aliye Topuz) Fatma Aliye Topuz , the first female Turkish novelist, wrote fiction. After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atatürk's_reforms) (Atatürk's reforms) Atatürk instituted reforms such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language_reform) (Turkish language reform) language reform and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet_reform) (Turkish alphabet reform) alphabet reform . Since then, Turkish literature reflected the socioeconomic conditions in Turkey with increasing variety. "Village Novel" genre appeared in the mid-1950s, which talked about difficulties faced from poverty.[ 463]    An example is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memed,_My_Hawk) (Memed, My Hawk) Memed, My Hawk by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaşar_Kemal) (Yaşar Kemal) Yaşar Kemal , which was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (1973 Nobel Prize in Literature) Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1973 .[ 463]    [ 464]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk) (Orhan Pamuk) Orhan Pamuk won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature) (2006 Nobel Prize in Literature) 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature .[ 463]     Turkey has four "major theatrical traditions": "folk theatre, popular theatre, court theater, and Western theater." Turkish folk theatre goes back thousands of years and has survived among rural communities. Popular theatre includes plays by live actors, puppet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_play) (Shadow play) shadow plays, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddah) (Meddah) storytelling performances . An example for shadow play is (Turkish-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagöz_and_Hacivat) (Karagöz and Hacivat) Karagöz and Hacivat   (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  . Court theatre was the refined version of popular theatre. Beginning in the 19th century, Western theatre tradition started appearing in Turkey. Following the establishment of Turkish Republic, a state conservatory and the State Theatre Company were formed.[ 465]     Turkey's visual arts scene can be categorized into two, as "decorative" and "fine" arts. Fine arts, or (Turkish-language text) güzel sanatlar  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  , includes sculpture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting) (History of Modern Turkish painting) painting . Turkish artists in these areas have gained global recognition. Photography, fashion design, graphic arts, and graphic design are some of the other areas Turkish artists are known for in the world. The inaugural contemporary Turkish art sale by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby's) (Sotheby's) Sotheby's London was in 2009. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Modern) (Istanbul Modern) Istanbul Modern and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial) (Istanbul Biennial) Istanbul Biennial are examples of art galleries or exhibitions of contemporary Turkish art. Turkey has also seen a resurgence of traditional arts. This includes Ottoman-era traditional arts, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik_pottery) (Iznik pottery) ceramics and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug) (Anatolian rug) carpets . Textile and carpet design, glass and ceramics, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) (Islamic calligraphy) calligraphy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_marbling) (Paper marbling) paper marbling (ebru) are some of the art forms for which modern-day Turkish artists are recognized as leaders in the Islamic world.[ 466]      Music and dance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Turkey) (Music of Turkey) Music of Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance) (Turkish folk dance) Turkish folk dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baris_Manco.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barış_Manço) (Barış Manço) Barış Manço was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rock) (Anatolian rock) Anatolian rock genre.  Although classifying genres of Turkish music can be problematic, three broad categories can be considered. These are "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_music) (Turkish folk music) Turkish folk music ", "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_art_music) (Turkish art music) Turkish art music ", and multiple popular music styles. These Popular music styles include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)) (Arabesque (Turkish music)) arabesque , pop, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rock) (Anatolian rock) Anatolian rock .[ 467]     The resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan) (Ajda Pekkan) Ajda Pekkan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu) (Sezen Aksu) Sezen Aksu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erol_Evgin) (Erol Evgin) Erol Evgin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFÖ) (MFÖ) MFÖ , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)) (Tarkan (singer)) Tarkan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal) (Mustafa Sandal) Mustafa Sandal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertab_Erener) (Sertab Erener) Sertab Erener , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoman_(singer)) (Teoman (singer)) Teoman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Doğulu) (Kenan Doğulu) Kenan Doğulu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent_Yüksel) (Levent Yüksel) Levent Yüksel and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hande_Yener) (Hande Yener) Hande Yener .(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)) citation needed   ]  Internationally acclaimed Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz) (Jazz) jazz and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues) (Blues) blues musicians and composers include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun) (Ahmet Ertegun) Ahmet Ertegun .[ 468]      Media and cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Turkey) (Media in Turkey) Media in Turkey and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey) (Cinema of Turkey) Cinema of Turkey  Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey) (Cinema of Turkey) national cinema and a rapid growth of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband) (Broadband) broadband Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey.[ 469]    [ 470]    The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public broadcaster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRT) (TRT) TRT and the network-style channels such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_D) (Kanal D) Kanal D , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_TV) (Show TV) Show TV , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_(Turkey)) (ATV (Turkey)) ATV and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_TV_(Turkey)) (Star TV (Turkey)) Star TV . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_media) (Broadcast media) broadcast media have a very high penetration as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishes) (Satellite dishes) satellite dishes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television) (Cable television) cable systems are widely available.[ 471]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTÜK) (RTÜK) Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) is the government body overseeing the broadcast media.[ 472]    By circulation, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey) (List of newspapers in Turkey) most popular newspapers are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posta_(newspaper)) (Posta (newspaper)) Posta  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hürriyet) (Hürriyet) Hürriyet  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sözcü) (Sözcü) Sözcü  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)) (Sabah (newspaper)) Sabah  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habertürk) (Habertürk) Habertürk  .[ 473]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiz_Akın) (Filiz Akın) Filiz Akın , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatma_Girik) (Fatma Girik) Fatma Girik , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hülya_Koçyiğit) (Hülya Koçyiğit) Hülya Koçyiğit , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Türkan_Şoray) (Türkan Şoray) Türkan Şoray represent their period of Turkish cinema.[ 474]    Turkish directors like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_Erksan) (Metin Erksan) Metin Erksan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan) (Nuri Bilge Ceylan) Nuri Bilge Ceylan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yılmaz_Güney) (Yılmaz Güney) Yılmaz Güney , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeki_Demirkubuz) (Zeki Demirkubuz) Zeki Demirkubuz and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferzan_Özpetek) (Ferzan Özpetek) Ferzan Özpetek won numerous international awards such as the (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d'Or) (Palme d'Or) Palme d'Or   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear) (Golden Bear) Golden Bear .[ 475]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_television_drama) (Turkish television drama) Turkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations.[ 476]    After sweeping the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East 's television market over the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America) (South America) South and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America) (Central America) Central American countries in 2016.[ 477]    Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.[ 478]    [ 479]    [ 480]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index) (World Press Freedom Index) World Press Freedom Index 2026 found serious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey) (Censorship in Turkey) censorship in Turkey .[ 481]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists) (Committee to Protect Journalists) Committee to Protect Journalists , there are 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_arrested_journalists_in_Turkey) (List of arrested journalists in Turkey) jailed journalists in Turkey .[ 482]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine) (Turkish cuisine) Turkish cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine) (Ottoman cuisine) Ottoman cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_coffee) (Turkish coffee) Turkish coffee with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_delight) (Turkish delight) Turkish delight . Turkish coffee is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) (UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists) UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turks .[ 483]    [ 484]      Turkey has a diverse and rich cuisine, varying geographically.[ 485]    Turkish cuisine has been influenced by Anatolian, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine) (Mediterranean cuisine) Mediterranean , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_cuisine) (Iranian cuisine) Iranian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine) (Central Asian cuisine) Central Asian , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_cuisine#East_Asian_cuisine) (Asian cuisine) East Asian cuisines.[ 486]    Turkish and Ottoman cuisine have also influenced others. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dīwān_Lughāt_al-Turk) (Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk) Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk , from the 11th century, documents "the ancient lineage of much of present-day Turkish cuisine".[ 486]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Güveç) (Güveç) Güveç , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgur) (Bulgur) Bulgur , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Börek) (Börek) Börek are some of the earliest recorded examples of Turkish cuisine. Even though (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab) (Kebab) kebab as a word comes from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian , Turkic people had been familiar with using skewers to cook meat. Turkish cuisine can be distinguished by its various kinds of kebabs. Similarly, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf) (Pilaf) pilaf dishes were influenced by Turkish cuisine. Further information about cuisine during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods comes from the works of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi) (Rumi) Rumi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_Çelebi) (Evliya Çelebi) Evliya Çelebi . The latter describes "food-related guilds of Istanbul".[ 486]     Food staples in Turkey include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread) (Bread) bread and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt) (Yogurt) yogurt . Some of bread varieties are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavash) (Lavash) lavash and (Turkish-language text) pide  (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  (a type of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita) (Pita) pita bread). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayran) (Ayran) Ayran is a drink made of yoghurt. In western parts of Turkey, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil) (Olive oil) olive oil is used. Grains include wheat, maize, barley, oats, and millet. Beans, chickpeas, nuts, aubergines, and lamb are some of the commonly used ingredients.[ 486]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doner_kebab) (Doner kebab) Doner kebab , originally from Turkey, is marinated lamb slices cooked vertically.[ 487]    Seafood includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy) (Anchovy) anchovy and others. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolma) (Dolma) Dolma varieties and (Turkish-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantı) (Mantı) mantı   (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  are made by stuffing vegetables or pasta.[ 486]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma_(food)) (Sarma (food)) Sarma is made by rolling edible leaf over the filling.[ 488]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahni) (Yahni) Yahni dishes are vegetable stews.[ 486]    Turkey is one of the countries with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meze) (Meze) meze tradition.[ 489]    Honey, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekmez) (Pekmez) pekmez , dried fruit, or fruit are used for sweetening.[ 486]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo) (Filo) Filo is an originally Turkish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough) (Dough) dough that is used to make (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baklava) (Baklava) baklava .[ 490]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_delight) (Turkish delight) Turkish delight is a "delicate but gummy jelly".[ 491]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey) (Sport in Turkey) Sport in Turkey  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Turkey) (Football in Turkey) Football in Turkey  The most popular sport is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) association football .[ 492]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)) (Galatasaray S.K. (football)) Galatasaray won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Cup_Final) (2000 UEFA Cup Final) UEFA Cup and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Super_Cup) (2000 UEFA Super Cup) UEFA Super Cup in 2000.[ 493]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team) (Turkey national football team) Turkey national football team won the bronze medal at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup) (2002 FIFA World Cup) 2002 FIFA World Cup , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup) (2003 FIFA Confederations Cup) 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008) (UEFA Euro 2008) UEFA Euro 2008 .[ 494]     Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular.[ 495]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_men's_national_basketball_team) (Turkey men's national basketball team) men's national basketball team and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women's_national_basketball_team) (Turkey women's national basketball team) women's national basketball team have been successful. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Efes_S.K.) (Anadolu Efes S.K.) Anadolu Efes S.K. is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions.[ 496]    [ 497]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbahçe_Men's_Basketball) (Fenerbahçe Men's Basketball) Fenerbahçe reached the final of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague) (EuroLeague) EuroLeague in three consecutive seasons ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015–16_Euroleague) (2015–16 Euroleague) 2015–2016 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016–17_EuroLeague) (2016–17 EuroLeague) 2016–2017 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017–18_EuroLeague) (2017–18 EuroLeague) 2017–2018 ), becoming the European champions in 2017. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vakifbanksk2018cl.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VakıfBank_S.K.) (VakıfBank S.K.) VakıfBank S.K. is one of the best women's volleyball team in the world, having won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women's_Club_World_Championship) (FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship) FIVB World Championship four times and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women's_Champions_League) (CEV Women's Champions League) CEV Champions Cup six times.  The final of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013–14_EuroLeague_Women) (2013–14 EuroLeague Women) 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(women's_basketball)) (Galatasaray S.K. (women's basketball)) Galatasaray and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbahçe_Women's_Basketball) (Fenerbahçe Women's Basketball) Fenerbahçe , and won by Galatasaray.[ 498]    Fenerbahçe won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Europe_SuperCup_Women) (2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women) 2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022–23_EuroLeague_Women) (2022–23 EuroLeague Women) 2022–23 and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023–24_EuroLeague_Women) (2023–24 EuroLeague Women) 2023–24 seasons. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women's_national_volleyball_team) (Turkey women's national volleyball team) women's national volleyball team has won several medals.[ 499]    Women's volleyball clubs, namely (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VakıfBank_S.K.) (VakıfBank S.K.) VakıfBank S.K. , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbahçe_Women's_Volleyball) (Fenerbahçe Women's Volleyball) Fenerbahçe and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczacıbaşı_Dynavit) (Eczacıbaşı Dynavit) Eczacıbaşı , have won numerous European championship titles and medals.[ 500]     The traditional national sport of Turkey has been (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yağlı_güreş) (Yağlı güreş) yağlı güreş ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil) (Olive oil) oil (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling) (Wrestling) wrestling  ) since Ottoman times.[ 501]    Edirne Province has hosted the annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kırkpınar) (Kırkpınar) Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world.[ 502]    [ 503]    In the 19th and early 20th centuries, oil wrestling champions such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koca_Yusuf) (Koca Yusuf) Koca Yusuf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurullah_Hasan) (Nurullah Hasan) Nurullah Hasan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kızılcıklı_Mahmut) (Kızılcıklı Mahmut) Kızılcıklı Mahmut acquired international fame in Europe and North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles. International wrestling styles governed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Associated_Wrestling_Styles) (International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles) FILA such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling) (Freestyle wrestling) freestyle wrestling and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling) (Greco-Roman wrestling) Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.[ 504]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey) (Portal:Turkey) Turkey portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey) (Outline of Turkey) Outline of Turkey    Notes   ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language) (Turkish language) Turkish : Türkiye (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish) (Help:IPA/Turkish) [ ˈtyɾcije]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q256_%28tur%29-ToprakM-T%C3%BCrkiye.wav/LL-Q256_%28tur%29-ToprakM-T%C3%BCrkiye.wav.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:LL-Q256_(tur)-ToprakM-T%C3%BCrkiye.wav) (File:LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-Türkiye.wav) ⓘ   (./Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA)  (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)    ↑   Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (./Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish) (Help:IPA/Turkish) [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg/Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:Tur-T%C3%BCrkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg) (File:Tur-Türkiye Cumhuriyeti.ogg) ⓘ   (./Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA)  (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)    ↑   The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown.[ 63]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis) (Anatolian hypothesis) They may be native to Anatolia [ 64]    or non-native.[ 65]      ↑   Even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Lausanne[ 385]      ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Turkey) (Bulgarians in Turkey) Bulgarian community in Turkey is now so small that this disposition is de facto not applied.[ 385]    [ 386]    [ 387]      ↑   The Turkish government considers that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the language of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Jews) (Turkish Jews) Turkish Jews is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew) (Hebrew) Hebrew , even though the mother tongue of Turkish Jews was not Hebrew but historically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish) (Judaeo-Spanish) Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) or other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_languages) (Jewish languages) Jewish languages .[ 389]    [ 390]          References  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   (https://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-turkish-flag-and-the-turkish-national-anthem.en.mfa) "The Turkish Flag and The Turkish National Anthem (Independence March)" . Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 4 August 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Republic+of+T%C3%BCrkiye%2C+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+Flag+and+The+Turkish+National+Anthem+%28Independence+March%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Fthe-turkish-flag-and-the-turkish-national-anthem.en.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20200702232731/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tc_anayasasi.maddeler?p3=3) "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" (in Turkish). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Grand National Assembly of Turkey . Archived from (https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tc_anayasasi.maddeler?p3=3) the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020 . 3. Madde: Devletin Bütünlüğü, Resmi Dili, Bayrağı, Milli Marşı ve Başkenti: Türkiye Devleti, ülkesi ve milletiyle bölünmez bir bütündür. Dili Türkçedir. Bayrağı, şekli kanununda belirtilen, beyaz ay yıldızlı al bayraktır. Milli marşı 'İstiklal Marşı' dır. Başkenti Ankara'dır.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti+Anayasas%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbmm.gov.tr%2Fdevelop%2Fowa%2Ftc_anayasasi.maddeler%3Fp3%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (./Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  KONDA 2006 , p. 19 Kornfilt 2018 , p. 537     1  2  3  4  5  6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220618061436/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society) "Turkey (Turkiye)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society) the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey+%28Turkiye%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey-turkiye%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210110193216/https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/) "Turkish Constitution" . www.anayasa.gov.tr . Anayasa Mahkemesi. Archived from (https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/legislation/turkish-constiution/) the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anayasa.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Turkish+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anayasa.gov.tr%2Fen%2Flegislation%2Fturkish-constiution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER) "Surface water and surface water change" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER) Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2025-53899&dil=2) "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2025" . www.tuik.gov.tr . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute) (Turkish Statistical Institute) Turkish Statistical Institute . 9 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=The+Results+of+Address+Based+Population+Registration+System%2C+2025&rft.date=2026-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.tuik.gov.tr%2FBulten%2FIndex%3Fp%3DThe-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2025-53899%26dil%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3  4  5  6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TR) "Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Turkey" . World Bank. 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075906/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DTR) Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Turkey&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DTR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3   Howard 2016 , p.  24   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Sagona & Zimansky 2015 , p. 1 Howard 2016 , p. xv McMahon & Steadman 2012a , pp. 3–12 Matthews 2012 , p. 49     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Ahmed 2006 , p. 1576: "Turkey's diversity is derived from its central location near the world's earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named." Steadman 2012 , p. 234: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic" Michel 2012 , p. 327 Melchert 2012 , p. 713 Howard 2016 , p. 26     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Howard 2016 , p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval.  [...] statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." Ahmed 2006 , p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" McMahon & Steadman 2012a , p. 5 McMahon 2012 , p. 16 Sams 2012 , p. 617 Kaldellis 2024 , p. 26     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Davison 1990 , pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." Howard 2016 , pp. 33–44     1  2   Howard 2016 , pp.  38–39   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Howard 2016 , p. 45 Somel 2010 , p. xcvii     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Hanioğlu 2012 , pp. 15–25 Kayalı 2012 , pp. 26–28 Davison 1990 , pp. 115–116     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Kaser 2011 , p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former "suppressors". The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" Fábos 2005 , p. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land  [...] Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'" (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schayegh, Cyrus (2024). "A Late/Post-Imperial Region of Difference: The Ottoman Empire and its Successor Polities in Southeastern Europe, Turkey, and the Arab East, c. 1850s–1940s". Journal of World History . 35 (4): 579– 622. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2024.a943172) 10.1353/jwh.2024.a943172 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050) 1527-8050 . Between 1821 and the 1919–1922 Turko-Greek War, about five and a half million Muslims died of religious-ethnic war-related causes, including disease and hunger during forced migration, in southeastern Europe and the Crimea and Caucasus.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=A+Late%2FPost-Imperial+Region+of+Difference%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+its+Successor+Polities+in+Southeastern+Europe%2C+Turkey%2C+and+the+Arab+East%2C+c.+1850s%E2%80%931940s&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=579-622&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2024.a943172&rft.issn=1527-8050&rft.aulast=Schayegh&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   Karpat 2001 , p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher.  [...] The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." Karpat 2004 , pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries  [...]" Pekesen 2012 : "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey.  [...] Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51" Biondich 2011 , p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" Armour 2012 , p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012a , p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this 'repatriation' – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic's population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen"     1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide . ABC-CLIO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4) 978-1-4408-3161-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research . 10 (1): 7– 14. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820) 10.1080/14623520801950820 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528) 1462-3528 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470) 71515470 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press) (Harvard University Press) Harvard University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25143-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25143-4) 978-0-674-25143-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide+-+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-25143-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%27evi%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Pamuk 2012 , p. 50 Kayali 2008 , p. 112     1  2  3  4  5  6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Birben, Üstüner (2019). (https://doi.org/10.1590%2F01047760201925042644) "The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey" . CERNE . 25 (4): 424– 438. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1590%2F01047760201925042644) 10.1590/01047760201925042644  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0104-7760) 0104-7760 . Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CERNE&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Protected+Areas+in+Biodiversity+Conservation%3A+The+Case+of+Turkey&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=424-438&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F01047760201925042644&rft.issn=0104-7760&rft.aulast=Birben&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cst%C3%BCner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F01047760201925042644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/creativecommons:by/4.0/) (creativecommons:by/4.0/) ()     This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the (//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (creativecommons:by/4.0/) CC BY 4.0 license.(./Category:Articles_with_imported_Creative_Commons_Attribution_4.0_text)     1  2   Ahmed 2006 , pp.  1575–1576   1  2  3  4  5   World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022 , p.  7   1  2  3  4  5  6   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage". New England Journal of Medicine . 373 (14): 1285– 1289. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1410433) 10.1056/NEJMp1410433 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422719) 26422719 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Transforming+Turkey%27s+Health+System+%E2%80%94+Lessons+for+Universal+Coverage&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1285-1289&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp1410433&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26422719&rft.aulast=Atun&rft.aufirst=Rifat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3  4   OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023 , p.  35   ↑   World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2024 , p.  22   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Berg, Miriam (2023). Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon . University of Exeter Press. pp. 1– 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80413-043-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-80413-043-8) 978-1-80413-043-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Drama+Serials%3A+The+Importance+and+Influence+of+a+Globally+Popular+Television+Phenomenon&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80413-043-8&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Agoston & Masters 2009 , p.  574   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  31   1  2  3   Everett-Heath 2020 , Türkiye (Turkey)   ↑   Golden 2021 , p.  30   ↑   Clauson 1972 , pp.  542–543   ↑   Golden 2021 , pp.  6–7   ↑   Golden 2021 , pp.  9, 16   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC&pg=PA65) Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio  . Translated by R.J.H. Jenkins (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9) 978-0-88402-021-9  – via Google Books. Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkia [i.e. Hungary].  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus%3A+De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=New%2C+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-021-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (./Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification)  (./Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) (Wikipedia:Verifiability) (The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2025)) failed verification   ]    ↑   Findley 2005 , p.  51   ↑   Golden 2021 , pp.  2–3   ↑   Everett-Heath 2020 , Turkestan, Central Asia, Kazakhstan   ↑   Gray 2003 , Turkye, (Turkeye) Turkey; Book of the Duchess, The; Map 1; Map 3 .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (Paid subscription required) (https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Turkey) "Turkey"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) (Oxford English Dictionary) Oxford English Dictionary  (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (Subscription or (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) participating institution membership required.)   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856". The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes . Vol. 2. Butterworth. pp. 1250– 1265. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+treaty+between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria%2C+France%2C+Prussia%2C+Russia%2C+Sardinia+and+Turkey%2C+signed+at+Paris+on+30th+March+1856&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty+showing+the+various+political+and+territorial+changes+which+have+taken+place+since+the+general+peace+of+1814%2C+with+numerous+maps+and+notes&rft.pages=1250-1265&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Hertslet&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://archive.org/details/protocolsofconfe00grea/mode/1up?view=theater) Protocols of conferences held at Paris relative to the general Treaty of Peace. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1856  . London: Harrison and Sons. 1856 – via the Internet Archive. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protocols+of+conferences+held+at+Paris+relative+to+the+general+Treaty+of+Peace.+Presented+to+both+Houses+of+Parliament+by+command+of+Her+Majesty%2C+1856&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Sons&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprotocolsofconfe00grea%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hertslet) (Edward Hertslet) Hertslet, Edward (1891). (https://archive.org/stream/mapofeuropebytre04hert#page/2759/mode/1up?view=theater) "Treaty between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the Settlement of Affairs in the East, Signed at Berlin, 13 July 1878 (Translation)" . The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes . Vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria-Hungary%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Russia%2C+and+Turkey%2C+for+the+Settlement+of+Affairs+in+the+East%2C+Signed+at+Berlin%2C+13+July+1878+%28Translation%29&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty%3B+which+have+taken+place+since+the+general+peace+of+1814.+With+numerous+maps+and+notes&rft.pages=2759-2798&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Hertslet&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmapofeuropebytre04hert%23page%2F2759%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (./Category:CS1:_long_volume_value)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp) "Treaty Between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey. (Berlin). July 13, 1878" . sourcebooks.fordham.edu . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326061204/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourcebooks.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+Great+Britain%2C+Austria-Hungary%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Italy%2C+Russia+and+Turkey.+%28Berlin%29.+July+13%2C+1878.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F1878berlin.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)       ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ryan Gingeras (2019). Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk . p. 86. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Dawn%3A+Turkey+in+the+Age+of+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Ryan+Gingeras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cevdet Küçük (2012). (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkiye) "Türkiye" . TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî) (in Turkish). Istanbul: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs) (Presidency of Religious Affairs) Presidency of Religious Affairs , Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 567. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-713-6) (Special:BookSources/978-975-389-713-6) 978-975-389-713-6  . 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(https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507) "Cognacy Databases and Phylogenetic Research on Indo-European" . Annual Review of Linguistics . 7 : 371– 394. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507) 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030507  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Cognacy+Databases+and+Phylogenetic+Research+on+Indo-European&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=371-394&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-linguistics-011619-030507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Bellwood 2022 , p. 242  ↑   Melchert 2012 , p. 713  ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  26–27   1  2   Ahmed 2006 , p.  1576   ↑   Jablonka 2012 , pp.  724–726   ↑   McMahon 2012 , p.  17   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Denisyuk, Yulia (29 October 2023). (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/photo-story-turkey-lycian-way) "Photo story: tombs, turquoise seas and trekking along Turkey's Lycian Way" . National Geographic . National Geographic Traveller. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Photo+story%3A+tombs%2C+turquoise+seas+and+trekking+along+Turkey%27s+Lycian+Way&rft.date=2023-10-29&rft.aulast=Denisyuk&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fphoto-story-turkey-lycian-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3  4  5  6   Howard 2016 , p.  27   ↑   Yakubovich 2012 , p.  538   ↑   Zimansky 2012 , p.  552   1  2  3  4  5  6   Howard 2016 , p.  28   1  2   Bryce 2012 , pp.  369–370 : "The only clear evidence we have for significant Mycenaean settlement anywhere in the Near Eastern region is at Miletus on the southwestern Anatolian coast, at the mouth of the Maeander River, and at the site now called Müsgebi  [...]"  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia/Greek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce) "Anatolia – Greek colonies on the Anatolian coasts, c. 1180–547 bce" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica) (Encyclopedia Britannica) Encyclopedia Britannica  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230321122314/https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia/Greek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce) Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024 . Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and Colophon.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Anatolia+%E2%80%93+Greek+colonies+on+the+Anatolian+coasts%2C+c.+1180%E2%80%93547+bce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAnatolia%2FGreek-colonies-on-the-Anatolian-coasts-c-1180-547-bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Harl 2012 , p.  760 : "Greek cities on the shores of Asia Minor and on the Aegean islands were the nexus of trade and cultural exchange in the early Greek world, so Archaic Greek civilization was to a great extent the product of the Greek cities of Asia Minor."  ↑   Harl 2012 , pp.  753–756   ↑   Greaves 2012 , p.  505   ↑   Harl 2012 , p.  753   ↑   Harl 2012 , pp.  753–754   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mark Cartwright. (https://www.worldhistory.org/Celsus_Library/) "Celsus Library" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia) (World History Encyclopedia) World History Encyclopedia . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151448/https://www.worldhistory.org/Library_of_Celsus/?arg1=Celsus_Library&arg2=&arg3=&arg4=&arg5=) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celsus+Library&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Mark+Cartwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCelsus_Library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldhistory.org/article/128/) "The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia) (World History Encyclopedia) World History Encyclopedia  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151417/https://www.worldhistory.org/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus/) Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Artemis+at+Ephesus%3A+The+Un-Greek+Temple+and+Wonder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   McMahon & Steadman 2012a , p.  5   ↑   McMahon 2012 , p.  16   ↑   Sams 2012 , p.  617   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  29 : "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval.  [...] statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth."  ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  28–29   ↑   Mitchell 1995 , pp.  3–4   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  29   ↑   Hoyos 2019 , pp.  35–37   ↑   Hoyos 2019 , pp.  62, 83, 115   1  2   Howard 2016 , p.  30   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://global.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia) "Hagia Sophia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210429163151/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia) Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagia+Sophia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHagia-Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   Horrocks 2008 , pp.  778–779 : "Thus the majority of traditional 'Greek' lands, including the coastal areas of Asia Minor, remained essentially Greek-speaking, despite the superimposition of Latin and the later Slavic incursions into the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Even on the Anatolian plateau, where Hellenic culture had come only with Alexander's conquests, both the extremely heterogeneous indigenous populations and immigrant groups (including Celts, Goths, Jews, and Persians) had become heavily Hellenized, as the steady decline in epigraphic evidence for the native languages and the great mass of public and private inscriptions in Greek demonstrate. Though the disappearance of these languages from the written record did not entail their immediate abandonment as spoken languages  [...]"  ↑   van den Hout 2011 , p.  1   1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (2020). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11) "Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" . Evolutionary Human Sciences . 2 e16. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11) 10.1017/ehs.2020.11  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10427466) 10427466  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588381) 37588381 . Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Populations+dynamics+in+Northern+Eurasian+forests%3A+a+long-term+perspective+from+Northeast+Asia&rft.volume=2&rft.artnum=e16&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10427466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37588381&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2020.11&rft.aulast=Uchiyama&rft.aufirst=Junzo&rft.au=Gillam%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ning%2C+Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fehs.2020.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/creativecommons:by/4.0/) (creativecommons:by/4.0/) ()     This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the (//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (creativecommons:by/4.0/) CC BY 4.0 license.(./Category:Articles_with_imported_Creative_Commons_Attribution_4.0_text)     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Lee 2023 , p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The "Turks" intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11" Findley 2005 , p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages." (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Golden, Peter B. (2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal . 21 (2): 291– 327. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971945818775373) 10.1177/0971945818775373 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-9458) 0971-9458 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166026934) 166026934 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogonic+Tales+of+the+T%C3%BCrks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-327&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166026934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0971-9458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  "Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role." (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017). (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples" . Inner Asia . 19 (2): 197– 239. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089) 10.1163/22105018-12340089  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018) 2210-5018 . Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+Y-DNA+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22105018-12340089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)       1  2  3  4   Lee 2023 , p.  84   1  2  3   Howard 2016 , p.  34   ↑   Lee 2023 , p.  90   ↑   Lee 2023 , p.  91   ↑   Peacock 2015 , p.  9   ↑   Ahmed 2006 , p.  1576 : "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"  1  2   Davison 1990 , pp.  3–4 : "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek."  ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  34–36   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  36   ↑   Findley 2005 , pp.  71–73, 225   ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  36–38   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  33   ↑   Leiser 2010 , p.  303   ↑   Davison 1990 , p.  4   ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  37–39   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  35   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  38   ↑   Leiser 2010 , pp.  308–310   ↑   Leiser 2010 , pp.  309–310   ↑   Fleet 2010 , pp.  313–314   1  2   Lee 2023 , p.  94   ↑   Howard 2016 , pp.  40–41   ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  43   1  2   Howard 2016 , p.  45   ↑   Somel 2010 , p.  xcvii   ↑   Agoston & Masters 2009 , p.  302   ↑   Hanioğlu 2012 , p.  19   ↑   Özbudun 2012 , p.  194   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). (Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required) (https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html) "Center of Ottoman Power"  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180712043016/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html) Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Center+of+Ottoman+Power&rft.date=1993-08-22&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F08%2F22%2Ftravel%2Fcenter-of-ottoman-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3) "Dolmabahce Palace" . dolmabahcepalace.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20160316140350/http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3) Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dolmabahcepalace.com&rft.atitle=Dolmabahce+Palace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolmabahcepalace.com%2Flistingview.php%3FlistingID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson) (Niall Ferguson) Niall Ferguson (2 January 2008). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.ft.com/content/6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac) "An Ottoman warning for indebted America"  . Financial Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140125174604/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac.html) Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=An+Ottoman+warning+for+indebted+America&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft.au=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6667a18a-b888-11dc-893b-0000779fd2ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/collapse) "Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918–1920" . nzhistory.net.nz . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151219183629/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/collapse) Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.net.nz&rft.atitle=Collapse+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwar%2Fottoman-empire%2Fcollapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Isa Blumi (2013). (https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/ottoman-refugees-1878-1939-9781472515360/) Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World  . Bloomsbury Academic. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1536-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1536-0) 978-1-4725-1536-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Refugees%2C+1878%E2%80%931939%3A+Migration+in+a+Post-Imperial+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1536-0&rft.au=Isa+Blumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fottoman-refugees-1878-1939-9781472515360%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Kaser 2011 , p.  336   1  2   Fábos 2005 , p.  437   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Pekesen 2012  Kaser 2011 , p. 336 Karpat 2001 , p. 343 Karpat 2004 , pp. 5–6     ↑   Howard 2016 , p.  70   ↑   Karpat 2001 , p.  343   ↑   Armour 2012 , p.  213   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). (https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf) "Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again" (PDF) . Cicero Foundation . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240223191938/https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cicero+Foundation&rft.atitle=Ethnic+cleansing+in+the+Balkans%2C+why+did+it+happen+and+could+it+happen+again&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicerofoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPaul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Levene 2015 , pp.  430–431   ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic_H._Davison) (Roderic H. Davison) Roderic H. Davison ; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+S%C3%A8vres%2C+1920&rft.pub=Harold+B.+Library%2C+Brigham+Young+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fversa%2Fsevres1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey . Overlook. p. lxxviii. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-011-6) 978-1-58567-011-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=lxxviii&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-011-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Robert H. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Question%2C+the+Last+Phase%3A+a+study+in+Greek-Turkish+diplomacy&rft.pages=27-38&rft.pub=Pella&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-918618-79-7&rft.aulast=Psomiades&rft.aufirst=Harry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)". Balkan Studies . 20 (2): 309– 41. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Chanak+affair+%28September%E2%80%93October+1922%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309-41&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3857) 1468-3857 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233594832) 233594832 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Social+coexistence+and+violence+during+Turkey%27s+authoritarian+transition&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-187&rft.date=2021-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233594832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2021.1909292&rft.aulast=Borsuk&rft.aufirst=Imren&rft.au=Levin%2C+Paul+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14683857.2021.1909292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sarfati, Yusuf (June 2025). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Turkey+Violated+Pro-Kurdish+MPs%27+Rights%2C+European+Court+Rules&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2022%2F02%2F01%2Fturkey-violated-pro-kurdish-mps-rights-european-court-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   EU Commission 2023 , p.  4   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-291_-avrupa-birligi-komisyonu-2023-yili-turkiye-raporu-hk.en.mfa) "No: 291, 8 November 2023, Press Release Regarding the European Commission 2023 Report on Türkiye" . Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 8 November 2023. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%BCrt+Meselesi%CC%87ni%CC%87+Yeni%CC%87den+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnmek&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=KONDA&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bayir, Derya (2016). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law . Routledge. pp. 144– 145. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8) 978-1-317-09579-8  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Kurds+in+Turkey%3A+A+Demographic+Study&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=517-541&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800063819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154212694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mutlu&rft.aufirst=Servet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk, eds. (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=PARA1-PA422) The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives  . Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7) 978-1-85359-509-7  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Languages+of+Europe%3A+Demographic%2C+Sociolinguistic+and+Educational+Perspectives&rft.place=Clevedon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-509-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvmy_skUPNYC%26pg%3DPARA1-PA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2025)) page needed   ]    1  2   KONDA 2006 , p.  17   1  2  3  4  5   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/rapor/if-turkey-were-100-people/10) "If Turkey Had 100 People" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy) (KONDA Research and Consultancy) KONDA  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240307190745/https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/rapor/if-turkey-were-100-people/10) Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KONDA&rft.atitle=If+Turkey+Had+100+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteraktif.konda.com.tr%2Frapor%2Fif-turkey-were-100-people%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   Kirişci & Winrow 1997 , pp.  119–121   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Migdal, Joel S. (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=pbmTC-Nm8nEC&pg=PA129) Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices  . Cambridge University Press. p. 129. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45236-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45236-6) 978-1-139-45236-6  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+and+Belonging%3A+States+and+Societies+in+the+Struggle+to+Shape+Identities+and+Local+Practices&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45236-6&rft.aulast=Migdal&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbmTC-Nm8nEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Watts, Nicole F. (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=yXWl40KJfKEC&dq=Kars+%28about+20+percent+Kurdish%29&pg=PA167) Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)  . University of Washington Press. p. 167. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99050-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99050-7) 978-0-295-99050-7  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Activists+in+Office%3A+Kurdish+Politics+and+Protest+in+Turkey+%28Studies+in+Modernity+and+National+Identity%29&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99050-7&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Nicole+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXWl40KJfKEC%26dq%3DKars%2B%2528about%2B20%2Bpercent%2BKurdish%2529%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Amikam Nachmani (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Xxp61eBvGzMC&pg=PA90) Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts  . Manchester University Press. pp. 90 ff. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6370-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6370-1) 978-0-7190-6370-1  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Facing+a+New+Millenniium%3A+Coping+With+Intertwined+Conflicts&rft.pages=90+ff&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6370-1&rft.au=Amikam+Nachmani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxp61eBvGzMC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Kirişci & Winrow 1997 , p.  3   ↑   Heper 2007 , p.  54   ↑   KONDA 2006 , p.  18   1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bayır, Derya (2013). (https://www.academia.edu/37557239) Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law  . Cultural Diversity and Law. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing) (Ashgate Publishing) Ashgate Publishing . pp. 88– 90, 203– 204. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4) 978-1-4094-7254-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+nationalism+in+Turkish+law&rft.series=Cultural+Diversity+and+Law&rft.pages=88-90%2C+203-204&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7254-4&rft.aulast=Bay%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Derya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37557239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Köksal, Yonca (2006). "Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies . 6 (4): 501– 521. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683850601016390) 10.1080/14683850601016390 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3857) 1468-3857 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153761516) 153761516 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Minority+Policies+in+Bulgaria+and+Turkey%3A+The+Struggle+to+Define+a+Nation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-521&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153761516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683850601016390&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ksal&rft.aufirst=Yonca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Özlem, Kader (2019). (https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=802933) "An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey" . Turan-Sam . 11 (43): 387– 393. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1308-8041) 1308-8041 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turan-Sam&rft.atitle=An+Evaluation+on+Istanbul%27s+Bulgarians+as+the+%22Invisible+Minority%22+of+Turkey&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=387-393&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1308-8041&rft.aulast=%C3%96zlem&rft.aufirst=Kader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D802933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). "The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey". Political Science Quarterly . 124 (4): 697– 720. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x) 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195) 0032-3195 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25655744) 25655744 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+EU+and+Minority+Rights+in+Turkey&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=697-720&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25655744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x&rft.aulast=Tokta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eule&rft.au=Ara%C5%9F%2C+Bulent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yağmur, Kutlay (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=PA407) "Languages in Turkey" . In Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.). The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives . Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 407– 427. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-510-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-510-3) 978-1-85359-510-3  – via Google Books.  'Mother tongue' education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty  [...] Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status.  [...] No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+in+Turkey&rft.btitle=The+Other+Languages+of+Europe%3A+Demographic%2C+Sociolinguistic+and+Educational+Perspectives&rft.place=Clevedon%2C+UK&rft.pages=407-427&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-510-3&rft.aulast=Ya%C4%9Fmur&rft.aufirst=Kutlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvmy_skUPNYC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zetler, Reyhan (2014). (https://www.sagw.ch/fileadmin/redaktion_judaistik/dokumente/Judaistik/2014/III.%20R.%20Zetler%20-%20Bulletin%20SGJF%20Nr.%2023%20%282014%29.pdf) "Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" (PDF) . Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung (23): 26. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865002828) 865002828 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+der+Schweizerischen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Judaistische+Forschung&rft.atitle=Turkish+Jews+between+1923+and+1933+%E2%80%93+What+Did+the+Turkish+Policy+between+1923+and+1933+Mean+for+the+Turkish+Jews%3F&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865002828&rft.aulast=Zetler&rft.aufirst=Reyhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sagw.ch%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion_judaistik%2Fdokumente%2FJudaistik%2F2014%2FIII.%2520R.%2520Zetler%2520-%2520Bulletin%2520SGJF%2520Nr.%252023%2520%25282014%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952).  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). "For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights . -1 (aop): 1– 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718115-bja10134) 10.1163/15718115-bja10134 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-4879) 1385-4879 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264412993) 264412993 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&rft.atitle=For+Centenary+of+the+Lausanne+Treaty%3A+Re-Interpretation+and+Re-Implementation+of+Linguistic+Minority+Rights+of+Lausanne&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264412993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1385-4879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718115-bja10134&rft.aulast=Akbulut&rft.aufirst=Olgun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (30 June 2021). (https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/duhfd/issue/63313/959939) "Süryanıce Anadılınde Eğıtım Hakki: Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Önerılerı" . Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 26 (44): 3– 35. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1300-2929) 1300-2929 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dicle+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Hukuk+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=S%C3%BCryan%C4%B1ce+Anad%C4%B1l%C4%B1nde+E%C4%9F%C4%B1t%C4%B1m+Hakki%3A+Sorunlar+Ve+%C3%87%C3%B6z%C3%BCm+%C3%96ner%C4%B1ler%C4%B1&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=3-35&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft.issn=1300-2929&rft.aulast=Erdem&rft.aufirst=Faz%C4%B1l+H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC&rft.au=%C3%96ng%C3%BC%C3%A7%2C+Bahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fduhfd%2Fissue%2F63313%2F959939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (./Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ffpPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA328) Fathers Across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads  . ABC-CLIO. p. 328. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3232-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3232-1) 978-1-4408-3232-1  – via Google Books. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group (about 20%), and Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews  [...]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers+Across+Cultures%3A+The+Importance%2C+Roles%2C+and+Diverse+Practices+of+Dads%3A+The+Importance%2C+Roles%2C+and+Diverse+Practices+of+Dads&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3232-1&rft.au=Jaipaul+L.+Roopnarine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffpPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  al-Shamahi, Abubakr (8 June 2015). (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013139/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2015/6/8/turkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot) "Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot" . alaraby . Archived from (https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2015/6/8/turkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot) the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+ethnic+make-up%3A+A+complex+melting+pot&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=al-Shamahi&rft.aufirst=Abubakr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F6%2F8%2Fturkeys-ethnic-make-up-a-complex-melting-pot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-ethnic-groups-of-turkey.html) "The Ethnic Groups Of Turkey" . WorldAtlas . 18 July 2019. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25004-7&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150909185440/http://www.minorityrights.org/4387/turkey/turkey-overview.html) "Turkey Overview" . minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. Archived from (http://minorityrights.org/4387/turkey/turkey-overview.html) the original on 9 September 2015. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Overview&rft.pub=minorityrights.org&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2F4387%2Fturkey%2Fturkey-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   KONDA 2006 , p.  19   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/03/22/guncel/agun.html) "Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor" . Milliyet.com.tr. Retrieved 4 November 2012 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Chronology+for+Sunnis+in+Iraq&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F469f38a7c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm) "Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath" . Human Rights Watch . June 1992. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-069-3) (Special:BookSources/1-56432-069-3) 1-56432-069-3  . Retrieved 19 April 2026 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+farkl%C4%B1+inan%C3%A7lara+sa%C4%9Flanan+ibadet+yeri+say%C4%B1s%C4%B1nda+Bat%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+5+kat+%C3%B6n%C3%BCnde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fayasofya-camii%2Fturkiye-farkli-inanclara-saglanan-ibadet-yeri-sayisinda-batinin-5-kat-onunde%2F1907134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf) "Global Christianity - A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF) . Pew Research Center. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151952/https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2022 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090130084) 1090130084 – via Jewishdatabank.org. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Jewish+Population%2C+2018&rft.btitle=The+American+Jewish+Year+Book%2C+2018&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=361-452&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090130084&rft.isbn=978-3-030-03906-6&rft.aulast=DellaPergola&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishdatabank.org%2Fcontent%2Fupload%2Fbjdb%2F2018-World_Jewish_Population_%28AJYB%2C_DellaPergola%29_DB_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.indyturk.com/node/88486/haber/t%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99de-hristiyan-ve-yahudilere-ait-439-ibadethane-ve-24-dernek-var) "Türkiye'de Hristiyan ve Yahudilere ait 439 ibadethane ve 24 dernek var" . Independent Türkçe . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+Hristiyan+ve+Yahudilere+ait+439+ibadethane+ve+24+dernek+var&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indyturk.com%2Fnode%2F88486%2Fhaber%2Ft%25C3%25BCrkiye%25E2%2580%2599de-hristiyan-ve-yahudilere-ait-439-ibadethane-ve-24-dernek-var&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/gezici-arastirma-merkezi-baskani-murat-gezici-sozcuye-acikladi-turkiyenin-kaderi-z-kusaginin-elinde-5867771/) "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" . sozcu.com.tr . 11 June 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sozcu.com.tr&rft.atitle=Gezici+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi+Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1+Murat+Gezici+S%C3%96ZC%C3%9C%27ye+a%C3%A7%C4%B1klad%C4%B1%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+kaderi+Z+ku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+elinde&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sozcu.com.tr%2F2020%2Fgundem%2Fgezici-arastirma-merkezi-baskani-murat-gezici-sozcuye-acikladi-turkiyenin-kaderi-z-kusaginin-elinde-5867771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.gercekgundem.com/siyaset/188215/gezici-arastirma-merkezi-baskani-murat-gezici-turkiyenin-kaderi-z-kusaginin-elinde) "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" . gercekgundem.com . 11 June 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gercekgundem.com&rft.atitle=Gezici+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi+Ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1+Murat+Gezici%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+kaderi+Z+ku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+elinde&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gercekgundem.com%2Fsiyaset%2F188215%2Fgezici-arastirma-merkezi-baskani-murat-gezici-turkiyenin-kaderi-z-kusaginin-elinde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  UNESCO Institute for Statistics (1 May 2025). (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-secondary-enrollment-completion-rates?country=~TUR) "Primary, secondary and tertiary education enrolment and completion rates, Turkey" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 14 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Primary%2C+secondary+and+tertiary+education+enrolment+and+completion+rates%2C+Turkey&rft.date=2025-05-01&rft.au=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fprimary-secondary-enrollment-completion-rates%3Fcountry%3D~TUR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023 , p.  3   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.wes.org/ewenr/12sept/feature.htm) "Education in Turkey" . World Education Services. Retrieved 12 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+in+Turkey&rft.pub=World+Education+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wes.org%2Fewenr%2F12sept%2Ffeature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.studyinturkiye.gov.tr/StudyinTurkey/ShowDetail?rID=Ec/rgHEN8Zg=&&cId=PE4Nr0mMoY4=) "Turkish Higher Education System" . Study in Türkiye . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+in+T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.atitle=Turkish+Higher+Education+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyinturkiye.gov.tr%2FStudyinTurkey%2FShowDetail%3FrID%3DEc%2FrgHEN8Zg%3D%26%26cId%3DPE4Nr0mMoY4%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/turkiye/bachelor) "Eurydice | Türkiye" . The European Union . 27 November 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Union&rft.atitle=Eurydice+%26%23124%3B+T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-education-systems%2Fturkiye%2Fbachelor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mustafa Akyol (7 November 2016). (https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-erdogan-took-full-control-of-universities.html) "Turkish universities latest domino in Erdogan's path" . Al-Monitor. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+universities+latest+domino+in+Erdogan%27s+path&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.au=Mustafa+Akyol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F11%2Fturkey-erdogan-took-full-control-of-universities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking#!/length/25/locations/TUR/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats) "World University Rankings 2024" . Times Higher Education . 25 September 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2024&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024%2Fworld-ranking%23%21%2Flength%2F25%2Flocations%2FTUR%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023) "2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities" . Shanghai Ranking . Retrieved 22 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shanghai+Ranking&rft.atitle=2023+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   Oz 2021 , Abstract   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ntv.com.tr/egitim/turkiyedeki-yabanci-ogrenci-sayisi-795-bin-962ye-ulasti,OpnWuWDZLkyNsTNv5cZTpg) "Türkiye'deki yabancı öğrenci sayısı 795 bin 962'ye ulaştı" . Retrieved 5 January 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki+yabanc%C4%B1+%C3%B6%C4%9Frenci+say%C4%B1s%C4%B1+795+bin+962%27ye+ula%C5%9Ft%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv.com.tr%2Fegitim%2Fturkiyedeki-yabanci-ogrenci-sayisi-795-bin-962ye-ulasti%2COpnWuWDZLkyNsTNv5cZTpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.unze.ba/download/Turkey%20Scholarships.pdf) "Türkıye Scholarships – Türkıye for Education" (PDF) . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk%C4%B1ye+Scholarships+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrk%C4%B1ye+for+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unze.ba%2Fdownload%2FTurkey%2520Scholarships.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/index.php/en/sss-2) "Türkiye Scholarships-FAQ" . Türkiye Scholarships . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Scholarships&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Scholarships-FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiyeburslari.gov.tr%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fsss-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://turkeyscholarship.com/) "Scholarships" . Turkey Scholarship . Retrieved 7 January 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkey+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Scholarships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkeyscholarship.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://camsakurasehir.saglik.gov.tr/TR-899525/basaksehir-cam-ve-sakura-sehir-hastanesinde-2-bin-68-sismik-izolator-var.html) "Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura Şehir Hastanesi'nde 2 bin 68 sismik izolatör var" . Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı . 14 February 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti+Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k+Bakanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Ba%C5%9Fak%C5%9Fehir+%C3%87am+ve+Sakura+%C5%9Eehir+Hastanesi%27nde+2+bin+68+sismik+izolat%C3%B6r+var&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamsakurasehir.saglik.gov.tr%2FTR-899525%2Fbasaksehir-cam-ve-sakura-sehir-hastanesinde-2-bin-68-sismik-izolator-var.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oguz, Ahmet Bunyan (2020). "Turkish Health Policies: Past, Present, and Future". Social Work in Public Health . 35 (6): 456– 472. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19371918.2020.1806167) 10.1080/19371918.2020.1806167 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espn.co.uk&rft.atitle=Basketball+Capitals%3A+Cities+in+Focus+%E2%80%93+Istanbul&rft.au=Ian+Whittell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Fbasketball%2Fsport%2Fstory%2F206057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080503203721/http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103) "Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team" . Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü. Archived from (http://en.efesbasket.org/the_clup/icerik.aspx?SectionId=103) the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+achievements+of+the+Efes+Pilsen+Basketball+Team&rft.pub=Anadolu+Efes+Spor+Kul%C3%BCb%C3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.efesbasket.org%2Fthe_clup%2Ficerik.aspx%3FSectionId%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324184003/http://en.efesbasket.org/Efes-Pilsen-History/Our-Successes.aspx) "Anadolu Efes S.K.: Our successes" . Archived from (http://en.efesbasket.org/Efes-Pilsen-History/Our-Successes.aspx) the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anadolu+Efes+S.K.%3A+Our+successes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.efesbasket.org%2FEfes-Pilsen-History%2FOur-Successes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/cid_-tmRPCfrIrYRSO2M5V49E1.compID_jr6ZiXqeGhMBtfq1yxqV83.roundID_9680.season_2014.gameID_9752-16-A-1.html) "Galatasaray Lift EuroLeague Women Title" . fibaeurope.com . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fibaeurope.com&rft.atitle=Galatasaray+Lift+EuroLeague+Women+Title&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fibaeurope.com%2Feuroleaguewomen%2Fcid_-tmRPCfrIrYRSO2M5V49E1.compID_jr6ZiXqeGhMBtfq1yxqV83.roundID_9680.season_2014.gameID_9752-16-A-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140829153101/http://www.tvf.org.tr/icerik/36/) "National Team's Activities" . tvf.org.tr . Archived from (http://www.tvf.org.tr/icerik/36/) the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvf.org.tr&rft.atitle=National+Team%27s+Activities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvf.org.tr%2Ficerik%2F36%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://championsleague.cev.eu/en/match-centres/cev-champions-league-volley-2023/cev-champions-league-volley-2023-women/clvw-93-vakifbank-istanbul-v-eczacibasi-dynavit-istanbul/) "2023 CEV Women's Champions League Super Final: VakifBank Istanbul – Ezcacibasi Dynavit Istanbul" . championsleague.cev.eu . 20 May 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=championsleague.cev.eu&rft.atitle=2023+CEV+Women%27s+Champions+League+Super+Final%3A+VakifBank+Istanbul+%E2%80%93+Ezcacibasi+Dynavit+Istanbul&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchampionsleague.cev.eu%2Fen%2Fmatch-centres%2Fcev-champions-league-volley-2023%2Fcev-champions-league-volley-2023-women%2Fclvw-93-vakifbank-istanbul-v-eczacibasi-dynavit-istanbul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Burak Sansal (2006). (http://www.allaboutturkey.com/yagligures.htm) "Oiled Wrestling" . allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 13 December 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oiled+Wrestling&rft.pub=allaboutturkey.com&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Burak+Sansal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fyagligures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dailysabah.com/sports/2018/07/13/historical-kirkpinar-oil-wrestling-festival-kicks-off-in-northwestern-turkey) "Historical Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival kicks off in northwestern Turkey" . Daily Sabah . 13 July 2018. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Historical+K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar+oil+wrestling+festival+kicks+off+in+northwestern+Turkey&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fsports%2F2018%2F07%2F13%2Fhistorical-kirkpinar-oil-wrestling-festival-kicks-off-in-northwestern-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080801224941/http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.php?link=history&dil=en) "Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History" . Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007. Archived from (http://www.kirkpinar.com/home.php?link=history&dil=en) the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar+Oiled+Wrestling+Tournament%3A+History&rft.pub=Kirkpinar.com&rft.date=2007-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkpinar.com%2Fhome.php%3Flink%3Dhistory%26dil%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gegner, Christiane. (https://web.archive.org/web/20090313024550/http://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrest/start.php/) "FILA Wrestling Database" . Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Archived from (https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/start.php) the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FILA+Wrestling+Database&rft.pub=Iat.uni-leipzig.de&rft.aulast=Gegner&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iat.uni-leipzig.de%2Fdatenbanken%2Fdbfoeldeak%2Fstart.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)       Works cited   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Agoston, G; Masters, B (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire  . Facts On File, Incorporated. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1) 978-0-8160-6259-1  – via Google Books. 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Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics: Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States in Comparison . International Studies in Social History. Vol. 18. Berghahn Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780857453280) 10.1515/9780857453280 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-328-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-328-0) 978-0-85745-328-0  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Pre-thirteenth-century+Turkish&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864112-4&rft.aulast=Clauson&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6AZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_B._Cohen) (Saul B. Cohen) Cohen, Saul B. , ed. (2008). The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1) 978-0-231-14554-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212893637) 212893637 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World%3A+Volume+1+A+to+G&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212893637&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14554-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Comrie) (Bernard Comrie) Comrie, Bernard , ed. (2018). The World's Major Languages (3rd ed.). Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315644936) 10.4324/9781315644936 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4) 978-0-19-506511-4  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191918742.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-191874-2&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)) (Alan Davidson (food writer)) Davidson, Alan ; Jaine, Tom, eds. (2014). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food) (The Oxford Companion to Food) The Oxford Companion to Food  (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199677337.001.0001) 10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Ottoman+and+Turkish+History%2C+1774-1923%3A+The+Impact+of+the+West&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2F720640&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72064-0&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Roderic+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations (European Commission), European Commission (8 November 2023). (https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/resimler/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Report%202023.pdf) Commission Staff Working Document Türkiye 2023 Report (PDF) . Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs Directorate for EU Affairs (Report). 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-17460-5) (Special:BookSources/978-3-031-17460-5) 978-3-031-17460-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SDGs+in+the+European+Region&rft.series=Implementing+the+UN+Sustainable+Development+Goals+%E2%80%93+Regional+Perspectives&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-17461-2&rft.isbn=978-3-031-17460-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tuğaç, Çiğdem. "Urban Renewal: Turkey's Solution for Housing Problems for Low-Income Groups and Disaster-Resilient Urbanization". In Filho et al. (2023) , pp. 1451–1474. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198605683.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860568-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bozdogan, Sibel. "Turkey, since 1918". In Goode (2009) .     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gray, Douglas, ed. (2003). The Oxford Companion to Chaucer . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198117650.001.0001) 10.1093/acref/9780198117650.001.0001 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811765-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-811765-0) 978-0-19-811765-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chaucer&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198117650.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-811765-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2019). (https://web.archive.org/web/20220307182845/https://fs.hacettepe.edu.tr/hips/dosyalar/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%20-%20raporlar/2018%20TNSA/TDHS2018_mainReport_compressed.pdf) 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (PDF) (Report). Ankara. Archived from (https://fs.hacettepe.edu.tr/hips/dosyalar/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%20-%20raporlar/2018%20TNSA/TDHS2018_mainReport_compressed.pdf) the original (PDF) on 7 March 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2018+Turkey+Demographic+and+Health+Survey&rft.place=Ankara&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Hacettepe+University+Institute+of+Population+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffs.hacettepe.edu.tr%2Fhips%2Fdosyalar%2FAra%25C5%259Ft%25C4%25B1rmalar%2520-%2520raporlar%2F2018%2520TNSA%2FTDHS2018_mainReport_compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harmancioglu, Nilgun B.; Altinbilek, Dogan, eds. (2020). Water Resources of Turkey . World Water Resources. Vol. 2. Springer Cham. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-11729-0) 10.1007/978-3-030-11729-0 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11779%2F975) 20.500.11779/975 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Rise+as+an+Emerging+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315745190&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59445-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oğuzlu, Tarik; Dal, Emel Parlar. "Decoding Turkey's Rise: An Introduction". In Kubicek, Dal & Oğuzlu (2016) .  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kardaş, Şaban. "Turkey: A Regional Power Facing a Changing International System". In Kubicek, Dal & Oğuzlu (2016) .     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin, eds. (2019). (https://paris1.hal.science/hal-03939323) Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey  . World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Cham. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-03515-0) 10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Love%3A+Cultural+Intimacy+in+Turkish+Popular+Music&rft.series=Chicago+Studies+in+Ethnomusicology&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77506-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwnpAkCTo88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2019). (https://shura.org.tr/en/energy-pricing-and-non-market-flows-in-turkeys-energy-sector/) Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector (Report). Metin Koşar. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200806205126/https://www.shura.org.tr/energy_pricing_and_non-market_flows_in_turkeys_energy_sector-2/) Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Energy+pricing+and+non-market+flows+in+Turkey%27s+energy+sector&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Taranto&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft.au=Sayg%C4%B1n%2C+De%C4%9Fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshura.org.tr%2Fen%2Fenergy-pricing-and-non-market-flows-in-turkeys-energy-sector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff, eds. (2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4stKEAAAQBAJ) From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin Deweese  . Brill. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004471177) 10.1163/9789004471177 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47018-7) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47018-7) 978-90-04-47018-7  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Khan%27s+Oven%3A+Studies+on+the+History+of+Central+Asian+Religions+in+Honor+of+Devin+Deweese&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004471177&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47018-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4stKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden) (Peter Benjamin Golden) Golden, Peter B. "Reflections on the Ethnonym Türk". In Tasar, Frank & Eden (2021) , pp. 1–50. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004471177_002) 10.1163/9789004471177_002     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tockner, Klement; Zarfl, Christiane; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2022). Rivers of Europe (2nd ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2017-0-03745-X) 10.1016/C2017-0-03745-X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102612-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102612-0) 978-0-08-102612-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Europe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FC2017-0-03745-X&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102612-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akbulut, Nuray (Emir); Bayarı, Serdar; Akbulut, Aydın; Özyurt, Naciye Nur; Sahin, Yalcın. "Rivers of Turkey". In Tockner, Zarfl & Robinson (2022) , pp. 853–882. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-102612-0.00021-3) 10.1016/B978-0-08-102612-0.00021-3     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004933/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf) Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 (PDF) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy) (KONDA Research and Consultancy) KONDA Research and Consultancy . 2006. Archived from (http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf) the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toplumsal+Yap%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1+2006&rft.pub=KONDA+Research+and+Consultancy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_den_Hout) (Theo van den Hout) van den Hout, Theo (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C) The Elements of Hittite  . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13300-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13300-5) 978-0-521-13300-5  – via Google Books. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Hittite&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13300-5&rft.aulast=van+den+Hout&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDJNg5Nyef0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wiseman, Alexander W., ed. (2021). Annual Review of Comparative and International Education 2020 . International Perspectives on Education and Society. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS1479-3679202140) 10.1108/S1479-3679202140 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80071-908-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-80071-908-8) 978-1-80071-908-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Review+of+Comparative+and+International+Education+2020&rft.series=International+Perspectives+on+Education+and+Society&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FS1479-3679202140&rft.isbn=978-1-80071-908-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oz, Yakup. "The Emergence of Turkey as a Regional Hub for International Students: A Macro-Level Analysis". In Wiseman (2021) , pp. 307–328. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS1479-367920210000040017) 10.1108/S1479-367920210000040017     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization) (World Intellectual Property Organization) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2024). (https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB3lite.pdf) Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship (PDF) (Report). Geneva: WIPO. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062) 10.34667/tind.50062 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=WIPO&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization+%28WIPO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB3lite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkey)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group (2022). (http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099006106072221642/pdf/P177479041cc100c80bacc031005338a440.pdf) Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F37521) 10986/37521 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505172225/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099006106072221642/pdf/P177479041cc100c80bacc031005338a440.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024 . 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(Environmental issues in Turkey) Environmental issues (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey) (Air pollution in Turkey) Air pollution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey) (Waste management in Turkey) Waste management    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey) (Fauna of Turkey) Fauna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Turkey) (Flora of Turkey) Flora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey) (Geology of Turkey) Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey) (List of lakes of Turkey) Lakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey) (List of mountains in Turkey) Mountains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey) (List of national parks of Turkey) National parks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey) (List of rivers of Turkey) Rivers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Riviera) (Turkish Riviera) Turkish Riviera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey) (Wildlife of Turkey) Wildlife           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Turkey) (Government of Turkey) Government   Branches (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey) (Grand National Assembly of Turkey) Legislative  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey) (President of Turkey) Executive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey) (Cabinet of Turkey) Cabinet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey) (Judicial system of Turkey) Judicial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey) (Constitutional Court of Turkey) Constitutional Court  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)) (Court of Cassation (Turkey)) Court of Cassation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes) (Court of Jurisdictional Disputes) Court of Jurisdictional Disputes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)) (Council of State (Turkey)) Council of State        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey) (Politics of Turkey) Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey) (Censorship in Turkey) Censorship  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey) (Elections in Turkey) Elections (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey) (Parliamentary elections in Turkey) Parliamentary elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections) (Turkish presidential elections) Presidential elections    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey) (Electoral system of Turkey) Electoral system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey) (List of political parties in Turkey) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey) (Referendums in Turkey) Referendums      Topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey) (Administrative divisions of Turkey) Administrative divisions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey) (Foreign relations of Turkey) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization) (National Intelligence Organization) Intelligence Services  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)) (Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)) Ministry of the Interior (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)) (General Directorate of Security (Turkey)) National Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command) (Gendarmerie General Command) Gendarmerie    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey) (Constitution of Turkey) The constitutional system  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces) (Turkish Armed Forces) Turkish Armed Forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force) (Turkish Air Force) Air Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces) (Turkish Land Forces) Land  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces) (Turkish Naval Forces) Navy             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey) (Economy of Turkey) Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey) (Automotive industry in Turkey) Automotive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey) (Banking in Turkey) Banking and finance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_and_contracting_industry_in_Turkey) (Construction and contracting industry in Turkey) Construction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_lira) (Turkish lira) Currency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey) (Defense industry of Turkey) Defense  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey) (Energy in Turkey) Energy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey) (Coal in Turkey) Coal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey) (Gas in Turkey) Gas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey) (Oil in Turkey) Oil  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey) (Renewable energy in Turkey) Renewables    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey) (Free trade agreements of Turkey) Free trade agreements  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey) (Science and technology in Turkey) Science and technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey) (Telecommunications in Turkey) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey) (Tourism in Turkey) Tourism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey) (List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey) World Heritage Sites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey) (List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey) Intangible Cultural Heritage    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey) (Transport in Turkey) Transportation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey) (Aviation in Turkey) Aviation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines) (Turkish Airlines) Turkish Airlines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey) (Rail transport in Turkey) Railways        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey) (Demographics of Turkey) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people) (Turkish people) Turkish people  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey) (Minorities in Turkey) Minorities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey) (Kurds in Turkey) Kurds    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey) (Languages of Turkey) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language) (Turkish language) Turkish language    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey) (Religion in Turkey) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey) (Islam in Turkey) Islam in Turkey    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey) (List of largest cities and towns in Turkey) Cities and towns (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara) (Ankara) Ankara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İzmir) (İzmir) İzmir    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey) (Immigration to Turkey) Immigration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_migrant_crisis) (Turkish migrant crisis) Migrant crisis    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy) (List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy) Life expectancy      Society (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Turkey) (Education in Turkey) Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey) (List of universities in Turkey) Universities    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey) (Health care in Turkey) Health care  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey) (Human rights in Turkey) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Turkey) (LGBTQ rights in Turkey) LGBTQ rights    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_regulation_in_Turkey) (Internet regulation in Turkey) Internet regulation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people) (List of Turkish people) Individuals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey) (Law enforcement in Turkey) Law enforcement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey) (Crime in Turkey) Crime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey) (Corruption in Turkey) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey) (Terrorism in Turkey) Terrorism    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey) (Marriage in Turkey) Marriage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey) (Poverty in Turkey) Poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Turkey) (Women in Turkey) Women in Turkey    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey) (Culture of Turkey) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey) (Architecture of Turkey) Architecture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture) (Anatolian Seljuk architecture) Seljuk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) (Ottoman architecture) Ottoman    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_art) (Turkish art) Art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_illumination) (Ottoman illumination) Illumination  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_literature) (Turkish literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey) (Cinema of Turkey) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance) (Turkish folk dance) Folk dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Turkey) (Music of Turkey) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_miniature) (Ottoman miniature) Miniature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_State_Opera_and_Ballet) (Turkish State Opera and Ballet) Opera and ballet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Turkish_painting) (History of modern Turkish painting) Painting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey) (Theatre of Turkey) Theater    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug) (Anatolian rug) Carpet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_cuisine) (Turkish cuisine) Cuisine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine) (Ottoman cuisine) Ottoman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_wine) (Turkish wine) Wine    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey) (List of festivals in Turkey) Festivals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_folklore) (Turkish folklore) Folklore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey) (Mass media in Turkey) Media (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey) (List of newspapers in Turkey) Newspapers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey) (List of radio stations in Turkey) Radio stations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Turkey) (Television in Turkey) TV  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_television_drama) (Turkish television drama) TV series  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey) (Video games in Turkey) Video games    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_name) (Turkish name) Names  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Turkey) (Postage stamps and postal history of Turkey) Postage stamps  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik_pottery) (Iznik pottery) Pottery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkey) (Public holidays in Turkey) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey) (Sport in Turkey) Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Turkey) (Football in Turkey) Football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_wrestling) (Oil wrestling) Oil wrestling  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_Olympics) (Turkey at the Olympics) Olympic appearances             (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey) (Portal:Turkey) Portal   (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey) (Category:Turkey) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Commons page) ()    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey) (commons:Category:Turkey) Commons   (Project page) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey) (Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey) WikiProject   (Outline) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey) (Outline of Turkey) Outline          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Articles related to Turkey   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia) (Template:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia) (Template talk:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia) (Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia) (List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia) Sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state) (Sovereign state) Sovereign states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan) (Bhutan) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor) (East Timor) East Timor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan) Taiwan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 (Sovereign Base Areas) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau      1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.  (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia) (Category:Asia) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe) (Template:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe) (Template talk:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe) (Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe) (List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe) Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state) (Sovereign state) Sovereign states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra) (Andorra) Andorra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) (Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) (Czech Republic) Czech Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia) (Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) (Finland) Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece) (Greece) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland) (Iceland) Iceland 3  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein) (Liechtenstein) Liechtenstein  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) (Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) (Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco) (Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro) (Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands) (Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia) (North Macedonia) North Macedonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) (Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino) (San Marino) San Marino  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) (Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia) (Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden) (Sweden) Sweden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City) (Vatican City) Vatican City 4      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria) (Transnistria) Transnistria      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    Denmark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands) (Faroe Islands) Faroe Islands 3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Realm) (Danish Realm) autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark        United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 (Sovereign Base Areas) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar) (Gibraltar) Gibraltar ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories) (British Overseas Territories) British Overseas Territory )     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies) (Crown Dependencies) Crown Dependencies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Bailiwick of Guernsey (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderney) (Alderney) Alderney  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey) (Guernsey) Guernsey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark) (Sark) Sark    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey) (Jersey) Bailiwick of Jersey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man) (Isle of Man) Isle of Man                Special areas of internal sovereignty   Finland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Åland) (Åland) Åland ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division) (Autonomous administrative division) autonomous region subject to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Åland_convention) (Åland convention) Åland convention of 1921)     Norway (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard) (Svalbard) Svalbard ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area) (Unincorporated area) unincorporated area subject to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty) (Svalbard Treaty) Svalbard Treaty )     United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland) (Northern Ireland) Northern Ireland ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom) (Countries of the United Kingdom) country of the United Kingdom subject to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement) (Good Friday Agreement) British-Irish Agreement )          1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia. 3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands) (Island) Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 4 Governed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See which has sovereignty over Vatican City.  (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Europe) (Category:Europe) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe) (Portal:Europe) Europe portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe) (Template:Council of Europe) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe) (Template talk:Council of Europe) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe) (Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe) (Council of Europe) Council of Europe    Institutions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe) (Secretary General of the Council of Europe) Secretary General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe) (Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe) Committee of  Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe) (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe) Parliamentary  Assembly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe) (Congress of the Council of Europe) Congress  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights) (European Court of Human Rights) Court of Human Rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights) (Commissioner for Human Rights) Commissioner for Human Rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice) (European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice) Commission for the Efficiency of Justice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance) (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) Commission against Racism and Intolerance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Commission) (Venice Commission) Venice Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompidou_Group) (Pompidou Group) Pompidou Group      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe) (Member states of the Council of Europe) Members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra) (Andorra) Andorra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe) (Armenia in the Council of Europe) Armenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe) (Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) (Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) (Czech Republic) Czech Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark) (Denmark) Denmark  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia) (Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) (Finland) Finland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) France  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) Germany  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe) (Greece in the Council of Europe) Greece  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland) (Iceland) Iceland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy) (Italy) Italy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein) (Liechtenstein) Liechtenstein  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) (Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) (Luxembourg) Luxembourg  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova) (Moldova) Moldova  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco) (Monaco) Monaco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro) (Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands) (Netherlands) Netherlands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia) (North Macedonia) North Macedonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway) (Norway) Norway  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) (Portugal) Portugal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino) (San Marino) San Marino  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) (Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia) (Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain) (Spain) Spain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden) (Sweden) Sweden  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe–European_Union_relations) (Council of Europe–European Union relations) EU relations      Former members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia) (Czechoslovakia) Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia (1996–2022) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe) (Russia in the Council of Europe) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Protectorate) (Saar Protectorate) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro) (Serbia and Montenegro) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Template:Organization of Turkic States) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Template talk:Organization of Turkic States) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States) (Edit this template) e     ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Organization of Turkic States) Organization of Turkic States    Members ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Organization of Turkic States)       Observers ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan      Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits) (List of Turkic Speaking States summits) Turkic Speaking States summits (1992-2010) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits) (List of Turkic Council summits) Turkic Council summits (2011-2021) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit) (2022 Organization of Turkic States summit) 2022 (Samarkand)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit) (2023 Organization of Turkic States summit) 2023 (Astana)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit) (2024 Organization of Turkic States summit) 2024 (Bishkek)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2025 Organization of Turkic States summit (page does not exist)) 2025 (Gabala)      Symbols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States) (Flag of the Organization of Turkic States) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day) (Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day) Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Turkic_Language_Family_Day) (World Turkic Language Family Day) World Turkic Language Family Day      Award (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World) (Supreme Order of Turkic World) Supreme Order of Turkic World         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Template:Economic Cooperation Organization) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)   Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement) (Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement) ECOTA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat) (Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Secretaries-General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Izmir?action=edit&redlink=1) (Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)) Treaty of Izmir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Declaration?action=edit&redlink=1) (Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)) Islamabad Declaration      Symbols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization?action=edit&redlink=1) (Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization?action=edit&redlink=1) (Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)) Flag           Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit) (1st ECO Summit) Tehran 1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit) (2nd ECO Summit) Istanbul 1993  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit) (3rd ECO Summit) Islamabad 1995  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit) (4th ECO Summit) Ashgabat 1996  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Almaty 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tehran 2000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Istanbul 2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Dushanbe 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Baku 2006  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tehran 2009  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Istanbul 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit) (12th ECO Summit) Baku 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit) (13th ECO Summit) Islamabad 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) 2021 (virtual) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Ashgabat 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (16th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tashkent 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_ECO_Summit) (17th ECO Summit) Khankendi 2025      Member  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observers ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha) (Hissein Brahim Taha) Hissein Brahim Taha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Template talk:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Council of Ministers of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Council of Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Summit      Members ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Beijing_SCO_summit) (2012 Beijing SCO summit) Beijing 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Dushanbe_SCO_summit) (2014 Dushanbe SCO summit) Dushanbe 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Astana_SCO_summit) (2017 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Qingdao_SCO_summit) (2018 Qingdao SCO summit) Qingdao 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Samarkand_SCO_summit) (2022 Samarkand SCO summit) Samarkand 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Astana_SCO_summit) (2024 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit) (2024 Islamabad SCO summit) Islamabad 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tianjin_SCO_summit) (2025 Tianjin SCO summit) Tianjin 2025      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observer states ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia      Dialogue partners ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) (Commonwealth of Independent States) Commonwealth of Independent States  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations      Applicants ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure) (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Evils) (Three Evils) Three Evils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium) (SCO Interbank Consortium) SCO Interbank Consortium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) (Eurasian Land Bridge) Eurasian Land Bridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:TURKSOY) (Template:TURKSOY) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:TURKSOY) (Template talk:TURKSOY) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY) (Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture) (International Organization of Turkic Culture) International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)   Members ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture) (International Organization of Turkic Culture)       Observers ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Republic) (Altai Republic) Altai   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan) (Bashkortostan) Bashkortostan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauzia) (Gagauzia) Găgăuzia   ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic) (Sakha Republic) Sakha  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarstan) (Tatarstan) Tatarstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva) (Tuva) Tuva   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakassia) (Khakassia) Khakassia       Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkut_Ata_Film_Festival_of_the_Turkic_World) (Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World) Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World) (Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World) Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Black_Sea) (Template:Black Sea) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Sea) (Template talk:Black Sea) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Sea) (Special:EditPage/Template:Black Sea) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) (Black Sea) Black Sea    Countries bordering the Black Sea ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 1  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria) (Bulgaria) Bulgaria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania) (Romania) Romania  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine      Cities (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi) (Batumi) Batumi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas) (Burgas) Burgas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanța) (Constanța) Constanța  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giresun) (Giresun) Giresun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopa) (Hopa) Hopa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul) (Istanbul) Istanbul  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch) (Kerch) Kerch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobuleti) (Kobuleti) Kobuleti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalia) (Mangalia) Mangalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Năvodari) (Năvodari) Năvodari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiysk) (Novorossiysk) Novorossiysk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa) (Odesa) Odesa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu) (Ordu) Ordu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poti) (Poti) Poti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize) (Rize) Rize  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun) (Samsun) Samsun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol) (Sevastopol) Sevastopol  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi) (Sochi) Sochi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumi) (Sukhumi) Sukhumi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon) (Trabzon) Trabzon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria) (Varna, Bulgaria) Varna  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta) (Yalta) Yalta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonguldak) (Zonguldak) Zonguldak      1  Disputed statehood/(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia) (Russian-occupied territories in Georgia) Occupied territory  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia) (International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia) partial international recognition , but considered by most countries to be part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia .            (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000403699232) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/244983681) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061163-2) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208963) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmHG9jJjCTM3y4pFRqcP) WorldCat       National (Turkey) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070818) United States    (Turquie - Vedette géographique) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656641) France   (Turquie - Vedette RAMEAU) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119337213) 2      (Turquie - Vedette géographique) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118656641) BnF data   (Turquie - Vedette RAMEAU) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119337213) 2      (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573331) Japan   (Turecko) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131143&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451272) Spain   (http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/562499) Portugal   (https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040410&P_CON_LNG=ENG) Latvia   (https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=11590) Greece   (https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000045709) Argentina   (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=499/48176) Vatican   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550213105171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061035037506706) Catalonia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/d3be28b4-41f7-3752-8a05-ed45e1d1e492) MusicBrainz area       Academics (https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03795741?l=en) CiNii       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/545a9593-d5b9-41a4-a95b-4dd696c47119) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/e3w7Feop) UK Parliament       Other (Turquie) (https://www.idref.fr/026402564) IdRef   (Turquie) (https://www.idref.fr/027254755) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003374) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035803) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turkiye) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/10b16322-6cb9-4448-9291-076e20faebe6) Yale LUX          (./Category:Turkey#%20)  (./Category:Eastern_Mediterranean)  (./Category:G20_members)  (./Category:Member_states_of_NATO)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe)  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