Taiwan - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Taiwan) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Taiwan) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology    Toggle Etymology subsection  1.1 Names for the island     1.2 Names of the country and jurisdiction       2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Pre-colonial period     2.2 Early colonial period (to 1683)     2.3 Qing rule (1683–1895)     2.4 Japanese rule (1895–1945)     2.5 Republic of China (1945–present)   2.5.1 Martial law era (1949–1987)     2.5.2 Transition to democracy         3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Climate     3.2 Geology       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 Government     4.2 Constitution     4.3 Administrative divisions     4.4 Major camps     4.5 National identity   4.5.1 Public opinion       4.6 International status and relations   4.6.1 Relations with the PRC     4.6.2 Participation in international events and organizations       4.7 Military     4.8 LGBTQ rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Transport       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Largest cities and counties     6.2 Ethnic groups     6.3 Languages     6.4 Religion     6.5 Education     6.6 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Arts     7.2 Popular culture     7.3 Cuisine     7.4 Sports     7.5 National symbols     7.6 Calendar       8 See also     9 Notes    Toggle Notes subsection  9.1 Words in native languages       10 References    Toggle References subsection  10.1 Citations     10.2 Works cited       11 Further reading     12 External links    Toggle External links subsection  12.1 Overviews and data     12.2 Government agencies             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Taiwan    249 languages  (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Acehnese) Acèh   (featured article) (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_China) (Republiek China – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China) (Republik China – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Southern Altai) Алтай тил   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD) (የቻይና ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_China) (Republica de China – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताईवान – Angika) अंगिका   (featured article) (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تايوان – Arabic) العربية   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (طايوان – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تايوان – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (টাইৱান – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_China) (República de China – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvan) (Tayvan – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)) (Ҡытай Республикаһы (Тайвань) – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kina) (Republik Kina – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivans) (Taivans – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD)) (Република Китай (Тайван) – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taewan) (Taewan – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (তাইওয়ান – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D) (ཐའེ་ཝན། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (তাইৱান – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sina) (Republik Sina – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvan) (Tajvan – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8A) (ᨈᨕᨗᨓᨕᨊ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81) (Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Хитад Улас – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_la_Xina) (República de la Xina – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n) (Taiwán – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-hu%C3%A0_M%C3%ACng-gu%C3%B3k) (Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_sa_Tsina) (Republika sa Tsina – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82) (ᏔᎢᏩᏂ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Cheyenne) Tsetsêhestâhese   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvan) (Tayvan – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaj-wan) (Tchaj-wan – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajwan) (Tajwan – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Danish) Dansk   (good article) (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China_(Taiwan)) (Republik China (Taiwan) – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_%C3%87ini) (Cumhuriyetê Çini – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Chinska) (Republika Chinska – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China_id_Taiwan) (Republik China id Taiwan – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A9_%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A7) (ޖުމްހޫރީ ޗައިނާ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B) (ཏའི་ཝཱན་ – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD) (Ταϊβάν – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvano) (Tajvano – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_China) (República de China – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n) (Taiwán – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – Persian) فارسی   (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Vabariik) (Hiina Vabariik – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivan) (Taivan – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan) (Taïwan – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiwan) (Tayiwan – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republiik)) (Taiwan (Republiik) – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%A9av%C3%A1in) (An Téaváin – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitay_Respublikas%C4%B1_(Tayvan)) (Kitay Respublikası (Tayvan) – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B) (中華民國 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd_na_S%C3%ACne) (Poblachd na Sìne – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n) (Taiwán – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiu%C3%A3) (Taiuã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (तैवान – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%CC%88%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0) (𐍄𐌰𐌹̈𐍅𐌰 – Gothic) 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0) (ચીની ગણતંત્ર – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-f%C3%A0_M%C3%ACn-koet) (Chûng-fà Mìn-koet – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiuana) (Taiuana – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F) (טאיוואן – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF) (चीनी गणराज्य – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China) (Republic of China – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kina) (Republika Kina – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinska_republika) (Chinska republika – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywann) (Taywann – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (featured article) (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g) (Kínai Köztársaság – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Թայվան – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Թայուան – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADvan) (Taívan – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%95%E1%90%83%E1%90%85%E1%90%8B%E1%93%90) (ᑕᐃᐅᐋᓐ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD) (中華民国 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripoblik_a_Chaina) (Ripoblik a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Cina) (Républik Cina – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (ტაივანი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvan) (Tayvan – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Jju) Jju   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Тайван – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%C9%A9wan%C9%A9) (Tayɩwanɩ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Komering) Kumoring   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B) (Қытай Республикасы – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B) (តៃវ៉ាន់ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D) (ತೈವಾನ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD) (중화민국 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)) (Къытай Республика (Тайвань) – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_Sinarum) (Res publica Sinarum – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_de_Kina) (Repuvlika de Kina – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China_(Taiwan)) (Republik China (Taiwan) – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiuan) (Taiuan – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99) (ປະເທດໄຕ້ຫວັນ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivanas) (Taivanas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Republika) (Ķīnas Republika – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A8w%C3%A2n) (Taèwân – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taio%C3%A0na) (Taioàna – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwana) (Taiwana – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)) (Тајван (држава) – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB) (തായ്‌വാൻ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F) (ꯇꯥꯢꯋꯥꯟ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (तैवान – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajwan) (Tajwan – Maltese) Malti   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (တရုတ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C) (Китайень Республикась – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86) (تایوون – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_China) (Republiek China – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (ताइवान – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Ndonga) Oshiwambo   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Kina_(Taiwan)) (Republikken Kina (Taiwan) – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Novial) Novial   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsii%CA%BCyishbizh%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD) (Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_China_(Taiwan)) (Republica de China (Taiwan) – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivan%27) (Taivan' – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8) (ତାଇୱାନ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Тайван – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8) (ਤਾਈਵਾਨ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ning_Tsina) (Republika ning Tsina – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan) (Taïwan – Picard) Picard   (https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Palatine German) Pälzisch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Chi%C5%84ska) (Republika Chińska – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تائیوان – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تایوان – Pashto) پښتو   (featured article) (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Portuguese) Português   (https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Paiwan) Pinayuanan   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Quechua) Runa Simi   (featured article) (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Aromanian) Armãneashti   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C)) (Китайская Республика (Тайвань) – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Тайван – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiwani) (Tayiwani – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (तैवान – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D) (Кытай Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1) (ᱛᱟᱭᱣᱟᱱ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(kintra)) (Taiwan (kintra) – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تائيوان – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvan) (Tajvan – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8) (ထၢႆႇဝၢၼ်း – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (තායිවානය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kitajska_(Tajvan)) (Republika Kitajska (Tajvan) – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_Taipei) (Saina Taipei – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvani) (Tajvani – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0) (Република Кина – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThayiwani) (IThayiwani – Swati) SiSwati   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_China) (Republik China – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Tiongkok) (Républik Tiongkok – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_China) (Jamhuri ya China – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_Republika) (Chińskŏ Republika – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D) (தைவான் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan) (Taywan – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%97%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1) (ᥗᥣᥭᥱ ᥝᥣᥢᥱ – Tai Nuea) ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D) (తైవాన్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiw%C3%A1n) (Taiwán – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Тайван – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99) (ประเทศไต้หวัน – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%95) (ታይዋን – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%BDwan) (Taýwan – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvan) (Tajvan – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiuani) (Taiuani – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Tawan) (ma Tawan – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripablik_bilong_Saina) (Ripablik bilong Saina – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvan) (Tayvan – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywang) (Taywang – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5) (Кытай Җөмһүрияте – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C) (Тайвань – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%8A%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%86) (تەيۋەن – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9) (Республіка Китай – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (تائیوان – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Respublikasi) (Xitoy Respublikasi – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_de_Cina) (Repùblega de Cina – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan) (Đài Loan – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayv%C3%A4n) (Tayvän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywane) (Taywane – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_han_Tsina) (Republika han Tsina – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaywaan) (Taaywaan – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD) (中华民国 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90) (ჩინეთიშ რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F) (טייוואן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Minzgoz) (Cunghvaz Minzgoz – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) (Taiwan – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B) (中華民國 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-ho%C3%A2_B%C3%AEn-kok) (Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B) (中華民國 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B) (中華民國 – Chinese) 中文    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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Taiwan) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Taiwan) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&oldid=1368938318) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Taiwan&id=1368938318&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiwan) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Taiwan&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q865) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Taiwan) Wikibooks   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Taiwan) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Taiwan) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Taiwan) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taiwan&params=24_N_121_E_type:country_region:TW) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 121°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 121°E  / 24; 121     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended) (This article is extended-confirmed-protected due to editing disputes) (Page extended-confirmed-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in East Asia (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    "Republic of China" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(disambiguation)) (Republic of China (disambiguation)) Republic of China (disambiguation) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(disambiguation)) (Taiwan (disambiguation)) Taiwan (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#Taiwan)  (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Taiwan)    (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2025)   (./Category:Use_American_English_from_June_2023)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English)    Republic of China (Chinese-language text) 中華民國  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (Chinese-language romanization) Zhōnghuá Mínguó  [ a]        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg) (Flag of Taiwan) (A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Flag of the Republic of China) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg) (Emblem of Taiwan) (A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun) (Blue Sky with a White Sun) Emblem      Anthem:  (Chinese-language text) 中華民國國歌  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (Chinese-language romanization) Zhōnghuá Mínguó guógē   "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Anthem of the Republic of China) National Anthem of the Republic of China "   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (беларуская ‪(be)‬)  (български ‪(bg)‬)  (বাংলা ‪(bn)‬)  (bosanski ‪(bs)‬)  (Deutsch ‪(de)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (hrvatski ‪(hr)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (italiano ‪(it)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (Jawa ‪(jv)‬)  (ភាសាខ្មែរ ‪(km)‬)  (한국어 ‪(ko)‬)  (lietuvių ‪(lt)‬)  (македонски ‪(mk)‬)  (молдовеняскэ ‪(mo)‬)  (Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬)  (português ‪(pt)‬)  (română ‪(ro)‬)  (русский ‪(ru)‬)  (slovenščina ‪(sl)‬)  (srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬)  (српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬)  (ไทย ‪(th)‬)  (toki pona ‪(tok)‬)  (Türkçe ‪(tr)‬)  (українська ‪(uk)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (粵語 ‪(yue)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ROC_Taiwan_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show map of territories administered by the ROC ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Area) (Taiwan Area) Taiwan Area )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show map of Taiwan (dark green) with ROC Mainland Area and historical claims (light green)[ b]         Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei [ c]    [ 3]     (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taiwan&params=25_04_N_121_31_E_type:city_region:TW) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25°04′N 121°31′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 25.067°N 121.517°E  / 25.067; 121.517     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Largest city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City) (New Taipei City) New Taipei City   Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese) (Standard Chinese) Standard Chinese [ d]    [ 6]    [ 7]    [ 8]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_script) (Official script) Official script  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese [ 9]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language) (National language) National languages [ e]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin [ f]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien) (Taiwanese Hokkien) Hokkien [ f]    [ g]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka) (Taiwanese Hakka) Hakka [ 11]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_languages) (Formosan languages) Formosan [ 12]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_dialect) (Matsu dialect) Matsu [ f]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putian_dialect) (Putian dialect) Wuqiu [ f]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language) (Taiwan Sign Language) Taiwan Sign Language      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2024)[ 13]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   95% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Taiwanese) (Han Taiwanese) Han  2.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Indigenous [ h]     2.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Taiwan) (Ethnic groups in Taiwan) Others      Religion (2023)[ 14]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   28% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan) (Buddhism in Taiwan) Buddhism  27% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion) (Irreligion) No religion  24% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism) (Taoism) Taoism  7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan) (Christianity in Taiwan) Christianity  13% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan) (Religion in Taiwan) Others      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people) (Taiwanese people) Taiwanese [ 15]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan) (Politics of Taiwan) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic) (Semi-presidential republic) semi-presidential republic [ 16]    [ 17]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China) (President of the Republic of China) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai Ching-te   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Vice President of the Republic of China) Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiao_Bi-khim) (Hsiao Bi-khim) Hsiao Bi-khim   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Premier of the Republic of China) Executive Yuan President / Premier   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai) (Cho Jung-tai) Cho Jung-tai   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Vice Premier of the Republic of China) Vice Executive Yuan President / Premier   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Li-chun) (Cheng Li-chun) Cheng Li-chun   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan) (President of the Legislative Yuan) Legislative Yuan President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu) (Han Kuo-yu) Han Kuo-yu   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan) (Vice President of the Legislative Yuan) Vice President of the Legislative Yuan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Chiang) (Johnny Chiang) Johnny Chiang   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Judicial_Yuan) (List of presidents of the Judicial Yuan) Judicial Yuan President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieh_Ming-yan) (Shieh Ming-yan) Shieh Ming-yan (acting)    Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan) (Legislative Yuan) Legislative Yuan [ i]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan) (History of Taiwan) Establishment   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Formosa) (Dutch Formosa) Dutch Formosa   1624  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Kingdom of Tungning   1 February 1662  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule) (Taiwan under Qing rule) Qing rule   1683  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule) (Taiwan under Japanese rule) Japanese rule   17 April 1895  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945–present)) (History of Taiwan (1945–present)) ROC rule   25 October 1945  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan) Retreat of ROC to Taiwan   7 December 1949    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan) (Geography of Taiwan) Area    • Total  36,197 km2 (13,976 sq mi)[ 18]    [ 15]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan) (Demographics of Taiwan) Population   • December 2025 estimate  (Neutral decrease) (Neutral decrease)    23,299,132[ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 59th )  • 2020 census  23,829,897[ 20]      • Density  644/km2 (1,668.0/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 17th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $2.275 trillion[ 21]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 20th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $98,051[ 21]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 11th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $976.719 billion[ 21]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 21st )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $42,103[ 21]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 30th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2022)  (Negative increase) (Negative increase)     34.2[ 22]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.934[ j]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  very high   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 21st )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar) (New Taiwan dollar) New Taiwan dollar (NT$) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) TWD )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +8 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Taiwan) (Time in Taiwan) National Standard Time )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TW) (ISO 3166-2:TW) TW   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tw) (.tw) .tw , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.台灣) (.台灣) .台灣 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.台湾) (.台湾) .台湾 [ 25]        (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters#TTaiwan)  (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TTaiwan)   Taiwan ,[ I]    [ k]    officially the Republic of China (ROC ),[ II]    is a country[ 29]    in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia) (East Asia) East Asia .[ n]    The main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan) (Geography of Taiwan) island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , lies between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Seas in the northwestern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean , with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan to the northeast, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines to the south. It has an area of 35,808 square kilometers (13,826 square miles) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_by_country) (Urbanization by country) highly urbanized population is concentrated. The combined (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Free area of the Republic of China) territories under ROC control consist of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan) (List of islands of Taiwan) 168 islands [ o]    in total covering 36,193 square kilometers (13,974 square miles) .[ 18]    [ 41]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei–Keelung_metropolitan_area) (Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area) largest metropolitan area is formed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei (the capital), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City) (New Taipei City) New Taipei City , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung . With around 23.9 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) most densely populated countries . Taiwan has been settled for at least 25,000 years. Ancestors of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, large-scale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese immigration began under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Formosa) (Dutch Formosa) Dutch colonial rule and continued under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Kingdom of Tungning , the first predominantly Han Chinese state in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan) (History of Taiwan) Taiwanese history . The island was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule) (Taiwan under Qing rule) annexed in 1683 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki) (Treaty of Shimonoseki) ceded to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Empire of Japan in 1895. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China , which had (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution) (1911 Revolution) overthrown the Qing in 1912 under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) (Sun Yat-sen) Sun Yat-sen , assumed control following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan) (Surrender of Japan) surrender of Japan in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II . With the loss of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) (Communist Party of China) Communists in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan) government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan in 1949 under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang (KMT). From the early 1960s, Taiwan saw rapid economic growth and industrialization known as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle) (Taiwan Miracle) Taiwan Miracle ".[ 42]    In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) one-party state under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law) (Martial law) martial law to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_democracy) (Multi-party democracy) multi-party democracy , with democratically elected presidents beginning in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (1996 Taiwanese presidential election) 1996 . Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export-oriented_economy) (Export-oriented economy) export-oriented economy is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 20th-largest by PPP measures, with a focus on steel, machinery, electronics, and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country) (Developed country) developed country .[ 43]    [ 44]    It is ranked highly in terms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties) (Civil liberties) civil liberties ,[ 45]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan) (Healthcare in Taiwan) healthcare ,[ 46]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_(economics)) (Human development (economics)) human development .[ p]    [ 50]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) political and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_status_of_Taiwan) (International status of Taiwan) international status of Taiwan is contentious. Despite being a founding member, the ROC no longer represents China as a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations after UN members voted in 1971 to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758) (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758) recognize the PRC instead. The ROC maintained its claim to be the sole (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Chinas) (Two Chinas) legitimate representative of China and its territory until 1991, when it ceased to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion) (Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion) regard the Chinese Communist Party as a rebellious group and acknowledged its control over mainland China. Taiwan is claimed by the PRC, which refuses to establish diplomatic relations with countries that recognize the ROC. Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan) (Foreign relations of Taiwan) maintains official diplomatic relations with 11 out of 193 UN member states and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See . Many others maintain unofficial diplomatic ties through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Representative_Office) (Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office) representative offices and institutions that function as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_embassy#Taiwan) (De facto embassy) de facto embassies and consulates . International organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate on a non-state basis. Domestically, the major political contention is between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition) (Pan-Blue Coalition) Pan-Blue Coalition , which favors eventual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification#Pan-Blue_interpretation) (Chinese unification) Chinese unification under the ROC and promoting a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism) (Chinese nationalism) pan-Chinese identity , contrasted with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition) (Pan-Green Coalition) Pan-Green Coalition , which favors eventual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwan independence and promoting a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism) (Taiwanese nationalism) Taiwanese identity ; in the 21st century, both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.[ 52]    [ 53]       Etymology  Names for the island  In his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoyi_Zhilüe) (Daoyi Zhilüe) Daoyi Zhilüe  (1349), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dayuan) (Wang Dayuan) Wang Dayuan used "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuqiu_(medieval)) (Liuqiu (medieval)) Liuqiu " as a name for the island, or the part of it closest to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu .[ 54]    Elsewhere, the name was used for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands) (Ryukyu Islands) Ryukyu Islands in general or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island) (Okinawa Island) Okinawa specifically; the name Ryūkyū is the Japanese form of Liúqiú . The name also appears in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Sui) (Book of Sui) Book of Sui  (636) and other early works, but scholars cannot agree on whether these references are to the Ryukyus, Taiwan or even (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon) (Luzon) Luzon .[ 55]     The name Formosa ((Chinese-language text) (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/福爾摩沙) (wikt:福爾摩沙) 福爾摩沙   (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ) dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors noted it on their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart) (Portolan chart) maps as Ilha Formosa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) (Portuguese language) Portuguese for "beautiful island ").[ 56]    [ 57]    The name Formosa eventually "replaced all others in European literature"[ 58]    and remained in common use among English speakers into the 20th century.[ 59]     In 1603, a Chinese expedition fleet anchored at a place in Taiwan called Dayuan , a variant of "Taiwan", which is derived from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraya_language) (Siraya language) Siraya language .[ 60]    [ 61]    [ 62]    In the early 17th century, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company) (Dutch East India Company) Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)) (Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)) Fort Zeelandia (modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anping_District) (Anping District) Anping ) on a coastal sandbar called "Tayouan".[ 63]    This name originated as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym) (Ethnonym) ethnonym for a nearby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_people) (Taiwanese indigenous people) Taiwanese indigenous people ,[ 61]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivoan_people) (Taivoan people) Taivoan , who were historically classified as a subgroup of the Siraya.[ 61]    [ 64]     Use of the current Chinese name ((Chinese-language text) (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/臺灣) (wikt:臺灣) 臺灣 / (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/台灣) (wikt:台灣) 台灣   (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ) became official as early as 1684 during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty) (Qing dynasty) Qing dynasty with the establishment of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Prefecture) (Taiwan Prefecture) Taiwan Prefecture centered in modern-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan) (Tainan) Tainan . Through its rapid development the entire Taiwanese mainland eventually became known as "Taiwan".[ 65]    [ 66]    [ 67]    [ 68]      Names of the country and jurisdiction  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_China) (Names of China) Names of China , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations) (China and the United Nations) China and the United Nations  The official name of the country in English is the "Republic of China". Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Chinese mainland, the government used the short form "China" ((Chinese-language text) Zhōngguó  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   , (Chinese-language text) (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/中國) (wikt:中國) 中國   (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ) to refer to itself, derived from (Chinese-language text) zhōng  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ("central" or "middle") and (Chinese-language text) guó  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ("state, nation-state").[ q]    The term developed under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty) (Zhou dynasty) Zhou dynasty in reference to its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demesne) (Demesne) royal demesne ,[ r]    and was then applied to the area around Luoyi (present-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang) (Luoyang) Luoyang ) during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zhou) (Eastern Zhou) Eastern Zhou and later to China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)) (Central Plain (China)) Central Plain , before being used as an occasional synonym for the state during the Qing era.[ 70]    The name of the republic had stemmed from the party manifesto of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongmenghui) (Tongmenghui) Tongmenghui in 1905, which says the four goals of the Chinese revolution were "to expel the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people) (Manchu people) Manchu rulers, to revive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_China#Zhongguo) (Names of China) Chunghwa  , to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people."[ III]    Revolutionary leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) (Sun Yat-sen) Sun Yat-sen proposed the name Chunghwa Minkuo as the assumed name of the new country when the revolution succeeded. During the 1950s and 1960s, after the ROC government had withdrawn to Taiwan, it was commonly referred to as "Nationalist China" (or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Free area of the Republic of China) Free China ") to differentiate it from "communist China" (or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) Red China ").[ 72]    Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as "Taiwan", after the main island. To avoid confusion, the ROC government in Taiwan began to put "Taiwan" next to its official name in 2005.[ 73]    In ROC government publications, the name is written as "Republic of China (Taiwan)", "Republic of China/Taiwan", or sometimes "Taiwan (ROC)".[ 74]    [ 75]    [ 76]     "Taiwan Area" was defined to mean the island of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other territory under ROC's effective control,[ 77]    in contrast to "Mainland Area" which refers to ROC territory outside the Taiwan Area and under Chinese Communist control.[ 78]     The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei " as a compromise with the People's Republic of China (PRC). For instance, it is the name under which it has participated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) (Olympic Games) Olympic Games as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) APEC .[ 79]    "Taiwan authorities" is sometimes used by the PRC to refer to the government in Taiwan.[ 80]       History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan) (History of Taiwan) History of Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a chronological guide, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history) (Timeline of Taiwanese history) Timeline of Taiwanese history . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:卑南遺址人獸形玉玦.jpg)   2,300-year-old jade, unearthed at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinan_Cultural_Park) (Beinan Cultural Park) Beinan Cultural Park   Pre-colonial period  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan) (Prehistory of Taiwan) Prehistory of Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese indigenous peoples  Taiwan was joined to the Asian mainland in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene) (Late Pleistocene) Late Pleistocene , until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago.[ 81]    Human remains and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic) (Paleolithic) Paleolithic artifacts dated 20,000 to 30,000 years ago have been found.[ 82]    [ 83]    Study of the human remains suggested they were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australo-Papuan) (Australo-Papuan) Australo-Papuan people similar to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrito) (Negrito) Negrito populations in the Philippines.[ 84]    Paleolithic Taiwanese likely settled the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands) (Ryukyu Islands) Ryukyu Islands 30,000 years ago[ 85]    although other studies suggest no genetic contribution from the aborigines of Taiwan into Ryukyuans.[ 86]    [ 87]    [ 88]    [ 89]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn) (Slash-and-burn) Slash-and-burn agriculture practices started at least 11,000 years ago.[ 90]     Stone tools of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changbin_culture) (Changbin culture) Changbin culture have been found in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitung_County) (Taitung County) Taitung and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluanbi) (Eluanbi) Eluanbi . Archaeological remains suggest they were initially hunter-gatherers that slowly shifted to intensive fishing.[ 91]    [ 92]    The distinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangxing_culture) (Wangxing culture) Wangxing culture , found along the Jingshan River of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaoli_County) (Miaoli County) Miaoli County , seemed to have initially been gatherers who shifted to hunting.[ 93]     Around 6,000 years ago, Taiwan was settled by farmers of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture) (Dapenkeng culture) Dapenkeng culture , most likely from what is now southeast China.[ 94]    These cultures are the ancestors of modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese Indigenous peoples and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_homeland) (Linguistic homeland) originators of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_language_family) (Austronesian language family) Austronesian language family .[ 95]    [ 96]    Trade with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines persisted from the early 2nd millennium BCE, including the use of Taiwanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade) (Jade) jade in the Philippine jade culture.[ 97]    [ 98]     The Dapenkeng culture was succeeded by a variety of cultures throughout the island, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_culture) (Tahu culture) Tahu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingpu_culture) (Yingpu culture) Yingpu ; the Yuanshan were characterized by rice harvesting. Iron appeared in such cultures as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niaosung_culture) (Niaosung culture) Niaosung culture , influenced by trade with China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia) (Maritime Southeast Asia) Maritime Southeast Asia .[ 99]    [ 100]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples) (Plains Indigenous peoples) Plains Indigenous peoples mainly lived in permanent walled villages, with a lifestyle based on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture) (Agriculture) agriculture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing) (Fishing) fishing , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting) (Hunting) hunting .[ 101]    They had traditionally (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchal_society) (Matriarchal society) matriarchal societies .[ 101]       Early colonial period (to 1683)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan) (Early Chinese contact with Taiwan) Early Chinese contact with Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Formosa) (Dutch Formosa) Dutch Formosa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Formosa) (Spanish Formosa) Spanish Formosa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag) (Kingdom of Middag) Kingdom of Middag , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Kingdom of Tungning  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu Islands were inhabited by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese fishermen by 1171, and in 1225 Penghu was attached to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian) (Jinjiang, Fujian) Jinjiang .[ 102]    [ 103]    [ 104]    [ 105]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty) (Yuan dynasty) Yuan dynasty officially incorporated Penghu under the jurisdiction of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong'an) (Tong'an) Tong'an County in 1281.[ 105]    Penghu was evacuated in the 15th century by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty) (Ming dynasty) Ming dynasty as part of their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijin) (Haijin) maritime ban , which lasted until the late 16th century.[ 106]    In 1349, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dayuan) (Wang Dayuan) Wang Dayuan provided the first written account of a visit to Taiwan.[ 107]    [ 108]    By the 1590s, a small number of Chinese from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian had started cultivating land in southwestern Taiwan.[ 109]    Some 1,500-2,000 Chinese lived or stayed temporarily on the southern coast of Taiwan, mostly for seasonal fishing but also subsistence farming and trading, by the early 17th century.[ 110]    [ 108]    In 1603, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Di) (Chen Di) Chen Di visited Taiwan on an anti-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokou) (Wokou) wokou expedition and recorded an account of the Taiwanese Indigenous people.[ 61]     In 1591, Japan sent envoys to deliver a letter requesting tribute relations with Taiwan. They found no leader to deliver the letter to and returned home. In 1609, a Japanese expedition was sent to survey Taiwan. After being attacked by the Indigenous people, they took some prisoners and returned home. In 1616, a Japanese fleet of 13 ships were sent to Taiwan. Due to a storm, only one ship made it there and is presumed to have returned to Japan.[ 111]    [ 112]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tainan_Taiwan_Fort-Zeelandia-01.jpg) (Photograph of a European style fortification with stone walls and a white pointed tower.)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)) (Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)) Fort Zeelandia , built in 1634, was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Formosa) (Governor of Formosa) governor 's residence in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Formosa) (Dutch Formosa) Dutch Formosa .  In 1624, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company) (Dutch East India Company) Dutch East India Company (VOC) established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)) (Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)) Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan (in modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan) (Tainan) Tainan ).[ 113]    [ 68]    The lowland areas were occupied by 11 Indigenous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom) (Chiefdom) chiefdoms , some of which fell under Dutch control, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag) (Kingdom of Middag) Kingdom of Middag .[ 68]    [ 114]    When the Dutch arrived, southwestern Taiwan was already frequented by a mostly transient Chinese population numbering close to 1,500.[ 110]    The VOC encouraged Chinese farmers to immigrate and work the lands under Dutch control and by the 1660s, some 30,000 to 50,000 Chinese were living on the island.[ 115]    [ 116]    Most of the farmers cultivated rice for local consumption and sugar for export while some immigrants engaged in deer hunting for export.[ 117]    [ 118]    [ 119]     In 1626, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire) (Spanish Empire) Spanish Empire occupied northern Taiwan as a trading base, first at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung and in 1628 building (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Santo_Domingo) (Fort Santo Domingo) Fort Santo Domingo at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsui) (Tamsui) Tamsui .[ 120]    [ 121]    This colony lasted until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.[ 122]    The Dutch then marched south, subduing hundreds of villages in the western plains.[ 122]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tainan_Taiwan_Confucius-Temple-06.jpg) (Photo of an elaborate Chinese temple with hedges in front.)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_Confucian_Temple) (Tainan Confucian Temple) Tainan Confucian Temple built in 1665 during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Kingdom of Tungning period  Following the fall of the Ming dynasty in Beijing in 1644, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga) (Koxinga) Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) pledged allegiance to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongli_Emperor) (Yongli Emperor) Yongli Emperor and attacked the Qing dynasty along the southeastern coast of China.[ 123]    In 1661, under increasing Qing pressure, he moved his forces from his base in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen) (Xiamen) Xiamen to Taiwan, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia) (Siege of Fort Zeelandia) expelling the Dutch the following year. The Dutch retook the northern fortress at Keelung in 1664, but left the island in 1668 in the face of indigenous resistance.[ 124]    [ 125]     The Zheng regime, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning) (Kingdom of Tungning) Kingdom of Tungning , proclaimed its loyalty to the overthrown Ming, but ruled independently.[ 126]    [ 127]    [ 128]    [ 129]    However, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Jing) (Zheng Jing) Zheng Jing 's return to China to participate in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories) (Revolt of the Three Feudatories) Revolt of the Three Feudatories paved the way for the Qing invasion and occupation of Taiwan in 1683.[ 130]    [ 131]       Qing rule (1683–1895)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule) (Taiwan under Qing rule) Taiwan under Qing rule  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tainan_Taiwan_Fort-Provintia-01.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Provintia) (Fort Provintia) Chihkan Tower , originally built as Fort Provintia by the Dutch, was rebuilt under Qing rule.  Following the defeat of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga) (Koxinga) Koxinga 's grandson by an armada led by Admiral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Lang) (Shi Lang) Shi Lang in 1683, the Qing dynasty formally annexed Taiwan in May 1684, making it a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_prefecture) (Taiwan prefecture) prefecture of Fujian province while retaining its administrative seat (now Tainan) under Koxinga as the capital.[ 132]    [ 133]    [ 134]     The Qing government generally tried to restrict migration to Taiwan throughout the duration of its administration because it believed that Taiwan could not sustain too large a population without leading to conflict. After the defeat of the Kingdom of Tungning, most of its population in Taiwan was sent back to the mainland, leaving the official population count at only 50,000, including 10,000 troops. Despite official restrictions, officials in Taiwan solicited settlers from the mainland, causing tens of thousands of annual arrivals by 1711. A permit system was officially recorded in 1712, but it likely existed as early as 1684; its restrictions included only allowing those to enter who had property on the mainland, family in Taiwan, and who were not accompanied by wives or children. Many of the first male migrants married local Indigenous women. Over the 18th century, restrictions were relaxed as the Qing realized that they were unenforceable. In 1732, families were allowed to move to Taiwan.[ 135]    [ 136]    By 1811, there were more than two million Han settlers in Taiwan, and profitable sugar and rice production industries provided exports to the mainland.[ 137]    [ 138]    [ 139]    In 1875, restrictions on entering Taiwan were repealed.[ 140]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwanese_aboriginese_deerhunt1.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese indigenous peoples hunting deer, 1746  Three counties nominally covered the entire western plains, but actual control was restricted to a smaller area. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajia_River) (Dajia River) Dajia River . Qing administration expanded across the western plains area over the 18th century due to continued illegal crossings and settlement.[ 141]    The Taiwanese Indigenous peoples were categorized by the Qing administration into acculturated aborigines who had adopted Han culture and non-acculturated aborigines who had not. The Qing did little to administer or subjugate them. When Taiwan was annexed, there were 46 aboriginal villages under its control, likely inherited from the Kingdom of Tungning. During the early (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor) (Qianlong Emperor) Qianlong period there were 93 acculturated villages and 61 non-acculturated villages that paid taxes. In response to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Yigui) (Zhu Yigui) Zhu Yigui settler rebellion in 1722, separation of aboriginals and settlers became official policy via 54 stelae used to mark the frontier boundary. The markings were changed four times over the latter half of the 18th century due to continued settler encroachment. Two aboriginal affairs sub-prefects, one for the north and one for the south, were appointed in 1766.[ 142]     During the 200 years of Qing rule in Taiwan, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples) (Plains Indigenous peoples) Plains Indigenous peoples rarely rebelled against the government and the mountain Indigenous peoples were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule. Most of the more than 100 rebellions during the Qing period, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion) (Lin Shuangwen rebellion) Lin Shuangwen rebellion , were caused by Han settlers.[ 143]    [ 144]    Their frequency was evoked by the common saying "every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion" (三年一反、五年一亂), primarily in reference to the period between 1820 and 1850.[ 145]    [ 146]    [ 147]     Many officials stationed in Taiwan called for an active colonization policy over the 19th century. In 1788, Taiwan Prefect Yang Tingli supported the efforts of a settler named Wu Sha to claim land held by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalan_people) (Kavalan people) Kavalan people . In 1797, Wu Sha was able to recruit settlers with financial support from the local government but was unable to officially register the land. In the early 1800s, local officials convinced the emperor to officially incorporate the area by playing up the issue of piracy if the land was left alone.[ 148]    In 1814, some settlers attempted to colonize central Taiwan by fabricating rights to lease aboriginal land. They were evicted by government troops two years later. Local officials continued to advocate for the colonization of the area but were ignored.[ 149]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TW_台灣_Taiwan_TPE_台北市_Taipei_City_中正區_Zhongzheng_District_忠孝西路_Zhongxiao_West_Road_承恩門_臺北府城北門_morning_August_2019_IX2_06.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_North_Gate) (Taipei North Gate) Taipei North Gate , constructed in 1884, was part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Taipei) (Walls of Taipei) Walls of Taipei .  The Qing took on a more active colonization policy after 1874 when Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudan_Incident) (Mudan Incident) invaded Indigenous territory in southern Taiwan and the Qing government was forced to pay an indemnity for them to leave.[ 150]    The administration of Taiwan was expanded with new prefectures, sub-prefectures, and counties. Mountain roads were constructed to make inner Taiwan more accessible. Restrictions on entering Taiwan were ended in 1875 and agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the mainland, but efforts to promote settlement ended soon after.[ 151]    In 1884, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung in northern Taiwan was occupied during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-French_War) (Sino-French War) Sino-French War but the French forces failed to advance any further inland while their victory at Penghu in 1885 resulted in disease and retreat soon afterward as the war ended. Colonization efforts were renewed under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Mingchuan) (Liu Mingchuan) Liu Mingchuan . In 1887, Taiwan's status was upgraded to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (Republic of China province)) province . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei became the permanent capital in 1893. Liu's efforts to increase revenues on Taiwan's produce were hampered by foreign pressure not to increase levies. A land reform was implemented, increasing revenue which still fell short of expectation.[ 152]    [ 153]    [ 154]    Modern technologies such as electric lighting, a railway, telegraph lines, steamship service, and industrial machinery were introduced under Liu's governance, but several of these projects had mixed results. A campaign to formally subjugate the Indigenous peoples ended with the loss of a third of the army after fierce resistance from the Mkgogan and Msbtunux peoples. Liu resigned in 1891 due to criticism of these costly projects.[ 155]    [ 156]    [ 132]    [ 157]     By the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of Indigenous peoples. Indigenous land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace due to the absence of state-sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule.[ 158]    [ 159]       Japanese rule (1895–1945)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule) (Taiwan under Japanese rule) Taiwan under Japanese rule  Following the Qing defeat in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War) (First Sino-Japanese War) First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) (Empire of Japan) Japan by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki) (Treaty of Shimonoseki) Treaty of Shimonoseki .[ 160]    Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects had to move to mainland China within a two-year grace period, which few saw as feasible.[ 161]    Estimates say around 4,000 to 6,000 departed before the expiration of the grace period, and 200,000 to 300,000 followed during the subsequent disorder.[ 162]    [ 138]    [ 163]    On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa) (Republic of Formosa) Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895.[ 164]    About 6,000 inhabitants died in the initial fighting and some 14,000 died in the first year of Japanese rule. Another 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed from 1898 to 1902.[ 165]    [ 166]    [ 167]    Subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beipu_uprising) (Beipu uprising) Beipu uprising of 1907, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapani_incident) (Tapani incident) Tapani incident of 1915, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wushe_incident) (Wushe incident) Musha incident of 1930) were unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese rule. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_Seito_Wanli_Factory_1930s.jpg)   A sugarcane mill and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways) (Taiwan Sugar Railways) its railways in Tainan in the 1930s  The colonial period was instrumental to the industrialization of the island, with its expansion of railways and other transport networks, the building of an extensive sanitation system, the establishment of a formal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan) (Education in Taiwan) education system , and an end to the practice of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhunting) (Headhunting) headhunting .[ 168]    [ 169]    The resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan. The production of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crops) (Cash crops) cash crops such as sugar greatly increased, and large areas were therefore diverted from the production of rice.[ 170]    By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh-greatest sugar producer in the world.[ 171]     The Han and Indigenous populations were classified as second- and third-class citizens, and many prestigious government and business positions were closed to them.[ 172]    After suppressing Han guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930.[ 173]    Intellectuals and laborers who participated in left-wing movements were also arrested and massacred (e.g. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Wei-shui) (Chiang Wei-shui) Chiang Wei-shui and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanosuke_Watanabe) (Masanosuke Watanabe) Masanosuke Watanabe ).[ 174]    Around 1936, the Japanese governor-general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizō_Kobayashi) (Seizō Kobayashi) Seizō Kobayashi began an island-wide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanization) (Japanization) assimilation project .[ 175]    Chinese-language newspapers were abolished. National (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Shinto) (State Shinto) Shinto religion was promoted in parallel with suppression of traditional Taiwanese beliefs. By late 1940, when temple destruction in Taiwan had ended, the number of native temples had decreased by a third. Starting from 1940, families were also encouraged to adopt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_surname) (Japanese surname) Japanese surnames (a policy called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiseimei?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kaiseimei (page does not exist)) kaiseimei ), although only slightly more than 2% had done so by 1943, and possibly about 7% by August 1945.[ 175]    By 1938, 309,000 Japanese were residing in Taiwan.[ 176]    During the Second World War, the island was developed into a naval and air base while its agriculture, industry, and commerce suffered.[ 177]    [ 178]    Air attacks and the subsequent invasion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines were launched from Taiwan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy) (Imperial Japanese Navy) Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily from Taiwanese ports, and its think tank "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshin-ron#Theoretical_development) (Nanshin-ron) South Strike Group " was based at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taihoku_Imperial_University) (Taihoku Imperial University) Taihoku Imperial University . Military bases and industrial centers, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung) (Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung , became targets of heavy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei) (Raid on Taipei) Allied bombings , which destroyed many of the factories, dams, and transport facilities built by the Japanese.[ 179]    [ 178]    In October 1944, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Air_Battle) (Formosa Air Battle) Formosa Air Battle was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces in Taiwan. Over 200,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman) (Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman) Taiwanese served in the Japanese military , with over 30,000 casualties.[ 180]    Over 2,000 women, euphemistically called "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women) (Comfort women) comfort women ", were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops.[ 181]     After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan's_surrender) (Japan's surrender) Japan's surrender , most Japanese residents were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion) (World War II evacuation and expulsion) expelled .[ 182]       Republic of China (1945–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China (1912–1949) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945–present)) (History of Taiwan (1945–present)) History of Taiwan (1945–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China) (History of the Republic of China) History of the Republic of China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Chen_Yi_of_China_accepts_the_surrender_of_Andō_Rikichi,_the_Japanese_Governor-General_of.jpg)   General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yi_(Kuomintang)) (Chen Yi (Kuomintang)) Chen Yi (right) accepting the receipt of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._1) (General Order No. 1) General Order No. 1 from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikichi_Andō) (Rikichi Andō) Rikichi Andō (left), the last Japanese governor-general of Taiwan, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_Hall) (Zhongshan Hall) Taipei City Hall   While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Republic of China (1912–1949)) Republic of China was founded on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China on 1 January 1912 following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution) (Xinhai Revolution) Xinhai Revolution of 1911.[ 183]    Central authority waxed and waned in response to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord_Era) (Warlord Era) warlordism (1915–28), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War) (Second Sino-Japanese War) Japanese invasion (1937–45), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War) (Chinese Civil War) Chinese Civil War (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_decade) (Nanjing decade) Nanjing decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang (KMT).[ 184]    During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , the 1943 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration) (1943 Cairo Declaration) Cairo Declaration specified that Formosa and the Pescadores be returned by Japan to the ROC;[ 185]    [ 186]    the terms were later repeated in the 1945 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration) (Potsdam Declaration) Potsdam Declaration [ 187]    that Japan agreed to carry out in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender) (Japanese Instrument of Surrender) its instrument of surrender .[ 188]    [ 189]    On (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocession_Day) (Retrocession Day) 25 October 1945 , Japan surrendered Taiwan to the ROC, and in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco) (Treaty of San Francisco) Treaty of San Francisco , Japan formally renounced their claims to the islands, though without specifying to whom they were surrendered.[ 190]    [ 191]    [ 192]    [ 193]    [ s]    In 1952, Japan and the ROC signed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Taipei) (Treaty of Taipei) a peace treaty .[ 194]     While initially enthusiastic about the return of Chinese administration and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People) (Three Principles of the People) Three Principles of the People , Formosans grew increasingly dissatisfied about being excluded from higher positions, the postponement of local elections even after the enactment of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROC_Constitution) (ROC Constitution) constitution on the mainland, the smuggling of valuables off the island, the expropriation of businesses into government-operated monopolies, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation) (Hyperinflation) hyperinflation of 1945–1949.[ 195]    [ 196]    [ 197]    [ 198]    The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered island-wide unrest, which was suppressed with military force in what is now called the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28_incident) (February 28 incident) February 28 incident .[ 199]    [ 200]    Mainstream estimates of the number killed range from 18,000 to 30,000.[ 201]    [ 202]    [ 203]    Chen was later replaced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Tao-ming) (Wei Tao-ming) Wei Tao-ming , who made an effort to undo previous mismanagement by re-appointing a good proportion of islanders and re-privatizing businesses.[ 204]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ROC_Retreat_to_Taiwan.svg)   The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei  After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed. A series of Chinese Communist offensives in 1949 led to the capture of its capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing) (Nanjing) Nanjing on 23 April and the subsequent defeat of the Nationalists on the mainland. The Communists (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China) (Proclamation of the People's Republic of China) founded the People's Republic of China on 1 October.[ 205]    On 7 December 1949, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-Shek) (Chiang Kai-Shek) Chiang Kai-Shek (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan) (Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan) evacuated his Nationalist government to Taiwan and made Taipei the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_capital) (Temporary capital) temporary capital of the ROC.[ 206]    Some 2 million people, mainly soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated to Taiwan, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. These people and their descendants became known in Taiwan as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waishengren) (Waishengren) waishengren  ((Chinese-language text) 外省人  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ). The ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserves) (Gold reserves) gold and foreign currency reserves.[ 207]    [ 208]    [ 209]    Most of the gold was used to pay soldiers' salaries,[ 210]    with some used to issue the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar) (New Taiwan dollar) New Taiwan dollar , part of a price stabilization program to slow inflation in Taiwan.[ 211]    [ 212]     After losing control of mainland China in 1949, the ROC retained control of Taiwan and Penghu ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (Republic of China province)) Taiwan, ROC ), parts of Fujian ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Fujian Province, Republic of China) Fujian, ROC )—specifically Kinmen, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuqiu,_Kinmen) (Wuqiu, Kinmen) Wuqiu (now part of Kinmen) and the Matsu Islands and two major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands) (South China Sea Islands) islands in the South China Sea . The ROC also briefly retained control of the entirety of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan) (Hainan) Hainan , parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang) (Zhejiang) Zhejiang ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekiang_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Chekiang Province, Republic of China) Chekiang )—specifically the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachen_Islands) (Dachen Islands) Dachen Islands and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijiangshan_Islands) (Yijiangshan Islands) Yijiangshan Islands —and portions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_(1912–1951)) (Tibet (1912–1951)) Tibet , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai) (Qinghai) Qinghai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Xinjiang Province, Republic of China) Xinjiang and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan) (Yunnan) Yunnan . The Communists (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island) (Battle of Hainan Island) captured Hainan in 1950, captured the Dachen Islands and Yijiangshan Islands during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (First Taiwan Strait Crisis) First Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1955 and defeated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency) (Kuomintang Islamic insurgency) ROC revolts in Northwest China in 1958. ROC forces entered Burma and Thailand in the 1950s and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960–61_campaign_at_the_China–Burma_border) (1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border) were defeated by Communists in 1961 . Since losing control of mainland China, the Kuomintang continued to claim sovereignty over 'all of China', which it defined to include mainland China (including Tibet), Taiwan (including Penghu), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia) (Outer Mongolia) Outer Mongolia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan) (Administrative divisions of Taiwan) other minor territories .  Martial law era (1949–1987)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan) (Martial law in Taiwan) Martial law in Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle) (Taiwan Miracle) Taiwan Miracle  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_in_full_uniform.jpeg) (A Chinese man in military uniform, smiling and looking towards the left. He holds a sword in his left hand and has a medal in shape of a sun on his chest.)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek) (Chiang Kai-shek) Chiang Kai-shek , leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang from 1925 until his death in 1975  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law) (Martial law) Martial law , declared on Taiwan in May 1949,[ 213]    continued to be in effect until 1987,[ 213]    [ 214]    and was used to suppress political opposition. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)) (White Terror (Taiwan)) White Terror , as the period is known, 140,000 people were imprisoned or executed for being perceived as anti-KMT or pro-Communist.[ 215]    Many citizens were arrested, tortured, imprisoned or executed for their real or perceived link to the Chinese Communist Party. Since these people were mainly from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was destroyed. Following the eruption of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War) (Korean War) Korean War , US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman) (Harry S. Truman) Harry S. Truman dispatched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet) (United States Seventh Fleet) United States Seventh Fleet into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait) (Taiwan Strait) Taiwan Strait to prevent hostilities between the ROC and the PRC.[ 216]    The United States also passed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty) (Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty) Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Resolution_of_1955) (Formosa Resolution of 1955) Formosa Resolution of 1955 , granting substantial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid) (United States foreign aid) foreign aid to the KMT regime between 1951 and 1965.[ 217]    The US foreign aid stabilized prices in Taiwan by 1952.[ 218]    The KMT government instituted many laws and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan) (Land reform in Taiwan) land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China.[ 219]    Economic development was encouraged by American aid and programs such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-American_Joint_Commission_on_Rural_Reconstruction) (Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction) Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction , which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 percent from 1952 to 1959.[ 220]    The government also implemented a policy of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization) (Import substitution industrialization) import substitution industrialization , attempting to produce imported goods domestically.[ 221]    The policy promoted the development of textile, food, and other labor-intensive industries.[ 222]     As the Chinese Civil War continued, the government built up military fortifications throughout Taiwan. Veterans built the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cross-Island_Highway) (Central Cross-Island Highway) Central Cross-Island Highway through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taroko_Gorge) (Taroko Gorge) Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis) (Second Taiwan Strait Crisis) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules) (Nike Hercules) Nike Hercules missiles were added to the formation of missile batteries throughout the island.[ 223]    [ 224]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._President_Eisenhower_visited_TAIWAN_美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg)   With Chiang Kai-shek, US president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower) (Dwight D. Eisenhower) Dwight D. Eisenhower waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.  During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC maintained an authoritarian, single-party government under the Kuomintang's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_Guo) (Dang Guo) Dang Guo system while its economy became industrialized and technology-oriented.[ 225]    This rapid economic growth, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle) (Taiwan Miracle) Taiwan Miracle , occurred following a strategy of prioritizing agriculture, light industries, and heavy industries, in that order.[ 226]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization) (Export-oriented industrialization) Export-oriented industrialization was achieved by tax rebate for exports, removal of import restriction, moving from multiple exchange rate to single exchange rate system, and depreciation of the New Taiwan dollar.[ 227]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Major_Construction_Projects) (Ten Major Construction Projects) Infrastructure projects such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Freeway) (Sun Yat-sen Freeway) Sun Yat-sen Freeway , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport) (Taoyuan International Airport) Taoyuan International Airport , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Harbor) (Taichung Harbor) Taichung Harbor , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinshan_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant) Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant were launched, while the rise of steel, petrochemical, and shipbuilding industries in southern Taiwan saw the transformation of Kaohsiung into a special municipality on par with Taipei.[ 228]    In the 1970s, Taiwan became the second fastest growing economy in Asia.[ 229]    Real growth in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP averaged over 10 percent.[ 230]    In 1978, the combination of tax incentives and a cheap, well-trained labor force attracted investments of over $1.9 billion from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese) (Overseas Chinese) overseas Chinese , the United States, and Japan.[ 231]    By 1980, foreign trade reached $39 billion per year and generated a surplus of $46.5 million.[ 226]    Along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea, Taiwan became known as one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers) (Four Asian Tigers) Four Asian Tigers . Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s. Eventually, especially after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758) (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758) Taiwan's expulsion from the United Nations , most nations switched (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition) (Diplomatic recognition) diplomatic recognition to the PRC. Until the 1970s, the ROC government was regarded by Western critics as undemocratic for upholding martial law, severely repressing any political opposition, and controlling the media. The KMT did not allow the creation of new parties and competitive democratic elections did not exist.[ 232]    [ 233]    [ 234]    [ 235]    [ 236]     From the late 1970s to the 1990s, Taiwan underwent political and social reforms that transformed it into a democracy.[ 237]    [ 238]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo) (Chiang Ching-kuo) Chiang Ching-kuo , Chiang Kai-shek's son, served as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Premier of the Republic of China) premier from 1972 and rose to the presidency in 1978. He sought to move more authority to "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensheng_ren) (Bensheng ren) bensheng ren " (residents of Taiwan before Japan's surrender and their descendants).[ 239]    Pro-democracy activists (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangwai_movement) (Tangwai movement) Tangwai  emerged as the opposition. In 1979, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Incident) (Kaohsiung Incident) Kaohsiung Incident took place in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung) (Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Day) (Human Rights Day) Human Rights Day . Although the protest was rapidly crushed by the authorities, it is considered as the main event that united Taiwan's opposition.[ 240]     In 1984, Chiang Ching-kuo selected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui) (Lee Teng-hui) Lee Teng-hui as his vice-president. After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was (illegally) founded as the first opposition party in Taiwan to counter the KMT in 1986, Chiang announced that he would allow the formation of new parties.[ 241]    On 15 July 1987, Chiang lifted martial law on the main island of Taiwan.[ 242]    [ 243]      Transition to democracy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Politics of the Republic of China) Politics of the Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Lee_teng_hui.png)   In 1988, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui) (Lee Teng-hui) Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the Republic of China born in Taiwan and was the first to be directly elected in 1996.  After Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui) (Lee Teng-hui) Lee Teng-hui became the first president of the ROC born in Taiwan.[ 244]    Lee's administration oversaw a period of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization) (Democratization) democratization in which the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion) (Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion) Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion were abolished and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China) Additional Articles of the Constitution were introduced.[ 245]    [ 246]    Congressional representation was allocated to only the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Free area of the Republic of China) Taiwan Area ,[ 247]    and Taiwan underwent a process of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism) (Taiwanese nationalism) localization in which Taiwanese culture and history were promoted over a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#In_Taiwan) (Chinese nationalism) pan-China viewpoint [ 248]    while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) (Cultural assimilation) assimilationist policies were replaced with support for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism) (Multiculturalism) multiculturalism .[ 249]    In 1996, Lee was re-elected in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (1996 Taiwanese presidential election) the first direct presidential election .[ 250]    During Lee's administration, both he and his party were involved in corruption controversies that came to be known as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_gold_(politics)) (Black gold (politics)) black gold " politics.[ 251]    [ 252]    [ 253]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian) (Chen Shui-bian) Chen Shui-bian of the DPP was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (2000 Taiwanese presidential election) elected as the first non-KMT president in 2000 .[ 254]    However, Chen lacked legislative majority. The opposition KMT developed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition) (Pan-Blue Coalition) Pan-Blue Coalition with other parties, mustering a slim majority over the DPP-led (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition) (Pan-Green Coalition) Pan-Green Coalition .[ 255]    Polarized politics emerged in Taiwan with the Pan-Blue preference for eventual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification) (Chinese unification) Chinese unification , while the Pan-Green prefers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwanese independence . Chen's reference to "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side) (One Country on Each Side) One Country on Each Side " of the Taiwan Strait undercut (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations) (Cross-Strait relations) cross-Strait relations in 2002.[ 256]    He pushed for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_cross-Strait_relations_referendum) (2004 Taiwanese cross-Strait relations referendum) first national referendum on cross-Strait relations,[ 257]    [ 258]    and called for an end to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unification_Council) (National Unification Council) National Unification Council .[ 259]    State-run companies began dropping "China" references in their names and including "Taiwan".[ 260]    In 2008, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Taiwanese_United_Nations_membership_referendums) (2008 Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums) referendums asked whether Taiwan should join the UN.[ 261]    This act alienated moderate constituents who supported the status quo, as well as those with cross-strait economic ties. It also created tension with the mainland and disagreements with the United States.[ 262]    Chen's administration was also dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian_corruption_charges) (Chen Shui-bian corruption charges) corruption investigations .[ 263]    [ 264]    [ 262]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:太陽花學運_IMG_5932_(13822412824).jpg)   Students occupied the Legislative Yuan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement) (Sunflower Student Movement) in protest against a controversial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement) (Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement) trade agreement with China in March 2014.  The KMT's nominee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou) (Ma Ying-jeou) Ma Ying-jeou won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republic_of_China_presidential_election) (2008 Republic of China presidential election) 2008 presidential election on a platform of increased economic growth and better ties with the PRC under a policy of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations) (Special non-state-to-state relations) mutual non-denial ".[ 261]    Under Ma, Taiwan and China opened up direct flights and cargo shipments.[ 265]    The PRC government even made the atypical decision to not demand that Taiwan be barred from the annual (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Assembly) (World Health Assembly) World Health Assembly .[ 266]    Ma also made an official apology for the White Terror.[ 267]    [ 268]    However, closer economic ties with China raised concerns about its political consequences.[ 269]    [ 270]    In 2014, university students occupied the Legislative Yuan and prevented the ratification of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement) (Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement) Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement in what became known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement) (Sunflower Student Movement) Sunflower Student Movement . The movement gave rise to youth-based third parties such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Power_Party) (New Power Party) New Power Party , and is viewed to have contributed to the DPP's victories in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (2016 Taiwanese presidential election) 2016 presidential and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Taiwanese_legislative_election) (2016 Taiwanese legislative election) legislative elections ,[ 271]    the latter of which resulted in the first DPP legislative majority in Taiwanese history.[ 272]    In January 2024, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) William Lai Ching-te of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party won Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_presidential_election) (2024 Taiwanese presidential election) presidential elections .[ 273]    However, no party won a majority in the simultaneous Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Taiwanese_legislative_election) (2024 Taiwanese legislative election) legislative election for the first time since 2004, meaning 51 seats for the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 52 seats for the Kuomintang (KMT), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_People's_Party) (Taiwan People's Party) Taiwan People's Party (TPP) secured eight seats.[ 274]        Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan) (Geography of Taiwan) Geography of Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_NASA_Terra_MODIS_2022-07-21.jpg)   A satellite image of Taiwan, showing it is mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu Islands are west of the main island.  The land controlled by the ROC consists of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan) (List of islands of Taiwan) 168 islands [ o]    with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometers (13,974  sq  mi) .[ 18]    [ 41]    [ k]    The main island, known historically as Formosa , makes up 99 percent of this area, measuring 35,808 square kilometers (13,826  sq  mi) and lying some 180 kilometers (112  mi) across the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait) (Taiwan Strait) Taiwan Strait from the southeastern coast of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East China Sea lies to its north, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea) (Philippine Sea) Philippine Sea to its east, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_Strait) (Luzon Strait) Luzon Strait directly to its south and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea to its southwest. Smaller islands include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu Islands in the Taiwan Strait, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Matsu and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuqiu,_Kinmen) (Wuqiu, Kinmen) Wuqiu islands near the Chinese coast, and some of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea islands. The main island is a tilted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_block) (Fault block) fault block , characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of five rugged mountain ranges parallel to the east coast, and the flat to gently rolling plains of the western third, where the majority of Taiwan's population reside. There are several peaks over 3,500 meters, the highest being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Shan) (Yu Shan) Yu Shan at 3,952  m (12,966  ft) , making Taiwan the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point) (List of islands by highest point) fourth-highest island . The tectonic boundary that formed these ranges is still active, and the island experiences many earthquakes. There are also many active (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano) (Submarine volcano) submarine volcanoes in the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan contains four terrestrial ecoregions: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian_Nan_subtropical_evergreen_forests) (Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests) Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests , South China Sea Islands, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Taiwan_monsoon_rain_forests) (South Taiwan monsoon rain forests) South Taiwan monsoon rain forests , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_subtropical_evergreen_forests) (Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests) Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests .[ 275]    The eastern mountains are heavily forested and home to a diverse range of wildlife, while land use in the western and northern lowlands is intensive. The country had a 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.38/10, ranking it 76th globally out of 172 countries.[ 276]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Taiwan) (Climate change in Taiwan) Climate change in Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TWN_present.svg)   Köppen climate classification of Taiwan  Taiwan lies on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer) (Tropic of Cancer) Tropic of Cancer , and its general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate) (Climate) climate is marine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate) (Tropical climate) tropical .[ 15]    The northern and central regions are subtropical, whereas the south is tropical and the mountainous regions are temperate.[ 277]    The average rainfall is 2,600 millimeters (100 inches) per year for the island proper; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season) (East Asian rainy season) rainy season is concurrent with the onset of the summer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon) (East Asian Monsoon) East Asian Monsoon in May and June.[ 278]    The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoons_in_Taiwan) (Typhoons in Taiwan) Typhoons are most common in July, August and September.[ 278]    During the winter (November to March), the northeast experiences steady rain, while the central and southern parts of the island are mostly sunny. Due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Taiwan) (Climate change in Taiwan) climate change , the average temperature in Taiwan has risen 1.4  °C (2.5  °F) in the last 100 years, twice the worldwide temperature rise.[ 279]    The goal of the Taiwanese government is to cut (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions) (Carbon emissions) carbon emissions by 20 percent in 2030 and by 50 percent in 2050, compared to 2005 levels. Carbon emissions increased by 0.92 percent between 2005 and 2016.[ 280]      Geology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Taiwan) (Geology of Taiwan) Geology of Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:大霸尖山.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Dabajian) (Mount Dabajian) Mount Dabajian was selected as one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Peaks_of_Taiwan) (100 Peaks of Taiwan) 100 Peaks of Taiwan .  The island of Taiwan lies in a complex (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics) (Tectonics) tectonic area between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Plate) (Yangtze Plate) Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Plate) (Okinawa Plate) Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt) (Philippine Mobile Belt) Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrane) (Terrane) terranes , mostly old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc) (Island arc) island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate) (Eurasian Plate) Eurasian Plate and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea_Plate) (Philippine Sea Plate) Philippine Sea Plate . These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction) (Subduction) subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant.[ 281]     The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_Volcanic_Arc) (Luzon Volcanic Arc) Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haian_Range) (Haian Range) eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huatung_Valley) (Huatung Valley) Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan, respectively.[ 282]     The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Jiji_(Chichi)_earthquake) (1999 Jiji (Chichi) earthquake) 921 earthquake " killed more than 2,400 people. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_hazard_map) (Seismic hazard map) seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey) (United States Geological Survey) USGS shows 9/10 of the island at the most hazardous rating.[ 283]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Government of the Republic of China) Government of the Republic of China and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Politics of the Republic of China) Politics of the Republic of China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan) (Elections in Taiwan) Elections in Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan) (Human rights in Taiwan) Human rights in Taiwan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North–South_divide_in_Taiwan) (North–South divide in Taiwan) North–South divide in Taiwan  Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:世界最美總統府.jpg)   Taiwan's popularly elected president resides in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Office_Building_(Republic_of_China)) (Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)) Presidential Office Building, Taipei , originally built in the Japanese era for colonial governors.  The government of the Republic of China was founded on the 1947 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Constitution of the Republic of China) Constitution of the ROC and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People) (Three Principles of the People) Three Principles of the People , which states that the ROC "shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people".[ 284]    It underwent significant revisions in the 1990s, known collectively as the Additional Articles. The government is divided into five branches (Yuan ): the Executive Yuan (cabinet), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan) (Legislative Yuan) Legislative Yuan (Congress or Parliament), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Yuan) (Judicial Yuan) Judicial Yuan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Yuan) (Control Yuan) Control Yuan (audit agency), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_Yuan) (Examination Yuan) Examination Yuan (civil service examination agency). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:賴清德總統_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai Ching-te , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China) (President of the Republic of China) President of the Republic of China   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) (Head of state) head of state and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China) (President of the Republic of China) president , who is elected by popular vote for a maximum of 2 four-year terms on the same ticket as the vice-president. The president appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as their cabinet, including a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Premier of the Republic of China) premier , who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration.[ 284]     The main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature) (Legislature) legislative body is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism) (Unicameralism) unicameral Legislative Yuan with 113 seats. Seventy-three are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies; thirty-four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three-member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve four-year terms. Originally, the unicameral National Assembly, as a standing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)) (Constitutional convention (political meeting)) constitutional convention and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_college) (Electoral college) electoral college , held some parliamentary functions, but the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)) (National Assembly (Republic of China)) National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums.[ 284]    [ 285]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Premier_Cho_Jung-tai_20240820.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai) (Cho Jung-tai) Cho Jung-tai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Premier of the Republic of China) Premier of the Republic of China   The premier is selected by the president without the need for approval from the legislature, and neither the president nor the premier wields veto power.[ 284]    Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the president rather than the premier.[ 286]     The Judicial Yuan is the highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary) (Judiciary) judicial organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The president and vice-president of the Judicial Yuan and additional thirteen justices form the Constitutional Court, which was established in 1993 to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. The Constitutional Court was formerly called the Council of Grand Justices.[ 287]    They are nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Supreme Court of the Republic of China) Supreme Court , consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding judge and four associate judges, all appointed for life. The right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice. There is no (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_trial) (Jury trial) trial by jury , however many cases are presided over by multiple judges.[ 284]     The Control Yuan is a watchdog agency that monitors the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency) (Government agency) commission for administrative inquiry, like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors) (European Court of Auditors) Court of Auditors of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office) (Government Accountability Office) Government Accountability Office of the United States.[ 284]    It is also responsible for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Taiwan)) (National Human Rights Commission (Taiwan)) National Human Rights Commission . The Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. It is based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination) (Imperial examination) imperial examination system used in dynastic China. It can be compared to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Personnel_Selection_Office) (European Personnel Selection Office) European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Personnel_Management) (Office of Personnel Management) Office of Personnel Management of the United States.[ 284]    It was downsized in 2019, and there have been calls for its abolition.[ 288]    [ 289]      Constitution  The constitution was drafted by the KMT while the ROC still governed the Chinese mainland.[ 290]    Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s resulted in the end of martial law in 1987, and Taiwan transformed into a multiparty democracy in the early 1990s. The constitutional basis for this transition to democracy was gradually laid in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China) Additional Articles of the Constitution . These articles suspended portions of the Constitution designed for the governance of mainland China and replacing them with articles adapted for the governance of and guaranteeing the political rights of residents of the Taiwan Area, as defined in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_Act) (Cross-Strait Act) Cross-Strait Act .[ 291]     National boundaries were not explicitly prescribed by the 1947 Constitution, and the Constitutional Court declined to define these boundaries in a 1993 interpretation, viewing the question as a political question to be resolved by the Executive and Legislative Yuans.[ 292]    The 1947 Constitution included articles regarding representatives from former Qing dynasty territories including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet) (Tibet) Tibet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia) (Banners of Inner Mongolia) Mongol banners .[ 293]    [ 294]    [ 295]    The ROC recognized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia as an independent country in 1946 after signing the 1945 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance) (Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance) Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance , but after retreating to Taiwan in 1949 it reneged to preserve its claim over mainland China.[ 296]    The Additional Articles of the 1990s did not alter national boundaries, but suspended articles regarding Mongolian and Tibetan representatives. The ROC began to accept the Mongolian passport and removed clauses referring to Outer Mongolia from the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area in February 2002.[ 297]    In October 2002, the ROC recognized Mongolia as independent and began excluding it from its official maps.[ 1]    In 2012 the Mainland Affairs Council issued a statement clarifying that Outer Mongolia was not part of the ROC's national territory in 1947.[ 298]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission) (Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission) Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission in the Executive Yuan was abolished in 2017.  Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan) (Administrative divisions of Taiwan) Administrative divisions of Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)) (Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)) Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)  According to the 1947 constitution, the territory of the ROC is according to its "existing national boundaries".[ 299]    The ROC is, de jure constitutionally, divided into provinces  [ (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/省%20(中華民國)) (zh:省 (中華民國)) zh ]  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)) (Special municipality (Taiwan)) special municipalities (which are further divided into districts for local administration), and the province-level (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)) (Tibet Area (administrative division)) Tibet Area . Each province is subdivided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)) (Provincial city (Taiwan)) cities and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(Taiwan)) (County (Taiwan)) counties , which are further divided into townships and county-administered cities. Some divisions are indigenous divisions which have different degrees of autonomy to standard ones. In addition, districts, cities and townships are further divided into villages and neighborhoods. Since its retreat, the ROC has controlled only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (Republic of China province)) Taiwan Province and some islands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Fujian Province, Republic of China) Fujian Province , with the provincial governments now "streamlined" and no longer functional.[ 300]    [ 301]    The ROC also controls the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratas_Islands) (Pratas Islands) Pratas Islands and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Island) (Taiping Island) Taiping Island in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands) (Spratly Islands) Spratly Islands , which are part of the disputed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands) (South China Sea Islands) South China Sea Islands , and has placed them under the administration of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung) (Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung .[ 302]    With provinces non-functional, Taiwan is in practice divided into 22 subnational divisions, each with a self-governing body led by an elected leader and a legislative body with elected members. Duties of local governments include social services, education, urban planning, public construction, water management, environmental protection, transport, public safety, and more.  Overview of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan) (Administrative divisions of Taiwan) administrative divisions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) Republic of China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subdivision_types_of_the_Republic_of_China_(2014).svg) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City) (New Taipei City) New Taipei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) (Taoyuan, Taiwan) Taoyuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_County) (Hsinchu County) Hsinchu County  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu) (Hsinchu) Hsinchu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaoli_County) (Miaoli County) Miaoli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung) (Taichung) Taichung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua_County) (Changhua County) Changhua  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu) (Penghu) Penghu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantou_County) (Nantou County) Nantou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunlin) (Yunlin) Yunlin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_County) (Chiayi County) Chiayi County  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi) (Chiayi) Chiayi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan) (Tainan) Tainan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung) (Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtung_County) (Pingtung County) Pingtung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan) (Yilan County, Taiwan) Yilan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualien_County) (Hualien County) Hualien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taitung_County) (Taitung County) Taitung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (Republic of China province)) Taiwan Province    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Lienchiang (Matsu)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Fuchien Province, Republic of China) Fuchien Province    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait) (Taiwan Strait) Taiwan  Strait    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea) (South China Sea) South China Sea    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea) (East China Sea) East China Sea    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadores_Channel) (Pescadores Channel) Pescadores  Channel    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashi_Channel) (Bashi Channel) Bashi  Channel    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea) (Philippine Sea) Philippine Sea    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean) (Pacific Ocean) (Pacific  Ocean )      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Free area of the Republic of China) Free area [ i]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) Mainland area [ ii]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)) (Special municipality (Taiwan)) Special municipalities [ α]    [ iii]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan#History) (Administrative divisions of Taiwan) Provinces [ iv]     Not administered[ v]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(Taiwan)) (County (Taiwan)) Counties [ α]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)) (Provincial city (Taiwan)) Autonomous municipalities [ α]    [ vi]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(Taiwan)) (District (Taiwan)) Districts [ β]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(Taiwan)) (District (Taiwan)) Mountain indigenous districts [ α]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-administered_city) (County-administered city) County- administered cities [ α]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Taiwan)) (Township (Taiwan)) Townships [ α]    [ β]    [ vii]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(Taiwan)) (District (Taiwan)) Districts [ β]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(Taiwan)) (Village (Taiwan)) Villages [ γ]    [ viii]      Neighborhoods     Notes   1  2  3  4  5  6   Has an elected executive and an elected legislative council.  1  2  3   Has an appointed district administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.  ↑   Has an elected village administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.      Major camps   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Democratic_Progressive_Party_Logo.svg) (A rectangular logo with the text "民主進步黨" followed by "Democratic Progressive Party".)     A former logo of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party , the main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition) (Pan-Green Coalition) Pan-Green Coalition party  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg) (A circular logo representing a white sun on a blue background. The sun is a circle surrounded by twelve triangles.)     Emblem of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang , the main (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition) (Pan-Blue Coalition) Pan-Blue Coalition party     Taiwan's political scene is divided into two major camps in terms of cross-strait relations, i.e. how Taiwan should relate to China or the PRC. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition) (Pan-Green Coalition) Pan-Green Coalition (e.g. the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party ) leans pro-independence, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition) (Pan-Blue Coalition) Pan-Blue Coalition (e.g. the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang ) leans pro-unification.[ 303]    Moderates in both camps regard the Republic of China as a sovereign independent state, but the Pan-Green Coalition regard the ROC as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-Stage_Theory_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China) synonymous with Taiwan ,[ 304]    while moderates in the Pan-Blue Coalition view it as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Consensus) (1992 Consensus) synonymous with China .[ 305]    These positions formed against the backdrop of the PRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law) (Anti-Secession Law) Anti-Secession Law , which threatens the use of "non-peaceful means" to respond to formal Taiwanese independence.[ 306]    The ROC government has understood this to mean a military invasion of Taiwan.[ 307]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2012年臺灣519民進黨嗆馬踹共晚會_Democratic_Progressive_Party's_Anti-Ma_Ying-jeou_Event_in_Taipei,_TAIWAN.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party event in Taipei, 2012  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition) (Pan-Green Coalition) Pan-Green Coalition is mainly led by the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). They oppose the idea that Taiwan is part of China, and seek wide diplomatic recognition and an eventual declaration of formal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwan independence .[ 308]    In September 2007, the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country". It called also for general use of "Taiwan" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the "Republic of China".[ 309]    Some members of the DPP, such as former President Chen Shui-bian and President Lai Ching-te, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because Taiwan is already an independent sovereign country called the Republic of China.[ 310]    [ 311]    Despite being a member of KMT prior to and during his presidency, Lee Teng-hui also held a similar view and was a supporter of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanization) (Taiwanization) Taiwanization movement.[ 312]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Statebuilding_Party) (Taiwan Statebuilding Party) Taiwan Statebuilding Party (TSP) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Taiwan)) (Green Party (Taiwan)) Green Party (GPT)[ 313]    have adopted a more aggressive line than the DPP, in order to win over pro-independence voters who are dissatisfied with the DPP's conservative stance. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition) (Pan-Blue Coalition) Pan-Blue Coalition , composed of the pro-unification Kuomintang (KMT), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_First_Party_(Republic_of_China)) (People First Party (Republic of China)) People First Party (PFP) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Party_(Republic_of_China)) (New Party (Republic of China)) New Party generally support the spirit of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Consensus) (1992 Consensus) 1992 Consensus , where the KMT claimed that there is one China, but that the ROC and PRC have different interpretations of what "China" means. They favor eventual unification with China.[ 314]    The mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the status quo, while refusing immediate unification.[ 315]    [ 316]    Former President Ma Ying-jeou defined cross-strait relations as special relations, not one between two Chinas or two states.[ 317]    [ 318]    [ 319]    Ma also noted that unification is unlikely within our lifetimes, as the Taiwanese people oppose the mainland's authoritarian rule.[ 320]    Some Pan-Blue members seek to improve relationships with the PRC, with a focus on improving economic ties.[ 321]      National identity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people#The_current_state_of_Taiwanese_identity) (Taiwanese people) Taiwanese people § The current state of Taiwanese identity  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement) (Taiwan independence movement) Taiwan independence movement and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_unification) (Chinese unification) Chinese unification  Roughly 84 percent of Taiwan's population are descendants of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese immigrants between 1683 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from mainland China in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The shared cultural origin as well as hostility between the rival ROC and PRC have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones. Since democratic reforms and the lifting of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law) (Martial law) martial law , a distinct Taiwanese identity is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for de jure Taiwan independence.[ 322]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Green_camp) (Pan-Green camp) Pan-Green camp supports a predominantly Taiwanese identity (although "Chinese" may be viewed as cultural heritage), while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-blue_camp) (Pan-blue camp) Pan-Blue camp supports a predominantly Chinese identity (with "Taiwanese" as a regional/diasporic Chinese identity).[ 314]    The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity.[ 323]    [ 324]     Public opinion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity) (Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity) Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Chengchi_University_identity_survey.svg)   Results from an identity survey conducted each year from 1992 to 2020 by the Election Study Center, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University) (National Chengchi University) National Chengchi University .[ 325]    Responses are Taiwanese (green), Chinese (red) or Both Taiwanese and Chinese (hatched). No response is shown as gray.  Taiwanese identification has increased substantially since the early 1990s, while Chinese identification has fallen to a low level, and identification as both has also seen a reduction. In 1992, 17.6 percent of respondents identified as Taiwanese, 25.5 percent as Chinese, 46.4 percent as both, and 10.5 percent non-response. In June 2021, 63.3 percent identified as Taiwanese, 2.6 percent as Chinese, 31.4 percent as both, and 2.7 percent non-response.[ 325]    A survey conducted in Taiwan by Global Views Survey Research Center in July 2009 showed that 82.8 percent of respondents consider the ROC and the PRC two separate countries with each developing on its own but 80.2 percent think they are members of the Chinese.[ 326]     Domestic public opinion has preferred maintaining the status quo, though pro-independence sentiment has steadily risen since 1994. In June 2021, an annual poll found that 28.2 percent supported the status quo and postponing a decision, 27.5 percent supported maintaining the status quo indefinitely, 25.8 percent supported the status quo with a move toward independence, 5.9 percent supported the status quo with a move toward unification, 5.7 percent gave no response, 5.6 percent supported independence as soon as possible, and 1.5 percent supported unification as soon as possible.[ 327]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Taiwanese_referendum) (2018 Taiwanese referendum) referendum question in 2018 asked if Taiwan's athletes should compete under "Taiwan" in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) (2020 Summer Olympics) 2020 Summer Olympics but did not pass; the New York Times attributed the failure to a campaign cautioning that a name change might lead to Taiwan being banned "under Chinese pressure".[ 328]        International status and relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan) (Foreign relations of Taiwan) Foreign relations of Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) Political status of Taiwan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_status_of_Taiwan) (International status of Taiwan) International status of Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) List of states with limited recognition ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China#International_territorial_disputes) (Foreign relations of China) Foreign relations of China § International territorial disputes ; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan,_China) (Taiwan, China) Taiwan, China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_recognizing_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan).svg)       Republic of China (Taiwan) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Countries that have formal relations with Taiwan (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Countries that have formal relations with the PRC and informal relations with Taiwan   The political and legal statuses of Taiwan are contentious issues. The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims that Taiwan is Chinese territory and that the PRC became the successor state of the ROC in 1949, thence being the sole legal government of China.[ 80]    The ROC, however, has its own armed forces, constitution, institutions, territory under control, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar) (New Taiwan dollar) currency , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_passport) (Taiwan passport) widely accepted passport , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Taiwan) (Postage stamps and postal history of Taiwan) postage stamps , and internet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain) (Top-level domain) TLD , etc.[ 329]    It has not formally renounced its claim to the mainland, but ROC government publications have increasingly downplayed the matter.[ 330]     Until 1928, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy) (Foreign policy) foreign policy of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity—competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_Government) (Beiyang Government) Peiyang Government by the Kuomintang (KMT), which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China.[ 331]    After the KMT retreated to Taiwan, most countries, especially those of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc) (Western Bloc) Western Bloc – save the United Kingdom, which recognized the PRC in 1950[ 332]    – continued to maintain formal relations with the ROC; but recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s. On 25 October 1971, UN Resolution 2758 was adopted by 76 votes to 35 with 17 abstentions, recognizing the PRC as China's sole representative in the United Nations.[ 333]    [ 334]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Embassy_in_Mbabane.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)_in_the_Kingdom_of_Eswatini) (Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of Eswatini) ROC embassy in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini   The PRC refuses to have (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China) (Foreign relations of China) diplomatic relations with any nation that has diplomatic relations with the ROC, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement on its claims to Taiwan.[ 335]    [ 336]    As a result, only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Republic_of_China) (International recognition of the Republic of China) 11 UN member states and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See) (Holy See) Holy See maintain official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.[ 337]    The ROC maintains unofficial relations with other countries via de facto (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy) (Embassy) embassies and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)) (Consul (representative)) consulates mostly called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Representative_Office) (Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office) Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities" of the ROC in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services, and serving the national interests of the ROC.[ 338]     From 1954 to 1979, the United States had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_the_Republic_of_China) (Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of China) mutual defense treaty with the ROC. Even after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Communiqué_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations) (Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations) establishing official relations with the PRC, the US remains one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China-United_States_relations) (Republic of China-United States relations) main supporters of Taiwan and, through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act) (Taiwan Relations Act) Taiwan Relations Act , has continued selling arms and providing military training to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces) (Republic of China Armed Forces) Republic of China Armed Forces . The PRC considers US involvement as an interference to its internal affairs and claims it to be disruptive to the stability of the region.[ 339]    [ 340]    The official position of the United States is that it "does not support any unilateral change to the status quo in the Taiwan Strait".[ 341]    While not officially classified as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally , it has been de facto treated as such by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States since at least 2003.[ 342]     Taiwan, since 2016 under the Tsai administration's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Southbound_Policy) (New Southbound Policy) New Southbound Policy , has pursued closer economic relations with South and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia) (Southeast Asia) Southeast Asian countries, increasing cooperation on investments and people-to-people exchanges despite the region's general lack of official diplomatic ties with Taipei.[ 343]    [ 344]    The policy has led to Taiwan receiving an increased number of migrants and students from the region.[ 345]    However, a few scandals involving Southeast Asians, particularly Indonesians, experiencing exploitation in scholarship programs[ 346]    and certain industries have emerged as setbacks for the policy[ 347]    [ 348]    as well as for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia-Taiwan_relations) (Indonesia-Taiwan relations) Indonesia-Taiwan relations .[ 349]    [ 350]     Relations with the PRC  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-strait_relations) (Cross-strait relations) Cross-strait relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015_Ma–Xi_Meeting_08.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ma–Xi_meeting) (2015 Ma–Xi meeting) 2015 Ma–Xi meeting was the only meeting between the leaders of both sides of the Taiwan Strait since 1949.  On 30 April 1991, President Lee Teng-hui announced the repeal of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_Provisions_against_the_Communist_Rebellion) (Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion) Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion , characterizing the Chinese Communist Party as "a political entity that controls the mainland region" or the "mainland authorities" instead and declaring that "we will no longer seek to unify China through force."[ 351]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council) (Mainland Affairs Council) Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) of Taiwan is responsible for relations with the PRC, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office) (Taiwan Affairs Office) Taiwan Affairs Office (TAO) of the PRC is responsible for relations with Taiwan. Exchanges are conducted through private organizations both founded in 1991: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Exchange_Foundation) (Straits Exchange Foundation) Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) of Taiwan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits) (Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits) Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) of the PRC. In November 1992, the ARATS and SEF held a meeting which would later become known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Consensus) (1992 Consensus) 1992 Consensus . The SEF announced that both sides agreed that there was only (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_China) (One China) one China , but disagreed on the definition of China, i.e. ROC and PRC. Meanwhile, the ARATS announced that the two sides agreed on the One China principle, but did not mention the differences regarding its definition as made in the SEF statement.[ 352]    In Taiwan, the ruling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party) (Democratic Progressive Party) Democratic Progressive Party has rejected the 1992 Consensus since early 2019.[ 353]    President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Ching-te) (Lai Ching-te) Lai Ching-te has stated that the ROC and the PRC are not subordinate to each other.[ 354]     The PRC's One China principle states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of China, and that the PRC is the only legitimate government of China.[ 355]    It seeks to prevent or reduce any formal recognition of the ROC as an independent sovereign state,[ 356]    [ 357]    meaning that Taiwan participates in many international forums as a non-state member under names such as "Chinese Taipei". The PRC has suggested the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems) (One country, two systems) one country, two systems " concept employed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong as a model for a peaceful unification with Taiwan.[ 358]    [ 359]    While it aims for peaceful reunification, the PRC does not rule out the use of force.[ 360]    [ 361]    The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict[ 362]    [ 363]    [ 364]    should events outlined in the PRC's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law) (Anti-Secession Law) Anti-Secession Law occur, such as Taiwan declaring (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure) (De jure) de jure  independence. There is a substantial military presence on the Fujian coast, sorties into Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defense_identification_zone) (Air defense identification zone) air defense identification zone (ADIZ), as well as increasing military drills in recent years.[ 365]    [ 366]    [ 367]      Participation in international events and organizations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan#Relation_with_International_organizations) (Foreign relations of Taiwan) Foreign relations of Taiwan § Relation with International organizations , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei  The ROC was a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Original_members) (Member states of the United Nations) founding member of the United Nations , and held the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations) (China and the United Nations) seat of China on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council) (United Nations Security Council) Security Council and other UN bodies until 1971, when it was expelled by Resolution 2758 and replaced with the PRC. The ROC now has neither official membership nor observer status in the organization. Since 1993, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry, but its applications have not made it past committee stage.[ 368]    [ 369]    Due to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_China) (One China) One China principle, most (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) UN member states , including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic relations with the PRC.[ 370]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg) (A white symbol in shape of a five petal flower ringed by a blue and a red line. In its center stands a circular symbol depicting a white sun on a blue background. The five Olympic circles (blue, yellow, black, green and red) stand below it.)   The flag used by Taiwan at the Olympic Games, where it competes as "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei) (Chinese Taipei) Chinese Taipei " ((Chinese-language text) 中華台北  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  )    (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (italiano ‪(it)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (română ‪(ro)‬)  (संस्कृतम् ‪(sa)‬)  (ไทย ‪(th)‬)  (Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬)  (中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬)  (中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬)  (中文 ‪(zh)‬)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China) National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China used by Taiwan at the Olympic Games  At one point, the ROC government shifted its focus to organizations affiliated with the UN, as well as organizations outside the UN system.[ 371]    The government sought to participate in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization) (World Health Organization) World Health Organization (WHO) since 1997;[ 372]    [ 373]    efforts were rejected until 2009, when they participated as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei" after reaching an agreement with Beijing.[ 374]    [ 375]    In 2017, Taiwan again came to be excluded from the WHO even in an observer capacity.[ 376]    This exclusion was instrumental to a number of scandals during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19) (COVID-19) COVID-19 outbreak.[ 377]    [ 378]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_at_the_Olympics#Nagoya_Resolution) (Republic of China at the Olympics) Nagoya Resolution in 1979 approved by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee) (International Olympic Committee) International Olympic Committee (IOC) provided a compromise for the ROC to use the name "Chinese Taipei" in international events, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games) (Olympic Games) Olympic Games .[ 379]    [ 380]    [ 381]    Under the IOC charter, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Flag of the Republic of China) ROC flags cannot be flown at any official Olympic venue or gathering.[ 382]    The ROC also participates in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (since 1991) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization (since 2002) under the names "Chinese Taipei" and "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", respectively.[ 383]    [ 384]    It was a founding member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank) (Asian Development Bank) Asian Development Bank , but since China's ascension in 1986 has participated under the name "Taipei, China". The ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations in which the PRC does not participate, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement) (World Organization of the Scout Movement) World Organization of the Scout Movement . Due to its limited international recognition, the Republic of China has been a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization) (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since the foundation of the organization in 1991, represented by a government-funded organization, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Foundation_for_Democracy) (Taiwan Foundation for Democracy) Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), under the name "Taiwan".[ 385]    [ 386]       Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces) (Republic of China Armed Forces) Republic of China Armed Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan) (Military history of Taiwan) Military history of Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy) (Republic of China Military Academy) Republic of China Military Academy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20200210_F16vsH6K_Taiwan.jpg)   A Taiwanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon) (General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon) F-16 fighter jet flies next to a Chinese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xian_H-6) (Xian H-6) H-6 bomber (top) in Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_defense_identification_zone) (Air defense identification zone) ADIZ .  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces) (Republic of China Armed Forces) Republic of China Armed Forces takes its roots in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army) (National Revolutionary Army) National Revolutionary Army , which was established by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen) (Sun Yat-sen) Sun Yat-sen in 1924 in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Liberation_Army) (People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. The 1947 Constitution of the ROC reformed it into the Republic of China Armed Forces, making it the national army rather than the army of a political party. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army. From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the Taiwanese military was to "retake mainland China" through Project National Glory. As this mission has transitioned away from attack because the relative strength of the PRC has massively increased, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force) (Republic of China Air Force) air force and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy) (Republic of China Navy) navy . Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government.[ 387]    [ 388]     The ROC began a series of force reduction plans since the 1990s to scale down its military from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001.[ 389]    As of 2021 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the total strength of the Armed Forces is capped at 215,000 with 90 percent manning ratio for volunteer military.[ 390]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan) (Conscription in Taiwan) Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service.[ 391]    [ 392]    The military's reservists is around 2.5 million including first-wave reservists numbered at 300,000 as of 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .[ 393]    Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_budget) (Military budget) defense spending as a percentage of its GDP fell below three percent in 1999 and had been trending downwards over the first two decades of the twenty-first century.[ 394]    [ 395]    The ROC government pledged to raise the spending as high as proposed three percent of GDP.[ 396]    [ 397]    [ 398]    In 2024, Taiwan proposed 2.45 percent of projected GDP in defense spending for the following year.[ 399]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:05.25_總統視導漢光33號演習_(34750802021).jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kuang_Exercise) (Han Kuang Exercise) Han Kuang Exercise is an annual military exercise by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces) (Republic of China Armed Forces) ROC Armed Forces in preparation for a possible attack from the PRC.  The ROC and the United States signed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in 1954, and established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Taiwan_Defense_Command) (United States Taiwan Defense Command) United States Taiwan Defense Command . About 30,000 US troops were stationed in Taiwan, until the United States established diplomatic relations with the PRC in 1979.[ 400]    A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the United States, and continues to be legally guaranteed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act) (Taiwan Relations Act) Taiwan Relations Act . France and the Netherlands have also sold military weapons and hardware to the ROC, but they almost entirely stopped in the 1990s under pressure of the PRC.[ 401]    [ 402]     There is no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion.[ 403]    The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the "area surrounding Japan" mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan.[ 404]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia,_New_Zealand,_United_States_Security_Treaty) (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty) Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as Australia, could be involved.[ 405]    [ 406]    While this would risk damaging economic ties with China,[ 407]    a conflict over Taiwan could lead to an economic blockade of China by a greater coalition.[ 408]    [ 409]    [ 410]    [ 411]    [ 412]      LGBTQ rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Taiwan) (LGBTQ rights in Taiwan) LGBTQ rights in Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan) (Same-sex marriage in Taiwan) Same-sex marriage in Taiwan  On 24 May 2017, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Yuan#Constitutional_Court) (Judicial Yuan) Constitutional Court ruled that then-current marriage laws had been violating the Constitution by denying same-sex couples the right to marry. The Court ruled that if the Legislative Yuan did not pass adequate amendments to Taiwanese marriage laws within two years, same-sex marriages would automatically become lawful in Taiwan.[ 413]    In a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Taiwanese_referendum) (2018 Taiwanese referendum) referendum question in 2018 , however, voters expressed overwhelming opposition to same-sex marriage and supported the removal of content about homosexuality from primary school textbooks. According to the New York Times , the referendum questions were subject to a "well-funded and highly organized campaign led by conservative Christians and other groups" involving the use of misinformation.[ 328]    Nevertheless, the vote against same-sex marriage does not affect the court ruling, and on 17 May 2019, Taiwan's parliament approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage, making it the first country in Asia to do so.[ 414]    [ 415]    [ 416]     Taiwan has an annual pride event, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Pride) (Taiwan Pride) Taiwan Pride . It currently holds the record for the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ) (LGBTQ) LGBTQ gathering in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia) (East Asia) East Asia , rivaling (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Pride) (Tel Aviv Pride) Tel Aviv Pride in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel .[ 417]    The event draws more than 200,000 people.[ 418]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan) (Economy of Taiwan) Economy of Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan) (Economic history of Taiwan) Economic history of Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei_101_from_Xiangshan_20240729.jpg) (Photo of Taipei 101 tower against a blue sky.)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101) (Taipei 101) Taipei 101 held the record for the world's tallest skyscraper from 2004 to 2009.  The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle) (Taiwan Miracle) Taiwan Miracle ". Taiwan is one of the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers) (Four Asian Tigers) Four Asian Tigers " alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore. As of 2025, Taiwan is the 22nd largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) economy in the world by nominal GDP .[ 419]     Since 2001, agriculture has constituted less than 2 percent of GDP, down from 32 percent in 1951.[ 420]    Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises) (Small and medium-sized enterprises) small and medium-sized enterprises , rather than the large business groups.[ 421]    Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore, replaced by more capital- and technology-intensive industries. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan#Science_and_industrial_parks) (Economy of Taiwan) High-technology science parks have sprung up across Taiwan. Today Taiwan has a dynamic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism) (Capitalism) capitalist , export-driven economy. Exports provide the primary impetus for industrialization. The ratio of Taiwan's exports to GDP is 76%.[ 422]    The trade surplus is substantial, and Taiwan remains one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves) (List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves) world's largest forex reserve holders .[ 423]    Taiwan's total trade in 2025 reached US$1.12 trillion. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$640.75 billion and US$479.4 billion, respectively.[ 424]    China and the United States are Taiwan's two largest trading partners, together accounting for over 40 percent of total trade.[ 425]    Taiwan's economy relies heavily on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor) (Semiconductor) semiconductor and other AI-related gear exports, which account for around 80% of its total exports. Consumption, by contrast, plays a relatively small role, accounting for 40% of Taiwan's GDP.[ 422]     Since the beginning of the 1990s, economic ties between Taiwan and China have been extensive. In 2002, China surpassed the United States to become Taiwan's largest export market for the first time.[ 426]    China was the top destination of Taiwanese investment from 1990 to 2020.[ 427]    [ 428]    This has shifted dramatically toward Southeast Asia due to rising labor costs and the effects of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–United_States_trade_war) (China–United States trade war) China–United States trade war , as well as toward the U.S., Japan, and Korea due to the overseas operations of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC) (TSMC) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) .[ 429]    [ 430]    TSMC's expansions have helped increase the proportion of Taiwanese employed in the U.S., although China still hosts the largest share.[ 431]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TSMC_Fab5.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC) (TSMC) TSMC fab 5 located in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_Science_Park) (Hsinchu Science Park) Hsinchu Science Park   Since the 1980s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world.[ 432]    Taiwan is a key player in the supply chain for advanced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit) (Integrated circuit) chips . Taiwan's rise in the key semiconductor industry was largely attributed to Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Microelectronics_Corporation) (United Microelectronics Corporation) United Microelectronic Corporation (UMC) .[ 433]    TSMC was founded 21 February 1987 and as of December 2021 its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization) (Market capitalization) market capitalization equated to roughly 90% of Taiwan's GDP.[ 434]    The company is the 9th largest in the world by market capitalization[ 435]    as well as the world's biggest semiconductor manufacturing company, surpassing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel) (Intel) Intel and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Semiconductor_Inc.) (Samsung Semiconductor Inc.) Samsung .[ 436]    UMC, another major company in Taiwan's high-tech exports and global semiconductors, competes with the American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalFoundries) (GlobalFoundries) GlobalFoundries , and others, for less advanced semiconductor processes and for silicon wafers.[ 437]    Other well-known international technology companies based in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_Inc.) (Acer Inc.) Acer Inc. and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus) (Asus) Asus , as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn) (Foxconn) Foxconn , an electronics contract manufacturer.[ 438]     Taiwan is a major manufacturer of bicycles and their component parts and accounts for around 40% of all bikes imported to Europe. French newspaper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique) (Le Monde diplomatique) Le Monde diplomatique  alleged that in the past several decades, the industry has relied on exploitative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker) (Migrant worker) migrant labor practices to boost its productivity. Workers recruited from poorer neighboring countries face (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_bondage) (Debt bondage) debt bondage , passport retention, wage withholding and substandard living conditions, as well as threats and intimidation from employers. Taiwan is one of the few countries where labor brokers are permitted to charge high recruitment fees to migrant workers. Recent reporting on these practices has led to promises of reform from some manufacturers.[ 439]    In response to the allegations, the Taiwanese trade association stated that all bicycle manufacturers complied with the labor laws and proactively worked to improve working conditions.[ 440]     Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan) (Transportation in Taiwan) Transportation in Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Airlines_Lineup_TPE.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines) (China Airlines) China Airlines aircraft lineup at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport) (Taoyuan International Airport) Taoyuan International Airport   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_and_Communications_(Taiwan)) (Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)) Ministry of Transportation and Communications of Taiwan is the cabinet-level governing body of the transport network in Taiwan. Civilian transport in Taiwan is characterized by extensive use of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooters_in_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Scooters in Taiwan (page does not exist)) scooters . In March 2019, 13.86 million were registered, twice that of cars.[ 441]    Both highways and railways are concentrated near the coasts, where the majority of the population resides, with 1,619  km (1,006  mi) of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway) (Controlled-access highway) motorway . Railways in Taiwan are primarily used for passenger services, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railways_Administration) (Taiwan Railways Administration) Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) operating a circular route around the island and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail) (Taiwan High Speed Rail) Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) running high speed services on the west coast. Urban transit systems include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Metro) (Taipei Metro) Taipei Metro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Metro) (Kaohsiung Metro) Kaohsiung Metro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_Metro) (Taoyuan Metro) Taoyuan Metro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_Metro) (New Taipei Metro) New Taipei Metro , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_MRT) (Taichung MRT) Taichung MRT . Major airports include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport) (Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) Taiwan Taoyuan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_International_Airport) (Kaohsiung International Airport) Kaohsiung , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Songshan_Airport) (Taipei Songshan Airport) Taipei Songshan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Airport) (Taichung Airport) Taichung . There are currently seven Taiwanese passenger airlines, with the largest two being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines) (China Airlines) China Airlines and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVA_Air) (EVA Air) EVA Air . There are seven international seaports: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Keelung) (Port of Keelung) Keelung , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Taipei) (Port of Taipei) Taipei , Suao, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Taichung) (Port of Taichung) Taichung , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kaohsiung) (Port of Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Anping) (Port of Anping) Anping , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hualien) (Port of Hualien) Hualien .[ 442]    The Port of Kaohsiung handled the largest volume of cargo in Taiwan, with about 440 million shipping tonnes, which accounted for 58.6% of Taiwan's total throughput in 2021.[ 443]    The shipping tonnage followed by Taichung (18.6%), Taipei (12%) and Keelung (8.7%).   Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan) (Demographics of Taiwan) Demographics of Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_population_density_map.svg)   Population density map of Taiwan (residents per square kilometer)  Taiwan has a population of about 23.3 million,[ 19]    most of whom are on the island of Taiwan. The remainder live on the outlying islands of Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu.[ 444]    It has one of the world's lowest fertility rates, with the average number of children born per woman falling below 0.8, far beneath the replacement level of 2.1 needed to maintain a stable population.[ 445]    Under United Nations criteria, Taiwan has become a super-aged society, with more than 20% of its population aged 65 or older. The aging population has raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of Taiwan's National Health Insurance system, as a shrinking workforce supports a growing elderly population.[ 446]    Declining birth rates have also led to falling school enrollments, resulting in the merger or closure of some rural elementary and middle schools, with similar pressures increasingly affecting universities. Labor shortages have emerged across multiple sectors, including manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and elderly care.[ 447]     Largest cities and counties  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan) (List of cities in Taiwan) List of cities in Taiwan  The figures below are the December 2025 estimates for the ten most populous administrative divisions; a different ranking exists when considering the total (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan#Metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan) (List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan) metropolitan area populations (in such rankings the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei–Keelung_metropolitan_area) (Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area) Taipei-Keelung metro area is by far the largest agglomeration). The figures reflect the number of household registrations in each city, which may differ from the number of actual residents.      Largest cities and special municipalities in Taiwan  (https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346) source     Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan) (List of cities in Taiwan) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Taiwan) (Divisions of Taiwan) Division  Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei) (New Taipei) New Taipei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City) (New Taipei City) New Taipei City  4,044,831  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung) (Taichung) Taichung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_City) (Taichung City) Taichung City  2,868,465  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung) (Kaohsiung) Kaohsiung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_City) (Kaohsiung City) Kaohsiung City  2,718,545  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_City) (Taipei City) Taipei City  2,439,507  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) (Taoyuan, Taiwan) Taoyuan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_City) (Taoyuan City) Taoyuan City  2,355,106  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan) (Tainan) Tainan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_City) (Tainan City) Tainan City  1,852,477  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu) (Hsinchu) Hsinchu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_City) (Hsinchu City) Hsinchu City  455,740  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung) (Keelung) Keelung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung_City) (Keelung City) Keelung City  359,836  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi) (Chiayi) Chiayi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_City) (Chiayi City) Chiayi City  261,592  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhubei) (Zhubei) Zhubei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinchu_County) (Hsinchu County) Hsinchu County  220,973          Ethnic groups  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people) (Taiwanese people) Taiwanese people , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Taiwanese) (Han Taiwanese) Han Taiwanese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese indigenous peoples , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_indigenous_peoples) (Plains indigenous peoples) Plains indigenous peoples  The ROC government reports that 95 percent of the population is ethnically (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han Chinese .[ 448]    There are also 2.5 percent indigenous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages) (Austronesian languages) Austronesian peoples and 2.5 percent new immigrants primarily from China and Southeast Asia.[ 13]     Most (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Taiwanese) (Han Taiwanese) Han Taiwanese are descended from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_people) (Hoklo people) Hoklo people , native to the coastal regions of southern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian) (Fujian) Fujian , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_people) (Hakka people) Hakka people , native to eastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong) (Guangdong) Guangdong . Hoklo and Hakka migrants arrived in large numbers during the 17th and 18th century. Descendants of Hoklo now compose approximately 70 percent of Taiwan's population.[ 15]    Descendants of Hakka make up about 15 percent of the population. Another minority group, called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waishengren) (Waishengren) waishengren  , comprises those who arrived from China during the 1940s or are descended from them.[ 449]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians) (Genetic history of East Asians) Genetic studies indicate that the Han people in Taiwan are closer to southern Chinese compared to northern Chinese and, similar to several other groups of Han Chinese, had mixed with Island (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia) (Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia) Southeast Asians , likely before their migration to Taiwan.[ 450]    Nonetheless, they can be genetically distinguished from the indigenous minority despite low-level admixture. In addition, there is also evidence of genetic influence from groups like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Indonesia) (Western Indonesia) western Indonesians and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia) (Mainland Southeast Asia) Mainland Southeast Asians , especially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_Vietnamese) (Kinh Vietnamese) Kinh Vietnamese .[ 451]    [ 452]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese Indigenous peoples) Taiwanese Indigenous peoples number about 584,000, and the government recognizes 16 groups.[ 453]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_people) (Amis people) Ami , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_people) (Atayal people) Atayal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunun_people) (Bunun people) Bunun , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakanavu_people) (Kanakanavu people) Kanakanavu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalan_people) (Kavalan people) Kavalan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_people) (Paiwan people) Paiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyuma_people) (Puyuma people) Puyuma , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukai_people) (Rukai people) Rukai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saisiyat_people) (Saisiyat people) Saisiyat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaroa_people) (Saaroa people) Saaroa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakizaya_people) (Sakizaya people) Sakizaya , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediq_people) (Sediq people) Sediq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thao_people) (Thao people) Thao , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truku_people) (Truku people) Truku and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsou_people) (Tsou people) Tsou live mostly in the eastern half of the island, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_people) (Yami people) Yami inhabit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_Island) (Orchid Island) Orchid Island .[ 454]    [ 455]    Taiwan's Indigenous peoples experience significantly lower life expectancy than the Han Chinese population.[ 456]      Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan) (Languages of Taiwan) Languages of Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_most_commonly_used_home_language_in_Taiwan.svg)   Most commonly used home language in each area, darker in proportion to the lead over the next most common:(mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese) (Mandarin Chinese) Mandarin Chinese  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien) (Hokkien) Hokkien or Min Nan (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese) (Hakka Chinese) Hakka Chinese  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages) (Austronesian languages) Austronesian languages    The Republic of China does not have any legally designated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin is the primary language used in business and education, and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese) (Traditional Chinese) Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system.[ 457]     Around 70% of Taiwan's population belong to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo) (Hoklo) Hoklo ethnic group and are native speakers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien) (Taiwanese Hokkien) Taiwanese Hokkien .[ 458]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka) (Hakka) Hakka group, comprising some 14–18 percent of the population, speak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese) (Hakka Chinese) Hakka . Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese) (Varieties of Chinese) Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on their use were lifted in the 1990s.[ 457]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_languages) (Formosan languages) Formosan languages are spoken primarily by the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. They do not belong to the Chinese or Sino-Tibetan language family, but to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages) (Austronesian languages) Austronesian language family , and are written in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Formosan_languages) (Writing systems of Formosan languages) Latin alphabet .[ 459]    Their use among aboriginal minority groups has been in decline as usage of Mandarin has risen.[ 457]    Of the 14 extant languages, five are considered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moribund_language) (Moribund language) moribund .[ 460]     Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement) (May Fourth Movement) May Fourth Movement , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) (Written vernacular Chinese) written vernacular Chinese had replaced (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese) (Classical Chinese) Classical Chinese and emerged as the mainstream (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese) (Written vernacular Chinese) written Chinese in the Republic of China. Classical Chinese continued to be widely used in government documents until reforms in the 1970s to shift the written style to a more integrated vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese style ((Chinese-language text) 文白合一行文  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ).[ 461]    [ 462]    On 1 January 2005, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan) (Executive Yuan) Executive Yuan also changed its long-standing convention on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts) (Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts) direction of writing in official documents from vertical to horizontal. Standalone Classical Chinese is occasionally used in formal or ceremonial occasions, such as religious or cultural rites. The "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Anthem of the Republic of China) National Anthem of the Republic of China " ((Chinese-language text) 中華民國國歌  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ), for example, is in Classical Chinese. Most official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Government of the Republic of China) government , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan) (Law of Taiwan) legal , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Taiwan)) (Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)) judiciary documents, as well as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Supreme Court of the Republic of China) courts rulings use a combined vernacular Chinese and Classical Chinese style.[ 463]    As many legal documents are still written in Classical Chinese, which is not easily understood by the general public, a group of Taiwanese have launched the Legal Vernacular Movement, hoping to bring more vernacular Chinese into the legal writings of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China) (Republic of China) Republic of China .[ 464]     Taiwan is officially multilingual. A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language) (Taiwan Sign Language) Taiwan Sign Language ".[ 10]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan) (Religion in Taiwan) Religion in Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Koxinga.jpg)   Main altar of the Shrine of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga) (Koxinga) Koxinga in Tainan.  The Constitution of the Republic of China protects people's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) freedom of religion and the practices of belief.[ 465]    [ 466]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan) (Freedom of religion in Taiwan) The government respects freedom of religion , and Taiwan scores highly on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) International IDEA 's Global State of Democracy Indices for religious freedom.[ 467]     In 2005, the census reported that the five largest religious groups were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism) (Taoism) Taoism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiguandao) (Yiguandao) Yiguandao , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism) (Protestantism) Protestantism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism) (Roman Catholicism) Roman Catholicism .[ 468]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research , the religious composition of Taiwan in 2023[ 14]    was 28 percent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan) (Buddhism in Taiwan) Buddhist , 24% Taoist, 7% Christian, 5% combination of religions, 4% local/indigenous, 27% no religion, and 4% others. Taiwanese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians.[ 469]    There has been (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan) (Islam in Taiwan) a small Muslim community of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people) (Hui people) Hui people since the 17th century.[ 470]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism) (Confucianism) Confucianism serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The majority of Taiwanese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with. As of 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , there were 15,175 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_worship) (Place of worship) religious buildings in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,572 residents. 12,279 temples were dedicated to Taoism and Buddhism. There were 9,684 Taoist temples, 2,317 Buddhist temples,[ 471]    and 2,845 Christian churches.[ 471]    On average, there is one temple, church, or religious building for every square kilometer. The density of religions and religious buildings in Taiwan is among the highest in the world.[ 472]    [ 473]     A significant percentage of the population is non-religious. Taiwan's lack of state-sanctioned discrimination, and generally high regard for freedom of religion or belief earned it a joint #1 ranking in the 2018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Thought_Report) (Freedom of Thought Report) Freedom of Thought Report .[ 474]    [ 475]    On the other hand, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_migrant_worker) (Indonesian migrant worker) Indonesian migrant worker community in Taiwan (estimated to total 258,084 people) has experienced religious restrictions by local employers or the government.[ 476]    [ 477]      Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan) (Education in Taiwan) Education in Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica) (Academia Sinica) Academia Sinica , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_Taiwan) (History of education in Taiwan) History of education in Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarships_in_Taiwan) (Scholarships in Taiwan) Scholarships in Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan#Science) (Economy of Taiwan) Economy of Taiwan § Science  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:臺灣大學校門.JPG)   The gate of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University) (National Taiwan University) National Taiwan University , which is widely considered to be the most prestigious university in Taiwan[ 478]      Taiwan is well known for adhering to the Confucian paradigm of valuing education as a means to improve one's socioeconomic position in society.[ 479]    [ 480]    Heavy investment and a cultural valuing of education has made the resource-poor nation to be consistently ranked to the top of global education rankings. Taiwan is one of the top-performing countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences. In 2015, Taiwanese students achieved one of the world's best results in mathematics, science and literacy, as tested by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment) (Programme for International Student Assessment) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 493, placing it seventh in the world.[ 481]    [ 482]    [ 483]     The Taiwanese education system has been praised for its comparatively high test results and its major role in promoting Taiwan's economic development while creating one of the world's most highly educated workforces.[ 484]    [ 485]    Taiwan has also been praised for its high university entrance rate where the university acceptance rate has increased from around 20 percent before the 1980s to 49 percent in 1996 and over 95 percent since 2008, among the highest in Asia.[ 486]    [ 487]    [ 488]    The nation's high university entrance rate has created a highly skilled workforce making Taiwan one of the most highly educated countries in the world with 68.5 percent of Taiwanese high school students going on to attend university.[ 489]    Taiwan has a high percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree where 45 percent of Taiwanese aged 25–64 hold a bachelor's degree or higher compared with the average of 33 percent among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).[ 488]    [ 490]     On the other hand, the education system has been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students while eschewing creativity and producing an excess supply of overeducated university graduates. Many graduates consequently face unemployment or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment) (Underemployment) underemployment due to a lack of graduate-level jobs.[ 491]    [ 480]    Taiwan's universities have also been under criticism for not being able to fully meet the requirements and demands of Taiwan's 21st-century fast-moving labor market, citing a skills mismatch among a large number of self-assessed, overeducated graduates who do not fit the demands of the modern Taiwanese labor market.[ 492]    The Taiwanese government has been criticized for failing to adequately address this discrepancy in labor supply and demand.[ 486]    [ 493]     As the Taiwanese economy is largely science and technology based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment. Although current Taiwanese law mandates only nine years of schooling, 95 percent of junior high graduates go on to attend a senior vocational high school, university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.[ 489]    [ 494]    Many Taiwanese students attend (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram_schools#Taiwan) (Cram schools) cram schools , or buxiban , to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams.[ 495]    [ 496]     Since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025) (Made in China 2025) Made in China 2025 was announced in 2015, aggressive campaigns to recruit Taiwanese chip industry talent to support its mandates resulted in the loss of more than 3,000 chip engineers to mainland China,[ 497]    and raised concerns of a "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drain) (Brain drain) brain drain " in Taiwan.[ 498]    [ 499]     As of 2020 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_rate) (Literacy rate) literacy rate in Taiwan was 99.03 percent.[ 500]      Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan) (Healthcare in Taiwan) Healthcare in Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei_Taiwan_National-Taiwan-University-Hospital-05.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_Hospital) (National Taiwan University Hospital) National Taiwan University Hospital   The current (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_system) (Healthcare system) healthcare system , known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-payer_health_care) (Single-payer health care) single-payer compulsory social insurance plan that centralizes the disbursement of healthcare funds. The system promises equal access to healthcare for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99 percent by the end of 2004.[ 501]    NHI is mainly financed through premiums, which are based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket co-payments and direct government funding.[ 502]    [ 503]    [ 504]    Low-income families, veterans, centenarians, children under three, and catastrophic diseases are exempt from co-payments. Co-pays are reduced for disabled and low-income households maintain 100 percent premium coverage. Early in the program, the payment system was predominantly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee-for-service) (Fee-for-service) fee-for-service . Most health providers operate in the private sector and form a competitive market on the health delivery side. However, many healthcare providers took advantage of the system by offering unnecessary services. In the face of increasing loss and the need for cost containment, NHI changed the payment system from fee-for-service to a global budget, a kind of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_payment_system) (Prospective payment system) prospective payment system , in 2002. The implementation of universal healthcare created fewer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_disparities) (Health disparities) health disparities for lower-income citizens in Taiwan. According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360 patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1 percent of the patients said they are "very satisfied" with the hospital service; 20.5 percent said they are "okay" with the service. Only 4.4 percent of the patients said they are either "not satisfied" or "very not satisfied" with the service or care provided.[ 505]     The Taiwanese disease control authority is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control) (Taiwan Centers for Disease Control) Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC). During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome) (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) SARS outbreak in March 2003 there were 347 confirmed cases. During the outbreak the CDC and local governments set up monitoring stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since.[ 506]    Owing to the lessons from SARS, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Command_Center?action=edit&redlink=1) (National Health Command Center (page does not exist)) National Health Command Center  [ (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20de%20commandement%20national%20de%20la%20santé) (fr:Centre de commandement national de la santé) fr ]  was established in 2004, which includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center) (Central Epidemic Command Center) Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC). The CECC has played a central role in Taiwan's approach to epidemics, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan) (COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan) COVID-19 . In 2019, the infant mortality rate was 4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, with 20 physicians and 71 hospital beds per 10,000 people.[ 507]    [ 508]    Life expectancy at birth in 2020 is 77.5 years and 83.9 years for males and females, respectively.[ 509]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan) (Culture of Taiwan) Culture of Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan) (Cultural history of Taiwan) Cultural history of Taiwan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance) (Chinese Cultural Renaissance) Chinese Cultural Renaissance  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_wave) (Taiwanese wave) Taiwanese wave  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_people) (Amis people) Amis people of Taiwan performing a traditional dance  The cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend from various sources, incorporating elements of the majority (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture) (Chinese culture) traditional Chinese culture , aboriginal cultures, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Japan) (Culture of Japan) Japanese cultural influence , traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture) (Western culture) Western values . During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan) (Martial law in Taiwan) martial law period , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang promoted an official (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture) (Chinese culture) traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan in order to emphasize that the Republic of China represents the true orthodoxy to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture) (Chinese Culture) Chinese Culture as opposed to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China) (People's Republic of China) Communist China .[ 510]    The government launched what's known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance) (Chinese Cultural Renaissance) Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan in opposition to the cultural destructions caused by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China) (Communist Party of China) Chinese Communist Party during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution) (Cultural Revolution) Cultural Revolution . The General Assembly of Chinese Culture was established to help promote Chinese culture in Taiwan and overseas. It was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang) (Kuomintang) Kuomintang 's first structured plan for cultural development on Taiwan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance) (Chinese Cultural Renaissance) Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan had led to some aspects of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Culture) (Chinese Culture) Chinese Culture being better preserved there than in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) mainland China , for example the continued use of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese) (Traditional Chinese) Traditional Chinese . The influence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism) (Confucianism) Confucianism can be found in the behavior of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people) (Taiwanese people) Taiwanese people , known for their friendliness and politeness.[ 511]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:201402_國立故宮博物院_新年.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum) (National Palace Museum) National Palace Museum is an institute dedicated to the organization, care, and display of ancient Chinese artifacts and works of art.  The lifting of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan) (Martial law in Taiwan) martial law ushered a period of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization) (Democratization) democratization whereby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Speech) (Freedom of Speech) Freedom of Speech and Expression led to a flourishing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_literature) (Taiwanese literature) Taiwanese literature and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Taiwan) (Mass media in Taiwan) mass media in Taiwan . The Taiwanese Constitution protects "speech, teaching, writing and publication."[ 512]    In 2022, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit) (Economist Intelligence Unit) Economist Intelligence Unit 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index) (Democracy Index) Democracy Index ranked Taiwan as having the second highest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia) (Democracy in Asia) democracy score in Asia and Australasia.[ 513]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House has ranked Taiwan the second freest place in Asia[ 514]    [ 515]    while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civicus) (Civicus) CIVICUS rated Taiwan and New Zealand as the only "open" countries in the Asia-Pacific.[ 516]    [ 517]    In the aftermath of China gaining control of Hong Kong and restricting freedom of speech and protest, 36,789 Hong Kong residents moved to Taiwan from 2019 to 2022, an average of about 9,000 immigrants per year. In 2018, Taiwan only had 4,000 Hong Kong immigrants.[ 518]     Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in its relationship to Chinese culture.[ 519]    In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism) (Multiculturalism) multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by the people of Taiwan.[ 520]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics) (Identity politics) Identity politics , along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine) (Taiwanese cuisine) cuisine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan) (Music of Taiwan) music . Arts  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan) (Music of Taiwan) Music of Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_art) (Taiwanese art) Taiwanese art  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:台中縣好人好事代表聯誼會_鄧麗君.jpg) (Teresa Teng smiling)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jay_Chou_Opus_Tour_Hong_Kong_2013_IMG_2355w_(9788660355)_(cropped).jpg) (Jay Chou performing)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Teng) (Teresa Teng) Teresa Teng (left ) is widely recognized as a cultural icon for her contributions to Chinese pop, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chou) (Jay Chou) Jay Chou (right ) has been a leading figure in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandopop) (Mandopop) Mandopop industry since the early 2000s.    (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Acclaimed classical musicians include violinist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho-Liang_Lin) (Cho-Liang Lin) Cho-Liang Lin , pianist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching-Yun_Hu) (Ching-Yun Hu) Ching-Yun Hu , and the Lincoln Center Chamber Music Society artist director (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Han_(pianist)) (Wu Han (pianist)) Wu Han . Other musicians include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Teng) (Teresa Teng) Teresa Teng , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chou) (Jay Chou) Jay Chou and groups such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Taiwanese_band)) (Mayday (Taiwanese band)) Mayday and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music) (Heavy metal music) heavy metal band (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic_(band)) (Chthonic (band)) Chthonic , led by singer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Lim) (Freddy Lim) Freddy Lim , which has been referred to as the "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath) (Black Sabbath) Black Sabbath of Asia".[ 521]    [ 522]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan) (Cinema of Taiwan) Taiwanese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee) (Ang Lee) Ang Lee , a Taiwanese director, has directed critically acclaimed films such as: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon) (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Drink_Man_Woman) (Eat Drink Man Woman) Eat Drink Man Woman  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_(1995_film)) (Sense and Sensibility (1995 film)) Sense and Sensibility  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain) (Brokeback Mountain) Brokeback Mountain  ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Pi_(film)) (Life of Pi (film)) Life of Pi  ; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust,_Caution) (Lust, Caution) Lust, Caution  . Other famous Taiwanese directors include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ming-liang) (Tsai Ming-liang) Tsai Ming-liang , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Yang) (Edward Yang) Edward Yang , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Hsiao-hsien) (Hou Hsiao-hsien) Hou Hsiao-hsien . Taiwan has hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horse_Film_Festival_and_Awards) (Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards) Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards since 1962. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum) (National Palace Museum) National Palace Museum houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain and is considered one of the greatest collections of Chinese art and objects in the world.[ 523]      Popular culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke) (Karaoke) Karaoke is extremely popular in Taiwan, where it is known as KTV.[ 524]    KTV businesses operate in a hotel-like style, renting out small rooms and ballrooms according to the number of guests. Many KTV establishments partner with restaurants and buffets to form all-encompassing and elaborate evening affairs. Tour busses that travel around Taiwan have several TVs, primarily for singing karaoke. Taiwan has a high density of 24-hour convenience stores, which provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies, such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic fines, and credit card payments.[ 525]    Chains such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilyMart) (FamilyMart) FamilyMart provide clothing laundry services in select stores,[ 526]    and tickets for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railways_Administration) (Taiwan Railways Administration) TRA and THSR are available at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Eleven) (7-Eleven) 7-Eleven , FamilyMart, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Life_(convenience_store)) (Hi-Life (convenience store)) Hi-Life and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK_(convenience_store)?action=edit&redlink=1) (OK (convenience store) (page does not exist)) OK  [ (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK超商) (zh:OK超商) zh ]  .[ 527]    [ 528]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine) (Taiwanese cuisine) Taiwanese cuisine  Taiwanese culinary history is murky and is intricately tied to patterns of migration and colonization. Local and international Taiwanese cuisine, including its history, is a politically contentious topic. Famous Taiwanese dishes include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_beef_noodle_soup) (Taiwanese beef noodle soup) Taiwanese beef noodle soup , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gua_bao) (Gua bao) gua bao , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi) (Zongzi) zongzi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braised_pork_rice) (Braised pork rice) braised pork rice , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_fried_chicken) (Taiwanese fried chicken) Taiwanese fried chicken , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_vermicelli) (Oyster vermicelli) oyster vermicelli , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanbeiji) (Sanbeiji) sanbeiji , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyu_jelly) (Aiyu jelly) aiyu jelly .[ 529]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_tea) (Bubble tea) Bubble tea , created in Taiwan in the 1980s, has now become popular globally.[ 530]    In 2014, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_night_markets) (Taiwanese night markets) Taiwanese night markets the "best street food markets in the world".[ 531]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide) (Michelin Guide) Michelin Guide began reviewing restaurants in Taiwan in 2018.[ 532]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Taiwan) (Sport in Taiwan) Sport in Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_Taiwan) (List of sporting events in Taiwan) List of sporting events in Taiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11.27_總統觀賞「2021中華職棒總冠軍賽首戰」.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League) (Chinese Professional Baseball League) Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) is the top-tier professional baseball league in Taiwan.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball) (Baseball) Baseball is commonly considered Taiwan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport) (National sport) national sport and is a popular spectator sport.[ 533]    The men's team won medals across all levels of baseball in 2022, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_U-12_Baseball_World_Cup) (2021 U-12 Baseball World Cup) U-12 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U-15_Baseball_World_Cup) (2022 U-15 Baseball World Cup) U-15 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U-18_Baseball_World_Cup) (2022 U-18 Baseball World Cup) U-18 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_U-23_Baseball_World_Cup) (2022 U-23 Baseball World Cup) U-23 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Baseball5_World_Cup) (2022 Baseball5 World Cup) Baseball5 competitions, the only team to do so in baseball history.[ 534]    The results made (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_national_baseball_team) (Chinese Taipei national baseball team) Taiwan's national baseball team one of the top-ranked teams in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBSC_World_Rankings) (WBSC World Rankings) WBSC World Rankings . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball_in_Taiwan) (Professional baseball in Taiwan) Professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Professional_Baseball_League) (Chinese Professional Baseball League) Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989.[ 535]    As of 2025, the CPBL has six teams, with an average attendance of over 10,000 per game.[ 536]    [ 537]    Some elite players have signed with overseas professional teams in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) (Major League Baseball) Major League Baseball (MLB) or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball) (Nippon Professional Baseball) Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). There have been eighteen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Taiwan) (List of Major League Baseball players from Taiwan) Taiwanese MLB players as of the 2025 MLB season, including former pitchers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien-Ming_Wang) (Chien-Ming Wang) Chien-Ming Wang and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Yin_Chen) (Wei-Yin Chen) Wei-Yin Chen .[ 538]    As for variations of baseball, Taiwan also has a strong women's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball) (Softball) softball team. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_women's_national_softball_team) (Chinese Taipei women's national softball team) Its women's national softball team won a bronze medal at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_at_the_2022_World_Games) (Softball at the 2022 World Games) 2022 World Games .[ 539]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball) (Basketball) Basketball is Taiwan's other major sport.[ 540]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._League+) (P. League+) P. League+ and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Professional_Basketball_League) (Taiwan Professional Basketball League) Taiwan Professional Basketball League are the country's two professional basketball leagues.[ 541]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional_sports) (Semi-professional sports) semi-professional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Basketball_League) (Super Basketball League) Super Basketball League (SBL) is also in play.[ 542]    Other team sports include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball) (Volleyball) volleyball and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) football . Taiwan is also a major competitor in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korfball) (Korfball) korfball .[ 543]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo) (Taekwondo) Taekwondo was introduced to Taiwan for military training and has become a mature and successful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_sport) (Combat sport) combat sport in Taiwan.[ 544]    Taekwondo athletes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-hsin) (Chen Shih-hsin) Chen Shih-hsin and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Mu-yen) (Chu Mu-yen) Chu Mu-yen were the first two Taiwanese Olympians to win gold medals on the official record at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics) (Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics) 2004 Olympics . There are many outstanding Taiwanese players in other individual sports, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton) (Badminton) badminton , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis) (Tennis) tennis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis) (Table tennis) table tennis , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf) (Golf) golf . Taiwan's strength in badminton is demonstrated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tzu-ying) (Tai Tzu-ying) Tai Tzu-ying , who spent the most weeks as the world No. 1 women's singles player in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Ranking) (BWF World Ranking) BWF World Ranking , and her compatriots in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_World_Tour) (BWF World Tour) BWF World Tour .[ 545]    [ 546]    Taiwan also has a long history of strong international presence in table tennis. Six-time Olympian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Chih-yuan) (Chuang Chih-yuan) Chuang Chih-yuan made the most appearances at the Olympic Games among Taiwanese athletes.[ 547]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yani_Tseng) (Yani Tseng) Yani Tseng is the youngest golf player ever, male or female, to win five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_major_golf_championships) (Women's major golf championships) major championships and was ranked number 1 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_World_Golf_Rankings) (Women's World Golf Rankings) Women's World Golf Rankings for 109 consecutive weeks from 2011 to 2013.[ 548]    [ 549]    [ 550]    In tennis, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsieh_Su-wei) (Hsieh Su-wei) Hsieh Su-wei is the country's most successful female player.[ 551]    [ 552]     Taiwan participates in international sporting organizations and events under the name "Chinese Taipei." Taiwan has hosted several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event) (Multi-sport event) multi-sport events in the past, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Games) (2009 World Games) 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung, as well as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Summer_Deaflympics) (2009 Summer Deaflympics) 2009 Summer Deaflympics and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Summer_Universiade) (2017 Summer Universiade) 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei.[ 553]    Hualien will host the 2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Children's_Games) (International Children's Games) International Children's Games .[ 554]    Other major recurring events held in Taiwan include: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Marathon) (Taipei Marathon) Taipei Marathon (marathon) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taipei_City_Wan_Jin_Shi_Marathon) (New Taipei City Wan Jin Shi Marathon) New Taipei City Wan Jin Shi Marathon (marathon) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Open_(badminton)) (Taipei Open (badminton)) Taipei Open (badminton) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-12_Baseball_World_Cup) (U-12 Baseball World Cup) U-12 Baseball World Cup (baseball) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_Cup) (William Jones Cup) William Jones Cup (basketball) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Taiwan) (Tour de Taiwan) Tour de Taiwan (road bicycle racing)   National symbols  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Taiwan) (National symbols of Taiwan) National symbols of Taiwan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020._05.18_國璽_(49912546827).jpg) (The Seal of the Republic of China (physical object))      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg) (The seal imprint of the Seal)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_seals_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National seals of the Republic of China) The Seal of the Republic of China     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Official national symbols include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Flag of the Republic of China) flag , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Anthem of the Republic of China) anthem , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flower_of_Taiwan) (National flower of Taiwan) flower , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_seals_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National seals of the Republic of China) seals .[ 555]      Calendar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar) (Republic of China calendar) Republic of China calendar  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar) (Chinese calendar) Chinese calendar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan) (Public holidays in Taiwan) Public holidays in Taiwan  The standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar) (Gregorian calendar) Gregorian calendar is used for most purposes. The year is often denoted by the Minguo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era) (Calendar era) era system which starts in 1912, the year the ROC was founded. 2026 is year 115 Minguo (民國115年). The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date#Gregorian,_year–month–day_(YMD)) (Calendar date) East Asian date format is used in Chinese.[ 556]    Prior to standardization in 1929, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar) (Chinese calendar) Chinese calendar was officially used. It is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar) (Lunisolar calendar) Lunisolar calendar system which remains in use for traditional festivals such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_New_Year_in_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Lunar New Year in Taiwan (page does not exist)) Lunar New Year , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern_Festival) (Lantern Festival) Lantern Festival , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival) (Dragon Boat Festival) Dragon Boat Festival .[ 557]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) (Portal:Taiwan) Taiwan portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icône_Ile.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands) (Portal:Islands) Islands portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan) (Outline of Taiwan) Outline of Taiwan    Notes  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   See here for other local languages  ↑   In October 2002, the ROC recognized Mongolia as independent and began excluding it from its official maps.[ 1]      ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei) (Taipei) Taipei is the official seat of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Government of the Republic of China) government of the Republic of China although the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Constitution of the Republic of China) Constitution of the Republic of China does not specify the de jure capital.[ 2]      ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin as the standard (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_of_Chinese) (Variety of Chinese) variety of Chinese [ 4]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese) (Vernacular Chinese) Vernacular Chinese (used in most occasions)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese) (Classical Chinese) Classical Chinese (used in formal or ceremonial occasions, religious or cultural rites, official documents, legal and court rulings and judiciary documents)[ 5]      ↑   A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language) (Taiwan Sign Language) Taiwan Sign Language ".[ 10]      1  2  3  4   Not designated but meets legal definition.  ↑   Colloquially known as "Taiwanese", it is considered a variety of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien) (Hokkien) Hokkien .  ↑   Mixed indigenous-Han ancestry is included in the figure for Han.  ↑   While the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricameralism) (Tricameralism) tricameral parliament continues to exist de jure , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)) (National Assembly (Republic of China)) National Assembly (electoral college) was de facto suspended in 2005 and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Yuan) (Control Yuan) Control Yuan (upper house) ceased to be a parliamentary chamber de facto in 1993 leaving the Legislative Yuan (lower house) as the de facto unicameral chamber.  ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report) (Human Development Report) HDI annual report compiled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP) (UNDP) UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by both of the UNDP and SHDI reports when calculating data for China.[ 23]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Budget,_Accounting_and_Statistics) (Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics) Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI for 2023 to be 0.934 based on UNDP's 2014 methodology, which would place Taiwan at 21st globally in 2023 within the 2025 UNDP report.[ 24]      1  2   There are four contemporary geopolitical definitions of the extent of "Taiwan": The common name referring to the state, also known as the "Republic of China" (ROC), including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan) (List of islands of Taiwan) all 168 islands administered by the ROC , collectively known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Area) (Taiwan Area) Taiwan Area ;[ 26]     The traditional Taiwan region ((Chinese-language text) 本島地區  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ), which consists of the main island of Taiwan and its surrounding islands, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_islands) (Penghu islands) Penghu islands ,[ 27]    [ 28]    but excludes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Matsu , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuqiu,_Kinmen) (Wuqiu, Kinmen) Wuqiu , those are traditionally parts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China) (Fuchien Province, Republic of China) Fujian Province , and also excluding the ROC-controlled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands) (South China Sea Islands) South China Sea Islands ; The traditional region without Penghu, which is sometimes regarded as a separate region; The main island of Taiwan (Formosa) alone, excluding all the offshore islands nearby.     ↑   Bellwood's definition: "Island Southeast Asia includes Taiwan, the Philippines, Brunei and the Sarawak and Sabah provinces of East Malaysia (northern Borneo), and all of the islands of Indonesia to the west of New Guinea."  ↑   Robert Blust: "The major western island groups include the great Indonesian, or Malay Archipelago, to its north the smaller and more compact Philippine Archipelago, and still further north at 22 to 25 degrees north latitude and some 150 kilometres from the coast of China, the island of Taiwan (Formosa). Together these island groups constitute insular (or island) Southeast Asia."  ↑   Despite the conventional definition to include Taiwan as part of East Asia, there is some variability as to whether Taiwan is also included in the region of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia) (Maritime Southeast Asia) Maritime Southeast Asia . Some scholars, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bellwood) (Peter Bellwood) Peter Bellwood and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust) (Robert Blust) Robert Blust ,[ 30]    [ l]    [ m]    include Taiwan as part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia) (Southeast Asia) Southeast Asia in their definition.   1  2   According to official data from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan) (Executive Yuan) Executive Yuan and local governments of Taiwan, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Area) (Taiwan Area) Taiwan Area consists of total 168 naturally occurring islands. Taiwan (Formosa) and its offshore islands (22)[ 31]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_Islands) (Penghu Islands) Penghu Islands (90)[ 32]    [ 33]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen) (Kinmen) Kinmen , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuqiu,_Kinmen) (Wuqiu, Kinmen) Wuqiu (17)[ 34]    [ 35]    [ 36]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands) (Matsu Islands) Matsu Islands (36)[ 37]    [ 38]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratas_Island) (Pratas Island) Pratas Island (1)[ 39]    [ 40]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands) (Spratly Islands) Spratly Islands (2, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Island) (Taiping Island) Taiping and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongzhou_Reef) (Zhongzhou Reef) Zhongzhou )   Note: The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands) (Senkaku Islands) Senkaku Islands (known as "Diaoyu" or "Diaoyutai" in standard Chinese), which are an archipelago of 8 islands and islets in the East China Sea, are controlled by Japan, and are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute) (Senkaku Islands dispute) disputed by the ROC and the PRC (People's Republic of China) as being a part of Taiwan. Japan administers the Senkaku Islands as a part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands) (Ryukyu Islands) Ryukyu Islands .  ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report) (Human Development Report) HDI annual report compiled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDP) (UNDP) UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by the UNDP when calculating data for China.[ 47]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Budget,_Accounting_and_Statistics) (Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics) Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI for 2021 to be 0.926 based on UNDP's 2010 methodology,[ 48]    [ 49]    which would place Taiwan at 19th globally in 2021 within the 2022 UNDP report.[ 50]    [ 51]      ↑   Although this is the present meaning of (Chinese-language text) guó  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  , in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Chinese) (Old Chinese) Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*qʷˤək/ )[ 69]    it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them.[ 70]      ↑   Its use is attested from the sixth-century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_History) (Classic of History) Classic of History , which states "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_(god)) (Tian (god)) Huangtian bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors" ((Chinese-language text) 皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  ).[ 71]      ↑   Interpretations on whether sovereignty was transferred to the ROC varies. ROC took control of Taiwan under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._1) (General Order No. 1) General Order No. 1 , on behalf of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II) (Allies of World War II) Allies of World War II . Taiwan was simultaneously established as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_(Republic_of_China_province)) (Taiwan (Republic of China province)) ROC province , though opinions differed among the Allies on the unilateral announcement of annexation of Taiwan by the ROC. Japan later renounced its claims to Taiwan and the Pescadores in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco) (Treaty of San Francisco) Treaty of San Francisco in 1952; see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocession_Day) (Retrocession Day) Retrocession Day , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_the_Undetermined_Status_of_Taiwan) (Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan) Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan) (Political status of Taiwan) political status of Taiwan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration) (1943 Cairo Declaration) 1943 Cairo Declaration .     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai–Min area ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  臺閩地區 ; (Literal translation) lit.  ' Taiwan–Fujian area' )  ↑   The mainland area consists of Mainland China, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet) (Tibet) Tibet and (previously) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Mongolia) (Outer Mongolia) Outer Mongolia   ↑   Special municipalities, cities, and county-administered cities are all called shi ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  市 ; (Literal translation) lit.  ' city' )  ↑   Nominal; provincial governments have been abolished  ↑   Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area, these are currently under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party) (Chinese Communist Party) Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure  ↑   Sometimes called cities ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  市 ) or provincial cities ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  省轄市 ) to distinguish them from special municipalities and county-administered cities  ↑   There are two types of townships: rural townships or xīang ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  鄉 ) and urban townships or zhèn ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  鎮 )  ↑   Villages in rural townships are known as cūn ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  村 ), those in other jurisdictions are known as lǐ ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Chinese : (./Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text)  里 )     Words in native languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   In local languages: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese script : (Chinese-language text) 臺灣, 台灣  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) Pinyin : (Mandarin Chinese-language text) Táiwān  (./Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien) (Taiwanese Hokkien) Hokkien : (Min Nan Chinese-language text) Tâi-uân  (./Category:Articles_containing_Min_Nan_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect) (Sixian dialect) Sixian Hakka: (Hakka-language text) Tǒi-vǎn  (./Category:Articles_containing_Hakka-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_language) (Amis language) Amis : (Amis-language text) Taywan  (./Category:Articles_containing_Amis-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language) (Paiwan language) Paiwan : (Paiwan-language text) Taiwan  (./Category:Articles_containing_Paiwan-language_text)       ↑   In local languages: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese script : (Chinese-language text) 中華民國  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) Pinyin : (Mandarin Chinese-language text) Zhōnghuá Mínguó  (./Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien) (Taiwanese Hokkien) Hokkien : (Min Nan Chinese-language text) Tiong-hûa Bîn-kok  (./Category:Articles_containing_Min_Nan_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixian_dialect) (Sixian dialect) Sixian Hakka: (Hakka-language text) Chûng-fà Mìn-koet  (./Category:Articles_containing_Hakka-language_text)       ↑   In local languages: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters) (Traditional Chinese characters) Traditional Chinese script : (Chinese-language text) 驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin) (Pinyin) Pinyin : (Mandarin Chinese-language text) Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán  (./Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text)            References  Citations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   1  2   (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237) "Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times) (Taipei Times) Taipei Times  . 11 October 2002. (https://web.archive.org/web/20251230142705/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237) Archived from the original on 30 December 2025. Retrieved 29 December 2025 . After the Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on Oct. 3, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country – 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Mongolian+office+to+ride+into+Taipei+by+end+of+the+year&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2002%2F10%2F11%2F0000175237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2) "Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government" " . 4 December 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20191101013333/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/12/04/2003578264/2) Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Since+the+implementation+of+the+Act+Governing+Principles+for+Editing+Geographical+Educational+Texts+%28%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%95%8E%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E7%B7%A8%E5%AF%A9%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87%29+in+1997%2C+the+guiding+principle+for+all+maps+in+geographical+textbooks+was+that+Taipei+was+to+be+marked+as+the+capital+with+a+label+stating%3A+%22Location+of+the+Central+Government%22&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2013%2F12%2F04%2F2003578264%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356) "Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital" . Taipei Times . 5 December 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190414020309/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356) Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Interior+minister+reaffirms+Taipei+is+ROC%27s+capital&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2013%2F12%2F05%2F2003578356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510) "推動雙語國家政策問題研析" . ly.gov.tw (in Chinese). 23 July 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220601064314/https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=6590&pid=173510) Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ly.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%A0%94%E6%9E%90&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ly.gov.tw%2FPages%2FDetail.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D6590%26pid%3D173510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf) "法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from (http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8-%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foga.ncu.edu.tw%2Fncuoga%2Fdispatch%2Fdoc%2F%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%25A6%258B%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%2598%258E1050106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20131014222446/http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=F4FA171B7E10F12F) "Chapter 2: People and Language" . The Republic of China Yearbook 2012 . Government Information Office. 2012. p. 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-03-4590-2) (Special:BookSources/978-986-03-4590-2) 978-986-03-4590-2  . Archived from (http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=F4FA171B7E10F12F) the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+People+and+Language&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2012&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-986-03-4590-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2Fen%2Fcp.aspx%3Fn%3DF4FA171B7E10F12F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Government Information Office (2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110805173731/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/02People%26Language.pdf) "Chapter 2: People and Language" (PDF) . The Republic of China Yearbook 2010 . 中華民國政府出版品. p. 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-02-5278-1) (Special:BookSources/978-986-02-5278-1) 978-986-02-5278-1  . Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/02People&Language.pdf) the original (PDF) on 5 August 2011. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+People+and+Language&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2010&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%93%81&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-986-02-5278-1&rft.au=Government+Information+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fyearbook%2F02People%26Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liao, Silvie (2008). "A Perceptual Dialect Study of Taiwan Mandarin: Language Attitudes in the Era of Political Battle". In Chan, Marjorie K. M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). (https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110315/http://naccl.osu.edu/files/21_liao-s.pdf) Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)  (PDF) . Vol. 1. The Ohio State University. p. 393. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9824715-0-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9824715-0-0) 978-0-9824715-0-0  . Archived from (http://naccl.osu.edu/files/21_liao-s.pdf) the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Perceptual+Dialect+Study+of+Taiwan+Mandarin%3A+Language+Attitudes+in+the+Era+of+Political+Battle&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+20th+North+American+Conference+on+Chinese+Linguistics+%28NACCL-20%29&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9824715-0-0&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Silvie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaccl.osu.edu%2Ffiles%2F21_liao-s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578) "行政院第3251次院會決議" . ey.gov.tw (in Chinese). December 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210525022047/https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/4EC2394BE4EE9DD0/51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578) Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ey.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E7%AC%AC3251%E6%AC%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FPage%2F4EC2394BE4EE9DD0%2F51cc88a4-2066-44da-964d-18e10468f578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143) 國家語言發展法  . law.moj.gov.tw (in Chinese). (https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221059/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0170143) Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.moj.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DH0170143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005) "Hakka Basic Act" . law.moj.gov.tw . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124007/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005) Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.moj.gov.tw&rft.atitle=Hakka+Basic+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DD0140005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037) "Indigenous Languages Development Act" . law.moj.gov.tw . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123845/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037) Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.moj.gov.tw&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Languages+Development+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DD0130037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/001/Upload/402/relfile/20/422/39da6e63-06c8-4aa6-b9ca-ff58f36aa7ad.pdf) 2024–2025 Taiwan at a Glance  (PDF) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROC (Taiwan). 2024. pp. 15– 17. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-5447-77-9) (Special:BookSources/978-986-5447-77-9) 978-986-5447-77-9  . Retrieved 15 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2024%E2%80%932025+Taiwan+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+ROC+%28Taiwan%29&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-986-5447-77-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.mofa.gov.tw%2F001%2FUpload%2F402%2Frelfile%2F20%2F422%2F39da6e63-06c8-4aa6-b9ca-ff58f36aa7ad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240909142502/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/29/4-facts-about-religion-and-diversity-in-taiwan/) "4 facts about religion and diversity in Taiwan" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . 29 July 2024. Archived from (https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/29/4-facts-about-religion-and-diversity-in-taiwan/) the original on 9 September 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=4+facts+about+religion+and+diversity+in+Taiwan&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2024%2F07%2F29%2F4-facts-about-religion-and-diversity-in-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223447/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/) "Taiwan" . The World Factbook . United States Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/) the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Taiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftaiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kucera, Ondrej (1 July 2006). (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.1036) "Is Taiwan a Presidential System?" . China Perspectives (in French). 2006 (4). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.1036) 10.4000/chinaperspectives.1036  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-4617) 1996-4617 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152497908) 152497908 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Is+Taiwan+a+Presidential+System%3F&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152497908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1996-4617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.1036&rft.aulast=Kucera&rft.aufirst=Ondrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fchinaperspectives.1036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/place/Taiwan/Government-and-society) "Taiwan - Chiang Kai-shek's Government, Democratization, and Constitutional Reforms" . Britannica . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230619070459/https://www.britannica.com/place/Taiwan/Government-and-society) Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Taiwan+-+Chiang+Kai-shek%27s+Government%2C+Democratization%2C+and+Constitutional+Reforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTaiwan%2FGovernment-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG) "TAIWAN SNAPSHOT" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20200315131914/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG) Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAIWAN+SNAPSHOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwan.gov.tw%2Fimages%2Fcontent%2Fts.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eng.stat.gov.tw/Point.aspx?sid=t.9&n=4208&sms=11713) "Total Population" . National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan) . 19 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics%2C+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Total+Population&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.stat.gov.tw%2FPoint.aspx%3Fsid%3Dt.9%26n%3D4208%26sms%3D11713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=2401&s=231349) "2020 Statistical Tables" . National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan) . 17 May 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics%2C+ROC+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=2020+Statistical+Tables&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.stat.gov.tw%2FNews_Content.aspx%3Fn%3D2401%26s%3D231349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)) "World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)" . www.imf.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 14 April 2026. Retrieved 19 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database+%28April+2026+Edition%29&rft.date=2026-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.imf.org%2Fen%2FData-Explorer%3FdatasetUrn%3DIMF.RES%3AWEO%289.0.0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ws.dgbas.gov.tw/001/Upload/463/relfile/11530/231908/Year04.xls) "Table 4. Percentage Share of Disposable Income by Quintile Group of Households and Income Inequality Indices" . Statistical Bureau . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240908123253/https://ws.dgbas.gov.tw/001/Upload/463/relfile/11530/231908/Year04.xls) Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+4.+Percentage+Share+of+Disposable+Income+by+Quintile+Group+of+Households+and+Income+Inequality+Indices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.dgbas.gov.tw%2F001%2FUpload%2F463%2Frelfile%2F11530%2F231908%2FYear04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide) "Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide" . United Nation Development Program. 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000749/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide) Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020%3A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pub=United+Nation+Development+Program&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fhuman-development-report-2020-readers-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eng.stat.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4610&s=233232) "Human Development Index, HDI" . National Statistics Republic of China (Taiwan) . 11 June 2025. Retrieved 22 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index%2C+HDI&rft.date=2025-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.stat.gov.tw%2FNews_Content.aspx%3Fn%3D4610%26s%3D233232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt) "ICANN Board Meeting Minutes" . ICANN. 25 June 2010. (https://web.archive.org/web/20100707121158/http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt) Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICANN+Board+Meeting+Minutes&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrussels38.icann.org%2Fmeetings%2Fbrussels2010%2Ftranscript-board-25jun10-en.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=4F2E0C155DF44564&sms=2C46F5E37DC2E1D2&s=1403D3EA1BC2B0B9) "Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs" . mac.gov.tw . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council) (Mainland Affairs Council) Mainland Affairs Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan) (Executive Yuan) Executive Yuan . 17 September 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210928131802/https://www.mac.gov.tw/EN/News_Content.aspx?n=4F2E0C155DF44564&sms=2C46F5E37DC2E1D2&s=1403D3EA1BC2B0B9) Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021 . Article 2: The following terms as used in this Act are defined below. 1. 'Taiwan Area' refers to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and any other area under the effective control of the Government.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mac.gov.tw&rft.atitle=Laws+and+Regulations+Regarding+Mainland+Affairs&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mac.gov.tw%2Fen%2FNews_Content.aspx%3Fn%3D4F2E0C155DF44564%26sms%3D2C46F5E37DC2E1D2%26s%3D1403D3EA1BC2B0B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-relations-act-public-law-96-8-22-u-s-c-3301-et-seq/) "Taiwan Relations Act" . ait.org.tw . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_in_Taiwan) (American Institute in Taiwan) American Institute in Taiwan . 30 March 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220819023930/https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-relations-act-public-law-96-8-22-u-s-c-3301-et-seq/) Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 . ...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term 'Taiwan' includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ait.org.tw&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Relations+Act&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ait.org.tw%2Ftaiwan-relations-act-public-law-96-8-22-u-s-c-3301-et-seq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.penghu.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=6) "Geography" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_County_Government) (Penghu County Government) Penghu County Government . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221209094056/https://www.penghu.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=6) Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 . Penghu locates on the Taiwan Strait between China and Taiwan in Asia. It is the only island county of Taiwan... The utmost west isle (of Penghu) is also the utmost west boundary of Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=Penghu+County+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penghu.gov.tw%2Fen%2Fhome.jsp%3Fid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Multiple sources: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kort) (Michael Kort) Kort, Michael (2005). (https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7) The Handbook Of East Asia  . Lerner Publishing Group. p. (https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7) 7 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2672-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2672-4) 978-0-7613-2672-4  . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+Of+East+Asia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Lerner+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-2672-4&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofeastas0000kort%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_Fell) (Dafydd Fell) Fell, Dafydd (2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=i8hHDwAAQBAJ) Government and Politics in Taiwan  . Routledge. p. 305. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28506-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28506-9) 978-1-317-28506-9  . Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+in+Taiwan&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-28506-9&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Dafydd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8hHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Matthew (7 January 2020). (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-07/china-s-next-crisis-brews-in-taiwan-s-upcoming-election) "China's Next Crisis Brews in Taiwan's Upcoming Election" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek) (Bloomberg Businessweek) Bloomberg Businessweek  . No. 4642. pp. 34– 39. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141419/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-07/china-s-next-crisis-brews-in-taiwan-s-upcoming-election) Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020 . Much has changed in Taiwan since Chiang's day, but this liminal quality has never really gone away. By almost any functional standard, it's a sovereign country  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=China%27s+Next+Crisis+Brews+in+Taiwan%27s+Upcoming+Election&rft.issue=4642&rft.pages=34-39&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2020-01-07%2Fchina-s-next-crisis-brews-in-taiwan-s-upcoming-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carolan, Christopher (May 2000). (https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NYULawReview-75-2-Carolan.pdf) "The 'Republic of Taiwan': Legal-Historical Justification for a Taiwanese Declaration of Independence" (PDF) . New York University Law Review . 75 (2): 429– 468. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220325205204/https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NYULawReview-75-2-Carolan.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022 . These six criteria demonstrate that under international law Taiwan merits recognition as an independent state and as such is already a de facto state.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+%27Republic+of+Taiwan%27%3A+Legal-Historical+Justification+for+a+Taiwanese+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=429-468&rft.date=2000-05&rft.aulast=Carolan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawreview.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FNYULawReview-75-2-Carolan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Zagoria) (Donald S. Zagoria) Zagoria, Donald S. (30 October 2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=J6lzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68) Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse  . ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05755-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05755-7) 978-0-313-05755-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058389524) 1058389524 . Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+China-Taiwan+Impasse&rft.pages=68-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058389524&rft.isbn=978-0-313-05755-7&rft.aulast=Zagoria&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6lzCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)      ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bellwood, Peter S. (2017). First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia (First ed.). Wiley Blackwell. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119251552) (Special:BookSources/9781119251552) 9781119251552  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+islanders%3A+prehistory+and+human+migration+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119251552&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/4447F4A951A1EC45/094b1d53-de8d-4393-bde6-ab092969cce4) "國情簡介-土地" [ Country profile-Territories] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan) (Executive Yuan) Executive Yuan . 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220304005302/https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/4447F4A951A1EC45/094b1d53-de8d-4393-bde6-ab092969cce4) Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. 臺灣本島及其21個附屬島嶼面積共3萬5886.8623平方公里. [ The main island of Taiwan and its 21 associated islands have a total area of 35,886.8623 square kilometers.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E6%83%85%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B-%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0&rft.pub=Executive+Yuan&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2Fstate%2F4447F4A951A1EC45%2F094b1d53-de8d-4393-bde6-ab092969cce4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.penghu.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=13) "Measure of the area" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_County_Government) (Penghu County Government) Penghu County Government . 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211228213800/https://www.penghu.gov.tw/en/home.jsp?id=13) Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measure+of+the+area&rft.pub=Penghu+County+Government&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penghu.gov.tw%2Fen%2Fhome.jsp%3Fid%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://phcsp.tmc.ksu.edu.tw/application/record/island) "澎湖縣各行政區域島嶼簡介" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun_Shan_University) (Kun Shan University) Kun Shan University . 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200701020851/http://phcsp.tmc.ksu.edu.tw/application/record/island) Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. 澎湖群島原為64個島嶼組成, 經2005年澎湖縣政府重新進行澎湖群島島嶼數量清查, 係由90座大小島嶼所組成. [ The Penghu Archipelago was conventionally considered to comprise 64 islands. In 2005, the Penghu County Government re-scrutinized the total number of islands in the archipelago, which consists of 90 islands of varying sizes.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E7%B8%A3%E5%90%84%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&rft.pub=Kun+Shan+University&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphcsp.tmc.ksu.edu.tw%2Fapplication%2Frecord%2Fisland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL1JlbEZpbGUvNTU2Ni81MzQzLzAwMTU0ODlfNC5wZGY%3D&n=Mi7ph5HploDnuKPnrKzlm5vmnJ8oMTA0LTEwN%2BW5tCnpm6Lls7bntpzlkIjlu7roqK3lr6bmlr3mlrnmoYgo5qC45a6a5pysKS5wZGY%3D&icon=..pdf) "自然環境" [ Natural Environment] (PDF) . 金門縣第四期(104–107年)離島綜合建設實施方案 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Council_(Taiwan)) (National Development Council (Taiwan)) National Development Council , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan) (Executive Yuan) Executive Yuan : 44. 23 December 2014. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085829/https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL1JlbEZpbGUvNTU2Ni81MzQzLzAwMTU0ODlfNC5wZGY%3D&n=Mi7ph5HploDnuKPnrKzlm5vmnJ8oMTA0LTEwN%2BW5tCnpm6Lls7bntpzlkIjlu7roqK3lr6bmlr3mlrnmoYgo5qC45a6a5pysKS5wZGY%3D&icon=..pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022 . 金門縣總面積151平方公里, 除大金門本島外, 尚包括小金門、大膽、二膽、東碇、北碇等17個島嶼.西距廈門外港約10海浬, 東距臺灣約150海浬, 為一典型大陸型島嶼. [ The total area of Kinmen County is 151 square kilometers. In addition to the main island of Kinmen, the county also includes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieyu) (Lieyu) Xiaokinmen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadan_Island) (Dadan Island) Dadan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdan_Island) (Erdan Island) Erdan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongding_Island) (Dongding Island) Dongding and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiding_Island) (Beiding Island) Beiding for a total of 17 islands. It is about 10 nautical miles away from the Port of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen) (Xiamen) Xiamen to the west and 150 nautical miles away from Taiwan to the east. It is a typical continental island.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E7%B8%A3%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F%28104%E2%80%93107%E5%B9%B4%29%E9%9B%A2%E5%B3%B6%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%AF%A6%E6%96%BD%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.ndc.gov.tw%2FDownload.ashx%3Fu%3DLzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL1JlbEZpbGUvNTU2Ni81MzQzLzAwMTU0ODlfNC5wZGY%253D%26n%3DMi7ph5HploDnuKPnrKzlm5vmnJ8oMTA0LTEwN%252BW5tCnpm6Lls7bntpzlkIjlu7roqK3lr6bmlr3mlrnmoYgo5qC45a6a5pysKS5wZGY%253D%26icon%3D..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=22D15C7FFDA4350D#Section_2) "About Kinmen" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen_County_Government) (Kinmen County Government) Kinmen County Government . 8 December 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220302025937/https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=22D15C7FFDA4350D) Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Kinmen&rft.pub=Kinmen+County+Government&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinmen.gov.tw%2Fen%2Fcp.aspx%3Fn%3D22D15C7FFDA4350D%23Section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/bitstream/20.500.12235/85379/4/000904.pdf) "金門的地理與歷史概說" [ The overview of geography and history of Kinmen] (PDF) . 第四章 金門的地理、歷史與總體經濟分析 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University) (National Taiwan Normal University) National Taiwan Normal University : 131– 134. 20 February 2006. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220325205250/http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/bitstream/20.500.12235/85379/4/000904.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0+%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%88%87%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft.atitle=%E9%87%91%E9%96%80%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%A6%82%E8%AA%AA&rft.pages=131-134&rft.date=2006-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F20.500.12235%2F85379%2F4%2F000904.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Plopsky, Guy (22 February 2017). (https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/taiwans-cold-war-fortresses/) "Taiwan's Cold War Fortresses" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)) (The Diplomat (magazine)) The Diplomat . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223933/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/taiwans-cold-war-fortresses/) Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan%27s+Cold+War+Fortresses&rft.pub=The+Diplomat&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Plopsky&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2017%2F02%2Ftaiwans-cold-war-fortresses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://board.matsu.idv.tw/board_view.php?board=138&pid=69202&link=69202&start=42) "連江縣志 地理志" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 馬祖資訊網. 12 May 2011. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085822/http://board.matsu.idv.tw/board_view.php?board=138&pid=69202&link=69202&start=42) Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022 . 馬祖列島所涵括的36座島嶼分屬四鄉, 各鄉除了包括有聚落發展的較大島嶼外, 還轄有數座無人島礁. [ Matsu islands encompass 36 Islands which are divided into four townships. In addition to the larger islands with inhabitants, each township also has numerous uninhabited islands and reefs]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%80%A3%E6%B1%9F%E7%B8%A3%E5%BF%97+%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%BF%97&rft.pub=%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboard.matsu.idv.tw%2Fboard_view.php%3Fboard%3D138%26pid%3D69202%26link%3D69202%26start%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lung Tsun-Ni (龍村倪) (1998). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090130022327/http://vm.nthu.edu.tw/np/vc/theme/pratas/) 東沙群島-東沙島紀事集錦  (in Chinese (Taiwan)). (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/臺灣綜合研究院) (zh:臺灣綜合研究院) 臺灣綜合研究院 . p. 13. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-98189-0-8) (Special:BookSources/957-98189-0-8) 957-98189-0-8  . Archived from (http://vm.nthu.edu.tw/np/vc/theme/pratas/) the original on 30 January 2009. 東沙島為東沙群島唯一島嶼 [ Pratas Island is the only island in the Pratas Islands]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B2%99%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6-%E6%9D%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B3%B6%E7%B4%80%E4%BA%8B%E9%9B%86%E9%8C%A6&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=957-98189-0-8&rft.au=Lung+Tsun-Ni+%28%E9%BE%8D%E6%9D%91%E5%80%AA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvm.nthu.edu.tw%2Fnp%2Fvc%2Ftheme%2Fpratas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/57674.pdf) "Limits in the Seas – No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims" (PDF) . United States Department of State. 15 November 2005. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200715092100/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/57674.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. The Pratas Reef lies 230 miles to the southwest of the southern tip of Taiwan. It consists of an island in the mouth of a semicircular shoal open to the west.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+in+the+Seas+%E2%80%93+No.+127+Taiwan%27s+Maritime+Claims&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2005-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F57674.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTYwNy83MzEvMDAxOTgyMy5wZGY%3D&n=RWNvbm9taWMgRGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgUi5PLkMgKFRhaXdhbikoMjAxMykucGRm&icon=..pdf.) Economic Development R.O.C (Taiwan) (Report). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Council_(Taiwan)) (National Development Council (Taiwan)) National Development Council (Taiwan) . p. 4. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211107005317/https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTYwNy83MzEvMDAxOTgyMy5wZGY%3D&n=RWNvbm9taWMgRGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgUi5PLkMgKFRhaXdhbikoMjAxMykucGRm&icon=..pdf.) Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Economic+Development+R.O.C+%28Taiwan%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=National+Development+Council+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.ndc.gov.tw%2FDownload.ashx%3Fu%3DLzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTYwNy83MzEvMDAxOTgyMy5wZGY%253D%26n%3DRWNvbm9taWMgRGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgUi5PLkMgKFRhaXdhbikoMjAxMykucGRm%26icon%3D..pdf.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Gold (1985) .  ↑   (https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519) World Bank Country and Lending Groups (https://web.archive.org/web/20180111190936/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519) Archived 11 January 2018 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . Retrieved 10 July 2018.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160421023851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf) "IMF Advanced Economies List. World Economic Outlook, April 2016, p. 148" (PDF) . Archived from (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/pdf/text.pdf) the original (PDF) on 21 April 2016. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMF+Advanced+Economies+List.+World+Economic+Outlook%2C+April+2016%2C+p.+148&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F01%2Fpdf%2Ftext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Keoni Everington (1 March 2024). (https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5105364) "Taiwan rated 2nd freest in Asia by Freedom House, 7th in world" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_News) (Taiwan News) Taiwan News  . Retrieved 15 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+rated+2nd+freest+in+Asia+by+Freedom+House%2C+7th+in+world&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft.au=Keoni+Everington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fnews%2F5105364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yao, Grace; Cheng, Yen-Pi; Cheng, Chiao-Pi (5 November 2008). "The Quality of Life in Taiwan". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Indicators_Research) (Social Indicators Research) Social Indicators Research  . 92 (2): 377– 404. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11205-008-9353-1) 10.1007/s11205-008-9353-1 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144780750) 144780750 . a second place ranking in the 2000 Economist's world healthcare ranking  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Indicators+Research&rft.atitle=The+Quality+of+Life+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=377-404&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11205-008-9353-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144780750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Yen-Pi&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Chiao-Pi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide) "Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide" . United Nation Development Program. 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416000749/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2020-readers-guide) Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020%3A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pub=United+Nation+Development+Program&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fhuman-development-report-2020-readers-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/1513164433IGBKG0IN.pdf) "What is the human development index (HDI)? How are relevant data queried?" (PDF) . Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). (https://web.archive.org/web/20210612071634/https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/1513164433IGBKG0IN.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+human+development+index+%28HDI%29%3F+How+are+relevant+data+queried%3F&rft.pub=Directorate+General+of+Budget%2C+Accounting+and+Statistics%2C+Executive+Yuan%2C+Taiwan+%28ROC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.stat.gov.tw%2Fpublic%2FData%2F1513164433IGBKG0IN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414101606/https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/eyimc/ebook/SB/statistcs-brief_opf_files/pdfs/statistcs-brief__.pdf) "人類發展指數(Human Development Index, HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 6 January 2011. Archived from (https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/eyimc/ebook/SB/statistcs-brief_opf_files/pdfs/statistcs-brief__.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 April 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%28Human+Development+Index%2C+HDI%29&rft.pub=Directorate+General+of+Budget%2C+Accounting+and+Statistics%2C+Executive+Yuan%2C+Taiwan+%28ROC%29&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwin.dgbas.gov.tw%2Feyimc%2Febook%2FSB%2Fstatistcs-brief_opf_files%2Fpdfs%2Fstatistcs-brief__.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ws.dgbas.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMC9yZWxmaWxlLzExMDIwLzIyOTU5MS9iNDdhNmYyYy1jNjY2LTRjZDAtYmQ2Ni03OGEyYjMwMmM4MzkucGRm&n=TjExMTEwMTQucGRm&icon=.pdf) "國情統計通報(第 195 號)" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Budget,_Accounting_and_Statistics) (Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics) Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics , Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211120125/https://ws.dgbas.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMC9yZWxmaWxlLzExMDIwLzIyOTU5MS9iNDdhNmYyYy1jNjY2LTRjZDAtYmQ2Ni03OGEyYjMwMmM4MzkucGRm&n=TjExMTEwMTQucGRm&icon=.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E6%83%85%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1%28%E7%AC%AC+195+%E8%99%9F%29&rft.pub=Directorate+General+of+Budget%2C+Accounting+and+Statistics%2C+Executive+Yuan%2C+Taiwan+%28ROC%29&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.dgbas.gov.tw%2FDownload.ashx%3Fu%3DLzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMC9yZWxmaWxlLzExMDIwLzIyOTU5MS9iNDdhNmYyYy1jNjY2LTRjZDAtYmQ2Ni03OGEyYjMwMmM4MzkucGRm%26n%3DTjExMTEwMTQucGRm%26icon%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=25280&ctNode=6032&mp=5) "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)" . Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20221016192219/https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=25280&ctNode=6032&mp=5) Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Statistics%2C+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.pub=Directorate+General+of+Budget%2C+Accounting+and+Statistics%2C+Executive+Yuan%2C+Taiwan+%28ROC%29&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.stat.gov.tw%2Fct.asp%3FxItem%3D25280%26ctNode%3D6032%26mp%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fell, Dafydd (2006). Party Politics in Taiwan . Routledge. p. 85. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24021-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-24021-0) 978-1-134-24021-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+Taiwan&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-24021-0&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Dafydd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Achen, Christopher H.; Wang, T. Y. (2017). "The Taiwan Voter: An Introduction". In Achen, Christopher H.; Wang, T. Y. (eds.). The Taiwan Voter . University of Michigan Press. pp. 1– 25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.9375036) 10.3998/mpub.9375036  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07353-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-472-07353-5) 978-0-472-07353-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taiwan+Voter%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Taiwan+Voter&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.9375036&rft.isbn=978-0-472-07353-5&rft.aulast=Achen&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft.au=Wang%2C+T.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  pp. 1–2.  ↑   Thompson (1964) , p. 166.  ↑   Thompson (1964) , p. 163.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120514004941/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf) "Chapter 3: History" (PDF) . The Republic of China Yearbook 2011 . Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2011. p. 46. Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch03.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 May 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+History&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2011&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office%2C+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fyearbook%2Fdocs%2Fch03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180414002106/http://www.npm.gov.tw/exhbition/formosa/english/02.htm) "Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Palace_Museum) (National Palace Museum) National Palace Museum  . Archived from (https://www.npm.gov.tw/exhbition/formosa/english/02.htm) the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Palace+Museum&rft.atitle=Ilha+Formosa%3A+the+Emergence+of+Taiwan+on+the+World+Scene+in+the+17th+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npm.gov.tw%2Fexhbition%2Fformosa%2Fenglish%2F02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Davidson (1903) , p. 10: "A Dutch navigating officer named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten) (Jan Huyghen van Linschoten) Linschotten [ sic ]  , employed by the Portuguese, so recorded the island in his charts, and eventually the name of Formosa, so euphonious and yet appropriate, replaced all others in European literature."  ↑   see for example: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)) (William Campbell (missionary)) Campbell, William (1915). (https://archive.org/stream/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich#page/278/mode/2up) Sketches from Formosa  . Marshall Brothers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)) (OL (identifier)) OL  (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7051071M) 7051071M . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+Formosa&rft.pub=Marshall+Brothers&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7051071M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsketchesfromtaiw00camprich%23page%2F278%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   Campbell (1903) harvp error: no target: CITEREFCampbell1903 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)   Davidson (1903)     ↑   Thompson 1964 , p. 178.  1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jenco, Leigh K. (2020). (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X1900061X) "Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness" . The Historical Journal . 64 : 17– 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X1900061X) 10.1017/S0018246X1900061X  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Chen+Di%27s+Record+of+Formosa+%281603%29+and+an+Alternative+Chinese+Imaginary+of+Otherness&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=17-42&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X1900061X&rft.aulast=Jenco&rft.aufirst=Leigh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0018246X1900061X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://tm.ncl.edu.tw/article?u=007_103_000069&lang=chn) "閩海贈言" . National Central Library (in Chinese). pp. 21– 29. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161738/https://tm.ncl.edu.tw/article?u=007_103_000069&lang=chn) Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Central+Library&rft.atitle=%E9%96%A9%E6%B5%B7%E8%B4%88%E8%A8%80&rft.pages=21-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftm.ncl.edu.tw%2Farticle%3Fu%3D007_103_000069%26lang%3Dchn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   Valentijn (1903) , p. 52.sfnp error: no target: CITEREFValentijn1903 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_H._Mair) (Victor H. Mair) Mair, Victor H. (2003). (http://pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html) "How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language" . Pīnyīn.info . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141213183153/http://pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html) Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2018 . The true derivation of the name "Taiwan" is actually from the ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area around Ping'an. As early as 1636, a Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang. From the name of the tribe, the Portuguese called the area around Ping'an as Tayowan, Taiyowan, Tyovon, Teijoan, Toyouan, and so forth. Indeed, already in his ship's log of 1622, the Dutchman Cornelis Reijersen referred to the area as Teijoan and Taiyowan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn.info&rft.atitle=How+to+Forget+Your+Mother+Tongue+and+Remember+Your+National+Language&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinyin.info%2Freadings%2Fmair%2Ftaiwanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  蔡玉仙; et al., eds. (2007). 府城文史 (in Chinese). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_City_Government) (Tainan City Government) Tainan City Government . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-00-9434-3) (Special:BookSources/978-986-00-9434-3) 978-986-00-9434-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=Tainan+City+Government&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-986-00-9434-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih_Shou-chien) (Shih Shou-chien) Shih Shou-chien , ed. (2003). 福爾摩沙 : 十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞 [ Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century ] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Palace Museum. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-562-441-5) (Special:BookSources/978-957-562-441-5) 978-957-562-441-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%99+%3A+%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9A%84%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E3%80%81%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%88%87%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=National+Palace+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-957-562-441-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kato, Mitsutaka (2007) [1940]. 昨日府城 明星台南: 發現日治下的老臺南 (in Chinese). Translated by 黃秉珩. 臺南市文化資產保護協會. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-28079-9-6) (Special:BookSources/978-957-28079-9-6) 978-957-28079-9-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%A8%E6%97%A5%E5%BA%9C%E5%9F%8E+%E6%98%8E%E6%98%9F%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%3A+%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%80%81%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%82%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-957-28079-9-6&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=Mitsutaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oosterhoff, J.L. (1985). "Zeelandia, a Dutch colonial city on Formosa (1624–1662)". In Ross, Robert; Telkamp, Gerard J. (eds.). Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context . Springer. pp. 51– 62. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2635-6) (Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2635-6) 978-90-247-2635-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeelandia%2C+a+Dutch+colonial+city+on+Formosa+%281624%E2%80%931662%29&rft.btitle=Colonial+Cities%3A+Essays+on+Urbanism+in+a+Colonial+Context&rft.pages=51-62&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-247-2635-6&rft.aulast=Oosterhoff&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese) (Reconstructions of Old Chinese) Baxter-Sagart .  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilkinson, Endymion (2000), (https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC) Chinese History: A Manual  , Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52, Harvard University Asia Center, p. (https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA132) 132 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4) 978-0-674-00249-4  , (https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183907/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC) archived from the original on 4 April 2024, retrieved 25 July 2023  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+Monograph+No.+52&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (Chinese-language text) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:尚書) (s:zh:尚書) 《尚書》 , (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:尚書/梓材) (s:zh:尚書/梓材) 梓材 .  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  (in Chinese) (./Category:Articles_with_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Garver, John W. (April 1997). The Sino-American Alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War Strategy in Asia . M.E. Sharp. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7) 978-0-7656-0025-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-American+Alliance%3A+Nationalist+China+and+American+Cold+War+Strategy+in+Asia&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharp&rft.date=1997-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  BBC 中文網 (29 August 2005). (https://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4730000/newsid_4730400/4730413.stm) "論壇: 台總統府網頁加注"台灣" " [ Forum: Adding "Taiwan" to the website of Taiwan's Presidential Office] (in Traditional Chinese). BBC 中文網. (https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4730000/newsid_4730400/4730413.stm) Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2007 . 台總統府公共事務室陳文宗上周六(7月30日)表示, 外界人士易把中華民國(Republic of China), 誤認為對岸的中國, 造成困擾和不便.公共事務室指出, 為了明確區別, 決定自周六起於中文繁體、简化字的總統府網站中, 在「中華民國」之後, 以括弧加注「臺灣」.[Chen Wen-tsong, Public Affairs Office of Taiwan's Presidential Office, stated last Saturday (30 July) that outsiders tend to mistake the Chung-hua Min-kuo (Republic of China) for China on the other side, causing trouble and inconvenience. The Public Affairs Office pointed out that in order to clarify the distinction, it was decided to add "Taiwan" in brackets after "Republic of China" on the website of the Presidential Palace in traditional and simplified Chinese starting from Saturday.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87%3A+%E5%8F%B0%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%BA%9C%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%A8%22%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%22&rft.pub=BBC+%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B6%B2&rft.date=2005-08-29&rft.au=BBC+%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fchinese%2Ftrad%2Fhi%2Fnewsid_4730000%2Fnewsid_4730400%2F4730413.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Traditional_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hant))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://english.president.gov.tw/) "Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)" . Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20100726050450/http://english.president.gov.tw/) Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+President+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Office+of+President+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.president.gov.tw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php) "About Taiwan" . Taiwan.gov.tw . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211117020655/https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/about.php) Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan.gov.tw&rft.atitle=About+Taiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwan.gov.tw%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5962) "President Tsai interviewed by BBC" . Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . 18 January 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020 . Well, the idea is that we don't have a need to declare ourselves an independent state. We are an independent country already and we call ourselves the Republic of China (Taiwan)  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+President+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=President+Tsai+interviewed+by+BBC&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.president.gov.tw%2FNews%2F5962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010001) "Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area" . R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE . 8 June 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190127035511/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010001) Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R.O.C+LAWS+%26+REGULATIONS+DATABASE%2C+MINISTRY+OF+JUSTICE&rft.atitle=Act+Governing+Relations+between+the+People+of+the+Taiwan+Area+and+the+Mainland+Area&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DQ0010001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010002) "Enforcement Rules for the Act Governing Relations between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area" . R.O.C LAWS & REGULATIONS DATABASE, MINISTRY OF JUSTICE . 30 May 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153407/https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=Q0010002) Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R.O.C+LAWS+%26+REGULATIONS+DATABASE%2C+MINISTRY+OF+JUSTICE&rft.atitle=Enforcement+Rules+for+the+Act+Governing+Relations+between+Peoples+of+the+Taiwan+Area+and+the+Mainland+Area&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DQ0010002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/no-need-avoid-xi-apec-taiwan-envoy-says-after-rare-encounter-2022-11-21/) "No need to avoid Xi at APEC, Taiwan envoy says after rare encounter" . Reuters . 21 November 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230131083940/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/no-need-avoid-xi-apec-taiwan-envoy-says-after-rare-encounter-2022-11-21/) Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=No+need+to+avoid+Xi+at+APEC%2C+Taiwan+envoy+says+after+rare+encounter&rft.date=2022-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fno-need-avoid-xi-apec-taiwan-envoy-says-after-rare-encounter-2022-11-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm) "White Paper—The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue" . Embassy of the PRC in the Kingdom of Norway . The Taiwan Affairs Office and The Information Office of the State Council. 21 February 2000. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211128012529/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceno/eng/ztxw/twwt/t110655.htm) Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021 . As we have already said, Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory and, after replacing the government of the Republic of China in 1949, the government of the PRC has become the sole legal government of China, enjoying and exercising sovereignty over the whole of China, including Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+PRC+in+the+Kingdom+of+Norway&rft.atitle=White+Paper%E2%80%94The+One-China+Principle+and+the+Taiwan+Issue&rft.date=2000-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fce%2Fceno%2Feng%2Fztxw%2Ftwwt%2Ft110655.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rosemary Gillespie; Rosemary G. Gillespie; D. A. Clague (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ZogGs_fz8C&pg=PA904) Encyclopedia of Islands  . University of California Press. p. 904. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25649-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25649-1) 978-0-520-25649-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210634/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ZogGs_fz8C&pg=PA904#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islands&rft.pages=904&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25649-1&rft.au=Rosemary+Gillespie&rft.au=Rosemary+G.+Gillespie&rft.au=D.+A.+Clague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9ZogGs_fz8C%26pg%3DPA904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bagyo Prasetyo; Titi Surti Nastiti; Truman Simanjuntak (2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=zFwXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125) AUSTRONESIAN DIASPORA: A New Perspective  . UGM PRESS. p. 125. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-386-202-3) (Special:BookSources/978-602-386-202-3) 978-602-386-202-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210637/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zFwXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AUSTRONESIAN+DIASPORA%3A+A+New+Perspective&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=UGM+PRESS&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-602-386-202-3&rft.au=Bagyo+Prasetyo&rft.au=Titi+Surti+Nastiti&rft.au=Truman+Simanjuntak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFwXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Olsen, John W.; Miller-Antonio, Sari (1992). (https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7061024b-c6b1-4c79-bdd9-b794d3bebee7/content) "The Palaeolithic in Southern China" . Asian Perspectives . 31 (2): 152. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17011) 10125/17011 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240416144735/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7061024b-c6b1-4c79-bdd9-b794d3bebee7/content) Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Palaeolithic+in+Southern+China&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17011&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Miller-Antonio%2C+Sari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F7061024b-c6b1-4c79-bdd9-b794d3bebee7%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hung, Hsiao-chun (2017). "Neolithic Cultures in Southeast China, Taiwan, and Luzon". (https://www.academia.edu/33776794) First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia  . By (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bellwood) (Peter Bellwood) Bellwood, Peter . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell) (Wiley-Blackwell) Wiley-Blackwell . pp. 232– 240. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-25154-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-119-25154-5) 978-1-119-25154-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240618031414/https://www.academia.edu/33776794) Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024 . In Taiwan, the only known Paleolithic burial recovered so far comes from the Xiaoma cave complex in the southeast of the island, this being an adult male buried in a crouched posture about 4000 bce. My research with Matsumura suggests that this individual was of Australo‐Papuan affinity, most closely related with Negrito populations in the Philippines.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Cultures+in+Southeast+China%2C+Taiwan%2C+and+Luzon&rft.btitle=First+Islanders%3A+Prehistory+and+Human+Migration+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=232-240&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-25154-5&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33776794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  pp. 234–235.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kaifu, Yousuke; Fujita, Masaki; Yoneda, Minoru; Yamasaki, Shinji (2015). "Pleistocene Seafaring and Colonization of the Ryukyu Islands, Southwestern Japan". In Kaifu, Yousuke; Izuho, Masami; Goebel, Ted; Sato, Hiroyuki; Ono, Akira (eds.). Emergence and Diversity of Modern Human Behavior in Paleolithic Asia . Texas A&M University Press. pp. 345– 361. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-276-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-276-2) 978-1-62349-276-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+Seafaring+and+Colonization+of+the+Ryukyu+Islands%2C+Southwestern+Japan&rft.btitle=Emergence+and+Diversity+of+Modern+Human+Behavior+in+Paleolithic+Asia&rft.pages=345-361&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-276-2&rft.aulast=Kaifu&rft.aufirst=Yousuke&rft.au=Fujita%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Yoneda%2C+Minoru&rft.au=Yamasaki%2C+Shinji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Oota, Hiroki; Haneji, Kuniaki; et al. (2010). "A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 142 (2): 211– 223. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJPA..142..211M) 2010AJPA..142..211M . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21212) 10.1002/ajpa.21212 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20091849) 20091849 . This study reveals that the Sakishima islanders are not related to Taiwan aborigines, but exhibit affinity with the Hokkaido Ainu. These results confirm that the Austronesian expansion did not contribute to modern Sakishima, main-island Okinawa, and Honshu Japanese people.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=A+Genetic+Analysis+of+the+Sakishima+Islanders+Reveals+No+Relationship+With+Taiwan+Aborigines+but+Shared+Ancestry+With+Ainu+and+Main-Island+Japanese&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-223&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20091849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010AJPA..142..211M&rft.aulast=Matsukusa&rft.aufirst=Hirotaka&rft.au=Oota%2C+Hiroki&rft.au=Haneji%2C+Kuniaki&rft.au=Toma%2C+Takashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko (2014). "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago". Molecular Biology and Evolution . 31 (11): 2929– 2940. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsu230) 10.1093/molbev/msu230 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25086001) 25086001 . A previous study based on mtDNA, Y chromosomal STRs, and autosomal STRs also showed that there was no evidence of any contribution from the aboriginal Taiwanese populations to the gene pool of the Ryukyu Islanders. Similarly, using a large number of SNP markers, this study verified that there is a clear genetic gap between Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genome-Wide+SNP+Analysis+Reveals+Population+Structure+and+Demographic+History+of+the+Ryukyu+Islanders+in+the+Southern+Part+of+the+Japanese+Archipelago&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2929-2940&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsu230&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25086001&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Takehiro&rft.au=Nakagome%2C+Shigeki&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Chiaki&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Kyoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dudzik, Beatrix (December 2015). (https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3576/) Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics  (Thesis). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Investigating+Cranial+Variation+in+Japanese+Populations+Using+Geometric+Morphometrics&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Dudzik&rft.aufirst=Beatrix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrace.tennessee.edu%2Futk_graddiss%2F3576%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2025)) page needed   ]    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10597838) "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data" . Journal of Human Genetics . 68 (11): 759– 767. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs10038-023-01180-y) 10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1435-232X) 1435-232X . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10597838) 10597838  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37468573) 37468573 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Demographic+history+of+Ryukyu+islanders+at+the+southern+part+of+the+Japanese+Archipelago+inferred+from+whole-genome+resequencing+data&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=759-767&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10597838%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1435-232X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37468573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs10038-023-01180-y&rft.aulast=Koganebuchi&rft.aufirst=Kae&rft.au=Matsunami%2C+Masatoshi&rft.au=Imamura%2C+Minako&rft.au=Kawai%2C+Yosuke&rft.au=Hitomi%2C+Yuki&rft.au=Tokunaga%2C+Katsushi&rft.au=Maeda%2C+Shiro&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Hajime&rft.au=Kimura%2C+Ryosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10597838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jen-kuei) (Li Jen-kuei) Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2011). 台灣南島民族的族群與遷徙 [ The Ethnic Groups and Dispersal of the Austronesian in Taiwan ] (Revised ed.). (Chinese-language text) 前衛出版社  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)  [Avanguard Publishing House]. pp. 46, 48. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-801-660-6) (Special:BookSources/978-957-801-660-6) 978-957-801-660-6  . 根據張光直(1969)...9,000BC起...大量種植稻米的遺跡 [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwang-chih_Chang) (Kwang-chih Chang) Chang, Kwang-chih (1969): ...traces of slash-and-burn agriculture since 9,000 BC... remains of rice cultivation]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E8%88%87%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99&rft.pages=46%2C+48&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-TW%22%3E%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text+%5BAvanguard+Publishing+House%5D&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-957-801-660-6&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jen-kuei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))    ↑   Jiao 2007 , pp. 89–90.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liu, Yichang (2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20140503154631/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170) "Changbin Culture" . (http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170) Encyclopedia of Taiwan  . Archived from (http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1170) the original on 3 May 2014. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changbin+Culture&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Taiwan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yichang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanpedia.culture.tw%2Fen%2Fcontent%3FID%3D1170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  卓蘭地區的史前文化 [ Prehistoric Culture of the Zhuolan Area] . (https://web.archive.org/web/20260719231008/https://gozhuolan.com.tw/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/03%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%AF%87.pdf) 卓蘭鎮志: 歷史篇  [ Chronicles of Zhuolan Town: History ] (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 苗栗縣卓蘭鎮公所. p. 54. Archived from the original on 19 July 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026 . 網形文化的地點在景山溪下游  ... 陸地資源的採集可能是重要的生產方式  ... 狩獵可能是主要的生活方式 [ The Wangxing Culture site is located in the lower reaches of Jingshan Creek  ... gathering terrestrial resources may have been an important means of production  ... hunting may have been the primary way of life]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%93%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%93%E8%98%AD%E9%8E%AE%E5%BF%97%3A+%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%AF%87&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=%E8%8B%97%E6%A0%97%E7%B8%A3%E5%8D%93%E8%98%AD%E9%8E%AE%E5%85%AC%E6%89%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgozhuolan.com.tw%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F09%2F03%25E6%25AD%25B7%25E5%258F%25B2%25E7%25AF%2587.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) (Template:Cite book) cite book }} :  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) (Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   Jiao (2007) , pp. 91–94.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Diamond) (Jared Diamond) Diamond, Jared M (2000). (https://web.archive.org/web/20060916193454/http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf) "Taiwan's gift to the world" (PDF) . Nature . 403 (6771): 709– 710. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..709D) 2000Natur.403..709D . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35001685) 10.1038/35001685  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10693781) 10693781 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4379227) 4379227 . Archived from (http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchwin06/readings/Diamond%20nature%202000.pdf) the original (PDF) on 16 September 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+gift+to+the+world&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=6771&rft.pages=709-710&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35001685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4379227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10693781&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.403..709D&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fplape%2Fpacificarchwin06%2Freadings%2FDiamond%2520nature%25202000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Fox) (James J. Fox) Fox, James J (2004). (https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/2/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf) Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies  (PDF) . Symposium Austronesia. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_National_University) (The Australian National University) The Australian National University . (https://web.archive.org/web/20130830112406/https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/2/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Current+Developments+in+Comparative+Austronesian+Studies&rft.pub=The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=James+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F43158%2F2%2FComparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bellwood, Peter; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.). (http://hdl.handle.net/1885/32545) Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University) (Australian National University) Australian National University : ArtPostAsia. pp. 35– 37, 41. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F32545) 1885/32545 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-94292-0-3) (Special:BookSources/978-971-94292-0-3) 978-971-94292-0-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210649/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/1bb5f1bb-0276-4b26-a1a0-c4b6bd9d7bb6) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Jade+in+the+Philippines%3A+3%2C000+Years+of+Trade+and+Long-distance+Interaction&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Origins%3A+The+Austronesian+Heritage+in+the+Collections+of+the+National+Museum+of+the+Philippines%2C+the+Museum+Nasional+Indonesia%2C+and+the+Netherlands+Rijksmuseum+voor+Volkenkunde&rft.place=Australian+National+University&rft.pages=35-37%2C+41&rft.pub=ArtPostAsia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F32545&rft.isbn=978-971-94292-0-3&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hung%2C+Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Iizuka%2C+Yoshiyuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1885%2F32545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Iizuka, Yoshiyuki; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Bellwood, Peter (27 September 2007). (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yoshiyuki-Iizuka/publication/238107570_A_Noninvasive_Mineralogical_Study_of_Nephrite_Artifacts_from_the_Philippines_and_Surroundings_The_Distribution_of_Taiwan_Nephrite_and_Implications_for_Island_Southeast_Asian_Archaeology/links/0c96052b01cdf1aa19000000/A-Noninvasive-Mineralogical-Study-of-Nephrite-Artifacts-from-the-Philippines-and-Surroundings-The-Distribution-of-Taiwan-Nephrite-and-Implications-for-Island-Southeast-Asian-Archaeology.pdf) "A Noninvasive Mineralogical Study of Nephrite Artifacts from the Philippines and Surroundings: The Distribution of Taiwan Nephrite and the Implications for Island Southeast Asian Archaeology" (PDF) . In Winter, John; Jett, Paul; Douglas, Janet (eds.). Scientific Research on the Sculptural Arts of Asia: Proceedings of the Third Forbes at the Freer Gallery of Art . London: Archetype Publications. pp. 12– 19. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Noninvasive+Mineralogical+Study+of+Nephrite+Artifacts+from+the+Philippines+and+Surroundings%3A+The+Distribution+of+Taiwan+Nephrite+and+the+Implications+for+Island+Southeast+Asian+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Scientific+Research+on+the+Sculptural+Arts+of+Asia%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Third+Forbes+at+the+Freer+Gallery+of+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12-19&rft.pub=Archetype+Publications&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122284971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38332831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9542110M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-904982-20-3&rft.aulast=Iizuka&rft.aufirst=Yoshiyuki&rft.au=Hung%2C+Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FYoshiyuki-Iizuka%2Fpublication%2F238107570_A_Noninvasive_Mineralogical_Study_of_Nephrite_Artifacts_from_the_Philippines_and_Surroundings_The_Distribution_of_Taiwan_Nephrite_and_Implications_for_Island_Southeast_Asian_Archaeology%2Flinks%2F0c96052b01cdf1aa19000000%2FA-Noninvasive-Mineralogical-Study-of-Nephrite-Artifacts-from-the-Philippines-and-Surroundings-The-Distribution-of-Taiwan-Nephrite-and-Implications-for-Island-Southeast-Asian-Archaeology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Jiao (2007) , pp. 94–103.  ↑   Li 2019 , pp. 26–27.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ianthro.tw/p/39) 認識平埔族  (in Chinese). Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. 2012. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120609092146/http://ianthro.tw/p/39) Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%94%E6%97%8F&rft.pub=Institute+of+Ethnology%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianthro.tw%2Fp%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   Liu 2012 , pp. 170–171.  ↑   Hsu (1980) , p. 6.  ↑   Wills (2006) , p. 86.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174) "歷史沿革" . 澎湖縣政府全球資訊網 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu_County_Government) (Penghu County Government) Penghu County Government . 13 July 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210301101127/https://event.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10174) Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E7%B8%A3%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft.atitle=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevent.penghu.gov.tw%2Fch%2Fhome.jsp%3Fid%3D10174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Wills (2006) , p. 88.  ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , p. 86.  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shepherd, John R. (1993). Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800 . Stanford University Press. pp. 7– 8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2066-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2066-3) 978-0-8047-2066-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statecraft+and+Political+Economy+on+the+Taiwan+Frontier%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2066-3&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.  ↑   Hsu 1980 , p. 10.  1  2   Andrade (2008) , Chapter 6 Note 5.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clulow, Adam (13 September 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FSPcAAAAQBAJ&dq=Harada+Magoshichiro+taiwan&pg=PA6) Statecraft and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-Japan Relations  . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317986256) (Special:BookSources/9781317986256) 9781317986256  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240430222321/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSPcAAAAQBAJ&dq=Harada+Magoshichiro+taiwan&pg=PA6) Archived from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statecraft+and+Spectacle+in+East+Asia%3A+Studies+in+Taiwan-Japan+Relations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=9781317986256&rft.aulast=Clulow&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFSPcAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHarada%2BMagoshichiro%2Btaiwan%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Li 2019 , p. 50.  ↑   Wills (2006) , p. 89.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)) (William Campbell (missionary)) Campbell, William (1992) [1903]. (https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog) Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island  . Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. pp. (https://archive.org/details/formosaunderdut01campgoog/page/n185) 6 –7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-638-083-9) (Special:BookSources/978-957-638-083-9) 978-957-638-083-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formosa+Under+the+Dutch%3A+Described+from+Contemporary+Records%2C+with+Explanatory+Notes+and+a+Bibliography+of+the+Island&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-957-638-083-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformosaunderdut01campgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Andrade 2008 , Chapter 6.  ↑   Wills (2006) , p. 98.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koo, Hui-wen (2015). (https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJINH_a_00795) "Weather, Harvests, and Taxes: A Chinese Revolt in Colonial Taiwan" . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 46 (1): 39– 59. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJINH_a_00795) 10.1162/JINH_a_00795  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43829712) 43829712 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Weather%2C+Harvests%2C+and+Taxes%3A+A+Chinese+Revolt+in+Colonial+Taiwan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-59&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJINH_a_00795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43829712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Koo&rft.aufirst=Hui-wen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252FJINH_a_00795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Andrade, Tonio (2006). "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624–1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion". Journal of World History . 17 (4): 429– 450. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2006.0052) 10.1353/jwh.2006.0052 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079399) 20079399 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162203720) 162203720 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Dutch+Taiwan%2C+1624%E2%80%931662%3A+Cooperative+Colonization+and+the+Statist+Model+of+European+Expansion&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=429-450&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162203720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20079399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2006.0052&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Koo, Hui-wen (2011). "Deer Hunting and Preserving the Commons in Dutch Colonial Taiwan". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 43 (2): 185– 203. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJINH_a_00211) 10.1162/JINH_a_00211 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41291189) 41291189 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145423135) 145423135 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Deer+Hunting+and+Preserving+the+Commons+in+Dutch+Colonial+Taiwan&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-203&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145423135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41291189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJINH_a_00211&rft.aulast=Koo&rft.aufirst=Hui-wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0G292396897604829770) "Fort San Domingo" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsui_Historical_Museum) (Tamsui Historical Museum) Tamsui Historical Museum  . 3 July 2018. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240610072441/https://en.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw/xmdoc/cont?xsmsid=0G292396897604829770) Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2020 . Fort San Domingo, located at the hilltop overlooking Tamsui River estuary, was established by the Spanish in 1628.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamsui+Historical+Museum&rft.atitle=Fort+San+Domingo&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tshs.ntpc.gov.tw%2Fxmdoc%2Fcont%3Fxsmsid%3D0G292396897604829770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mawson, Stephanie J. (1 August 2016). (https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419) "Convicts or Conquistadores ? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific" . Past & Present (232): 87– 125. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008) 10.1093/pastj/gtw008 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746) 0031-2746 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419) Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Convicts+or+Conquistadores+%3F+Spanish+Soldiers+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Pacific&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=87-125&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw008&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F232%2F1%2F87%2F1752419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   Wills (2006) , p. 91.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yan Xing. (https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read) 臺南與鄭成功  [ Tainan and Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)] . Tainan Literature and History Research Database . National Museum of Taiwan History. (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210748/https://tainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw/article/detail/9/read) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2021 . 這時成功意志堅决, 便單獨倡導拒滿復明運動, 以金, 厦兩島爲根據地地, 不斷地向閩, 浙東南一進攻, 奉永明王永曆正朔  ... 于永曆十一年(清順治十四年公元一六五七年)受永水明王封為延平王 [ Then Chenggong (Koxinga) resolutely and independently advocated for the movement to resist the Manchus and restore Ming, with bases in Kinmen and Xiamen continuously attacked southeastern Min (Fujian) and Zhejiang, pledged to serve the Youngli emperor of Ming  ... in 1657 was conferred the title King of Yanping by the Yong Ming emperor]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tainan+Literature+and+History+Research+Database&rft.atitle=%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97%E8%88%87%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F&rft.au=Yan+Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftainanstudy.nmth.gov.tw%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F9%2Fread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wills, John E. (2001). The Dutch Reoccupation of Chi-lung, 1664–1668 . University of California. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936127-09-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-936127-09-5) 978-0-936127-09-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Reoccupation+of+Chi-lung%2C+1664%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-936127-09-5&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (https://books.google.com/books?id=g3oWoSKVnVIC&pg=PA95&dq=%22pescadores%2Bdutch%2Bdefeat%22) Shepherd 1993 , p. 95.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20(English).pdf) 2020–2021 Taiwan at a Glance  (PDF) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). September 2020. p. 14. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-5447-15-1) (Special:BookSources/978-986-5447-15-1) 978-986-5447-15-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230409125337/https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2020-2021/2020-2021%20Taiwan%20at%20a%20Glance%20%28English%29.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2020%E2%80%932021+Taiwan+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.date=2020-09&rft.isbn=978-986-5447-15-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultilingual.mofa.gov.tw%2Fweb%2Fweb_UTF-8%2FMOFA%2Fglance2020-2021%2F2020-2021%2520Taiwan%2520at%2520a%2520Glance%2520%28English%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Andrade (2008) , Preface Note 1: "Second, this book is also about how Taiwan first came under Chinese political control, thanks to the Ming loyalist regime of Zheng Chenggong."  ↑   Wills (2006) , pp. 94–95.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Struve, Lynn (1988). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA722) "The Southern Ming" . In Mote, Frederic W.; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 . Cambridge University Press. pp. 641– 725. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24332-2) 978-0-521-24332-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210638/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA722#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Ming&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+7%2C+The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1368%E2%80%931644&rft.pages=641-725&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24332-2&rft.aulast=Struve&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtyhT9SZRLS8C%26pg%3DPA722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  pp. 722–725.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hang, Xing (2010). (https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133829bz) Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent: The Zheng Organization in Seventeenth-Century East Asia  (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220223013320/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/133829bz) Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Between+Trade+and+Legitimacy%2C+Maritime+and+Continent%3A+The+Zheng+Organization+in+Seventeenth-Century+East+Asia&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hang&rft.aufirst=Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F133829bz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hang, Xing (2016). "Contradictory Contingencies: The Seventeenth-Century Zheng Family and Contested Cross-Strait Legacies". American Journal of Chinese Studies . 23 : 173– 182. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44289147) 44289147 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Chinese+Studies&rft.atitle=Contradictory+Contingencies%3A+The+Seventeenth-Century+Zheng+Family+and+Contested+Cross-Strait+Legacies&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44289147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hang&rft.aufirst=Xing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   Ballantine (1952) , p. 15.  ↑   Wong 2017 , pp. 189–190.  ↑   Twitchett 2002 , p. 146.  ↑   Wong 2017 , pp. 193–194.  ↑   Ye 2019 , p. 51.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stafford, Charles; Shepherd, John Robert (September 1994). "Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier 1600–1800". Man . 29 (3): 750. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2804394) 10.2307/2804394 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2804394) 2804394 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Statecraft+and+Political+Economy+on+the+Taiwan+Frontier+1600%E2%80%931800.&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=750&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2804394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2804394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   Davidson (1903) , p. 561.  ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 16.  ↑   Wong 2017 , p. 194.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 47–49.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 50–55.  ↑   Ye 2019 , p. 106.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  van der Wees, Gerrit. (https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/) "Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China?" . The Diplomat . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201201153401/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/has-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china/) Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Has+Taiwan+Always+Been+Part+of+China%3F&rft.aulast=van+der+Wees&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fhas-taiwan-always-been-part-of-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Skoggard, Ian A. (1996). The Indigenous Dynamic in Taiwan's Postwar Development: The Religious and Historical Roots of Entrepreneurship . M.E. Sharpe. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-846-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-846-7) 978-1-56324-846-7  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)) (OL (identifier)) OL  (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL979742M) 979742M . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Dynamic+in+Taiwan%27s+Postwar+Development%3A+The+Religious+and+Historical+Roots+of+Entrepreneurship&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL979742M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-846-7&rft.aulast=Skoggard&rft.aufirst=Ian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  p. 10  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220413234816/https://www.taiwanus.net/history/3/12.htm) 三年小反五年大亂  . 台灣海外網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E7%B6%B2&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwanus.net%2Fhistory%2F3%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1:_unfit_URL)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194052/http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553) 民變  [ Civil Strife] . Encyclopedia of Taiwan (台灣大百科) . Taiwan Ministry of Culture. Archived from (http://nrch.culture.tw/twpedia.aspx?id=3553) the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021 . 臺灣有「三年一小反, 五年一大反」之謠.但是根據研究, 這句俗諺所形容民變迭起的現象, 以道光朝(1820–1850)的三十多年間為主 [ The rumor of "every three years a small uprising, five years a large rebellion" circulated around Taiwan. According to research, the repeated commotions described by this idiom occurred primarily during the 30-year period between 1820 and 1850.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Taiwan+%28%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%29&rft.atitle=%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrch.culture.tw%2Ftwpedia.aspx%3Fid%3D3553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  .  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 56–57.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 58–61.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 61–62.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 63–64.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 64–65.  ↑   Gordon 2007 , pp. 161–162.  ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , pp. 187–190.  ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , p. 191.  ↑   Ye 2019 , p. 65.  ↑   Davidson (1903) , pp. 247, 620.  ↑   Ye 2019 , pp. 1, 10, 174.  ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , p. 177.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212021/http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf) "Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki)" (PDF) . Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . National Palace Museum. 17 April 1895. Archived from (http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf) the original (PDF) on 17 April 2021. 中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本  ... 台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿  ... 澎湖列岛 [ China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof  ... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands  ... Penghu archipelago]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ch%27ing+Dynasty+Treaties+and+Agreements+Preserved+by+the+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+between+China+and+Japan+%28Treaty+of+Shimonoseki%29&rft.date=1895-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibdb1.npm.gov.tw%2Fttscgi%2Fcapimg2.exe%3F20%3A268540019%3A910000115001-0-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryōtarō_Shiba) (Ryōtarō Shiba) Shiba, Ryōtarō (1995). Taiwan kikō: kaidō o yuku yonjū 台湾紀行: 街道をゆく〈40〉 (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-02-256808-3) (Special:BookSources/978-4-02-256808-3) 978-4-02-256808-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+kik%C5%8D%3A+kaid%C5%8D+o+yuku+yonj%C5%AB+%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%B4%80%E8%A1%8C%3A+%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93%E3%82%92%E3%82%86%E3%81%8F%E3%80%8840%E3%80%89&rft.pub=Asahi+Shinbunsha&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-4-02-256808-3&rft.aulast=Shiba&rft.aufirst=Ry%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja))  (./Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja))    ↑   Wang 2006 , p. 95.  ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , p. 208.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morris, Andrew (2002). "The Taiwan Republic of 1895 and the failure of the Qing modernizing project". In Corcuff, Stéphane (ed.). Memories of the future: national identity issues and the search for a new Taiwan . M.E. Sharpe. pp. 3– 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0792-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0792-8) 978-0-7656-0792-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taiwan+Republic+of+1895+and+the+failure+of+the+Qing+modernizing+project&rft.btitle=Memories+of+the+future%3A+national+identity+issues+and+the+search+for+a+new+Taiwan&rft.pages=3-24&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0792-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Rubinstein 1999 , p. 207.  ↑   Chang 2003 , p. 56.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122350/http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html) "History of Taiwan" . Windows on Asia . Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. Archived from (http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html) the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+on+Asia&rft.atitle=History+of+Taiwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asia.msu.edu%2Feastasia%2FTaiwan%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hsu, Mutsu (1991). Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan . Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-9046-78-7) (Special:BookSources/978-957-9046-78-7) 978-957-9046-78-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Self+and+Adaptation%3A+The+Psychological+Anthropology+of+Two+Malayo-Polynesian+Groups+in+Taiwan&rft.pub=Institute+of+Ethnology%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-957-9046-78-7&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Mutsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chou, Chuing Prudence; Ho, Ai-Hsin (2007). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100419122101/http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm) "Schooling in Taiwan" . In Postiglione, Gerard A.; Tan, Jason (eds.). Going to school in East Asia . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 344– 377. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33633-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33633-1) 978-0-313-33633-1  . Archived from (http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm) the original on 19 April 2010. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schooling+in+Taiwan&rft.btitle=Going+to+school+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=344-377&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33633-1&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Chuing+Prudence&rft.au=Ho%2C+Ai-Hsin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nccu.edu.tw%2F~iaezcpc%2FGoing%2520to%2520School%2520in%2520East%2520Asia%2520--%2520SCHOOLING%2520IN%2520TAIWAN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 39.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20031027032513/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm) "History" . The Republic of China Yearbook 2001 . Government Information Office. 2001. Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm) the original on 27 October 2003. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2001&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fyearbook%2F2001%2Fchpt04-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 48.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tierney, Robert (2010). Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame . University of California Press. pp. 8– 9. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94766-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94766-5) 978-0-520-94766-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropics+of+Savagery%3A+The+Culture+of+Japanese+Empire+in+Comparative+Frame&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94766-5&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  吕, 正惠 (18 November 2014). (http://www.guancha.cn/Lv-Zhenghui/2014_10_18_277323.shtml) 吕正惠: 战后台湾左翼思想状况漫谈一——日本剥削下的台湾社会  . 观察者 . (https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125337/http://www.guancha.cn/Lv-Zhenghui/2014_10_18_277323.shtml) Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85&rft.atitle=%E5%90%95%E6%AD%A3%E6%83%A0%3A+%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5%E6%BC%AB%E8%B0%88%E4%B8%80%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%89%A5%E5%89%8A%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=%E5%90%95&rft.aufirst=%E6%AD%A3%E6%83%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2FLv-Zhenghui%2F2014_10_18_277323.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "2". The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2021. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400844371) (Special:BookSources/9781400844371) 9781400844371  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Wartime+Empire%2C+1931-1945&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781400844371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Grajdanzev, A. J. (1942). "Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule". Pacific Affairs . 15 (3): 311– 324. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2752241) 10.2307/2752241 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2752241) 2752241 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Formosa+%28Taiwan%29+Under+Japanese+Rule&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=311-324&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2752241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2752241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grajdanzev&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 110.  1  2   Ballantine (1952) , p. 47.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://shulinkou.tripod.com/dawg2e.html) "Shu LinKou Air Station: World War II: U.S. Bombing Raids on Linkou and Taiwan" . Shulinkou Air Station Taiwan . 10 October 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110616223139/http://shulinkou.tripod.com/dawg2e.html) Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shulinkou+Air+Station+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Shu+LinKou+Air+Station%3A+World+War+II%3A+U.S.+Bombing+Raids+on+Linkou+and+Taiwan&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshulinkou.tripod.com%2Fdawg2e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cheung, Han (16 September 2018). (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/16/2003700512) "Taiwan in Time: Abandoned by the rising sun" . Taipei Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210740/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/16/2003700512) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+Abandoned+by+the+rising+sun&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2018%2F09%2F16%2F2003700512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hou, Elaine (14 August 2013). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200625184315/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201308140029) "Protesters demand justice from Japan on 'comfort women' (update)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_Taiwan) (Focus Taiwan) Focus Taiwan  . Archived from (http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201308140029.aspx) the original on 25 June 2020. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Protesters+demand+justice+from+Japan+on+%27comfort+women%27+%28update%29&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Fasoc%2F201308140029.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morris, Andrew D. (30 July 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ) Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy  . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 115– 118. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7674-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7674-3) 978-1-4725-7674-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170053/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Taiwan%3A+Colonial+Rule+and+its+Contested+Legacy&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7674-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqwKCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA116) China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization  . City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 116. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-140-1) (Special:BookSources/978-962-937-140-1) 978-962-937-140-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230410202400/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-fAxn_9f8wC&pg=PA116) Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Five+Thousand+Years+of+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=City+University+Of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-962-937-140-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-fAxn_9f8wC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roy, Denny (2003). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn) Taiwan: A Political History   . Cornell University Press. pp. (https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/55) 55 , 56. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8805-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8805-4) 978-0-8014-8805-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+Political+History&rft.pages=55%2C+56&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaiwan00denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46shoshi.html) "Cairo Communiqué, December 1, 1943" . Birth of the Constitution of Japan . National Diet Library. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170726215106/http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/002_46shoshi.html) Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021 . It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birth+of+the+Constitution+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Cairo+Communiqu%C3%A9%2C+December+1%2C+1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fconstitution%2Fe%2Fshiryo%2F01%2F002_46shoshi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 162: "United States Government replied on this point as follows:  ... Cairo Declaration provided that Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China".  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/potsdam-declaration) "Potsdam Declaration" . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . The Atomic Heritage Foundation and the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211130072847/https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/potsdam-declaration) Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021 . The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Potsdam+Declaration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicheritage.org%2Fkey-documents%2Fpotsdam-declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/japanese-instrument-surrender-1945/) "Japanese Instrument of Surrender" . The National Archives Foundation . The National Archives. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211130103518/https://www.archivesfoundation.org/documents/japanese-instrument-surrender-1945/) Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021 . We hereby undertake for the Emperor, the Japanese Government and their successors to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration in good faith  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives+Foundation&rft.atitle=Japanese+Instrument+of+Surrender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivesfoundation.org%2Fdocuments%2Fjapanese-instrument-surrender-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 58.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores#S5CV0540P0_19550504_HOC_582) "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)" . Hansard . 540 (cc1870–4). 4 May 1955. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112311/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/may/04/far-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores#S5CV0540P0_19550504_HOC_582) Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2010 . The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Far+East+%28Formosa+and+the+Pescadores%29&rft.volume=540&rft.issue=cc1870%E2%80%934&rft.date=1955-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1955%2Fmay%2F04%2Ffar-east-formosa-and-the-pescadores%23S5CV0540P0_19550504_HOC_582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Charney, Jonathan I.; Prescott, J. R. V. (2000). "Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan". American Journal of International Law . 94 (3): 453– 477. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2555319) 10.2307/2555319 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2555319) 2555319 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144402230) 144402230 . After occupying Taiwan in 1945 as a result of Japan's surrender, the Nationalists were defeated on the mainland in 1949, abandoning it to retreat to Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Resolving+Cross-Strait+Relations+Between+China+and+Taiwan&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-477&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144402230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2555319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2555319&rft.aulast=Charney&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I.&rft.au=Prescott%2C+J.+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf) "Treaty of Peace with Japan" (PDF) . United Nations Treaties Collection . The United Nations. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170929012644/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20136/volume-136-I-1832-English.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaties+Collection&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+with+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520136%2Fvolume-136-I-1832-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Alagappa, Muthiah (2001). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zx7nPeGWgwC&pg=PA265) Taiwan's presidential politics  . M.E. Sharpe. p. 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0834-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0834-5) 978-0-7656-0834-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816165959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zx7nPeGWgwC&pg=PA265#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%27s+presidential+politics&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0834-5&rft.aulast=Alagappa&rft.aufirst=Muthiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Zx7nPeGWgwC%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20138/v138.pdf) "Treaty of Peace between the Repuiblic of China and Japan" (PDF) . United Nations Treaties Collection . The United Nations. (https://web.archive.org/web/20211209020538/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20138/v138.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaties+Collection&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+between+the+Repuiblic+of+China+and+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520138%2Fv138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Makinen & Woodward (1989) : "Yet, the Chinese Nationalist government attempted to isolate Taiwan from the mainland inflation by creating it as an independent currency area. And during the later stages of the civil war it was able to end the hyperinflation on Taiwan, something it was unable to do on the mainland despite two attempts."  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  "Formosa in transition". The World Today . Vol. 4, no. 5. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 1948. p. 213. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Today&rft.atitle=Formosa+in+transition&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 59.  ↑   United States (1949) , pp. 923–925.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070111074426/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804090,00.html) "China: Snow Red & Moon Angel" . Time . 7 April 1947. Archived from (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804090,00.html) the original on 11 January 2007. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=China%3A+Snow+Red+%26+Moon+Angel&rft.date=1947-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C804090%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shackleton, Allan J. (1998). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010159/http://homepage.usask.ca/~llr130/taiwanlibrary/formosacalling/formosa-calling.pdf) Formosa Calling: An Eyewitness Account of Conditions in Taiwan during the February 28th, 1947 Incident  (PDF) . Taiwan Publishing Company. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40888167) 40888167 . Archived from (http://homepage.usask.ca/~llr130/taiwanlibrary/formosacalling/formosa-calling.pdf) the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formosa+Calling%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account+of+Conditions+in+Taiwan+during+the+February+28th%2C+1947+Incident&rft.pub=Taiwan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40888167&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Allan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.usask.ca%2F~llr130%2Ftaiwanlibrary%2Fformosacalling%2Fformosa-calling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Ballantine (1952) , p. 63.  ↑   United States (1949) , p. 932.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/28/Taiwan-takes-first-steps-to-explain-1947-massacre/4123667717200/) "Taiwan takes first steps to explain 1947 massacre" . United Press International . 28 February 1991. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220130133334/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/28/Taiwan-takes-first-steps-to-explain-1947-massacre/4123667717200/) Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Far+East+was+lost%3A+American+policy+and+the+creation+of+Communist+China&rft.pub=Intercontex+Publishers+%28England%29+Limited&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-85622-000-5&rft.aulast=Kubek&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Fu-san) (Huang Fu-san) Huang, Fu-san (2010). (https://web.archive.org/web/20110429070335/http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27358&CtNode=2527&mp=21) 臺灣簡史-麻雀變鳳凰的故事  [ A Brief History of Taiwan: A Sparrow Transformed into a Phoenix] (in Chinese). Government Information Office, Republic of China. Archived from (http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27358&CtNode=2527&mp=21) the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009 . (Chinese-language text) 1949年, 國民政府退守臺灣後, 以臺北為戰時首都  (./Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text)    (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%B0%A1%E5%8F%B2-%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office%2C+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Fu-san&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.gio.gov.tw%2Fct.asp%3FxItem%3D27358%26CtNode%3D2527%26mp%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm) "Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan" . BBC News . 2000. 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In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek had transferred to Taiwan the government, gold reserve, and some of the army of his Republic of China.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-582-42398-5&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=J.P.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVriqPvx7iwC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ng, Franklin (1998). (https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzsB_wJQW0C&pg=PA10) The Taiwanese Americans  . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29762-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29762-5) 978-0-313-29762-5  . 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Page 1: In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland." Page 4: "Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China.  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(https://web.archive.org/web/20221220124223/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM4900.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=Memorandum+RM-4900-ISA+%28Abridged%29%2C+The+1958+Taiwan+Straits+Crisis%3A+A+Documented+History+%28U%29&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_memoranda%2F2006%2FRM4900.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1955_1972.stm) "Taiwan Timeline – Cold war fortress" . BBC News . 2002. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190401173507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1955_1972.stm) Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Timeline+%E2%80%93+Cold+war+fortress&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fasia_pacific%2F2000%2Ftaiwan_elections2000%2F1955_1972.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   Hsü (1982) , p. 173.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wu, Tsong-Min (2016). (https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/16030030.html) "From Economic Controls to Export Expansion in Postwar Taiwan: 1946–1960" . RIETI . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032052/https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/16030030.html) Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIETI&rft.atitle=From+Economic+Controls+to+Export+Expansion+in+Postwar+Taiwan%3A+1946%E2%80%931960&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Tsong-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rieti.go.jp%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fsummary%2F16030030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Hsü (1982) , p. 174.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20091220041321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917286-3,00.html) "China: Chiang Kai-shek: Death of the Casualty" . Time . 14 April 1975. p. 3. Archived from (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917286-3,00.html) the original on 20 December 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=China%3A+Chiang+Kai-shek%3A+Death+of+the+Casualty&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1975-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C917286-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wu, Rong-i; Cheng, Cheng-mount (1 June 2002). (https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=12649&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Going-Up) "Going Up" . Taiwan Today . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230205032049/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=8&post=12649&unitname=Economics-Taiwan-Review&postname=Going-Up) Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Today&rft.atitle=Going+Up&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Rong-i&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Cheng-mount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaiwantoday.tw%2Fnews.php%3Funit%3D8%26post%3D12649%26unitname%3DEconomics-Taiwan-Review%26postname%3DGoing-Up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Hsü (1982) , pp. 175, 176.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sun, Yat-sen; Julie Lee Wei; Ramon Hawley Myers; Donald G. Gillin (1994). Julie Lee Wei; Ramon Hawley Myers; Donald G. Gillin (eds.). (https://books.google.com/books?id=YA3TzmnYRpYC) Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen  . Hoover Press. p. 36. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9281-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9281-1) 978-0-8179-9281-1  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170004/https://books.google.com/books?id=YA3TzmnYRpYC) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . The party first applied Sun's concept of political tutelage by governing through martial law, not tolerating opposition parties, controlling the public media, and using the 1947 constitution drawn up on the China mainland to govern. Thus, much of the world in those years gave the government low scores for democracy and human rights but admitted it had accomplished an economic miracle.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prescriptions+for+saving+China%3A+selected+writings+of+Sun+Yat-sen&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9281-1&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yat-sen&rft.au=Julie+Lee+Wei&rft.au=Ramon+Hawley+Myers&rft.au=Donald+G.+Gillin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYA3TzmnYRpYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chao, Linda; Ramon Hawley Myers (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tIiAd4MABAIC) Democracy's new leaders in the Republic of China on Taiwan  . Hoover Press. p. 3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3802-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3802-4) 978-0-8179-3802-4  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816170011/https://books.google.com/books?id=tIiAd4MABAIC) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . Although this party [the KMT] had initiated a democratic breakthrough and guided the democratic transition, it had also upheld martial law for thirty-six years and severely repressed political dissent and any efforts to establish an opposition party.  ... How was it possible that this party, so hated by opposition politicians and long regarded by Western critics as a dictatorial, Leninist-type party, still remained in power?  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%27s+new+leaders+in+the+Republic+of+China+on+Taiwan&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-3802-4&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Ramon+Hawley+Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIiAd4MABAIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Fung (2000) , p. 67: "Nanjing was not only undemocratic and repressive but also inefficient and corrupt.  ... Furthermore, like other authoritarian regimes, the GMD sought to control people's mind."  ↑   Fung (2000) , p. 85: "The response to national emergency, critics argued, was not merely military, it was, even more important, political, requiring the termination of one-party dictatorship and the development of democratic institutions."  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Copper, John Franklin (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=761bWuEtEfEC) Consolidating Taiwan's democracy  . University Press of America. p. 8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2977-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2977-5) 978-0-7618-2977-5  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816171005/https://books.google.com/books?id=761bWuEtEfEC) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . Also, the "Temporary Provisions" (of the Constitution) did not permit forming new political parties, and those that existed at this time did not seriously compete with the Nationalist Party. Thus, at the national level the KMT did not permit competitive democratic elections.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidating+Taiwan%27s+democracy&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2977-5&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=John+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D761bWuEtEfEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chou, Yangsun; Nathan, Andrew J. (1987). (https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mscas/vol1987/iss3/) "Democratizing Transition in Taiwan" . Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies . 1987 (3). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230112221354/https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mscas/vol1987/iss3/) Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Series+in+Contemporary+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Democratizing+Transition+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=1987&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Yangsun&rft.au=Nathan%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu%2Fmscas%2Fvol1987%2Fiss3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ko, Jim W. (2004). (https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=jil) "Cold War Triumph – Taiwan Democratized in Spite of U.S. Efforts" . Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law . 36 (1): 137– 181. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230311021237/https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&context=jil) Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Cold+War+Triumph+%E2%80%93+Taiwan+Democratized+in+Spite+of+U.S.+Efforts&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-181&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Jim+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.case.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1389%26context%3Djil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Richard Kagan. Taiwan's Statesman: Lee Teng-hui and Democracy in Asia. Naval Institute Press, 2014. p. 91–93. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-755-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-755-1) 978-1-61251-755-1    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm) "Out with the old" . BBC News . 2002. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190223024239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1972_1986.stm) Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Out+with+the+old&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fasia_pacific%2F2000%2Ftaiwan_elections2000%2F1972_1986.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/08/taiwan-president-to-propose-end-to-islands-martial-law/363c7248-ccc9-4173-8599-419a587b5800/) "Taiwan President to Propose End to Island's Martial Law" . The Washington Post . 8 October 1986. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/08/taiwan-president-to-propose-end-to-islands-martial-law/363c7248-ccc9-4173-8599-419a587b5800/) Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Taiwan+President+to+Propose+End+to+Island%27s+Martial+Law&rft.date=1986-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1986%2F10%2F08%2Ftaiwan-president-to-propose-end-to-islands-martial-law%2F363c7248-ccc9-4173-8599-419a587b5800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Southerl, Daniel (15 July 1987). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/15/after-38-years-taiwan-lifts-martial-law/6ba420e6-f061-467a-9647-63858e4956b3/) "After 38 Years, Taiwan Lifts Martial Law" . The Washington Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328162657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/07/15/after-38-years-taiwan-lifts-martial-law/6ba420e6-f061-467a-9647-63858e4956b3/) Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+38+Years%2C+Taiwan+Lifts+Martial+Law&rft.date=1987-07-15&rft.aulast=Southerl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1987%2F07%2F15%2Fafter-38-years-taiwan-lifts-martial-law%2F6ba420e6-f061-467a-9647-63858e4956b3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=F0120018) "Compensation Act for Wrongful Trials on Charges of Sedition and Espionage during the Martial Law Period" . Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan) . (https://web.archive.org/web/20221210085216/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=F0120018) Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022 . if the case took place in Kinmen, Matsu, Dongsha and Nansha, the term "martial law period" refers to the period of time from December 10, 1948 to November 6, 1992.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws+and+Regulations+Database+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Compensation+Act+for+Wrongful+Trials+on+Charges+of+Sedition+and+Espionage+during+the+Martial+Law+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.moj.gov.tw%2FENG%2FLawClass%2FLawAll.aspx%3Fpcode%3DF0120018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-14-mn-36123-story.html) "Taiwan Leader Chiang Dies; Pushed Reform" . Los Angeles Times . 14 January 1988. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230114130902/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-14-mn-36123-story.html) Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Chairperson Tsai Ing-wen  ... said the ROC was Taiwan and Taiwan was the ROC  ...  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Tsai+affirms+recognition+of+the+ROC&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Mo&rft.aufirst=Yan-chih&rft.au=Chung%2C+Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2011%2F10%2F10%2F2003515353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shih, Hsiao-kuang; Xie, Dennis (20 June 2020). (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/06/20/2003738531) "KMT task force unveils four pillars for stable, peaceful cross-strait relations" . Taipei Times . Retrieved 20 June 2020 . ...  the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)  ... acknowledge that there is 'one China,' with each side having its own interpretation of what 'China' means.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=KMT+task+force+unveils+four+pillars+for+stable%2C+peaceful+cross-strait+relations&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-kuang&rft.au=Xie%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2020%2F06%2F20%2F2003738531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shi, Jiangtao (20 September 2022). (https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3193182/beijing-may-use-anti-secession-law-seek-taiwan-reunification) "Beijing may use Anti-Secession Law to seek Taiwan reunification, Wang says" . South China Morning Post . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230314095520/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3193182/beijing-may-use-anti-secession-law-seek-taiwan-reunification) Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023 . The 2005 Anti-Secession Law provides a legal framework for Beijing to use non-peaceful means to guard against pro-independence forces in Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Beijing+may+use+Anti-Secession+Law+to+seek+Taiwan+reunification%2C+Wang+says&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Jiangtao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3193182%2Fbeijing-may-use-anti-secession-law-seek-taiwan-reunification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=8A319E37A32E01EA&sms=2413CFE1BCE87E0E&s=D1B0D66D5788F2DE) "The Official Position of the Republic of China (Taiwan) on the People's Republic of China's Anti-Secession (Anti-Separation) Law" . Mainland Affairs Council . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council) (Mainland Affairs Council) Mainland Affairs Council . 29 March 2005. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211551/https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=8A319E37A32E01EA&sms=2413CFE1BCE87E0E&s=D1B0D66D5788F2DE) Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023 . [The intention of the 'Anti-Secession Law' is] to establish a legal basis for the military invasion of Taiwan: Through the 'Anti-Secession Law', China has changed its Taiwan policy from a mere political statement to a legal basis, paving the way for an invasion of Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainland+Affairs+Council&rft.atitle=The+Official+Position+of+the+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29+on+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%27s+Anti-Secession+%28Anti-Separation%29+Law&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mac.gov.tw%2Fen%2FNews_Content.aspx%3Fn%3D8A319E37A32E01EA%26sms%3D2413CFE1BCE87E0E%26s%3DD1B0D66D5788F2DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/independence_debate.stm) "Taiwan Flashpoint: Independence Debate" . BBC News . BBC. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/independence_debate.stm) Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Flashpoint%3A+Independence+Debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fasia_pac%2F04%2Ftaiwan_flashpoint%2Fhtml%2Findependence_debate.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230211122716/https://www.ctvnews.ca/taiwan-party-asserts-separate-identity-1.258300) "Taiwan party asserts separate identity from China" . The Associated Press . 30 September 2007. Archived from (https://www.ctvnews.ca/taiwan-party-asserts-separate-identity-1.258300) the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Taiwan+party+asserts+separate+identity+from+China&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Ftaiwan-party-asserts-separate-identity-1.258300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Crisis Group (6 June 2003). (https://web.archive.org/web/20080709035143/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1653&l=1) "Taiwan Strait I: What's Left of 'One China'?" . International Crisis Group. Archived from (http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1653&l=1) the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Strait+I%3A+What%27s+Left+of+%27One+China%27%3F&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2003-06-06&rft.au=Crisis+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fhome%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D1653%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.todayonline.com/chinaindia/china/taiwanese-premiers-independence-stance-incurs-beijings-wrath) "Taiwanese premier's independence stance incurs Beijing's wrath" . TODAYonline. 28 September 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112007/http://www.todayonline.com/chinaindia/china/taiwanese-premiers-independence-stance-incurs-beijings-wrath) Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+premier%27s+independence+stance+incurs+Beijing%27s+wrath&rft.pub=TODAYonline&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fchinaindia%2Fchina%2Ftaiwanese-premiers-independence-stance-incurs-beijings-wrath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shirk, Susan L. (2007). (https://archive.org/details/chinafragilesupe00shir) China: Fragile Superpower  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530609-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530609-5) 978-0-19-530609-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Fragile+Superpower&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530609-5&rft.aulast=Shirk&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinafragilesupe00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenewslens.com/article/129238) "讓全球綠黨的願景在台灣實現, 守護公平正義的最佳第三勢力" . The News Lens . 27 December 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230627020930/https://www.thenewslens.com/article/129238) Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023 . 台灣綠黨是最早表態支持蔡總統連任的小黨, 護台抗中、反紅禦韓的立場鮮明, 頻頻出戰, 讓綠黨被對手批評是小綠、側翼, 甚至還被柯文哲羞辱是比皇帝還著急的太監.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Lens&rft.atitle=%E8%AE%93%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%B6%A0%E9%BB%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%98%E6%99%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AF%A6%E7%8F%BE%2C+%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewslens.com%2Farticle%2F129238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pares, Susan (24 February 2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=xJKePP5ATKUC) A political and economic dictionary of East Asia  . Routledge. p. 267. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-258-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-258-9) 978-1-85743-258-9  . The Pan-Blue coalition on the whole favours a Chinese nationalist identity and policies supporting reunification and increased economic links with the People's Republic of China.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+and+economic+dictionary+of+East+Asia&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-258-9&rft.aulast=Pares&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJKePP5ATKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Huang, Chin-Hao; James, Patrick (2014). "Blue, Green or Aquamarine? Taiwan and the Status Quo Preference in Cross-Strait Relations". The China Quarterly . 219 (219): 670– 692. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741014000745) 10.1017/S0305741014000745 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24740633) 24740633 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40724777) 40724777 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Blue%2C+Green+or+Aquamarine%3F+Taiwan+and+the+Status+Quo+Preference+in+Cross-Strait+Relations&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=219&rft.pages=670-692&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40724777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24740633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741014000745&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chin-Hao&rft.au=James%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cho, Young Chul; Ahn, Mun Suk (2017). "Taiwan's international visibility in the twenty-first century: A suggestive note". International Journal . 72 (1): 79– 90. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020702017692608) 10.1177/0020702017692608 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26414076) 26414076 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151892075) 151892075 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+international+visibility+in+the+twenty-first+century%3A+A+suggestive+note&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-90&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151892075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26414076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020702017692608&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Young+Chul&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Mun+Suk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092648/http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n836891.htm) "Impulsa Taiwan la reconciliación" . El Sol de México (in Spanish). 2 September 2008. Archived from (http://www.oem.com.mx/oem/notas/n836891.htm) the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Esencialmente, no definiríamos la relación a través del estrecho de Taiwan como una relación de dos países o dos Chinas, porque nuestra Constitución no lo permite. Nosotros definiríamos está relación como una relación muy especial, ya que la Constitución nuestra, igual que la Constitución de China continental, no permite la existencia de otro país dentro del territorio.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Sol+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Impulsa+Taiwan+la+reconciliaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oem.com.mx%2Foem%2Fnotas%2Fn836891.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20080906092524/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/09/04/173082/Taiwan-and.htm) "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma" . China Post . 4 September 2008. Archived from (http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan%20relations/2008/09/04/173082/Taiwan-and.htm) the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Post&rft.atitle=Taiwan+and+China+in+%27special+relations%27%3A+Ma&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapost.com.tw%2Ftaiwan%2Fchina-taiwan%2520relations%2F2008%2F09%2F04%2F173082%2FTaiwan-and.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ko, Shu-Ling (8 October 2008). (http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320) "Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview" . Taipei Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320) Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Ma+refers+to+China+as+ROC+territory+in+magazine+interview&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Shu-Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2008%2F10%2F08%2F2003425320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Enav, Peter (16 May 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20090616151325/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/05/16/156644/Unification-with.htm) "Unification with China unlikely 'in our lifetimes': president-elect" . China Post . Archived from (http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/05/16/156644/Unification-with.htm) the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009 .  'It is very difficult for us to see any unification talks even in our lifetimes,' Ma said. 'Taiwanese people would like to have economic interactions with the mainland, but obviously they don't believe their political system is suitable for Taiwan.'   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Post&rft.atitle=Unification+with+China+unlikely+%27in+our+lifetimes%27%3A+president-elect&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Enav&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapost.com.tw%2Ftaiwan%2Fnational%2Fnational%2520news%2F2008%2F05%2F16%2F156644%2FUnification-with.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Smith, Courtney Donovan (21 June 2022). (https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4576006) "How pro-China is the KMT now?" . Taiwan News . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230129014003/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4576006) Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+News&rft.atitle=How+pro-China+is+the+KMT+now%3F&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Courtney+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fen%2Fnews%2F4576006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shambaugh, David L. (2006). Power shift . University of California Press. pp. 179– 183. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24570-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24570-9) 978-0-520-24570-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+shift&rft.pages=179-183&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24570-9&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Okazaki, Hisahiko (30 December 2008). (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2008/12/30/commentary/no-sign-of-a-peace-agreement/) "No sign of a 'peace agreement' " . Japan Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173423/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2008/12/30/commentary/no-sign-of-a-peace-agreement/) Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2009 . For one thing, I believe there is recognition that the awareness of Taiwanese identity is now irreversible. The KMT government did things like rename the "Taiwan Post" to "Chunghwa Post" as soon as it came in. But it did not take much time to perceive that it would cause a backlash among the Taiwan populace. The cross-strait exchanges have also brought about opposition demonstrations from time to time. This appears to be one of the reasons for the abrupt decline in the approval rating of the Ma administration.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=No+sign+of+a+%27peace+agreement%27&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.aulast=Okazaki&rft.aufirst=Hisahiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2008%2F12%2F30%2Fcommentary%2Fno-sign-of-a-peace-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20071024135148/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1211639,00.html) "10 Questions: Ma Ying-jeou" . Time . 10 July 2006. Archived from (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1211639,00.html) the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2009 . I am Taiwanese as well as Chinese.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=10+Questions%3A+Ma+Ying-jeou&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1211639%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7800&id=6961) "Taiwanese / Chinese Identity(1992/06~2021/06)" . Election Study Center . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University) (National Chengchi University) National Chengchi University . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210306094327/https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7800&id=6961) Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Study+Center&rft.atitle=Taiwanese+%2F+Chinese+Identity%281992%2F06~2021%2F06%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesc.nccu.edu.tw%2FPageDoc%2FDetail%3Ffid%3D7800%26id%3D6961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190528/http://www.gvm.com.tw/gvsrc/200907_GVSRC_others_E.pdf) "Survey on President Ma's Approval Rating and Cross-Strait Relations After First Year of Direct Flights" (PDF) . Global Views Survey Research Center. 24 July 2009. Archived from (http://www.gvm.com.tw/gvsrc/200907_GVSRC_others_E.pdf) the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+on+President+Ma%27s+Approval+Rating+and+Cross-Strait+Relations+After+First+Year+of+Direct+Flights&rft.pub=Global+Views+Survey+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvm.com.tw%2Fgvsrc%2F200907_GVSRC_others_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7801&id=6963) "Taiwan Independence vs. Unification with the Mainland" . Election Study Center, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University) (National Chengchi University) National Chengchi University . (https://web.archive.org/web/20211026231952/https://esc.nccu.edu.tw/PageDoc/Detail?fid=7801&id=6963) Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Independence+vs.+Unification+with+the+Mainland&rft.pub=Election+Study+Center%2C+National+Chengchi+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesc.nccu.edu.tw%2FPageDoc%2FDetail%3Ffid%3D7801%26id%3D6963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Horton, Chris (26 November 2018). (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/world/asia/taiwan-election.html) "Taiwan Asked Voters 10 Questions. It Got Some Unexpected Answers. (Published 2018)" . The New York Times . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Asked+Voters+10+Questions.+It+Got+Some+Unexpected+Answers.+%28Published+2018%29&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftaiwan-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/present_status.stm) "Taiwan flashpoint: Introduction – Present status" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC) (BBC) BBC  . 2009. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/present_status.stm) Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020 . But Taiwan's leaders say it is clearly much more than a province, arguing that it is a sovereign state. It has its own constitution, democratically-elected leaders, and 400,000 troops in its armed forces.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Taiwan+flashpoint%3A+Introduction+%E2%80%93+Present+status&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fasia_pac%2F04%2Ftaiwan_flashpoint%2Fhtml%2Fpresent_status.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chang, Bi-yu (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hgaUBwAAQBAJ&q=9781317658122&pg=PA58) Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan  . University of London: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 35– 40, 46– 60. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65812-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65812-2) 978-1-317-65812-2  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002210440/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgaUBwAAQBAJ&q=9781317658122&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q=9781317658122&f=false) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place%2C+Identity%2C+and+National+Imagination+in+Post-war+Taiwan&rft.place=University+of+London&rft.pages=35-40%2C+46-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65812-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Bi-yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgaUBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D9781317658122%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://history.state.gov/countries/china) "Countries – China" . US Department of State, Office of the Historian. (https://web.archive.org/web/20210415013135/https://history.state.gov/countries/china) Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2009 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+%E2%80%93+China&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State%2C+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Wolf, David C. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389) 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950 (https://web.archive.org/web/20231215163208/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389) Archived 15 December 2023 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. JSTOR.  ↑   Eyal Propper. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120325191248/http://israelcfr.com/documents/issue5_china.pdf) "How China Views its National Security," (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Israel Council on Foreign Relations) The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs , May 2008.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en) "General Assembly, 26th session: 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)" . United Nations Digital Library. 1974. p. 41. (https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090149/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en) Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly%2C+26th+session%3A+1976th+plenary+meeting%2C+Monday%2C+25+October+1971%2C+New+York+%28A%2FPV.1976%29&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=United+Nations+Digital+Library&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F735611%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Henckaerts, Jean-Marie (1996). (https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96) The international status of Taiwan in the new world order  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers) (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers) Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 96– 97. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0929-3) (Special:BookSources/978-90-411-0929-3) 978-90-411-0929-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241002213726/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9kuVIayxDoC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+international+status+of+Taiwan+in+the+new+world+order&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-411-0929-3&rft.aulast=Henckaerts&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9kuVIayxDoC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lee, Tzu-wen (1996). "The International Legal Status of the Republic of China on Taiwan". UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs . 1 (2): 351– 392. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/45302055) 45302055 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Journal+of+International+Law+and+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+International+Legal+Status+of+the+Republic+of+China+on+Taiwan&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=351-392&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45302055%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tzu-wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nauru-switches-diplomatic-recognition-taiwan-china-106372382) "Nauru switches diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to China" . ABC News . Associated Press. 15 January 2024. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240115110223/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nauru-switches-diplomatic-recognition-taiwan-china-106372382) Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nauru+switches+diplomatic+recognition+from+Taiwan+to+China&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fnauru-switches-diplomatic-recognition-taiwan-china-106372382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pajtinka, Erik (2017). (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjnmlp-2017-0003) "Between Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy: Taiwan's Foreign Relations in Current Practice" . Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics . 11 (1). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matej_Bel_University) (Matej Bel University) Matej Bel University : 39– 57. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjnmlp-2017-0003) 10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0003  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158957023) 158957023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nationalism%2C+Memory+%26+Language+Politics&rft.atitle=Between+Diplomacy+and+Paradiplomacy%3A+Taiwan%27s+Foreign+Relations+in+Current+Practice&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-57&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjnmlp-2017-0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158957023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pajtinka&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fjnmlp-2017-0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20100206214100/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg) "China: US spat over Taiwan could hit co-operation" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) (Agence France-Presse) Agence France-Presse . 2 February 2010. Archived from (https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg) the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%3A+US+spat+over+Taiwan+could+hit+co-operation&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jDzKLVZ7X2dz8yrsshklcJZh38Cg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/14/obama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html) "Obama to push ahead on Taiwan frigate sales despite Chinese anger" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC) (CNBC) CNBC . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters . 14 December 2015. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170529195323/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/14/obama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html) Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+to+push+ahead+on+Taiwan+frigate+sales+despite+Chinese+anger&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2015%2F12%2F14%2Fobama-to-push-ahead-on-taiwan-frigate-sales-despite-chinese-anger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cheng, Jonathan (6 December 2025). (https://www.wsj.com/world/china/trumps-national-security-strategy-softens-language-on-china-f121ddb3) "Trump's National-Security Strategy Softens Language on China" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+National-Security+Strategy+Softens+Language+on+China&rft.date=2025-12-06&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Ftrumps-national-security-strategy-softens-language-on-china-f121ddb3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kan, Shirley (December 2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52) Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990  . DIANE Publishing. p. 52. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-2041-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-2041-3) 978-1-4379-2041-3  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+Major+U.S.+Arms+Sales+Since+1990&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-2041-3&rft.aulast=Kan&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJSHhOZo_j8C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sana Hashmi (5 February 2021). (https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/) "Perfecting Taiwan's New Southbound Policy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)) (The Diplomat (magazine)) The Diplomat  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210221100838/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/perfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy/) Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Perfecting+Taiwan%27s+New+Southbound+Policy&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.au=Sana+Hashmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F02%2Fperfecting-taiwans-new-southbound-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/30/2003763471) "Southbound Policy options discussed" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times) (Taipei Times) Taipei Times  . 30 August 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092725/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/08/30/2003763471) Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Southbound+Policy+options+discussed&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2021%2F08%2F30%2F2003763471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ralph Jennings (28 February 2019). (https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china) "Illegal immigration disrupts Taiwan's economic shift away from China and towards Southeast Asia" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) (South China Morning Post) South China Morning Post  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20190228225013/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2187922/illegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china) Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Illegal+immigration+disrupts+Taiwan%27s+economic+shift+away+from+China+and+towards+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.au=Ralph+Jennings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fchina-economy%2Farticle%2F2187922%2Fillegal-immigration-disrupts-taiwans-economic-shift-away-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mimi Leung (7 January 2019). (https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190107175952304) "Indonesia suspends student internships to Taiwan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_World_News) (University World News) University World News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230125092734/https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190107175952304) Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023 . 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A combination of factors – rules of employment, limited education, poor Chinese-language skills and corruption – have long made such workers targets of abuse, leading foreign governments to express concern about their citizens employed in Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Migrant+worker%27s+death+at+hands+of+Taiwan+police+highlights+failings+in+labour+system&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.au=Kyodo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F3024913%2Fmigrant-workers-death-hands-taiwan-police-highlights-failings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ja Ian Chong (10 April 2019). (https://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/taiwan%E2%80%99s-new-southbound-policy-accomplishments-and-perceptions) "Taiwan's New Southbound Policy: Accomplishments and Perceptions" . 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20211022130449/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/04/25/2003756299) Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. ...Most importantly, with the repeal of the temporary provisions, the Chinese Communist Party would no longer be seen as a rebel group. "From now on, we will see the Chinese Communist Party as a political entity that controls the mainland region and we will call them the 'mainland authorities' or the 'Chinese Communist authorities'," President Lee said during the press conference  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+in+Time%3A+The+%27communist+rebellion%27+finally+ends&rft.date=2021-04-25&rft.au=Han+Cheung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2021%2F04%2F25%2F2003756299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30341.html) "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy—Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei" . www.everycrsreport.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20240816172156/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30341.html) Archived from the original on 16 August 2024. 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Retrieved 27 November 2021 . Experts agree a direct conflict is unlikely, but as the future of self-ruled Taiwan increasingly becomes a powder keg, a mishap or miscalculation could lead to confrontation while Chinese and American ambitions are at odds.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nine+News&rft.atitle=What+is+behind+the+China-Taiwan+dispute%3F&rft.date=2021-11-27&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchina-taiwan-tensions-explainer-what-is-behind-long-running-dispute%2F04749e94-19c6-4dc2-9482-1061bde59e87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Huang, Jing (2017). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.16) "Xi Jinping's Taiwan Policy: Boxing Taiwan In with the One-China Framework" . In Dittmer, Lowell (ed.). Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace (1st ed.). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Threat+to+Attack+Taiwan+Alarms+Asia&rft.date=2005-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F03%2F14%2Finternational%2Fi003051S91.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kapstein, Ethan B.; Michael Mastanduno (1999). (https://books.google.com/books?id=68s2k0ztkCMC&pg=PA194) Unipolar politics  . Columbia University Press. p. 194. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11309-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11309-0) 978-0-231-11309-0  . The Japanese leadership openly split on whether a crisis in Taiwan was included in the geographic expression "area surrounding Japan." In the event, Japan refused to stipulate the contingencies under which it would provide rear area support for U.S. forces or even the geographic scope of the "area surrounding Japan".  ... The two sides have not articulated clearly what the alliance stands for , nor who it is defined to protect against .  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unipolar+politics&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11309-0&rft.aulast=Kapstein&rft.aufirst=Ethan+B.&rft.au=Michael+Mastanduno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68s2k0ztkCMC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tow, William (2005). "ANZUS: Regional versus Global Security in Asia?". International Relations of the Asia-Pacific . 5 (2): 197– 216. 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The Republic of China autocracy-turned-democracy didn't surrender to the Communist Party uprising during the 1949 civil war. It has no intention of doing so now. Now Taipei's own defence minister, Chiu Kuo-cheng, says his country is prepared to defend itself alone, if necessary. "The country must rely on itself," he told media Thursday. "If any friends or other groups can help us, then we're happy to have it. But we cannot completely depend on it."   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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Chinese+Dialectology&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-629-6&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lo, Yun-Hua (2021). (https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/10/4149/5955855) "Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution) (Molecular Biology and Evolution) Molecular Biology and Evolution  . 38 (10): 4149– 4165. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa276) 10.1093/molbev/msaa276 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8476137) 8476137  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170928) 33170928 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . Consequently, our results showed that the ISEA ancestry in the Taiwanese Han was the outcome of population mixtures rather than shared ancestry, and the admixture event likely occurred before the Taiwanese Han ancestors migrated to Taiwan (fig. 2A). If the admixture occurred only after the Han people migrated to Taiwan, then the observed results would only be seen in the Taiwanese Han. However, similar F3 outcomes were found in the Chinese Han (supplementary fig. S2, Supplementary Material online), supporting that admixture occurred prior to migration to Taiwan. Moreover, signatures of population admixture were also detected between the ancestors of Taiwanese Han and the Ami Austronesian-speaking population using the F4 test; significant positive F4 values were observed when most Sino-Tibetan speaking populations were individually included in the analysis, except for the Chinese Singapore and Chinese Cantonese (table 1). These two populations appear to be genetically closest to the Taiwanese Han among all other Sino-Tibetan speaking populations (fig. 1B), which is consistent with the hypothesis of population mixture before the ancestors of Taiwanese Han migrated to Taiwan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Detecting+Genetic+Ancestry+and+Adaptation+in+the+Taiwanese+Han+People&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4149-4165&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8476137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33170928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaa276&rft.aulast=Lo&rft.aufirst=Yun-Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Farticle%2F38%2F10%2F4149%2F5955855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liu, Ting-Yuan; Lu, Hsing-Fang; Chen, Yu-Chia; et al. (2025). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12136033) "Diversity and longitudinal records: Genetic architecture of disease associations and polygenic risk in the Taiwanese Han population" . Science Advances . 11 (23) eadt0539. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025SciA...11..539L) 2025SciA...11..539L . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adt0539) 10.1126/sciadv.adt0539 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12136033) 12136033  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40465716) 40465716 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+longitudinal+records%3A+Genetic+architecture+of+disease+associations+and+polygenic+risk+in+the+Taiwanese+Han+population&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=23&rft.artnum=eadt0539&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC12136033%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40465716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.adt0539&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2025SciA...11..539L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Ting-Yuan&rft.au=Lu%2C+Hsing-Fang&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yu-Chia&rft.au=Liao%2C+Chi-Chou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC12136033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lin, Marie; Trejaut, Jean A. (2023). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9849472) "Diversity and distribution of mitochondrial DNA in non-Austronesian-speaking Taiwanese individuals" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.atitle=%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cip.gov.tw%2Fzh-tw%2Fnews%2Fdata-list%2F940F9579765AC6A0%2Findex.html%3Fcumid%3D940F9579765AC6A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20170620042553/http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-04.xls) "Indigenous People" . MOI Statistical Information Service. February 2012. Archived from (http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-04.xls) the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+People&rft.pub=MOI+Statistical+Information+Service&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsowf.moi.gov.tw%2Fstat%2Fmonth%2Fm1-04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120411063355/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/culture/indigenous/) "An Overview of Taiwan's Indigenous Groups" . Government Information Office. 2006. Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/culture/indigenous/) the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+Taiwan%27s+Indigenous+Groups&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fculture%2Findigenous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Juan, Shao-Chiu; Awerbuch-Friedlander, Tamara; Levins, Richard (3 October 2016). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810052) "Ethnic density and mortality: aboriginal population health in Taiwan" . Public Health Reviews . 37 11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40985-016-0028-1) 10.1186/s40985-016-0028-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810052) 5810052  . 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The Republic of China Yearbook 2011 . Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/docs/ch02D.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 May 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+People+and+Language&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2011&rft.pub=Government+Information+Office%2C+Republic+of+China+%28Taiwan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fyearbook%2Fdocs%2Fch02D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TW) "Taiwan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue) (Ethnologue) Ethnologue  . Principal languages  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Taiwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/07/20/2003674932) "Official documents issued in Aboriginal languages" . Taipei Times . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Official+documents+issued+in+Aboriginal+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2017%2F07%2F20%2F2003674932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Yu, Ching-Hua. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000756/http://aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v10n2/v10n2a2.pdf) "The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing" (PDF) . Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing . 10 (2): 168. Archived from (http://aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v10n2/v10n2a2.pdf) the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Linguistics+and+Chinese+Language+Processing&rft.atitle=The+Formosan+Language+Archive%3A+Linguistic+Analysis+and+Language+Processing&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168&rft.aulast=Zeitoun&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Yu%2C+Ching-Hua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclclp.org.tw%2Fclclp%2Fv10n2%2Fv10n2a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsao, Feng-fu (2000). "The language planning situation in Taiwan". In Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.). Language planning in Nepal, Taiwan, and Sweden . Vol. 115. Multilingual Matters. pp. 60– 106. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-483-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-483-0) 978-1-85359-483-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+language+planning+situation+in+Taiwan&rft.btitle=Language+planning+in+Nepal%2C+Taiwan%2C+and+Sweden&rft.pages=60-106&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-483-0&rft.aulast=Tsao&rft.aufirst=Feng-fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  pages 75–76.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cheong, Ching (2001). Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism . World Scientific. p. 187. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4486-6) (Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4486-6) 978-981-02-4486-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Will+Taiwan+break+away%3A+the+rise+of+Taiwanese+nationalism&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4486-6&rft.aulast=Cheong&rft.aufirst=Ching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215646/http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf) "法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from (http://oga.ncu.edu.tw/ncuoga/dispatch/doc/%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E1050106.pdf) the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8-%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foga.ncu.edu.tw%2Fncuoga%2Fdispatch%2Fdoc%2F%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%25A6%258B%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%2594%25A8%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%2598%258E1050106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://vita.tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-%E6%8E%80%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%80%E5%A0%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD-1fa53d10d9da) "《法律白話文運動》掀起一場法律革命" (in Chinese). 4 February 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E3%80%8B%E6%8E%80%E8%B5%B7%E4%B8%80%E5%A0%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.date=2018-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvita.tw%2F%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25BE%258B%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E6%2596%2587%25E9%2581%258B%25E5%258B%2595-%25E6%258E%2580%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A0%25B4%25E6%25B3%2595%25E5%25BE%258B%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD-1fa53d10d9da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))  (./Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (./Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023)  (./Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged August 2023) permanent dead link   ]     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/11/18/2003747134) "Taiwan to host regional religious freedom forum" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times) (Taipei Times) Taipei Times  . 18 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan+to+host+regional+religious+freedom+forum&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2020%2F11%2F18%2F2003747134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (s:Constitution of the Republic of China) (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China) Constitution of the Republic of China    . Chapter II, Article 13 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource) (Wikisource) Wikisource . The people shall have freedom of religious belief  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=Chapter+II%2C+Article+13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328170151/https://govdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/hd6a18526?country=TWN&indicator=41930&viz=line_chart&years=1975,2020) "Freedom of religion, Scale" . World Bank. 2020. Archived from (https://govdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/hd6a18526?country=TWN&indicator=41930&viz=line_chart&years=1975,2020) the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+religion%2C+Scale&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovdata360.worldbank.org%2Findicators%2Fhd6a18526%3Fcountry%3DTWN%26indicator%3D41930%26viz%3Dline_chart%26years%3D1975%2C2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070708213510/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/22Religion.htm) "Taiwan Yearbook 2006" . Government of Information Office. 2006. Archived from (http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/22Religion.htm) the original on 8 July 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Yearbook+2006&rft.pub=Government+of+Information+Office&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gio.gov.tw%2Ftaiwan-website%2F5-gp%2Fyearbook%2F22Religion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   Stainton, Michael (2002). (https://web.archive.org/web/20120515150705/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/taiwan/presbyterians-and-aboriginal-revitalization-movement) "Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Taiwan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Survival_Quarterly) (Cultural Survival Quarterly) Cultural Survival Quarterly  26.2, 5 May 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2014.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Athena Tacet (31 December 2014). (https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/12/islam-taiwan-lost-tradition-2014123173558796270.html) "Islam in Taiwan: Lost in tradition" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) (Al Jazeera Media Network) Al Jazeera . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Taiwan%3A+Lost+in+tradition&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.au=Athena+Tacet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F12%2Fislam-taiwan-lost-tradition-2014123173558796270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ey.gov.tw/File/71A8E0246065BE0) "表23各宗教教務概況" (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%A823%E5%90%84%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E5%8B%99%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FFile%2F71A8E0246065BE0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Steven Crook (15 May 2020). (https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/05/15/2003736425) "Highways and Byways: Bastions of the Unity Sect" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times) (Taipei Times) Taipei Times  . Retrieved 16 May 2024 . Few countries can match Taiwan's density of religions and religious buildings.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Highways+and+Byways%3A+Bastions+of+the+Unity+Sect&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.au=Steven+Crook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2020%2F05%2F15%2F2003736425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michelle Yun (25 August 2018). (https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/08/25/dragons-and-steamed-buns-at-taiwans-temple-like-church.html) "Dragons and steamed buns at Taiwan's temple-like church" . The Jakarta Post . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse) (Agence France-Presse) Agence France-Presse . Retrieved 16 May 2024 . Taiwan embraces freedom of religion and has one of the highest densities of temples in the world, with close to 70 percent of the population believers in Taoism, Buddhism, and Chinese folk traditions.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Dragons+and+steamed+buns+at+Taiwan%27s+temple-like+church&rft.date=2018-08-25&rft.au=Michelle+Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2018%2F08%2F25%2Fdragons-and-steamed-buns-at-taiwans-temple-like-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Scott Morgan (1 November 2018). (https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3565789) "Taiwan highly-ranked as good place to live as an atheist: report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_News) (Taiwan News) Taiwan News  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+on+Civilisation+Dialogue+2019&rft.atitle=Violations+of+Religious+Freedom+of+Indonesian+Migrant+Workers+in+Taiwan&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.aulast=Tampubolon&rft.aufirst=Manotar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uki.ac.id%2F1239%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sampurna, Rizki Hegia (31 December 2019). (https://society.fisip.ubb.ac.id/index.php/society/article/view/93) "Accommodating Religious Practices in the Workplace: The Case of Indonesian Workers in Taiwan" . Society . 7 (2). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bangka_Belitung) (University of Bangka Belitung) University of Bangka Belitung : 159– 172. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.33019%2Fsociety.v7i2.93) 10.33019/society.v7i2.93  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214260850) 214260850 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Accommodating+Religious+Practices+in+the+Workplace%3A+The+Case+of+Indonesian+Workers+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-172&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33019%2Fsociety.v7i2.93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214260850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sampurna&rft.aufirst=Rizki+Hegia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociety.fisip.ubb.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2Fview%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023) "QS World University Rankings – 2023" . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved 27 October 2022 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Internationale+d%27%C3%89ducation+de+S%C3%A8vres&rft.atitle=A+matter+of+trust%3A+shadow+education+in+Taiwan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fries.3800&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Chuing+Prudence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fries%2F3800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/fears-over-over-education-in-taiwan/news-story/aeae2a2d83898f684fd0ac5aaffd5816) "Fears over over-education in Taiwan" . The Australian . 3 September 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Fears+over+over-education+in+Taiwan&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fhigher-education%2Ffears-over-over-education-in-taiwan%2Fnews-story%2Faeae2a2d83898f684fd0ac5aaffd5816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf) "PISA – Results in Focus" (PDF) . OECD. p. 5. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PISA+%E2%80%93+Results+in+Focus&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fpisa%2Fpisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://gpseducation.oecd.org/CountryProfile?primaryCountry=TWN&treshold=10&topic=PI) "Chinese Taipei Student performance (PISA 2015)" . OECD. Retrieved 19 August 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Taipei+Student+performance+%28PISA+2015%29&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpseducation.oecd.org%2FCountryProfile%3FprimaryCountry%3DTWN%26treshold%3D10%26topic%3DPI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kiersz, Andy (16 December 2016). (http://www.businessinsider.com/pisa-worldwide-ranking-of-math-science-reading-skills-2016-12) The latest ranking of top countries in math, reading, and science is out – and the US didn't crack the top 10  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+latest+ranking+of+top+countries+in+math%2C+reading%2C+and+science+is+out+%E2%80%93+and+the+US+didn%27t+crack+the+top+10&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Kiersz&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fpisa-worldwide-ranking-of-math-science-reading-skills-2016-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/t03_download/T03_M_Chap1.pdf) "TIMSS Math 2003" (PDF) . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TIMSS+Math+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisc.bc.edu%2FPDF%2Ft03_download%2FT03_M_Chap1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/t03_download/T03_S_Chap1.pdf) "TIMSS Science 2003" (PDF) . 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On the Origins and Transformation of Taiwanese National Identity . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origins+and+Transformation+of+Taiwanese+National+Identity&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Mau-kuei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chang, Maukuei (2005). "The Movement to Indigenize to Social Sciences in Taiwan: Origin and Predicaments". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua . Palgrave Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7020-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7020-6) 978-1-4039-7020-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Movement+to+Indigenize+to+Social+Sciences+in+Taiwan%3A+Origin+and+Predicaments&rft.btitle=Cultural%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Political+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+Bentuhua&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7020-6&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Maukuei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Davidson) (James W. Davidson) Davidson, James W. (1903). (https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi) The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects: tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions  . Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)) (OL (identifier)) OL  (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6931635M) 6931635M . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+White+Paper+on+Taiwan+Industrial+Technology&rft.pub=Department+of+Industrial+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft.au=DoIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoit.moea.gov.tw%2Fitech%2Fdata%2F2008_1_1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Exec. Yuan (2014). (http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf) The Republic of China Yearbook 2014  (PDF) . Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-04-2302-0) (Special:BookSources/978-986-04-2302-0) 978-986-04-2302-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2014&rft.pub=Executive+Yuan%2C+R.O.C.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-986-04-2302-0&rft.au=Exec.+Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FUpload%2FUserFiles%2FYB%25202014%2520all%2520100dpi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fenby, Jonathan (2009). The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2009 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books) (Penguin Books) Penguin Books . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9832-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9832-0) 978-0-7139-9832-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9832-0&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949 . Cambridge modern China series. Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77124-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77124-5) 978-0-521-77124-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+Chinese+democracy%3A+civil+opposition+in+Nationalist+China%2C+1929%E2%80%931949&rft.series=Cambridge+modern+China+series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77124-5&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gold, Thomas B. (1985). (https://books.google.com/books?id=7GemBgAAQBAJ) State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle  . M.E. Sharpe. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45940-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45940-8) 978-1-317-45940-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Taiwan+Miracle&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45940-8&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GemBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gordon, Leonard H.D. (2007), Confrontation Over Taiwan , Lexington Books (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+Over+Taiwan&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Leonard+H.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hill, Catherine; Soares, Pedro; Mormina, Maru; Macaulay, Vincent; Clarke, Dougie; Blumbach, Petya B.; Vizuete-Forster, Matthieu; Forster, Peter; Bulbeck, David; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Richards, Martin (January 2007). 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"From Aboriginal Island to Chinese Frontier: The Development of Taiwan before 1683". In Knapp, Ronald G. (ed.). China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan . The University of Hawaii. pp. 3– 28. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F62865) 10125/62865  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-8005-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-8005-7) 978-0-8248-8005-7  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neolithic+of+southeast+China%3A+cultural+transformation+and+regional+interaction+on+the+coast&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934043-16-5&rft.aulast=Jiao&rft.aufirst=Tianlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Li, Xiaobing (2019). The history of Taiwan . Greenwood. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Taiwan&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Liu, Yingsheng (2012). The Taiwan Strait between the Twelfth and Sixteenth Centuries and the Maritime Route to Luzon . Harrassowitz Verlag. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigenization+Discourse+in+Taiwanese+Confucian+Revivalism&rft.btitle=Cultural%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Political+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+Bentuhua&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7020-6&rft.aulast=Makeham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Makinen, Gail E.; Woodward, G. Thomas (1989). "The Taiwanese hyperinflation and stabilization of 1945–1952". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking . 21 (1): 90– 105. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1992580) 10.2307/1992580 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992580) 1992580 . 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Monumenta Serica . 23 : 163– 204. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1964.11731044) 10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726116) 40726116 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=The+earliest+eyewitness+accounts+of+the+Formosan+aborigines&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=163-204&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1964.11731044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Twitchett, Denis (2002). The Cambridge History of China 9 Volume 1 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644323041) 644323041 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Dutch+Trade&rft.btitle=Formosa+under+the+Dutch%3A+described+from+contemporary+records%2C+with+explanatory+notes+and+a+bibliography+of+the+island&rft.pages=25-75&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644323041&rft.isbn=978-957-638-083-9&rft.aulast=Valentijn&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fformosaunderdut01campgoog%23page%2Fn41%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  First published 1724 in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wang, Gabe T. (2006). China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Taiwan+Issue%3A+Impending+War+at+Taiwan+Strait&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gabe+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wills, John E. Jr. (2006). "The Seventeenth-century Transformation: Taiwan under the Dutch and the Cheng Regime". In Rubinstein, Murray A. (ed.). Taiwan: A New History (expanded ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 84– 106. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1495-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1495-7) 978-0-7656-1495-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seventeenth-century+Transformation%3A+Taiwan+under+the+Dutch+and+the+Cheng+Regime&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=84-106&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1495-7&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=John+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Winckler, Edwin (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). Cultural Policy in Postwar Taiwan . Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (10–14 April 1991; Seattle). Westview Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8632-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8632-4) 978-0-8133-8632-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Cultural+Policy+in+Postwar+Taiwan&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8632-4&rft.aulast=Winckler&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Young-tsu (2017). China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon . Springer. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Conquest+of+Taiwan+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Victory+at+Full+Moon&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Young-tsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wong, Tin (2022). Approaching Sovereignty over the Diaoyu Islands . Springer. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+Sovereignty+over+the+Diaoyu+Islands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Tin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ye, Ruiping (2019). The Colonisation and Settlement of Taiwan . Routledge. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonisation+and+Settlement+of+Taiwan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Ruiping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Yip, June (2004). Envisioning Taiwan: Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary . Duke University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3357-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3357-9) 978-0-8223-3357-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Taiwan%3A+Fiction%2C+Cinema+and+the+Nation+in+the+Cultural+Imaginary&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3357-9&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ballantine, Joseph (1952). Formosa: A Problem for United States Foreign Policy . The Brookings Institution. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formosa%3A+A+Problem+for+United+States+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Ballantine&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United States (1949). United States relations with China, with special reference to the period 1944–1949, based on the files of the Department of State . U.S. Government Printing Office. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+relations+with+China%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+period+1944%E2%80%931949%2C+based+on+the+files+of+the+Department+of+State&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1949&rft.au=United+States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh (1982). China Without Mao: The Search for a New Order . Oxford University Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Without+Mao%3A+The+Search+for+a+New+Order&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hs%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Immanuel+Chung-yueh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zhang, Yufa (1998). Zhonghua Minguo shigao 中華民國史稿 . Lian jing (聯經). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-08-1826-3) (Special:BookSources/957-08-1826-3) 957-08-1826-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhonghua+Minguo+shigao+%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%A8%BF&rft.pub=Lian+jing+%28%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=957-08-1826-3&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yufa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh))       Further reading   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Taiwan   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwan) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwan&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/04/taiwan_flashpoint/html/introduction.stm) "Taiwan Flashpoint" . BBC News . 2005. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Flashpoint&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fasia_pac%2F04%2Ftaiwan_flashpoint%2Fhtml%2Fintroduction.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bush, R.; O'Hanlon, M. (2007). (https://archive.org/details/warlikenoothertr0000bush) A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America  . Wiley. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98677-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98677-5) 978-0-471-98677-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+Like+No+Other%3A+The+Truth+About+China%27s+Challenge+to+America&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98677-5&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=O%27Hanlon%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarlikenoothertr0000bush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bush, R. (2006). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait . Brookings Institution Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1290-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1290-9) 978-0-8157-1290-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knot%3A+Making+Peace+in+the+Taiwan+Strait&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-1290-9&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Carpenter, T. (2006). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/americascomingwa00carp) America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Taiwan   . Palgrave Macmillan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6841-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6841-8) 978-1-4039-6841-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Coming+War+with+China%3A+A+Collision+Course+over+Taiwan&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6841-8&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericascomingwa00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clark, Cal; Tan, Alexander C. (2012). Taiwan's Political Economy: Meeting Challenges, Pursuing Progress . Lynne Rienner Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-806-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-806-8) 978-1-58826-806-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%27s+Political+Economy%3A+Meeting+Challenges%2C+Pursuing+Progress&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-806-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Cal&rft.au=Tan%2C+Alexander+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cole, B. (2006). Taiwan's Security: History and Prospects . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36581-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36581-9) 978-0-415-36581-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%27s+Security%3A+History+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36581-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Copper, John Franklin (2019). Taiwan: Nation-state or province? . Routledge. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+Nation-state+or+province%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=John+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Copper, J. (2006). Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Taiwan . Praeger Security International General Interest. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98888-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98888-3) 978-0-275-98888-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+with+Fire%3A+The+Looming+War+with+China+over+Taiwan&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International+General+Interest&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98888-3&rft.aulast=Copper&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Copper, John F, ed. (1993). (https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00cop_ehx) Historical dictionary of Taiwan  . Scarecrow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2608-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2608-3) 978-0-8108-2608-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Taiwan&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2608-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00cop_ehx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Federation of American Scientists; et al. (2006). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190803225059/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf) "Chinese Nuclear Forces and US Nuclear War Planning" (PDF) . Archived from (https://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf) the original (PDF) on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Nuclear+Forces+and+US+Nuclear+War+Planning&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fchina%2FBook2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Feuerwerker, Albert (1968). The Chinese Economy, 1912–1949 . University of Michigan Press. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Economy%2C+1912%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Feuerwerker&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fravel, M. Taylor (2002). "Towards Civilian Supremacy: Civil-military Relations in Taiwan's Democratization". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_&_Society) (Armed Forces & Society) Armed Forces & Society  . 29 (1): 57– 84. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327x0202900104) 10.1177/0095327x0202900104 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146212666) 146212666 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armed+Forces+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Towards+Civilian+Supremacy%3A+Civil-military+Relations+in+Taiwan%27s+Democratization&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-84&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0095327x0202900104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146212666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fravel&rft.aufirst=M.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Horton, Chris (2025). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2xxTEQAAQBAJ) Ghost Nation: The Story of Taiwan and Its Struggle for Survival  . Macmillan. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Nation%3A+The+Story+of+Taiwan+and+Its+Struggle+for+Survival&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2025&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xxTEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kuo, Shirley W.Y.; Ranis, Gustav (2020). (https://books.google.com/books?id=wGMPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1&dq=%22%2522Republic%2Bof%2BChina%2522%22) The Taiwan Success Story: Rapid Growith With Improved Distribution In The Republic Of China, 1952–1979  . Routledge. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiwan+Success+Story%3A+Rapid+Growith+With+Improved+Distribution+In+The+Republic+Of+China%2C+1952%E2%80%931979&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Shirley+W.Y.&rft.au=Ranis%2C+Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGMPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1%26dq%3D%2522%252522Republic%252Bof%252BChina%252522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lasater, Martin L. (2019). The Taiwan Issue in Sino-American Strategic Relations . Routledge. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiwan+Issue+in+Sino-American+Strategic+Relations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Lasater&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Selby, Burnard (March 1955). "Formosa: The Historical Background". History Today . 5 (3): 186– 194. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Formosa%3A+The+Historical+Background&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-194&rft.date=1955-03&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=Burnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shirk, S. (2007). (https://archive.org/details/chinafragilesupe00shir) China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise  . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530609-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530609-5) 978-0-19-530609-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Fragile+Superpower%3A+How+China%27s+Internal+Politics+Could+Derail+Its+Peaceful+Rise&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530609-5&rft.aulast=Shirk&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinafragilesupe00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tinn, Honghong (2025). (https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5889/Island-TinkerersInnovation-and-Transformation-in) Island Tinkerers: Innovation and Transformation in the Making of Taiwan's Computing Industry  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press) (MIT Press) MIT Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262380270) (Special:BookSources/9780262380270) 9780262380270  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Tinkerers%3A+Innovation+and+Transformation+in+the+Making+of+Taiwan%27s+Computing+Industry&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2025&rft.isbn=9780262380270&rft.aulast=Tinn&rft.aufirst=Honghong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fbooks%2Foa-monograph%2F5889%2FIsland-TinkerersInnovation-and-Transformation-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tsang, S. (2006). If China Attacks Taiwan: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40785-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40785-4) 978-0-415-40785-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+China+Attacks+Taiwan%3A+Military+Strategy%2C+Politics+and+Economics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40785-4&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tucker, N.B. (2005). Dangerous Strait: the US-Taiwan-China Crisis . Columbia University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13564-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13564-1) 978-0-231-13564-1  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Free trade agreements of Taiwan (page does not exist)) FTAs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_movement_in_Taiwan) (Labor movement in Taiwan) Labor movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan) (Maritime industries of Taiwan) Maritime industries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan) (Mining in Taiwan) Mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Pharmaceutical industry in Taiwan (page does not exist)) Pharmaceutical industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan) (Semiconductor industry in Taiwan) Semiconductor industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Taiwan) (Steel industry in Taiwan) Steel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange) (Taiwan Stock Exchange) Stock exchange  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan) (Taxation in Taiwan) Taxation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan) (Telecommunications in Taiwan) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan) (Textile industry in Taiwan) Textile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan) (Tourism in Taiwan) Tourism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan) (Transportation in Taiwan) Transportation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Invoice) (Uniform Invoice) Uniform Invoice  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan) (Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan) Water supply and sanitation            National symbols People Society (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan) (Culture of Taiwan) Culture       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Taiwan) (National symbols of Taiwan) National symbols  Anthems (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Anthem of the Republic of China) national  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China) flag    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan) (Emblem of Taiwan) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_flags) (List of Taiwanese flags) Flags (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China) (Flag of the Republic of China) current  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan) (Proposed flags of Taiwan) proposed  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Olympic_flag) (Chinese Taipei Olympic flag) Olympic    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Flower of the Republic of China) Flower  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China) (National Seals of the Republic of China) Seals      People  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan) (Demographics of Taiwan) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese) (Overseas Taiwanese) Overseas Taiwanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians) (Taiwanese Australians) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans) (Taiwanese Americans) America  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians) (Taiwanese Canadians) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taishang) (Taishang) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_expatriates_in_Vietnam) (Taiwanese expatriates in Vietnam) Vietnam    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_people) (Taiwanese people) Taiwanese people  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Taiwanese indigenous peoples (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan) (List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan) List    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Taiwanese) (Han Taiwanese) Hans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese) (Hoklo Taiwanese) Hoklos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese) (Hakka Taiwanese) Hakkas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waishengren) (Waishengren) Waishengren    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_immigrant_in_Taiwan) (New immigrant in Taiwan) New immigrants      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan) (Languages of Taiwan) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_languages) (Formosan languages) Formosan languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amis_language) (Amis language) Amis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atayal_language) (Atayal language) Atayal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunun_language) (Bunun language) Bunun  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakanavu_language) (Kanakanavu language) Kanakanavu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalan_language) (Kavalan language) Kavalan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_language) (Paiwan language) Paiwan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyuma_language) (Puyuma language) Puyuma  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukai_language) (Rukai language) Rukai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaroa_language) (Saaroa language) Saaroa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saisiyat_language) (Saisiyat language) Saisiyat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakizaya_language) (Sakizaya language) Sakizaya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seediq_language) (Seediq language) Seediq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thao_language) (Thao language) Thao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsou_language) (Tsou language) Tsou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_language) (Yami language) Yami    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages) (Sinitic languages) Sinitic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin) (Taiwanese Mandarin) Mandarin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien) (Taiwanese Hokkien) Taiwanese Hokkien  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka) (Taiwanese Hakka) Hakka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_dialect) (Matsu dialect) Matsu dialect    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language) (Taiwanese Sign Language) Sign Language  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille) (Taiwanese Braille) Braille      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_people) (List of Taiwanese people) Notable individuals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_actresses) (List of Taiwanese actresses) Actresses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_architects) (List of Taiwanese architects) Architects  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_artists) (List of Taiwanese artists) Artists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_footballers) (List of Taiwanese footballers) Footballers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magistrates_and_mayors_in_Taiwan) (List of magistrates and mayors in Taiwan) Magistrates and mayors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_mathematicians) (List of Taiwanese mathematicians) Mathematicians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_musicians) (List of Taiwanese musicians) Musicians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flag_bearers_for_Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Olympics) (List of flag bearers for Chinese Taipei at the Olympics) Olympic flagbearers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_photographers) (List of Taiwanese photographers) Photographers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_scientists) (List of Taiwanese scientists) Scientists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_singers) (List of Taiwanese singers) Singers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_Americans) (List of Taiwanese Americans) Taiwanese Americans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_people_by_net_worth) (List of Taiwanese people by net worth) Wealthiest  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_writers) (List of Taiwanese writers) Writers           Society (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan) (Architecture of Taiwan) Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan) (Crime in Taiwan) Crime (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan) (Organized crime in Taiwan) Organized crime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan) (Sex trafficking in Taiwan) Sex trafficking    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan) (Education in Taiwan) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan) (Healthcare in Taiwan) Healthcare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Taiwan) (International rankings of Taiwan) International rankings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries) (List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries) Inventions and discoveries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan) (Prostitution in Taiwan) Prostitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan) (Public holidays in Taiwan) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan) (Public housing in Taiwan) Public housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Standard of living in Taiwan (page does not exist)) Standard of living  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan) (Squatting in Taiwan) Squatting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives) (List of Taiwanese superlatives) Superlatives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_studies) (Taiwan studies) Taiwan studies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan) (Waste management in Taiwan) Waste management  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan) (Women in Taiwan) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan) (Culture of Taiwan) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_animation) (Taiwanese animation) Animation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_art) (Taiwanese art) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan) (Cinema of Taiwan) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine) (Taiwanese cuisine) Cuisine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Taiwan) (Beer in Taiwan) Beer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_desserts_and_snacks) (List of Taiwanese desserts and snacks) Dessert  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_wine) (Taiwanese wine) Wine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_whisky) (Taiwanese whisky) Whisky    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Taiwan) (Dance in Taiwan) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_drama) (Taiwanese drama) Drama (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2000_to_2010) (List of Taiwanese dramas from 2000 to 2010) 2000 to 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2011_to_2020) (List of Taiwanese dramas from 2011 to 2020) 2011 to 2020  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2021_to_present) (List of Taiwanese dramas from 2021 to present) 2021 to present    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_in_Taiwan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Fashion in Taiwan (page does not exist)) Fashion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Taiwan) (List of festivals in Taiwan) Festivals (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Taiwan) (List of film festivals in Taiwan) Film  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_Taiwan) (List of music festivals in Taiwan) Music    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_folk_beliefs) (Taiwanese folk beliefs) Folk beliefs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan) (Gambling in Taiwan) Gambling  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove_puppetry) (Glove puppetry) Glove puppetry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_in_Taiwan) (Hunting in Taiwan) Hunting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_literature) (Taiwanese literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan) (Media of Taiwan) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan) (Music of Taiwan) Music (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_Taiwan) (List of best-selling albums in Taiwan) Best-selling albums  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music_in_Taiwan) (Pop music in Taiwan) Pop music    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_opera) (Taiwanese opera) Opera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan) (Night markets in Taiwan) Night markets  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Taiwan) (Performing arts in Taiwan) Performing arts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan) (Philosophy in Taiwan) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan) (Photography in Taiwan) Photography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan) (Religion in Taiwan) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith_in_Taiwan) (Baháʼí Faith in Taiwan) Baháʼí  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan) (Buddhism in Taiwan) Buddhism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan) (Christianity in Taiwan) Christianity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan) (Islam in Taiwan) Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Taiwan) (History of the Jews in Taiwan) Judaism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Taiwan) (Secularism in Taiwan) Secularism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_in_Taiwan) (Shinto in Taiwan) Shinto    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan) (Smoking in Taiwan) Smoking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan) (Sports in Taiwan) Sports (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Taiwan) (Baseball in Taiwan) Baseball  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Taiwan) (Football in Taiwan) Football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing_in_Taiwan) (Surfing in Taiwan) Surfing    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_superstitions) (Taiwanese superstitions) Superstitions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture) (Kuai Kuai culture) Kuai Kuai culture    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Beauty) (T-Beauty) T-Beauty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_wave) (Taiwanese wave) Taiwanese wave  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_television_series) (List of Taiwanese television series) Television (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bell_Awards) (Golden Bell Awards) Golden Bell Awards    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_tea) (Taiwanese tea) Tea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture) (Taiwanese tea culture) tea culture    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan) (List of tourist attractions in Taiwan) Tourist attractions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_in_Taiwan) (Theater in Taiwan) Theater           (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiwan) (Category:Taiwan) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan) (Portal:Taiwan) Portal   (Outline) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan) (Outline of Taiwan) Outline          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Links to related articles   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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China) (Mainland China) Mainland    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands) (Ryukyu Islands) Ryukyu    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea) (Korea) Korea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_Province) (Jeju Province) Jeju      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) Taiwan        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia) (Category:Environment of East Asia) Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership) (East Asia Climate Partnership) East Asia Climate Partnership  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon) (East Asian Monsoon) Monsoon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season) (East Asian rainy season) Rainy season  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_region#Endemic_flora) (Eastern Asiatic region) Flora          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia) (East Asia) ()       Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_people) (East Asian people) Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people) (Ainu people) Ainu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China) (List of ethnic groups in China) Chinese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese) (Han Chinese) Han (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups) (Han Chinese subgroups) subgroups    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people) (Hui people) Hui  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_China) (Koreans in China) Koreans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujia_people) (Tujia people) Tujia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people) (Miao people) Miao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols_in_China) (Mongols in China) Mongols  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people) (Yi people) Yi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_people) (Zhuang people) Zhuang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China) (Unrecognized ethnic groups in China) unrecognized  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history) (Ethnic groups in Chinese history) historical    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people) (Japanese people) Japanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan) (Koreans in Japan) Koreans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuans) (Ryukyuans) Ryukyuans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_people) (Yamato people) Yamato    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans) (Koreans) Koreans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans) (Sakhalin Koreans) in Sakhalin    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people) (Manchu people) Manchu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolic_peoples) (Mongolic peoples) Mongolic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols) (Mongols) Mongols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols) (Khalkha Mongols) Khalkha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples) (Taiwanese indigenous peoples) Indigenous Taiwanese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people) (Tibetan people) Tibetans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) (Uyghurs) Uyghurs      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia) (Category:Education in East Asia) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities) (Association of East Asian Research Universities) Association of East Asian Research Universities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossAsia) (CrossAsia) CrossAsia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review) (East Asian Economic Review) East Asian Economic Review  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection) (East Asia Image Collection) East Asia Image Collection  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review) (East Asia Law Review) East Asia Law Review  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_studies) (East Asian studies) East Asian studies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies) (Journal of East Asian Studies) Journal of East Asian Studies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)) (East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)) Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia) (Culture of East Asia) Culture   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning) (East Asian age reckoning) Age reckoning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty) (East Asian blepharoplasty) Blepharoplasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine) (East Asian cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia) (Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia) Festivals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens) (Garden design) Gardens  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia) (Languages of East Asia) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations) (Sino-Xenic pronunciations) Sino-Xenic pronunciations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology) (Category:East Asian mythology) Mythology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon) (Chinese dragon) Dragon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_zodiac) (Chinese zodiac) Zodiac    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy) (Eastern philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions) (East Asian religions) Religions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism) (East Asian Buddhism) Buddhism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Mādhyamaka) (East Asian Mādhyamaka) Mādhyamaka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Yogācāra) (East Asian Yogācāra) Yogācāra      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts) (Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts) Scripts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy) (East Asian calligraphy) Calligraphy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters) (Chinese characters) Chinese characters    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_typography) (East Asian typography) Typography    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seals_in_the_Sinosphere) (Seals in the Sinosphere) Seals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames) (Lists of East Asian surnames) Surnames  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia) (Category:Television in East Asia) Television      Art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_East_Asia) (Category:Architecture in East Asia) Architecture‎ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof) (East Asian hip-and-gable roof) Hip-and-gable roof    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_East_Asia) (Cinema of East Asia) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia) (Category:Dance in East Asia) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_literature) (East Asian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia) (Category:Music of East Asia) Music  Visual art (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art) (Chinese art) Chinese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_knotting) (Chinese knotting) knotting    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_art) (Japanese art) Japanese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_art) (Korean art) Korean  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_art) (Taiwanese art) Taiwanese        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia) (Category:Sport in East Asia) Sports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Japan–Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting) (China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting) China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation) (East Asian Football Federation) East Asian Football Federation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Games) (East Asian Games) East Asian Games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships) (East Asian Judo Championships) East Asian Judo Championships  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts) (Category:East Asian martial arts) East Asian martial arts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games) (East Asian Youth Games) East Asian Youth Games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship) (EAFF E-1 Football Championship) EAFF E-1 Football Championship           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_East_Asia) (History of East Asia) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia) (Category:Archaeology of East Asia) Archaeology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia) (Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia) Archaeological cultures  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age) (East Asian Bronze Age) Bronze Age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia) (Iron Age) Iron Age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia) (Category:Former countries in East Asia) Former countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia) (History of printing in East Asia) Printing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords) (Category:East Asian swords) Swords  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine) (Category:East Asian traditional medicine) Traditional medicine      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia) (Economy of East Asia) Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia) (Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia) Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_model) (East Asian model) Capitalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit) (East Asia Summit) East Asia Summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research) (East Asian Bureau of Economic Research) East Asian Bureau of Economic Research  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Community) (East Asian Community) East Asian Community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers) (Four Asian Tigers) Four Asian Tigers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean) (List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean) Ports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia) (Category:Science and technology in East Asia) Science and technology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute) (Needham Research Institute) Needham Research Institute    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian) (List of Asian stock exchanges) Stock exchanges      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia) (Category:Politics of East Asia) Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Japan–South_Korea_trilateral_summit) (China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit) China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia) (Human rights in East Asia) Human rights in East Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia) (Category:Military in East Asia) Military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare) (Horses in East Asian warfare) Horses in East Asian warfare  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansenshūkai) (Bansenshūkai) Bansenshūkai   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi) (Miyamoto Musashi) Miyamoto Musashi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings) (The Book of Five Rings) The Book of Five Rings     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tzu) (Sun Tzu) Sun Tzu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War) (The Art of War) The Art of War     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin) (Yi Sun-sin) Yi Sun-sin           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition) (Template:States with limited recognition) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition) (Template talk:States with limited recognition) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition) (Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition    Details concerning (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition) (Diplomatic recognition) international recognition and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy) (Foreign policy) foreign relations provided by the articles linked in parentheses   UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations) (Member states of the United Nations) member states  and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Non-member_observers) (United Nations General Assembly observers) observer states   Partially unrecognised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China) (Foreign relations of China) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus) (Foreign relations of Cyprus) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel) (International recognition of Israel) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel) (Foreign relations of Israel) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea) (Foreign relations of North Korea) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Palestine) (International recognition of Palestine) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Palestine) (Foreign relations of Palestine) relations             UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations) (List of specialized agencies of the United Nations) specialized agency members   Partially unrecognised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands) (Cook Islands) Cook Islands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands) (Foreign relations of the Cook Islands) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo) (International recognition of Kosovo) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo) (Foreign relations of Kosovo) relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations) (Membership of Kosovo in international organizations) membership    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niue (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue) (Foreign relations of Niue) relations             Non-UN member states   Recognised by at least one UN member  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia) (International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia) (Foreign relations of Abkhazia) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus) (Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus) relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations) (Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations) membership    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) (Somaliland) Somaliland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Somaliland) (International recognition of Somaliland) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland) (Foreign relations of Somaliland) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia) (International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia) (Foreign relations of South Ossetia) relations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) Taiwan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Taiwan) (International recognition of Taiwan) recognition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan) (Foreign relations of Taiwan) relations        Recognised only by non-UN members  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria) (Transnistria) Transnistria (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria) (Foreign relations of Transnistria) relations                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(Sovereign state) Sovereign states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan) (Bhutan) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor) (East Timor) East Timor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea) (North Korea) North Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia) (Abkhazia) Abkhazia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia) (South Ossetia) South Ossetia 2  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) Taiwan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    Australia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2 (Sovereign Base Areas) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China) (Special administrative regions of China) Special administrative regions of China   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong) (Hong Kong) Hong Kong  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau) (Macau) Macau      1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent. 2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.  (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia) (Category:Asia) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal                (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/000000012285649X) ISNI  (https://isni.org/isni/0000000463759866) 2     (https://viaf.org/viaf/316750432) VIAF  (https://viaf.org/viaf/128920774) 2     (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017875-4) GND   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrd4RjtCBk4wfMhTwwG3) WorldCat       National (Taiwan) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80022631) United States   (China (Republic : 1949- )) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091149) 2      (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949898m) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949898m) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00326118) Japan   (China Nacionalista) (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX4575438) Spain    (대만(국명)) (https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998000657) Korea    (https://libris.kb.se/31fhghxm5smt9wc) Sweden   (Taiwan) (https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/1084) Vatican    (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561934605171) Israel   (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511332006706) Catalonia       Geographic (Taiwan) (https://musicbrainz.org/area/41637cec-9a4f-389c-86d2-fc6abf3357b5) MusicBrainz area        Artists (http://kulturnav.org/2a89a50e-1548-40f5-9306-7a64ab062684) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/982ehCpr) UK Parliament       Other (Chine (République)) (https://www.idref.fr/026620847) IdRef   (Taïwan) (https://www.idref.fr/027463613) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016705) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035791) NARA   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/513b5829-e84f-456d-be30-0d7dd4941b3a) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taiwan&params=24_N_121_E_type:country_region:TW) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 121°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°N 121°E  / 24; 121     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:Taiwan#%20)  (./Category:1912_establishments_in_China)  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