Sudan - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sudan) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sudan) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Prehistoric Sudan (before c. 8000 BC)     2.2 Kerma culture (2500–1500 BC)     2.3 Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)     2.4 Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)     2.5 Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)     2.6 Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur (c. 1500–1820)     2.7 Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)     2.8 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)     2.9 Independence (1956–present)   2.9.1 Bashir era (1989–2019)     2.9.2 Partition and rehabilitation     2.9.3 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government     2.9.4 2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime     2.9.5 2023–present: Instability and civil war         3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Climate     3.2 Environmental issues     3.3 Wildlife       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 Sharia law   4.1.1 Under Nimeiri     4.1.2 Under al-Bashir     4.1.3 After al-Bashir       4.2 Administrative divisions     4.3 Regional bodies     4.4 Disputed areas and zones of conflict     4.5 Foreign relations   4.5.1 International organisations in Sudan       4.6 Military     4.7 Human rights   4.7.1 Darfur       4.8 Freedom of speech       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Science and research       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Urban areas     6.2 Ethnic groups     6.3 Languages     6.4 Religion     6.5 Education     6.6 Health       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Music     7.2 Cinema     7.3 Clothing     7.4 Sport       8 See also     9 Notes    Toggle Notes subsection  9.1 Language notes     9.2 General notes       10 References     11 Bibliography     12 External links           (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Sudan    270 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95) (ሱዳን – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सूडान – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (السودان – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A2) (ܣܘܕܐܢ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (السودان – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (السودان – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (চুদান – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudana) (Sudana – Kotava) Kotava   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سودان – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodans) (Sodans – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सूडान – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (সুদান – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D) (སུའུ་ཏན། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (সুদান – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan) (Soudan – Breton) Brezhoneg   (good article) (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوودان – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd%C3%A1n) (Súdán – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swdan) (Swdan – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – German) Deutsch   (https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thud%C3%A4n) (Thudän – Dinka) Thuɔŋjäŋ   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सुडान – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AB%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0) (ސޫދާން – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D) (སུ་དཱན། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A3) (Sudã – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD) (Σουδάν – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudano) (Sudano – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan) (Sudaan – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سودان – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan) (Sudaan – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan) (Soudan – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodan) (Sodan – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan) (Sudaan – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBdan) (Sûdan – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%BAd%C3%A1in) (An tSúdáin – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan) (Soudan – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سۊدان – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A3) (Sudã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सुडान – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8) (સુદાન – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Toodaan) (Yn Toodaan – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F) (סודאן – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सूडान – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan) (Soudan – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szud%C3%A1n) (Szudán – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Սուդան – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Սուտան – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdan) (Súdan – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3) (スーダン – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sudan) (sudan – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (სუდანი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan%C9%A9) (Sudaanɩ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%A9dana) (Sũdana – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B) (ស៊ូដង់ – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D) (ಸುಡಾನ್ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8) (수단 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوڈان – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBdan) (Sûdan – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudania) (Sudania – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaani) (Sudaani – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani) (Sudani – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanas) (Sudanas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C4%81na) (Sudāna – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सूडान – Magahi) मगही   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%A0na) (Sodàna – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ABt%C4%81ne) (Hūtāne – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB) (സുഡാൻ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F) (ꯁꯨꯗꯥꯟ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सुदान – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ဆူဒန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سودان – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सुडान – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सुदान – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Novial) Novial   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Daalzhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Nyanja) Chi-Chewa   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodan) (Sodan – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan) (Sudaan – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8) (ਸੁਡਾਨ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan) (Soudan – Picard) Picard   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوڈان – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%89%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوډان – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A3o) (Sudão – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suthan) (Suthan – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ဆူဒန်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Arakanese) ရခိုင်   (https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Romansh) Rumantsch   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani) (Sudani – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (सूडान – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судаан – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1) (ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱱ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوڊان – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A4an) (Sudäan – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းသူႇတၼ်ႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (සුඩානය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n) (Sudán – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوڈان – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhani) (Sudhani – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudaan) (Suudaan – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudani) (Sudani – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISudani) (ISudani – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D) (சூடான் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D) (సూడాన్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD) (Судон – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99) (ประเทศซูดาน – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95) (ሱዳን – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Sutan) (ma Sutan – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (good article) (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86) (سۇدان – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Судан – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%86) (سوڈان – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A4n) (Sudän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudaan) (Sudaan – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9) (苏丹 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (სუდანი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F) (סודאן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soedan) (Soedan – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F) (ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9) (蘇丹 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9) (蘇丹 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9) (苏丹 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISudan) (ISudan – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1049#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Sudan) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Sudan) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Sudan) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sudan) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sudan) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&oldid=1370563140) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sudan&id=1370563140&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSudan) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sudan&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Sudan&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1049) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_/_Sudan) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Sudan) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sudan) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sudan) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1049) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sudan&params=15_N_32_E_region:SD_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 32°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 32°E  / 15; 32     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi) (This article is semi-protected.) (Page semi-protected)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in Northeast Africa (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    "Sudanese Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(disambiguation)) (Sudan (disambiguation)) Sudan (disambiguation) . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This article is about the country; not to be confused with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)) (Sudan (region)) Sudan (region) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages#Sudan)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2025)    Republic of the Sudan (Arabic-language text) جمهورية السودان  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic )  (Arabic-language romanization) Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg) (Flag of Sudan) (Flag of Sudan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan) (Flag of Sudan) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sudan.svg) (Emblem of Sudan) (Emblem of Sudan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Sudan) (Emblem of Sudan) Emblem      Motto:  (Arabic-language text) النصر لنا  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) an-Naṣr lanā   "Victory is ours"  Anthem:  (Arabic-language text) نحن جند اللّٰه، جند الوطن  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)   (Arabic-language romanization) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan) (Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan) Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan    "We are Soldiers of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam) (God in Islam) God , Soldiers of the Homeland"   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (Jawa ‪(jv)‬)  (português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_(orthographic_projection)_highlighted.svg)        Location of the Republic of the Sudan (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Territory claimed but not controlled    Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sudan&params=15_38_N_32_32_E_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°38′N 32°32′E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15.633°N 32.533°E  / 15.633; 32.533     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) (Modern Standard Arabic) Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) (English language) English      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups    70% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs) (Sudanese Arabs) Sudanese Arab [ 1]     5.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people) (Beja people) Beja [ 2]     2.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_peoples) (Nuba peoples) Nuba [ 3]     2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_people) (Fur people) Fur [ 4]     2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians) (Egyptians) Egyptian [ 5]     1.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians) (Nubians) Nubian [ n 1]     16.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan) (Demographics of Sudan) others [ 11]         Religion (2022)[ 1]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   97% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan) (Islam in Sudan) Sunni Islam [ 12]    [ 13]    [ 14]     3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan) (Christianity in Sudan) Christianity [ 15]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan) (Demographics of Sudan) Sudanese   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan) (Politics of Sudan) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) Federal republic under a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta) (Military junta) military junta [ 16]    [ 17]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan) (List of heads of state of Sudan) President of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council) (Transitional Sovereignty Council) Transitional Sovereignty Council   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan [ n 2]      • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan) (Vice President of Sudan) Vice-President of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council) (Transitional Sovereignty Council) Transitional Sovereignty Council   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Agar) (Malik Agar) Malik Agar [ n 3]      • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan) (List of heads of government of Sudan) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Idris) (Kamil Idris) Kamil Idris [ n 4]        Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Legislative_Council_(Sudan)) (Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)) Transitional Legislative Council [ n 5]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan) (History of Sudan) Formation   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture) (Kerma culture) Kingdom of Kerma   2500 BC  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Kingdom of Kush   780 BC  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan) (Turco-Egyptian Sudan) Turco-Egyptian Sudan   1820  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State) (Mahdist State) Mahdist State   1885  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian Condominium   1899  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1956–1969)) (Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)) Independence   1 January 1956  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Sudan) (Democratic Republic of the Sudan) Democratic Republic of the Sudan   25 May 1969  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Sudan_(1985–2019)) (Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)) Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)   6 April 1985  • Secession of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan   9 July 2011  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2021_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#Draft_Constitutional_Declaration) (2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy) 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration effective   20 August 2019    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan) (Geography of Sudan) Area    • Total  1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 15th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan) (Demographics of Sudan) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    51,767,437[ 18]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 30th )  • Density  21.3/km2 (55.2/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 202nd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $117.77 billion[ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 98th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $2,034[ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 175th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $31.510 billion[ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 109th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $624[ 19]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 182nd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2014)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     34.2[ 20]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Decrease) (Decrease)     0.511[ 21]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 176th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_pound) (Sudanese pound) Sudanese pound ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) SDG )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +2 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa_Time) (Central Africa Time) CAT )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Sudan) (Telephone numbers in Sudan) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+249) (+249) +249   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SD) (ISO 3166-2:SD) SD   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sd) (.sd) .sd  (Arabic-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain) (Internationalized country code top-level domain) .السودان   (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)         (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters#TSudan)  (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TSudan)   Sudan ,[ a]    officially the Republic of the Sudan ,[ b]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Africa) (Northeast Africa) Northeast Africa . It borders the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic to the southwest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad to the west, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya to the northwest, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt to the north, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea to the east, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia to the southeast, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan to the south. Sudan has a population of 51.8 million people as of 2025[ 18]    and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area) (List of African countries by area) third-largest country by area . Sudan's capital and most populous city is Khartoum.  The area that is now Sudan witnessed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khormusan) (Khormusan) Khormusan ((circa) c. 40000–16000 BC),[ 22]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfan_culture) (Halfan culture) Halfan culture ((circa) c. 20500–17000 BC),[ 23]    [ 24]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebilian) (Sebilian) Sebilian ((circa) c. 13000–10000 BC),(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)) citation needed   ]  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadan_culture) (Qadan culture) Qadan culture ((circa) c. 13000–9000 BC),[ 25]    the war of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Sahaba) (Jebel Sahaba) Jebel Sahaba , the earliest known war in the world, around 11500 BC,[ 26]    [ 27]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Group_culture) (A-Group culture) A-Group culture [ 28]    ((circa) c. 3800–3100 BC), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture) (Kerma culture) Kingdom of Kerma ((circa) c. 2500–1500 BC), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (New Kingdom of Egypt) Egyptian New Kingdom ((circa) c. 1500–1070 BC), and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Kingdom of Kush ((circa) c. 785 BC – 350 AD). After the fall of Kush, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians) (Nubians) Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobatia) (Nobatia) Nobatia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria) (Makuria) Makuria , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia) (Alodia) Alodia . Between the 14th and 15th centuries, most of Sudan was gradually settled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin) (Bedouin) Arab nomads . From the 16th to the 19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sennar) (Sultanate of Sennar) Funj sultanate , while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur) (Sultanate of Darfur) Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east. From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Egyptians under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (Muhammad Ali dynasty) Muhammad Ali dynasty . Religious-nationalist fervour erupted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) Mahdist Uprising in which Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) condominium . In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession.[ 29]    [ 30]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) Egyptian revolution of 1952 toppled the monarchy and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib) (Muhammad Naguib) Muhammad Naguib , one of the two co-leaders of the revolution and Egypt's first President, was half-Sudanese and had been raised in Sudan. He made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was declared an independent state. After Sudan became independent, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry) (Gaafar Nimeiry) Gaafar Nimeiry regime began (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamist rule.[ 31]    This exacerbated the rift between the Islamic North, the seat of the government, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism) (Animism) Animists and Christians in the South, who had already waged (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War) (First Sudanese Civil War) a civil war from 1955 to 1972. Persistent conflicts over language, religion, and political power erupted in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) (Second Sudanese Civil War) second civil war between government forces, influenced by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front) (National Islamic Front) National Islamic Front (NIF), and the southern rebels, whose most influential faction was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army) (Sudan People's Liberation Army) Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). This eventually led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum) (2011 South Sudanese independence referendum) independence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan in 2011.[ 32]    Sudan was the largest country in Africa until the secession of South Sudan, following the referendum. Between 1989 and 2019, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship) (Military dictatorship) military dictatorship led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir) (Omar al-Bashir) Omar al-Bashir ruled Sudan with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)) (National Congress Party (Sudan)) National Congress Party (NCP) and committed widespread (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan) (Human rights in Sudan) human rights abuses , including torture, persecution of minorities, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)) (State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)) alleged sponsorship of global terrorism , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide_(2003–2005)) (Darfur genocide (2003–2005)) ethnic genocide in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur from 2003– 2020. The regime killed an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 people. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution) (Sudanese Revolution) Protests erupted in 2018, demanding Bashir's resignation, which resulted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (2019 Sudanese coup d'état) a coup d'état on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's imprisonment.[ 33]    Since 2023, Sudan has been embroiled in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)) (Sudanese civil war (2023–present)) a third civil war , between the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces) (Sudanese Armed Forces) Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) (Rapid Support Forces) Rapid Support Forces (RSF). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan) (Islam in Sudan) Islam was Sudan's state religion and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Sharia law was applied from 1983 until 2020, when the country became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state) (Secular state) secular state .[ 31]    Sudan is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed country and among the poorest countries in the world,[ 34]    ranking 170th on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index as of 2024 and 185th by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) nominal GDP per capita . Its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan) (Economy of Sudan) economy largely relies on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan) (Agriculture in Sudan) agriculture due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions) (International sanctions) international sanctions and isolation, as well as a history of internal instability and factional violence. The large majority of Sudan is dry and over 60% of Sudan's population lives in poverty. Sudan is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMESA) (COMESA) COMESA , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .   Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   "North Sudan" redirects here. For the Kingdom of North Sudan, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempts_to_claim_Bir_Tawil_as_a_sovereign_state#Jeremiah_Heaton) (Attempts to claim Bir Tawil as a sovereign state) Attempts to claim Bir Tawil as a sovereign state § Jeremiah Heaton . The country's name Sudan is a name given historically to the large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahel region of West Africa to the immediate west of modern-day Sudan. Historically, Sudan referred to both the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(region)) (Sudan (region)) geographical region , stretching from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic) (Atlantic) Atlantic Coast to Northeast Africa and the modern Sudan. The name derives from the Arabic (Arabic-language romanization) bilād as-sūdān   ((Arabic-language text) بلاد السودان  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)  ), or "The Land of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people) (Black people) Blacks ".[ 35]    The name is one of various (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym) (Toponym) toponyms sharing similar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placename_etymology) (Placename etymology) etymologies , in reference to the very dark skin of the indigenous people. Prior to this, Sudan was known as Nubia and Ta Nehesi or Ta Seti by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt) (Ancient Egypt) Ancient Egyptians named for the Nubian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjay) (Medjay) Medjay archers or bowmen. Since 2011, Sudan is also sometimes referred to as North Sudan to distinguish it from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan .[ 36]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sudan) (History of Sudan) History of Sudan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a chronological guide, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Sudanese_history) (Timeline of Sudanese history) Timeline of Sudanese history .  Prehistoric Sudan (before c. 8000 BC)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Deffufa_-_Kerma.jpg)   The large mud brick temple, known as the Western Deffufa, in the ancient city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma) (Kerma) Kerma   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortress_of_the_Middle_Kingdom,_reconstructed_under_the_New_Kingdom_(_about_1200_B.C.).jpg)   Fortress of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhen) (Buhen) Buhen , of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom (about 1200 BC)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affad_23) (Affad 23) Affad 23 is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site) (Archaeological site) archaeological site located in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affad_Basin) (Affad Basin) Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan,[ 37]    which hosts "the well-preserved remains of prehistoric camps (relics of the oldest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment) (Natural environment) open-air hut in the world) and diverse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting) (Hunting) hunting and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer) (Hunter-gatherer) gathering loci some 50,000 years old".[ 38]    [ 39]    [ 40]     By the eighth millennium BC, people of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbrick) (Mudbrick) mudbrick villages, where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattle herding.[ 41]    Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R12_(cemetery)) (R12 (cemetery)) R12 . During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma) (Kingdom of Kerma) Kingdom of Kerma at 2500 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.[ 42]       Kerma culture (2500–1500 BC)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture) (Kerma culture) Kerma culture   Kerma culture (c.2500 BC – c.1550 BC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallpaper_group-pmg-4.jpg)     Kerma bowl, 1700–1550 BC. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston) (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposition_Nubia,_Land_of_the_Black_Pharaohs_–_Mirror._Kerma_Period,_1700-1550_BC.jpg)     Mirror. End of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture) (Kerma culture) Kerma Period , 1700–1550 BC. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The Kerma culture was an early civilization centered in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma) (Kerma) Kerma , Sudan. It flourished from around 2500 BC to 1500 BC in ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubia . The Kerma culture was based in the southern part of Nubia, or "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nubia) (Upper Nubia) Upper Nubia " (in parts of present-day northern and central Sudan), and later extended its reach northward into Lower Nubia and the border of Egypt.[ 43]    The polity seems to have been one of several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley) (Nile Valley) Nile Valley states during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Middle Kingdom of Egypt) Middle Kingdom of Egypt . In the Kingdom of Kerma's latest phase, lasting from about 1700–1500 BC, it absorbed the Sudanese kingdom of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saï_(island)) (Saï (island)) Saï and became a sizable, populous empire rivaling Egypt.   Egyptian Nubia (1504–780 BC)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nubian_Prince_Hekanefer_bringing_tribute_for_King_Tut,_18th_dynasty,_Tomb_of_Huy.jpg)   Nubian Prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heqanefer) (Heqanefer) Heqanefer bringing tribute for The Egyptian King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun) (Tutankhamun) Tutankhamun , 18th dynasty, Tomb of Huy. (circa) c.  1342 – (circa) c.  1325 BC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II) (Mentuhotep II) Mentuhotep II , the 21st century BC founder of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Middle Kingdom of Egypt) Middle Kingdom , is recorded to have undertaken campaigns against Kush in the 29th and 31st years of his reign. This is the earliest Egyptian reference to Kush ; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubian region had gone by other names in the Old Kingdom.[ 44]    Under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I) (Thutmose I) Thutmose I , Egypt made several campaigns south. The Egyptians ruled Kush in the New kingdom beginning when the Egyptian King Thutmose I occupied Kush and destroyed its capital, Kerma.[ 45]     This eventually resulted in their annexation of Nubia (circa) c.  1504 BC . Around 1500 BC, Nubia was absorbed into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (New Kingdom of Egypt) New Kingdom of Egypt , but rebellions continued for centuries. After the conquest, Kerma culture was increasingly Egyptianized, yet rebellions continued for 220 years until (circa) c.  1300 BC . Nubia nevertheless became a key province of the New Kingdom, economically, politically, and spiritually. Indeed, major pharaonic ceremonies were held at Jebel Barkal near Napata.[ 46]    As an Egyptian colony from the 16th century BC, Nubia ("Kush") was governed by an Egyptian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_Kush) (Viceroy of Kush) Viceroy of Kush . Resistance to the early eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian rule by neighboring Kush is evidenced in the writings of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose,_son_of_Ebana) (Ahmose, son of Ebana) Ahmose, son of Ebana , an Egyptian warrior who served under Nebpehtrya Ahmose (1539–1514 BC), Djeserkara Amenhotep I (1514–1493 BC), and Aakheperkara Thutmose I (1493–1481 BC). At the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) (Second Intermediate Period of Egypt) Second Intermediate Period (mid-sixteenth century BC), Egypt faced the twin existential threats—the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos) (Hyksos) Hyksos in the North and the Kushites in the South. Taken from the autobiographical inscriptions on the walls of his tomb-chapel, the Egyptians undertook campaigns to defeat Kush and conquer Nubia under the rule of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I) (Amenhotep I) Amenhotep I (1514–1493 BC). In Ahmose's writings, the Kushites are described as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery) (Archery) archers , "Now after his Majesty had slain the Bedoin of Asia, he sailed upstream to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nubia) (Upper Nubia) Upper Nubia to destroy the Nubian bowmen."[ 47]    The tomb writings contain two other references to the Nubian bowmen of Kush. By 1200 BC, Egyptian involvement in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola_Reach) (Dongola Reach) Dongola Reach was nonexistent. Egypt's international prestige had declined considerably towards the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt) (Third Intermediate Period of Egypt) Third Intermediate Period . Its historical allies, the inhabitants of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan) (Canaan) Canaan , had fallen to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire) (Middle Assyrian Empire) Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and then the resurgent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire) (Neo-Assyrian Empire) Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC). The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people) (Assyrian people) Assyrians , from the tenth century BC onwards, had once more expanded from northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia) (Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia , and conquered a vast empire, including the whole of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East) (Near East) Near East , and much of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia) (Anatolia) Anatolia , the eastern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean) (Mediterranean) Mediterranean , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus) (Caucasus) Caucasus and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_Iron_Age) (History of Iran) early Iron Age Iran . According to Josephus Flavius, the biblical Moses led the Egyptian army in a siege of the Kushite city of Meroe. To end the siege Princess Tharbis was given to Moses as a (diplomatic) bride, and thus the Egyptian army retreated back to Egypt.[ 48]       Kingdom of Kush (c. 780 BC–350 AD)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Kingdom of Kush and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) (Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt) Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_Meroe_Pyramids_2001.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_pyramids) (Nubian pyramids) Nubian pyramids in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroë) (Meroë) Meroë   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xerxes_detail_Ethiopian.jpg)   Kušiya soldier of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_army) (Achaemenid army) Achaemenid army , (circa) c.  480 BCE . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I) (Xerxes I) Xerxes I tomb relief.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush) (Kingdom of Kush) Kingdom of Kush was an ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubian state centred on the confluences of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile) (Blue Nile) Blue Nile and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile) (White Nile) White Nile , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atbarah_River) (Atbarah River) Atbarah River and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile River . It was established after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt) (New Kingdom of Egypt) New Kingdom of Egypt ; it was centred at Napata in its early phase.[ 49]     After King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashta) (Kashta) Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) (Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt) Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for nearly a century before being defeated and driven out by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria) (Assyria) Assyrians .[ 50]    At the height of their glory, the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan) (South Kordofan) South Kordofan to the Sinai. Pharaoh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piye) (Piye) Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East but was thwarted by the Assyrian king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II) (Sargon II) Sargon II . Between 800 BCE and 100 AD the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_pyramids) (Nubian pyramids) Nubian pyramids were built, among them can be named (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Kurru) (El-Kurru) El-Kurru , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashta) (Kashta) Kashta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piye) (Piye) Piye , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamani) (Tantamani) Tantamani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaka) (Shabaka) Shabaka , Pyramids of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Barkal) (Jebel Barkal) Gebel Barkal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids_of_Meroe_(Begarawiyah)) (Pyramids of Meroe (Begarawiyah)) Pyramids of Meroe (Begarawiyah) , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedeinga_pyramids) (Sedeinga pyramids) Sedeinga pyramids , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri) (Nuri) Pyramids of Nuri .[ 51]     The Kingdom of Kush is mentioned in the Bible as having saved the Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians, although disease among the besiegers might have been one of the reasons for the failure to take the city.[ 52]    (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2013)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2013)) page needed   ]  The war that took place between Pharaoh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taharqa) (Taharqa) Taharqa and the Assyrian king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib) (Sennacherib) Sennacherib was a decisive event in Western history, with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East) (Near East) Near East by Assyria. Sennacherib's successor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon) (Esarhaddon) Esarhaddon went further and invaded Egypt itself to secure his control of the Levant. This succeeded, as he managed to expel Taharqa from Lower Egypt. Taharqa fled back to Upper Egypt and Nubia, where he died two years later. Lower Egypt came under Assyrian vassalage but proved unruly, unsuccessfully rebelling against the Assyrians. Then, the king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamani) (Tantamani) Tantamani , a successor of Taharqa, made a final determined attempt to regain Lower Egypt from the newly reinstated Assyrian vassal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necho_I) (Necho I) Necho I . He managed to retake (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt) (Memphis, Egypt) Memphis killing Necho in the process and besieged cities in the Nile Delta. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal) (Ashurbanipal) Ashurbanipal , who had succeeded Esarhaddon, sent a large army in Egypt to regain control. He routed Tantamani near Memphis and, pursuing him, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Thebes) (Sack of Thebes) sacked Thebes . Although the Assyrians immediately departed Upper Egypt after these events, weakened, Thebes peacefully submitted itself to Necho's son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_I) (Psamtik I) Psamtik I less than a decade later. While this brought an end to the expansive Nubian Empire, the state continued on a smaller scale, centered on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napata) (Napata) Napata . The city was raided by the Egyptian (circa) c. 590 BC, and sometime soon after to the late-3rd century BC, the Kushite resettled in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroë) (Meroë) Meroë .[ 50]    [ 53]    [ 54]       Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobatia) (Nobatia) Nobatia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria) (Makuria) Makuria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia) (Alodia) Alodia , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daju_kingdom) (Daju kingdom) Daju kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Nubia.png)   The three Christian Nubian kingdoms. The northern border of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia) (Alodia) Alodia is unclear, but it also might have been located further north, between the fourth and fifth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile) (Cataracts of the Nile) Nile cataract .[ 55]      On the turn of the fifth century the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blemmyes) (Blemmyes) Blemmyes established a short-lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia, probably centred around Talmis ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabsha) (Kalabsha) Kalabsha ), but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians. The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobatia) (Nobatia) Nobatia .[ 56]    By the sixth century there were in total three Nubian kingdoms: Nobatia in the north, which had its capital at Pachoras ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faras) (Faras) Faras ); the central kingdom, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria) (Makuria) Makuria centred at Tungul ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dongola) (Old Dongola) Old Dongola ), about 13 kilometres (8 miles) south of modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola) (Dongola) Dongola ; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia) (Alodia) Alodia , in the heartland of the old Kushitic kingdom, which had its capital at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soba_(city)) (Soba (city)) Soba (now a suburb of modern-day Khartoum).[ 57]    Still in the sixth century they converted to Christianity.[ 58]    In the seventh century, probably at some point between 628 and 642, Nobatia was incorporated into Makuria.[ 59]     Between 639 and 641 the Muslim Arabs of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate) (Rashidun Caliphate) Rashidun Caliphate conquered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire) (Byzantine Empire) Byzantine Egypt. In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Dongola) (First Battle of Dongola) 641 or 642 and again in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Dongola) (Second Battle of Dongola) 652 they invaded Nubia but were repelled, making the Nubians one of the few who managed to defeat the Arabs during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_expansion) (Islamic expansion) Islamic expansion . Afterward the Makurian king and the Arabs agreed on a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqt) (Baqt) unique non-aggression pact that also included an annual exchange of gifts , thus acknowledging Makuria's independence.[ 60]    While the Arabs failed to conquer Nubia they began to settle east of the Nile, where they eventually founded several port towns[ 61]    and intermarried with the local (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people) (Beja people) Beja .[ 62]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Moses_George_of_Makuria.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Georgios_of_Makuria) (Moses Georgios of Makuria) Moses George , king of Makuria and Alodia  From the mid-eighth to mid-eleventh century the political power and cultural development of Christian Nubia peaked.[ 63]    In 747 Makuria invaded Egypt, which at this time belonged to the declining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty) (Umayyad dynasty) Umayyads ,[ 64]    and it did so again in the early 960s, when it pushed as far north as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmim) (Akhmim) Akhmim .[ 65]    Makuria maintained close dynastic ties with Alodia, perhaps resulting in the temporary unification of the two kingdoms into one state.[ 66]    The culture of the medieval Nubians has been described as "Afro-Byzantine ",[ 67]    but was also increasingly influenced by Arab culture.[ 68]    The state organisation was extremely centralised,[ 69]    being based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy) (Byzantine bureaucracy) Byzantine bureaucracy of the sixth and seventh centuries.[ 70]    Arts flourished in the form of pottery paintings[ 71]    and especially wall paintings.[ 72]    The Nubians developed an alphabet for their language, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nubian) (Old Nubian) Old Nobiin , basing it on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet) (Coptic alphabet) Coptic alphabet , while also using (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Greek) (Medieval Greek) Greek , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language) (Coptic language) Coptic and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic .[ 73]    Women enjoyed high social status: they had access to education, could own, buy and sell land and often used their wealth to endow churches and church paintings.[ 74]    Even the royal succession was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal) (Matrilineal) matrilineal , with the son of the king's sister being the rightful heir.[ 75]     From the late 11th/12th century, Makuria's capital Dongola was in decline, and Alodia's capital declined in the 12th century as well.[ 76]    In the 14th and 15th centuries (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin) (Bedouin) Bedouin tribes overran most of Sudan,[ 77]    migrating to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butana) (Butana) Butana , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezira_(state)) (Gezira (state)) Gezira , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordofan) (Kordofan) Kordofan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur .[ 78]    In 1365 a civil war forced the Makurian court to flee to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebel_Adda) (Gebel Adda) Gebel Adda in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Nubia) (Lower Nubia) Lower Nubia , while Dongola was destroyed and left to the Arabs. Afterwards Makuria continued to exist only as a petty kingdom.[ 79]    After the prosperous[ 80]    reign of king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_of_Dotawo) (Joel of Dotawo) Joel ((floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)) fl. 1463–1484) Makuria collapsed.[ 81]    Coastal areas from southern Sudan up to the port city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin) (Suakin) Suakin was succeeded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate) (Adal Sultanate) Adal Sultanate in the fifteenth century.[ 82]    [ 83]    To the south, the kingdom of Alodia fell to either the Arabs, commanded by tribal leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Jamma?action=edit&redlink=1) (Abdallah Jamma (page does not exist)) Abdallah Jamma , or the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj) (Funj) Funj , an African people originating from the south.[ 84]    Datings range from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year) (Hijri year) 9th century after the Hijra ((circa) c. 1396–1494),[ 85]    the late 15th century,[ 86]    1504[ 87]    to 1509.[ 88]    An alodian rump state might have survived in the form of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fazughli) (Kingdom of Fazughli) kingdom of Fazughli , lasting until 1685.[ 89]       Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur (c. 1500–1820)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sennar) (Sultanate of Sennar) Sultanate of Sennar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom) (Tunjur kingdom) Tunjur kingdom , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur) (Sultanate of Darfur) Sultanate of Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sennar_mosque_(cropped).jpg)   The great mosque of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar) (Sennar) Sennar , built in the 17th century[ 90]      In 1504 the Funj are recorded to have founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sennar) (Kingdom of Sennar) Kingdom of Sennar , in which Abdallah Jamma's realm was incorporated.[ 91]    By 1523, when Jewish traveller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reubeni) (David Reubeni) David Reubeni visited Sudan, the Funj state already extended as far north as Dongola.[ 92]    Meanwhile, Islam began to be preached on the Nile by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufi holy men who settled there in the 15th and 16th centuries[ 93]    and by David Reubeni's visit king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amara_Dunqas) (Amara Dunqas) Amara Dunqas , previously a Pagan or nominal Christian, was recorded to be Muslim.[ 94]    However, the Funj would retain un-Islamic customs like the divine kingship or the consumption of alcohol until the 18th century.[ 95]    Sudanese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion) (Folk religion) folk Islam preserved many rituals stemming from Christian traditions until the recent past.[ 96]     Soon the Funj came in conflict with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottomans , who had occupied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin) (Suakin) Suakin (circa) c.  1526 [ 97]    and eventually pushed south along the Nile, reaching the third Nile cataract area in 1583/1584. A subsequent Ottoman attempt to capture Dongola was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hannik) (Battle of Hannik) repelled by the Funj in 1585.[ 98]    Afterwards, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannik?action=edit&redlink=1) (Hannik (page does not exist)) Hannik , located just south of the third cataract, would mark the border between the two states.[ 99]    The aftermath of the Ottoman invasion saw the attempted usurpation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajib_the_Great?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ajib the Great (page does not exist)) Ajib , a minor king of northern Nubia.While the Funj eventually killed him in 1611/1612 his successors, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallabi_tribe) (Abdallabi tribe) Abdallab , were granted to govern everything north of the confluence of Blue and White Niles with considerable autonomy.[ 100]     During the 17th century the Funj state reached its widest extent,[ 101]    but in the following century it began to decline.[ 102]    A coup in 1718 brought a dynastic change,[ 103]    while another one in 1761–1762[ 104]    resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaj_Regency) (Hamaj Regency) Hamaj Regency , where the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaj) (Hamaj) Hamaj (a people from the Ethiopian borderlands) effectively ruled while the Funj sultans were their mere puppets.[ 105]    Shortly afterwards the sultanate began to fragment;[ 106]    by the early 19th century it was essentially restricted to the Gezira.[ 107]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png)   Southern Sudan in (circa) c. 1800. Modern boundaries are shown.  The coup of 1718 kicked off a policy of pursuing a more orthodox Islam, which in turn promoted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabisation) (Arabisation) Arabisation of the state.[ 108]    To legitimise their rule over their Arab subjects the Funj began to propagate an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Umayya) (Banu Umayya) Umayyad descent narrative .[ 109]    North of the confluence of the Blue and White Niles, as far downstream as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Dabbah,_Sudan) (Al Dabbah, Sudan) Al Dabbah , the Nubians adopted the tribal identity of the Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja'alin_tribe) (Ja'alin tribe) Jaalin .[ 110]    Until the 19th century Arabic had succeeded in becoming the dominant language of central riverine Sudan[ 111]    [ 112]    [ 113]    and most of Kordofan.[ 114]     West of the Nile, in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur , the Islamic period saw at first the rise of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom) (Tunjur kingdom) Tunjur kingdom , which replaced the old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daju_kingdom) (Daju kingdom) Daju kingdom in the 15th century[ 115]    and extended as far west as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadai_Empire) (Wadai Empire) Wadai .[ 116]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_people) (Tunjur people) Tunjur people were probably Arabised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers) (Berbers) Berbers and, their ruling elite at least, Muslims.[ 117]    In the 17th century the Tunjur were driven from power by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur) (Sultanate of Darfur) Keira sultanate .[ 116]    The Keira state, nominally Muslim since the reign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_Solong) (Sulayman Solong) Sulayman Solong (r. (circa) c. 1660–1680),[ 118]    was initially a small kingdom in northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Marra) (Jebel Marra) Jebel Marra ,[ 119]    but expanded west- and northwards in the early 18th century[ 120]    and eastwards under the rule of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tayrab_of_Darfur?action=edit&redlink=1) (Muhammad Tayrab of Darfur (page does not exist)) Muhammad Tayrab (r. 1751–1786),[ 121]    peaking in the conquest of Kordofan in 1785.[ 122]    The apogee of this empire, now roughly the size of present-day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria ,[ 122]    would last until 1821.[ 121]       Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Mahdist Sudan (1820–1899)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan) (Turco-Egyptian Sudan) Turco-Egyptian Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan) (Mahdist Sudan) Mahdist Sudan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png)   Map of Egypt and Sudan under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty) (Muhammad Ali dynasty) Muhammad Ali dynasty   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ahmad_al-Mahdi.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad) (Muhammad Ahmad) Muhammad Ahmad , ruler of Sudan (1881–1885)  In 1821, the Ottoman ruler of Egypt, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Muhammad Ali of Egypt , invaded and conquered northern Sudan. Although technically the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali_(governor)) (Vali (governor)) Vali of Egypt under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) (Ottoman Empire) Ottoman Empire , Muhammad Ali styled himself as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive) (Khedive) Khedive of a virtually independent Egypt. Seeking to add Sudan to his domains, he sent his third son Ismail (not to be confused with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma'il_Pasha) (Isma'il Pasha) Ismaʻil Pasha mentioned later) to conquer the country, and subsequently incorporate it into Egypt. With the exception of the Shaiqiya and the Darfur sultanate in Kordofan, he was met without resistance. The Egyptian policy of conquest was expanded and intensified by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt) (Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt) Ibrahim Pasha 's son, Ismaʻil, under whose reign most of the remainder of modern-day Sudan was conquered. The Egyptian authorities made significant improvements to the Sudanese infrastructure (mainly in the north), especially with regard to irrigation and cotton production. In 1879, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814–1919)) (International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)) Great Powers forced the removal of Ismail and established his son (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha) (Tewfik Pasha) Tewfik Pasha in his place. Tewfik's corruption and mismanagement resulted in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'Urabi_revolt) ('Urabi revolt) 'Urabi revolt , which threatened the Khedive's survival. Tewfik appealed for help to the British, who subsequently occupied Egypt in 1882. Sudan was left in the hands of the Khedivial government, and the mismanagement and corruption of its officials.[ 123]    [ 124]     During the Khedivial period, dissent had spread due to harsh taxes imposed on most activities. Taxation on irrigation wells and farming lands were so high most farmers abandoned their farms and livestock. During the 1870s, European initiatives against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery) (History of slavery) slave trade had an adverse impact on the economy of northern Sudan, precipitating the rise of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad) (Muhammad Ahmad) Mahdist forces.[ 125]    Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi) (Mahdi) Mahdi  (Guided One), offered to the ansars (his followers) and those who surrendered to him a choice between adopting Islam or being killed. The Mahdiyah (Mahdist regime) imposed traditional Sharia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) Islamic laws . On 12 August 1881, an incident occurred at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aba) (Battle of Aba) Aba Island , sparking the outbreak of what became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) Mahdist War . From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum) (Siege of Khartoum) fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan, known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyah) (Turkiyah) Turkiyah . Muhammad Ahmad died on 22 June 1885, a mere six months after the conquest of Khartoum. After a power struggle amongst his deputies, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad) (Abdallahi ibn Muhammad) Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , with the help primarily of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara) (Baggara) Baggara of western Sudan, overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as the unchallenged leader of the Mahdiyah. After consolidating his power, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad assumed the title of Khalifa (successor) of the Mahdi, instituted an administration, and appointed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)) (Ansar (Sudan)) Ansar (who were usually Baggara) as emirs over each of the several provinces. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Omdurman-1.JPG)   The flight of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad) (Abdallahi ibn Muhammad) Khalifa after his defeat at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman) (Battle of Omdurman) Battle of Omdurman in 1898  Regional relations remained tense throughout much of the Mahdiyah period, largely because of the Khalifa's brutal methods to extend his rule throughout the country. In 1887, a 60,000-man Ansar army invaded (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia , penetrating as far as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondar) (Gondar) Gondar . In March 1889, king (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV) (Yohannes IV) Yohannes IV of Ethiopia marched on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metemma) (Metemma) Metemma ; however, after Yohannes fell in battle, the Ethiopian forces withdrew. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, the Khalifa's general, attempted an invasion of Egypt in 1889, but British-led Egyptian troops defeated the Ansar at Tushkah. The failure of the Egyptian invasion broke the spell of the Ansar's invincibility. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium) (Belgium) Belgians prevented the Mahdi's men from conquering (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoria) (Equatoria) Equatoria , and in 1893, the Italians repelled an Ansar attack at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agordat) (Agordat) Agordat (in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea ) and forced the Ansar to withdraw from Ethiopia. In the 1890s, the British sought to re-establish their control over Sudan, once more officially in the name of the Egyptian Khedive, but in actuality treating the country as a British colony. By the early 1890s, British, French, and Belgian claims had converged at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile headwaters. Britain feared that the other powers would take advantage of Sudan's instability to acquire territory previously annexed to Egypt. Apart from these political considerations, Britain wanted to establish control over the Nile to safeguard a planned irrigation dam at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan) (Aswan) Aswan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener) (Herbert Kitchener) Herbert Kitchener led military campaigns against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan) (Mahdist Sudan) Mahdist Sudan from 1896 to 1898. Kitchener's campaigns culminated in a decisive victory in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman) (Battle of Omdurman) Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898. A year later, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Diwaykarat) (Battle of Umm Diwaykarat) Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on 25 November 1899 resulted in the death of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallahi_ibn_Muhammad) (Abdallahi ibn Muhammad) Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , subsequently bringing to an end the Mahdist War.   Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_war_in_the_Soudan.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War) (Mahdist War) Mahdist War was fought between a group of Muslim dervishes called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad) (Muhammad Ahmad) Mahdists , who had overrun much of Sudan, and the British forces.  In 1899, Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was run by a governor-general appointed by Egypt with British consent.[ 126]    In reality, Sudan was effectively administered as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_colony) (Crown colony) Crown colony . The British were keen to reverse the process, started under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt) (Muhammad Ali of Egypt) Muhammad Ali Pasha , of uniting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Valley) (Nile Valley) Nile Valley under Egyptian leadership and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further uniting the two countries.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)) citation needed   ]   Under the Delimitation, Sudan's border with Abyssinia was contested by raiding tribesmen trading slaves, breaching boundaries of the law. In 1905 local chieftain Sultan Yambio, reluctant to the end, gave up the struggle with British forces that had occupied the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordofan) (Kordofan) Kordofan region, finally ending the lawlessness. Ordinances published by Britain enacted a system of taxation. This was following the precedent set by the Khalifa. The main taxes were recognized. These taxes were on land, herds, and date-palms.[ 127]    The continued British administration of Sudan fuelled an increasingly strident nationalist backlash, with Egyptian nationalist leaders determined to force Britain to recognise a single independent union of Egypt and Sudan. With a formal end to Ottoman rule in 1914, Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Wingate) (Reginald Wingate) Reginald Wingate was sent that December to occupy Sudan as the new Military Governor. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt) (Hussein Kamel of Egypt) Hussein Kamel was declared (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt_and_Sudan) (Sultan of Egypt and Sudan) Sultan of Egypt and Sudan , as was his brother and successor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuad_I_of_Egypt) (Fuad I of Egypt) Fuad I . They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state even when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt) (Sultanate of Egypt) Sultanate of Egypt was retitled as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt) (Kingdom of Egypt) Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan , but it was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_Zaghloul) (Saad Zaghloul) Saad Zaghloul who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927.[ 128]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan_camel_soldier_of_the_British_army.jpg)   A camel soldier of the native forces of the British army, early 20th century  From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate territories; the north and south. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Stack) (Lee Stack) assassination of a Governor-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in Cairo was the causative factor; it brought demands of the newly elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafd_Party) (Wafd Party) Wafd government from colonial forces. A permanent establishment of two battalions in Khartoum was renamed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force) (Sudan Defence Force) Sudan Defence Force acting as under the government, replacing the former garrison of Egyptian army soldiers, saw action afterward during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis) (Abyssinia Crisis) Walwal Incident .[ 129]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafdist) (Wafdist) Wafdist parliamentary majority had rejected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha) (Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha) Sarwat Pasha 's accommodation plan with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain) (Austen Chamberlain) Austen Chamberlain in London; yet Cairo still needed the money. The Sudanese Government's revenue had reached a peak in 1928 at £6.6 million, thereafter the Wafdist disruptions, and Italian borders incursions from Somaliland, London decided to reduce expenditure during the Great Depression. Cotton and gum exports were dwarfed by the necessity to import almost everything from Britain leading to a balance of payments deficit at Khartoum.[ 130]     In July 1936 the Liberal Constitutional leader, Muhammed Mahmoud was persuaded to bring Wafd delegates to London to sign the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, "the beginning of a new stage in Anglo-Egyptian relations", wrote (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden) (Anthony Eden) Anthony Eden .[ 131]    The British Army was allowed to return to Sudan to protect the Canal Zone. They were able to find training facilities, and the RAF was free to fly over Egyptian territory. It did not, however, resolve the problem of Sudan: the Sudanese Intelligentsia agitated for a return to metropolitan rule, conspiring with Germany's agents.[ 132]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypt_sudan_under_british_control.jpg)   Map of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , 1912  Italian fascist leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) (Benito Mussolini) Benito Mussolini made it clear that he could not invade Abyssinia without first conquering Egypt and Sudan; they intended unification of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya) (Italian Libya) Italian Libya with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa) (Italian East Africa) Italian East Africa . The British Imperial General Staff prepared for military defence of the region, which was thin on the ground.[ 133]    The British ambassador blocked Italian attempts to secure a Non-Aggression Treaty with Egypt-Sudan. But Mahmoud was a supporter of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem) (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) Grand Mufti of Jerusalem ; the region was caught between the Empire's efforts to save the Jews, and moderate Arab calls to halt migration.[ 134]     The Sudanese Government was directly involved militarily in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)) (East African Campaign (World War II)) East African Campaign . Formed in 1925, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force) (Sudan Defence Force) Sudan Defence Force played an active part in responding to incursions early in World War Two. Italian troops occupied (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala) (Kassala) Kassala and other border areas from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa) (Italian East Africa) Italian Somaliland during 1940. In 1942, the SDF also played a part in the invasion of the Italian colony by British and Commonwealth forces. The last British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general) (Governor-general) governor-general was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_George_Howe) (Robert George Howe) Robert George Howe . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952) (Egyptian revolution of 1952) Egyptian revolution of 1952 finally heralded the beginning of the march towards Sudanese independence. Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Naguib) (Mohammed Naguib) Mohammed Naguib , whose mother was Sudanese, and later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser) (Gamal Abdel Nasser) Gamal Abdel Nasser , believed the only way to end British domination in Sudan was for Egypt to officially abandon its claims of sovereignty. In addition, Nasser knew it would be difficult for Egypt to govern an impoverished Sudan after its independence. The British on the other hand continued their political and financial support for the Mahdist successor, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Mahdi) (Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi) Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi , who it was believed would resist Egyptian pressure for Sudanese independence. Abd al-Rahman was capable of this, but his regime was plagued by political ineptitude, which garnered a colossal loss of support in northern and central Sudan. Both Egypt and Britain sensed a great instability fomenting, and thus opted to allow both Sudanese regions, north and south to have a free vote on whether they wished independence or a British withdrawal.   Independence (1956–present)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956–1969)) (Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)) Republic of Sudan (1956–1969) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan) (Democratic Republic of Sudan) Democratic Republic of Sudan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg) (icon)      This section is missing information about the history of Sudan between 1956 and 1969 and between 1977 and 1989.Please expand the section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASudan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+fully-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+24+August+2026&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Sudan) by making an edit request   to include this information . Further details may exist on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Sudan#) (Talk:Sudan) talk page . (January 2016 )       (./Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2016)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_independence_2.png)   Sudan's flag raised at independence ceremony on 1 January 1956 by the Prime Minister Ismail al-Azhari and in presence of opposition leader Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub  A polling process was carried out resulting in the composition of a democratic parliament and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Azhari) (Ismail al-Azhari) Ismail al-Azhari was elected first Prime Minister and led the first modern Sudanese government.[ 135]    On 1 January 1956, in a special ceremony held at the People's Palace, the Egyptian and British flags were lowered and the new Sudanese flag, composed of green, blue and yellow stripes, was raised in their place by the prime minister Ismail al-Azhari. Dissatisfaction culminated in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1969 Sudanese coup d'état) coup d'état on 25 May 1969. The coup leader, Col. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry) (Gaafar Nimeiry) Gaafar Nimeiry , became prime minister, and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties. Disputes between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist) (Marxist) Marxist and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1971 Sudanese coup d'état) a briefly successful coup in July 1971 , led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party) (Sudanese Communist Party) Sudanese Communist Party . Several days later, anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power. In 1972, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)) (Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)) Addis Ababa Agreement led to a cessation of the north–south civil war and a degree of self-rule. This led to ten years hiatus in the civil war but an end to American investment in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonglei_Canal) (Jonglei Canal) Jonglei Canal project. This had been considered absolutely essential to irrigate the Upper Nile region and to prevent an environmental catastrophe and wide-scale (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine) (Famine) famine among the local tribes, most especially the Dinka.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2025)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)) citation needed   ]  In the civil war that followed their homeland was raided, looted, pillaged, and burned. Many of the tribe were murdered in a bloody civil war that raged for over 20 years. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hashem_al_Atta,_1971_Sudanese_coup_d'état.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1971 Sudanese coup d'état) 1971 Sudanese coup d'état   Until the early 1970s, Sudan's agricultural output was mostly dedicated to internal consumption. In 1972, the Sudanese government became more pro-Western and made plans to export food and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop) (Cash crop) cash crops . However, commodity prices declined throughout the 1970s causing economic problems for Sudan. At the same time, debt servicing costs, from the money spent mechanizing agriculture, rose. In 1978, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) IMF negotiated a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Program) (Structural Adjustment Program) Structural Adjustment Program with the government. This further promoted the mechanised export agriculture sector. This caused great hardship for the pastoralists of Sudan. In 1976, the Ansars had mounted a bloody but unsuccessful coup attempt. But in July 1977, President Nimeiry met with Ansar leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi) (Sadiq al-Mahdi) Sadiq al-Mahdi , opening the way for a possible reconciliation. Hundreds of political prisoners were released, and in August a general amnesty was announced for all oppositionists.  Bashir era (1989–2019)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_al-Bashir_(2017-11-23)_(cropped).jpg)   Omar al-Bashir in 2017  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985–2019)) (Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)) Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)  On 30 June 1989, Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir) (Omar al-Bashir) Omar al-Bashir led a bloodless (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (1989 Sudanese coup d'état) military coup .[ 136]    The new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[ 137]    Later, al-Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[ 138]    On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir appointed himself "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan) (President of Sudan) President " and disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council. The executive and legislative powers of the council were taken by al-Bashir.[ 139]     In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_general_election,_1996) (Sudanese general election, 1996) 1996 general election , he was the only candidate by law to run for election.[ 140]    Sudan became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) (One-party state) one-party state under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)) (National Congress Party (Sudan)) National Congress Party (NCP).[ 141]    During the 1990s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi) (Hassan al-Turabi) Hassan al-Turabi , then Speaker of the National Assembly, reached out to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism) (Islamic fundamentalism) Islamic fundamentalist groups and invited (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden) (Osama bin Laden) Osama bin Laden to the country.[ 142]    The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism) (State Sponsors of Terrorism) state sponsor of terrorism .[ 143]    Following Al Qaeda's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings) (1998 United States embassy bombings) bombing of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania , the U.S. launched (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach) (Operation Infinite Reach) Operation Infinite Reach and targeted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory) (Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory) Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory , which the U.S. government falsely believed was producing chemical weapons for the terrorist group. Al-Turabi's influence began to wane, and others in favour of more pragmatic leadership tried to change Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_isolation) (International isolation) international isolation .[ 144]    The country worked to appease its critics by expelling members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad) (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave.[ 145]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_Militia_in_Darfur.PNG)   Government militia in Darfur  Before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan) (Elections in Sudan) 2000 presidential election , al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, prompting al-Bashir to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolve_parliament) (Dissolve parliament) order a dissolution and declare a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency) (State of emergency) state of emergency . When al-Turabi urged a boycott of the President's re-election campaign signing agreement with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army) (Sudan People's Liberation Army) Sudan People's Liberation Army , al-Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrow the government.[ 146]    Hassan al-Turabi was jailed later the same year.[ 147]     In February 2003, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Movement/Army) (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army) Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement) (Justice and Equality Movement) Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) groups in Darfur took up arms, accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs) (Sudanese Arabs) Sudanese Arabs , precipitating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) War in Darfur . The conflict has since been (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_genocide_(2003–2005)) (Darfur genocide (2003–2005)) described as a genocide ,[ 148]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court) (International Criminal Court) International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague has issued two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant) (Arrest warrant) arrest warrants for al-Bashir.[ 149]    [ 150]    Arabic-speaking nomadic militias known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed) (Janjaweed) Janjaweed stand accused of many atrocities. On 9 January 2005, the government signed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivasha_Agreement) (Naivasha Agreement) Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Movement) (Sudan People's Liberation Movement) Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) with the objective of ending the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) (Second Sudanese Civil War) Second Sudanese Civil War . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan) (United Nations Mission in Sudan) United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) was established under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1590) (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1590) UN Security Council Resolution 1590 to support its implementation. The peace agreement was a prerequisite to the 2011 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011) (South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011) referendum : the result was a unanimous vote in favour of secession of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan ; the region of Abyei will hold (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_status_referendum) (Abyei status referendum) its own referendum at a future date. At the time of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement) (Comprehensive Peace Agreement) Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organisations under the leadership of the UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).[ 151]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Sudan_Referendum1.jpg)   Southern Sudanese wait to vote during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum) (2011 South Sudanese independence referendum) 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum .  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army) (Sudan People's Liberation Army) Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was the primary member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)) (Eastern Front (Sudan)) Eastern Front , a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan. After the peace agreement, their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_people) (Fulani people) Fulani and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_Congress) (Beja Congress) Beja Congress with the smaller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaida_Free_Lions) (Rashaida Free Lions) Rashaida Free Lions .[ 152]    A peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front was signed on 14 October 2006, in Asmara. On 5 May 2006, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_Peace_Agreement) (Darfur Peace Agreement) Darfur Peace Agreement was signed, aiming at ending the conflict which had continued for three years up to this point.[ 153]    The Chad–Sudan Conflict (2005–2007) had erupted after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adré) (Battle of Adré) Battle of Adré triggered a declaration of war by Chad.[ 154]    The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia on 3 May 2007 to stop fighting from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_conflict) (Darfur conflict) Darfur conflict spilling along their countries' 1,000-kilometre (600  mi) border.[ 155]     In 2007, the United Nations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCHA) (OCHA) OCHA decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.[ 156]     In July 2007 the country was hit by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sudan_floods) (2007 Sudan floods) devastating floods ,[ 157]    with over 400,000 people being directly affected.[ 158]    Since 2009, a series of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts) (Sudanese nomadic conflicts) ongoing conflicts between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties.  Partition and rehabilitation  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile) (Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile) Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile in the early 2010s between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Armed_Forces) (Sudan People's Armed Forces) the Army of Sudan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front) (Sudan Revolutionary Front) Sudan Revolutionary Front started as a dispute over the oil-rich region of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei) (Abyei) Abyei in the months leading up to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudanese independence in 2011, though it is also related to civil war in Darfur that is nominally resolved. A year later in 2012 during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig_Crisis) (Heglig Crisis) Heglig Crisis Sudan would achieve victory against South Sudan, a war over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)) (Unity (state)) Unity and Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan) (South Kordofan) South Kordofan states. The events would later be known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011–2013_Sudanese_protests) (2011–2013 Sudanese protests) Sudanese Intifada , which would end only in 2013 after al-Bashir promised he would not seek re-election in 2015. He later broke his promise and sought re-election in 2015, winning through a boycott from the opposition who believed that the elections would not be free and fair. Voter turnout was at a low 46%.[ 159]     On 13 January 2017, US president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama) (Barack Obama) Barack Obama signed an Executive Order that lifted many sanctions placed against Sudan and assets of its government held abroad. On 6 October 2017, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump lifted most of the remaining sanctions against the country.[ 160]      2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_revolution) (Sudanese revolution) Sudanese revolution and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2021_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy) (2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy) 2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan) (Sovereignty Council of Sudan) Sovereignty Council of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement_(cropped).png)   Sudanese protestors celebrate the 17 August 2019 signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#Draft_Constitutional_Declaration) (2019 Sudanese transition to democracy) Draft Constitutional Declaration between military and civilian representatives.  On 19 December 2018, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_revolution) (Sudanese revolution) massive protests began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent.[ 161]    In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting in the convergence of opposition groups to form a united coalition. The government retaliated by arresting more than 800 opposition figures and protesters, leading to the death of approximately 40 people according to the Human Rights Watch,[ 162]    although the number was much higher than that according to local and civilian reports. The protests continued after the overthrow of his government on 11 April 2019 after a massive sit-in in front of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces) (Sudanese Armed Forces) Sudanese Armed Forces main headquarters, after which the chiefs of staff decided to intervene and they ordered the arrest of President al-Bashir and declared a three-month state of emergency.[ 163]    [ 164]    [ 165]    Over 100 people died on 3 June after security forces dispersed the sit-in using tear gas and live ammunition in what is known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_massacre) (Khartoum massacre) Khartoum massacre ,[ 166]    [ 167]    resulting in Sudan's suspension from the African Union.[ 168]    Sudan's youth had been reported to be driving the protests.[ 169]    The protests came to an end when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_for_Freedom_and_Change) (Forces for Freedom and Change) Forces for Freedom and Change (an alliance of groups organizing the protests) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)) (Transitional Military Council (2019)) Transitional Military Council (the ruling military government) signed the July 2019 Political Agreement and the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration.[ 170]    [ 171]    The transitional institutions and procedures included the creation of a joint military-civilian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan) (Sovereignty Council of Sudan) Sovereignty Council of Sudan as head of state, a new (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan) (Chief Justice of Sudan) Chief Justice of Sudan as head of the judiciary branch of power, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair) (Nemat Abdullah Khair) Nemat Abdullah Khair , and a new prime minister. The former Prime Minister, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok) (Abdalla Hamdok) Abdalla Hamdok , a 61-year-old economist who worked previously for the UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Africa) (Economic Commission for Africa) Economic Commission for Africa , was sworn in on 21 August 2019.[ 172]    He initiated talks with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF) (IMF) IMF and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank aimed at stabilising the economy, which was in dire straits because of shortages of food, fuel and hard currency. Hamdok estimated that US$10bn over two years would suffice to halt the panic, and said that over 70% of the 2018 budget had been spent on civil war-related measures. The governments of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster.[ 173]    On 3 September, Hamdok appointed 14 civilian ministers, including the first female foreign minister and the first Coptic Christian, also a woman.[ 174]    [ 175]    As of August 2021, the country was jointly led by Chairman of the Transitional Sovereign Council, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , and Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.[ 176]      2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October–November_2021_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état) October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état  The Sudanese government announced on 21 September 2021 that there was a failed attempt at a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d'état) (Coup d'état) coup d'état from the military that had led to the arrest of 40 military officers.[ 177]    [ 178]     One month after the attempted coup, another military coup on 25 October 2021 resulted in the deposition of the civilian government, including former Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok. The coup was led by general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan who subsequently declared a state of emergency.[ 179]    [ 180]    [ 181]    [ 182]    Burhan took office as the de facto head of state of Sudan and formed a new army-backed government on 11 November 2021.[ 183]     On 21 November 2021, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister after a political agreement was signed by Burhan to restore the transition to civilian rule (although Burhan retained control). The 14-point deal called for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulated that a 2019 constitutional declaration continued to be the basis for a political transition.[ 184]    Hamdok fired the chief of police Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam and his second in command Ali Ibrahim.[ 185]     On 2 January 2022, Hamdok announced his resignation from the position of Prime Minister following one of the most deadly protests to date.[ 186]    He was succeeded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Hussein_(politician)) (Osman Hussein (politician)) Osman Hussein .[ 187]    [ 188]    By March 2022 over 1,000 people including 148 children had been detained for opposing the coup, there were 25 allegations of rape[ 189]    and 87 people had been killed[ 190]    including 11 children.[ 189]       2023–present: Instability and civil war  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)) (Sudanese civil war (2023–present)) Sudanese civil war (2023–present)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:War_in_Sudan_(2023).svg)   Military situation as of 12 December 2025 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces) (Sudanese Armed Forces) Sudanese Armed Forces and allies (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) (Rapid Support Forces) Rapid Support Forces  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Movement–North#SPLM-N_(al-Hilu)) (Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North) SPLM-N (al-Hilu)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Controlled by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLM_(al-Nur)) (SLM (al-Nur)) SLM (al-Nur)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2023_Sudan_war_detailed_map) (Template:2023 Sudan war detailed map) Detailed map )   In April 2023 – as an internationally brokered plan for a transition to civilian rule was discussed – power struggles grew between army commander (and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacto) (Defacto) de facto  national leader) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and his deputy, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemedti) (Hemedti) Hemedti , head of the heavily armed paramilitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) (Rapid Support Forces) Rapid Support Forces (RSF), formed from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed) (Janjaweed) Janjaweed militia.[ 191]    [ 192]     On 15 April 2023, their conflict erupted into a civil war starting with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023–present)) (Battle of Khartoum (2023–present)) battles in the streets of Khartoum between the army and the RSF – with troops, tanks and planes. By the third day, 400 people had been reported killed and at least 3,500 injured, according to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations .[ 193]    Among the dead were three workers from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme , triggering a suspension of the organization's work in Sudan, despite ongoing hunger afflicting much of the country.[ 194]    Sudanese General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_al-Atta) (Yasser al-Atta) Yasser al-Atta said the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) UAE was providing supplies to RSF, which were being used in the war.[ 195]     Both the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)) (War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)) accused of committing war crimes .[ 196]    [ 197]    As of 29 December 2023, over 5.8 million were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugee_crisis) (Sudanese refugee crisis) internally displaced and more than 1.5 million others had fled the country as refugees ,[ 198]    and many civilians in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur have been reported dead as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023–present)) (Masalit massacres (2023–present)) Masalit massacres .[ 199]    Up to 15,000 people were killed in the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneina) (Geneina) Geneina .[ 200]     As a result of the war the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme released a report on 22 February 2024 saying that more than 95% of Sudan's population could not afford a meal a day.[ 201]    By April 2025, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Sudan_(2024–present)) (Famine in Sudan (2024–present)) famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people,[ 202]    including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five.[ 203]    As of April 2024, the United Nations reported that more than 8.6 million people have been forced out of their homes, while 18 million are facing severe hunger, five million of them are at emergency levels.[ 204]    In May 2024, US government officials estimated that at least 150,000 people had died in the war in the past year alone.[ 205]    The RSF's apparent targeting of Black indigenous communities, especially around the city of El Fasher, have led international officials to warn of the risk of history repeating itself with another genocide in the Darfur region.[ 205]     On 31 May 2024, a conference was called at the House of Representatives by a US Congresswoman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton) (Eleanor Holmes Norton) Eleanor Holmes Norton to address Sudan's humanitarian crisis. A report by the State Department concerning the UAE's involvement in Sudan, including war crimes and arms exports, was the prime focus of the conference's discussion. A panelist speaker, Councilman Mohamed Seifeldein, called for an end to the UAE's involvement in Sudan, stating that the UAE's role in using the RSF in Sudan and also in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014–present)) (Yemeni civil war (2014–present)) Yemeni civil war "need to be stopped". Seifeldein, along with another panelist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagir_S._Elsheikh) (Hagir S. Elsheikh) Hagir S. Elsheikh , urged the international community to stop all support for the RSF, pointing to the militant group's destructive role in Sudan. Elsheikh also recommended to use social media in raising awareness about the Sudanese war, and to put pressure on the US elected officials to halt arms sales to the UAE.[ 206]    The latest report presented to the UN states that 2025 will see 30.4 million people in Sudan in need of humanitarian aid due to the military conflict in the country.[ 207]    [ 208]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Fasher_massacre) (El Fasher massacre) Widespread killings and rapes were reported after the RSF captured the city of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Fasher) (El Fasher) El Fasher in October 2025.[ 209]    In late 2025, reports emerged that at least 60,000 people may have been killed in El Fasher.[ 210]        Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan) (Geography of Sudan) Geography of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Sudan_(New).jpg)   A map of Sudan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala'ib_Triangle) (Hala'ib Triangle) Hala'ib Triangle has been under contested Egyptian administration since 2000.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_SDN_present.svg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification map of Sudan  Sudan is situated in North Africa, with an 853  km (530  mi) coastline bordering the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea .[ 211]    It has land borders with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya . With an area of 1,886,068  km 2 (728,215  sq  mi) , it is the third-largest country on the continent (after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo ) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) fifteenth-largest in the world. Sudan lies between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_parallel_north) (8th parallel north) 8° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_parallel_north) (23rd parallel north) 23°N . The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges. In the west, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriba_Caldera) (Deriba Caldera) Deriba Caldera (3,042  m or 9,980  ft ), located in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrah_Mountains) (Marrah Mountains) Marrah Mountains , is the highest point in Sudan. In the east are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Hills) (Red Sea Hills) Red Sea Hills .[ 212]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile) (Blue Nile) Blue Nile and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile) (White Nile) White Nile rivers meet in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum to form the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) (Nile) Nile , which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through Sudan is nearly 800  km (497  mi) long and is joined by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinder_River) (Dinder River) Dinder and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahad_River) (Rahad River) Rahad Rivers between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar) (Sennar) Sennar and Khartoum. There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles. Among them are the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar_Dam) (Sennar Dam) Sennar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseires_Dam) (Roseires Dam) Roseires Dams on the Blue Nile, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Aulia_Dam) (Jebel Aulia Dam) Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile. There is also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nubia) (Lake Nubia) Lake Nubia on the Sudanese-Egyptian border. Rich mineral resources are available in Sudan including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos) (Asbestos) asbestos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromite) (Chromite) chromite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt) (Cobalt) cobalt , copper, gold, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite) (Granite) granite , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum) (Gypsum) gypsum , iron, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin) (Kaolin) kaolin , lead, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese) (Manganese) manganese , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica) (Mica) mica , natural gas, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel) (Nickel) nickel , petroleum, silver, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin) (Tin) tin , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium) (Uranium) uranium and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc) (Zinc) zinc .[ 213]    In 2015, Sudan's gold production was 82 metric tons.[ 214]     Climate  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan#Climate) (Geography of Sudan) Climate of Sudan  The amount of rainfall increases towards the south. The central and the northern part have extremely dry, semi-desert areas such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_Desert) (Nubian Desert) Nubian Desert to the northeast and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayuda_Desert) (Bayuda Desert) Bayuda Desert to the east; in the south, there are grasslands and tropical savanna. Sudan's rainy season lasts for about four months (June to September) in the north, and up to six months (May to October) in the south. The dry regions are plagued by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_storm) (Dust storm) sandstorms , known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haboob) (Haboob) haboob , which can completely block out the sun. In the northern and western semi-desert areas, people rely on scarce rainfall for basic agriculture and many are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad) (Nomad) nomadic , travelling with their herds of sheep and camels. Nearer the River Nile, there are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation) (Irrigation) well-irrigated farms growing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crops) (Cash crops) cash crops .[ 215]    The sunshine duration is very high all over the country but especially in deserts where it can soar to over 4,000 hours per year.  Environmental issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_stress,_top_countries_(2022).svg)   Sudan was the fourteenth most water stressed country in the world in 2022.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification) (Desertification) Desertification is a serious problem in Sudan.[ 216]    There is also concern over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion) (Soil erosion) soil erosion . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_expansion) (Agricultural expansion) Agricultural expansion , both public and private, has proceeded without (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement) (Conservation movement) conservation measures. The consequences have manifested themselves in the form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation , soil desiccation, and the lowering of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility) (Soil fertility) soil fertility and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table) (Water table) water table .[ 217]     The nation's wildlife is threatened by poaching. As of 2001, twenty-one mammal species and nine bird species are endangered, as well as two species of plants. Critically endangered species include: the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis) (Northern bald ibis) waldrapp , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white_rhinoceros) (Northern white rhinoceros) northern white rhinoceros , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora_hartebeest) (Tora hartebeest) tora hartebeest , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhim_gazelle) (Rhim gazelle) slender-horned gazelle , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle) (Hawksbill turtle) hawksbill turtle . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar_oryx) (Scimitar oryx) Sahara oryx has become extinct in the wild.[ 218]      Wildlife  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sudan) (Wildlife of Sudan) Wildlife of Sudan    Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan) (Politics of Sudan) Politics of Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sudan) (Government of Sudan) Government of Sudan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan) (Cabinet of Sudan) Cabinet of Sudan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan_in_April_2025_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan) (President of Sudan) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MalikAggar_SPLM-N_HermmansburgConference_RomanDeckert11062015_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Agar) (Malik Agar) Malik Agar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan) (Vice President of Sudan) Vice President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamil_Idris_(WIPO).png)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Idris) (Kamil Idris) Kamil Idris  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sudan) (Prime Minister of Sudan) Prime Minister      (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   The last (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan) (Elections in Sudan) election in Sudan was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sudanese_general_election) (2015 Sudanese general election) 2015 Sudanese general election . The politics of Sudan formally took place within the framework of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal authoritarian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic until April 2019, when President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir) (Omar al-Bashir) Omar al-Bashir 's regime was overthrown in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (2019 Sudanese coup d'état) military coup led by Vice President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_Ibn_Auf) (Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf) Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf . As an initial step he established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)) (Transitional Military Council (2019)) Transitional Military Council to manage the country's internal affairs. He also suspended the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan) (Constitution of Sudan) constitution and dissolved the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism) (Bicameralism) bicameral parliament – the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislature_of_Sudan) (National Legislature of Sudan) National Legislature , with its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Sudan) (National Assembly of Sudan) National Assembly (lower chamber) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_States_of_Sudan) (Council of States of Sudan) Council of States (upper chamber). Ibn Auf however, remained in office for only a single day and then resigned, with the leadership of the Transitional Military Council then being handed to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan . On 4 August 2019, a new Constitutional Declaration was signed between the representatives of the Transitional Military Council and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change) (Forces of Freedom and Change) Forces of Freedom and Change , and on 21 August 2019 the Transitional Military Council was officially replaced as head of state by an 11-member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council) (Transitional Sovereignty Council) Transitional Sovereignty Council , and as head of government by a civilian Prime Minister.  In April 2025, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)) (Sudanese civil war (2023–present)) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) , a rival (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peace_and_Unity) (Government of Peace and Unity) Government of Peace and Unity was established to administer areas controlled by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces) (Rapid Support Forces) Rapid Support Forces and allied groups.[ 219]    [ 220]    Some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_faction) (Political faction) factions have prevented new elections in Sudan.[ 221]    According to 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices) (V-Dem Democracy indices) V-Dem Democracy indices Sudan is 6th least (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa) (Democracy in Africa) democratic country in Africa .[ 222]     Sharia law  Under Nimeiri  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_September_laws) (1983 September laws) 1983 September laws  In September 1983, President Jaafar Nimeiri introduced sharia law in Sudan, known as September laws , symbolically disposing of alcohol and implementing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud_punishments) (Hudud punishments) hudud punishments like public amputations. Al-Turabi supported this move, differing from Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi's dissenting view. Al-Turabi and his allies within the regime also opposed self-rule in the south, a secular constitution, and non-Islamic cultural acceptance. One condition for national reconciliation was re-evaluating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)) (Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)) 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement that granted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972–1983)) (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)) south self-governance , reflecting a failure to accommodate minority rights and leverage Islam's rejection of racism.[ 223]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics) (Islamic economics) Islamic economy followed in early 1984, eliminating interest and instituting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat) (Zakat) zakat . Nimeiri declared himself the imam of the Sudanese Umma in 1984.[ 224]      Under al-Bashir  During the regime of Omar al-Bashir, the legal system in Sudan was based on Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia_law) (Sharia law) Sharia law . The 2005 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement) (Comprehensive Peace Agreement) Naivasha Agreement , ending the civil war between north and south Sudan, established some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum. Sudan's application of Sharia law is geographically inconsistent.[ 225]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning) (Stoning) Stoning was a judicial punishment in Sudan. Between 2009 and 2012, several women were sentenced to death by stoning.[ 226]    [ 227]    [ 228]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging) (Flogging) Flogging was a legal punishment. Between 2009 and 2014, many people were sentenced to 40–100 lashes.[ 229]    [ 230]    [ 231]    [ 232]    [ 233]    [ 234]    In August 2014, several Sudanese men died in custody after being flogged.[ 235]    [ 236]    [ 237]    53 Christians were flogged in 2001.[ 238]    (./Category:Articles_linking_to_deprecated_archival_repositories)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_source) (Help:Archiving a source) (This claim is referenced, but links to a deprecated archival repository. Please replace it to help prevent link rot.) new archival link needed   ]  Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Order_Laws_(Sudan)) (Public Order Laws (Sudan)) public order law allowed police officers to publicly whip women who were accused of public indecency.[ 239]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion) (Crucifixion) Crucifixion was also a legal punishment. In 2002, 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder, armed robbery, and participating in ethnic clashes. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International) (Amnesty International) Amnesty International wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion.[ 240]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice) (International Court of Justice) International Court of Justice jurisdiction is accepted, though with reservations. Under the terms of the Naivasha Agreement, Islamic law did not apply in South Sudan.[ 241]    Since the secession of South Sudan there was some uncertainty as to whether Sharia law would apply to the non-Muslim minorities present in Sudan, especially because of contradictory statements by al-Bashir on the matter.[ 242]     The judicial branch of the Sudanese government consists of a Constitutional Court of nine justices, the National Supreme Court, the Court of Cassation,[ 243]    and other national courts; the National Judicial Service Commission provides overall management for the judiciary.  After al-Bashir  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019–2021_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy) (2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy) 2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy  Following the ousting of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.[ 244]    As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) female genital mutilation with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.[ 245]    An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.[ 246]    [ 244]    [ 247]       Administrative divisions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Sudan) (States of Sudan) States of Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan) (List of current state governors in Sudan) List of current state governors in Sudan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan) (Districts of Sudan) Districts of Sudan  Sudan is divided into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Sudan) (States of Sudan) 18 states ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilaya) (Wilaya) wilayat  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number) (Grammatical number) sing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah) (Wilayah) wilayah  ). They are further divided into 133 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan) (Districts of Sudan) districts . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Political_Regions_of_Sudan,_July_2010.svg)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Central and northern states (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)) (Eastern Front (Sudan)) Eastern Front  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei) (Abyei) Abyei Area  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kurdufan) (South Kurdufan) South Kurdufan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)) (Blue Nile (state)) Blue Nile states    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezira_(state)) (Gezira (state)) Gezira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qadarif_(state)) (Al Qadarif (state)) Al Qadarif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)) (Blue Nile (state)) Blue Nile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Darfur) (Central Darfur) Central Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Darfur) (East Darfur) East Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala_(state)) (Kassala (state)) Kassala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(state)) (Khartoum (state)) Khartoum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Darfur) (North Darfur) North Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kordofan) (North Kordofan) North Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_state,_Sudan) (Northern state, Sudan) Northern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_(state)) (Red Sea (state)) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nile_(state)) (River Nile (state)) River Nile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar_(state)) (Sennar (state)) Sennar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Darfur) (South Darfur) South Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan) (South Kordofan) South Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Darfur) (West Darfur) West Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kordofan) (West Kordofan) West Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile_(state)) (White Nile (state)) White Nile     Regional bodies  In addition to the states, there also exist regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_Regional_Government) (Darfur Regional Government) Darfur Regional Government was established by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_Peace_Agreement) (Darfur Peace Agreement) Darfur Peace Agreement to act as a coordinating body for the states that make up the region of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sudan_States_Coordinating_Council) (Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council) Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council was established by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sudan_Peace_Agreement) (Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement) Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the rebel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)) (Eastern Front (Sudan)) Eastern Front to act as a coordinating body for the three eastern states. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei) (Abyei) Abyei Area , located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan, currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_Area_Administration) (Abyei Area Administration) Abyei Area Administration . It was due to hold a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_status_referendum,_2011) (Abyei status referendum, 2011) referendum in 2011 on whether to be part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan or part of the Republic of the Sudan.   Disputed areas and zones of conflict  In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig) (Heglig) Heglig oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafia_Kingi) (Kafia Kingi) Kafia Kingi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_National_Park) (Radom National Park) Radom National Park was a part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)) (Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)) Bahr el Ghazal in 1956.[ 248]    Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.[ 249]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_Area) (Abyei Area) Abyei Area is disputed region between Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan . It is currently under Sudanese rule. The states of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kurdufan) (South Kurdufan) South Kurdufan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)) (Blue Nile (state)) Blue Nile are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala'ib_Triangle) (Hala'ib Triangle) Hala'ib Triangle is disputed region between Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt . It is currently under Egyptian administration. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil) (Bir Tawil) Bir Tawil is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius) (Terra nullius) terra nullius occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state.   Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan) (Foreign relations of Sudan) Foreign relations of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_bashir1.jpg)   Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zoellick) (Robert Zoellick) Robert Zoellick , 2005  Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the influence of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front) (National Islamic Front) National Islamic Front government. The Sudanese Government supported anti-Ugandan rebel groups such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's_Resistance_Army) (Lord's Resistance Army) Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).[ 250]     As the National Islamic Front regime in Khartoum gradually emerged as a real threat to the region and the world, the U.S. began to list Sudan on its list of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism) (State Sponsors of Terrorism) State Sponsors of Terrorism . After the US listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Islamic_Front) (National Islamic Front) NIF decided to develop relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq , and later (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran , the two most controversial countries in the region. From the mid-1990s, Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased U.S. pressure following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings) (1998 United States embassy bombings) 1998 U.S. embassy bombings , in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya , and the new development of oil fields previously in rebel hands. Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala'ib_Triangle) (Hala'ib Triangle) Hala'ib Triangle . Since 2003, the foreign relations of Sudan had centred on the support for ending the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) (Second Sudanese Civil War) Second Sudanese Civil War and condemnation of government support for militias in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) war in Darfur . Sudan has extensive economic relations with China. China obtains ten percent of its oil from Sudan. According to a former Sudanese government minister, China is Sudan's largest supplier of arms.[ 251]     In December 2005, Sudan became one of the few states to recognise Moroccan sovereignty over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara) (Western Sahara) Western Sahara .[ 252]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_with_Sudanese_Sovereign_Council_Chair_General_Fattah_el-Burhan_(50267527813).jpg)   The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , with U.S. Secretary of State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo) (Mike Pompeo) Mike Pompeo , 2020  In 2015, Sudan participated in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen) (Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen) Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthis) (Houthis) Houthis and forces loyal to former President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh) (Ali Abdullah Saleh) Ali Abdullah Saleh ,[ 253]    who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[ 254]     In June 2019, Sudan was suspended from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union over the lack of progress towards the establishment of a civilian-led transitional authority since its initial meeting following the coup d'état of 11 April 2019.[ 255]    [ 256]     On 23 October 2020, U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump) (Donald Trump) Donald Trump announced that Sudan will start to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel–Sudan_normalization_agreement) (Israel–Sudan normalization agreement) normalize ties with Israel , making it the third Arab state to do so as part of the U.S.-brokered (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords) (Abraham Accords) Abraham Accords .[ 257]    On 14 December the U.S. Government removed Sudan from its State Sponsor of Terrorism list; as part of the deal, Sudan agreed to pay $335 million in compensation to victims of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings) (1998 United States embassy bombings) 1998 embassy bombings .[ 258]     The dispute between Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam) (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam escalated in 2021.[ 259]    [ 260]    [ 261]    An advisor to the Sudanese leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan) (Abdel Fattah al-Burhan) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan spoke of a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_war) (Water war) water war "that would be more horrible than one could imagine".[ 262]     In February 2022, it is reported that a Sudanese envoy has visited Israel to promote ties between the countries.[ 263]     In the early months of 2023, fighting reignited, primarily between the military forces of Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the army chief and de facto head of state, and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces led by his rival, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. As a result, the U.S. and most European countries have shut down their embassies in Khartoum and have attempted evacuations. In 2023, it was estimated that there were 16,000 Americans in Sudan who needed to be evacuated. In absence of an official evacuation plan from the U.S. State Department, many Americans have been forced to turn to other nations' embassies for guidance, with many fleeing to Nairobi. Other African countries and humanitarian groups have tried to help. The Turkish embassy has reportedly allowed Americans to join its evacuation efforts for its own citizens. The TRAKboys, a South-Africa based political organization which came into conflict with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) (Wagner Group) Wagner Group , a Russian private military contractor operating in Sudan since 2017, has been assisting with the evacuation of both Black Americans and Sudanese citizens to safe locations in South Africa.[ 264]    [ 265]     On 15 April 2024, France hosted an international conference on Sudan, marking the one-year anniversary of the outbreak of war in the northeast African nation, which has resulted in a humanitarian and political crisis. The country called for support from the global community, aiming to draw attention to a crisis that officials believe has been overshadowed by ongoing conflicts in the Middle East.[ 266]     On 14 February 2025, the UAE organized the "High-Level Humanitarian Conference for the People of Sudan" in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa) (Addis Ababa) Addis Ababa . The Sudanese government condemned the conference hosted by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa) (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa) United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), and also criticized (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres) (António Guterres) António Guterres and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Faki) (Moussa Faki) Moussa Faki for attending it. The government accused the UAE of using the $200 million aid for Sudan, which it announced at the meeting, to "improve its image" and cover its humanitarian crimes in Sudan by supporting the RSF. Meanwhile, Guterres and Faki were also urged to support the Sudanese people by pressuring the UAE to end its involvement in the Sudan conflict.[ 267]    [ 268]     International organisations in Sudan  Several UN agents are operating in Sudan such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme) (World Food Programme) World Food Programme (WFP); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) (Food and Agriculture Organization) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization) (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); the United Nations Children Fund ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF ); the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); the United Nations Mine Service ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMAS) (UNMAS) UNMAS ), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . Also present is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration) (International Organization for Migration) International Organization for Migration (IOM).[ 269]    [ 270]     Since Sudan has experienced civil war for many years, many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are also involved in humanitarian efforts to help internally displaced people. The NGOs are working in every corner of Sudan, especially in the southern part and western parts. During the civil war, international non-governmental organisations such as the Red Cross were operating mostly in the south but based in the capital Khartoum.[ 271]    The attention of NGOs shifted shortly after the war broke out in the western part of Sudan known as Darfur. The most visible organisation in South Sudan is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lifeline_Sudan) (Operation Lifeline Sudan) Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) consortium.[ 272]    Some international trade organisations categorise Sudan as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Horn_of_Africa) (Greater Horn of Africa) Greater Horn of Africa [ 273]     Even though most of the international organisations are substantially concentrated in both South Sudan and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur region, some of them are working in the northern part as well. For example, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization) (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) United Nations Industrial Development Organization is successfully operating in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum , the capital. It is mainly funded by the European Union and recently opened more vocational training. The Canadian International Development Agency is operating largely in northern Sudan.[ 274]       Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces) (Sudanese Armed Forces) Sudanese Armed Forces  The Sudanese Armed Forces is the regular forces of Sudan and is divided into five branches: the Sudanese Army, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Navy) (Sudanese Navy) Sudanese Navy (including the Marine Corps), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force) (Sudanese Air Force) Sudanese Air Force , Border Patrol and the Internal Affairs Defence Force, totalling about 200,000 troops. The military of Sudan has become a well-equipped fighting force; a result of increasing local production of heavy and advanced arms. These forces are under the command of the National Assembly and its strategic principles include defending Sudan's external borders and preserving internal security. Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) Darfur crisis in 2004, safe-keeping the central government from the armed resistance and rebellion of paramilitary rebel groups such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army/Movement) (Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement) Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Army) (Sudan Liberation Army) Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement) (Justice and Equality Movement) Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) have been important priorities. While not official, the Sudanese military also uses nomad militias, the most prominent being the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed) (Janjaweed) Janjaweed , in executing a counter-insurgency war.[ 275]    Somewhere between 200,000[ 276]    and 400,000[ 277]    [ 278]    [ 279]    people have died in the violent struggles.  Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan) (Human rights in Sudan) Human rights in Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan) (Freedom of religion in Sudan) Freedom of religion in Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan) (Slavery in Sudan) Slavery in Sudan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan) (Child marriage in Sudan) Child marriage in Sudan  Since 1983, a combination of civil war and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine) (Famine) famine has taken the lives of nearly two million people in Sudan.[ 280]    It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_modern_Africa) (Slavery in modern Africa) slavery during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) (Second Sudanese Civil War) Second Sudanese Civil War .[ 281]     Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy; see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Sudan) (Persecution of Christians in Sudan) Persecution of Christians in Sudan and the death sentence against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_Yahia_Ibrahim_Ishag) (Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag) Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (who actually was raised as Christian). According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 88% of women in Sudan had undergone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) female genital mutilation .[ 282]    Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_(law)) (Status (law)) Personal Status law on marriage has been criticised for restricting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_rights) (Women's rights) women's rights and allowing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage) (Child marriage) child marriage .[ 283]    [ 284]    Evidence suggests that support for female genital mutilation remains high, especially among rural and less well educated groups, although it has been declining in recent years.[ 285]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan) (LGBT rights in Sudan) Homosexuality is illegal; as of July 2020 it was no longer a capital offence, with the highest punishment being life imprisonment.[ 286]     A report published by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch in 2018 revealed that Sudan has made no meaningful attempts to provide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability) (Accountability) accountability for past and current violations. The report documented human rights abuses against civilians in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan) (South Kordofan) southern Kordofan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile) (Blue Nile) Blue Nile . During 2018, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)) (General Intelligence Service (Sudan)) National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) used excessive force to disperse protests and detained dozens of activists and opposition members. Moreover, the Sudanese forces blocked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations–African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur) (United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur) United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation and other international relief and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_agency) (Aid agency) aid agencies to access to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement) (Forced displacement) displaced people and conflict-ridden areas in Darfur.[ 287]     Darfur  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) War in Darfur and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur) (International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur) International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darfur_refugee_camp_in_Chad.jpg)   Darfur refugee camp in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad , 2005  A 14 August 2006 letter from the executive director of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch found that the Sudanese government is both incapable of protecting its own citizens in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur and unwilling to do so, and that its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia) (Militia) militias are guilty of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity) (Crimes against humanity) crimes against humanity . The letter added that these human-rights abuses have existed since 2004.[ 288]    Some reports attribute part of the violations to the rebels as well as the government and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed) (Janjaweed) Janjaweed . The U.S. State Department's human-rights report issued in March 2007 claims that "[a] ll parties to the conflagration committed serious abuses, including widespread killing of civilians, rape as a tool of war, systematic torture, robbery and recruitment of child soldiers."[ 289]     Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 300,000 killed.[ 290]    Both government forces and militias allied with the government are known to attack not only civilians in Darfur, but also humanitarian workers. Sympathisers of rebel groups are arbitrarily detained, as are foreign journalists, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_defender) (Human rights defender) human-rights defenders , student activists and displaced people in and around Khartoum, some of whom face torture. The rebel groups have also been accused in a report issued by the U.S. government of attacking humanitarian workers and of killing innocent civilians.[ 291]    According to UNICEF, in 2008, there were as many as 6,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldiers) (Child soldiers) child soldiers in Darfur.[ 292]       Freedom of speech  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Sudan#Legal_framework_and_censorship) (Media of Sudan) Media of Sudan § Legal framework and censorship  Under the government of Omar al-Bashir (1989–2019), Sudan's media outlets were given little freedom in their reporting.[ 293]    In 2014, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders ' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press) (Freedom of the press) freedom of the press rankings placed Sudan at 172nd of 180 countries.[ 294]    After al-Bashir's ousting in 2019, there was a brief period under a civilian-led transitional government where there was some press freedom.[ 293]    However, the leaders of a 2021 coup quickly reversed these changes.[ 295]    "The sector is deeply polarised", Reporters Without Borders stated in their 2023 summary of press freedom in the country. "Journalistic critics have been arrested, and the internet is regularly shut down in order to block the flow of information."[ 296]    Additional crackdowns occurred after the beginning of the 2023 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023)) (Sudanese civil war (2023)) Sudanese civil war .[ 293]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan) (Economy of Sudan) Economy of Sudan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan) (Telecommunications in Sudan) Telecommunications in Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Sudan) (Transport in Sudan) Transport in Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) (Petroleum) Oil and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas) (Natural gas) gas concessions in Sudan – 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Sudan.svg)   GDP per capita development in Sudan  In 2010, Sudan was considered the 17th-fastest-growing economy[ 297]    in the world and the rapid development of the country largely from oil profits even when facing international sanctions was noted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  in a 2006 article.[ 298]    Because of the secession of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan , which contained about 75 percent of Sudan's oilfields,[ 299]    Sudan entered a phase of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagflation) (Stagflation) stagflation , GDP growth slowed to 3.4 percent in 2014, 3.1 percent in 2015 and was projected to recover slowly to 3.7 percent in 2016 while inflation remained as high as 21.8% as of 2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .[ 300]    Sudan's GDP fell from US$123.053 billion in 2017 to US$40.852 billion in 2018.[ 301]     Even with the oil profits before the secession of South Sudan, Sudan still faced formidable economic problems, and its growth was still a rise from a very low level of per capita output. The economy of Sudan has been steadily growing over the 2000s, and according to a World Bank report the overall growth in GDP in 2010 was 5.2 percent compared to 2009 growth of 4.2 percent.[ 277]    This growth was sustained even during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) war in Darfur and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005–11)) (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)) period of southern autonomy preceding South Sudan's independence.[ 302]    [ 303]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum) (Petroleum) Oil was Sudan's main export, with production increasing dramatically during the late 2000s, in the years before South Sudan gained independence in July 2011. With rising oil revenues, the Sudanese economy was booming, with a growth rate of about nine percent in 2007. The independence of oil-rich (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan , however, placed most major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fields) (Oil fields) oil fields out of the Sudanese government's direct control and oil production in Sudan fell from around 450,000 barrels per day (72,000  m 3 /d) to under 60,000 barrels per day (9,500  m 3 /d) . Production has since recovered to hover around 250,000 barrels per day (40,000  m 3 /d) for 2014–15.[ 304]     To export oil, South Sudan relies on a pipeline to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan) (Port Sudan) Port Sudan on Sudan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) (Red Sea) Red Sea coast, as South Sudan is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) (Landlocked country) landlocked country , as well as the oil refining facilities in Sudan. In August 2012, Sudan and South Sudan agreed to a deal to transport South Sudanese oil through Sudanese pipelines to Port Sudan.[ 305]     The People's Republic of China is one of Sudan's major trading partners, China owns a 40 percent share in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Nile_Petroleum_Operating_Company) (Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company) Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company .[ 306]    The country also sells Sudan small arms, which have been used in military operations such as the conflicts in Darfur and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan_conflict) (South Kordofan conflict) South Kordofan .[ 307]     While historically agriculture remains the main source of income and employment hiring of over 80 percent of Sudanese, and makes up a third of the economic sector, oil production drove most of Sudan's post-2000 growth. Currently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is working hand in hand with Khartoum government to implement sound macroeconomic policies. This follows a turbulent period in the 1980s when debt-ridden Sudan's relations with the IMF and World Bank soured, culminating in its eventual suspension from the IMF.[ 308]     According to the Corruptions Perception Index, Sudan is one of the most corrupt nations in the world.[ 309]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index) (Global Hunger Index) Global Hunger Index of 2013, Sudan has an GHI indicator value of 27.0 indicating that the nation has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation.' It is rated the fifth hungriest nation in the world.[ 310]    According to the 2015 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) Human Development Index (HDI) Sudan ranked the 167th place in human development, indicating Sudan still has one of the lowest human development rates in the world.[ 311]    In 2014, 45% of the population lives on less than US$3.20 per day, up from 43% in 2009.[ 312]     Science and research  Sudan has around 25–30 universities; instruction is primarily in Arabic or English. Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education.[ 313]    In addition, the "Islamisation" encouraged by president Al-Bashir alienated many researchers. The official language of instruction in universities was changed from English to Arabic and Islamic courses became mandatory. Internal science funding withered.[ 314]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) (UNESCO) UNESCO , more than 3,000 Sudanese researchers left the country between 2002 and 2014. By 2013, the country had a mere 19 researchers for every 100,000 citizens, or 1/30 the ratio of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt , according to the Sudanese National Centre for Research. In 2015, Sudan published only about 500 scientific papers.[ 314]    In comparison, Poland, a country of similar population size, publishes on the order of 10,000 papers per year.[ 315]     Sudan's National Space Program has produced multiple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat) (CubeSat) CubeSat satellites, and has plans to produce a Sudanese communications satellite (SUDASAT-1) and a Sudanese remote sensing satellite (SRSS-1). The Sudanese government contributed to an offer pool for a private-sector ground surveying Satellite operating above Sudan, Arabsat 6A, which was successfully launched on 11 April 2019, from the Kennedy Space Center.[ 316]    Sudanese president Omar Hassan al-Bashir called for an African Space Agency in 2012, but plans were never made final.[ 317]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan) (Demographics of Sudan) Demographics of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan_2010_population_density2.png)   Sudan 2010 estimated population density, which includes modern independent South Sudan country's territory  In Sudan's 2008 census, the population of northern, western and eastern Sudan was recorded to be over 30 million.[ 318]    The population of Sudan was estimated to be around 50 million in 2024.[ 319]    This is a significant increase over the past four decades, as the 1983 census put the total population of Sudan, including present-day South Sudan, at 21.6 million.[ 320]    The population of Greater Khartoum (including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman) (Omdurman) Omdurman , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_North) (Khartoum North) Khartoum North ) is growing rapidly and was recorded to be 5.2 million. Aside from being a refugee-generating country, Sudan also hosts a large population of refugees from other countries. According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UNHCR statistics, more than 1.1 million refugees and asylum seekers lived in Sudan in August 2019. The majority of this population came from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) (South Sudan) South Sudan (858,607 people), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea (123,413), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria (93,502), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia (14,201), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic (11,713) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad (3,100). Apart from these, the UNHCR report 1,864,195 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person) (Internally displaced person) Internally displaced persons (IDP's).[ 321]    Sudan is a party to the 1951 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees) (Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . Urban areas  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan) (List of cities in Sudan) List of cities in Sudan     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Sudan) (Template:Largest cities of Sudan) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Sudan) (Template talk:Largest cities of Sudan) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Sudan) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Sudan) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Sudan  According to the 2008 census[ 322]        Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan) (List of cities in Sudan) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Sudan) (States of Sudan) State  Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman) (Omdurman) Omdurman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(state)) (Khartoum (state)) Khartoum  1,849,659  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum) (Khartoum) Khartoum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(state)) (Khartoum (state)) Khartoum  1,410,858  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_North) (Khartoum North) Khartoum North  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(state)) (Khartoum (state)) Khartoum  1,012,211  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyala,_Sudan) (Nyala, Sudan) Nyala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Darfur) (South Darfur) South Darfur  492,984  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan) (Port Sudan) Port Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_(state)) (Red Sea (state)) Red Sea  394,561  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Obeid) (El Obeid) El Obeid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kordofan) (North Kordofan) North Kordofan  345,126  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala) (Kassala) Kassala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala_(state)) (Kassala (state)) Kassala  298,529  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wad_Madani) (Wad Madani) Wad Madani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezira_(state)) (Gezira (state)) Gezira  289,482  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Gadarif) (El-Gadarif) El-Gadarif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qadarif_(state)) (Al Qadarif (state)) Al Qadarif  269,395  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Fasher) (El Fasher) El Fasher  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Darfur) (North Darfur) North Darfur  217,827      Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_from_manasir_tribe.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arab) (Sudanese Arab) Sudanese Arabs of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasir) (Manasir) Al-Manasir   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs) (Sudanese Arabs) Arab or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization) (Arabization) Arabized population is estimated at 70% of the national total. They are almost entirely Muslims and speak predominantly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic) (Sudanese Arabic) Sudanese Arabic . Other ethnicities include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_people) (Beja people) Beja , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_people) (Fur people) Fur , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians) (Nubians) Nubians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba) (Nuba) Nuba and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan) (Copts in Sudan) Copts .[ 323]    [ 324]     Non-Arab groups are often ethnically, linguistically and to varying degrees culturally distinct. These include the Beja (over two million), Fur (over one million), Nuba (approx. one million), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Nuba_people) (Moro Nuba people) Moro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalit_people) (Masalit people) Masalit , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornu_language) (Bornu language) Bornu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama_people) (Tama people) Tama , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani) (Fulani) Fulani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people) (Hausa people) Hausa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians) (Nubians) Nubians , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_people) (Berta people) Berta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghawa_people) (Zaghawa people) Zaghawa , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyimang_people) (Nyimang people) Nyimang , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingessana_people) (Ingessana people) Ingessana , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daju_people) (Daju people) Daju , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalib_people) (Koalib people) Koalib , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumuz_people) (Gumuz people) Gumuz , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midob_people) (Midob people) Midob and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagale_people) (Tagale people) Tagale . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_language) (Hausa language) Hausa is used as a trade language.[where?] There is also a small, but prominent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Sudan) (Greeks in Sudan) Greek community .[ 325]    [ 326]    [ 327]     Some Arab tribes speak other regional forms of Arabic, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadia_and_Fadnia_tribes) (Awadia and Fadnia tribes) Awadia and Fadnia tribes and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakieen?action=edit&redlink=1) (Arakieen (page does not exist)) Bani Arak tribes, who speak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdi_Arabic) (Najdi Arabic) Najdi Arabic ; and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Ḥassān) (Beni Ḥassān) Beni Ḥassān , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ashraf_(tribe)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Al-Ashraf (tribe) (page does not exist)) Al-Ashraf , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhla?action=edit&redlink=1) (Kawhla (page does not exist)) Kawhla and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaida) (Rashaida) Rashaida who speak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic) (Hejazi Arabic) Hejazi Arabic . A few Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin) (Bedouin) Bedouin of the northern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizeigat) (Rizeigat) Rizeigat speak Sudanese Arabic and share the same culture as the Sudanese Arabs. Some (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara) (Baggara) Baggara and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjur_people) (Tunjur people) Tunjur speak (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Arabic) (Chadian Arabic) Chadian Arabic . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darfur_Dreams_-_43962777372.jpg)   People in El Fasher, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Darfur) (North Darfur) North Darfur   Sudanese Arabs of northern and eastern Sudan claim to descend primarily from migrants from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula) (Arabian Peninsula) Arabian Peninsula and intermarriages with the indigenous populations of Sudan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia) (Nubia) Nubian people share a common history with Nubians in southern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt . The vast majority of Arab tribes in Sudan migrated into Sudan in the 12th century, intermarried with the indigenous Nubian and other African populations and gradually introduced Islam.[ 328]    Additionally, a few pre-Islamic Arabic tribes existed in Sudan from earlier migrations into the region from western Arabia.[ 329]     In several studies on the Arabization of Sudanese people, historians have discussed the meaning of Arab versus non-Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity) (Cultural identity) cultural identities . For example, historian Elena Vezzadini argues that the ethnic character of different Sudanese groups depends on the way this part of Sudanese history is interpreted and that there are no clear historical arguments for this distinction. In short, she states that "Arab migrants were absorbed into local structures, that they became "Sudanized" and that "In a way, a group became Arab when it started to claim that it was."[ 330]     In an article on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy) (Genealogy) genealogy of different Sudanese ethnic groups, French archaeologist and linguist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Rilly) (Claude Rilly) Claude Rilly argues that most Sudanese Arabs who claim Arab descent based on an important male ancestor ignore the fact that their DNA is largely made up of generations of African or African-Arab wives and their children, which means that these claims are rather more founded on oral traditions than on biological facts.[ 331]    [ 332]      Languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan) (Languages of Sudan) Languages of Sudan  Approximately 70 languages are native to Sudan.[ 333]    Prior to 2005, Arabic was the nation's sole (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) (Official language) official language .[ 334]    In the 2005 constitution, Sudan's official languages became Arabic and English.[ 335]     Sudan has multiple regional sign languages, which are not (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible) (Mutually intelligible) mutually intelligible . A 2009 proposal for a unified (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Sign_Language) (Sudanese Sign Language) Sudanese Sign Language had been worked out.[ 336]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy) (Literacy) literacy rate is 70.2% of the total population (male: 79.6%, female: 60.8%).[ 337]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan) (Religion in Sudan) Religion in Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shahid_mosque_Algomah_prayers_in_Ramadan1.JPG)   Mosque in Khartoum during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan) (Ramadan) Ramadan   At the 2011 division which split off South Sudan, over 97% of the population in the remaining Sudan adhered to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam .[ 338]    Most Muslims are divided between two groups: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi) (Salafi) Salafi Muslims. Two popular divisions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufism , the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist parties, respectively. Only the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur) (Darfur) Darfur region has traditionally been bereft of the Sufi brotherhoods common in the rest of the country.[ 339]     Long-established groups of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church) (Coptic Orthodox Church) Coptic Orthodox and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church) (Greek Orthodox Church) Greek Orthodox Christians exist in Khartoum and other northern cities. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Ethiopian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church) (Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Eritrean Orthodox communities also exist in Khartoum and eastern Sudan, largely made up of refugees and migrants from the past few decades. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church) (Armenian Apostolic Church) Armenian Apostolic Church also has a presence serving the Sudanese-Armenians. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church) (Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church) Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church also has membership.[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup) (Wikipedia:Cleanup) (Wikipedia:Cleanup) along with which others within current borders?   ]   Religious identity plays a role in the country's political divisions. Northern and western Muslims have dominated the country's political and economic system since independence. The NCP draws much of its support from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamists) (Islamists) Islamists , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafis) (Salafis) Salafis /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabis) (Wahhabis) Wahhabis and other conservative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Muslims) (Arab-Muslims) Arab-Muslims in the north. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah) (Ummah) Umma Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims from Darfur and Kordofan. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) includes both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs) (Arabs) Arab and non-Arab (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims) (Muslims) Muslims in the north and east, especially those in the Khatmia Sufi sect.(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)) citation needed   ]    Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Sudan) (Education in Sudan) Education in Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Science_(University_of_Khartoum)_002.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Khartoum) (University of Khartoum) University of Khartoum , established as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Memorial_College) (Gordon Memorial College) Gordon Memorial College in 1902  Education in Sudan is free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years, although more than 40% of children do not go to schools due to the economic situation. Environmental and social factors also increase the difficulty of getting to school, especially for girls.[ 340]    Primary education consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. The former educational ladder 6 + 3 + 3 was changed in 1990. The primary language at all levels is Arabic. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the west have been damaged or destroyed by years of civil war. In 2001 the World Bank estimated that primary enrollment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students. Enrollment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. The literacy rate is 70.2% of total population, male: 79.6%, female: 60.8%.[ 277]       Health  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Sudan) (Health in Sudan) Health in Sudan  Sudan has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) (Life expectancy) life expectancy of 65.1 years, according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net.[ 341]    Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.[ 342]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 and 49 have had (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) female genital mutilation performed on them.[ 343]       Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_of_Sudan) (Fashion of Sudan) Fashion of Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan) (Visual arts of Sudan) Visual arts of Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan) (Architecture of Sudan) Architecture of Sudan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine) (Sudanese cuisine) Sudanese cuisine , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_literature) (Sudanese literature) Sudanese literature , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Sudan) (Media of Sudan) Media of Sudan  Sudanese culture melds the behaviours, practices, and beliefs of about 578 ethnic groups, communicating in numerous different dialects and languages, in a region microcosmic of Africa, with geographic extremes varying from sandy desert to tropical forest. Recent evidence suggests that while most citizens of the country identify strongly with both Sudan and their religion, Arab and African supranational identities are much more polarising and contested.[ 344]     Music  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sudan) (Music of Sudan) Music of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drummer_at_Hamed_el-Nil_Mosque_(8625532075).jpg)   A Sufi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish) (Dervish) dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omdurman) (Omdurman) Omdurman .  Sudan has a rich and unique musical culture that has been through chronic instability and repression during the modern history of Sudan. Beginning with the imposition of strict (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi) (Salafi) Salafi interpretation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia  law in 1983, many of the country's most prominent poets and artists, like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjoub_Sharif) (Mahjoub Sharif) Mahjoub Sharif , were imprisoned while others, like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_el_Amin?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mohammed el Amin (page does not exist)) Mohammed el Amin (returned to Sudan in the mid-1990s) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Wardi) (Mohammed Wardi) Mohammed Wardi (returned to Sudan 2003), fled to Cairo. Traditional music suffered too, with traditional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zār) (Zār) Zār ceremonies being interrupted and drums confiscated [1]  . At the same time European militaries contributed to the development of Sudanese music by introducing new instruments and styles; military bands, especially the Scottish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes) (Bagpipes) bagpipes , were renowned, and set traditional music to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(music)) (March (music)) military march music. The march March Shulkawi No 1 , is an example, set to the sounds of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_people) (Shilluk people) Shilluk . Northern Sudan listens to different music than the rest of Sudan. A type of music called Aldlayib uses a musical instrument called the Tambur. The Tambur has five strings, is made from wood and makes music accompanied by the voices of human applause and singing artists.  Cinema  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan) (Cinema of Sudan) Cinema of Sudan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_of_Sudan) (Photography of Sudan) Photography of Sudan  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan) (Cinema of Sudan) cinema of Sudan began with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography) (Cinematography) cinematography by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) British colonial presence in the early 20th century. After independence in 1956, a vigorous documentary film tradition was established, but financial pressures and serious constraints imposed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) (Islamism) Islamist government led to the decline of filmmaking from the 1990s onwards. Since the 2010s, several initiatives have shown an encouraging revival of filmmaking and public interest in film shows and festivals, albeit limited mainly to Khartoum. The use of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_of_Sudan) (Photography of Sudan) photography in Sudan goes back to the 1880s and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Sudan) (Turkish Sudan) Anglo-Egyptian rule . As in other countries, the growing importance of photography for mass media like newspapers, as well as for amateur photographers led to a wider photographic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation) (Documentation) documentation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism#Golden_age) (Photojournalism) use of photographs in Sudan during the 20th century and beyond. In the 21st century, photography in Sudan has undergone important changes, mainly due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography) (Digital photography) digital photography and distribution through social media and the internet.  Clothing  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_Sudan) (Clothing in Sudan) Clothing in Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedscha.jpg)   Beja men wearing galabiyas  Most Sudanese wear either traditional or Western attire. A traditional garb widely worn by Sudanese men is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalabiya) (Jalabiya) jalabiya , which is a loose-fitting, long-sleeved, collarless ankle-length garment also common to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt . The jalabiya is often accompanied by a large turban and a scarf, and the garment may be white, coloured, striped, and made of fabric varying in thickness, depending on the season of the year and personal preferences. The most common dress for Sudanese women is the thobe or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawb) (Thawb) thawb  , pronounced tobe in Sudanese dialect. The thobe is a white or colourful long, one-piece cloth that women wrap around their inner garments, usually covering their head and hair. Due to a 1991 penal code (Public Order Law ), women were not allowed to wear trousers in public, because it was interpreted as an "obscene outfit". The punishment for wearing trousers could be up to 40 lashes, but after being found guilty in 2009, one woman was fined the equivalent of 200 U.S. dollars instead.[ 229]    [ 345]      Sport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_national_football_team) (Sudan national football team) Sudan national football team and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_women's_national_football_team) (Sudan women's national football team) Sudan women's national football team  Like in many countries, football is the most popular sport also in Sudan. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Football_Association) (Sudan Football Association) Sudan Football Association was founded in 1936 and thus it became one of the oldest football associations to exist in Africa. However, before the foundation of the Football Association, Sudan had started experiencing football brought to the country by the British colonizers since early 20th century via Egypt. Other Sudanese clubs founded at that time include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hilal_(Omdurman)) (Al-Hilal (Omdurman)) Al-Hilal Omdurman , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Merrikh_SC) (Al-Merrikh SC) Al-Merrikh , which led to popularization of football in the country. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_League) (Khartoum League) Khartoum League became the first national league to be played in Sudan, laying ground for the future development of Sudanese football.[ 346]     Since September 2019, there has been an official national league for women's football clubs that started on the basis of informal women's clubs since the beginning of the 2000s.[ 347]    In 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_women's_national_football_team) (Sudan women's national football team) Sudan women's national football team participated for the first time in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Arab_Women's_Cup) (2021 Arab Women's Cup) Arab Women's Cup , held in Cairo, Egypt.[ 348]     Sudan's national beach volleyball team competed at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup) (2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup) 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.[ 349]    In June 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, the first Sudanese woman (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling) (Wrestling) wrestler to participate in an African championship, was photographed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters) (Reuters) Reuters photographer Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, as she got ready to travel to Nigeria to prepare for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics) (2024 Summer Olympics) 2024 Summer Olympic games .[ 350]       See also  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan) (List of massacres in Sudan) List of massacres in Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Sudan) (Outline of Sudan) Outline of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan) (Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan) Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan    Notes  Language notes   ↑   English:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /('s' in 'sigh') s (/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose') uː (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('d' in 'dye') d (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) soo-DAHN   or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /('s' in 'sigh') s (/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose') uː (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('d' in 'dye') d (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-us-Sudan_from_Sudan_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Sudan_from_Sudan_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:En-us-Sudan_from_Sudan_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg) (File:En-us-Sudan from Sudan pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key) (Help:Pronunciation respelling key) (English pronunciation respelling) soo-DAN   ; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : السودان , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) Sūdān  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)    ↑   Arabic: جمهورية السودان , romanized:  (Arabic-language romanization) Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)        General notes  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   [ 6]    [ 7]    [ 8]    [ 9]    [ 10]      ↑   Disputed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemedti) (Hemedti) Hemedti of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peace_and_Unity) (Government of Peace and Unity) Government of Peace and Unity   ↑   Disputed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_al-Hilu) (Abdelaziz al-Hilu) Abdelaziz al-Hilu of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peace_and_Unity) (Government of Peace and Unity) Government of Peace and Unity   ↑   Disputed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Hassan_al-Ta'ishi) (Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi) Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Peace_and_Unity) (Government of Peace and Unity) Government of Peace and Unity   ↑   Since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (2019 Sudanese coup d'état) 2019 coup d'état , there has been no functional legislature; the convocation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Legislative_Council_(Sudan)) (Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)) interim parliament has been repeatedly delayed. The Transitional Legislative Authority, which currently exercises legislative power, is composed of members of the Sovereignty Council and the Cabinet.       References  1  2   (https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan) "People and Society CIA world factbook" . 10 May 2022. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/) the original on 11 January 2021. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+and+Society+CIA+world+factbook&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bej/) "Beja" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 June 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beja&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fbej%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2015/08/03/nuba-prisoners-geography) "The Nuba people" . 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nuba+people&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewhumanitarian.org%2Ffeature%2F2015%2F08%2F03%2Fnuba-prisoners-geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/fvr/) "Fur" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fur&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F24%2Flanguage%2Ffvr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf) الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء  (PDF) (in Arabic). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capmas.gov.eg%2FPages%2FShowPDF.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D%2520%2FAdmin%2FPages%2520Files%2F2017109143840cns.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language/FIA/) "Nobiin" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobiin&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F14%2Fshow_language%2FFIA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language/KNC/) "Dongolawi" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dongolawi&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F14%2Fshow_language%2FKNC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/mei/) "Midob" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Midob&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F25%2Flanguage%2Fmei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ghl/) "Ghulfan" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghulfan&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F25%2Flanguage%2Fghl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kdu/) "Kadaru" . Ethnologue (Free All) . Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+%28Free+All%29&rft.atitle=Kadaru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fkdu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://study.com/academy/lesson/sudan-ethnic-groups.html) "Demographics and Ethnic Groups of Sudan" . Retrieved 1 November 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographics+and+Ethnic+Groups+of+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fsudan-ethnic-groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20120605132439/http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm) "Sudan Overview" . sd.undp.org . Archived from (http://www.sd.undp.org/sudan%20overview.htm) the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sd.undp.org&rft.atitle=Sudan+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sd.undp.org%2Fsudan%2520overview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.sat7uk.org/country/sudan/) "Sudan" . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sat7uk.org%2Fcountry%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://discoversudan.de/en/travel/sudan/islam-sudan) "Islam in Sudan" . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscoversudan.de%2Fen%2Ftravel%2Fsudan%2Fislam-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.meconcern.org/countries/sudan/) "Religion in Sudan" . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meconcern.org%2Fcountries%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). (https://www.cfr.org/blog/junta-and-public-odds-sudan) "Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations) (Council on Foreign Relations) Council on Foreign Relations  . Retrieved 20 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Junta+and+Public+at+Odds+in+Sudan&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Gavin&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fjunta-and-public-odds-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022). (https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e) "Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press) (Associated Press) Associated Press  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo,_Egypt) (Cairo, Egypt) Cairo, Egypt . Retrieved 20 March 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Year+post-coup%2C+cracks+in+Sudan%27s+military+junta&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20220924000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan) "Sudan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2022 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 24 September 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220924000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april) "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2025%2Fapril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/) "Gini Index" . World Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. (https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2025&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2025reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Goder-Goldberger, Mae (June 2013). "The Khormusan: Evidence for an MSA East African industry in Nubia". Quaternary International . 300 : 182– 194. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QuInt.300..182G) 2013QuInt.300..182G . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.11.031) 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.11.031 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+Khormusan%3A+Evidence+for+an+MSA+East+African+industry+in+Nubia&rft.volume=300&rft.pages=182-194&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2012.11.031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QuInt.300..182G&rft.aulast=Goder-Goldberger&rft.aufirst=Mae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bailey, Geoff N.; McBurney, Charles B. M., eds. (1986). Stone age prehistory: studies in memory of Charles McBurney . Cambridge: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25773-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25773-2) 978-0-521-25773-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+age+prehistory%3A+studies+in+memory+of+Charles+McBurney&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25773-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Halfan) "Halfan | archaeology" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica) (Encyclopædia Britannica) Encyclopædia Britannica  . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Halfan+%7C+archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHalfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Knoblauch, Christian; Lacovara, Peter (2012). "Nubian Ceramics". In Fisher, Marjorie M.; D'Auria, Sue; Ikram, Salima; Lacovara, Peter; Higgins, Chester (eds.). (https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yNwPEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA200&dq=%22qadan%22+culture+%2B+nubia+sudan&ots=9fKi2yhTdi&sig=bnOej6_O6DvoizFqhnBzBTRVJz4) Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile  . The American University in Cairo Press. p. 200. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64903-397-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-64903-397-0) 978-1-64903-397-0  . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nubian+Ceramics&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nubia%3A+African+Kingdoms+on+the+Nile&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-64903-397-0&rft.aulast=Knoblauch&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Lacovara%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DyNwPEQAAQBAJ%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA200%26dq%3D%2522qadan%2522%2Bculture%2B%252B%2Bnubia%2Bsudan%26ots%3D9fKi2yhTdi%26sig%3DbnOej6_O6DvoizFqhnBzBTRVJz4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108) "The evolution of lethal intergroup violence" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America) (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America) PNAS  . 102 (43): 24– 29. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102) 10.1073/pnas.0505955102  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108) 1266108  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16129826) 16129826 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+lethal+intergroup+violence&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=24-29&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16129826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène; Zazzo, Antoine; Antoine, Daniel; Bon, François (27 May 2021). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8159958) "New insights on interpersonal violence in the Late Pleistocene based on the Nile valley cemetery of Jebel Sahaba" . Scientific Reports . 11 (1): 9991. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) (Bibcode (identifier)) Bibcode :(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..11.9991C) 2021NatSR..11.9991C . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89386-y) 10.1038/s41598-021-89386-y  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) (PMC (identifier)) PMC  (Freely accessible) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8159958) 8159958  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) (PMID (identifier)) PMID  (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045477) 34045477 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=New+insights+on+interpersonal+violence+in+the+Late+Pleistocene+based+on+the+Nile+valley+cemetery+of+Jebel+Sahaba&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9991&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8159958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34045477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-89386-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..11.9991C&rft.aulast=Crevecoeur&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Dias-Meirinho%2C+Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Zazzo%2C+Antoine&rft.au=Antoine%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Bon%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8159958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/nubia/ancient-nubia-group-3800%E2%80%933100-bc) "Ancient Nubia: A-Group 3800–3100 BC | Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures" . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nubia%3A+A-Group+3800%E2%80%933100+BC+%7C+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Ancient+Cultures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisac.uchicago.edu%2Fmuseum-exhibits%2Fnubia%2Fancient-nubia-group-3800%25E2%2580%25933100-bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Henehan, Alva D. Jr. (2016). For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885 . [Place of publication not identified]: Outskirts Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-6562-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-6562-2) 978-1-4787-6562-2  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007048089) 1007048089 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Want+Of+A+Camel%3A+The+Story+of+Britain%27s+Failed+Sudan+Campaign%2C+1883%E2%80%931885&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1007048089&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2&rft.aulast=Henehan&rft.aufirst=Alva+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Natsios, Andrew S. (7 June 2012), (https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199764204.003.0003) "The Rule of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium" , Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur , Oxford University Press, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976420-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976420-4) 978-0-19-976420-4  , retrieved 10 February 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rule+of+the+Anglo-Egyptian+Condominium&rft.btitle=Sudan%2C+South+Sudan%2C+and+Darfur&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976420-4&rft.aulast=Natsios&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780199764204.003.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130902160838/http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75) عن السودان  (in Arabic). Archived from (http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75) the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsudan.gov.sd%2Far%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D39%26Itemid%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   Collins, Robert O. (2008). A History of Modern Sudan . Cambridge University Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85820-5) 978-0-521-85820-5  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/omar-al-bashir---fast-facts/index.html) "Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts" . CNN . 10 December 2012. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Omar+al-Bashir+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fomar-al-bashir---fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/) "World Bank Open Data" . World Bank Open Data . Retrieved 31 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  International Association for the History of Religions (1959), Numen , Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131, West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan , 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numen&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1959&rft.au=International+Association+for+the+History+of+Religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Evason, Nina (1 July 2023). (https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/north-sudanese-culture/north-sudanese-culture-core-concepts) "North Sudanese Culture" . SBS Cultural Atlas (Article). SBS. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326234704/https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/north-sudanese-culture/north-sudanese-culture-core-concepts) Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023 . The Republic of the Sudan (also known as North Sudan) is a North African country bordering seven other nations.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+Cultural+Atlas&rft.atitle=North+Sudanese+Culture&rft.date=2023-07-01&rft.aulast=Evason&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturalatlas.sbs.com.au%2Fnorth-sudanese-culture%2Fnorth-sudanese-culture-core-concepts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta; Gautier, Achilles (2011). "Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan". Journal of African Archaeology . 9 (2): 177– 188. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186) 10.3213/2191-5784-10186 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135549) 43135549 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Affad+23%2C+a+Late+Middle+Palaeolithic+Site+With+Refitted+Lithics+and+Animal+Remains+in+the+Southern+Dongola+Reach%2C+Sudan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-188&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F2191-5784-10186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Osypi%C5%84ska%2C+Marta&rft.au=Gautier%2C+Achilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osypiński, Piotr (2020). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230801081130/https://projekty.ncn.gov.pl/opisy/480275-en.pdf) "Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory" (PDF) . National Science Centre. Archived from (https://projekty.ncn.gov.pl/opisy/480275-en.pdf) the original (PDF) on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unearthing+Pan-African+crossroad%3F+Significance+of+the+middle+Nile+valley+in+prehistory&rft.pub=National+Science+Centre&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojekty.ncn.gov.pl%2Fopisy%2F480275-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osypińska, Marta (2021). (https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) "Animals in the history of the Middle Nile" (PDF) . From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan . Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788395336256) (Special:BookSources/9788395336256) 9788395336256  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1374884636) 1374884636 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals+in+the+history+of+the+Middle+Nile&rft.btitle=From+Faras+to+Soba%3A+60+years+of+Sudanese%E2%80%93Polish+cooperation+in+saving+the+heritage+of+Sudan&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2FUniversity+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1374884636&rft.isbn=9788395336256&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F21580%2FKatalog%2520wystawy%2520From%2520Faras%2520to%2520Soba%2520-%2520ONLINE%2520o2.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021). (https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y) "Exploring the oldest huts and the first cattle keepers in Africa" (PDF) . From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan . Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. pp. 187– 188. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788395336256) (Special:BookSources/9788395336256) 9788395336256  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1374884636) 1374884636 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+oldest+huts+and+the+first+cattle+keepers+in+Africa&rft.btitle=From+Faras+to+Soba%3A+60+years+of+Sudanese%E2%80%93Polish+cooperation+in+saving+the+heritage+of+Sudan&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology%2FUniversity+of+Warsaw&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1374884636&rft.isbn=9788395336256&rft.aulast=Osypi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Osypi%C5%84ski%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F21580%2FKatalog%2520wystawy%2520From%2520Faras%2520to%2520Soba%2520-%2520ONLINE%2520o2.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://countrystudies.us/sudan) "Sudan A Country Study" . Countrystudies.us. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Keita, S.O.Y. (1993). "Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships". History in Africa . 20 (7): 129– 54. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171969) 10.2307/3171969 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/317196) 317196 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162330365) 162330365 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Studies+and+Comments+on+Ancient+Egyptian+Biological+Relationships&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=129-54&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162330365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F317196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171969&rft.au=Keita%2C+S.O.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2009). (https://www.academia.edu/2380609) "The Kingdom of Kush: An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System" . Norwegian Archaeological Review . 42 (1): 50– 70. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00293650902978590) 10.1080/00293650902978590 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154430884) 154430884 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+of+Kush%3A+An+African+Centre+on+the+Periphery+of+the+Bronze+Age+World+System&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-70&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00293650902978590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154430884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hafsaas-Tsakos&rft.aufirst=Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2380609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia , Richard A. Lobban Jr., p. 254.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  De Mola, Paul J. (14 March 2013). (https://www.worldhistory.org/article/487/) "Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt" . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 3 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interrelations+of+Kerma+and+Pharaonic+Egypt&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=De+Mola&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F487%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20130602094858/http://jebelbarkal.org/) "Jebal Barkal: History and Archaeology of Ancient Napata" . Archived from (http://www.jebelbarkal.org/) the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jebal+Barkal%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Napata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jebelbarkal.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wilkinson, Toby (2016). Writings from Ancient Egypt . United Kingdom: Penguin Classics. p. 19. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139595-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139595-1) 978-0-14-139595-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+from+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139595-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Flavius Josephus. 'Antiquities of the Jews'. Whiston 2-10-2.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edwards, David N. (2005). Nubian Past : an Archaeology of the Sudan . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48276-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48276-6) 978-0-203-48276-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437079538) 437079538 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubian+Past+%3A+an+Archaeology+of+the+Sudan.&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437079538&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48276-6&rft.au=Edwards%2C+David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Emberling, Geoff; Davis, Suzanne (2019). "A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice". (https://lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/kelsey-assets/kelsey-publications/pdfs/Graffiti-as-Devotion.pdf) Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond  (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Museum_of_Archaeology) (Kelsey Museum of Archaeology) Kelsey Museum of Archaeology . pp. 5– 6, 10– 11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9906623-9-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9906623-9-6) 978-0-9906623-9-6  . Retrieved 3 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Kush%3A+Politics%2C+Economy%2C+and+Ritual+Practice&rft.btitle=Graffiti+as+Devotion+along+the+Nile+and+Beyond&rft.pages=5-6%2C+10-11&rft.pub=Kelsey+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-9906623-9-6&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Davis%2C+Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsa.umich.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fkelsey-assets%2Fkelsey-publications%2Fpdfs%2FGraffiti-as-Devotion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (17 July 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&q=%22in+fact%2C+there+are+twice+as+many+Nubian+pyramids%22&pg=PA15) The Ancient World  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45839-5) 978-1-317-45839-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45839-5&rft.aulast=Takacs&rft.aufirst=Sarolta+Anna&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPcvCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522in%2Bfact%252C%2Bthere%2Bare%2Btwice%2Bas%2Bmany%2BNubian%2Bpyramids%2522%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Roux, Georges (1992). (https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC) Ancient Iraq  . Penguin Books Limited. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7) 978-0-14-193825-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.au=Roux%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Connah, Graham (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=lh4GBNLsCUsC) Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . pp. 52– 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30590-X) (Special:BookSources/0-415-30590-X) 0-415-30590-X  . Retrieved 3 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Africa%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Archaeology&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-30590-X&rft.aulast=Connah&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlh4GBNLsCUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Unseth, Peter (1 July 1998). "Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term". (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_Translator) (The Bible Translator) The Bible Translator  . 49 (3): 323– 324. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026009359804900302) 10.1177/026009359804900302 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) (S2CID (identifier)) S2CID  (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131916337) 131916337 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+Translator&rft.atitle=Semantic+Shift+on+a+Geographical+Term&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-324&rft.date=1998-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026009359804900302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131916337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Unseth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Welsby 2002 , p. 26.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 16–22.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 24, 26.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 16–17.  ↑   Werner 2013 , p. 77.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 68–70.  ↑   Hasan 1967 , p. 31.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 77–78.  ↑   Shinnie 1978 , p. 572.  ↑   Werner 2013 , p. 84.  ↑   Werner 2013 , p. 101.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , p. 89.  ↑   Ruffini 2012 , p. 264.  ↑   Martens-Czarnecka 2015 , pp. 249–265.  ↑   Werner 2013 , p. 254.  ↑   Edwards 2004 , p. 237.  ↑   Adams 1977 , p. 496.  ↑   Adams 1977 , p. 482.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , pp. 236–239.  ↑   Werner 2013 , pp. 344–345.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , p. 88.  ↑   Welsby 2002 , p. 252.  ↑   Hasan 1967 , p. 176.  ↑   Hasan 1967 , p. 145.  ↑   Werner 2013 , pp. 143–145.  ↑   Lajtar 2011 , pp. 130–131.  ↑   Ruffini 2012 , p. 256.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Owens, Travis (June 2008). (https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a483490.pdf) Beleaguered Muslim Fortresses And Ethiopian Imperial Expansion From The 13th To The 16th Century  (PDF) (Masters). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 23. (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020204/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a483490.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Beleaguered+Muslim+Fortresses+And+Ethiopian+Imperial+Expansion+From+The+13th+To+The+16th+Century&rft.inst=Naval+Postgraduate+School&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa483490.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Levtzion & Pouwels 2000 , p. (https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&pg=PA229) 229 .  ↑   Welsby 2002 , p. 255.  ↑   Vantini 1975 , pp. 786–787.  ↑   Hasan 1967 , p. 133.  ↑   Vantini 1975 , p. 784.  ↑   Vantini 2006 , pp. 487–489.  ↑   Spaulding 1974 , pp. 12–30.  ↑   Holt & Daly 2000 , p. 25.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , pp. 25–26.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 26.  ↑   Loimeier 2013 , p. 150.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 31.  ↑   Loimeier 2013 , pp. 151–152.  ↑   Werner 2013 , pp. 177–184.  ↑   Peacock 2012 , p. 98.  ↑   Peacock 2012 , pp. 96–97.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 35.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , pp. 36–40.  ↑   Adams 1977 , p. 601.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 78.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 88.  ↑   Spaulding 1974 , pp. 24–25.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , pp. 94–95.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 98.  ↑   Spaulding 1985 , p. 382.  ↑   Loimeier 2013 , p. 152.  ↑   Spaulding 1985 , pp. 210–212.  ↑   Adams 1977 , pp. 557–558.  ↑   Edwards 2004 , p. 260.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , pp. 28–29.  ↑   Hesse 2002 , p. 50.  ↑   Hesse 2002 , pp. 21–22.  ↑   McGregor 2011 , Table 1.  1  2   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 110.  ↑   McGregor 2011 , p. 132.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 123.  ↑   Holt & Daly 2000 , p. 31.  ↑   O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 , p. 126.  1  2   O'Fahey & Tubiana 2007 , p. 9.sfn error: no target: CITEREFO' FaheyTubiana2007 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    1  2   O'Fahey & Tubiana 2007 , p. 2.sfn error: no target: CITEREFO' FaheyTubiana2007 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    ↑   Churchill 1902 , p. (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)) page needed   ]  .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rudolf Carl Freiherr von Slatin; Sir Francis Reginald Wingate (1896). (https://archive.org/details/riverwarhistoric00chur) Fire and Sword in the Sudan  . E. Arnold. Retrieved 26 June 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Sword+in+the+Sudan&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Rudolf+Carl+Freiherr+von+Slatin&rft.au=Sir+Francis+Reginald+Wingate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friverwarhistoric00chur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Domke, D. Michelle (November 1997). (https://web.archive.org/web/20001209170400/http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sudan.htm) "ICE Case Studies; Case Number: 3; Case Identifier: Sudan; Case Name: Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_of_Conflict_and_Environment) (Inventory of Conflict and Environment) Inventory of Conflict and Environment . Archived from (http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sudan.htm) the original on 9 December 2000. Retrieved 8 January 2011 – via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_School_of_International_Service) (American University School of International Service) American University School of International Service . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICE+Case+Studies%3B+Case+Number%3A+3%3B+Case+Identifier%3A+Sudan%3B+Case+Name%3A+Civil+War+in+the+Sudan%3A+Resources+or+Religion%3F&rft.pub=Inventory+of+Conflict+and+Environment&rft.date=1997-11&rft.au=Domke%2C+D.+Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.american.edu%2Fted%2Fice%2Fsudan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Humphries, Christian (2001). (https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo/page/644) Oxford World Encyclopedia  . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. (https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo/page/644) 644 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195218183) (Special:BookSources/0195218183) 0195218183  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+World+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0195218183&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00oxfo%2Fpage%2F644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holt. A Modern History of the Sudan . New York: Groves Press Inc. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Sudan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Groves+Press+Inc&rft.au=Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Daly , p. 346.  ↑   Morewood 2005 , p. 4.  ↑   Daly , pp. 457–459.  ↑   Morewood 1940 , pp. 94–95.  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henderson) (Arthur Henderson) Arthur Henderson , 8 May 1936 quoted in Daly , p.  348   ↑   Sir Miles Lampson, 29 September 1938; Morewood , p.  117 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMorewood ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    ↑   Morewood , pp. 164–165.sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorewood ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20081120035130/http://sudan-embassy.co.uk/en/content/blogcategory/28/37) "Brief History of the Sudan" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01090-1&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihad00gill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Walker, Peter (14 July 2008). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/14/sudan.warcrimes3) "Profile: Omar al-Bashir" . The Guardian . London. Retrieved 13 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Omar+al-Bashir&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fjul%2F14%2Fsudan.warcrimes3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times) (The New York Times) The New York Times  . 16 March 1996. p. 4.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa86) "History of the Sudan" . HistoryWorld . n.d. Retrieved 13 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Sudan&rft.btitle=HistoryWorld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Daa86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shahzad, Syed Saleem (23 February 2002). (https://web.archive.org/web/20021020093406/http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DB23Ag02.html) "Bin Laden Uses Iraq To Plot New Attacks" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Times) (Asia Times) Asia Times  . Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 20 October 2002. Retrieved 14 January 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Families+of+USS+Cole+Victims+Sue+Sudan+for+%24105+Million&rft.date=2007-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Ffamilies-of-uss-cole-victims-sue-sudan-for-105-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fuller, Graham E. (2004). The Future of Political Islam . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 111. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6556-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6556-1) 978-1-4039-6556-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6556-1&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Graham+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wright, Lawrence (2006). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig) The Looming Tower   . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. (https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221) 221 –223. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26608-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26608-8) 978-0-307-26608-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower&rft.pages=221-223&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26608-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floomingtoweralqa00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3273569.stm) "Profile: Sudan's President Bashir" . BBC News . 25 November 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Sudan%27s+President+Bashir&rft.date=2003-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3273569.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ali, Wasil (12 May 2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20200412093622/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123) "Sudanese Islamist Opposition Leader Denies Link with Darfur Rebels" . Sudan Tribune . Paris. Archived from (http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27123) the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sudanese+Islamist+Opposition+Leader+Denies+Link+with+Darfur+Rebels&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.au=Ali%2C+Wasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle27123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20090325100539/http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a) "ICC Prosecutor Presents Case Against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad al Bashir, for Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes in Darfur" (Press release). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court#Office_of_the_Prosecutor) (International Criminal Court) Office of the Prosecutor , International Criminal Court. 14 July 2008. Archived from (http://www2.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a) the original on 25 March 2009. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC+Prosecutor+Presents+Case+Against+Sudanese+President%2C+Hassan+Ahmad+al+Bashir%2C+for+Genocide%2C+Crimes+Against+Humanity+and+War+Crimes+in+Darfur&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Prosecutor%2C+International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.icc-cpi.int%2Fmenus%2Ficc%2Fpress%2520and%2520media%2Fpress%2520releases%2Fpress%2520releases%2520%25282008%2529%2Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm) "Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir" . BBC News . 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Warrant+issued+for+Sudan%27s+Bashir&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7923102.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lynch, Colum; Hamilton, Rebecca (13 July 2010). (http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/international-criminal-court-charges-+sudans-omar-hassan-al-bashir-genocide) "International Criminal Court Charges Sudan's Omar Hassan al-Bashir with Genocide" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=International+Criminal+Court+Charges+Sudan%27s+Omar+Hassan+al-Bashir+with+Genocide&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Colum&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Farticles%2Finternational-criminal-court-charges-%2Bsudans-omar-hassan-al-bashir-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (./Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2021)  (./Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged December 2021) permanent dead link   ]     ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ambler, Sean (10 January 2011). (http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism) "Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_the_Fifth_International) (League for the Fifth International) League for the Fifth International . (https://web.archive.org/web/20140709140536/http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism) Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Support+freedom+for+Southern+Sudan+and+fight+for+workers%27+unity+against+imperialism&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft.aulast=Ambler&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffifthinternational.org%2Fcontent%2Fsupport-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20060321010542/http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf) "UNMIS Media Monitoring Report" (PDF) . United Nations Mission in Sudan. 4 January 2006. Archived from (http://www.unmis.org/english/documents/mmr/MMR2006/MMR-jan04.pdf) the original (PDF) on 21 March 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNMIS+Media+Monitoring+Report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Mission+in+Sudan&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmis.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocuments%2Fmmr%2FMMR2006%2FMMR-jan04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm) "Darfur Peace Agreement" . US Department of State. 8 May 2006. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darfur+Peace+Agreement&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2006%2F65972.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20061010023439/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AB24F0A9-8145-4E1E-96C7-3D8FC9641CC6.htm) "Restraint Plea to Sudan and Chad" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Situation+in+Sudan+could+deteriorate+if+flooding+continues&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F08%2F06%2Fafrica%2FAF-GEN-Sudan-Floods.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070820141059/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/LSGZ-75TGFJ?OpenDocument) "Sudan Floods: At Least 365,000 Directly Affected, Response Ongoing" (Press release). UN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs) (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_Web) (Relief Web) Relief Web . 6 August 2007. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+Protesters+Killed%2C+Injured&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2F09%2Fsudan-protesters-killed-injured&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470) "Sudan military coup topples Bashir" . 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudan+military+coup+topples+Bashir&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47891470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html) "Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage | News" . Al Jazeera. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan%27s+Omar+al-Bashir+vows+to+stay+in+power+as+protests+rage+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fsudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Arwa Ibrahim (8 January 2019). (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html) "Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads | News" . Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+unclear+as+Sudan+protesters+and+president+at+loggerheads+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.au=Arwa+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Ffuture-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48495713) "Sudan's security forces attack long-running sit-in" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . 3 June 2019. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+security+forces+attack+long-running+sit-in&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-africa-48495713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/chaos-and-fire-analysis-sudan-s-june-3-2019-khartoum-massacre) " "Chaos and Fire" – An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre – Sudan" . ReliefWeb . 5 March 2020. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+conservation+and+land+reclamation+in+the+Sudan&rft.pub=United+Nations+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80044e%2F80044E06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (./Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references)  (./Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2011)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) (Wikipedia:Reliable sources) (The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. appear to be user-generated site; how are entries vetted? (January 2011)) unreliable source?   ]  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sudan-ENVIRONMENT.html) "Sudan – Environment" . Encyclopedia of the Nations . n.d. Retrieved 13 January 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Surviving+revolution+and+democratisation%3A+the+Sudan+armed+forces%2C+state+fragility+and+security+competition&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413-437&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x23000174&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0022278x23000174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  V-Dem Institute (2023). (https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/) "The V-Dem Dataset" . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copts+migration&rft.pub=Sudanupdate.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanupdate.org%2FREPORTS%2FPEOPLES%2FCOPTS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   Suliman 2010 , p. 115.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SD) "Ethnologue, Sudan" . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%2C+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FSD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/pdf/Sudan.pdf) "Sudan" (PDF) . growup.ethz.ch . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=growup.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrowup.ethz.ch%2Fatlas%2Fpdf%2FSudan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (1888). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDBkKgNgx8C&pg=PA16) Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland  . Vol. 17. p. 16. Retrieved 8 May 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD+%D9%84%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%22+%3A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1&rft.pub=Almshaheer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almshaheer.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D3339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar))  (./Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar))    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vezzadini, Elena (December 2012). "Identity, history and power in the historiography of Sudan: some thoughts on Holt and Daly's A History of Modern Sudan". Canadian Journal of African Studies . 46 (3): 439– 451. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00083968.2012.737533) 10.1080/00083968.2012.737533 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Identity%2C+history+and+power+in+the+historiography+of+Sudan%3A+some+thoughts+on+Holt+and+Daly%27s+A+History+of+Modern+Sudan&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-451&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00083968.2012.737533&rft.aulast=Vezzadini&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rilly, Claude (2021). "Aux racines de la population soudanaise". In Rilly, Claude; Francigny, Vincent; Maillot, Marc; Cabon, Olivier (eds.). Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali (in French). Paris: Soleb Bleu autour. pp. 543– 544. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35848-186-1) (Special:BookSources/978-2-35848-186-1) 978-2-35848-186-1  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1298202018) 1298202018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aux+racines+de+la+population+soudanaise&rft.btitle=Le+Soudan%2C+de+la+Pr%C3%A9histoire+%C3%A0+la+conqu%C3%AAte+de+M%C3%A9h%C3%A9met+Ali&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=543-544&rft.pub=Soleb+Bleu+autour&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1298202018&rft.isbn=978-2-35848-186-1&rft.aulast=Rilly&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    ↑   See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition . In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337  ↑   Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Online version: (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SD) "Languages of Sudan"   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Leclerc, Jacques. (https://web.archive.org/web/20121023185417/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/soudan.htm) "L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Soudan" " (in French). Trésor de la langue française au Québec. Archived from (http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/soudan.htm) the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2013 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sudan+Court+Fines+Woman+for+Wearing+Trousers&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Arafat%2C+Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F08%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F08sudan.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Almasri, Omar. (https://bleacherreport.com/articles/992747-world-football-the-state-of-football-in-sudan) "World Football: The State Of Football In Sudan" . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=World+Football%3A+The+State+Of+Football+In+Sudan&rft.aulast=Almasri&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F992747-world-football-the-state-of-football-in-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205137/https://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-women-play-first,14234) "Sudanese women play first competitive soccer" . www.sudantribune.com . 24 February 2006. Archived from (https://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-women-play-first,14234) the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudantribune.com&rft.atitle=Sudanese+women+play+first+competitive+soccer&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2FSudanese-women-play-first%2C14234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://arab.news/mh8jg) "Arab Women's Cup 2021 set to kick off in Cairo" . Arab News . 24 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Arab+Women%27s+Cup+2021+set+to+kick+off+in+Cairo&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2Fmh8jg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414) "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB) (FIVB) FIVB  . 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH) "Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art" . pictures.reuters.com . 8 June 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pictures.reuters.com&rft.atitle=Reuters+Pictures+%E2%80%93+Sudan-Women%2FMartial+art&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpictures.reuters.com%2FCS.aspx%3FVP3%3DSearchResult%26VBID%3D2C0BXZ1THRXCM%26SMLS%3D1%26RW%3D1498%26RH%3D904%26POPUPPN%3D25%26POPUPIID%3D2C0FQED8J07WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)       Bibliography   Books  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Adams, William Y. (1977). Nubia. Corridor to Africa . Princeton University. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691093703) (Special:BookSources/978-0691093703) 978-0691093703  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubia.+Corridor+to+Africa&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0691093703&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=William+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). (https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo63176) Sudan: A Country Study  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress (Washington, D.C.) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0) 978-0-8444-0750-0  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory . University of Rochester. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Debt+and+Private+Wealth%3A+Debt%2C+Capital+Flight+and+the+IMF+in+Sudan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-333-57543-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill) (Winston Churchill) Churchill, Winston (1899; 2000). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_War) (The River War) The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan  . Carroll & Graf (New York City). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0751-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0751-5) 978-0-7867-0751-5  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Churchill, Winston (1902). "The Rebellion of the Mahdi". (https://archive.org/stream/riverwarhistoric00chur) The River War  (New and Revised ed.). (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rebellion+of+the+Mahdi&rft.btitle=The+River+War&rft.edition=New+and+Revised&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Friverwarhistoric00chur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clammer) (Paul Clammer) Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides) (Bradt Travel Guides) Bradt Travel Guides (Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-114-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-114-2) 978-1-84162-114-2  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Daly. Empire on the Nile . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+on+the+Nile&rft.au=Daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (./Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_November_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)) full citation needed   ]   Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). Sudan: The City Trail Guide . City Trail Publishing. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559274-0-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9559274-0-9) 978-0-9559274-0-9  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415369879) (Special:BookSources/978-0415369879) 978-0415369879  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Past%3A+An+Archaeology+of+the+Sudan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415369879&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandour_Elmahdi) (Mandour Elmahdi) El Mahdi, Mandour . (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-913158-9) (Special:BookSources/0-19-913158-9) 0-19-913158-9  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century . Edinburgh University. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33206034) 33206034 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+and+the+Sudan.+From+the+seventh+to+the+early+sixteenth+century&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33206034&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Yusuf+Fadl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hesse, Gerhard (2002). Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung (in German). Lit. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3825858902) (Special:BookSources/978-3825858902) 978-3825858902  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Jallaba+und+die+Nuba+Nordkordofans.+H%C3%A4ndler%2C+Soziale+Distinktion+und+Sudanisierung&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3825858902&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holt, P. M.; Daly, M. W. (2000). (https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582368866) History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day  . Pearson. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582368866) (Special:BookSources/978-0582368866) 978-0582368866  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sudan%3A+From+the+coming+of+Islam+to+the+present+Day&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0582368866&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Daly%2C+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780582368866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   Jok, Jok Madut (2007). Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence . Oneworld Publications (Oxford). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-366-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-366-6) 978-1-85168-366-6  . Köndgen, Olaf (2017). The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir . Brill (Leiden, Boston). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004347434) (Special:BookSources/9789004347434) 9789004347434  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000). (https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC) The History of Islam in Africa  . Ohio University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821444610) (Special:BookSources/9780821444610) 9780821444610  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Islam+in+Africa&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780821444610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1Ipt5A9mLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Loimeier, Roman (2013). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology . Indiana University. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253007889) (Special:BookSources/9780253007889) 9780253007889  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies+in+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Anthropology&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780253007889&rft.aulast=Loimeier&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morewood (1940). The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40 . Suffolk. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Defence+of+Egypt+1935%E2%80%9340&rft.pub=Suffolk&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Morewood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (./Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_November_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)) full citation needed   ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Morewood (2005). The British of Egypt . Suffolk. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Suffolk&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Morewood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations)  (./Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_November_2020)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include) (Wikipedia:Citing sources) (A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)) full citation needed   ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile) (Godfrey Mwakikagile) Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2001). Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks , in The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation . Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). 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Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa . Routledge (London; New York City). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-90290-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-90290-5) 978-0-203-90290-5  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gérard_Prunier) (Gérard Prunier) Prunier, Gérard (2005). Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide . Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4450-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4450-0) 978-0-8014-4450-0  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ruffini, Giovanni R. (2012). Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History . Oxford University. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Nubia.+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ruffini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shackelford, Elizabeth (2020). The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age . Public Affairs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-2448-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-2448-8) 978-1-5417-2448-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dissent+Channel%3A+American+Diplomacy+in+a+Dishonest+Age&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-2448-8&rft.aulast=Shackelford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shinnie, P.L. (1978). "Christian Nubia.". In J.D. Fage (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2 . Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 556– 588. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3) 978-0-521-21592-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Nubia.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa.+Volume+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=556-588&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21592-3&rft.aulast=Shinnie&rft.aufirst=P.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Spaulding, Jay (1985). The Heroic Age in Sennar . Red Sea. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1569022603) (Special:BookSources/978-1569022603) 978-1569022603  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heroic+Age+in+Sennar&rft.pub=Red+Sea&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1569022603&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Suliman, Osman (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrn-dkM00koC) The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions?  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83616-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83616-3) 978-0-203-83616-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darfur+Conflict%3A+Geography+or+Institutions%3F&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83616-3&rft.aulast=Suliman&rft.aufirst=Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrn-dkM00koC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vantini, Giovanni (1975). (http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php/Giovanni_Vantini%27s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia) Oriental Sources concerning Nubia  . Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174917032) 174917032 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Sources+concerning+Nubia&rft.pub=Heidelberger+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174917032&rft.aulast=Vantini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalnubia.info%2Fdev%2Findex.php%2FGiovanni_Vantini%2527s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Welsby, Derek (2002). The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile . London: British Museum. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714119472) (Special:BookSources/978-0714119472) 978-0714119472  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Kingdoms+of+Nubia.+Pagans%2C+Christians+and+Muslims+Along+the+Middle+Nile&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0714119472&rft.aulast=Welsby&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Werner, Roland (2013). Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche (in German). Lit. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-12196-7) (Special:BookSources/978-3-643-12196-7) 978-3-643-12196-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Christentum+in+Nubien.+Geschichte+und+Gestalt+einer+afrikanischen+Kirche&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-12196-7&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)  (./Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de))   Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman . Frederick Warne & Co (London). (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-2677-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-2677-2) 978-0-7232-2677-2  . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Evason, Nina (1 July 2023). (https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/north-sudanese-culture/north-sudanese-culture-core-concepts) "North Sudanese Culture" . SBS Cultural Atlas (Article). SBS. Retrieved 1 July 2023 . The Republic of the Sudan (also known as North Sudan) is a North African country bordering seven other nations.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+Cultural+Atlas&rft.atitle=North+Sudanese+Culture&rft.date=2023-07-01&rft.aulast=Evason&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturalatlas.sbs.com.au%2Fnorth-sudanese-culture%2Fnorth-sudanese-culture-core-concepts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)     Articles  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/sudan/104039.htm) "Sudan" . U.S. Department of State . (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)) (Gale (publisher)) Gale  (https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA194470122) A194470122 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fsudan%2F104039.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hatem, Elliesie (2005). (http://www.gair.de/pdf/publikationen/Elliesie_Sudan.pdf) "Quo vadis bilād as-Sūdān?: the contemporary framework for a national interim constitution" (PDF) . Recht in Afrika . 8 (1): 63– 82. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recht+in+Afrika&rft.atitle=Quo+vadis+bil%C4%81d+as-S%C5%ABd%C4%81n%3F%3A+the+contemporary+framework+for+a+national+interim+constitution&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-82&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hatem&rft.aufirst=Elliesie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gair.de%2Fpdf%2Fpublikationen%2FElliesie_Sudan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lajtar, Adam (2011). (https://www.academia.edu/5857688) "Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225)" . Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qasr+Ibrim%27s+last+land+sale%2C+AD+1463+%28EA+90225%29&rft.btitle=Nubian+Voices.+Studies+in+Christian+Nubian+Culture&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lajtar&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5857688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Martens-Czarnecka, Malgorzata (2015). (https://doi.org/10.18778%2F2084-140X.05.08) "The Christian Nubia and the Arabs" . Studia Ceranea . 5 : 249– 265. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(Freely accessible) (https://doi.org/10.18778%2F2084-140X.05.08) 10.18778/2084-140X.05.08  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/11089%2F18404) 11089/18404  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Ceranea&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Nubia+and+the+Arabs&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=249-265&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11089%2F18404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18778%2F2084-140X.05.08&rft.aulast=Martens-Czarnecka&rft.aufirst=Malgorzata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18778%252F2084-140X.05.08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McGregor, Andrew (2011). (https://web.archive.org/web/20190806085715/https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n15_mcgregor) "Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur" . Sudan&Nubia . 15 : 129– 141. Archived from (https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n15_mcgregor) the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan%26Nubia&rft.atitle=Palaces+in+the+Mountains%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Archaeological+Heritage+of+the+Sultanate+of+Darfur&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=129-141&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fsudarchrs%2Fdocs%2Fs_n15_mcgregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Peacock, A.C.S. (2012). "The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 75 (1): 87– 11. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X11000838) 10.1017/S0041977X11000838 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ottomans+and+the+Funj+sultanate+in+the+sixteenth+and+seventeenth+centuries&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-11&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X11000838&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sharkey, Heather J. (2007). (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012152657/http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf) "Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race" (PDF) . African Affairs . 107 (426): 21– 43. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadm068) 10.1093/afraf/adm068 . Archived from (http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf) the original (PDF) on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Arab+Identity+and+Ideology+in+Sudan%3A+The+Politics+of+Language%2C+Ethnicity+and+Race&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=426&rft.pages=21-43&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadm068&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Heather+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthsudanhumanitarianproject.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F21%2Fformidable%2FSharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Spaulding, Jay (1974). (http://www.meroiticnewsletter.org/MeroNews15.pdf#page=13&zoom=125(0,0)) "The Fate of Alodia" (PDF) . Meroitic Newsletter . 15 : 12– 30. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meroitic+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+Alodia&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=12-30&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Spaulding&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meroiticnewsletter.org%2FMeroNews15.pdf%23page%3D13%26zoom%3D125%280%2C0%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vantini, Giovanni (2006). "Some new light on the end of Soba". In Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva (ed.). Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002 . Libreria Dello Stato. pp. 487– 491. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-240-1314-7) (Special:BookSources/978-88-240-1314-7) 978-88-240-1314-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+new+light+on+the+end+of+Soba&rft.btitle=Acta+Nubica.+Proceedings+of+the+X+International+Conference+of+Nubian+Studies+Rome+9%E2%80%9314+September+2002&rft.pages=487-491&rft.pub=Libreria+Dello+Stato&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-240-1314-7&rft.aulast=Vantini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudan)      External links  (https://www.sudan.gov.sd/) Official website   (./Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)   Government of Sudan ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Sudan) (commons:Atlas of Sudan) Wikimedia Atlas of Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg) (icon)    Geographic data related to  (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192789) Sudan at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap) (OpenStreetMap) OpenStreetMap  (http://cbs.gov.sd/) Statistics (https://web.archive.org/web/20180315121142/http://cbs.gov.sd/) Archived 15 March 2018 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  Official website of Central Bureau of Statistics (https://www.aljazeera.com/where/sudan/) News headline links from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera . 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National Salvation) RCCNS  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur) (War in Darfur) War in Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process) (Sudanese peace process) Peace process  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts) (Sudanese nomadic conflicts) Nomadic conflicts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile) (Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile) Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan) (United Nations Mission in Sudan) United Nations Mission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019–2021)) (Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)) 2019–2021 transition to democracy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_revolution) (Sudanese revolution) Revolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (2019 Sudanese coup d'état) 2019 coup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)) (Transitional Military Council (2019)) Second Transitional Military Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council) (Transitional Sovereignty Council) Transitional Sovereignty Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d'état) (2021 Sudanese coup d'état) October 2021 coup    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023–present)) (Sudanese civil war (2023–present)) Sudanese civil war (2023–present)            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan) (Geography of Sudan) Geography   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Sudan) (Geology of Sudan) Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Lakes of Sudan (page does not exist)) Lakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mountains of Sudan (page does not exist)) Mountains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sudan) (List of rivers of Sudan) Rivers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Sudan) (Volcanoes of Sudan) Volcanoes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sudan) (Wildlife of Sudan) Wildlife  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan) (List of fauna of Sudan and South Sudan) Fauna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sudan) (List of mammals of Sudan) Mammals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Sudan) (List of birds of Sudan) Birds  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan) (Horses in Sudan) Horses  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan) (List of butterflies of Sudan and South Sudan) Butterflies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moths_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan) (List of moths of Sudan and South Sudan) Moths  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan) (List of non-marine molluscs of Sudan and South Sudan) Non-marine molluscs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Sudan) (List of reptiles of Sudan) Reptiles      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Natural disasters in Sudan (page does not exist)) Natural disasters  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan) (Climate change in Sudan) Climate change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sudan_floods) (List of Sudan floods) Floods         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Sudan) (States of Sudan) States  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezira_State) (Gezira State) Gezira  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qadarif_State) (Al Qadarif State) Al Qadarif  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_State) (Blue Nile State) Blue Nile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Darfur) (Central Darfur) Central Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Darfur) (East Darfur) East Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassala_State) (Kassala State) Kassala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_State) (Khartoum State) Khartoum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Darfur) (North Darfur) North Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kordofan) (North Kordofan) North Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_State_(Sudan)) (Northern State (Sudan)) Northern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_State) (Red Sea State) Red Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nile_State) (River Nile State) River Nile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennar_State) (Sennar State) Sennar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Darfur) (South Darfur) South Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan) (South Kordofan) South Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Darfur) (West Darfur) West Darfur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kordofan) (West Kordofan) West Kordofan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Nile_State) (White Nile State) White Nile        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan) (Districts of Sudan) Districts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan) (List of cities in Sudan) Cities           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan) (Politics of Sudan) Politics   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ambassadors of Sudan (page does not exist)) Ambassadors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan) (Cabinet of Sudan) Cabinet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan) (Constitution of Sudan) Constitution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan) (1956 Transitional Constitution of Sudan) 1956  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan) (1973 Constitution of Sudan) 1973  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (1985 Transitional Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)) 1985  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Constitution_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (1998 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)) 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Constitution_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (2005 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)) 2005  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Draft_Constitutional_Declaration) (2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration) 2019    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coups_d'état_in_Sudan) (Coups d'état in Sudan) Coups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan) (Corruption in Sudan) Corruption  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan) (Elections in Sudan) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan) (Foreign relations of Sudan) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan) (Human rights in Sudan) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan) (LGBT rights in Sudan) LGBT rights  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan) (List of massacres in Sudan) Massacres    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan) (Islamism in Sudan) Islamism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar–Khatmiyya_rivalry) (Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry) Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)) (September Laws (Sudan)) September Laws  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Act_1991_(Sudan)) (Criminal Act 1991 (Sudan)) Criminal Act    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Sudan) (Military history of Sudan) Military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army) (Army) Army    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_administration) (Native administration) Native administration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)) (National Legislature (Sudan)) Parliament  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan) (List of heads of government of Sudan) Prime Minister  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan) (List of heads of state of Sudan) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan) (Vice President of Sudan) Vice President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan) (List of current state governors in Sudan) State Governors           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan) (Economy of Sudan) Economy   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan) (Agriculture in Sudan) Agriculture (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_cultivation_in_Dar_al-Manasir) (Date cultivation in Dar al-Manasir) Date  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Sudan) (Fishing in Sudan) Fishing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Sudan) (Forestry in Sudan) Forestry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_production_in_Sudan) (Sorghum production in Sudan) Sorghum    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Sudan) (Banking in Sudan) Banking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan) (Central Bank of Sudan) Central Bank    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sudan) (List of companies of Sudan) Companies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_dinar) (Sudanese dinar) Dinar (former currency)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan) (Energy in Sudan) Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_pound) (Sudanese pound) Pound (currency)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Taxation in Sudan (page does not exist)) Taxation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan) (Telecommunications in Sudan) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Sudan) (Transport in Sudan) Transport           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_society) (Sudanese society) Society   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Sudan) (Abortion in Sudan) Abortion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine) (Sudanese cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan) (Demographics of Sudan) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Sudan) (Education in Sudan) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Sudan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ethnic groups of Sudan (page does not exist)) Ethnic groups (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minorities_of_Sudan) (List of ethnic minorities of Sudan) minorities    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Sudan) (Health in Sudan) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan) (Languages of Sudan) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sudan) (LGBT history in Sudan) LGBT  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Sudan) (Marriage in Sudan) Marriage (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sudan) (Polygamy in Sudan) Polygamy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan) (Child marriage in Sudan) Child marriage    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Sudan) (Public toilets in Sudan) Public toilets  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_refugee_crisis) (Sudanese refugee crisis) Refugee crisis since 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_and_internally_displaced_people_of_Sudan) (Refugees and internally displaced people of Sudan) Refugees and internally displaced people  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan) (Religion in Sudan) Religion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan) (Islam in Sudan) Islam  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan) (Christianity in Sudan) Christianity    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan) (Slavery in Sudan) Slavery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan) (Squatting in Sudan) Squatting  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Sudan) (Women in Sudan) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan) (Culture of Sudan) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan) (Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan) Anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan) (Architecture of Sudan) Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan) (Visual arts of Sudan) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan) (Cinema of Sudan) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_Sudan) (Clothing in Sudan) Clothing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine) (Sudanese cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan) (Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan) Decorations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Sudan) (Emblem of Sudan) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan) (Flag of Sudan) Flag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags) (List of Sudanese flags) History    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_literature) (Sudanese literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Sudan) (Media of Sudan) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sudan) (Music of Sudan) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan) (Photography in Sudan) Photography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Sudan) (Postage stamps and postal history of Sudan) Postal history  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan) (Sport in Sudan) Sport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Sudan) (Television in Sudan) Television           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Sudan) (Outline of Sudan) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sudan) (Category:Sudan) Category          (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries     Sudan at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/السودان%20/%20Sudan) (c:السودان / Sudan) Media  from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sudan) (q:Sudan) Quotations  from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sudan) (voy:Sudan) Travel guides  from Wikivoyage    (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#voy)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121655557) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/150756275) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058378-8) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204591) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4qYjT3cck3wrddjRMyd) WorldCat       National (Sudan) (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022301) United States    (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880521p) France   (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11880521p) BnF data   (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571512) Japan   (Súdán) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131030&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic   (Súdán severní) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0334656&CON_LNG=ENG) 2      (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554955505171) Israel   (https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005695523209366) Croatia       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/038ad5ba-df6d-35ad-ba12-efe6edd7d0a4) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/69a247c1-bea3-466e-bb36-28d05a248af9) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/XDbLceHO) UK Parliament       Other (Soudan) (https://www.idref.fr/027251594) IdRef   (Soudan) (https://www.idref.fr/026585871) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003466) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035841) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sudan) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/9635244d-c299-4784-ae11-4a8e4a3da1b1) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sudan&params=15_N_32_E_region:SD_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 32°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 15°N 32°E  / 15; 32     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:Sudan#%20)  (./Category:1956_establishments_in_Africa)  (./Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language)  (./Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language)  (./Category:Countries_in_Africa)  (./Category:Countries_in_North_Africa)  (./Category:Federal_republics)  (./Category:Least_developed_countries)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (./Category:Military_dictatorships)  (./Category:Countries_in_East_Africa)  (./Category:Saharan_countries)  (./Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1956)    ()  Retrieved from "(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan&oldid=1370563140) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan&oldid=1370563140 "  (/wiki/Help:Category) (Help:Category) Categories : (/wiki/Category:Sudan) (Category:Sudan) Sudan  (/wiki/Category:1956_establishments_in_Africa) 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