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It has an area of 35,808 square kilometers (13,826 square miles), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanized population is concentrated. The combined territories under ROC control consist of 168 islands[o] in total covering 36,193 square kilometers (13,974 square miles).[18][41] The largest metropolitan area is formed by Taipei (the capital), New Taipei City, and Keelung. With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.\n\nTaiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale Han Chinese immigration began under Dutch colonial rule and continued under the Kingdom of Tungning, the first predominantly Han Chinese state in Taiwanese history. The island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown the Qing in 1912 under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen, assumed control following the surrender of Japan in World War II. With the loss of mainland China to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, the government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan in 1949 under the Kuomintang (KMT).\n\nFrom the early 1960s, Taiwan saw rapid economic growth and industrialization known as the \"Taiwan Miracle\".[42] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party state under martial law to a multi-party democracy, with democratically elected presidents beginning in 1996. Taiwan's export-oriented economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country.[43][44] It is ranked highly in terms of civil liberties,[45] healthcare,[46] and human development.[p][50]\n\nThe political and international status of Taiwan is contentious. Despite being a founding member, the ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim to be the sole legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to regard the Chinese Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its control over mainland China. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognize the ROC. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-state basis. Domestically, the major political contention is between the Pan-Blue Coalition, which favors eventual Chinese unification under the ROC and promoting a pan-Chinese identity, contrasted with the Pan-Green Coalition, which favors eventual Taiwan independence and promoting a Taiwanese identity; in the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.[52][53]\n\nEtymology\n\nNames for the island\nIn his Daoyi Zhil\u00fce (1349), Wang Dayuan used \"Liuqiu\" as a name for the island, or the part of it closest to Penghu.[54] Elsewhere, the name was used for the Ryukyu Islands in general or Okinawa specifically; the name Ry\u016bky\u016b is the Japanese form of Li\u00faqi\u00fa. The name also appears in the Book of Sui (636) and other early works, but scholars cannot agree on whether these references are to the Ryukyus, Taiwan or even Luzon.[55]\n\nThe name Formosa (\u798f\u723e\u6469\u6c99) dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors noted it on their maps as Ilha Formosa (Portuguese for \"beautiful island\").[56][57] The name Formosa eventually \"replaced all others in European literature\"[58] and remained in common use among English speakers into the 20th century.[59]\n\nIn 1603, a Chinese expedition fleet anchored at a place in Taiwan called Dayuan, a variant of \"Taiwan\", which is derived from the Siraya language.[60][61][62] In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at Fort Zeelandia (modern-day Anping) on a coastal sandbar called \"Tayouan\".[63] This name originated as an ethnonym for a nearby Taiwanese indigenous people,[61] the Taivoan, who were historically classified as a subgroup of the Siraya.[61][64]\n\nUse of the current Chinese name (\u81fa\u7063 / \u53f0\u7063) became official as early as 1684 during the Qing dynasty with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture centered in modern-day Tainan. Through its rapid development the entire Taiwanese mainland eventually became known as \"Taiwan\".[65][66][67][68]\n\nNames of the country and jurisdiction\n\n\nThe official name of the country in English is the \"Republic of China\". Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Chinese mainland, the government used the short form \"China\" (Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3, \u4e2d\u570b) to refer to itself, derived from zh\u014dng (\"central\" or \"middle\") and gu\u00f3 (\"state, nation-state\").[q] The term developed under the Zhou dynasty in reference to its royal demesne,[r] and was then applied to the area around Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) during the Eastern Zhou and later to China's Central Plain, before being used as an occasional synonym for the state during the Qing era.[70] The name of the republic had stemmed from the party manifesto of the Tongmenghui in 1905, which says the four goals of the Chinese revolution were \"to expel the Manchu rulers, to revive Chunghwa, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people.\"[III] Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen proposed the name Chunghwa Minkuo as the assumed name of the new country when the revolution succeeded.\n\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s, after the ROC government had withdrawn to Taiwan, it was commonly referred to as \"Nationalist China\" (or \"Free China\") to differentiate it from \"communist China\" (or \"Red China\").[72] Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as \"Taiwan\", after the main island. To avoid confusion, the ROC government in Taiwan began to put \"Taiwan\" next to its official name in 2005.[73] In ROC government publications, the name is written as \"Republic of China (Taiwan)\", \"Republic of China/Taiwan\", or sometimes \"Taiwan (ROC)\".[74][75][76]\n\n\"Taiwan Area\" was defined to mean the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other territory under ROC's effective control,[77] in contrast to \"Mainland Area\" which refers to ROC territory outside the Taiwan Area and under Chinese Communist control.[78]\n\nThe Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name \"Chinese Taipei\" as a compromise with the People's Republic of China (PRC). For instance, it is the name under which it has participated in the Olympic Games as well as the APEC.[79] \"Taiwan authorities\" is sometimes used by the PRC to refer to the government in Taiwan.[80]\n\nHistory\n\n\n\n2,300-year-old jade, unearthed at Beinan Cultural Park\n\nPre-colonial period\n\n\nTaiwan was joined to the Asian mainland in the Late Pleistocene, until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago.[81] Human remains and Paleolithic artifacts dated 20,000 to 30,000 years ago have been found.[82][83] Study of the human remains suggested they were Australo-Papuan people similar to Negrito populations in the Philippines.[84] Paleolithic Taiwanese likely settled the Ryukyu Islands 30,000 years ago[85] although other studies suggest no genetic contribution from the aborigines of Taiwan into Ryukyuans.[86][87][88][89] Slash-and-burn agriculture practices started at least 11,000 years ago.[90]\n\nStone tools of the Changbin culture have been found in Taitung and Eluanbi. Archaeological remains suggest they were initially hunter-gatherers that slowly shifted to intensive fishing.[91][92] The distinct Wangxing culture, found along the Jingshan River of Miaoli County, seemed to have initially been gatherers who shifted to hunting.[93]\n\nAround 6,000 years ago, Taiwan was settled by farmers of the Dapenkeng culture, most likely from what is now southeast China.[94] These cultures are the ancestors of modern Taiwanese Indigenous peoples and the originators of the Austronesian language family.[95][96] Trade with the Philippines persisted from the early 2nd millennium BCE, including the use of Taiwanese jade in the Philippine jade culture.[97][98]\n\nThe Dapenkeng culture was succeeded by a variety of cultures throughout the island, including the Tahu and Yingpu; the Yuanshan were characterized by rice harvesting. Iron appeared in such cultures as the Niaosung culture, influenced by trade with China and Maritime Southeast Asia.[99][100] The Plains Indigenous peoples mainly lived in permanent walled villages, with a lifestyle based on agriculture, fishing, and hunting.[101] They had traditionally matriarchal societies.[101]\n\nEarly colonial period (to 1683)\n\n\nThe Penghu Islands were inhabited by Han Chinese fishermen by 1171, and in 1225 Penghu was attached to Jinjiang.[102][103][104][105] The Yuan dynasty officially incorporated Penghu under the jurisdiction of Tong'an County in 1281.[105] Penghu was evacuated in the 15th century by the Ming dynasty as part of their maritime ban, which lasted until the late 16th century.[106] In 1349, Wang Dayuan provided the first written account of a visit to Taiwan.[107][108] By the 1590s, a small number of Chinese from Fujian had started cultivating land in southwestern Taiwan.[109] Some 1,500-2,000 Chinese lived or stayed temporarily on the southern coast of Taiwan, mostly for seasonal fishing but also subsistence farming and trading, by the early 17th century.[110][108] In 1603, Chen Di visited Taiwan on an anti-wokou expedition and recorded an account of the Taiwanese Indigenous people.[61]\n\nIn 1591, Japan sent envoys to deliver a letter requesting tribute relations with Taiwan. They found no leader to deliver the letter to and returned home. In 1609, a Japanese expedition was sent to survey Taiwan. After being attacked by the Indigenous people, they took some prisoners and returned home. In 1616, a Japanese fleet of 13 ships were sent to Taiwan. Due to a storm, only one ship made it there and is presumed to have returned to Japan.[111][112]\n\nFort Zeelandia, built in 1634, was the governor's residence in Dutch Formosa.\nIn 1624, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) established Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan (in modern Tainan).[113][68] The lowland areas were occupied by 11 Indigenous chiefdoms, some of which fell under Dutch control, including the Kingdom of Middag.[68][114] When the Dutch arrived, southwestern Taiwan was already frequented by a mostly transient Chinese population numbering close to 1,500.[110] The VOC encouraged Chinese farmers to immigrate and work the lands under Dutch control and by the 1660s, some 30,000 to 50,000 Chinese were living on the island.[115][116] Most of the farmers cultivated rice for local consumption and sugar for export while some immigrants engaged in deer hunting for export.[117][118][119]\n\nIn 1626, the Spanish Empire occupied northern Taiwan as a trading base, first at Keelung and in 1628 building Fort Santo Domingo at Tamsui.[120][121] This colony lasted until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.[122] The Dutch then marched south, subduing hundreds of villages in the western plains.[122]\n\nTainan Confucian Temple built in 1665 during the Kingdom of Tungning period\nFollowing the fall of the Ming dynasty in Beijing in 1644, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) pledged allegiance to the Yongli Emperor and attacked the Qing dynasty along the southeastern coast of China.[123] In 1661, under increasing Qing pressure, he moved his forces from his base in Xiamen to Taiwan, expelling the Dutch the following year. The Dutch retook the northern fortress at Keelung in 1664, but left the island in 1668 in the face of indigenous resistance.[124][125]\n\nThe Zheng regime, known as the Kingdom of Tungning, proclaimed its loyalty to the overthrown Ming, but ruled independently.[126][127][128][129] However, Zheng Jing's return to China to participate in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories paved the way for the Qing invasion and occupation of Taiwan in 1683.[130][131]\n\nQing rule (1683\u20131895)\n\n\nChihkan Tower, originally built as Fort Provintia by the Dutch, was rebuilt under Qing rule.\n\nFollowing the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang in 1683, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan in May 1684, making it a prefecture of Fujian province while retaining its administrative seat (now Tainan) under Koxinga as the capital.[132][133][134]\n\nThe Qing government generally tried to restrict migration to Taiwan throughout the duration of its administration because it believed that Taiwan could not sustain too large a population without leading to conflict. After the defeat of the Kingdom of Tungning, most of its population in Taiwan was sent back to the mainland, leaving the official population count at only 50,000, including 10,000 troops. Despite official restrictions, officials in Taiwan solicited settlers from the mainland, causing tens of thousands of annual arrivals by 1711. A permit system was officially recorded in 1712, but it likely existed as early as 1684; its restrictions included only allowing those to enter who had property on the mainland, family in Taiwan, and who were not accompanied by wives or children. Many of the first male migrants married local Indigenous women. Over the 18th century, restrictions were relaxed as the Qing realized that they were unenforceable. In 1732, families were allowed to move to Taiwan.[135][136] By 1811, there were more than two million Han settlers in Taiwan, and profitable sugar and rice production industries provided exports to the mainland.[137][138][139] In 1875, restrictions on entering Taiwan were repealed.[140]\nTaiwanese indigenous peoples hunting deer, 1746\nThree counties nominally covered the entire western plains, but actual control was restricted to a smaller area. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the Dajia River. Qing administration expanded across the western plains area over the 18th century due to continued illegal crossings and settlement.[141] The Taiwanese Indigenous peoples were categorized by the Qing administration into acculturated aborigines who had adopted Han culture and non-acculturated aborigines who had not. The Qing did little to administer or subjugate them. When Taiwan was annexed, there were 46 aboriginal villages under its control, likely inherited from the Kingdom of Tungning. During the early Qianlong period there were 93 acculturated villages and 61 non-acculturated villages that paid taxes. In response to the Zhu Yigui settler rebellion in 1722, separation of aboriginals and settlers became official policy via 54 stelae used to mark the frontier boundary. The markings were changed four times over the latter half of the 18th century due to continued settler encroachment. Two aboriginal affairs sub-prefects, one for the north and one for the south, were appointed in 1766.[142]\n\nDuring the 200 years of Qing rule in Taiwan, the Plains Indigenous peoples rarely rebelled against the government and the mountain Indigenous peoples were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule. Most of the more than 100 rebellions during the Qing period, such as the Lin Shuangwen rebellion, were caused by Han settlers.[143][144] Their frequency was evoked by the common saying \"every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion\" (\u4e09\u5e74\u4e00\u53cd\u3001\u4e94\u5e74\u4e00\u4e82), primarily in reference to the period between 1820 and 1850.[145][146][147]\n\nMany officials stationed in Taiwan called for an active colonization policy over the 19th century. In 1788, Taiwan Prefect Yang Tingli supported the efforts of a settler named Wu Sha to claim land held by the Kavalan people. In 1797, Wu Sha was able to recruit settlers with financial support from the local government but was unable to officially register the land. In the early 1800s, local officials convinced the emperor to officially incorporate the area by playing up the issue of piracy if the land was left alone.[148] In 1814, some settlers attempted to colonize central Taiwan by fabricating rights to lease aboriginal land. They were evicted by government troops two years later. Local officials continued to advocate for the colonization of the area but were ignored.[149]\n\nTaipei North Gate, constructed in 1884, was part of the Walls of Taipei.\n\nThe Qing took on a more active colonization policy after 1874 when Japan invaded Indigenous territory in southern Taiwan and the Qing government was forced to pay an indemnity for them to leave.[150] The administration of Taiwan was expanded with new prefectures, sub-prefectures, and counties. Mountain roads were constructed to make inner Taiwan more accessible. Restrictions on entering Taiwan were ended in 1875 and agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the mainland, but efforts to promote settlement ended soon after.[151] In 1884, Keelung in northern Taiwan was occupied during the Sino-French War but the French forces failed to advance any further inland while their victory at Penghu in 1885 resulted in disease and retreat soon afterward as the war ended. Colonization efforts were renewed under Liu Mingchuan. In 1887, Taiwan's status was upgraded to a province. Taipei became the permanent capital in 1893. Liu's efforts to increase revenues on Taiwan's produce were hampered by foreign pressure not to increase levies. A land reform was implemented, increasing revenue which still fell short of expectation.[152][153][154] Modern technologies such as electric lighting, a railway, telegraph lines, steamship service, and industrial machinery were introduced under Liu's governance, but several of these projects had mixed results. A campaign to formally subjugate the Indigenous peoples ended with the loss of a third of the army after fierce resistance from the Mkgogan and Msbtunux peoples. Liu resigned in 1891 due to criticism of these costly projects.[155][156][132][157]\n\nBy the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of Indigenous peoples. Indigenous land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace due to the absence of state-sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule.[158][159]\n\nJapanese rule (1895\u20131945)\n\n\nFollowing the Qing defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.[160] Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects had to move to mainland China within a two-year grace period, which few saw as feasible.[161] Estimates say around 4,000 to 6,000 departed before the expiration of the grace period, and 200,000 to 300,000 followed during the subsequent disorder.[162][138][163] On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895.[164] About 6,000 inhabitants died in the initial fighting and some 14,000 died in the first year of Japanese rule. Another 12,000 \"bandit-rebels\" were killed from 1898 to 1902.[165][166][167] Subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the Beipu uprising of 1907, the Tapani incident of 1915, and the Musha incident of 1930) were unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese rule.\n\nA sugarcane mill and its railways in Tainan in the 1930s\n\nThe colonial period was instrumental to the industrialization of the island, with its expansion of railways and other transport networks, the building of an extensive sanitation system, the establishment of a formal education system, and an end to the practice of headhunting.[168][169] The resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan. The production of cash crops such as sugar greatly increased, and large areas were therefore diverted from the production of rice.[170] By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh-greatest sugar producer in the world.[171]\n\nThe Han and Indigenous populations were classified as second- and third-class citizens, and many prestigious government and business positions were closed to them.[172] After suppressing Han guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930.[173] Intellectuals and laborers who participated in left-wing movements were also arrested and massacred (e.g. Chiang Wei-shui and Masanosuke Watanabe).[174] Around 1936, the Japanese governor-general Seiz\u014d Kobayashi began an island-wide assimilation project.[175] Chinese-language newspapers were abolished. National Shinto religion was promoted in parallel with suppression of traditional Taiwanese beliefs. By late 1940, when temple destruction in Taiwan had ended, the number of native temples had decreased by a third. Starting from 1940, families were also encouraged to adopt Japanese surnames (a policy called kaiseimei), although only slightly more than 2% had done so by 1943, and possibly about 7% by August 1945.[175] By 1938, 309,000 Japanese were residing in Taiwan.[176]\nDuring the Second World War, the island was developed into a naval and air base while its agriculture, industry, and commerce suffered.[177][178] Air attacks and the subsequent invasion of the Philippines were launched from Taiwan. The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily from Taiwanese ports, and its think tank \"South Strike Group\" was based at Taihoku Imperial University. Military bases and industrial centers, such as Kaohsiung and Keelung, became targets of heavy Allied bombings, which destroyed many of the factories, dams, and transport facilities built by the Japanese.[179][178] In October 1944, the Formosa Air Battle was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces in Taiwan. Over 200,000 Taiwanese served in the Japanese military, with over 30,000 casualties.[180] Over 2,000 women, euphemistically called \"comfort women\", were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops.[181]\n\nAfter Japan's surrender, most Japanese residents were expelled.[182]\n\nRepublic of China (1945\u2013present)\n\n\n\nGeneral Chen Yi (right) accepting the receipt of General Order No. 1 from Rikichi And\u014d (left), the last Japanese governor-general of Taiwan, in Taipei City Hall\n\nWhile Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was founded on mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911.[183] Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915\u201328), Japanese invasion (1937\u201345), and the Chinese Civil War (1927\u201349), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing decade (1927\u201337), when most of China came under the control of the Kuomintang (KMT).[184] During World War II, the 1943 Cairo Declaration specified that Formosa and the Pescadores be returned by Japan to the ROC;[185][186] the terms were later repeated in the 1945 Potsdam Declaration[187] that Japan agreed to carry out in its instrument of surrender.[188][189] On 25 October 1945, Japan surrendered Taiwan to the ROC, and in the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan formally renounced their claims to the islands, though without specifying to whom they were surrendered.[190][191][192][193][s] In 1952, Japan and the ROC signed a peace treaty.[194]\n\nWhile initially enthusiastic about the return of Chinese administration and the Three Principles of the People, Formosans grew increasingly dissatisfied about being excluded from higher positions, the postponement of local elections even after the enactment of a constitution on the mainland, the smuggling of valuables off the island, the expropriation of businesses into government-operated monopolies, and the hyperinflation of 1945\u20131949.[195][196][197][198] The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the February 28 incident.[199][200] Mainstream estimates of the number killed range from 18,000 to 30,000.[201][202][203] Chen was later replaced by Wei Tao-ming, who made an effort to undo previous mismanagement by re-appointing a good proportion of islanders and re-privatizing businesses.[204]\n\nThe Nationalists' retreat to Taipei\n\nAfter the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed. A series of Chinese Communist offensives in 1949 led to the capture of its capital Nanjing on 23 April and the subsequent defeat of the Nationalists on the mainland. The Communists founded the People's Republic of China on 1 October.[205] On 7 December 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC.[206] Some 2 million people, mainly soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated to Taiwan, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. These people and their descendants became known in Taiwan as waishengren (\u5916\u7701\u4eba). The ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China's gold and foreign currency reserves.[207][208][209] Most of the gold was used to pay soldiers' salaries,[210] with some used to issue the New Taiwan dollar, part of a price stabilization program to slow inflation in Taiwan.[211][212]\n\nAfter losing control of mainland China in 1949, the ROC retained control of Taiwan and Penghu (Taiwan, ROC), parts of Fujian (Fujian, ROC)\u2014specifically Kinmen, Wuqiu (now part of Kinmen) and the Matsu Islands and two major islands in the South China Sea. The ROC also briefly retained control of the entirety of Hainan, parts of Zhejiang (Chekiang)\u2014specifically the Dachen Islands and Yijiangshan Islands\u2014and portions of Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Yunnan. The Communists captured Hainan in 1950, captured the Dachen Islands and Yijiangshan Islands during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1955 and defeated the ROC revolts in Northwest China in 1958. ROC forces entered Burma and Thailand in the 1950s and were defeated by Communists in 1961. Since losing control of mainland China, the Kuomintang continued to claim sovereignty over 'all of China', which it defined to include mainland China (including Tibet), Taiwan (including Penghu), Outer Mongolia, and other minor territories.\n\nMartial law era (1949\u20131987)\n\n\nChiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang from 1925 until his death in 1975\n\nMartial law, declared on Taiwan in May 1949,[213] continued to be in effect until 1987,[213][214] and was used to suppress political opposition. During the White Terror, as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist.[215] Many citizens were arrested, tortured, imprisoned or executed for their real or perceived link to the Chinese Communist Party. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was destroyed.\n\nFollowing the eruption of the Korean War, US President Harry S. Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between the ROC and the PRC.[216] The United States also passed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955, granting substantial foreign aid to the KMT regime between 1951 and 1965.[217] The US foreign aid stabilized prices in Taiwan by 1952.[218] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China.[219] Economic development was encouraged by American aid and programs such as the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 percent from 1952 to 1959.[220] The government also implemented a policy of import substitution industrialization, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.[221] The policy promoted the development of textile, food, and other labor-intensive industries.[222]\n\nAs the Chinese Civil War continued, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan. Veterans built the Central Cross-Island Highway through the Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, Nike Hercules missiles were added to the formation of missile batteries throughout the island.[223][224]\n\nWith Chiang Kai-shek, US president Dwight D. Eisenhower waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.\nDuring the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government under the Kuomintang's Dang Guo system while its economy became industrialized and technology-oriented.[225] This rapid economic growth, known as the Taiwan Miracle, occurred following a strategy of prioritizing agriculture, light industries, and heavy industries, in that order.[226] Export-oriented industrialization was achieved by tax rebate for exports, removal of import restriction, moving from multiple exchange rate to single exchange rate system, and depreciation of the New Taiwan dollar.[227] Infrastructure projects such as the Sun Yat-sen Freeway, Taoyuan International Airport, Taichung Harbor, and Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant were launched, while the rise of steel, petrochemical, and shipbuilding industries in southern Taiwan saw the transformation of Kaohsiung into a special municipality on par with Taipei.[228] In the 1970s, Taiwan became the second fastest growing economy in Asia.[229] Real growth in GDP averaged over 10 percent.[230] In 1978, the combination of tax incentives and a cheap, well-trained labor force attracted investments of over $1.9 billion from overseas Chinese, the United States, and Japan.[231] By 1980, foreign trade reached $39 billion per year and generated a surplus of $46.5 million.[226] Along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea, Taiwan became known as one of the Four Asian Tigers.\n\nBecause of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Eventually, especially after Taiwan's expulsion from the United Nations, most nations switched diplomatic recognition to the PRC. Until the 1970s, the ROC government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, severely repressing any political opposition, and controlling the media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and competitive democratic elections did not exist.[232][233][234][235][236]\n\nFrom the late 1970s to the 1990s, Taiwan underwent political and social reforms that transformed it into a democracy.[237][238] Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's son, served as premier from 1972 and rose to the presidency in 1978. He sought to move more authority to \"bensheng ren\" (residents of Taiwan before Japan's surrender and their descendants).[239] Pro-democracy activists Tangwai emerged as the opposition. In 1979, the Kaohsiung Incident took place in Kaohsiung on Human Rights Day. Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition.[240]\n\nIn 1984, Chiang Ching-kuo selected Lee Teng-hui as his vice-president. After the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was (illegally) founded as the first opposition party in Taiwan to counter the KMT in 1986, Chiang announced that he would allow the formation of new parties.[241] On 15 July 1987, Chiang lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan.[242][243]\n\nTransition to democracy\n\n\nIn 1988, Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the Republic of China born in Taiwan and was the first to be directly elected in 1996.\n\nAfter Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the ROC born in Taiwan.[244] Lee's administration oversaw a period of democratization in which the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion were abolished and the Additional Articles of the Constitution were introduced.[245][246] Congressional representation was allocated to only the Taiwan Area,[247] and Taiwan underwent a process of localization in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint[248] while assimilationist policies were replaced with support for multiculturalism.[249] In 1996, Lee was re-elected in the first direct presidential election.[250] During Lee's administration, both he and his party were involved in corruption controversies that came to be known as \"black gold\" politics.[251][252][253]\n\nChen Shui-bian of the DPP was elected as the first non-KMT president in 2000.[254] However, Chen lacked legislative majority. The opposition KMT developed the Pan-Blue Coalition with other parties, mustering a slim majority over the DPP-led Pan-Green Coalition.[255] Polarized politics emerged in Taiwan with the Pan-Blue preference for eventual Chinese unification, while the Pan-Green prefers Taiwanese independence.\n\nChen's reference to \"One Country on Each Side\" of the Taiwan Strait undercut cross-Strait relations in 2002.[256] He pushed for the first national referendum on cross-Strait relations,[257][258] and called for an end to the National Unification Council.[259] State-run companies began dropping \"China\" references in their names and including \"Taiwan\".[260] In 2008, referendums asked whether Taiwan should join the UN.[261] This act alienated moderate constituents who supported the status quo, as well as those with cross-strait economic ties. It also created tension with the mainland and disagreements with the United States.[262] Chen's administration was also dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock, and corruption investigations.[263][264][262]\n\nStudents occupied the Legislative Yuan in protest against a controversial trade agreement with China in March 2014.\n\nThe KMT's nominee Ma Ying-jeou won the 2008 presidential election on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of \"mutual non-denial\".[261] Under Ma, Taiwan and China opened up direct flights and cargo shipments.[265] The PRC government even made the atypical decision to not demand that Taiwan be barred from the annual World Health Assembly.[266] Ma also made an official apology for the White Terror.[267][268] However, closer economic ties with China raised concerns about its political consequences.[269][270] In 2014, university students occupied the Legislative Yuan and prevented the ratification of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement in what became known as the Sunflower Student Movement. The movement gave rise to youth-based third parties such as the New Power Party, and is viewed to have contributed to the DPP's victories in the 2016 presidential and legislative elections,[271] the latter of which resulted in the first DPP legislative majority in Taiwanese history.[272]\nIn January 2024, William Lai Ching-te of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party won Taiwan's presidential elections.[273] However, no party won a majority in the simultaneous Taiwan's legislative election for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.[274]\n\nGeography\n\n\nA satellite image of Taiwan, showing it is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The Penghu Islands are west of the main island.\n\nThe land controlled by the ROC consists of 168 islands[o] with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometers (13,974\u00a0sq\u00a0mi).[18][41][k] The main island, known historically as Formosa, makes up 99 percent of this area, measuring 35,808 square kilometers (13,826\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and lying some 180 kilometers (112\u00a0mi) across the Taiwan Strait from the southeastern coast of mainland China. The East China Sea lies to its north, the Philippine Sea to its east, the Luzon Strait directly to its south and the South China Sea to its southwest. Smaller islands include the Penghu Islands in the Taiwan Strait, the Kinmen, Matsu and Wuqiu islands near the Chinese coast, and some of the South China Sea islands.\n\nThe main island is a tilted fault block, characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of five rugged mountain ranges parallel to the east coast, and the flat to gently rolling plains of the western third, where the majority of Taiwan's population reside. There are several peaks over 3,500 meters, the highest being Yu Shan at 3,952\u00a0m (12,966\u00a0ft), making Taiwan the world's fourth-highest island. The tectonic boundary that formed these ranges is still active, and the island experiences many earthquakes. There are also many active submarine volcanoes in the Taiwan Strait.\n\nTaiwan contains four terrestrial ecoregions: Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests, South China Sea Islands, South Taiwan monsoon rain forests, and Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests.[275] The eastern mountains are heavily forested and home to a diverse range of wildlife, while land use in the western and northern lowlands is intensive. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.38/10, ranking it 76th globally out of 172 countries.[276]\n\nClimate\n\n\nK\u00f6ppen climate classification of Taiwan\n\nTaiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer, and its general climate is marine tropical.[15] The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate.[277] The average rainfall is 2,600 millimeters (100 inches) per year for the island proper; the rainy season is concurrent with the onset of the summer East Asian Monsoon in May and June.[278] The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. Typhoons are most common in July, August and September.[278] During the winter (November to March), the northeast experiences steady rain, while the central and southern parts of the island are mostly sunny.\n\nDue to climate change, the average temperature in Taiwan has risen 1.4\u00a0\u00b0C (2.5\u00a0\u00b0F) in the last 100 years, twice the worldwide temperature rise.[279] The goal of the Taiwanese government is to cut carbon emissions by 20 percent in 2030 and by 50 percent in 2050, compared to 2005 levels. Carbon emissions increased by 0.92 percent between 2005 and 2016.[280]\n\nGeology\n\n\nMount Dabajian was selected as one of the 100 Peaks of Taiwan.\n\nThe island of Taiwan lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.[281]\n\nThe east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan, respectively.[282]\n\nThe major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the \"921 earthquake\" killed more than 2,400 people. The seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the USGS shows 9/10 of the island at the most hazardous rating.[283]\n\nGovernment and politics\n\n\n\n\nGovernment\nTaiwan's popularly elected president resides in the Presidential Office Building, Taipei, originally built in the Japanese era for colonial governors.\n\nThe government of the Republic of China was founded on the 1947 Constitution of the ROC and its Three Principles of the People, which states that the ROC \"shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people\".[284] It underwent significant revisions in the 1990s, known collectively as the Additional Articles. The government is divided into five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan (cabinet), the Legislative Yuan (Congress or Parliament), the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan (audit agency), and the Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency).\n\nLai Ching-te, President of the Republic of China\nThe head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by popular vote for a maximum of 2 four-year terms on the same ticket as the vice-president. The president appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as their cabinet, including a premier, who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration.[284]\n\nThe main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with 113 seats. Seventy-three are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies; thirty-four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three-member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve four-year terms. Originally, the unicameral National Assembly, as a standing constitutional convention and electoral college, held some parliamentary functions, but the National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.[284][285]\n\nCho Jung-tai, Premier of the Republic of China\nThe premier is selected by the president without the need for approval from the legislature, and neither the president nor the premier wields veto power.[284] Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the president rather than the premier.[286]\n\nThe Judicial Yuan is the highest judicial organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The president and vice-president of the Judicial Yuan and additional thirteen justices form the Constitutional Court, which was established in 1993 to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. The Constitutional Court was formerly called the Council of Grand Justices.[287] They are nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the Supreme Court, consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding judge and four associate judges, all appointed for life. The right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice. There is no trial by jury, however many cases are presided over by multiple judges.[284]\n\nThe Control Yuan is a watchdog agency that monitors the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing commission for administrative inquiry, like the Court of Auditors of the European Union or the Government Accountability Office of the United States.[284] It is also responsible for the National Human Rights Commission.\n\nThe Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. It is based on the imperial examination system used in dynastic China. It can be compared to the European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the Office of Personnel Management of the United States.[284] It was downsized in 2019, and there have been calls for its abolition.[288][289]\n\nConstitution\nThe constitution was drafted by the KMT while the ROC still governed the Chinese mainland.[290] Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s resulted in the end of martial law in 1987, and Taiwan transformed into a multiparty democracy in the early 1990s. The constitutional basis for this transition to democracy was gradually laid in the Additional Articles of the Constitution. These articles suspended portions of the Constitution designed for the governance of mainland China and replacing them with articles adapted for the governance of and guaranteeing the political rights of residents of the Taiwan Area, as defined in the Cross-Strait Act.[291]\n\nNational boundaries were not explicitly prescribed by the 1947 Constitution, and the Constitutional Court declined to define these boundaries in a 1993 interpretation, viewing the question as a political question to be resolved by the Executive and Legislative Yuans.[292] The 1947 Constitution included articles regarding representatives from former Qing dynasty territories including Tibet and Mongol banners.[293][294][295] The ROC recognized Mongolia as an independent country in 1946 after signing the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, but after retreating to Taiwan in 1949 it reneged to preserve its claim over mainland China.[296] The Additional Articles of the 1990s did not alter national boundaries, but suspended articles regarding Mongolian and Tibetan representatives. The ROC began to accept the Mongolian passport and removed clauses referring to Outer Mongolia from the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area in February 2002.[297] In October 2002, the ROC recognized Mongolia as independent and began excluding it from its official maps.[1] In 2012 the Mainland Affairs Council issued a statement clarifying that Outer Mongolia was not part of the ROC's national territory in 1947.[298] The Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission in the Executive Yuan was abolished in 2017.\n\nAdministrative divisions\n\n\n\n\nAccording to the 1947 constitution, the territory of the ROC is according to its \"existing national boundaries\".[299] The ROC is, de jure constitutionally, divided into provinces\u00a0[zh], special municipalities (which are further divided into districts for local administration), and the province-level Tibet Area. Each province is subdivided into cities and counties, which are further divided into townships and county-administered cities. Some divisions are indigenous divisions which have different degrees of autonomy to standard ones. In addition, districts, cities and townships are further divided into villages and neighborhoods.\n\nSince its retreat, the ROC has controlled only Taiwan Province and some islands of Fujian Province, with the provincial governments now \"streamlined\" and no longer functional.[300][301] The ROC also controls the Pratas Islands and Taiping Island in the Spratly Islands, which are part of the disputed South China Sea Islands, and has placed them under the administration of Kaohsiung.[302] With provinces non-functional, Taiwan is in practice divided into 22 subnational divisions, each with a self-governing body led by an elected leader and a legislative body with elected members. Duties of local governments include social services, education, urban planning, public construction, water management, environmental protection, transport, public safety, and more.\n\n\nOverview of administrative divisions of the Republic of China\nRepublic of China\nTaipei\nNew Taipei\nKeelung\nTaoyuan\nHsinchu County\nHsinchu\nMiaoli\nTaichung\nChanghua\nPenghu\nNantou\nYunlin\nChiayi County\nChiayi\nTainan\nKaohsiung\nPingtung\nYilan\nHualien\nTaitung\nTaiwan Province\nKinmen\nLienchiang (Matsu)\nFuchien Province\nTaiwan Strait\nSouth China Sea\nEast China Sea\nPescadores Channel\nBashi Channel\nPhilippine Sea(Pacific Ocean)\n\n\n\nFree area[i]\nMainland area[ii]\n\nSpecial municipalities[\u03b1][iii]\nProvinces[iv]\nNot administered[v]\n\nCounties[\u03b1]\nAutonomous municipalities[\u03b1][vi]\n\nDistricts[\u03b2]\nMountainindigenousdistricts[\u03b1]\nCounty-administeredcities[\u03b1]\nTownships[\u03b1][\u03b2][vii]\nDistricts[\u03b2]\n\nVillages[\u03b3][viii]\n\nNeighborhoods\n\nNotes\n1 2 3 4 5 6 Has an elected executive and an elected legislative council.\n1 2 3 Has an appointed district administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.\n\u2191 Has an elected village administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.\n\n\nMajor camps\n\n\nTaiwan's political scene is divided into two major camps in terms of cross-strait relations, i.e. how Taiwan should relate to China or the PRC. The Pan-Green Coalition (e.g. the Democratic Progressive Party) leans pro-independence, and the Pan-Blue Coalition (e.g. the Kuomintang) leans pro-unification.[303] Moderates in both camps regard the Republic of China as a sovereign independent state, but the Pan-Green Coalition regard the ROC as synonymous with Taiwan,[304] while moderates in the Pan-Blue Coalition view it as synonymous with China.[305] These positions formed against the backdrop of the PRC's Anti-Secession Law, which threatens the use of \"non-peaceful means\" to respond to formal Taiwanese independence.[306] The ROC government has understood this to mean a military invasion of Taiwan.[307]\n\nA Democratic Progressive Party event in Taipei, 2012\nThe Pan-Green Coalition is mainly led by the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). They oppose the idea that Taiwan is part of China, and seek wide diplomatic recognition and an eventual declaration of formal Taiwan independence.[308] In September 2007, the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a \"normal country\". It called also for general use of \"Taiwan\" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the \"Republic of China\".[309] Some members of the DPP, such as former President Chen Shui-bian and President Lai Ching-te, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because Taiwan is already an independent sovereign country called the Republic of China.[310][311] Despite being a member of KMT prior to and during his presidency, Lee Teng-hui also held a similar view and was a supporter of the Taiwanization movement.[312] Taiwan Statebuilding Party (TSP) and Green Party (GPT)[313] have adopted a more aggressive line than the DPP, in order to win over pro-independence voters who are dissatisfied with the DPP's conservative stance.\n\nThe Pan-Blue Coalition, composed of the pro-unification Kuomintang (KMT), People First Party (PFP) and New Party generally support the spirit of the 1992 Consensus, where the KMT claimed that there is one China, but that the ROC and PRC have different interpretations of what \"China\" means. They favor eventual unification with China.[314] The mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the status quo, while refusing immediate unification.[315][316] Former President Ma Ying-jeou defined cross-strait relations as special relations, not one between two Chinas or two states.[317][318][319] Ma also noted that unification is unlikely within our lifetimes, as the Taiwanese people oppose the mainland's authoritarian rule.[320] Some Pan-Blue members seek to improve relationships with the PRC, with a focus on improving economic ties.[321]\n\nNational identity\n\n\n\n\nRoughly 84 percent of Taiwan's population are descendants of Han Chinese immigrants between 1683 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from mainland China in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The shared cultural origin as well as hostility between the rival ROC and PRC have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones.\n\nSince democratic reforms and the lifting of martial law, a distinct Taiwanese identity is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for de jure Taiwan independence.[322] The Pan-Green camp supports a predominantly Taiwanese identity (although \"Chinese\" may be viewed as cultural heritage), while the Pan-Blue camp supports a predominantly Chinese identity (with \"Taiwanese\" as a regional/diasporic Chinese identity).[314] The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity.[323][324]\n\nPublic opinion\n\nResults from an identity survey conducted each year from 1992 to 2020 by the Election Study Center, National Chengchi University.[325] Responses are Taiwanese (green), Chinese (red) or Both Taiwanese and Chinese (hatched). No response is shown as gray.\n\nTaiwanese identification has increased substantially since the early 1990s, while Chinese identification has fallen to a low level, and identification as both has also seen a reduction. In 1992, 17.6 percent of respondents identified as Taiwanese, 25.5 percent as Chinese, 46.4 percent as both, and 10.5 percent non-response. In June 2021, 63.3 percent identified as Taiwanese, 2.6 percent as Chinese, 31.4 percent as both, and 2.7 percent non-response.[325] A survey conducted in Taiwan by Global Views Survey Research Center in July 2009 showed that 82.8 percent of respondents consider the ROC and the PRC two separate countries with each developing on its own but 80.2 percent think they are members of the Chinese.[326]\n\nDomestic public opinion has preferred maintaining the status quo, though pro-independence sentiment has steadily risen since 1994. In June 2021, an annual poll found that 28.2 percent supported the status quo and postponing a decision, 27.5 percent supported maintaining the status quo indefinitely, 25.8 percent supported the status quo with a move toward independence, 5.9 percent supported the status quo with a move toward unification, 5.7 percent gave no response, 5.6 percent supported independence as soon as possible, and 1.5 percent supported unification as soon as possible.[327] A referendum question in 2018 asked if Taiwan's athletes should compete under \"Taiwan\" in the 2020 Summer Olympics but did not pass; the New York Times attributed the failure to a campaign cautioning that a name change might lead to Taiwan being banned \"under Chinese pressure\".[328]\n\nInternational status and relations\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00a0\u00a0Republic of China (Taiwan)\n\u00a0\u00a0Countries that have formal relations with Taiwan\n\u00a0\u00a0Countries that have formal relations with the PRC and informal relations with Taiwan\n\nThe political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that Taiwan is Chinese territory and that the PRC became the successor state of the ROC in 1949, thence being the sole legal government of China.[80] The ROC, however, has its own armed forces, constitution, institutions, territory under control, currency, widely accepted passport, postage stamps, and internet TLD, etc.[329] It has not formally renounced its claim to the mainland, but ROC government publications have increasingly downplayed the matter.[330]\n\nUntil 1928, the foreign policy of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity\u2014competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the Peiyang Government by the Kuomintang (KMT), which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.[331] After the KMT retreated to Taiwan, most countries, especially those of the Western Bloc \u2013 save the United Kingdom, which recognized the PRC in 1950[332] \u2013 continued to maintain formal relations with the ROC; but recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s. On 25 October 1971, UN Resolution 2758 was adopted by 76 votes to 35 with 17 abstentions, recognizing the PRC as China's sole representative in the United Nations.[333][334]\n\nROC embassy in Eswatini\nThe PRC refuses to have diplomatic relations with any nation that has diplomatic relations with the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement on its claims to Taiwan.[335][336] As a result, only 11\u00a0UN member states and the Holy See maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.[337] The ROC maintains unofficial relations with other countries via de facto embassies and consulates mostly called Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices (TECRO), with branch offices called \"Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices\" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are \"unofficial commercial entities\" of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services, and serving the national interests of the ROC.[338]\n\nFrom 1954 to 1979, the United States had a mutual defense treaty with the ROC. Even after establishing official relations with the PRC, the US remains one of the main supporters of Taiwan and, through the Taiwan Relations Act, has continued selling arms and providing military training to the Republic of China Armed Forces. The PRC considers US involvement as an interference to its internal affairs and claims it to be disruptive to the stability of the region.[339][340] The official position of the United States is that it \"does not support any unilateral change to the status quo in the Taiwan Strait\".[341] While not officially classified as a major non-NATO ally, it has been de facto treated as such by the United States since at least 2003.[342]\n\nTaiwan, since 2016 under the Tsai administration's New Southbound Policy, has pursued closer economic relations with South and Southeast Asian countries, increasing cooperation on investments and people-to-people exchanges despite the region's general lack of official diplomatic ties with Taipei.[343][344] The policy has led to Taiwan receiving an increased number of migrants and students from the region.[345] However, a few scandals involving Southeast Asians, particularly Indonesians, experiencing exploitation in scholarship programs[346] and certain industries have emerged as setbacks for the policy[347][348] as well as for Indonesia-Taiwan relations.[349][350]\n\nRelations with the PRC\n\n\nThe 2015 Ma\u2013Xi meeting was the only meeting between the leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait since 1949.\nOn 30 April 1991, President Lee Teng-hui announced the repeal of the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, characterizing the Chinese Communist Party as \"a political entity that controls the mainland region\" or the \"mainland authorities\" instead and declaring that \"we will no longer seek to unify China through force.\"[351]\n\nThe Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) of Taiwan is responsible for relations with the PRC, while the Taiwan Affairs Office (TAO) of the PRC is responsible for relations with Taiwan. Exchanges are conducted through private organizations both founded in 1991: the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) of Taiwan and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) of the PRC.\n\nIn November 1992, the ARATS and SEF held a meeting which would later become known as the 1992 Consensus. The SEF announced that both sides agreed that there was only one China, but disagreed on the definition of China, i.e. ROC and PRC. Meanwhile, the ARATS announced that the two sides agreed on the One China principle, but did not mention the differences regarding its definition as made in the SEF statement.[352] In Taiwan, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party has rejected the 1992 Consensus since early 2019.[353] President Lai Ching-te has stated that the ROC and the PRC are not subordinate to each other.[354]\n\nThe PRC's One China principle states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China.[355] It seeks to prevent or reduce any formal recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state,[356][357] meaning that Taiwan participates in many international forums as a non-state member under names such as \"Chinese Taipei\". The PRC has suggested the \"one country, two systems\" concept employed in Hong Kong as a model for a peaceful unification with Taiwan.[358][359] While it aims for peaceful reunification, the PRC does not rule out the use of force.[360][361] The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict[362][363][364] should events outlined in the PRC's Anti-Secession Law occur, such as Taiwan declaring de jure independence. There is a substantial military presence on the Fujian coast, sorties into Taiwan's air defense identification zone (ADIZ), as well as increasing military drills in recent years.[365][366][367]\n\nParticipation in international events and organizations\n\n\nThe ROC was a founding member of the United Nations, and held the seat of China on the Security Council and other UN bodies until 1971, when it was expelled by Resolution 2758 and replaced with the PRC. The ROC now has neither official membership nor observer status in the organization. Since 1993, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past committee stage.[368][369] Due to the One China principle, most UN member states, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic relations with the PRC.[370]\n\nThe flag used by Taiwan at the Olympic Games, where it competes as \"Chinese Taipei\" (\u4e2d\u83ef\u53f0\u5317) National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China used by Taiwan at the Olympic Games At one point, the ROC government shifted its focus to organizations affiliated with the UN, as well as organizations outside the UN system.[371] The government sought to participate in the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1997;[372][373] efforts were rejected until 2009, when they participated as an observer under the name \"Chinese Taipei\" after reaching an agreement with Beijing.[374][375] In 2017, Taiwan again came to be excluded from the WHO even in an observer capacity.[376] This exclusion was instrumental to a number of scandals during the COVID-19 outbreak.[377][378]\n\nThe Nagoya Resolution in 1979 approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) provided a compromise for the ROC to use the name \"Chinese Taipei\" in international events, such as the Olympic Games.[379][380][381] Under the IOC charter, ROC flags cannot be flown at any official Olympic venue or gathering.[382] The ROC also participates in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (since 1991) and the World Trade Organization (since 2002) under the names \"Chinese Taipei\" and \"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu\", respectively.[383][384] It was a founding member of the Asian Development Bank, but since China's ascension in 1986 has participated under the name \"Taipei, China\". The ROC is able to participate as \"China\" in organizations in which the PRC does not participate, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.\n\nDue to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China has been a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since the foundation of the organization in 1991, represented by a government-funded organization, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), under the name \"Taiwan\".[385][386]\n\nMilitary\n\n\n\n\nA Taiwanese F-16 fighter jet flies next to a Chinese H-6 bomber (top) in Taiwan's ADIZ.\nThe Republic of China Armed Forces takes its roots in the National Revolutionary Army, which was established by Sun Yat-sen in 1924 in Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the People's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. The 1947 Constitution of the ROC reformed it into the Republic of China Armed Forces, making it the national army rather than the army of a political party. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.\n\nFrom 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the Taiwanese military was to \"retake mainland China\" through Project National Glory. As this mission has transitioned away from attack because the relative strength of the PRC has massively increased, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the air force and navy. Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government.[387][388]\n\nThe ROC began a series of force reduction plans since the 1990s to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001.[389] As of 2021, the total strength of the Armed Forces is capped at 215,000 with 90 percent manning ratio for volunteer military.[390] Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service.[391][392] The military's reservists is around 2.5\u00a0million including first-wave reservists numbered at 300,000 as of 2022.[393] Taiwan's defense spending as a percentage of its GDP fell below three percent in 1999 and had been trending downwards over the first two decades of the twenty-first century.[394][395] The ROC government pledged to raise the spending as high as proposed three percent of GDP.[396][397][398] In 2024, Taiwan proposed 2.45 percent of projected GDP in defense spending for the following year.[399]\n\nThe Han Kuang Exercise is an annual military exercise by the ROC Armed Forces in preparation for a possible attack from the PRC.\n\nThe ROC and the United States signed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in 1954, and established the United States Taiwan Defense Command. About 30,000 US troops were stationed in Taiwan, until the United States established diplomatic relations with the PRC in 1979.[400] A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the United States, and continues to be legally guaranteed by the Taiwan Relations Act. France and the Netherlands have also sold military weapons and hardware to the ROC, but they almost entirely stopped in the 1990s under pressure of the PRC.[401][402]\n\nThere is no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion.[403] The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the \"area surrounding Japan\" mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan.[404] The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as Australia, could be involved.[405][406] While this would risk damaging economic ties with China,[407] a conflict over Taiwan could lead to an economic blockade of China by a greater coalition.[408][409][410][411][412]\n\nLGBTQ rights\n\n\nOn 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that then-current marriage laws had been violating the Constitution by denying same-sex couples the right to marry. The Court ruled that if the Legislative Yuan did not pass adequate amendments to Taiwanese marriage laws within two years, same-sex marriages would automatically become lawful in Taiwan.[413] In a referendum question in 2018, however, voters expressed overwhelming opposition to same-sex marriage and supported the removal of content about homosexuality from primary school textbooks. According to the New York Times, the referendum questions were subject to a \"well-funded and highly organized campaign led by conservative Christians and other groups\" involving the use of misinformation.[328] Nevertheless, the vote against same-sex marriage does not affect the court ruling, and on 17 May 2019, Taiwan's parliament approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, making it the first country in Asia to do so.[414][415][416]\n\nTaiwan has an annual pride event, Taiwan Pride. It currently holds the record for the largest LGBTQ gathering in East Asia, rivaling Tel Aviv Pride in Israel.[417] The event draws more than 200,000 people.[418]\n\nEconomy\n\n\nTaipei 101 held the record for the world's tallest skyscraper from 2004 to 2009.\n\nThe quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the \"Taiwan Miracle\". Taiwan is one of the \"Four Asian Tigers\" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore. As of 2025, Taiwan is the 22nd largest economy in the world by nominal GDP.[419]\n\nSince 2001, agriculture has constituted less than 2 percent of GDP, down from 32 percent in 1951.[420] Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises, rather than the large business groups.[421] Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore, replaced by more capital- and technology-intensive industries. High-technology science parks have sprung up across Taiwan.\n\nToday Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy. Exports provide the primary impetus for industrialization. The ratio of Taiwan's exports to GDP is 76%.[422] The trade surplus is substantial, and Taiwan remains one of the world's largest forex reserve holders.[423] Taiwan's total trade in 2025 reached US$1.12\u00a0trillion. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$640.75\u00a0billion and US$479.4\u00a0billion, respectively.[424] China and the United States are Taiwan's two largest trading partners, together accounting for over 40 percent of total trade.[425] Taiwan's economy relies heavily on semiconductor and other AI-related gear exports, which account for around 80% of its total exports. Consumption, by contrast, plays a relatively small role, accounting for 40% of Taiwan's GDP.[422]\n\nSince the beginning of the 1990s, economic ties between Taiwan and China have been extensive. In 2002, China surpassed the United States to become Taiwan's largest export market for the first time.[426] China was the top destination of Taiwanese investment from 1990 to 2020.[427][428] This has shifted dramatically toward Southeast Asia due to rising labor costs and the effects of the China\u2013United States trade war, as well as toward the U.S., Japan, and Korea due to the overseas operations of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC).[429][430] TSMC's expansions have helped increase the proportion of Taiwanese employed in the U.S., although China still hosts the largest share.[431]\n\nTSMC fab 5 located in Hsinchu Science Park\n\nSince the 1980s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world.[432] Taiwan is a key player in the supply chain for advanced chips. Taiwan's rise in the key semiconductor industry was largely attributed to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) and United Microelectronic Corporation (UMC).[433] TSMC was founded 21 February 1987 and as of December 2021 its market capitalization equated to roughly 90% of Taiwan's GDP.[434] The company is the 9th largest in the world by market capitalization[435] as well as the world's biggest semiconductor manufacturing company, surpassing Intel and Samsung.[436] UMC, another major company in Taiwan's high-tech exports and global semiconductors, competes with the American GlobalFoundries, and others, for less advanced semiconductor processes and for silicon wafers.[437] Other well-known international technology companies based in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, as well as Foxconn, an electronics contract manufacturer.[438] \n\nTaiwan is a major manufacturer of bicycles and their component parts and accounts for around 40% of all bikes imported to Europe. French newspaper Le Monde diplomatique alleged that in the past several decades, the industry has relied on exploitative migrant labor practices to boost its productivity. Workers recruited from poorer neighboring countries face debt bondage, passport retention, wage withholding and substandard living conditions, as well as threats and intimidation from employers. Taiwan is one of the few countries where labor brokers are permitted to charge high recruitment fees to migrant workers. Recent reporting on these practices has led to promises of reform from some manufacturers.[439] In response to the allegations, the Taiwanese trade association stated that all bicycle manufacturers complied with the labor laws and proactively worked to improve working conditions.[440]\n\nTransport\n\n\nChina Airlines aircraft lineup at Taoyuan International Airport\nThe Ministry of Transportation and Communications of Taiwan is the cabinet-level governing body of the transport network in Taiwan. Civilian transport in Taiwan is characterized by extensive use of scooters. In March 2019, 13.86\u00a0million were registered, twice that of cars.[441] Both highways and railways are concentrated near the coasts, where the majority of the population resides, with 1,619\u00a0km (1,006\u00a0mi) of motorway. Railways in Taiwan are primarily used for passenger services, with Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) operating a circular route around the island and Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) running high speed services on the west coast. Urban transit systems include Taipei Metro, Kaohsiung Metro, Taoyuan Metro, New Taipei Metro, and Taichung MRT.\n\nMajor airports include Taiwan Taoyuan, Kaohsiung, Taipei Songshan and Taichung. There are currently seven Taiwanese passenger airlines, with the largest two being China Airlines and EVA Air. There are seven international seaports: Keelung, Taipei, Suao, Taichung, Kaohsiung, Anping, and Hualien.[442] The Port of Kaohsiung handled the largest volume of cargo in Taiwan, with about 440 million shipping tonnes, which accounted for 58.6% of Taiwan's total throughput in 2021.[443] The shipping tonnage followed by Taichung (18.6%), Taipei (12%) and Keelung (8.7%).\n\nDemographics\n\n\nPopulation density map of Taiwan (residents per square kilometer)\nTaiwan has a population of about 23.3\u00a0million,[19] most of whom are on the island of Taiwan. The remainder live on the outlying islands of Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu.[444] It has one of the world's lowest fertility rates, with the average number of children born per woman falling below 0.8, far beneath the replacement level of 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population.[445] Under United Nations criteria, Taiwan has become a super-aged society, with more than 20% of its population aged 65 or older. The aging population has raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of Taiwan's National Health Insurance system, as a shrinking workforce supports a growing elderly population.[446] Declining birth rates have also led to falling school enrollments, resulting in the merger or closure of some rural elementary and middle schools, with similar pressures increasingly affecting universities. Labor shortages have emerged across multiple sectors, including manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and elderly care.[447]\n\nLargest cities and counties\n\n\nThe figures below are the December 2025 estimates for the ten most populous administrative divisions; a different ranking exists when considering the total metropolitan area populations (in such rankings the Taipei-Keelung metro area is by far the largest agglomeration). The figures reflect the number of household registrations in each city, which may differ from the number of actual residents.\n\n\n\n Largest cities and special municipalities in Taiwansource\n \nRank\nName\nDivision\nPop. \n \n\n\n1New TaipeiNew Taipei City4,044,831\n\n\n2TaichungTaichung City2,868,465\n\n3KaohsiungKaohsiung City2,718,545\n\n4TaipeiTaipei City2,439,507\n\n5TaoyuanTaoyuan City2,355,106\n\n6TainanTainan City1,852,477\n\n7HsinchuHsinchu City455,740\n\n8KeelungKeelung City359,836\n\n9ChiayiChiayi City261,592\n\n10ZhubeiHsinchu County220,973\n\n\n\nEthnic groups\n\n\nThe ROC government reports that 95 percent of the population is ethnically Han Chinese.[448] There are also 2.5 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples and 2.5 percent new immigrants primarily from China and Southeast Asia.[13]\n\nMost Han Taiwanese are descended from the Hoklo people, native to the coastal regions of southern Fujian, and the Hakka people, native to eastern Guangdong. Hoklo and Hakka migrants arrived in large numbers during the 17th and 18th century. Descendants of Hoklo now compose approximately 70 percent of Taiwan's population.[15] Descendants of Hakka make up about 15 percent of the population. Another minority group, called waishengren, comprises those who arrived from China during the 1940s or are descended from them.[449] Genetic studies indicate that the Han people in Taiwan are closer to southern Chinese compared to northern Chinese and, similar to several other groups of Han Chinese, had mixed with Island Southeast Asians, likely before their migration to Taiwan.[450] Nonetheless, they can be genetically distinguished from the indigenous minority despite low-level admixture. In addition, there is also evidence of genetic influence from groups like western Indonesians and Mainland Southeast Asians, especially Kinh Vietnamese.[451][452]\n\nTaiwanese Indigenous peoples number about 584,000, and the government recognizes 16 groups.[453] The Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Kanakanavu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Saaroa, Sakizaya, Sediq, Thao, Truku and Tsou live mostly in the eastern half of the island, while the Yami inhabit Orchid Island.[454][455] Taiwan's Indigenous peoples experience significantly lower life expectancy than the Han Chinese population.[456]\n\nLanguages\n\n\nMost commonly used home language in each area, darker in proportion to the lead over the next most common:\n\nThe Republic of China does not have any legally designated official language. Mandarin is the primary language used in business and education, and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system.[457]\n\nAround 70% of Taiwan's population belong to the Hoklo ethnic group and are native speakers of Taiwanese Hokkien.[458] The Hakka group, comprising some 14\u201318 percent of the population, speak Hakka. Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on their use were lifted in the 1990s.[457]\n\nFormosan languages are spoken primarily by the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. They do not belong to the Chinese or Sino-Tibetan language family, but to the Austronesian language family, and are written in the Latin alphabet.[459] Their use among aboriginal minority groups has been in decline as usage of Mandarin has risen.[457] Of the 14 extant languages, five are considered moribund.[460]\n\nSince the May Fourth Movement, written vernacular Chinese had replaced Classical Chinese and emerged as the mainstream written Chinese in the Republic of China. Classical Chinese continued to be widely used in government documents until reforms in the 1970s to shift the written style to a more integrated vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese style (\u6587\u767d\u5408\u4e00\u884c\u6587).[461][462] On 1 January 2005, the Executive Yuan also changed its long-standing convention on the direction of writing in official documents from vertical to horizontal. Standalone Classical Chinese is occasionally used in formal or ceremonial occasions, such as religious or cultural rites. The \"National Anthem of the Republic of China\" (\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u570b\u6b4c), for example, is in Classical Chinese. Most official government, legal, and judiciary documents, as well as courts rulings use a combined vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese style.[463] As many legal documents are still written in Classical Chinese, which is not easily understood by the general public, a group of Taiwanese have launched the Legal Vernacular Movement, hoping to bring more vernacular Chinese into the legal writings of the Republic of China.[464]\n\nTaiwan is officially multilingual. A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as \"a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language\".[10]\n\nReligion\n\nMain altar of the Shrine of Koxinga in Tainan.\n\nThe Constitution of the Republic of China protects people's freedom of religion and the practices of belief.[465][466] The government respects freedom of religion, and Taiwan scores highly on the International IDEA's Global State of Democracy Indices for religious freedom.[467]\n\nIn 2005, the census reported that the five largest religious groups were Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.[468] According to Pew Research, the religious composition of Taiwan in 2023[14] was 28 percent Buddhist, 24% Taoist, 7% Christian, 5% combination of religions, 4% local/indigenous, 27% no religion, and 4% others. Taiwanese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians.[469] There has been a small Muslim community of Hui people since the 17th century.[470]\n\nConfucianism serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The majority of Taiwanese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with.\n\nAs of 2019, there were 15,175 religious buildings in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,572 residents. 12,279 temples were dedicated to Taoism and Buddhism. There were 9,684 Taoist temples, 2,317 Buddhist temples,[471] and 2,845 Christian churches.[471] On average, there is one temple, church, or religious building for every square kilometer. The density of religions and religious buildings in Taiwan is among the highest in the world.[472][473]\n\nA significant percentage of the population is non-religious. Taiwan's lack of state-sanctioned discrimination, and generally high regard for freedom of religion or belief earned it a joint #1 ranking in the 2018 Freedom of Thought Report.[474][475] On the other hand, the Indonesian migrant worker community in Taiwan (estimated to total 258,084 people) has experienced religious restrictions by local employers or the government.[476][477]\n\nEducation\n\n\n\nThe gate of National Taiwan University, which is widely considered to be the most prestigious university in Taiwan[478]\nTaiwan is well known for adhering to the Confucian paradigm of valuing education as a means to improve one's socioeconomic position in society.[479][480] Heavy investment and a cultural valuing of education has made the resource-poor nation to be consistently ranked to the top of global education rankings. Taiwan is one of the top-performing countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences. In 2015, Taiwanese students achieved one of the world's best results in mathematics, science and literacy, as tested by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 493, placing it seventh in the world.[481][482][483]\n\nThe Taiwanese education system has been praised for its comparatively high test results and its major role in promoting Taiwan's economic development while creating one of the world's most highly educated workforces.[484][485] Taiwan has also been praised for its high university entrance rate where the university acceptance rate has increased from around 20 percent before the 1980s to 49 percent in 1996 and over 95 percent since 2008, among the highest in Asia.[486][487][488] The nation's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making Taiwan one of the most highly educated countries in the world with 68.5 percent of Taiwanese high school students going on to attend university.[489] Taiwan has a high percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree where 45 percent of Taiwanese aged 25\u201364 hold a bachelor's degree or higher compared with the average of 33 percent among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).[488][490]\n\nOn the other hand, the education system has been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students while eschewing creativity and producing an excess supply of overeducated university graduates. Many graduates consequently face unemployment or underemployment due to a lack of graduate-level jobs.[491][480] Taiwan's universities have also been under criticism for not being able to fully meet the requirements and demands of Taiwan's 21st-century fast-moving labor market, citing a skills mismatch among a large number of self-assessed, overeducated graduates who do not fit the demands of the modern Taiwanese labor market.[492] The Taiwanese government has been criticized for failing to adequately address this discrepancy in labor supply and demand.[486][493]\n\nAs the Taiwanese economy is largely science and technology based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment. Although current Taiwanese law mandates only nine years of schooling, 95 percent of junior high graduates go on to attend a senior vocational high school, university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.[489][494] Many Taiwanese students attend cram schools, or buxiban, to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams.[495][496]\n\nSince Made in China 2025 was announced in 2015, aggressive campaigns to recruit Taiwanese chip industry talent to support its mandates resulted in the loss of more than 3,000 chip engineers to mainland China,[497] and raised concerns of a \"brain drain\" in Taiwan.[498][499]\n\nAs of 2020, the literacy rate in Taiwan was 99.03 percent.[500]\n\nHealth\n\n\nNational Taiwan University Hospital\n\nThe current healthcare system, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan that centralizes the disbursement of healthcare funds. The system promises equal access to healthcare for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99 percent by the end of 2004.[501] NHI is mainly financed through premiums, which are based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket co-payments and direct government funding.[502][503][504] Low-income families, veterans, centenarians, children under three, and catastrophic diseases are exempt from co-payments. Co-pays are reduced for disabled and low-income households maintain 100 percent premium coverage.\n\nEarly in the program, the payment system was predominantly fee-for-service. Most health providers operate in the private sector and form a competitive market on the health delivery side. However, many healthcare providers took advantage of the system by offering unnecessary services. In the face of increasing loss and the need for cost containment, NHI changed the payment system from fee-for-service to a global budget, a kind of prospective payment system, in 2002.\n\nThe implementation of universal healthcare created fewer health disparities for lower-income citizens in Taiwan. According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360\u00a0patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1 percent of the patients said they are \"very satisfied\" with the hospital service; 20.5 percent said they are \"okay\" with the service. Only 4.4 percent of the patients said they are either \"not satisfied\" or \"very not satisfied\" with the service or care provided.[505]\n\nThe Taiwanese disease control authority is the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC). During the SARS outbreak in March 2003 there were 347\u00a0confirmed cases. During the outbreak the CDC and local governments set up monitoring stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since.[506] Owing to the lessons from SARS, a National Health Command Center\u00a0[fr] was established in 2004, which includes the Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC). The CECC has played a central role in Taiwan's approach to epidemics, including COVID-19.\n\nIn 2019, the infant mortality rate was 4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, with 20\u00a0physicians and 71 hospital beds per 10,000\u00a0people.[507][508] Life expectancy at birth in 2020 is 77.5\u00a0years and 83.9\u00a0years for males and females, respectively.[509]\n\nCulture\n\n\n\nAmis people of Taiwan performing a traditional dance\nThe cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend from various sources, incorporating elements of the majority traditional Chinese culture, aboriginal cultures, Japanese cultural influence, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly, Western values.\n\nDuring the martial law period, the Kuomintang promoted an official traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan in order to emphasize that the Republic of China represents the true orthodoxy to Chinese Culture as opposed to Communist China.[510] The government launched what's known as the Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan in opposition to the cultural destructions caused by the Chinese Communist Party during the Cultural Revolution. The General Assembly of Chinese Culture was established to help promote Chinese culture in Taiwan and overseas. It was Kuomintang's first structured plan for cultural development on Taiwan. The Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan had led to some aspects of Chinese Culture being better preserved there than in mainland China, for example the continued use of Traditional Chinese. The influence of Confucianism can be found in the behavior of Taiwanese people, known for their friendliness and politeness.[511]\n\nThe National Palace Museum is an institute dedicated to the organization, care, and display of ancient Chinese artifacts and works of art.\n\nThe lifting of martial law ushered a period of democratization whereby Freedom of Speech and Expression led to a flourishing Taiwanese literature and mass media in Taiwan. The Taiwanese Constitution protects \"speech, teaching, writing and publication.\"[512] In 2022, the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index ranked Taiwan as having the second highest democracy score in Asia and Australasia.[513] Freedom House has ranked Taiwan the second freest place in Asia[514][515] while CIVICUS rated Taiwan and New Zealand as the only \"open\" countries in the Asia-Pacific.[516][517] In the aftermath of China gaining control of Hong Kong and restricting freedom of speech and protest, 36,789 Hong Kong residents moved to Taiwan from 2019 to 2022, an average of about 9,000 immigrants per year. In 2018, Taiwan only had 4,000 Hong Kong immigrants.[518]\n\nReflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in its relationship to Chinese culture.[519] In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by the people of Taiwan.[520] Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music.\n\nArts\n\n\nTeresa Teng (left) is widely recognized as a cultural icon for her contributions to Chinese pop, and Jay Chou (right) has been a leading figure in the Mandopop industry since the early 2000s.\n\nAcclaimed classical musicians include violinist Cho-Liang Lin, pianist Ching-Yun Hu, and the Lincoln Center Chamber Music Society artist director Wu Han. Other musicians include Teresa Teng, Jay Chou and groups such as Mayday and heavy metal band Chthonic, led by singer Freddy Lim, which has been referred to as the \"Black Sabbath of Asia\".[521][522]\n\nTaiwanese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. Ang Lee, a Taiwanese director, has directed critically acclaimed films such as: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; Eat Drink Man Woman; Sense and Sensibility; Brokeback Mountain; Life of Pi; and Lust, Caution. Other famous Taiwanese directors include Tsai Ming-liang, Edward Yang, and Hou Hsiao-hsien. Taiwan has hosted the Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards since 1962.\n\nThe National Palace Museum houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain and is considered one of the greatest collections of Chinese art and objects in the world.[523]\n\nPopular culture\nKaraoke is extremely popular in Taiwan, where it is known as KTV.[524] KTV businesses operate in a hotel-like style, renting out small rooms and ballrooms according to the number of guests. Many KTV establishments partner with restaurants and buffets to form all-encompassing and elaborate evening affairs. Tour busses that travel around Taiwan have several TVs, primarily for singing karaoke.\n\nTaiwan has a high density of 24-hour convenience stores, which provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies, such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic fines, and credit card payments.[525] Chains such as FamilyMart provide clothing laundry services in select stores,[526] and tickets for TRA and THSR are available at 7-Eleven, FamilyMart, Hi-Life and OK\u00a0[zh].[527][528]\n\nCuisine\n\n\nTaiwanese culinary history is murky and is intricately tied to patterns of migration and colonization. Local and international Taiwanese cuisine, including its history, is a politically contentious topic. Famous Taiwanese dishes include Taiwanese beef noodle soup, gua bao, zongzi, braised pork rice, Taiwanese fried chicken, oyster vermicelli, sanbeiji, and aiyu jelly.[529] Bubble tea, created in Taiwan in the 1980s, has now become popular globally.[530] In 2014, The Guardian called Taiwanese night markets the \"best street food markets in the world\".[531] The Michelin Guide began reviewing restaurants in Taiwan in 2018.[532]\n\nSports\n\n\n\nThe Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) is the top-tier professional baseball league in Taiwan.\nBaseball is commonly considered Taiwan's national sport and is a popular spectator sport.[533] The men's team won medals across all levels of baseball in 2022, including the U-12, U-15, U-18, U-23, and Baseball5 competitions, the only team to do so in baseball history.[534] The results made Taiwan's national baseball team one of the top-ranked teams in the WBSC World Rankings. Professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989.[535] As of 2025, the CPBL has six teams, with an average attendance of over 10,000 per game.[536][537] Some elite players have signed with overseas professional teams in the Major League Baseball (MLB) or the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). There have been eighteen Taiwanese MLB players as of the 2025 MLB season, including former pitchers Chien-Ming Wang and Wei-Yin Chen.[538] As for variations of baseball, Taiwan also has a strong women's softball team. Its women's national softball team won a bronze medal at the 2022 World Games.[539]\n\nBasketball is Taiwan's other major sport.[540] The P. League+ and Taiwan Professional Basketball League are the country's two professional basketball leagues.[541] The semi-professional Super Basketball League (SBL) is also in play.[542] Other team sports include volleyball and football. Taiwan is also a major competitor in korfball.[543]\n\nTaekwondo was introduced to Taiwan for military training and has become a mature and successful combat sport in Taiwan.[544] Taekwondo athletes Chen Shih-hsin and Chu Mu-yen were the first two Taiwanese Olympians to win gold medals on the official record at the 2004 Olympics. There are many outstanding Taiwanese players in other individual sports, such as badminton, tennis, table tennis, and golf. Taiwan's strength in badminton is demonstrated by Tai Tzu-ying, who spent the most weeks as the world No. 1 women's singles player in the BWF World Ranking, and her compatriots in the BWF World Tour.[545][546] Taiwan also has a long history of strong international presence in table tennis. Six-time Olympian Chuang Chih-yuan made the most appearances at the Olympic Games among Taiwanese athletes.[547] Yani Tseng is the youngest golf player ever, male or female, to win five major championships and was ranked number 1 in the Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013.[548][549][550] In tennis, Hsieh Su-wei is the country's most successful female player.[551][552]\n\nTaiwan participates in international sporting organizations and events under the name \"Chinese Taipei.\" Taiwan has hosted several multi-sport events in the past, including the 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung, as well as the 2009 Summer Deaflympics and 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei.[553] Hualien will host the 2026 International Children's Games.[554] Other major recurring events held in Taiwan include:\nTaipei Marathon (marathon)\nNew Taipei City Wan Jin Shi Marathon (marathon)\nTaipei Open (badminton)\nU-12 Baseball World Cup (baseball)\nWilliam Jones Cup (basketball)\nTour de Taiwan (road bicycle racing)\n\nNational symbols\n\n\nOfficial national symbols include the flag, anthem, flower, and seals.[555]\n\nCalendar\n\n\n\n\nThe standard Gregorian calendar is used for most purposes. The year is often denoted by the Minguo era system which starts in 1912, the year the ROC was founded. 2026 is year 115 Minguo (\u6c11\u570b115\u5e74). The East Asian date format is used in Chinese.[556] Prior to standardization in 1929, the Chinese calendar was officially used. It is a Lunisolar calendar system which remains in use for traditional festivals such as the Lunar New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival.[557]\n\nSee also\n\nOutline of Taiwan\n\nNotes\n\u2191 See here for other local languages\n\u2191 In October 2002, the ROC recognized Mongolia as independent and began excluding it from its official maps.[1]\n\u2191 Taipei is the official seat of government of the Republic of China although the Constitution of the Republic of China does not specify the de jure capital.[2]\n\u2191 Mandarin as the standard variety of Chinese[4]Vernacular Chinese (used in most occasions) Classical Chinese (used in formal or ceremonial occasions, religious or cultural rites, official documents, legal and court rulings and judiciary documents)[5] \n\u2191 A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as \"a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language\".[10]\n1 2 3 4 Not designated but meets legal definition.\n\u2191 Colloquially known as \"Taiwanese\", it is considered a variety of Hokkien.\n\u2191 Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han.\n\u2191 While the tricameral parliament continues to exist de jure, the National Assembly (electoral college) was de facto suspended in 2005 and the Control Yuan (upper house) ceased to be a parliamentary chamber de facto in 1993 leaving the Legislative Yuan (lower house) as the de facto unicameral chamber.\n\u2191 The HDI annual report compiled by the UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by both of the UNDP and SHDI reports when calculating data for China.[23] Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI for 2023 to be 0.934 based on UNDP's 2014 methodology, which would place Taiwan at 21st globally in 2023 within the 2025 UNDP report.[24]\n1 2 There are four contemporary geopolitical definitions of the extent of \"Taiwan\": The common name referring to the state, also known as the \"Republic of China\" (ROC), including all 168 islands administered by the ROC, collectively known as Taiwan Area;[26]The traditional Taiwan region (\u672c\u5cf6\u5730\u5340), which consists of the main island of Taiwan and its surrounding islands, including the Penghu islands,[27][28] but excludes Kinmen, Matsu, and Wuqiu, those are traditionally parts of Fujian Province, and also excluding the ROC-controlled South China Sea Islands;The traditional region without Penghu, which is sometimes regarded as a separate region;The main island of Taiwan (Formosa) alone, excluding all the offshore islands nearby.\n\u2191 Bellwood's definition: \"Island Southeast Asia includes Taiwan, the Philippines, Brunei and the Sarawak and Sabah provinces of East Malaysia (northern Borneo), and all of the islands of Indonesia to the west of New Guinea.\"\n\u2191 Robert Blust: \"The major western island groups include the great Indonesian, or Malay Archipelago, to its north the smaller and more compact Philippine Archipelago, and still further north at 22 to 25 degrees north latitude and some 150 kilometres from the coast of China, the island of Taiwan (Formosa). Together these island groups constitute insular (or island) Southeast Asia.\"\n\u2191 Despite the conventional definition to include Taiwan as part of East Asia, there is some variability as to whether Taiwan is also included in the region of Maritime Southeast Asia. Some scholars, such as Peter Bellwood and Robert Blust,[30][l][m] include Taiwan as part of Southeast Asia in their definition.\n\n1 2 According to official data from Executive Yuan and local governments of Taiwan, Taiwan Area consists of total 168 naturally occurring islands.\nTaiwan (Formosa) and its offshore islands (22)[31]Penghu Islands (90)[32][33]Kinmen, including Wuqiu (17)[34][35][36]Matsu Islands (36)[37][38]Pratas Island (1)[39][40]Spratly Islands (2, Taiping and Zhongzhou)\nNote: The Senkaku Islands (known as \"Diaoyu\" or \"Diaoyutai\" in standard Chinese), which are an archipelago of 8 islands and islets in the East China Sea, are controlled by Japan, and are disputed by the ROC and the PRC (People's Republic of China) as being a part of Taiwan. Japan administers the Senkaku Islands as a part of the Ryukyu Islands.\n\u2191 The HDI annual report compiled by the UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by the UNDP when calculating data for China.[47] Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI for 2021 to be 0.926 based on UNDP's 2010 methodology,[48][49] which would place Taiwan at 19th globally in 2021 within the 2022 UNDP report.[50][51] \n\u2191 Although this is the present meaning of gu\u00f3, in Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*q\u02b7\u02e4\u0259k/)[69] it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them.[70]\n\u2191 Its use is attested from the sixth-century Classic of History, which states \"Huangtian bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors\" (\u7687\u5929\u65e2\u4ed8\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u8d8a\u53a5\u7586\u571f\u4e8e\u5148\u738b).[71]\n\u2191 Interpretations on whether sovereignty was transferred to the ROC varies. ROC took control of Taiwan under General Order No. 1, on behalf of the Allies of World War II. Taiwan was simultaneously established as a ROC province, though opinions differed among the Allies on the unilateral announcement of annexation of Taiwan by the ROC. Japan later renounced its claims to Taiwan and the Pescadores in the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952; see Retrocession Day, Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan, political status of Taiwan and 1943 Cairo Declaration.\n\n\u2191 Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai\u2013Min area (Chinese: \u81fa\u95a9\u5730\u5340; lit. 'Taiwan\u2013Fujian area')\n\u2191 The mainland area consists of Mainland China, Tibet and (previously) Outer Mongolia\n\u2191 Special municipalities, cities, and county-administered cities are all called shi (Chinese: \u5e02; lit. 'city')\n\u2191 Nominal; provincial governments have been abolished\n\u2191 Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area, these are currently under the Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure\n\u2191 Sometimes called cities (Chinese: \u5e02) or provincial cities (Chinese: \u7701\u8f44\u5e02) to distinguish them from special municipalities and county-administered cities\n\u2191 There are two types of townships: rural townships or x\u012bang (Chinese: \u9109) and urban townships or zh\u00e8n (Chinese: \u93ae)\n\u2191 Villages in rural townships are known as c\u016bn (Chinese: \u6751), those in other jurisdictions are known as l\u01d0 (Chinese: \u91cc)\n\n\nWords in native languages\n\u2191 In local languages:\nTraditional Chinese script: \u81fa\u7063, \u53f0\u7063Mandarin Pinyin: T\u00e1iw\u0101nHokkien: T\u00e2i-u\u00e2nSixian Hakka: T\u01d2i-v\u01cenAmis: TaywanPaiwan: Taiwan\n\u2191 In local languages:\nTraditional Chinese script: \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570bMandarin Pinyin: Zh\u014dnghu\u00e1 M\u00edngu\u00f3Hokkien: Tiong-h\u00fba B\u00een-kokSixian Hakka: Ch\u00fbng-f\u00e0 M\u00ecn-koet\n\u2191 In local languages:\nTraditional Chinese script: \u9a45\u9664\u97c3\u865c, \u6062\u5fa9\u4e2d\u83ef, \u5275\u7acb\u6c11\u570b, \u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6b0aMandarin Pinyin: Q\u016bch\u00fa d\u00e1l\u01d4, hu\u012bf\u00f9 Zh\u014dnghu\u00e1, chu\u00e0ngl\u00ec m\u00edngu\u00f3, p\u00edngj\u016bn d\u00ec qu\u00e1n\n\n\nReferences\nCitations\n1 2 \"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year\". Taipei Times. 11 October 2002. Archived from the original on 30 December 2025. Retrieved 29 December 2025. After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on Oct. 3, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country \u2013 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.\n\u2191 \"Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (\u5730\u7406\u654e\u79d1\u66f8\u7de8\u5be9\u539f\u5247) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: \"Location of the Central Government\"\". 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019.\n\u2191 \"Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital\". Taipei Times. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2013.\n\u2191 \"\u63a8\u52d5\u96d9\u8a9e\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u554f\u984c\u7814\u6790\". ly.gov.tw (in Chinese). 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n\u2191 \"\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7d71\u4e00\u7528\u8a9e\u8868-\u5e38\u898b\u516c\u6587\u7528\u8a9e\u8aaa\u660e\" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n\u2191 \"Chapter 2: People and Language\". The Republic of China Yearbook 2012. Government Information Office. 2012. p.\u00a024. ISBN\u00a0978-986-03-4590-2. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.\n\u2191 Government Information Office (2010). \"Chapter 2: People and Language\" (PDF). The Republic of China Yearbook 2010. \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u7248\u54c1. p.\u00a042. ISBN\u00a0978-986-02-5278-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2011.\n\u2191 Liao, Silvie (2008). \"A Perceptual Dialect Study of Taiwan Mandarin: Language Attitudes in the Era of Political Battle\". In Chan, Marjorie K. M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20) (PDF). Vol.\u00a01. The Ohio State University. p.\u00a0393. ISBN\u00a0978-0-9824715-0-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013.\n\u2191 \"\u884c\u653f\u9662\u7b2c3251\u6b21\u9662\u6703\u6c7a\u8b70\". ey.gov.tw (in Chinese). December 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.\n1 2 \u570b\u5bb6\u8a9e\u8a00\u767c\u5c55\u6cd5. law.moj.gov.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2019.\n\u2191 \"Hakka Basic Act\". law.moj.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.\n\u2191 \"Indigenous Languages Development Act\". law.moj.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.\n1 2 2024\u20132025 Taiwan at a Glance (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan). 2024. pp.\u00a015\u201317. ISBN\u00a0978-986-5447-77-9. Retrieved 15 July 2025.\n1 2 \"4 facts about religion and diversity in Taiwan\". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024.\n1 2 3 4 \"Taiwan\". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2019.\n\u2191 Kucera, Ondrej (1 July 2006). \"Is Taiwan a Presidential System?\". China Perspectives (in French). 2006 (4). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.1036. ISSN\u00a01996-4617. S2CID\u00a0152497908.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan - Chiang Kai-shek's Government, Democratization, and Constitutional Reforms\". Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.\n1 2 3 \"TAIWAN SNAPSHOT\". Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.\n1 2 \"Total Population\". National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan). 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2026.\n\u2191 \"2020 Statistical Tables\". National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan). 17 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2025.\n1 2 3 4 \"World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)\". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026.\n\u2191 \"Table 4. Percentage Share of Disposable Income by Quintile Group of Households and Income Inequality Indices\". Statistical Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.\n\u2191 \"Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide\". United Nation Development Program. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.\n\u2191 \"Human Development Index, HDI\". National Statistics Republic of China (Taiwan). 11 June 2025. Retrieved 22 November 2025.\n\u2191 \"ICANN Board Meeting Minutes\". ICANN. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.\n\u2191 \"Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs\". mac.gov.tw. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan. 17 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. Article 2: The following terms as used in this Act are defined below.1. 'Taiwan Area' refers to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and any other area under the effective control of the Government.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan Relations Act\". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term 'Taiwan' includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).\n\u2191 \"Geography\". Penghu County Government. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. Penghu locates on the Taiwan Strait between China and Taiwan in Asia. It is the only island county of Taiwan... The utmost west isle (of Penghu) is also the utmost west boundary of Taiwan.\n\u2191 Multiple sources:\nKort, Michael (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p.\u00a07. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7613-2672-4. Retrieved 26 June 2022. South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.\nFell, Dafydd (2018). Government and Politics in Taiwan. Routledge. p.\u00a0305. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-28506-9. Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image.\nCampbell, Matthew (7 January 2020). \"China's Next Crisis Brews in Taiwan's Upcoming Election\". Bloomberg Businessweek. No.\u00a04642. pp.\u00a034\u201339. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020. Much has changed in Taiwan since Chiang's day, but this liminal quality has never really gone away. By almost any functional standard, it's a sovereign country\nCarolan, Christopher (May 2000). \"The 'Republic of Taiwan': Legal-Historical Justification for a Taiwanese Declaration of Independence\" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 75 (2): 429\u2013468. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022. These six criteria demonstrate that under international law Taiwan merits recognition as an independent state and as such is already a de facto state.\nZagoria, Donald S. (30 October 2003). Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse. ABC-CLIO. pp.\u00a068\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-0-313-05755-7. OCLC\u00a01058389524. Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective.\n\u2191 Bellwood, Peter S. (2017). First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia (First\u00a0ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN\u00a09781119251552.\n\u2191 \"\u570b\u60c5\u7c21\u4ecb-\u571f\u5730\" [Country profile-Territories] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Executive Yuan. 2022. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. \u81fa\u7063\u672c\u5cf6\u53ca\u517621\u500b\u9644\u5c6c\u5cf6\u5dbc\u9762\u7a4d\u51713\u842c5886.8623\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc. [The main island of Taiwan and its 21 associated islands have a total area of 35,886.8623 square kilometers.]\n\u2191 \"Measure of the area\". Penghu County Government. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.\n\u2191 \"\u6f8e\u6e56\u7e23\u5404\u884c\u653f\u5340\u57df\u5cf6\u5dbc\u7c21\u4ecb\" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kun Shan University. 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. \u6f8e\u6e56\u7fa4\u5cf6\u539f\u70ba64\u500b\u5cf6\u5dbc\u7d44\u6210, \u7d932005\u5e74\u6f8e\u6e56\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u65b0\u9032\u884c\u6f8e\u6e56\u7fa4\u5cf6\u5cf6\u5dbc\u6578\u91cf\u6e05\u67e5, \u4fc2\u753190\u5ea7\u5927\u5c0f\u5cf6\u5dbc\u6240\u7d44\u6210. [The Penghu Archipelago was conventionally considered to comprise 64 islands. In 2005, the Penghu County Government re-scrutinized the total number of islands in the archipelago, which consists of 90 islands of varying sizes.]\n\u2191 \"\u81ea\u7136\u74b0\u5883\" [Natural Environment] (PDF). \u91d1\u9580\u7e23\u7b2c\u56db\u671f(104\u2013107\u5e74)\u96e2\u5cf6\u7d9c\u5408\u5efa\u8a2d\u5be6\u65bd\u65b9\u6848 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Development Council, Executive Yuan: 44. 23 December 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. \u91d1\u9580\u7e23\u7e3d\u9762\u7a4d151\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc, \u9664\u5927\u91d1\u9580\u672c\u5cf6\u5916, \u5c1a\u5305\u62ec\u5c0f\u91d1\u9580\u3001\u5927\u81bd\u3001\u4e8c\u81bd\u3001\u6771\u7887\u3001\u5317\u7887\u7b4917\u500b\u5cf6\u5dbc.\u897f\u8ddd\u5ec8\u9580\u5916\u6e2f\u7d0410\u6d77\u6d6c, \u6771\u8ddd\u81fa\u7063\u7d04150\u6d77\u6d6c, \u70ba\u4e00\u5178\u578b\u5927\u9678\u578b\u5cf6\u5dbc. [The total area of Kinmen County is 151 square kilometers. In addition to the main island of Kinmen, the county also includes Xiaokinmen, Dadan, Erdan, Dongding and Beiding for a total of 17 islands. It is about 10 nautical miles away from the Port of Xiamen to the west and 150 nautical miles away from Taiwan to the east. It is a typical continental island.]\n\u2191 \"About Kinmen\". Kinmen County Government. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022.\n\u2191 \"\u91d1\u9580\u7684\u5730\u7406\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u6982\u8aaa\" [The overview of geography and history of Kinmen] (PDF). \u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u91d1\u9580\u7684\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u7e3d\u9ad4\u7d93\u6fdf\u5206\u6790 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Taiwan Normal University: 131\u2013134. 20 February 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.\n\u2191 Plopsky, Guy (22 February 2017). \"Taiwan's Cold War Fortresses\". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.\n\u2191 \"\u9023\u6c5f\u7e23\u5fd7 \u5730\u7406\u5fd7\" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). \u99ac\u7956\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7db2. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022. \u99ac\u7956\u5217\u5cf6\u6240\u6db5\u62ec\u768436\u5ea7\u5cf6\u5dbc\u5206\u5c6c\u56db\u9109, \u5404\u9109\u9664\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u805a\u843d\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8f03\u5927\u5cf6\u5dbc\u5916, \u9084\u8f44\u6709\u6578\u5ea7\u7121\u4eba\u5cf6\u7901. [Matsu islands encompass 36 Islands which are divided into four townships. In addition to the larger islands with inhabitants, each township also has numerous uninhabited islands and reefs]\n\u2191 Lung Tsun-Ni (\u9f8d\u6751\u502a) (1998). \u6771\u6c99\u7fa4\u5cf6-\u6771\u6c99\u5cf6\u7d00\u4e8b\u96c6\u9326 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). \u81fa\u7063\u7d9c\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u9662. p.\u00a013. ISBN\u00a0957-98189-0-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. \u6771\u6c99\u5cf6\u70ba\u6771\u6c99\u7fa4\u5cf6\u552f\u4e00\u5cf6\u5dbc [Pratas Island is the only island in the Pratas Islands]\n\u2191 \"Limits in the Seas \u2013 No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims\" (PDF). United States Department of State. 15 November 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. The Pratas Reef lies 230 miles to the southwest of the southern tip of Taiwan. It consists of an island in the mouth of a semicircular shoal open to the west.\n1 2 Economic Development R.O.C (Taiwan) (Report). National Development Council (Taiwan). p.\u00a04. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.\n\u2191 Gold (1985).\n\u2191 World Bank Country and Lending Groups Archived 11 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank. Retrieved 10 July 2018.\n\u2191 \"IMF Advanced Economies List. World Economic Outlook, April 2016, p. 148\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2016.\n\u2191 Keoni Everington (1 March 2024). \"Taiwan rated 2nd freest in Asia by Freedom House, 7th in world\". Taiwan News. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\u2191 Yao, Grace; Cheng, Yen-Pi; Cheng, Chiao-Pi (5 November 2008). \"The Quality of Life in Taiwan\". Social Indicators Research. 92 (2): 377\u2013404. doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9353-1. S2CID\u00a0144780750. a second place ranking in the 2000 Economist's world healthcare ranking\n\u2191 \"Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide\". United Nation Development Program. 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.\n\u2191 \"What is the human development index (HDI)? How are relevant data queried?\" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.\n\u2191 \"\u4eba\u985e\u767c\u5c55\u6307\u6578(Human Development Index, HDI)\" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 6 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2021.\n1 2 \"\u570b\u60c5\u7d71\u8a08\u901a\u5831(\u7b2c 195 \u865f)\" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.\n\u2191 \"National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)\". Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2022. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2018.\n\u2191 Fell, Dafydd (2006). Party Politics in Taiwan. Routledge. p.\u00a085. ISBN\u00a0978-1-134-24021-0.\n\u2191 Achen, Christopher H.; Wang, T. Y. (2017). \"The Taiwan Voter: An Introduction\". In Achen, Christopher H.; Wang, T. Y. (eds.). The Taiwan Voter. University of Michigan Press. pp.\u00a01\u201325. doi:10.3998/mpub.9375036. ISBN\u00a0978-0-472-07353-5. pp. 1\u20132.\n\u2191 Thompson (1964), p.\u00a0166.\n\u2191 Thompson (1964), p.\u00a0163.\n\u2191 \"Chapter 3: History\" (PDF). The Republic of China Yearbook 2011. Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2011. p.\u00a046. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2012.\n\u2191 \"Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century\". National Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.\n\u2191 Davidson (1903), p.\u00a010: \"A Dutch navigating officer named Linschotten [sic], employed by the Portuguese, so recorded the island in his charts, and eventually the name of Formosa, so euphonious and yet appropriate, replaced all others in European literature.\"\n\u2191 see for example:\nCampbell, William (1915). Sketches from Formosa. Marshall Brothers. OL\u00a07051071M.\nCampbell (1903)\nDavidson (1903)\n\u2191 Thompson 1964, p.\u00a0178.\n1 2 3 4 Jenco, Leigh K. (2020). \"Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness\". The Historical Journal. 64: 17\u201342. doi:10.1017/S0018246X1900061X.\n\u2191 \"\u95a9\u6d77\u8d08\u8a00\". National Central Library (in Chinese). pp.\u00a021\u201329. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.\n\u2191 Valentijn (1903), p.\u00a052.\n\u2191 Mair, Victor H. (2003). \"How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language\". P\u012bny\u012bn.info. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2018. The true derivation of the name \"Taiwan\" is actually from the ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area around Ping'an. As early as 1636, a Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang. From the name of the tribe, the Portuguese called the area around Ping'an as Tayowan, Taiyowan, Tyovon, Teijoan, Toyouan, and so forth. Indeed, already in his ship's log of 1622, the Dutchman Cornelis Reijersen referred to the area as Teijoan and Taiyowan.\n\u2191 \u8521\u7389\u4ed9; et\u00a0al., eds. (2007). \u5e9c\u57ce\u6587\u53f2 (in Chinese). Tainan City Government. ISBN\u00a0978-986-00-9434-3.\n\u2191 Shih Shou-chien, ed. (2003). \u798f\u723e\u6469\u6c99\u00a0: \u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u81fa\u7063\u3001\u8377\u862d\u8207\u6771\u4e9e [Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Palace Museum. ISBN\u00a0978-957-562-441-5.\n\u2191 Kato, Mitsutaka (2007) [1940]. \u6628\u65e5\u5e9c\u57ce \u660e\u661f\u53f0\u5357: \u767c\u73fe\u65e5\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u8001\u81fa\u5357 (in Chinese). Translated by \u9ec3\u79c9\u73e9. \u81fa\u5357\u5e02\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u7522\u4fdd\u8b77\u5354\u6703. ISBN\u00a0978-957-28079-9-6.\n1 2 3 Oosterhoff, J.L. (1985). \"Zeelandia, a Dutch colonial city on Formosa (1624\u20131662)\". In Ross, Robert; Telkamp, Gerard J. (eds.). Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context. Springer. pp.\u00a051\u201362. ISBN\u00a0978-90-247-2635-6.\n\u2191 Baxter-Sagart.\n1 2 Wilkinson, Endymion (2000), Chinese History: A Manual, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52, Harvard University Asia Center, p.\u00a0132, ISBN\u00a0978-0-674-00249-4, archived from the original on 4 April 2024, retrieved 25 July 2023\n\u2191 \u300a\u5c1a\u66f8\u300b, \u6893\u6750. (in Chinese)\n\u2191 Garver, John W. (April 1997). The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia. M.E. Sharp. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7656-0025-7.\n\u2191 BBC \u4e2d\u6587\u7db2 (29 August 2005). \"\u8ad6\u58c7: \u53f0\u7e3d\u7d71\u5e9c\u7db2\u9801\u52a0\u6ce8\"\u53f0\u7063\"\" [Forum: Adding \"Taiwan\" to the website of Taiwan's Presidential Office] (in Traditional Chinese). BBC \u4e2d\u6587\u7db2. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2007. \u53f0\u7e3d\u7d71\u5e9c\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52d9\u5ba4\u9673\u6587\u5b97\u4e0a\u5468\u516d(7\u670830\u65e5)\u8868\u793a, \u5916\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u6613\u628a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b(Republic of China), \u8aa4\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u5cb8\u7684\u4e2d\u570b, \u9020\u6210\u56f0\u64fe\u548c\u4e0d\u4fbf.\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52d9\u5ba4\u6307\u51fa, \u70ba\u4e86\u660e\u78ba\u5340\u5225, \u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5468\u516d\u8d77\u65bc\u4e2d\u6587\u7e41\u9ad4\u3001\u7b80\u5316\u5b57\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u5e9c\u7db2\u7ad9\u4e2d, \u5728\u300c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u300d\u4e4b\u5f8c, \u4ee5\u62ec\u5f27\u52a0\u6ce8\u300c\u81fa\u7063\u300d.[Chen Wen-tsong, Public Affairs Office of Taiwan's Presidential Office, stated last Saturday (30 July) that outsiders tend to mistake the Chung-hua Min-kuo (Republic of China) for China on the other side, causing trouble and inconvenience. The Public Affairs Office pointed out that in order to clarify the distinction, it was decided to add \"Taiwan\" in brackets after \"Republic of China\" on the website of the Presidential Palace in traditional and simplified Chinese starting from Saturday.]\n\u2191 \"Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)\". Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2015.\n\u2191 \"About Taiwan\". Taiwan.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020.\n\u2191 \"President Tsai interviewed by BBC\". Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 18 January 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020. Well, the idea is that we don't have a need to declare ourselves an independent state. We are an independent country already and we call ourselves the Republic of China (Taiwan)\n\u2191 \"Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area\". R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE. 8 June 2022. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2024.\n\u2191 \"Enforcement Rules for the Act Governing Relations between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area\". R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE. 30 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.\n\u2191 \"No need to avoid Xi at APEC, Taiwan envoy says after rare encounter\". Reuters. 21 November 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.\n1 2 \"White Paper\u2014The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue\". Embassy of the PRC in the Kingdom of Norway. The Taiwan Affairs Office and The Information Office of the State Council. 21 February 2000. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021. As we have already said, Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory and, after replacing the government of the Republic of China in 1949, the government of the PRC has become the sole legal government of China, enjoying and exercising sovereignty over the whole of China, including Taiwan.\n\u2191 Rosemary Gillespie; Rosemary G. Gillespie; D. A. Clague (2009). Encyclopedia of Islands. University of California Press. p.\u00a0904. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-25649-1. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\u2191 Bagyo Prasetyo; Titi Surti Nastiti; Truman Simanjuntak (2021). AUSTRONESIAN DIASPORA: A New Perspective. UGM PRESS. p.\u00a0125. ISBN\u00a0978-602-386-202-3. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\u2191 Olsen, John W.; Miller-Antonio, Sari (1992). \"The Palaeolithic in Southern China\". Asian Perspectives. 31 (2): 152. hdl:10125/17011. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.\n\u2191 Hung, Hsiao-chun (2017). \"Neolithic Cultures in Southeast China, Taiwan, and Luzon\". First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia. By Bellwood, Peter. Wiley-Blackwell. pp.\u00a0232\u2013240. ISBN\u00a0978-1-119-25154-5. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024. In Taiwan, the only known Paleolithic burial recovered so far comes from the Xiaoma cave complex in the southeast of the island, this being an adult male buried in a crouched posture about 4000 bce. My research with Matsumura suggests that this individual was of Australo\u2010Papuan affinity, most closely related with Negrito populations in the Philippines. pp. 234\u2013235.\n\u2191 Kaifu, Yousuke; Fujita, Masaki; Yoneda, Minoru; Yamasaki, Shinji (2015). \"Pleistocene Seafaring and Colonization of the Ryukyu Islands, Southwestern Japan\". In Kaifu, Yousuke; Izuho, Masami; Goebel, Ted; Sato, Hiroyuki; Ono, Akira (eds.). Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia. Texas A&M University Press. pp.\u00a0345\u2013361. ISBN\u00a0978-1-62349-276-2.\n\u2191 Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Oota, Hiroki; Haneji, Kuniaki; et\u00a0al. (2010). \"A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese\". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211\u2013223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID\u00a020091849. This study reveals that the Sakishima islanders are not related to Taiwan aborigines, but exhibit affinity with the Hokkaido Ainu. These results confirm that the Austronesian expansion did not contribute to modern Sakishima, main-island Okinawa, and Honshu Japanese people.\n\u2191 Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko (2014). \"Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2929\u20132940. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu230. PMID\u00a025086001. A previous study based on mtDNA, Y chromosomal STRs, and autosomal STRs also showed that there was no evidence of any contribution from the aboriginal Taiwanese populations to the gene pool of the Ryukyu Islanders. Similarly, using a large number of SNP markers, this study verified that there is a clear genetic gap between Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands.\n\u2191 Dudzik, Beatrix (December 2015). Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics (Thesis).[page\u00a0needed]\n\u2191 Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). \"Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data\". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759\u2013767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. ISSN\u00a01435-232X. PMC\u00a010597838. PMID\u00a037468573.\n\u2191 Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2011). \u53f0\u7063\u5357\u5cf6\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u8207\u9077\u5f99 [The Ethnic Groups and Dispersal of the Austronesian in Taiwan] (Revised\u00a0ed.). \u524d\u885b\u51fa\u7248\u793e [Avanguard Publishing House]. pp.\u00a046, 48. ISBN\u00a0978-957-801-660-6. \u6839\u64da\u5f35\u5149\u76f4(1969)...9,000BC\u8d77...\u5927\u91cf\u7a2e\u690d\u7a3b\u7c73\u7684\u907a\u8de1 [Chang, Kwang-chih (1969): ...traces of slash-and-burn agriculture since 9,000 BC... remains of rice cultivation]\n\u2191 Jiao 2007, pp.\u00a089\u201390.\n\u2191 Liu, Yichang (2009). \"Changbin Culture\". Encyclopedia of Taiwan. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014.\n\u2191 \u5353\u862d\u5730\u5340\u7684\u53f2\u524d\u6587\u5316 [Prehistoric Culture of the Zhuolan Area]. \u5353\u862d\u93ae\u5fd7: \u6b77\u53f2\u7bc7 [Chronicles of Zhuolan Town: History] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). \u82d7\u6817\u7e23\u5353\u862d\u93ae\u516c\u6240. p.\u00a054. Archived from the original on 19 July 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026. \u7db2\u5f62\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5730\u9ede\u5728\u666f\u5c71\u6eaa\u4e0b\u6e38\u00a0... \u9678\u5730\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u63a1\u96c6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751f\u7522\u65b9\u5f0f\u00a0... \u72e9\u7375\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f [The Wangxing Culture site is located in the lower reaches of Jingshan Creek\u00a0... gathering terrestrial resources may have been an important means of production\u00a0... hunting may have been the primary way of life]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\n\u2191 Jiao (2007), pp.\u00a091\u201394.\n\u2191 Diamond, Jared M (2000). \"Taiwan's gift to the world\" (PDF). Nature. 403 (6771): 709\u2013710. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..709D. doi:10.1038/35001685. PMID\u00a010693781. S2CID\u00a04379227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2006.\n\u2191 Fox, James J (2004). Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies (PDF). Symposium Austronesia. The Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012.\n\u2191 Bellwood, Peter; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). \"Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction\". In Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.). Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde. Australian National University: ArtPostAsia. pp.\u00a035\u201337, 41. hdl:1885/32545. ISBN\u00a0978-971-94292-0-3. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2023.\n\u2191 Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Bellwood, Peter (27 September 2007). \"A Noninvasive Mineralogical Study of Nephrite Artifacts from the Philippines and Surroundings: The Distribution of Taiwan Nephrite and the Implications for Island Southeast Asian Archaeology\" (PDF). In Winter, John; Jett, Paul; Douglas, Janet (eds.). Scientific Research on the Sculptural Arts of Asia: Proceedings of the Third Forbes at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications. pp.\u00a012\u201319. ISBN\u00a0978-1-904982-20-3. OCLC\u00a0122284971. OL\u00a09542110M. S2CID\u00a038332831.\n\u2191 Jiao (2007), pp.\u00a094\u2013103.\n\u2191 Li 2019, pp.\u00a026\u201327.\n1 2 \u8a8d\u8b58\u5e73\u57d4\u65cf (in Chinese). Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.\n\u2191 Liu 2012, pp.\u00a0170\u2013171.\n\u2191 Hsu (1980), p.\u00a06.\n\u2191 Wills (2006), p.\u00a086.\n1 2 \"\u6b77\u53f2\u6cbf\u9769\". \u6f8e\u6e56\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c\u5168\u7403\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7db2. Penghu County Government. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021.\n\u2191 Wills (2006), p.\u00a088.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, p.\u00a086.\n1 2 Shepherd, John R. (1993). Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600\u20131800. Stanford University Press. pp.\u00a07\u20138. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8047-2066-3. Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.\n\u2191 Hsu 1980, p.\u00a010.\n1 2 Andrade (2008), Chapter 6 Note 5.\n\u2191 Clulow, Adam (13 September 2013). Statecraft and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-Japan Relations. Routledge. ISBN\u00a09781317986256. Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023.\n\u2191 Li 2019, p.\u00a050.\n\u2191 Wills (2006), p.\u00a089.\n\u2191 Campbell, William (1992) [1903]. Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. pp.\u00a06\u20137. ISBN\u00a0978-957-638-083-9.\n\u2191 Andrade 2008, Chapter 6.\n\u2191 Wills (2006), p.\u00a098.\n\u2191 Koo, Hui-wen (2015). \"Weather, Harvests, and Taxes: A Chinese Revolt in Colonial Taiwan\". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 46 (1): 39\u201359. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00795. JSTOR\u00a043829712.\n\u2191 Andrade, Tonio (2006). \"The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624\u20131662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion\". Journal of World History. 17 (4): 429\u2013450. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0052. JSTOR\u00a020079399. S2CID\u00a0162203720.\n\u2191 Koo, Hui-wen (2011). \"Deer Hunting and Preserving the Commons in Dutch Colonial Taiwan\". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 43 (2): 185\u2013203. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00211. JSTOR\u00a041291189. S2CID\u00a0145423135.\n\u2191 \"Fort San Domingo\". Tamsui Historical Museum. 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2020. Fort San Domingo, located at the hilltop overlooking Tamsui River estuary, was established by the Spanish in 1628.\n\u2191 Mawson, Stephanie J. (1 August 2016). \"Convicts or Conquistadores\u00a0? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific\". Past & Present (232): 87\u2013125. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtw008. ISSN\u00a00031-2746. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2023.\n1 2 Wills (2006), p.\u00a091.\n\u2191 Yan Xing. \u81fa\u5357\u8207\u912d\u6210\u529f [Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)]. Tainan Literature and History Research Database. National Museum of Taiwan History. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2021. \u9019\u6642\u6210\u529f\u610f\u5fd7\u5805\u51b3, \u4fbf\u55ae\u7368\u5021\u5c0e\u62d2\u6eff\u5fa9\u660e\u904b\u52d5, \u4ee5\u91d1, \u53a6\u5169\u5cf6\u7232\u6839\u64da\u5730\u5730, \u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u5411\u95a9, \u6d59\u6771\u5357\u4e00\u9032\u653b, \u5949\u6c38\u660e\u738b\u6c38\u66c6\u6b63\u6714\u00a0... \u4e8e\u6c38\u66c6\u5341\u4e00\u5e74(\u6e05\u9806\u6cbb\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u516c\u5143\u4e00\u516d\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74)\u53d7\u6c38\u6c34\u660e\u738b\u5c01\u70ba\u5ef6\u5e73\u738b [Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming\u00a0... in 1657 was conferred the title King of Yanping by the Yong Ming emperor].\n\u2191 Wills, John E. (2001). The Dutch Reoccupation of Chi-lung, 1664\u20131668. University of California. ISBN\u00a0978-0-936127-09-5.\n\u2191 Shepherd 1993, p. 95.\n\u2191 2020\u20132021 Taiwan at a Glance (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). September 2020. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a0978-986-5447-15-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023.\n\u2191 Andrade (2008), Preface Note 1: \"Second, this book is also about how Taiwan first came under Chinese political control, thanks to the Ming loyalist regime of Zheng Chenggong.\"\n\u2191 Wills (2006), pp.\u00a094\u201395.\n\u2191 Struve, Lynn (1988). \"The Southern Ming\". In Mote, Frederic W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368\u20131644. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0641\u2013725. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-24332-2. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. pp. 722\u2013725.\n\u2191 Hang, Xing (2010). Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.\n\u2191 Hang, Xing (2016). \"Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies\". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 23: 173\u2013182. JSTOR\u00a044289147.\n1 2 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a015.\n\u2191 Wong 2017, pp.\u00a0189\u2013190.\n\u2191 Twitchett 2002, p.\u00a0146.\n\u2191 Wong 2017, pp.\u00a0193\u2013194.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, p.\u00a051.\n\u2191 Stafford, Charles; Shepherd, John Robert (September 1994). \"Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier 1600\u20131800\". Man. 29 (3): 750. doi:10.2307/2804394. JSTOR\u00a02804394.\n1 2 Davidson (1903), p.\u00a0561.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a016.\n\u2191 Wong 2017, p.\u00a0194.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a047\u201349.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a050\u201355.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, p.\u00a0106.\n\u2191 van der Wees, Gerrit. \"Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China?\". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.\n\u2191 Skoggard, Ian A. (1996). The Indigenous Dynamic in Taiwan's Postwar Development: The Religious and Historical Roots of Entrepreneurship. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN\u00a0978-1-56324-846-7. OL\u00a0979742M. p. 10\n\u2191 \u4e09\u5e74\u5c0f\u53cd\u4e94\u5e74\u5927\u4e82. \u53f0\u7063\u6d77\u5916\u7db2 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 13 April 2022.\n\u2191 \u6c11\u8b8a [Civil Strife]. Encyclopedia of Taiwan (\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u767e\u79d1). Taiwan Ministry of Culture. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021. \u81fa\u7063\u6709\u300c\u4e09\u5e74\u4e00\u5c0f\u53cd, \u4e94\u5e74\u4e00\u5927\u53cd\u300d\u4e4b\u8b20.\u4f46\u662f\u6839\u64da\u7814\u7a76, \u9019\u53e5\u4fd7\u8afa\u6240\u5f62\u5bb9\u6c11\u8b8a\u8fed\u8d77\u7684\u73fe\u8c61, \u4ee5\u9053\u5149\u671d(1820\u20131850)\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u9593\u70ba\u4e3b [The rumor of \"every three years a small uprising, five years a large rebellion\" circulated around Taiwan. According to research, the repeated commotions described by this idiom occurred primarily during the 30-year period between 1820 and 1850.].\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a056\u201357.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a058\u201361.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a061\u201362.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a063\u201364.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a064\u201365.\n\u2191 Gordon 2007, pp.\u00a0161\u2013162.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, pp.\u00a0187\u2013190.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, p.\u00a0191.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, p.\u00a065.\n\u2191 Davidson (1903), pp.\u00a0247, 620.\n\u2191 Ye 2019, pp.\u00a01, 10, 174.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, p.\u00a0177.\n\u2191 \"Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)\" (PDF). Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). National Palace Museum. 17 April 1895. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2021. \u4e2d\u570b\u5c07\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0b\u958b\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u6b0a\u4e26\u5c07\u8a72\u5730\u65b9\u6240\u6709\u5821\u58d8\u8ecd\u5668\u5de5\u5ee0\u53ca\u4e00\u5207\u5c6c\u516c\u7269\u4ef6\u6c38\u9060\u8b93\u65bc\u65e5\u672c\u00a0... \u53f0\u6e7e\u5168\u5c9b\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u9644\u5c5e\u5404\u5c9b\u5c7f\u00a0... \u6f8e\u6e56\u5217\u5c9b [China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof\u00a0... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands\u00a0... Penghu archipelago].\n\u2191 Shiba, Ry\u014dtar\u014d (1995). Taiwan kik\u014d: kaid\u014d o yuku yonj\u016b \u53f0\u6e7e\u7d00\u884c: \u8857\u9053\u3092\u3086\u304f\u300840\u3009 (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha. ISBN\u00a0978-4-02-256808-3.\n\u2191 Wang 2006, p.\u00a095.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, p.\u00a0208.\n\u2191 Morris, Andrew (2002). \"The Taiwan Republic of 1895 and the failure of the Qing modernizing project\". In Corcuff, St\u00e9phane (ed.). Memories of the future: national identity issues and the search for a new Taiwan. M.E. Sharpe. pp.\u00a03\u201324. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7656-0792-8.\n\u2191 Rubinstein 1999, p.\u00a0207.\n\u2191 Chang 2003, p.\u00a056.\n\u2191 \"History of Taiwan\". Windows on Asia. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2014.\n\u2191 Hsu, Mutsu (1991). Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan. Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. ISBN\u00a0978-957-9046-78-7.\n\u2191 Chou, Chuing Prudence; Ho, Ai-Hsin (2007). \"Schooling in Taiwan\". In Postiglione, Gerard A.; Tan, Jason (eds.). Going to school in East Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.\u00a0344\u2013377. ISBN\u00a0978-0-313-33633-1. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a039.\n\u2191 \"History\". The Republic of China Yearbook 2001. Government Information Office. 2001. Archived from the original on 27 October 2003.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a048.\n\u2191 Tierney, Robert (2010). Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame. University of California Press. pp.\u00a08\u20139. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-94766-5.\n\u2191 \u5415, \u6b63\u60e0 (18 November 2014). \u5415\u6b63\u60e0: \u6218\u540e\u53f0\u6e7e\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u72b6\u51b5\u6f2b\u8c08\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u65e5\u672c\u5265\u524a\u4e0b\u7684\u53f0\u6e7e\u793e\u4f1a. \u89c2\u5bdf\u8005. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.\n1 2 \"2\". The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2021. ISBN\u00a09781400844371.\n\u2191 Grajdanzev, A. J. (1942). \"Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule\". Pacific Affairs. 15 (3): 311\u2013324. doi:10.2307/2752241. JSTOR\u00a02752241.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a0110.\n1 2 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a047.\n\u2191 \"Shu LinKou Air Station: World War II: U.S. Bombing Raids on Linkou and Taiwan\". Shulinkou Air Station Taiwan. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012.\n\u2191 Cheung, Han (16 September 2018). \"Taiwan in Time: Abandoned by the rising sun\". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2023.\n\u2191 Hou, Elaine (14 August 2013). \"Protesters demand justice from Japan on 'comfort women' (update)\". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020.\n\u2191 Morris, Andrew D. (30 July 2015). Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.\u00a0115\u2013118. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4725-7674-3. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\u2191 China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization. City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p.\u00a0116. ISBN\u00a0978-962-937-140-1. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2014.\n\u2191 Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University Press. pp.\u00a055, 56. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8014-8805-4.\n\u2191 \"Cairo Communiqu\u00e9, December 1, 1943\". Birth of the Constitution of Japan. National Diet Library. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021. It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a0162: \"United States Government replied on this point as follows:\u00a0... Cairo Declaration provided that Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China\".\n\u2191 \"Potsdam Declaration\". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. The Atomic Heritage Foundation and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.\n\u2191 \"Japanese Instrument of Surrender\". The National Archives Foundation. The National Archives. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021. We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their successors to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration in good faith\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a058.\n\u2191 \"Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)\". Hansard. 540 (cc1870\u20134). 4 May 1955. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2010. The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.\n\u2191 Charney, Jonathan I.; Prescott, J. R. V. (2000). \"Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan\". American Journal of International Law. 94 (3): 453\u2013477. doi:10.2307/2555319. JSTOR\u00a02555319. S2CID\u00a0144402230. After occupying Taiwan in 1945 as a result of Japan's surrender, the Nationalists were defeated on the mainland in 1949, abandoning it to retreat to Taiwan.\n\u2191 \"Treaty of Peace with Japan\" (PDF). United Nations Treaties Collection. The United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021.\n\u2191 Alagappa, Muthiah (2001). Taiwan's presidential politics. M.E. Sharpe. p.\u00a0265. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7656-0834-5. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\u2191 \"Treaty of Peace between the Repuiblic of China and Japan\" (PDF). United Nations Treaties Collection. The United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.\n\u2191 Makinen & Woodward (1989): \"Yet, the Chinese Nationalist government attempted to isolate Taiwan from the mainland inflation by creating it as an independent currency area. And during the later stages of the civil war it was able to end the hyperinflation on Taiwan, something it was unable to do on the mainland despite two attempts.\"\n\u2191 \"Formosa in transition\". The World Today. Vol.\u00a04, no.\u00a05. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1948. p.\u00a0213.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a059.\n\u2191 United States (1949), pp.\u00a0923\u2013925.\n\u2191 \"China: Snow Red & Moon Angel\". Time. 7 April 1947. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007.\n\u2191 Shackleton, Allan J. (1998). Formosa Calling: An Eyewitness Account of Conditions in Taiwan during the February 28th, 1947 Incident (PDF). Taiwan Publishing Company. OCLC\u00a040888167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2014.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), p.\u00a063.\n\u2191 United States (1949), p.\u00a0932.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan takes first steps to explain 1947 massacre\". United Press International. 28 February 1991. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.\n\u2191 Ballantine (1952), pp.\u00a064\u201365.\n\u2191 Kubek, Anthony (1971) [1963]. How the Far East was lost: American policy and the creation of Communist China. Intercontex Publishers (England) Limited. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85622-000-5.\n\u2191 Huang, Fu-san (2010). \u81fa\u7063\u7c21\u53f2-\u9ebb\u96c0\u8b8a\u9cf3\u51f0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b [A Brief History of Taiwan: A Sparrow Transformed into a Phoenix] (in Chinese). Government Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009. 1949\u5e74, \u570b\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u9000\u5b88\u81fa\u7063\u5f8c, \u4ee5\u81fa\u5317\u70ba\u6230\u6642\u9996\u90fd\n\u2191 \"Taiwan Timeline\u00a0\u2013 Retreat to Taiwan\". BBC News. 2000. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.\n\u2191 Dunbabin, J.P.D. (2008). The Cold War. Pearson Education. p.\u00a0187. ISBN\u00a0978-0-582-42398-5. In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek had transferred to Taiwan the government, gold reserve, and some of the army of his Republic of China.\n\u2191 Ng, Franklin (1998). The Taiwanese Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.\u00a010. ISBN\u00a0978-0-313-29762-5. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\u2191 Yang, Lavai (July 2011). \"Taiwan's Love Affair with Gold\". Taiwan Panorama. Translated by Williams, Scott. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 \"Money Value of the New Taiwan Currency\". Taiwan Today. 1 June 1954. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 Li, Shih-hui (2005). \"The Currency Conversion in Postwar Taiwan: Gold Standard from 1949 to 1950\". The Kyoto Economic Review. 74 (2): 191\u2013203. doi:10.11179/KER.74.191.\n1 2 \u4e09\u3001 \u53f0\u7063\u6212\u56b4\u4ee4 [III. Decree to establish martial law in Taiwan] (in Chinese). National Archives Administration, National Development Council. 2 October 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2017.\n\u2191 \"28 February 1947\u00a0\u2013 Taiwan's Holocaust Remembered\u00a0\u2013 60th Commemoration\". New Taiwan, Ilha Formosa. 2007. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2009.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan president apologises for 'white terror' era\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2009.\n\u2191 US Department of Defense (1950). \"Classified Teletype Conference, dated 27 June 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files\". Truman Presidential Library and Museum. p.\u00a01 and 4. Archived from the original on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2006. Page 1: In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland.\" Page 4: \"Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China.\n\u2191 Jacoby, Neil H. (January 1966). \"An Evaluation of U.S. Economic Aid to Free China, 1951\u20131965\" (PDF). A.I.D. Discussion Paper. United States Agency for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2022.\n\u2191 Makinen & Woodward 1989: \"It was the fiscal regime change on Taiwan, as in the European episodes, that finally brought price stability. It was the aid policy that brought the budget to near balance, and when the aid programme reached its full proportions in 1952, prices stabilized.\"\n\u2191 \"The Land Reform Movement in China\". Taiwan Today. 1 June 1951. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 Ralph Clough, \"Taiwan under Nationalist Rule, 1949\u20131982,\" in Roderick MacFarquar et al., ed., Cambridge History of China, Vol 15, The People's Republic Pt 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 837\n\u2191 Liu, Da-Nien; Shih, Hui-Tzu (4 December 2013). \"The Transformation of Taiwan's Status Within the Production and Supply Chain in Asia\". Brookings. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2021.\n\u2191 Zhu, Tianbiao (2006). \"Rethinking Import-substituting Industrialization: Development Strategies and Institutions in Taiwan and China\". Research Paper 2006/076. UNU-WIDER. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 Smura, Tomasz (17 October 2016). \"In the shadow of Communistic missiles \u2013 Air and Missile Defence in Taiwan\". Casimir Pulaski Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.\n\u2191 Halperin, M.H. (1966). \"Memorandum RM-4900-ISA (Abridged), The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A Documented History (U)\" (PDF). RAND Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan Timeline\u00a0\u2013 Cold war fortress\". BBC News. 2002. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2009.\n1 2 Hs\u00fc (1982), p.\u00a0173.\n\u2191 Wu, Tsong-Min (2016). \"From Economic Controls to Export Expansion in Postwar Taiwan: 1946\u20131960\". RIETI. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 Hs\u00fc (1982), p.\u00a0174.\n\u2191 \"China: Chiang Kai-shek: Death of the Casualty\". Time. 14 April 1975. p.\u00a03. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009.\n\u2191 Wu, Rong-i; Cheng, Cheng-mount (1 June 2002). \"Going Up\". Taiwan Today. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.\n\u2191 Hs\u00fc (1982), pp.\u00a0175, 176.\n\u2191 Sun, Yat-sen; Julie Lee Wei; Ramon Hawley Myers; Donald G. Gillin (1994). Julie Lee Wei; Ramon Hawley Myers; Donald G. Gillin (eds.). Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen. Hoover Press. p.\u00a036. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8179-9281-1. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023. The party first applied Sun's concept of political tutelage by governing through martial law, not tolerating opposition parties, controlling the public media, and using the 1947 constitution drawn up on the China mainland to govern. Thus, much of the world in those years gave the government low scores for democracy and human rights but admitted it had accomplished an economic miracle.\n\u2191 Chao, Linda; Ramon Hawley Myers (1997). Democracy's new leaders in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Hoover Press. p.\u00a03. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8179-3802-4. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023. Although this party [the KMT] had initiated a democratic breakthrough and guided the democratic transition, it had also upheld martial law for thirty-six years and severely repressed political dissent and any efforts to establish an opposition party.\u00a0... How was it possible that this party, so hated by opposition politicians and long regarded by Western critics as a dictatorial, Leninist-type party, still remained in power?\n\u2191 Fung (2000), p.\u00a067: \"Nanjing was not only undemocratic and repressive but also inefficient and corrupt.\u00a0... Furthermore, like other authoritarian regimes, the GMD sought to control people's mind.\"\n\u2191 Fung (2000), p.\u00a085: \"The response to national emergency, critics argued, was not merely military, it was, even more important, political, requiring the termination of one-party dictatorship and the development of democratic institutions.\"\n\u2191 Copper, John Franklin (2005). Consolidating Taiwan's democracy. University Press of America. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7618-2977-5. Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023. Also, the \"Temporary Provisions\" (of the Constitution) did not permit forming new political parties, and those that existed at this time did not seriously compete with the Nationalist Party. Thus, at the national level the KMT did not permit competitive democratic elections.\n\u2191 Chou, Yangsun; Nathan, Andrew J. (1987). \"Democratizing Transition in Taiwan\". Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies. 1987 (3). Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.\n\u2191 Ko, Jim W. (2004). \"Cold War Triumph \u2013 Taiwan Democratized in Spite of U.S. Efforts\". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 36 (1): 137\u2013181. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.\n\u2191 Richard Kagan. Taiwan's Statesman: Lee Teng-hui and Democracy in Asia. Naval Institute Press, 2014. p. 91\u201393. ISBN\u00a0978-1-61251-755-1\n\u2191 \"Out with the old\". BBC News. 2002. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. 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JSTOR\u00a044371801.\n\u2191 Mo, Yan-chih; Chung, Jake (10 October 2011). \"Tsai affirms recognition of the ROC\". Taipei Times. ...\u00a0Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Chairperson Tsai Ing-wen\u00a0... said the ROC was Taiwan and Taiwan was the ROC\u00a0...\n\u2191 Shih, Hsiao-kuang; Xie, Dennis (20 June 2020). \"KMT task force unveils four pillars for stable, peaceful cross-strait relations\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 20 June 2020. ...\u00a0the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)\u00a0... acknowledge that there is 'one China,' with each side having its own interpretation of what 'China' means.\n\u2191 Shi, Jiangtao (20 September 2022). \"Beijing may use Anti-Secession Law to seek Taiwan reunification, Wang says\". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. The 2005 Anti-Secession Law provides a legal framework for Beijing to use non-peaceful means to guard against pro-independence forces in Taiwan.\n\u2191 \"The Official Position of the Republic of China (Taiwan) on the People's Republic of China's Anti-Secession (Anti-Separation) Law\". Mainland Affairs Council. Mainland Affairs Council. 29 March 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. [The intention of the 'Anti-Secession Law' is] to establish a legal basis for the military invasion of Taiwan: Through the 'Anti-Secession Law', China has changed its Taiwan policy from a mere political statement to a legal basis, paving the way for an invasion of Taiwan.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan Flashpoint: Independence Debate\". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan party asserts separate identity from China\". The Associated Press. 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. 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JSTOR\u00a024740633. S2CID\u00a040724777.\n\u2191 Cho, Young Chul; Ahn, Mun Suk (2017). \"Taiwan's international visibility in the twenty-first century: A suggestive note\". International Journal. 72 (1): 79\u201390. doi:10.1177/0020702017692608. JSTOR\u00a026414076. S2CID\u00a0151892075.\n\u2191 \"Impulsa Taiwan la reconciliaci\u00f3n\". El Sol de M\u00e9xico (in Spanish). 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2009. Esencialmente, no definir\u00edamos la relaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del estrecho de Taiwan como una relaci\u00f3n de dos pa\u00edses o dos Chinas, porque nuestra Constituci\u00f3n no lo permite. Nosotros definir\u00edamos est\u00e1 relaci\u00f3n como una relaci\u00f3n muy especial, ya que la Constituci\u00f3n nuestra, igual que la Constituci\u00f3n de China continental, no permite la existencia de otro pa\u00eds dentro del territorio.\n\u2191 \"Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma\". China Post. 4 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.\n\u2191 Ko, Shu-Ling (8 October 2008). \"Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview\". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2008.\n\u2191 Enav, Peter (16 May 2008). \"Unification with China unlikely 'in our lifetimes': president-elect\". China Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009. 'It is very difficult for us to see any unification talks even in our lifetimes,' Ma said. 'Taiwanese people would like to have economic interactions with the mainland, but obviously they don't believe their political system is suitable for Taiwan.'\n\u2191 Smith, Courtney Donovan (21 June 2022). \"How pro-China is the KMT now?\". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.\n\u2191 Shambaugh, David L. (2006). Power shift. University of California Press. pp.\u00a0179\u2013183. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-24570-9.\n\u2191 Okazaki, Hisahiko (30 December 2008). \"No sign of a 'peace agreement'\". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2009. For one thing, I believe there is recognition that the awareness of Taiwanese identity is now irreversible. The KMT government did things like rename the \"Taiwan Post\" to \"Chunghwa Post\" as soon as it came in. But it did not take much time to perceive that it would cause a backlash among the Taiwan populace. The cross-strait exchanges have also brought about opposition demonstrations from time to time. This appears to be one of the reasons for the abrupt decline in the approval rating of the Ma administration.\n\u2191 \"10 Questions: Ma Ying-jeou\". Time. 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2009. I am Taiwanese as well as Chinese.\n1 2 \"Taiwanese / Chinese Identity(1992/06~2021/06)\". Election Study Center. National Chengchi University. 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Archived from the original on 25 May 2018.\n\u2191 \u738b, \u71d5\u83ef (17 July 2024). \"\u7533\u8fa6\u6210\u529f!\u82b1\u84ee\u53d6\u5f972026\u570b\u969b\u5c11\u5e74\u904b\u52d5\u6703\u4e3b\u8fa6\u6b0a \u5404\u570b\u9078\u624b\u5c07\u9f4a\u805a\". udn.com. Retrieved 18 July 2024.\n\u2191 \"National symbols\". president.gov.tw. Taiwan: Office of the President. Archived from the original on 9 December 2025. Retrieved 31 December 2025.\n\u2191 \"Chinese (Traditional Han, Taiwan) (zh-Hant-TW)\". IBM Knowledge Center. Retrieved 8 May 2019.\n\u2191 \"Holidays and Festivals in Taiwan\". Government Information Office, ROC. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.\n\n\nWorks cited\n\nAndrade, Tonio (2008). How Taiwan Became Chinese. Gutenberg-e E-book. Columbia University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-231-50368-6.\nBird, Michael I; Hope, Geoffrey; Taylor, David (2004). \"Populating PEP II: the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral-Asia and Oceania\" (PDF). Quaternary International. 118\u2013119: 145\u2013163. Bibcode:2004QuInt.118..145B. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00135-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2014.\nChang, Mau-kuei (2003). On the Origins and Transformation of Taiwanese National Identity.\nChang, Maukuei (2005). \"The Movement to Indigenize to Social Sciences in Taiwan: Origin and Predicaments\". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4039-7020-6.\nDavidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present\u00a0: history, people, resources, and commercial prospects: tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. Macmillan. OL\u00a06931635M.\nDoIT (2008). \"2008 White Paper on Taiwan Industrial Technology\" (PDF). Department of Industrial Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011.\nExec. Yuan (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Executive Yuan, R.O.C. ISBN\u00a0978-986-04-2302-0.\nFenby, Jonathan (2009). The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850\u20132009. Penguin Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7139-9832-0.\nFung, Edmund S. K. (2000). In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929\u20131949. Cambridge modern China series. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-77124-5.\nGold, Thomas B. (1985). State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-45940-8.\nGordon, Leonard H.D. (2007), Confrontation Over Taiwan, Lexington Books\nHill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; Macaulay, Vincent; Clarke, Dougie; Blumbach, Petya B.; Vizuete-Forster, Matthieu; Forster, Peter; Bulbeck, David; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Richards, Martin (January 2007). \"A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (1): 29\u201343. Bibcode:2007AmJHG..80...29H. doi:10.1086/510412. PMC\u00a01876738. PMID\u00a017160892.\nHsiau, A-Chin (2005). \"The Indigenization of Taiwanese Literature: Historical Narrative, Strategic Essentialism, and State Violence\". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4039-7020-6.\nHsu, Wen-hsiung (1980). \"From Aboriginal Island to Chinese Frontier: The Development of Taiwan before 1683\". In Knapp, Ronald G. (ed.). China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan. The University of Hawaii. pp.\u00a03\u201328. hdl:10125/62865. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8248-8005-7.\nJiao, Tianlong (2007). The Neolithic of southeast China: cultural transformation and regional interaction on the coast. Cambria Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-934043-16-5.\nLi, Xiaobing (2019). The history of Taiwan. Greenwood.\nLiu, Yingsheng (2012). The Taiwan Strait between the Twelfth and Sixteenth Centuries and the Maritime Route to Luzon. Harrassowitz Verlag.\nMakeham, John (2005). \"Indigenization Discourse in Taiwanese Confucian Revivalism\". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4039-7020-6.\nMakinen, Gail E.; Woodward, G. Thomas (1989). \"The Taiwanese hyperinflation and stabilization of 1945\u20131952\". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 21 (1): 90\u2013105. doi:10.2307/1992580. JSTOR\u00a01992580.\nRubinstein, Murray A. (1999). Taiwan: A New History. East Gate Books.\nThompson, Lawrence G. (1964). \"The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines\". Monumenta Serica. 23: 163\u2013204. doi:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044. JSTOR\u00a040726116.\nTwitchett, Denis (2002). The Cambridge History of China 9 Volume 1.\nValentijn, Fran\u00e7ois (1992) [1903]. \"History of the Dutch Trade\". In Campbell, William (ed.). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. Kegan Paul. pp.\u00a025\u201375. ISBN\u00a0978-957-638-083-9. OCLC\u00a0644323041. First published 1724 in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indi\u00ebn\nWang, Gabe T. (2006). China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait. University Press of America.\nWills, John E. Jr. (2006). \"The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime\". In Rubinstein, Murray A. (ed.). Taiwan: A New History (expanded\u00a0ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp.\u00a084\u2013106. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7656-1495-7.\nWinckler, Edwin (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). Cultural Policy in Postwar Taiwan. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (10\u201314 April 1991; Seattle). Westview Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8133-8632-4.\nWong, Young-tsu (2017). China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon. Springer.\nWong, Tin (2022). Approaching Sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands. Springer.\nYe, Ruiping (2019). The Colonisation and Settlement of Taiwan. Routledge.\nYip, June (2004). Envisioning Taiwan: Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary. Duke University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8223-3357-9.\nBallantine, Joseph (1952). Formosa: A Problem for United States Foreign Policy. The Brookings Institution.\nUnited States (1949). United States relations with China, with special reference to the period 1944\u20131949, based on the files of the Department of State. U.S. Government Printing Office.\nHs\u00fc, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1982). China Without Mao: The Search for a New Order. Oxford University Press.\nZhang, Yufa (1998). Zhonghua Minguo shigao \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u53f2\u7a3f. Lian jing (\u806f\u7d93). ISBN\u00a0957-08-1826-3.\n\n\nFurther reading\n\n\n\"Taiwan Flashpoint\". BBC News. 2005.\nBush, R.; O'Hanlon, M. (2007). A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America. Wiley. ISBN\u00a0978-0-471-98677-5.\nBush, R. (2006). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8157-1290-9.\nCarpenter, T. (2006). America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4039-6841-8.\nClark, Cal; Tan, Alexander C. (2012). Taiwan's Political Economy: Meeting Challenges, Pursuing Progress. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN\u00a0978-1-58826-806-8.\nCole, B. (2006). Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-0-415-36581-9.\nCopper, John Franklin (2019). Taiwan: Nation-state or province?. Routledge.\nCopper, J. (2006). Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN\u00a0978-0-275-98888-3.\nCopper, John F, ed. (1993). Historical dictionary of Taiwan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8108-2608-3.\nFederation of American Scientists; et\u00a0al. (2006). \"Chinese Nuclear Forces and US Nuclear War Planning\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2015.\nFeuerwerker, Albert (1968). The Chinese Economy, 1912\u20131949. University of Michigan Press.\nFravel, M. Taylor (2002). \"Towards Civilian Supremacy: Civil-military Relations in Taiwan's Democratization\". Armed Forces & Society. 29 (1): 57\u201384. doi:10.1177/0095327x0202900104. S2CID\u00a0146212666.\nHorton, Chris (2025). Ghost Nation: The Story of Taiwan and Its Struggle for Survival. Macmillan.\nKuo, Shirley W.Y.; Ranis, Gustav (2020). The Taiwan Success Story: Rapid Growith With Improved Distribution In The Republic Of China, 1952\u20131979. Routledge.\nLasater, Martin L. (2019). The Taiwan Issue in Sino-American Strategic Relations. Routledge.\nSelby, Burnard (March 1955). \"Formosa: The Historical Background\". History Today. 5 (3): 186\u2013194.\nShirk, S. (2007). China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise. Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-530609-5.\nTinn, Honghong (2025). Island Tinkerers: Innovation and Transformation in the Making of Taiwan's Computing Industry. MIT Press. ISBN\u00a09780262380270.\nTsang, S. (2006). If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics. Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-0-415-40785-4.\nTucker, N.B. (2005). Dangerous Strait: the US-Taiwan-China Crisis. Columbia University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-231-13564-1.\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOverviews and data\n\"Taiwan\". The World Factbook (2025\u00a0ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.\nTaiwan from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived)\nTaiwan country profile \u2013 BBC News\nBackground Note: Taiwan \u2013 US Department of State\nTaiwan's 400 years of history. New Taiwan, Ilha Formosa.\nKey Development Forecasts for Taiwan from International Futures\nChinese Taipei. OECD.\n Wikimedia Atlas of Taiwan\n\nGovernment agencies\nOffice of the Government\nOffice of the President\nExecutive Yuan\nJudicial Yuan\nControl Yuan\nExamination Yuan\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs\nRepublic of China (Taiwan) Embassies and Missions Abroad\nTaiwan, The Heart of Asia. Archived 23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Tourism Bureau. 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