Pakistan - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pakistan) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pakistan) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Prehistory and antiquity     2.2 Classical period     2.3 Medieval period     2.4 Colonial rule     2.5 Independence     2.6 Post-independence       3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Flora and fauna       4 Government and politics    Toggle Government and politics subsection  4.1 Role of Islam     4.2 Administrative units     4.3 Foreign relations   4.3.1 Relations with China     4.3.2 Relations with the Muslim world       4.4 Kashmir conflict     4.5 Military   4.5.1 Military history       4.6 Law enforcement     4.7 Crime     4.8 Human rights       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Services     5.2 Agriculture     5.3 Industry     5.4 Tourism     5.5 Natural resources       6 Infrastructure    Toggle Infrastructure subsection  6.1 Power and energy     6.2 Transport     6.3 Science and technology       7 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  7.1 Urbanisation     7.2 Ethnicity and languages     7.3 Immigration     7.4 Diaspora     7.5 Religion   7.5.1 Islam     7.5.2 Hinduism     7.5.3 Christianity and other religions       7.6 Education       8 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  8.1 Architecture     8.2 Clothing, arts, and fashion     8.3 Literature and philosophy     8.4 Media and entertainment     8.5 Cuisine     8.6 Sports       9 See also     10 Notes     11 References     12 Bibliography    Toggle Bibliography subsection  12.1 Overview     12.2 Etymology     12.3 History     12.4 Geography     12.5 Government and politics     12.6 Economy       13 Further reading     14 External links    Toggle External links subsection  14.1 Government     14.2 General information             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Pakistan    279 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакисҭан – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95) (ፓኪስታን – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n) (Pakistán – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan) (Pacistan – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (باكستان – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2) (ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاكيستان – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (باكستان – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (পাকিস্তান – Assamese) অসমীয়া   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n) (Paquistán – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Avaric) Авар   (https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Awadhi) अवधी   (https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Aymara) Aymar aru   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکیستان – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%97stans) (Pakėstans – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакістан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакістан – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (পাকিস্তান – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%93) (པ་ཀི་སི་ཐན – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8) (পাকিস্তান – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Batak Mandailing) Batak Mandailing   (https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88) (ᨄᨀᨗᨔᨗᨈ – Buginese) Basa Ugi   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Chamorro) Chamoru   (https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82) (ᏆᎩᏍᏖᏂ – Cherokee) ᏣᎳᎩ   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1kist%C3%A1n) (Pákistán – Czech) Čeština   (https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kashubian) Kaszëbsczi   (https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A) (Пакистанъ – Church Slavic) Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan) (Pacistan – Welsh) Cymraeg   (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Danish) Dansk   (good article) (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – German) Deutsch   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C4%B1stan) (Pakıstan – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Central Dusun) Kadazandusun   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0) (ޕާކިސްތާން – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D) (པཱ་ཀིསི་ཐན། – Dzongkha) ཇོང་ཁ   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD) (Πακιστάν – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistano) (Pakistano – Esperanto) Esperanto   (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1n) (Pakistán – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n) (Paquistán – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan) (Paquistan – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan) (Pakistaan – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phacast%C3%A1in) (An Phacastáin – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6) (巴基斯坦 – Gan) 贛語   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagast%C3%A0n) (Pagastàn – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n) (Paquistán – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C3%A3) (Pakitã – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Goan Konkani) गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni   (https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Gorontalo) Bahasa Hulontalo   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8) (પાકિસ્તાન – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Phakistaan) (Yn Phakistaan – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakitana) (Pakitana – Hawaiian) Hawaiʻi   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F) (פקיסטן – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakiszt%C3%A1n) (Pakisztán – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Պակիստան – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6) (Փաքիստան – Western Armenian) Արեւմտահայերէն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Iban) Jaku Iban   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Ingush) ГӀалгӀай   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Interslavic) Medžuslovjansky   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Italian) Italiano   (https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B8%E1%91%AD%E1%94%85%E1%91%95%E1%93%90) (ᐸᑭᔅᑕᓐ – Inuktitut) ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3) (パキスタン – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kisygu%27e) (kisygu'e – Lojban) La .lojban.   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (პაკისტანი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD) (Пакистэн – Kabardian) Адыгэбзэ   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitaan%C9%A9) (Pakisitaanɩ – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paki%CC%B1si%CC%B1tan) (Paki̱si̱tan – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пәкістан – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93) (ប៉ាគីស្ថាន – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8) (ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84) (파키스탄 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B2%DA%A9%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پٲکِستان – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Komi) Коми   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistania) (Pakistania – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacistan) (Pacistan – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachistan) (Pachistan – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A1ni) (Pakistáni – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanas) (Pakistanas – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C4%81na) (Pakistāna – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Madurese) Madhurâ   (https://mag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Magahi) मगही   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Banyumasan) Basa Banyumasan   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A0na) (Pakistàna – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Eastern Mari) Олык марий   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakit%C4%81ne) (Pakitāne – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB) (പാകിസ്താൻ – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F) (ꯄꯥꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Marathi) मराठी   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan) (Paquistan – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (ပါကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Erzya) Эрзянь   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86) (پاکستون – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Neapolitan) Napulitano   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8) (पाकिस्तान – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Nias) Li Niha   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Novial) Novial   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BCe%CA%BCaahj%C3%AD_Naakaii_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah) (Eʼeʼaahjí Naakaii Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquistan) (Paquistan – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistuanu) (Pakistuanu – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paakistaan) (Paakistaan – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8) (ପାକିସ୍ତାନ – Odia) ଓଡ଼ିଆ   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8) (ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (featured article) (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Picard) Picard   (https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Pennsylvania German) Deitsch   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquist%C3%A3o) (Paquistão – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisuyu) (Pakisuyu – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Vlax Romani) Romani čhib   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Romanian) Română   (https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Tarantino) Tarandíne   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакістан – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitani) (Pakisitani – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D) (पाकिस्थानम् – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистаан – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1) (ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاڪستان – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksitan) (Baksitan – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းပႃႇၵိတ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA) (පාකිස්ථානය – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Saraiki) سرائیکی   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakisitana) (Pakisitana – Samoan) Gagana Samoa   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakistaan) (Bakistaan – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani) (Pakistani – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sranan Tongo) Sranantongo   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhakhistani) (IPhakhistani – Swati) SiSwati   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani) (Pakistani – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%99%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%8D%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%98) (ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ – Sylheti) ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D) (பாக்கித்தான் – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Atayal) Tayal   (https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8) (ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ – Tulu) ತುಳು   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D) (పాకిస్తాన్ – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaun) (Pakistaun – Tetum) Tetun   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD) (Покистон – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99) (ประเทศปากีสถาน – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95) (ፓኪስታን – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81kisitani) (Pākisitani – Tongan) Lea faka-Tonga   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Pakisan) (ma Pakisan – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Tok Pisin) Tok Pisin   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Taroko) Seediq   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5) (Пакистан Ислам Җөмһүрияте – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Twi) Twi   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89) (پاكىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD) (Пакистан – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86) (پاکستان – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokiston) (Pokiston – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakist%C3%A4n) (Pakistän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistaan) (Pakistaan – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6) (巴基斯坦 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98) (პაკისტანი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F) (פאקיסטאן – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C3%ADst%C3%A0n) (Pakístàn – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F) (ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6) (巴基斯坦 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6) (巴基斯坦 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6) (巴基斯坦 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPakistani) (IPakistani – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q843#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Pakistan) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Pakistan) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Pakistan) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit) (This page is protected.
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You can view its source [e])  View source   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pakistan) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pakistan) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&oldid=1370779049) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pakistan&id=1370779049&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPakistan) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pakistan&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q843) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_/_Pakistan) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pakistan) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pakistan) Wikiversity   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pakistan) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q843) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=30_N_70_E_type:country_region:PK) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30°N 70°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30°N 70°E  / 30; 70     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended) (This article is extended-confirmed-protected.) (Extended-protected article)       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in South Asia (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_(disambiguation)) (Pakistan (disambiguation)) Pakistan (disambiguation) .   (./Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages#Pakistan)   (./Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_April_2022)  (./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English)   (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2026)    Islamic Republic of Pakistan  (Urdu-language text) (Nastaliq) اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان   (./Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language) (Urdu language) Urdu )  (American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration) Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān   [ 1]           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg) (Flag of Pakistan) (Flag of Pakistan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan) (Flag of Pakistan) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_emblem_of_Pakistan) (State emblem of Pakistan) State emblem      Motto:  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (Urdu-language romanisation) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Īmān,_Ittihād,_Nazam) (Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam) Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu ) (Urdu-language text) (Nastaliq) ایمان، اتحاد، نظم   (./Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text)   "Faith, Unity, Discipline"[ 2]          Anthem:  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)  (American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah) (Qaumi Taranah) Qaumī Tarānah   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu ) (Urdu-language text) (Nastaliq) قَومی ترانہ   (./Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text)   "The National Anthem"   (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (español ‪(es)‬)  (فارسی ‪(fa)‬)  (हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬)  (Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬)  (日本語 ‪(ja)‬)  (norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬)  (संस्कृतम् ‪(sa)‬)  (اردو ‪(ur)‬)  (中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAK_orthographic.svg)        Territory controlled by Pakistan (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959)      Territory claimed but not controlled ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict) (Kashmir conflict) Kashmir , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh) (Annexation of Junagadh) Junagadh , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Creek#Indo-Pakistani_border_dispute) (Sir Creek) Sir Creek )    Capital (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=33_41_30_N_73_3_0_E_type:city_region:PK-IS) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 33°41′30″N 73°3′0″E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 33.69167°N 73.05000°E  / 33.69167; 73.05000     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Largest city (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=24_51_36_N_67_0_36_E_type:city(20,000,000)_region:PK-SD) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 24.86000°N 67.01000°E  / 24.86000; 67.01000     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English) (Pakistani English) English [ a]         Native languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan) (Languages of Pakistan) Over 77 languages [ 4]      Religion (2023)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   96.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan) (Islam in Pakistan) Islam ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) official )[ b]     2.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan) (Hinduism in Pakistan) Hinduism  1.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan) (Christianity in Pakistan) Christianity  0.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan) (Religion in Pakistan) other      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_people) (Pakistani people) Pakistani   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan) (Politics of Pakistan) Government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) Federal parliamentary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan) (President of Pakistan) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari) (Asif Ali Zardari) Asif Ali Zardari   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan) (Prime Minister of Pakistan) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz Sharif     Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan) (Parliament of Pakistan) Parliament   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house) (Upper house) Upper house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan) (Senate of Pakistan) Senate   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house) (Lower house) Lower house   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (National Assembly of Pakistan) National Assembly   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Independence  from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution) (Lahore Resolution) Declaration   23 March 1940  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan) (Dominion of Pakistan) Recognised dominion   14 August 1947  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan#Abolition) (Monarchy of Pakistan) Republic   23 March 1956  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_Purchase) (Gwadar Purchase) Last territory's acquisition   8 December 1958  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) (Bangladesh Liberation War) Eastern territory withdrawn   16 December 1971  • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) Current constitution   14 August 1973    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan) (Geography of Pakistan) Area    • Total  881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi)[ c]    [ 6]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 33rd )  • Water (%)  2.86  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan) (Demographics of Pakistan) Population   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census) (2023 Pakistani census) 2023  census  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    241,499,431[ d]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 5th )  • Density  273.8/km2 (709.1/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 56th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2026 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $1.8 trillion ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 27th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $7,330 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 148th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $407.79 billion ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 42nd )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $1,700 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 160th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2018)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     29.6 low inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.544 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 168th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupee) (Pakistani rupee) Pakistani rupee (₨) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) PKR )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC +5 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time) (Pakistan Standard Time) PKT )  Date format (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (day) dd -(month) mm -(year) yyyy  [ e]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Pakistan) (Telephone numbers in Pakistan) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Pakistan) (Telephone numbers in Pakistan) +92   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PK) (ISO 3166-2:PK) PK   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pk) (.pk) .pk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/پاکستان.) (پاکستان.) پاکستان.      Website  (http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/) www .pakistan .gov .pk       (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TPakistan)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   ()     You may need (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Arabic) (Help:Arabic) rendering support to display the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabet) (Urdu alphabet) Urdu text in this article correctly.   (./Category:Pages_using_contains_special_characters_for_widely_supported_languages)   Pakistan ,[ f]    officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ,[ g]    is a country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asia . It is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) fifth-most populous country , with a population of over 241.5 million,[ d]    having the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country#Countries) (Islam by country) second-largest Muslim population in the world as of 2023. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad is the nation's capital, while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population) (List of cities in Pakistan by population) its largest city and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_centre) (Financial centre) financial centre . Pakistan is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 33rd-largest country by area . Bounded by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea) (Arabian Sea) Arabian Sea on the south, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman) (Gulf of Oman) Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Creek) (Sir Creek) Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India to the east; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan to the west; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran to the southwest; and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor) (Wakhan Corridor) Wakhan Corridor . Pakistan is the site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan) (History of Pakistan) several ancient cultures , including the 8,500-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh) (Mehrgarh) Mehrgarh in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan) (Balochistan, Pakistan) Balochistan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation) (Indus Valley Civilisation) Indus Valley Civilisation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age) (Bronze Age) Bronze Age ,[ 7]    and the ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_civilisation) (Gandhara civilisation) Gandhara civilisation .[ 8]    The regions that compose the modern state of Pakistan were the realm of multiple empires and dynasties, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire) (Maurya Empire) Maurya , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire) (Kushan Empire) Kushan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire) (Gupta Empire) Gupta ;[ 9]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate) (Umayyad Caliphate) Umayyad Caliphate in its southern regions, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Shahis) (Hindu Shahis) Hindu Shahis , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids) (Ghaznavids) Ghaznavids , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate) (Delhi Sultanate) Delhi Sultanate , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_dynasty) (Samma dynasty) Samma , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Miris) (Shah Miris) Shah Miris , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire) (Mughal Empire) Mughals ,[ 10]    and finally, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj) (British Raj) British Raj from 1858 to 1947. Spurred by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Pakistan Movement , which sought a homeland for the Muslims of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India) (Presidencies and provinces of British India) British India , and election victories in 1946 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League) (All-India Muslim League) All-India Muslim League , Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_British_India) (Partition of British India) partition of British India , which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.[ 11]    [ 12]    Initially (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan) (Dominion of Pakistan) a dominion of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) British Commonwealth , Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_(1956–1958)) (Constitution of Pakistan (1956–1958)) adopted a republican constitution in 1956 and became an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic) (Islamic republic) Islamic republic with two geographically separate provinces, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan) (East Pakistan) East Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pakistan) (West Pakistan) West Pakistan . East Pakistan seceded as the new country of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh in 1971 after a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) (Bangladesh Liberation War) nine-month-long civil war . In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments that alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Pakistan) (Secularism in Pakistan) secular and Islamist.[ 13]     Pakistan is considered a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power and is a declared (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons) (List of states with nuclear weapons) nuclear-weapon state , with the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel) (List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel) seventh-largest standing armed forces . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan) (Economy of Pakistan) Pakistani economy is ranked amongst the world's emerging and growth-leading economies,[ 14]    with a large and rapidly growing middle class.[ 15]    [ 16]    Pakistan's political history since independence has been characterised by periods of significant economic and military growth as well as those of political and economic instability. It is an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan) (Ethnic groups in Pakistan) ethnically and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan) (Languages of Pakistan) linguistically diverse country, with similarly diverse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan) (Geography of Pakistan) geography and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan) (Wildlife of Pakistan) wildlife . The country continues to face (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan) (Poverty in Pakistan) poverty , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_Pakistan_Foundation) (Literate Pakistan Foundation) illiteracy , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan) (Corruption in Pakistan) corruption , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan) (Terrorism in Pakistan) terrorism .[ 17]    [ 18]    [ 19]    Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) Commonwealth of Nations , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition) (Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition) Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition , and is designated as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally by the United States.   Etymology  The name Pakistan was coined by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhry_Rahmat_Ali) (Choudhry Rahmat Ali) Choudhry Rahmat Ali , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Pakistan Movement activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration) (Pakistan Declaration) Now or Never  , using it as an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym) (Acronym) acronym .[ 20]    [ 21]    [ 22]    Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)) (Punjab Province (British India)) Panjab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901–2010)) (North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)) Afghania , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)) (Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)) Kashmir , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Division) (Sind Division) Sindh , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency) (Baluchistan Agency) Baluchistan ." He added, "Pakistan is both a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language) (Persian language) Persian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean."[ 23]    Etymologists note that (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/پاک#Persian) (wikt:پاک) پاک  (Persian-language romanisation) pāk  , is 'pure' in Persian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto) (Pashto) Pashto and the Persian suffix (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ـستان#Persian) (wikt:ـستان) ـستان  (Persian-language romanisation) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-stan) (-stan) -stan   means 'land' or 'place of'.[ 21]     Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the northwestern area of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) Indian subcontinent . He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal) (Bengal) Bengal and "Osmanistan" for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State) (Hyderabad State) Hyderabad State , as well as a political federation between the three.[ 24]      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan) (History of Pakistan) History of Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history) (Timeline of Pakistani history) Timeline of Pakistani history  Prehistory and antiquity   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkönig.jpeg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest-king_(sculpture)) (Priest-king (sculpture)) Priest-King  from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro) (Mohenjo-daro) Mohenjo-daro ((circa) c.  2500 BCE )[ 25]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cremation_Urn_with_Lid_LACMA_AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg)     Cremation urn, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture) (Gandhara grave culture) Gandhara grave culture , Swat Valley, (circa) c.  1200 BCE [ 26]         Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan.[ 27]    The earliest known stone tools in the region, dating to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Palaeolithic) (Lower Palaeolithic) Lower Palaeolithic (~2 million years ago), were discovered in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soan_Valley) (Soan Valley) Soan Valley of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pakistan) (Northern Pakistan) northern Pakistan .[ 28]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River) (Indus River) Indus plain region, which covers most of the present-day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic) (Neolithic) Neolithic (7000–4300 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE) (BCE) BCE ) site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh) (Mehrgarh) Mehrgarh ,[ 29]    [ 30]    [ 31]    and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation) (Indus Valley Civilisation) Indus Valley Civilisation , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro) (Mohenjo-daro) Mohenjo-daro and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa) (Harappa) Harappa .[ 32]    [ 33]     Following the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation, semi-nomadic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples) (Indo-Aryan peoples) Indo-European Aryans migrated into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) Indian subcontinent around 2000 BCE, perhaps by way of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pass) (Khyber Pass) Khyber Pass . They fused with the indigenous Harappan culture of the Indus Valley, and elements of the pre-Aryan spiritual traditions were assimilated into the developing Vedic tradition.[ 34]    This cultural milieu shaped the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara) (Gandhara) Gandhara Civilisation, which flourished at the crossroads of India, Central Asia, and the Middle East, connecting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road) (Silk Road) trade routes and absorbing cultural influences from diverse civilisations.[ 35]    By the early Vedic period, parts of the Indus region in present-day Pakistan were populated by numerous tribes that were beginning to coalesce into chieftain-led clans and early kingdoms.[ 36]    During this period, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas) (Vedas) Vedas , the oldest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptures) (Scriptures) scriptures of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hinduism , were composed.[ 37]    [ h]      Classical period  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Buddha) (Standing Buddha) Standing Buddha  from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara) (Gandhara) Gandhara (1st–2nd century CE)[ 38]      The western regions of Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley) (Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley) became part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid Empire around 517 BCE.[ 39]    In 326 BCE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great) (Alexander the Great) Alexander the Great conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porus) (Porus) Porus , at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hydaspes) (Battle of Hydaspes) Jhelum .[ 40]    Among the major powers that ruled the region were the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryas) (Mauryas) Mauryas (322–185 BCE), during which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great) (Ashoka the Great) Ashoka the Great extended the empire.[ 41]    [ 42]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom) (Indo-Greek Kingdom) Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria) (Demetrius I of Bactria) Demetrius of Bactria (180–165 BCE) included (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara) (Gandhara) Gandhara and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab and reached its greatest extent under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_I) (Menander I) Menander (165–150 BCE), allowing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism) (Greco-Buddhism) Greco-Buddhist culture in the region to prosper.[ 43]    [ 44]    [ 45]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila) (Taxila) Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE.[ 46]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_ancient_Taxila) (University of ancient Taxila) The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE.[ 47]    [ 48]    [ 49]    At its zenith, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty) (Rai dynasty) Rai dynasty (489–632 CE) ruled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh and the surrounding territories.[ 50]      Medieval period  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran) (Makran) Makran came under Muslim rule in the 7th century CE when it was conquered and a garrison was established under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu'awiya_I) (Mu'awiya I) Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680).[ 51]    The Arab general (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim) (Muhammad ibn Qasim) Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711 CE.[ 52]    The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid.[ 53]    The early medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region.[ 54]    Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region of Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hinduism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism) (Buddhism) Buddhism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism) (Jainism) Jainism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrianism .[ 55]    [ 56]    During this period, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi) (Sufi) Sufi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah) (Dawah) missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional population to Islam.[ 57]    Upon the defeat of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Shahis) (Turk Shahis) Turk and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Shahi) (Hindu Shahi) Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_Valley) (Kabul Valley) Kabul Valley , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara) (Gandhara) Gandhara , and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) (Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent) several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire) (Ghaznavid Empire) Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187 CE), the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorid_Empire) (Ghorid Empire) Ghorid Empire , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate) (Delhi Sultanate) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE).[ 58]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty) (Lodi dynasty) Lodi dynasty , the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire) (Mughal Empire) Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE).[ 59]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Makli_by_Usman_Ghani_(cropped).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli_Necropolis) (Makli Necropolis) Makli Necropolis , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site) (UNESCO World Heritage Site) UNESCO World Heritage Site rose to prominence as a major funerary site during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_dynasty) (Samma dynasty) Samma dynasty .[ 60]      The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture) (Indo-Persian culture) Indo-Persian culture in the region.[ 61]    In the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal period were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan) (Multan) Multan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar) (Peshawar) Peshawar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta) (Thatta) Thatta ,[ 62]    which were chosen as the site of impressive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture) (Mughal architecture) Mughal buildings .[ 63]    In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire.[ 64]    In the 18th century, the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire was hastened by the emergence of the rival powers like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire) (Maratha Empire) Maratha Empire and later the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire) (Sikh Empire) Sikh Empire , as well as invasions by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah) (Nader Shah) Nader Shah from Iran in 1739,[ 65]    [ 66]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire) (Durrani Empire) Durrani Empire of Afghanistan in 1748.[ 67]    The growing political power of the British in Bengal had not yet reached the territories of modern Pakistan.[ 68]      Colonial rule  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India) (British India) British India , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj) (British Raj) British Raj , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movement) (Aligarh Movement) Aligarh Movement , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory) (Two-nation theory) Two-nation theory  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Syed1.jpg) (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose vision (Two-nation theory) formed the basis of Pakistan)     Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan) (Syed Ahmad Khan) Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), whose (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory) (Two-nation theory) vision formed the basis of Pakistan[ 69]    [ 70]    [ 71]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jinnah1945b.jpg) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) served as Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), Pakistan's first Governor-General and the leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Pakistan Movement [ 72]         None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi , a small fishing village governed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty) (Talpur dynasty) Talpurs of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh with a mud fort guarding the harbour, was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Karachi#Company_rule) (History of Karachi) taken ,[ 73]    [ 74]    and used as an enclave with a port and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment) (Karachi Cantonment) military base for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Afghan_War) (First Afghan War) First Afghan War that ensued.[ 75]    The remainder of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh was acquired in 1843,[ 76]    and subsequently, through a series of wars and treaties, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company) (British East India Company) East India Company , and later, after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny) (Sepoy Mutiny) Sepoy Mutiny (1857–1858), direct rule by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria) (Queen Victoria) Queen Victoria of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) (British Empire) British Empire , acquired most of the region.[ 77]    Key conflicts included those against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people) (Baloch people) Baloch (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpur_dynasty) (Talpur dynasty) Talpur dynasty , resolved by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Miani) (Battle of Miani) Battle of Miani (1843) in Sindh,[ 78]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_War_(disambiguation)) (Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)) Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849),[ 79]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Afghan_Wars) (Anglo-Afghan Wars) Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839–1919).[ 80]    By 1893, all modern Pakistan was part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire) (British Indian Empire) British Indian Empire , and remained so until independence in 1947.[ 81]     Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Division) (Sind Division) Sind Division , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)) (Punjab Province (British India)) Punjab Province , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency) (Baluchistan Agency) Baluchistan Agency . The region also included various (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state) (Princely state) princely states , with the largest being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)) (Bahawalpur (princely state)) Bahawalpur .[ 82]    [ 83]     An important uprising against the British in the region was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857) (Indian Rebellion of 1857) Indian Rebellion of 1857 , known at the time as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny) (Sepoy Mutiny) Sepoy Mutiny .[ 84]    Divergence in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu–Islamic_relations) (Hindu–Islamic relations) relationship between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism) (Hinduism) Hinduism and Islam resulted in significant tension in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj) (British Raj) British India , leading to religious violence. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi–Urdu_controversy) (Hindi–Urdu controversy) language controversy further exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims.[ 71]    [ 85]    A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movement) (Aligarh Movement) Muslim intellectual movement , led by Sir (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan) (Syed Ahmed Khan) Syed Ahmed Khan to counter the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance) (Bengali Renaissance) Hindu renaissance , advocated for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory) (Two-nation theory) two-nation theory and led to the establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League) (All-India Muslim League) All-India Muslim League in 1906.[ 69]    [ 70]    [ 71]     In March 1929, in response to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehru_Report) (Nehru Report) Nehru Report , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan, issued his (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah) (Fourteen Points of Jinnah) fourteen points , which included proposals to safeguard the interests of the Muslim minority in a united India. These proposals were rejected.[ 86]    [ 87]    [ 88]    In his 29 December 1930 address, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal) (Muhammad Iqbal) Allama Iqbal advocated the amalgamation of Muslim-majority states in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)) (Northwest India (pre-1947)) North-West India, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)) (Punjab Province (British India)) Punjab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901–55)) (North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)) North-West Frontier Province , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936–55)) (Sind Province (1936–55)) Sind , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner's_Province)) (Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)) Baluchistan .[ 88]    [ 89]    The perception that Congress-led British (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections) (1937 Indian provincial elections) provincial governments neglected the Muslim League from 1937 to 1939 motivated Jinnah and other Muslim League leaders to embrace the two-nation theory.[ 90]    [ 91]    This led to the adoption of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution) (Lahore Resolution) Lahore Resolution of 1940, presented by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla) (Sher-e-Bangla) Sher-e-Bangla (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.K._Fazlul_Haque) (A.K. Fazlul Haque) A.K. Fazlul Haque , also known as the Pakistan Resolution.[ 92]     By 1942, Britain faced considerable strain during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) (World War II) World War II , with India directly threatened by Japanese forces. Britain had pledged voluntary independence for India in exchange for support during the war. However, this pledge included a clause stating that no part of British India would be compelled to join the resulting dominion, which could be interpreted as support for an independent Muslim nation. Congress under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi) (Mahatma Gandhi) Mahatma Gandhi launched the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement) (Quit India Movement) Quit India Movement , demanding an immediate end to British rule. In contrast, the Muslim League chose to support the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_World_War_II) (United Kingdom in World War II) UK's war efforts , thereby nurturing the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.[ 93]    [ 94]      Independence  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Pakistan Movement  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement) (Indian independence movement) Indian independence movement and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) Partition of India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) partition of India : green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)) (Punjab Province (British India)) Punjab and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency) (Bengal Presidency) Bengal provinces partitioned by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Line) (Radcliffe Line) Radcliffe Line . The grey areas represent some of the key (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state) (Princely state) princely states that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections) (1946 Indian provincial elections) 1946 elections saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.[ 95]    Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims,[ 53]    compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India) (Opposition to the partition of India) reluctance to partition India . In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Mission_Plan) (Cabinet Mission Plan) Cabinet Mission Plan .[ 96]     As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948.[ 97]    [ 98]    Following rigorous discussions involving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India) (Governor-General of India) Viceroy of India , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma) (Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma) Lord Mountbatten of Burma , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League) (All-India Muslim League) All-India Muslim League , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru) (Jawaharlal Nehru) Jawaharlal Nehru of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio) (All India Radio) All India Radio transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah concluded his address with the slogan Pakistan Zindabad (Long Live Pakistan).[ 99]     As the United Kingdom agreed to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) partitioning of India ,[ 99]    the modern state of Pakistan was established on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)) (Independence Day (Pakistan)) 14 August 1947 (27th of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan) (Ramadan) Ramadan in 1366 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar) (Islamic calendar) Islamic calendar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_Power) (Night of Power) a holy time regarded as auspicious and noted for its religious importance ) .[ 100]    [ 101]    This new nation amalgamated the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India) (Islam in India) Muslim-majority eastern and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)) (Northwest India (pre-1947)) northwestern regions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India) (British India) British India , comprising the provinces of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)) (Balochistan (Pakistan)) Balochistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal) (East Bengal) East Bengal , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901–1955)) (North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)) North-West Frontier Province , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan) (Punjab, Pakistan) West Punjab , and Sindh.[ 102]     In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions.[ 103]    Around 50,000 Muslim women were (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_women_during_the_partition_of_India) (Violence against women during the partition of India) abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.[ 104]    Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.[ 105]    It was the largest mass migration in human history.[ 106]    A subsequent dispute over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state) (Princely state) princely state of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)) (Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)) Jammu and Kashmir eventually sparked the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947–1948) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948) Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 .[ 107]      Post-independence  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947–present)) (History of Pakistan (1947–present)) History of Pakistan (1947–present) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan) (Dominion of Pakistan) Dominion of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liaquat_Ali_Khan_1945.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan) (Liaquat Ali Khan) Liaquat Ali Khan was elected the first prime minister of Pakistan.[ 108]    [ 109]      After (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_Pakistan) (Creation of Pakistan) independence in 1947, Jinnah, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_chair) (Party chair) president of the Muslim League, became Pakistan's first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan) (Governor-General of Pakistan) governor-general and the first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan) President-Speaker of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan) (Parliament of Pakistan) Parliament , but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.[ 109]    [ 110]    Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan) (Liaquat Ali Khan) Liaquat Ali Khan , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General) (Secretary General) secretary-general of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League) (All-India Muslim League) party , the nation's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan) (List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan) first prime minister .[ 108]    [ 109]    From 1947 to 1956, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan) (Monarchy of Pakistan) Pakistan was a monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic.[ 111]     The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma) (Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma) Lord Mountbatten .[ 112]    Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.[ 113]    Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.[ 114]    When Mountbatten was asked by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)) (Larry Collins (writer)) Collins and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre) (Dominique Lapierre) Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.[ 115]         The American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) CIA film on Pakistan, made in 1950, examines the history and geography of Pakistan.   "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State."  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.[ 116]       Maulana (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani) (Shabbir Ahmad Usmani) Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A'la_Maududi) (Abul A'la Maududi) Maulana Mawdudi of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami) (Jamaat-e-Islami) Jamaat-i-Islami played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan.[ 117]     The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama) (Ulama) ulama  led to the passage of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_Resolution) (Objectives Resolution) Objectives Resolution in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.[ 118]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan) (Democracy in Pakistan) Democracy faced setbacks due to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d'état) (1958 Pakistani coup d'état) martial law imposed by President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza) (Iskander Mirza) Iskander Mirza , who was succeeded by General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)) (Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)) Ayub Khan . After adopting a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962) (Constitution of Pakistan of 1962) presidential system in 1962, Pakistan witnessed significant growth until the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) second war with India in 1965, resulting in an economic downturn and widespread public discontent in 1967.[ 119]    [ 120]    In 1969, President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Khan) (Yahya Khan) Yahya Khan consolidated control, but faced a devastating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone) (1970 Bhola cyclone) cyclone in East Pakistan resulting in 500,000 deaths.[ 121]     In 1970, Pakistan conducted its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election) (1970 Pakistani general election) first democratic elections since independence, intending to transition from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_1970) (Legal Framework Order, 1970) military rule to democracy. However, after the East Pakistani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League) (Awami League) Awami League emerged victorious over the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party) (Pakistan Peoples Party) Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Yahya Khan and the military refused to transfer power.[ 122]    This led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Searchlight) (Operation Searchlight) Operation Searchlight , a military crackdown, and eventually sparked the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) (Bangladesh Liberation War) war of liberation by Bengali (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukti_Bahini) (Mukti Bahini) Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan,[ 123]    described in West Pakistan as a civil war rather than a liberation struggle.[ 124]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayubkhanandbhutto.jpg)   Signing of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration) (Tashkent Declaration) Tashkent Declaration to end (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) hostilities with India in 1965 in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent) (Tashkent) Tashkent , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(USSR)) (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)) USSR , by President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal_Ayub_Khan) (Field Marshal Ayub Khan) Ayub alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto) (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) Bhutto (centre) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Ahmed_(civil_servant)) (Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)) Aziz Ahmed (left)[ 125]      Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,[ 126]    a figure now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated.[ 127]    Some academics such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel) (Rudolph Rummel) Rudolph Rummel and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounaq_Jahan) (Rounaq Jahan) Rounaq Jahan say both sides committed genocide;[ 128]    others such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richard_Sisson) (John Richard Sisson) Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide.[ 129]    In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_strikes) (Preemptive strikes) preemptive strikes on India by Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) air force , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy) (Pakistan Navy) navy , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Marines) (Pakistan Marines) marines sparked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971) a conventional war in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Bangladesh) (Independence of Bangladesh) independence as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh .[ 130]     Yahya Khan was replaced by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto) (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as president; the country worked towards promulgating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) its constitution and putting the country on the road to democracy.[ 131]    [ 132]    In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program) (Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program) nuclear deterrence capability with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction) (Mutually assured destruction) the goal of preventing any (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_interventionism) (Foreign interventionism) foreign invasion ; the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KANUPP) (KANUPP) first (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant) (Nuclear power plant) nuclear power plant was inaugurated in that same year.[ 133]    [ 134]    India's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Smiling_Buddha) (Operation Smiling Buddha) first nuclear test in 1974 gave Pakistan additional justification to accelerate its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_Nuclear_Weapons) (Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons) nuclear program .[ 134]     Democracy ended with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play) (Operation Fair Play) military coup in 1977 against the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan) (Socialism in Pakistan) leftist PPP, which saw (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq) (General Zia-ul-Haq) General Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978.[ 135]    From 1977 to 1988, President Zia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan) (Corporate sector of Pakistan) corporatisation and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy) (Islamization of Economy) economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[ 136]    While building up the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program) (Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program) nuclear program , increasing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq's_Islamization) (Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization) Islamisation , and the rise of a homegrown (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan) (Conservatism in Pakistan) conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone) (Operation Cyclone) resources to factions of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen) (Afghan mujahideen) mujahideen against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War) (Soviet–Afghan War) the USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan .[ 137]    [ 138]    [ 139]    Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) North-West Frontier Province became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province's influential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi) (Deobandi) Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the 'jihad'.[ 140]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq) (Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq) President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto) (Benazir Bhutto) Benazir Bhutto , daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Muslim_societies) (Women in Muslim societies) first female Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)) (Pakistan Muslim League (N)) Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office.[ 141]    This period is marked by prolonged (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan) (Periods of stagflation in Pakistan) stagflation , political instability, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan) (Corruption in Pakistan) corruption , misgovernment, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy) (Geostrategy) geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash between (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan) (Socialism in Pakistan) left-wing and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan) (Conservatism in Pakistan) right-wing ideologies.[ 142]    [ 143]    As PML (N) secured a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority) (Supermajority) supermajority in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election) (1997 Pakistani general election) elections in 1997,[ 144]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif) (Nawaz Sharif) Nawaz Sharif authorised (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_Pakistan) (List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan) nuclear testings , as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit-for-tat) (Tit-for-tat) retaliation to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II) (Pokhran-II) second nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998.[ 145]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister_Shri_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_meets_the_President_of_Pakistan_Mr._Pervez_Musharraf_on_the_sidline_of_12th_SAARC_Summit_in_Islmabad_on_January_5,_2003.jpg)   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf) (Pervez Musharraf) Musharraf meets with Indian Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee) (Atal Bihari Vajpayee) Vajpayee in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad at the sidelines of the 12th (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC) (SAARC) SAARC summit in 2004.[ 146]      Military tension between the two countries in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_district) (Kargil district) Kargil district led to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War) (Kargil War) Kargil War of 1999,[ 147]    [ 148]    and turmoil in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil-military_relations) (Civil-military relations) civil-military relations allowed General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf) (Pervez Musharraf) Pervez Musharraf to take over through a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d'état) (1999 Pakistani coup d'état) bloodless coup d'état .[ 149]    Musharraf governed Pakistan as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) chief executive from 1999 to 2002 and as president from 2001 to 2008[ 150]    —a period of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_moderation) (Enlightened moderation) enlightenment ,[ 151]    [ 152]    social (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_islam) (Liberal islam) liberalism ,[ 153]    extensive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_Pakistan) (Economic reforms in Pakistan) economic reforms ,[ 154]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan's_role_in_the_War_on_Terror) (Pakistan's role in the War on Terror) direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism .[ 152]    By its own financial calculations, Pakistan's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to $118 billion, over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_since_2001) (List of terrorist incidents in Pakistan since 2001) eighty one thousand casualties ,[ 155]    and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians.[ 156]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Pakistan)) (National Assembly (Pakistan)) National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007.[ 157]    After the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto) (Assassination of Benazir Bhutto) assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority) (Majority) most votes in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election) (2008 Pakistani general election) elections of 2008, appointing party member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Raza_Gilani) (Yusuf Raza Gilani) Yusuf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister.[ 158]    Threatened with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf) (Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf) impeachment , President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari) (Asif Ali Zardari) Asif Ali Zardari .[ 159]    Clashes with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan) (Judiciary of Pakistan) judicature prompted Gilani's disqualification from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan) (Parliament of Pakistan) Parliament and as the prime minister in June 2012.[ 160]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election) (2013 Pakistani general election) general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) achieve victory,[ 161]    following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister for the third time.[ 162]    In 2018, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf) (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) PTI won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pakistan_general_election) (2018 Pakistan general election) general election and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan) (Imran Khan) Imran Khan became the 22nd Prime Minister.[ 163]    In April 2022, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz Sharif was elected as prime minister, after Imran Khan lost a no-confidence vote.[ 164]    During (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election) (2024 Pakistani general election) 2024 general election , PTI-backed independents became the largest bloc,[ 165]    but Shehbaz Sharif was elected prime minister for a second term, as a result of a coalition between PML (N) and PPPP.[ 166]        Geography  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan) (Geography of Pakistan) Geography of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Pakistan) (Environment of Pakistan) Environment of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan) (Climate of Pakistan) Climate of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan) (List of extreme weather records in Pakistan) Extreme weather records in Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones_in_Pakistan) (List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan) List of tropical cyclones in Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan) (List of beaches in Pakistan) List of beaches in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PAK_present.svg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification of Pakistan  Pakistan's diverse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan) (Geography of Pakistan) geography and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan) (Climate of Pakistan) climate host a wide array of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan) (Wildlife of Pakistan) wildlife .[ 167]    Covering 881,913  km 2 (340,509  sq  mi) ,[ 168]    Pakistan ranks as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area) (List of countries by area) 33rd-largest nation by total area ,[ 169]    but this varies based on Kashmir's disputed status. Pakistan boasts a 1,046  km (650  mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman,[ 170]    [ 171]    and shares land borders totalling 6,774  km (4,209  mi) , including 2,430  km (1,510  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line) (Durand Line) with Afghanistan , 523  km (325  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Pakistan_border) (China–Pakistan border) with China , 2,912  km (1,809  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India–Pakistan_border) (India–Pakistan border) with India , and 909  km (565  mi) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Pakistan_border) (Iran–Pakistan border) with Iran .[ 172]    It has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman–Pakistan_maritime_boundary) (Oman–Pakistan maritime boundary) maritime border with Oman [ 173]    and is separated from Tajikistan via the narrow strip of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor) (Wakhan Corridor) Wakhan Corridor .[ 174]    Situated at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia,[ 175]    Pakistan's location is geopolitically significant.[ 176]    Geologically, Pakistan lies at the interaction of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate) (Indian Plate) Indian and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate) (Eurasian Plate) Eurasian tectonic plates within the Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone, a region of high seismic activity. The collision between these two plates occurs in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Pakistan) (Northwest Pakistan) northwest Pakistan , particularly in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Sindh and Punjab are located on the north-western corner of the Indian Plate, while Balochistan and much of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lie along its north-western margin. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pakistan) (Northern Pakistan) Northern areas of Pakistan , including Azad Kashmir, lie along the northern edge of the Indian Plate and are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan) (List of earthquakes in Pakistan) prone to powerful earthquakes .[ 177]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg)   A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan[ 178]      Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.[ 179]    Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, and the Balochistan Plateau.[ 180]    The northern highlands feature the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram) (Karakoram) Karakoram , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush) (Hindu Kush) Hindu Kush , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_Mountains) (Pamir Mountains) Pamir mountain ranges, hosting some of the world's highest peaks, including five of the fourteen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousanders) (Eight-thousanders) eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet ), notably (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2) (K2) K2 (8,611  m or 28,251  ft ) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat) (Nanga Parbat) Nanga Parbat (8,126  m or 26,660  ft ).[ 181]    [ 182]    The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert) (Thar Desert) Thar Desert in the east.[ 183]    [ 184]    [ 185]    The 1,609  km (1,000  mi) Indus River and its tributaries traverse the nation from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, sustaining alluvial plains along the Punjab and Sindh regions.[ 186]     The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all.[ 187]    Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.[ 188]    Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.[ 189]     Flora and fauna  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan) (Wildlife of Pakistan) Wildlife of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan) (Flora of Pakistan) Flora of Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan) (Fauna of Pakistan) Fauna of Pakistan  The diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants.[ 190]    From coniferous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_plant) (Alpine plant) alpine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalpine) (Subalpine) subalpine trees like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce) (Spruce) spruce , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine) (Pine) pine , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deodar_cedar) (Deodar cedar) deodar cedar in the northern mountains to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_trees) (Deciduous trees) deciduous trees like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shisham) (Shisham) shisham in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains) (Sulaiman Mountains) Sulaiman Mountains ,[ 187]    and palms such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut) (Coconut) coconut and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera) (Phoenix dactylifera) date in the southern regions.[ 191]    [ 192]    The western hills boast (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper) (Juniper) juniper , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarisk) (Tamarisk) tamarisk , coarse grasses, and scrub plants.[ 193]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove) (Mangrove) Mangrove forests dominate the coastal wetlands in the south.[ 194]    Coniferous forests span altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 metres (3,300 to 13,100 feet) in most northern and northwestern highlands.[ 195]    In Balochistan's xeric regions, date palms and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)) (Ephedra (genus)) Ephedra  are prevalent.[ 191]    [ 196]    In Punjab and Sindh's Indus plains, tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forests as well as tropical and xeric shrublands thrive.[ 197]    Approximately 4.8% or 36,845.6 square kilometres (3,684,560  ha) of Pakistan was forested in 2021.[ 198]    [ i]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Markhor_Horns_(5779055412).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhor) (Markhor) Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan.[ 199]      Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species,[ 200]    including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow) (Crow) crows , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_sparrow) (Old World sparrow) sparrows , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acridotheres) (Acridotheres) mynas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk) (Hawk) hawks , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon) (Falcon) falcons , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle) (Eagle) eagles . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas,_Kohistan) (Palas, Kohistan) Palas, Kohistan , is home to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_tragopan) (Western tragopan) western tragopan , with many migratory birds visiting from Europe, Central Asia, and India.[ 201]    The southern plains harbor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoose) (Mongoose) mongooses ,[ 202]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Indian_civet) (Small Indian civet) small Indian civet ,[ 203]    hares,[ 204]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_jackal) (Asiatic jackal) Asiatic jackal ,[ 205]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_pangolin) (Indian pangolin) Indian pangolin ,[ 206]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_cat) (Jungle cat) jungle cat ,[ 207]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat) (Sand cat) sand cat .[ 208]    Indus is home to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugger_crocodile) (Mugger crocodile) mugger crocodiles ,[ 209]    while surrounding areas host (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar) (Wild boar) wild boars ,[ 210]    deer,[ 211]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_porcupine) (Indian porcupine) porcupines .[ 212]    Central Pakistan's sandy scrublands shelter Asiatic jackals,[ 205]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena) (Striped hyena) striped hyenas ,[ 213]    wildcats, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard) (Leopard) leopards . The mountainous north hosts a variety of animals like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_sheep) (Marco Polo sheep) Marco Polo sheep ,[ 214]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urial) (Urial) urial , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhor) (Markhor) markhor goat, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibex) (Ibex) ibex goat, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_black_bear) (Asian black bear) Asian black bear , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_brown_bear) (Himalayan brown bear) Himalayan brown bear .[ 187]     The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals.[ 215]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinkara) (Chinkara) chinkara is the only animal found in significant numbers in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholistan) (Cholistan) Cholistan ,[ 216]    with a few (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgai) (Nilgai) nilgai along the Pakistan–India border and in some parts of Cholistan.[ 217]    Rare animals include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard) (Snow leopard) snow leopard and the blind (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin) (Indus river dolphin) Indus river dolphin ,[ 187]    of which there are believed to be about 1,816 remaining, protected at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Dolphin_Reserve) (Indus Dolphin Reserve) Indus Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[ 218]    In total, 174 species of mammals, 177 species of reptiles, 22 species of amphibians, 198 species of freshwater fish, 668 species of birds, over 5,000 species of insects, and over 5,700 species of plants have been recorded in Pakistan.[ 200]    Pakistan faces deforestation, hunting, and pollution, with a 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.42/10, ranking 41st globally out of 172 countries.[ 219]       Government and politics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) (Government of Pakistan) Government of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan) (Politics of Pakistan) Politics of Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan) (Elections in Pakistan) Elections in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan) (Parliament of Pakistan) Parliament House   Pakistan operates as a democratic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic) (Parliamentary republic) parliamentary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal republic , with Islam designated as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion) (State religion) state religion .[ 220]    [ 221]    The military's influence in mainstream politics has been significant throughout Pakistan's history.[ 222]    Initially adopting a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956) (Constitution of Pakistan of 1956) constitution in 1956 , Pakistan saw it suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958, replaced by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962) (Constitution of Pakistan of 1962) second constitution in 1962.[ 223]    Under the leadership of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto) (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) 1973 constitution established a parliamentary system, but it was suspended under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq) (Zia-ul-Haq) Zia-ul-Haq 's martial law in 1977 and restored, with amendments, in 1985.[ 224]    The eras of 1958–1971, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d'état) (1977 Pakistani coup d'état) 1977–1988 , and 1999–2008 witnessed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan) (Military coups in Pakistan) military coups , leading to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan) (Martial law in Pakistan) martial law and military leaders governing de facto as presidents.[ 225]    Presently, Pakistan operates a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system) (Multi-party system) multi-party (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) (Parliamentary system) parliamentary system ,[ 226]    with distinct (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_and_balance) (Check and balance) checks and balances among government branches.[ 227]    The first successful (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election) (2013 Pakistani general election) democratic transition occurred in May 2013.[ 228]    Pakistani politics revolves around a blend of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan) (Socialism in Pakistan) socialism , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan) (Conservatism in Pakistan) conservatism , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_way) (Third way) third way ,[ 229]    with the three main political parties being the conservative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)) (Pakistan Muslim League (N)) Pakistan Muslim League (N) , socialist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_People's_Party) (Pakistani People's Party) Pakistani People's Party , and centrist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf) (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf .[ 230]    Constitutional amendments in 2010 curtailed presidential powers, enhancing the role of the prime minister.[ 231]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_State) (Head of State) Head of State : The ceremonial head of the state and civilian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief) (Commander-in-chief) commander-in-chief of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces) (Pakistan Armed Forces) Pakistan Armed Forces is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan) (President of Pakistan) President , elected by an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistan) (Electoral College of Pakistan) Electoral College .[ 230]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan) (Prime Minister of Pakistan) prime minister advises the president on key appointments, including military and judicial positions, and the president is constitutionally bound to act on this advice.[ 232]    [ 233]    The president also holds powers to pardon and grant clemency.[ 234]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative) (Legislative) Legislative : The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral) (Bicameral) bicameral legislature includes a 96-member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan) (Senate of Pakistan) Senate ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_House) (Upper House) upper house ) and a 336-member (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (National Assembly of Pakistan) National Assembly ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_House) (Lower House) lower house ). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan) National Assembly members are elected via (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post) (First-past-the-post) first-past-the-post under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_adult_suffrage) (Universal adult suffrage) universal adult suffrage , representing National Assembly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_Pakistan) (Constituencies of Pakistan) constituencies . The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.[ 235]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_night_side_view_of_Prime_Minister's_Secretariat_Building.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister's_Office_(Pakistan)) (Prime Minister's Office (Pakistan)) Prime Minister's Office   Executive: The prime minister, typically the leader of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_rule) (Majority rule) majority rule party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house),[ 236]    serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan) (Cabinet of Pakistan) cabinet ,[ 237]    making executive decisions,[ 232]    and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.[ 238]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan) (List of provincial governments of Pakistan) Provincial governments : Each of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)) (Four Provinces (Pakistan)) four provinces follows a similar governance system, with a directly elected (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan) (Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan) Provincial Assembly choosing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_(Pakistan)) (Chief Minister (Pakistan)) Chief Minister , usually from the largest party or coalition. Chief Ministers lead the provincial cabinet and oversee provincial governance.[ 239]    [ 240]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(Pakistan)) (Chief Secretary (Pakistan)) Chief Secretary , appointed by the prime minister, heads the provincial bureaucracy.[ 241]    Provincial assemblies legislate and approve the provincial budget, typically presented by the provincial finance minister annually.[ 240]    [ 242]    Ceremonial heads of provinces, the Provincial Governors, are appointed by the president based on the binding advice of the prime minister.[ 239]    [ 243]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan,_Islamabad_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan) (Supreme Court of Pakistan) Supreme Court of Pakistan   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan) (Judiciary of Pakistan) Judicature : The judiciary in Pakistan has two classes: the superior and subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary includes the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan) (Supreme Court of Pakistan) Supreme Court of Pakistan ,[ 244]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court) (Federal Shariat Court) Federal Shariat Court , and five (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_courts_of_Pakistan) (High courts of Pakistan) high courts ,[ 245]    with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution.[ 244]    Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.[ 246]    [ 247]      Role of Islam  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan) (Islam in Pakistan) Islam in Pakistan  Pakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam,[ 248]    had overwhelming support among Muslims, especially in provinces like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937–50)) (United Provinces (1937–50)) United Provinces , where Muslims were a minority.[ 249]    This idea, articulated by the Muslim League, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama) (Ulama) Islamic clergy , and Jinnah, envisioned an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state) (Islamic state) Islamic state .[ 250]    Jinnah, closely associated with the ulama , was described upon his death by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani) (Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani) Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani as the greatest Muslim after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb) (Aurangzeb) Aurangzeb , aspiring to unite Muslims worldwide under Islam.[ 251]     The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign.[ 118]    [ 252]    Muslim League leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman) (Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman) Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.[ 253]    Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.[ 254]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_prayers) (Eid prayers) Eid prayers at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque) (Badshahi Mosque) Badshahi Mosque in Lahore  Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments,[ 255]    though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini) (Amin al-Husseini) Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini , and leaders of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood) (Muslim Brotherhood) Muslim Brotherhood were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organisation of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) was formed.[ 256]    In East Pakistan, Bengali Muslims increasingly prioritised Bengali ethno-nationalism over religious nationalism.[ 257]    The Islamist party (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami) (Jamaat-e-Islami) Jamaat-e-Islami backed an Islamic state and opposed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_nationalism) (Bengali nationalism) Bengali nationalism .[ 258]     After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) 1973 Constitution .[ 259]    It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran) (Quran) Quran and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah) (Sunnah) Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.[ 260]    Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Islamic_Ideology) (Council of Islamic Ideology) Council of Islamic Ideology to interpret and apply Islam.[ 261]     Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad) (Muhammad) Prophet "),[ 262]    advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.[ 263]     General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia  law.[ 263]    He instituted Shariat judicial courts,[ 264]    and court benches,[ 265]    [ 266]    to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine.[ 267]    Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions,[ 268]    exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.[ 269]     Most Pakistanis, according to a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center (PEW) poll, favour Sharia law as the official law,[ 270]    and 94 percent of them identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations.[ 271]      Administrative units  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) Administrative units of Pakistan  Administrative unit [ 272]     Capital[ 273]    [ 274]    [ 275]      Population[ 276]    [ 277]    [ 278]       ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan) (Balochistan, Pakistan) Balochistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta) (Quetta) Quetta  14,894,402  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan) (Punjab, Pakistan) Punjab   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore  127,688,922  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi  55,696,147  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar) (Peshawar) Peshawar  40,856,097  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) Gilgit-Baltistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit) (Gilgit) Gilgit  1,492,924  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir) Azad Kashmir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad) (Muzaffarabad) Muzaffarabad  4,179,428  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Islamabad Capital Territory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad  2,363,863    Pakistan, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic) (Federal republic) federal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic) (Parliamentary republic) parliamentary republic , consists of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)) (Four Provinces (Pakistan)) four provinces : Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan, along with three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) territories : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Islamabad Capital Territory , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) Gilgit-Baltistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir) Azad Kashmir .[ 279]    The Government of Pakistan governs the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kashmir) (Western Kashmir) western parts of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Region) (Kashmir Region) Kashmir Region , organised into separate political entities, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.[ 280]    In 2009, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) constitutional assignment (the Gilgit–Baltistan Empowerment and Self-Governance Order  ) granted Gilgit-Baltistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan) (Provinces of Pakistan) semi-provincial status , providing it with self-government.[ 281]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan) (Local government in Pakistan) local government system consists of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan) (Districts of Pakistan) districts , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil) (Tehsil) tehsils , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Councils_of_Pakistan) (Union Councils of Pakistan) union councils , with an elected body at each tier.[ 282]     Clickable map of the four provinces and three federal territories of Pakistan.   (A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units.) (A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units.)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)) (Balochistan (Pakistan)) (Balochistan (Pakistan))  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)) (Punjab (Pakistan)) (Punjab (Pakistan))  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) (Sindh)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan)   A clickable map of Pakistan exhibiting its administrative units.    Foreign relations  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan) (Foreign relations of Pakistan) Foreign relations of Pakistan  Since independence, Pakistan has aimed to maintain an independent foreign policy.[ 283]    Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Pakistan) (Foreign policy of Pakistan) foreign policy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_geostrategy) (Pakistani geostrategy) geostrategy focus on the economy, security, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_in_Pakistan) (Nationalism in Pakistan) national identity , and territorial integrity, as well as building close ties with other Muslim nations.[ 284]    According to foreign policy expert (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Askari_Rizvi) (Hasan Askari Rizvi) Hasan Askari Rizvi , "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy."[ 285]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Mohammad_Ayub_Khan,_President_of_Pakistan_(02).jpg)   President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan) (Ayub Khan) Ayub Khan meeting with U.S. President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) (John F. Kennedy) John F. Kennedy in 1961[ 286]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict) (Kashmir conflict) Kashmir conflict remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts) (Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts) four wars fought over it.[ 287]    Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran, both focal points in its foreign policy.[ 288]    Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.[ 289]     As a non-signatory of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons) (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation , Pakistan holds influence in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (International Atomic Energy Agency) IAEA .[ 290]    For years, Pakistan has blocked an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_Material_Cut-off_Treaty) (Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty) international treaty to limit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_material) (Fissile material) fissile material , arguing that its stockpile does not meet its long-term needs.[ 291]    Pakistan's nuclear program in the 20th century aimed to counter India's nuclear ambitions in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) region , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan's_nuclear_testing_series) (Pakistan's nuclear testing series) reciprocal nuclear tests ensued after India's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhran-II) (Pokhran-II) nuclear tests , solidifying Pakistan as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan) (Nuclear power in Pakistan) nuclear power .[ 292]    Pakistan maintains a policy of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-deterrence) (N-deterrence) Full spectrum deterrence , considering its nuclear program vital for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program) (Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program) deterring foreign aggression.[ 293]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCO_meeting_(2022-09-16).jpg)   Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif) (Shehbaz Sharif) Shehbaz Sharif at the 2022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit[ 294]      Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber) (Optical fiber) fiber optic corridors , Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[ 295]    Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations) (Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations) Permanent Representative representing its positions in international politics.[ 296]    It has advocated for the concept of "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_moderation) (Enlightened moderation) enlightened moderation " in the Muslim world.[ 297]    Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) SAARC , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) ECO ,[ 298]    [ 299]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_developing_nations) (G20 developing nations) G20 developing nations .[ 300]     Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China, emphasising the significance of their close and supportive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Pakistan_relations) (China–Pakistan relations) relationship .[ 301]    In the 1950s, Pakistan opposed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union for geopolitical reasons. During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War) (Soviet–Afghan War) Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, it was a close ally of the United States.[ 285]    Relations with Russia have improved since the end of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War) (Cold War) Cold War ,[ 302]    but Pakistan's relationship with the United States has been "on-and-off".[ 285]    Initially a close ally during the Cold War,[ 303]    Pakistan's relations with the US soured in the 1990s due to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressler_amendment) (Pressler amendment) sanctions over its secretive nuclear program.[ 304]    Since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks) (September 11 attacks) 9/11 , Pakistan has been a US ally on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism) (Counterterrorism) counterterrorism , but their relationship has been strained due to diverging interests and mistrust during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–2021)) (War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)) 20-year war and terrorism issues. Although Pakistan was granted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally) (Major non-NATO ally) major non-NATO ally status by the U.S. in 2004,[ 305]    it faced accusations of supporting the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban_insurgency) (Taliban insurgency) Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.[ 306]     Pakistan does not have formal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-Israel_relations) (Pakistan-Israel relations) diplomatic relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel ; nonetheless, an exchange occurred between the two countries in 2005, with Turkey acting as an intermediary.[ 307]     Relations with China  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Pakistan_relations) (China–Pakistan relations) China–Pakistan relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy_and_Zhou_Enlai_signing_the_Treaty_of_Friendship_Between_China_and_Pakistan_in_Beijing.jpg)   Pakistani Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy) (Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy) Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai) (Zhou Enlai) Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan.[ 308]    Pakistan is host to China's largest embassy.[ 309]      Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with China,[ 310]    forging a strong relationship since China's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War) (Sino-Indian War) 1962 conflict with India, culminating in a special bond.[ 311]    During the 1970s, Pakistan acted as an intermediary in U.S.-China rapprochement,[ 312]    facilitating US President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon) (Richard Nixon) Richard Nixon 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China) (1972 Nixon visit to China) historic visit to China.[ 313]    [ 314]    Despite changes in Pakistani governance and regional/global dynamics, China's influence in Pakistan remains paramount.[ 312]    In reciprocation, China stands as Pakistan's largest trading partner, with substantial investment in Pakistani infrastructure, notably the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_port) (Gwadar port) Gwadar port .[ 315]    In 2015 alone, they inked 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) for cooperative efforts.[ 316]    Both nations signed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Pakistan_Free_Trade_Agreement) (China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement) Free Trade Agreement in 2006,[ 317]    with China making its largest investment in Pakistan's history through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPEC) (CPEC) CPEC .[ 318]    Pakistan acts as China's liaison to the Muslim world,[ 319]    and both nations support each other on sensitive issues like Kashmir, Taiwan, Xinjiang, and more.[ 320]      Relations with the Muslim world  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OIC_Leaders_in_Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore.jpg)   Pakistani Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto) (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto with leaders from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore , February 1974. That year, Pakistan hosted 36 Muslim countries at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Summit_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation#List_of_summits) (Islamic Summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Second Islamic Summit of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation .  After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries.[ 321]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulana_Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar) (Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar) Ali brothers sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world, partly due to its significant manpower and military strength.[ 322]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman) (Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman) Khaliquzzaman , a prominent (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League) (All India Muslim League) Muslim League leader, declared Pakistan's ambition to unite all Muslim countries into (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamistan) (Islamistan) Islamistan , a pan-Islamic entity.[ 323]     These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee) (Clement Attlee) Clement Attlee expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite.[ 324]    However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.[ 325]    Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.[ 326]     Pakistan's founder, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah) (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , consistently advocated for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism) (Palestinian nationalism) Palestinian cause , shaping Pakistan's foreign policy to support Palestinian rights within the broader framework of Muslim solidarity.[ 327]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) 1967 Arab-Israel war , Pakistan supported the Arab states and played a key role in securing Iran's backing for the Arab cause both within the U.N. and beyond.[ 328]     Pakistan's relations with Iran have been strained by sectarian tensions,[ 329]    with both Iran and Saudi Arabia using Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war.[ 330]    Since the early days of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran–Iraq_war) (Iran–Iraq war) Iran–Iraq war , President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq) (Zia-ul-Haq) Zia-ul-Haq played an important mediatory role, with Pakistan actively engaging in efforts to end the conflict.[ 331]    [ 332]    Pakistan provided support to Saudi Arabia during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War .[ 333]    Pakistan chose to remain neutral during (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Decisive_Storm) (Operation Decisive Storm) Operation Decisive Storm , refraining from sending military support to Saudi Arabia in its offensive against (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen . Instead, Pakistan aimed to play a proactive diplomatic role in resolving the crisis,[ 334]    which led to tensions between the two countries.[ 333]    In 2016, Pakistan mediated between Saudi Arabia and Iran following the execution of Shia cleric (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr) (Nimr al-Nimr) Nimr al-Nimr , with visits to both countries by then Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif) (Nawaz Sharif) Nawaz Sharif and the Chief of Army Staff, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheel_Sharif) (Raheel Sharif) Raheel Sharif .[ 335]     Pakistan provided refuge to millions of displaced Afghans after the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War) (Soviet–Afghan War) Soviet invasion and supported the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen) (Afghan mujahideen) Afghan mujahideen in their efforts to expel Soviet forces from Afghanistan.[ 336]    After the Soviets withdrew, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989–1992)) (Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)) infighting erupted among Mujahideen factions over control of Afghanistan. Pakistan facilitated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Accord) (Peshawar Accord) peace talks to help end the conflict.[ 337]    After four years of unresolved conflict between rival Mujahideen groups, Pakistan helped establish the Taliban as a stabilising force.[ 338]    Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan challenged Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[ 330]     Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea fostered strong ties.[ 339]    Due to its support for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict) (Nagorno-Karabakh conflict) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict , Pakistan has not established (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia–Pakistan_relations) (Armenia–Pakistan relations) diplomatic relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia .[ 340]    [ 341]     Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced strained relations, particularly under the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League) (Awami League) Awami League governments led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina) (Sheikh Hasina) Sheikh Hasina , driven by her pro-India stance and historical grievances.[ 342]     Pakistan, a prominent member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), prioritises maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.[ 343]     In September 2025, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia signed a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Mutual_Defence_Agreement) (Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement) Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement under which any aggression against one country is considered an aggression against both, formalising a defensive commitment that also extends Pakistan's nuclear umbrella to Saudi Arabia.[ 344]       Kashmir conflict  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict) (Kashmir conflict) Kashmir conflict  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.jpg)   The areas shown in green are the Pakistani-controlled areas.[ 345]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir) (Kashmir) Kashmir , a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) Indian subcontinent , was governed as the autonomous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state) (Princely state) princely state of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)) (Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)) Jammu and Kashmir during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj) (British Raj) British Raj before the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) Partition of India in August 1947. This sparked a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict) (Kashmir conflict) major territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, resulting in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts) (Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts) several conflicts over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)) (Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)) Jammu and Kashmir and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh) (Ladakh) Ladakh , while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir) Azad Jammu and Kashmir and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) Gilgit−Baltistan . Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin) (Aksai Chin) Aksai Chin and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract) (Trans-Karakoram Tract) Shaksgam Valley , is under Chinese control.[ 346]    India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)) (Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)) Instrument of Accession signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh,[ 347]    while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population,[ 348]    and geographical proximity to Pakistan.[ 349]    The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Control) (Line of Control) Line of Control (LoC) as a de facto border.[ 350]    India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.[ 351]     Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris) (Kashmiris) Kashmiri people to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations, while India has stated that Kashmir is an "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhand_Bharat) (Akhand Bharat) integral part " of India, referring to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simla_Agreement) (Simla Agreement) 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir) (Elections in Jammu and Kashmir) regional elections take place regularly.[ 352]    Certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[ 353]       Military  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces) (Pakistan Armed Forces) Pakistan Armed Forces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_Air_Force_JF-17_Thunder_flies_in_front_of_the_26,660_ft_high_Nanga_Parbat.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) Pakistan Air Force 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JF-17_Thunder) (JF-17 Thunder) JF-17 Thunder flying in front of the 8,130-metre-high (26,660-foot) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat) (Nanga Parbat) Nanga Parbat   Pakistan is considered a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power) (Middle power) middle power nation,[ 354]    [ j]    with the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel) (List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel) seventh-largest standing armed forces in terms of personnel size, comprising approximately 660,000 active-duty troops and 291,000 paramilitary personnel as of 2024.[ 355]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan) (Military history of Pakistan) Established in 1947 , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces_of_Pakistan) (Armed forces of Pakistan) armed forces of Pakistan wielded significant influence over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan) (Politics of Pakistan) national politics .[ 356]    The main branches include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army) (Pakistan Army) Army , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy) (Pakistan Navy) Navy , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) Air Force , supported by numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces) (Civil Armed Forces) paramilitaries .[ 357]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee) (Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government. However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership. Overseeing the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Staff_Headquarters_(Pakistan)) (Joint Staff Headquarters (Pakistan)) Joint Staff Headquarters , they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.[ 358]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_command_and_control) (Nuclear command and control) Command and control over Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan's_nuclear_testing_series) (Pakistan's nuclear testing series) strategic arsenal development and employment is vested in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)) (National Command Authority (Pakistan)) National Command Authority , overseeing work on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Doctrine_of_Pakistan) (Nuclear Doctrine of Pakistan) nuclear doctrine to maintain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_spectrum_deterrence) (Full spectrum deterrence) Full spectrum deterrence .[ 145]     The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces) (Pakistan Armed Forces) Pakistan Armed Forces , regularly exporting military equipment and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer) (Technology transfer) technology transfer .[ 359]    Pakistan was the 5th-largest recipient and importer of arms between 2019 and 2023.[ 360]     Military history  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan) (Military history of Pakistan) Military history of Pakistan  Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts) (Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts) four (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare) (Conventional warfare) conventional wars with India.[ 361]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pak_war_of_1947) (Indo-Pak war of 1947) first conflict took place in Kashmir and ended in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire, with Pakistan gaining control of one-third of the region.[ 362]    Territorial disputes led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) another war in 1965 . In 1971, India and Pakistan fought (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971) another war over (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan) (East Pakistan) East Pakistan , with Indian forces aiding its independence, leading to the creation of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh .[ 363]    Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1999) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1999) brink of war .[ 364]     Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.[ 365]    During the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet–Afghan_War) (Soviet–Afghan War) Soviet–Afghan War , Pakistan's intelligence community, mostly the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence) (Inter-Services Intelligence) ISI , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone) (Operation Cyclone) coordinated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change) (United States involvement in regime change) US resources to support (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen) (Afghan mujahideen) Afghan mujahideen and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Arabs) (Afghan Arabs) foreign fighters against Soviet presence.[ 366]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) PAF engaged with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces) (Soviet Air Forces) Soviet and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Air_Force) (Afghan Air Force) Afghan Air Forces during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_war_in_afghanistan) (Russian war in afghanistan) conflict .[ 367]    Pakistan has been an active (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan) (United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan) participant in UN peacekeeping missions ,[ 368]    playing a major role in operations like the rescue mission in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu) (Mogadishu) Mogadishu , Somalia, in 1993.[ 369]    According to a 2023 UN report, the Pakistani military was the fifth largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping missions.[ 370]     Pakistan has (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments) (Pakistan Armed Forces deployments) deployed its military in some Arab countries, providing defense, training, and advisory roles.[ 371]    [ 372]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) PAF 's fighter pilots participated in missions against Israel during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War) (Six-Day War) Six-Day War and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War) (Yom Kippur War) Yom Kippur War .[ 373]    Pakistani (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Service_Group) (Special Service Group) special forces assisted (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_forces) (Saudi forces) Saudi forces in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca) (Mecca) Mecca during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Mosque_Seizure) (Grand Mosque Seizure) Grand Mosque Seizure .[ 374]    Pakistan also sent 5,000 troops as part of a US-led coalition for the defense of Saudi Arabia during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War) (Gulf War) Gulf War .[ 375]     Despite the UN arms embargo on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia) (Bosnia) Bosnia , the ISI under General (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Nasir) (Javed Nasir) Javed Nasir airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen, shifting the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims. ISI, under Nasir's leadership, supported Chinese Muslims in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang) (Xinjiang) Xinjiang , rebel groups in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) (Philippines) Philippines , and religious groups in Central Asia.[ 376]    [ 377]     Since 2001, the Pakistan military has been engaged in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan) (War in North-West Pakistan) counterinsurgency and internal security operations in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, primarily targeting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-e-Taliban_Pakistan) (Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan) Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan and associated militant groups. Major military operations conducted during this period include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom) (Operation Enduring Freedom) Operation Enduring Freedom , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_al-Mizan) (Operation al-Mizan) Operation al-Mizan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zalzala) (Operation Zalzala) Operation Zalzala , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sherdil) (Operation Sherdil) Operation Sherdil , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Haq) (Operation Rah-e-Haq) Operation Rah-e-Haq , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Rast) (Operation Rah-e-Rast) Operation Rah-e-Rast , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rah-e-Nijat) (Operation Rah-e-Nijat) Operation Rah-e-Nijat .[ 378]       Law enforcement  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan) (Law enforcement in Pakistan) Law enforcement in Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_Community) (Pakistani Intelligence Community) Pakistani Intelligence Community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan) (Law enforcement in Pakistan) Law enforcement in Pakistan consists of federal and provincial police agencies. Each of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) four provinces ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan) (Punjab, Pakistan) Punjab , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan) (Balochistan, Pakistan) Balochistan ) has its own police force, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) has the Islamabad Police.[ 379]    Provincial police forces are led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP), who is appointed from the federally recruited and trained (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Pakistan) (Police Service of Pakistan) Police Service of Pakistan (PSP) through a consultative process between the federal and provincial governments. All positions above the Assistant Superintendent level are filled from the PSP, ensuring national standards across provincial forces.[ 380]     Specialised Units:  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_&_Motorway_Police) (National Highways & Motorway Police) National Highways & Motorway Police (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network.[ 381]     Specialised Rapid Response Units: Specialised counter-terrorism units, such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Police) (Elite Police) Punjab Elite Police Force , have been trained by army commandos and exist in every province to respond to hostage situations and neutralise armed groups.[ 382]      The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces) (Civil Armed Forces) Civil Armed Forces (CAF) assist local law enforcement agencies and participate in border security and internal security operations, particularly in conflict-affected regions.[ 383]     In 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordination_Committee_(Pakistan)) (National Intelligence Coordination Committee (Pakistan)) National Intelligence Coordination Committee was established to improve coordination among Pakistan's intelligence agencies. The inaugural meeting was attended by the heads of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence) (Inter-Services Intelligence) ISI , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)) (Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)) IB , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency) (Federal Investigation Agency) FIA .[ 384]      Crime  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan) (Crime in Pakistan) Crime in Pakistan  According to the 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Organized_Crime_Index) (Global Organized Crime Index) Global Organized Crime Index , Pakistan had a criminality score of 6.32 out of 10, ranking 45th among 193 countries, and a resilience score ranking 131st among 193 countries, with the latter measuring the country's capacity to withstand and respond to organized crime.[ 385]     According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency) (Federal Investigation Agency) Federal Investigation Agency 's annual report, the agency received more than 73,000 cybercrime complaints in 2024, of which 1,604 were registered as cases, with financial fraud accounting for nearly half of all complaints. In 2025, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cyber_Crimes_Investigation_Agency) (National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency) National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency estimated that cybercrime had increased by about 35% compared with the previous year. A 2025 survey conducted on behalf of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc.) (Visa Inc.) Visa Inc. found that 55% of respondents in Pakistan had fallen victim to an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_scam) (Online scam) online scam in 2024, while 20% reported having been victims more than once.[ 386]     Pakistan scored 27 out of 100 on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) (Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption Perceptions Index in 2024, ranking 135th out of 180 countries in the assessment of perceived public-sector corruption.[ 387]      Human rights  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan) (Human rights in Pakistan) Human rights in Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan) (LGBT rights in Pakistan) LGBT rights in Pakistan  In Pakistan, all sexual activity outside of marriage is illegal.[ 388]    The punishment for sex outside marriage ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina) (Zina) zina  ) ranges from up to five years' imprisonment for minors to 100 lashes for unmarried adults and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning_to_death) (Stoning to death) stoning to death for married adults, depending on marital status, age, sanity, and whether strict evidentiary requirements for a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadd) (Hadd) hadd  punishment—such as four adult male Muslim witnesses or a confession—are met; however, no one has been stoned to death under the law to date.[ 389]    Male (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality) (Homosexuality) homosexuality is illegal in Pakistan and is punishable by up to ten years in prison, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment) (Corporal punishment) corporal punishment such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipping) (Whipping) whipping , and, under (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_law) (Islamic law) Islamic law since 1990, potentially even stoning.[ 390]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_killings) (Honour killings) Honour killings , locally referred to as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo-kari) (Karo-kari) karo-kari  in parts of Pakistan, involve the killing of women and, less frequently, men by family or community members over alleged extramarital relationships or perceived violations of honour. Human rights organisations report that hundreds of women are killed each year, with many cases unreported.[ 391]    Pakistan also has a high number of reported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_attacks) (Acid attacks) acid attacks , with about 200 incidents annually as of 2023, most victims being women. According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarrat_Misbah) (Masarrat Misbah) Masarrat Misbah , founder of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depilex_Smileagain_Foundation) (Depilex Smileagain Foundation) Depilex Smileagain Foundation , women have been targeted for rejecting marriage proposals, giving birth to daughters instead of sons, or insufficient dowry. The 2011 Acid and Burn Crime Bill criminalised acid attacks, making them punishable by lengthy imprisonment and fines.[ 392]     In parts of Pakistan, girls are given in marriage to settle disputes or crimes between families in a customary practice called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani_(custom)) (Vani (custom)) Vani  . Girls married through this practice are often treated as compensation for a dispute, which places them in a vulnerable social position within the family they marry into. In 2021, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court) (Federal Shariat Court) Federal Shariat Court declared the practice un-Islamic and unconstitutional, reaffirming earlier Supreme Court jurisprudence.[ 393]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Women) (UN Women) UN Women reported in 2024 that around one in six girls in Pakistan are married during childhood, with the country home to nearly 19 million child brides.[ 394]    In 2025, Pakistan enacted a law setting the minimum legal age for marriage at 18 and introducing penalties for arranging underage marriages; the law is limited to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Islamabad Capital Territory and does not apply nationwide.[ 395]       Economy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan) (Economy of Pakistan) Economy of Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan) (Economic history of Pakistan) Economic history of Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan) (Real estate in Pakistan) Real estate in Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan) (Information technology in Pakistan) Information technology in Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan) (Banking in Pakistan) Banking in Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund) (Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund) Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund  Economic indicators  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity) (Purchasing Power Parity) PPP ) $1.8 trillion (2026)  [ 396]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity) (Purchasing Power Parity) PPP ) per capita $7,330 (2026)  [ 397]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP (nominal) $407.79 billion (2025)  [ 398]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP (nominal) per capita $1,700 (2025)  [ 399]      Real GDP growth 3.6% (2026)  [ 400]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index) (Consumer price index) CPI inflation 4.5% (2025)  [ 401]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_Pakistan) (Unemployment in Pakistan) Unemployment  8% (2025)  [ 401]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_force_participation_rate) (Labour force participation rate) Labour force participation rate  53% (2024)  [ 402]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  29.6 (2018)  [ 403]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  0.544 (2023)  [ 404]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_Pakistan) (National debt of Pakistan) Total external debt  $131 billion (2023)  [ 405]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_wealth) (National wealth) National wealth  $678 billion (2022)  [ 406]        Pakistan's economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) ranks 27th globally by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) purchasing power parity (PPP) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 42nd by nominal GDP .[ 396]    [ 398]    Historically, Pakistan was part of the wealthiest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent) (Indian subcontinent) region in the first millennium CE, but lost ground to regions like China and Western Europe by the 18th century.[ 407]    Pakistan is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country) (Developing country) developing country ,[ 408]    and part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Eleven) (Next Eleven) Next Eleven , poised to become one of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, alongside the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC_(economics_term)) (BRIC (economics term)) BRIC countries.[ 409]    The semi-industrialised economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, and industrial growth in Pakistan benefits significantly from agricultural expansion.[ 410]    Pakistan's economy has shifted from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan) (Agriculture in Pakistan) agriculture to trade and services, with agriculture contributing about one-fifth of GDP and manufacturing one-sixth, while trade and services form the largest share.[ 411]    In 2023, Pakistan was the 66th-largest export economy,[ 412]    with a trade deficit of US$21.3 billion.[ 413]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poor_Boy.jpg)     A poor boy in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan) (Balochistan, Pakistan) Balochistan , around 44.7% of the population live below the international poverty line in Pakistan[ 414]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smile_of_Poverty.jpg)     Handcrafts seller girl in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh , 16.5% of Pakistani population live in extreme poverty on less than US$3 a day[ 414]         As of 2025 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2025)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_GDP) (Nominal GDP) nominal GDP stood at US$407.79 billion,[ 398]    while GDP ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP ) was US$1.8 trillion in 2026.[ 396]    The nominal per capita GDP was US$1,700,[ 399]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (GDP (PPP) per capita) GDP (PPP)/capita amounted to US$6,950 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_dollar) (International dollar) international dollars ).[ 397]    Around 44.7% of the population live below the international poverty line of US$4.20 a day, 16.5% live in extreme poverty on less than US$3 a day,[ 414]    8% of the total labour force is unemployed, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index) (Consumer price index) CPI inflation in 2025 was 4.5%.[ 400]    Pakistan ranks near the bottom globally on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Index) (Global Gender Gap Index) Global Gender Gap Index 's economic participation and opportunity sub-index for women, reflecting very low female labour force participation and limited representation of women in senior economic roles.[ 415]    Pakistan's middle class is estimated to be around 40–50 million people, representing 15–20 per cent of the population.[ 416]    Among (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia) (South Asia) South Asian countries, Pakistan's GDP growth rate of 2.5% in 2024 was the second lowest after Afghanistan.[ 417]     Pakistan has strong potential to produce diverse food commodities due to its vast natural resource base across varied ecological and climatic zones.[ 418]    It has the world's 7th-largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan) (Labour in Pakistan) labour force ,[ 419]    and its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_diaspora) (Pakistani diaspora) diaspora of around 10 million,[ 420]    sent US$38.3 billion in remittances in fiscal year 2024–25, as reported by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investment_Facilitation_Council) (Special Investment Facilitation Council) Special Investment Facilitation Council .[ 421]    Pakistan's share of global exports averaged 0.14% between 1990 and 2023 and was 0.12% in 2023.[ 422]     Services  As of 2025–26, the services sector was the largest contributor to Pakistan's GDP, accounting for 58.42% of GDP.[ 423]    The sector accounted for 41.6% of total employment in 2024–25.[ 424]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union) (International Telecommunication Union) International Telecommunication Union 's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_Development_Index) (ICT Development Index) ICT Development Index , Pakistan's score increased from 56.4 in 2025 to 67.7 in 2026, an increase of 20% from 2025.[ 425]    Approximately 57% of Pakistan's population used the Internet in 2024.[ 426]    In fiscal year 2023–24, Pakistan's ICT exports rose to a record $2.6 billion.[ 427]    Pakistan ranks among the world's top five freelancing markets,[ 428]    with an estimated three million freelancers. During the first ten months of fiscal year 2025–26, freelancers earned more than US$950 million in foreign exchange.[ 429]      Agriculture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan) (Agriculture in Pakistan) Agriculture in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Date_farming_and_processing_is_a_developing_industry_in_the_country_and_Pakistan_is_the_5th_largest_producer_of_dates_in_the_world._(7702795624).jpg)   Pakistan is the 6th largest producer of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_(fruit)) (Date (fruit)) dates in the world[ 430]      The agriculture sector employs 43.5% of the labour force and is a major source of foreign exchange.[ 431]    Pakistan produced 28.98 million metric tons of wheat in 2025/2026 (3% of global output), ranking 7th globally.[ 432]    Pakistan ranks fourth in cotton production,[ 433]    fifth in sugar production,[ 434]    and is the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution) (Green Revolution) Green Revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields.[ 435]    Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.[ 436]      Industry  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan) (Industry of Pakistan) Industry of Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan) (Textile industry in Pakistan) Textile industry in Pakistan  Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector.[ 437]    In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons.[ 438]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan) (Textile industry in Pakistan) textile industry , a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. As of 2022, Pakistan ranks seventh globally in cotton production,[ 439]    with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia.[ 440]    China has been a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles in 2012.[ 441]      Tourism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan) (Tourism in Pakistan) Tourism in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shangrila,_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangrila_Lake) (Shangrila Lake) Shangrila Lake and adjoining resort in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu) (Skardu) Skardu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) Gilgit-Baltistan   Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018.[ 442]    Pakistan boasts attractions from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Delta-Arabian_Sea_mangroves) (Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves) mangroves in the south to Himalayan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_of_Pakistan) (List of hill stations of Pakistan) hill stations in the northeast, including ancient Buddhist ruins of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi) (Takht-i-Bahi) Takht-i-Bahi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila) (Taxila) Taxila , the 5,000-year-old (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation) (Indus Valley civilisation) Indus Valley civilisation sites such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro) (Mohenjo-daro) Mohenjo-daro and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa) (Harappa) Harappa ,[ 443]    and numerous (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Pakistan) (List of mountains in Pakistan) mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (23,000 feet) .[ 444]    The northern part of Pakistan boasts numerous old fortresses, showcasing ancient architecture. It encompasses the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_Valley) (Hunza Valley) Hunza and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral_valley) (Chitral valley) Chitral valleys , where the small pre-Islamic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people) (Kalash people) Kalasha community resides, claiming descent from Alexander the Great.[ 445]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore , Pakistan's cultural capital, contains lots of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture) (Mughal architecture) Mughal architecture , including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid) (Badshahi Masjid) Badshahi Masjid , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)) (Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)) Shalimar Gardens , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir) (Tomb of Jahangir) Tomb of Jahangir , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort) (Lahore Fort) Lahore Fort . Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake) (2005 Kashmir earthquake) 2005 Kashmir earthquake , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian) (The Guardian) The Guardian  highlighted "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan" to boost tourism, featuring destinations like Taxila, Lahore, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway) (Karakoram Highway) Karakoram Highway , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimabad_(Hunza)) (Karimabad (Hunza)) Karimabad , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Saiful_Muluk) (Lake Saiful Muluk) Lake Saiful Muluk .[ 446]    Festivals and government initiatives aim to promote Pakistan's cultural heritage.[ 447]    In 2015, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum ranked Pakistan 125th out of 141 countries in its Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report.[ 448]      Natural resources  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_extraction_in_Pakistan) (Fuel extraction in Pakistan) Fuel extraction in Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan) (Mining in Pakistan) Mining in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistan_Chrome_Mines20120126_16100237_0003.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining) (Surface mining) Surface mining in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh   Pakistan's untapped coal reserves have been estimated as the fifth largest in the world and equivalent to about 400 billion barrels of oil, exceeding the combined oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran.[ 449]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fitzgerald_Runde) (Daniel Fitzgerald Runde) Daniel Fitzgerald Runde wrote in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  in 2016 that Pakistan "could be the 'Saudi Arabia of Coal'."[ 450]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reko_Diq_Mine) (Reko Diq Mine) Reko Diq Mine has one of the world's largest undeveloped (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) (Copper) copper deposits, with an estimated 15 million tonnes in reserves,[ 451]    and is expected to become the world's fifth largest copper mine upon completion;[ 452]    a feasibility study also estimates that it could produce approximately 17.9 million ounces of gold over its projected 37-year mine life, with total copper and gold reserves valued at over $60 billion at prevailing prices.[ 453]       Infrastructure  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan) (Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan) Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_stress,_top_countries_(2022).svg)   Pakistan was the sixteenth most water-stressed country in the world in 2022.  Pakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.[ 454]     Power and energy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan) (Nuclear power in Pakistan) Nuclear power in Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Pakistan) (Energy in Pakistan) Energy in Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan) (Electricity sector in Pakistan) Electricity sector in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarbela_Dam_during_the_2010_floods.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbela_Dam) (Tarbela Dam) Tarbela Dam , the largest earth filled dam in the world, was constructed in 1968.  As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants) (Nuclear power plants) nuclear power plants .[ 455]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission) (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) oversees these plants, while the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Nuclear_Regulatory_Authority) (Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority) Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority ensures their safe operation.[ 456]    These plants contribute approximately 5.8% to Pakistan's electricity supply, while fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas) provide 64.2%, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power) (Hydroelectric power) hydroelectric power provides 29.9%, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power_plant) (Coal power plant) coal contributes 0.1%.[ 457]    [ 458]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Karachi Nuclear Power Plant) KANUPP-I , Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant, was supplied by Canada in 1971. Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the 1980s, leading to the establishment of CHASNUPP-I. In 2005, both countries proposed a joint energy security plan, aiming for a generation capacity exceeding 160,000 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt) (Megawatt) MWe by 2030. Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 targets a capacity of 40,000 MWe,[ 459]    with 8,900 MWe expected by 2030.[ 460]     In June 2008, the nuclear complex at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma_Nuclear_Power_Plant) (Chashma Nuclear Power Plant) Chashma in Punjab Province expanded with the installation of Chashma-III and Chashma–IV reactors, each with 325–340 MWe, costing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupee) (Pakistani rupee) ₨ 129 billion, with ₨80 billion from international sources, mainly China. Another agreement for China's assistance was signed in October 2008, seen as a response to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India–United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement) (India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement) US–India agreement . The project's cost was then US$1.7 billion, with a foreign loan of US$1.07 billion. In 2013, Pakistan established a second (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Nuclear_Power_Complex) (Karachi Nuclear Power Complex) nuclear complex in Karachi with plans for additional reactors, similar to Chashma.[ 461]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_in_Pakistan) (Electricity in Pakistan) Electrical energy in Pakistan is generated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distribution_companies_of_Pakistan) (Electricity distribution companies of Pakistan) various corporations and distributed evenly among the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Provinces_(Pakistan)) (Four Provinces (Pakistan)) four provinces by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electric_Power_Regulatory_Authority) (National Electric Power Regulatory Authority) National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA). However, Karachi-based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Electric) (K-Electric) K-Electric and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_and_Power_Development_Authority) (Water and Power Development Authority) Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) generate much of the electricity used in Pakistan and collect revenue nationwide.[ 462]    In 2023, Pakistan's installed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation) (Electricity generation) electricity generation capacity was ~45,885 MWt.[ 463]    Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy) (Renewable energy) renewable energy for the month of October 2016. Pakistan expects to produce 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy by 2025.[ 464]      Transport  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan) (Transport in Pakistan) Transport in Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M2-Motorway.jpg)     The motorway passes through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Range) (Salt Range) Salt Range mountains.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PK_Karachi_asv2020-02_img54_Cantonment_Railway_Station.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Cantonment_railway_station) (Karachi Cantonment railway station) Karachi Cantonment railway station      Pakistan boasts 2567 km of motorways and approximately 263,942 km of highways, which handle 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic. Despite constituting only 4.6% of the total road length, these north–south links manage 85% of the nation's traffic. They connect southern seaports such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Karachi) (Port of Karachi) Karachi port and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Qasim) (Port Qasim) Port Qasim in Sindh, along with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_port) (Gwadar port) Gwadar Port and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Pasni) (Port of Pasni) Port of Pasni in Balochistan, to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa domestically, and neighbouring countries like Afghanistan, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia) (Central Asia) Central Asia , and China through the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Pakistan_Economic_Corridor) (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) China Pakistan Economic Corridor .[ 465]    [ 466]    [ 467]    [ 468]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) WEF 's Global Competitiveness Report, Pakistan's port infrastructure quality ratings rose from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016.[ 469]    The railway's share of inland traffic is reduced to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight.[ 470]    This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from 8,775 kilometres (5,453 miles) in 1990–91 to 7,791 kilometres (4,841 miles) in 2011.[ 466]    [ 465]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KKH.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Highway) (Karakoram Highway) Karakoram Highway , connecting Pakistan to China, is one of the highest paved roads in the world.  The transport landscape of Pakistan features various (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit) (Rapid transit) modern transit systems. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(Lahore_Metro)) (Orange Line (Lahore Metro)) Orange Line Metro Train in Lahore, inaugurated in 2020,[ 471]    spans 27.1  km (16.8  mi) ,[ 472]    and includes both elevated and underground sections, accommodating over 250,000 passengers daily.[ 473]    Lahore also boasts the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Metrobus) (Lahore Metrobus) Lahore Metrobus , the first of its kind in Pakistan, operational since February 2013.[ 474]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi-Islamabad_Metrobus) (Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus) Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus , stretching 48.1 km, commenced its first phase in June 2015, with subsequent extensions, and employs e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System.[ 475]    [ 476]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan_Metrobus) (Multan Metrobus) Multan Metrobus , inaugurated in January 2017, serves (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan) (Multan) Multan with its rapid transit services.[ 477]    [ 478]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Metrobus) (Peshawar Metrobus) Peshawar's Bus Rapid Transit , inaugurated in August 2020, marks the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. Karachi's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_-_Karachi_Metrobus) (Green Line - Karachi Metrobus) Green Line Metrobus , operational since December 2021, is part of a larger metrobus project financed by the Government of Pakistan and initiated in February 2016.[ 479]    [ 480]    [ 481]    Meanwhile, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad) (Faisalabad) Faisalabad awaits its proposed rapid transit project, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad_Metrobus) (Faisalabad Metrobus) Faisalabad Metrobus .[ 482]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Circular_Railway) (Karachi Circular Railway) Karachi Circular Railway , partially revived in November 2020, offers public transit services in the Karachi metropolitan area.[ 483]    [ 484]    Additionally, plans are underway to resurrect Karachi's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamedali_Tramways_Company) (Mohamedali Tramways Company) tramway service , which ceased operations in 1975, in collaboration with Austrian experts.[ 485]    [ 486]     As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Civil_Aviation_Authority) (Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority) civilian installations.[ 487]    Despite (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport) (Jinnah International Airport) Jinnah International Airport serving as the primary international gateway, significant international traffic also flows through (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport) (Allama Iqbal International Airport) Lahore , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_International_Airport) (Islamabad International Airport) Islamabad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_International_Airport) (Peshawar International Airport) Peshawar , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_International_Airport) (Quetta International Airport) Quetta , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad_International_Airport) (Faisalabad International Airport) Faisalabad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot_International_Airport) (Sialkot International Airport) Sialkot , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan_International_Airport) (Multan International Airport) Multan airports. The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan) (Nationalisation in Pakistan) public and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan) (Privatisation in Pakistan) private entities while (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_owned_enterprises) (State owned enterprises) state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines) (Pakistan International Airlines) Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) dominates, carrying 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight.  Science and technology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan) (Science and technology in Pakistan) Science and technology in Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_inventions_and_discoveries) (List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries) List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam) (Abdus Salam) Abdus Salam won the 1979 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) (Nobel Prize in Physics) Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction) (Electroweak interaction) electroweak interaction . He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atta-Ur-Rahman_(cropped).jpg)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_ur_Rahman_(scientist)) (Atta ur Rahman (scientist)) Atta-ur-Rahman won the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Science_Prize) (UNESCO Science Prize) UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the first Muslim to win it.     (./Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)   Developments in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan) (Science and technology in Pakistan) science and technology have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.[ 488]    Each year, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences) (Pakistan Academy of Sciences) Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the government invite scientists worldwide to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nathiagali_Summer_College_on_Physics) (International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics) International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics .[ 489]    In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.[ 490]    Pakistani theoretical physicist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam) (Abdus Salam) Abdus Salam won a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) (Nobel Prize in Physics) Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction) (Electroweak interaction) electroweak interaction .[ 491]    Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science) (Computer science) computer science , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics) (Genetics) genetics .[ 492]     In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry) (Chemistry) chemistry , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimuzzaman_Siddiqui) (Salimuzzaman Siddiqui) Salimuzzaman Siddiqui identified the medicinal properties of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem) (Neem) neem tree's components.[ 493]    [ 494]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_K._Ommaya) (Ayub K. Ommaya) Ayub K. Ommaya developed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ommaya_reservoir) (Ommaya reservoir) Ommaya reservoir for treating brain conditions.[ 495]    Scientific research is integral to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_universities) (Pakistani universities) Pakistani universities , national laboratories, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park) (Science park) science parks , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan) (Industry of Pakistan) industry .[ 496]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan) (Abdul Qadeer Khan) Abdul Qadeer Khan spearheaded Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uranium) (Enriched uranium) HEU -based (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippe-type_centrifuge) (Zippe-type centrifuge) gas-centrifuge (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment) (Uranium enrichment) uranium enrichment program for its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction) (Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction) atomic bomb project .[ 497]    He established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuta_Research_Laboratories) (Kahuta Research Laboratories) Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, serving as both its senior scientist and the Director-General until his retirement in 2001. Besides atomic bomb project, he made significant contributions in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) (Morphology (biology)) molecular morphology , physical (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite) (Martensite) martensite , and their applications in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics) (Condensed matter physics) condensed and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_physics) (Material physics) material physics .[ 498]     In 2023, Pakistan ranked 26th globally in published scientific papers.[ 499]    The influential (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences) (Pakistan Academy of Sciences) Pakistan Academy of Sciences guides the government on science policies.[ 500]    Pakistan was ranked 99th in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index by 2025.[ 501]    [ 502]     The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission) (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission) SUPARCO , yielding advancements in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket) (Rocket) rocketry , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Engineering) (Electronics Engineering) electronics , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronomy) (Aeronomy) aeronomy . Notably, Pakistan launched its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehbar-I) (Rehbar-I) first rocket into space, pioneering South Asia's space exploration.[ 503]    In 1990, it successfully launched its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr-1) (Badr-1) first satellite , becoming the first Muslim nation and second in South Asia to achieve this milestone.[ 504]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176)   Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC_(economics_term)) (BRIC (economics term)) BRIC countries put together.  — (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters) (Thomson Reuters) Thomson Reuters 's Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report[ 505]       Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971) 1971 war with India , Pakistan hastily developed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon) (Nuclear weapon) atomic weapons to deter foreign intervention and entered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_age) (Atomic age) atomic age .[ 506]    Tensions with India led to Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_Pakistan) (List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan) 1998 underground (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagai-I) (Chagai-I) nuclear tests , making it the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_club) (Nuclear club) seventh country to possess such weapons.[ 507]     Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Antarctic_Programme) (Pakistan Antarctic Programme) Jinnah Antarctic Research Station since 1992.[ 508]    The government invests heavily in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan) (Information technology in Pakistan) information technology projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.[ 509]       Demographics  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan) (Demographics of Pakistan) Demographics of Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Further information: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani) (Overseas Pakistani) Overseas Pakistani  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_Density_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg)     Population Density per square kilometre of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg)     Population of each Pakistani District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   This section is an excerpt from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan) (Demographics of Pakistan) Demographics of Pakistan .[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Pakistan&action=edit) edit ]   Pakistan had a population of 247,541,947 according to the final results of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census) (2023 Pakistani census) 2023 Pakistani census .[ 510]    [ 511]    [ 512]    Pakistan is the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) fifth–most populous country and has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country#Countries) (Islam by country) second-largest Muslim population as of 2023.[ 513]    [ 514]    [ 515]    Between 1951 and 2023, Pakistan's population expanded over sevenfold, going from 33.7 million to 247.5 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.[ 516]     Dramatic social changes have led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan) (Urbanisation in Pakistan) urbanization and the emergence of two (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity) (Megacity) megacities : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore . The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8 million to 75.7 million), as Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization) (Urbanization) urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Even with this, the nation's urbanisation rate remains one of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_by_sovereign_state) (Urbanization by sovereign state) the lowest in the world , and in 2017, over 130 million Pakistanis (making up nearly 65% of the population) lived in rural areas. Due to a high (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) fertility rate , which was estimated at 3.5 in 2022, Pakistan has one of the world's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age) (List of countries by median age) youngest populations . The 2017 census recorded that 40.3% of the country's population was under the age of 15, while only 3.7% of Pakistanis were aged 65 or more.[ 517]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age) (Median age) median age of the country was 19,[ 517]    while its (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio) (Sex ratio) sex ratio was recorded to be 105 males per 100 females.[ 518]    Pakistan ranked last (148th of 148 countries) on the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report) (Global Gender Gap Report) Global Gender Gap Index , with a gender parity score of 56.7%, reflecting one of the lowest levels of gender equality globally.[ 519]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pakistan) (Demographic history of Pakistan) demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation) (Indus Valley Civilisation) Indus Valley civilization to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia) (Eurasia) Eurasia and the nearby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East) (Middle East) Middle East . Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. Pakistan is also thought to have the world's fourth-largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_refugee_population) (List of sovereign states by refugee population) refugee population , estimated at 1.4 million in mid-2021 by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees) (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UNHCR .[ 520]     (./Category:Articles_with_excerpts)    Urbanisation  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan) (Urbanisation in Pakistan) Urbanisation in Pakistan  Since (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Pakistan) (Independence of Pakistan) independence due to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) partition of India , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan) (Urbanisation in Pakistan) urbanisation has surged for various reasons. In the south, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi stands as the most populous commercial hub along the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River) (Indus River) Indus River .[ 521]    In the east, west, and north, a dense population arc spans cities like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad) (Faisalabad) Faisalabad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi) (Rawalpindi) Rawalpindi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha) (Sargodha) Sargodha , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala) (Gujranwala) Gujranwala , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot) (Sialkot) Sialkot , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat_city) (Gujrat city) Gujrat , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum) (Jhelum) Jhelum , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhupura) (Sheikhupura) Sheikhupura , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) (Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) Nowshera , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardan) (Mardan) Mardan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar) (Peshawar) Peshawar . By 1990–2008, city dwellers constituted 36% of Pakistan's population, making it South Asia's most urbanised nation, with over 50% living in towns of 5,000+ inhabitants.[ 522]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan) (Immigration to Pakistan) Immigration , both domestic and international, significantly fuels urban growth. Migration from India, especially to Karachi, the largest metropolis, and from nearby countries, accelerates urbanisation, posing new political and socio-economic challenges. Economic shifts like the green revolution and political developments also play crucial roles.[ 523]        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Template:Largest cities of Pakistan (page does not exist)) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Template talk:Largest cities of Pakistan (page does not exist)) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Pakistan) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Pakistan) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Pakistan  According to the 2023 Census[ 524]        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population) (List of cities in Pakistan by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan) (List of cities in Pakistan) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan) (Provinces of Pakistan) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population) (List of cities in Pakistan by population) Pop.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population) (List of cities in Pakistan by population) Rank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan) (List of cities in Pakistan) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Pakistan) (Provinces of Pakistan) Province  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan_by_population) (List of cities in Pakistan by population) Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh  18,868,021 11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha) (Sargodha) Sargodha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  975,886  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  13,004,135 12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot) (Sialkot) Sialkot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  911,817  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad) (Faisalabad) Faisalabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  3,691,999 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur) (Bahawalpur) Bahawalpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  903,795  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi) (Rawalpindi) Rawalpindi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  3,357,612 14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhang) (Jhang) Jhang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  606,533  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala) (Gujranwala) Gujranwala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  2,668,047 15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhupura) (Sheikhupura) Sheikhupura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  591,424  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan) (Multan) Multan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  2,215,381 16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan) (Gujrat, Pakistan) Gujrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  574,240  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh) (Hyderabad, Sindh) Hyderabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh  1,921,275 17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur) (Sukkur) Sukkur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh  563,851  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar) (Peshawar) Peshawar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  1,905,975 18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana) (Larkana) Larkana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh  551,716  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta) (Quetta) Quetta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan) (Balochistan) Balochistan  1,565,546 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahiwal) (Sahiwal) Sahiwal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  538,344  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Capital Territory  1,108,872 20 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okara,_Pakistan) (Okara, Pakistan) Okara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab) (Punjab) Punjab  533,693      Ethnicity and languages  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan) (Languages of Pakistan) Languages of Pakistan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan) (Ethnic groups of Pakistan) Ethnic groups of Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis) (Pakistanis) Pakistanis  Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 and 85 languages.[ 525]    [ 526]    Urdu and English serve as the official languages, with Urdu being the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca and a unifying force among over 75% of Pakistanis.[ 527]    [ 528]    According to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pakistani_census) (2023 Pakistani census) 2023 national census , the largest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group) (Ethnolinguistic group) ethnolinguistic groups include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis) (Punjabis) Punjabis (36.98%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns) (Pashtuns) Pashtuns (18.15%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis) (Sindhis) Sindhis (14.31%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_people) (Saraiki people) Saraikis (12%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_speaking_people) (Urdu speaking people) Urdu speaking people (9.25%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people) (Baloch people) Balochs (3.38%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindkowans) (Hindkowans) Hindkowans /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazarewal) (Hazarewal) Hazarewals (2.32%), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahuis) (Brahuis) Brahuis (1.16%).[ 529]    [ 530]    The remaining population consists of various ethnic minorities such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris) (Kashmiris) Kashmiris , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)) (Pahari people (Kashmir)) Paharis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitralis) (Chitralis) Chitralis , various peoples of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan) (Gilgit-Baltistan) Gilgit-Baltistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_people) (Indus Kohistani people) Kohistanis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torwali_people) (Torwali people) Torwalis , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)) (Meo (ethnic group)) Meos , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaras) (Hazaras) Hazaras , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people) (Kalash people) Kalash and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddi) (Siddi) Siddis .[ 531]    [ 532]    The Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven million, is the sixth largest in the world.[ 533]      Immigration  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan) (Immigration to Pakistan) Immigration to Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Refugees_from_Afghanistan_in_Pakistan,_near_Islamabad.jpg)   Afghan children near (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad fetching water from water pump. (Pakistan once held the second largest refugee population globally after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey .[ 534]    )  Even after the 1947 partition, the Muslims from India kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province.[ 535]    Wars in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s and 1990s pushed millions of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_refugees) (Afghan refugees) Afghan refugees into Pakistan, mainly in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas) (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) tribal areas , with some in Karachi and Quetta. Pakistan hosts one of the world's largest refugee populations.[ 536]    Additionally, around 2 million (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan) (Bengalis in Pakistan) Bengalis and half a million undocumented individuals, purportedly from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar , reside in Pakistan.[ 537]    Pakistan ordered the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_undocumented_Afghans_from_Pakistan) (Deportation of undocumented Afghans from Pakistan) mass expulsion of undocumented Afghans in October 2023, citing national security risks.[ 538]     Migration of Bengalis and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people) (Rohingya people) Rohingya to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar.[ 539]    Karachi's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_people) (Burmese people) Burmese community resides in various slums across the city.[ 540]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service) (BBC World Service) BBC , thousands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs) (Uyghurs) Uyghur Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, some left Xinjiang, China and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals, claiming to escape political oppression.[ 541]    Since 1989, thousands of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiris) (Kashmiris) Kashmiri Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.[ 542]      Diaspora  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani) (Overseas Pakistani) Overseas Pakistani  According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally.[ 533]    Approximately 7 million Pakistanis reside abroad, mainly in the Middle East, Europe, and North America.[ 543]    Pakistan ranks 10th globally for remittances sent home.[ 544]    [ 545]    Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittances, contributing $5.9 billion as of 2016 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  .[ 546]    The term (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani) (Overseas Pakistani) Overseas Pakistani  is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan, with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Overseas_Pakistanis) (Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis) Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development addressing their needs, welfare, and issues. Overseas Pakistanis constitute the second-largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan, with remittances increasing by over 100% from US$8.9 billion in 2009–10 to US$19.9 billion in 2015–16.[ 547]    [ 545]      Religion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan) (Religion in Pakistan) Religion in Pakistan  Religions in Pakistan (2023 census)[ 548]     Religions  Percent  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan) (Islam in Pakistan) Islam     96.3%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan) (Hinduism in Pakistan) Hinduism     2.2%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan) (Christianity in Pakistan) Christianity     1.4%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan#Demographics_of_religion_in_Pakistan) (Religion in Pakistan) others     0.1%     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan) (Islam in Pakistan) Islam is the state religion,[ 221]    with freedom of religion guaranteed by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) constitution .[ 549]    [ 550]    The majority are Muslims (96.35%), followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan) (Hinduism in Pakistan) Hindus (2.17%) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan) (Christianity in Pakistan) Christians (1.37%). Other minorities include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan) (Sikhism in Pakistan) Sikhs , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan) (Buddhism in Pakistan) Buddhists , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan) (Jainism in Pakistan) Jains , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrians ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis) (Parsis) Parsi ), and the unique (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people) (Kalash people) Kalash people who practice (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism) (Animism) animism .[ 445]    In 2012, 2% of the population identified as atheist in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Pakistan) (Gallup Pakistan) Gallup survey.[ 551]     Islam  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan) (Islam in Pakistan) Islam in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faisal_Masjid.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Mosque) (Faisal Mosque) Faisal Mosque , built in 1986 by Turkish architect (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedat_Dalokay) (Vedat Dalokay) Vedat Dalokay on behalf of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud) (House of Saud) King (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdul-Aziz) (Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz) Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia  Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.35% of the population being Muslim.[ 552]    Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population,[ 553]    and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims.[ 554]    Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.[ 555]     The majority follow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam) (Sunni Islam) Sunni Islam , with a significant presence of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism_in_Pakistan) (Sufism in Pakistan) Sufism , while Shia Muslims constitute a minority.[ 556]    [ 557]    Shias represent between 5–25%.[ 556]    [ 558]    [ 559]    The Shia population in Pakistan was estimated at 42 million in 2019.[ 560]    As of 2012 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit) [ update]    (./Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012)  (./Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)  , 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims) (Non-denominational Muslims) non-denominational Muslims .[ 561]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan) (Ahmadiyya in Pakistan) Ahmadis are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims.[ 562]    [ 563]    Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.[ 564]      Hinduism  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan) (Hinduism in Pakistan) Hinduism in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg)   Hindu proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan) (Hinduism in Pakistan) Hinduism is the second-largest religion, followed by 2.17% of the population according to the census in 2023.[ 548]    Pakistan had the fifth-largest Hindu population globally in 2010.[ 565]    In 2023, Hindus numbered 5,217,216.[ 548]    [ k]    They reside across Pakistan but are concentrated in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh , where they make up 8.81% of the population.[ 548]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umerkot_district) (Umerkot district) Umerkot district of the province is the only Hindu majority area. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharparkar_district) (Tharparkar district) Tharparkar district hosts the largest Hindu population. Four districts – Umerkot, Tharparkar, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpurkhas_District) (Mirpurkhas District) Mirpurkhas , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghar_District) (Sanghar District) Sanghar – have over half of Pakistan's Hindus.[ 566]     At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India.[ 567]    [ 568]    However, some Pakistani Hindus felt marginalised, leading to emigration to India.[ 569]    In the aftermath of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Masjid_demolition) (Babri Masjid demolition) Babri Masjid demolition they faced violence.[ 570]      Christianity and other religions  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan) (Christianity in Pakistan) Christianity in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Proportion_by_Pakistani_District_-_2017_Census.svg)   Christian proportion of each Pakistani District in 2017 according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics   Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.37% of the population.[ 548]    They are concentrated in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_District) (Lahore District) Lahore District (5%) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory) (Islamabad Capital Territory) Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4%). Karachi hosts a historic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Pakistan) (Roman Catholicism in Pakistan) Roman Catholic community established by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa) (Goa) Goan and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people) (Tamil people) Tamil migrants during British colonial rule.[ 571]     Following Christianity, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahá'í_Faith_in_Pakistan) (Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan) Bahá'í Faith had 30,000 followers in 2008, followed by Sikhism, Buddhism, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism) (Zoroastrianism) Zoroastrianism , each with around 20,000 adherents in 2008,[ 563]    alongside a small (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan) (Jainism in Pakistan) Jain community .   Education  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan) (Education in Pakistan) Education in Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)) (Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)) Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan) (Rankings of universities in Pakistan) Rankings of universities in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUST_MainOffice.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUST_School_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science) (NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science) NUST in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.  Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) constitution mandates (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education) (Free education) free primary and secondary education,[ 550]    [ 572]    with public universities established in each province, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab) (University of the Punjab) Punjab University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_University) (Sindh University) Sindh University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Peshawar) (University of Peshawar) Peshawar University , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi) (University of Karachi) Karachi University , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Balochistan) (University of Balochistan) Balochistan University . The country's educational landscape encompasses both (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university) (Public university) public and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university) (Private university) private universities, fostering collaboration to enhance research and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Pakistan) (Higher education in Pakistan) higher education opportunities, albeit with concerns regarding teaching quality in newer institutions.[ 573]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education) (Vocational education) Technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan number approximately 3,193,[ 574]    complemented by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassas_in_Pakistan) (Madrassas in Pakistan) madrassahs  providing free Islamic education to students,[ 575]    with government efforts to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_reform) (Education reform) regulate and monitor their quality amidst concerns over extremists recruitment.[ 576]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan) (Education in Pakistan) Education is divided into six main levels, including nursery, primary, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school) (Middle school) middle , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(upper_secondary)) (High school (upper secondary)) matriculation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college) (Community college) intermediate , and university programs.[ 574]    Additionally, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_in_Pakistan) (Schools in Pakistan) private schools offer a parallel secondary education system based on the curriculum set by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_International_Examinations) (Cambridge International Examinations) Cambridge International Examinations ,[ 577]    with 439 international schools reported in Pakistan.[ 578]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malala_Yousafzai_and_Kaliash_Satyarthi_at_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize_ceremony.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) (Malala Yousafzai) Malala Yousafzai was awarded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize) (Nobel Peace Prize) Nobel Peace Prize in 2014, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi) (Kailash Satyarthi) Kailash Satyarthi of India, for her advocacy of educational initiatives, particularly girls' education worldwide.  Initiatives since 2007 made (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_medium_education) (English medium education) English medium education mandatory nationwide. Following a 2012 attack on activist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai) (Malala Yousafzai) Malala Yousafzai by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehrik-i_Taliban_Pakistan) (Tehrik-i Taliban Pakistan) Taliban , she became the youngest Nobel laureate for her education advocacy.[ 579]    Reforms in 2013 mandated Chinese language courses in Sindh, reflecting China's growing influence. As of 2018, Pakistan's literacy rate stands at 62.3%, with significant regional and gender disparities.[ 580]    Government initiatives, including computer literacy since 1995, aim to eradicate illiteracy, targeting 100% enrollment among primary school-age children and an ~86% literacy rate by 2015.[ 581]    Pakistan allocates 2.3% of its GDP to education,[ 582]    among the lowest in South Asia.[ 583]        Culture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan) (Culture of Pakistan) Culture of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan) (British heritage of Pakistan) British heritage of Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan) (Public holidays in Pakistan) Public holidays in Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_Frere_Hall.jpg)   Artwork by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadequain) (Sadequain) Sadequain on the ceiling of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frere_Hall) (Frere Hall) Frere Hall . Having painted around 15,000 paintings, Sadequain is considered one of the finest painters and calligraphers Pakistan has ever produced.  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan) (Culture of Pakistan) Civil society in Pakistan is hierarchical, emphasising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan) (Etiquette in Pakistan) local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values. The primary family unit is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family) (Extended family) extended family , but there's a rising trend towards (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_families) (Nuclear families) nuclear families due to socio-economic factors.[ 584]    [ 585]    Both men and women typically wear (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_Kameez) (Shalwar Kameez) Shalwar Kameez  ; men also favour trousers, jeans, and shirts.[ 586]    The middle class has grown to about 35 million, with another 17 million in the upper and upper-middle classes, leading to a shift in power from rural landowners to urban elites.[ 587]    Festivals like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr) (Eid ul-Fitr) Eid ul-Fitr  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Azha) (Eid ul-Azha) Eid ul-Azha  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan) (Ramadan) Ramadan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas) (Christmas) Christmas , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter) (Easter) Easter , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi) (Holi) Holi , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali) (Diwali) Diwali are primarily religious.[ 584]    Pakistan ranked 56th on the 2006 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.T._Kearney) (A.T. Kearney) A.T. Kearney /FP (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_Index) (Globalization Index) Globalization Index due to increasing globalisation.[ 588]     Architecture  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_architecture) (Pakistani architecture) Pakistani architecture and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu,_Jain_and_Buddhist_architectural_heritage_of_Pakistan) (Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan) Hindu, Jain and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lahore_Fort.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort) (Lahore Fort) Lahore Fort , a landmark built during the Mughal era, is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site) (UNESCO World Heritage Site) UNESCO World Heritage Site   Four periods define Pakistani architecture: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Early_history) (History of Pakistan) pre-Islamic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Muslim_period) (History of Pakistan) Islamic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Colonial_era) (History of Pakistan) colonial , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan#Independence) (History of Pakistan) post-colonial . The onset of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_civilisation) (Indus civilisation) Indus civilisation around the mid-3rd millennium BCE heralded an urban culture, evidenced by surviving large structures.[ 589]    Notable pre-Islamic settlements include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro) (Mohenjo-daro) Mohenjo-daro , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa) (Harappa) Harappa , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Diji) (Kot Diji) Kot Diji .[ 590]    The fusion of Buddhism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great) (Indian campaign of Alexander the Great) Greek influences birthed a distinctive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism) (Greco-Buddhism) Greco-Buddhist style from the 1st century CE, exemplified by the renowned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandara_art) (Gandara art) Gandhara style .[ 591]    Notable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture) (Buddhist architecture) Buddhist architectural remnants include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-i-Bahi) (Takht-i-Bahi) Takht-i-Bahi monastery in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .[ 592]     The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture) (Islamic architecture) Islamic architecture . The notable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture) (Indo-Islamic architecture) Indo-Islamic structure, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukn-e-Alam) (Rukn-e-Alam) tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan, remains significant. During the Mughal era, Persian-Islamic design merged with Hindustani art, seen in Lahore's architectural gems like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque) (Badshahi Mosque) Badshahi Mosque and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort) (Lahore Fort) Lahore Fort with the iconic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgiri_Gate) (Alamgiri Gate) Alamgiri Gate . Lahore also boasts the vibrant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque) (Wazir Khan Mosque) Wazir Khan Mosque ,[ 593]    and the lush (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Lahore)) (Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)) Shalimar Gardens . In the British colonial period, Indo-European buildings emerged, blending European and Indian-Islamic styles. Post-colonial identity shines through modern landmarks like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Mosque) (Faisal Mosque) Faisal Mosque , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan) (Minar-e-Pakistan) Minar-e-Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid) (Mazar-e-Quaid) Mazar-e-Quaid . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom) (Architecture of the United Kingdom) British architectural influence persists in structures across Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.[ 594]       Clothing, arts, and fashion  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) (Pakistani clothing) Pakistani clothing , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) (Shalwar kameez) Shalwar kameez , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwani) (Sherwani) Sherwani , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_cap) (Jinnah cap) Jinnah cap , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawari_chappal) (Peshawari chappal) Peshawari chappal , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakol) (Pakol) Pakol , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_topi) (Sindhi topi) Sindhi topi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_clothing_from_Sindh.jpg)   A depiction of traditional clothing of women from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Sindh   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) (Shalwar kameez) Shalwar kameez  is Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dress) (National dress) national dress , worn in all provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir. Each province has its own style. Pakistanis wear a variety of fabrics like silk, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) (Chiffon (fabric)) chiffon , and cotton. In addition to the national dress, men often wear domestically tailored suits and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necktie) (Necktie) neckties , especially in offices, schools, and social gatherings.[ 595]     Pakistan's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) (Pakistani clothing) fashion industry has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organisations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore) (Lahore) Lahore and the Fashion Pakistan Council in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi) (Karachi) Karachi host events like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) (PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week) PFDC Fashion Week and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Pakistan_Week) (Fashion Pakistan Week) Fashion Pakistan Week . Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.[ 596]      Literature and philosophy  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan) (Literature of Pakistan) Literature of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetry) (Urdu poetry) Urdu poetry , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy) (Pakistani philosophy) Pakistani philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iqbal.jpg) (Muhammad Iqbal)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal) (Muhammad Iqbal) Muhammad Iqbal , Pakistan's national poet who conceived the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_of_Pakistan) (Conception of Pakistan) idea of Pakistan  Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_literature) (Urdu literature) Urdu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_literature) (Sindhi literature) Sindhi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_literature) (Punjabi literature) Punjabi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry) (Pashto literature and poetry) Pashto , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_Academy) (Balochi Academy) Baluchi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature) (Persian literature) Persian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature) (Pakistani English literature) English , and more.[ 597]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters) (Pakistan Academy of Letters) Pakistan Academy of Letters actively promotes literature and poetry both domestically and internationally.[ 598]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan) (National Library of Pakistan) National Library contributes to literary dissemination. Historically, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry) (Lyric poetry) lyric , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_poetry) (Sufi poetry) religious , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_folklore) (Pakistani folklore) folkloric works, later diversifying under colonial influence into prose fiction, now widely embraced.[ 599]    [ 600]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_poets) (List of national poets) national poet of Pakistan, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal) (Muhammad Iqbal) Muhammad Iqbal , wrote influential poetry in Urdu and Persian, advocating for Islamic civilisational revival.[ 601]    Notable figures in contemporary Urdu literature include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Malihabadi) (Josh Malihabadi) Josh Malihabadi , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faiz_Ahmed_Faiz) (Faiz Ahmed Faiz) Faiz Ahmed Faiz , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Manto) (Saadat Hasan Manto) Saadat Hasan Manto .[ 600]    Popular Sufi poets like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif) (Shah Abdul Latif) Shah Abdul Latif and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah) (Bulleh Shah) Bulleh Shah are revered.[ 602]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Kalich_Beg) (Mirza Kalich Beg) Mirza Kalich Beg is hailed as the father of modern Sindhi prose.[ 603]    Pakistani philosophy has been shaped by influences from British and American philosophy, with notable figures like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._M._Sharif) (M. M. Sharif) M. M. Sharif contributing to its development.[ 604]    After 1971, Marxist thought gained prominence in Pakistani philosophy through figures like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim) (Jalaludin Abdur Rahim) Jalaludin Abdur Rahim .[ 605]      Media and entertainment  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan) (Mass media in Pakistan) Mass media in Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan) (Cinema of Pakistan) Cinema of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan) (Music of Pakistan) Music of Pakistan , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistani_pop_music) (History of Pakistani pop music) History of Pakistani pop music , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan) (Theatre of Pakistan) Theatre of Pakistan , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_dramas) (Pakistani dramas) Pakistani dramas  The private (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan) (List of newspapers in Pakistan) print media , state-owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation) (Pakistan Television Corporation) Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation) (Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation) Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) dominated media until the 21st century. Pakistan now boasts a vast network of domestic, privately owned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle) (24-hour news cycle) 24-hour electronic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_Pakistan) (List of television channels in Pakistan) news media and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television) (Cable television) cable (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan) (Television in Pakistan) television channels .[ 606]    (Page / location: 14–16, 21) :  14–16, 21   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders has indicated pressure faced by Pakistani reporters, particularly when reporting against the military or government.[ 607]    The BBC describes Pakistani media as "among the most outspoken in South Asia".[ 608]    Pakistani media has been instrumental in exposing corruption.[ 606]    In 2025, Pakistan ranked 158 out of 180 countries in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index) (Press Freedom Index) Press Freedom Index by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (Reporters Without Borders) Reporters Without Borders , highlighting restrictions on (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press) (Freedom of the press) freedom of the press .[ 609]    According to the journalist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_Rumi) (Raza Rumi) Raza Rumi , in 2023, TV channels in Pakistan faced suspensions and legal threats for airing content critical of the government or military, while online platforms also experienced temporary takedowns.[ 610]    According to a 2025 report, some newspapers have faced financial pressure—such as withdrawal of government advertisements—for publishing content critical of government policies. Both military and civilian governments have historically used such tactics.[ 611]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House rated Pakistan's Internet freedom as "Not Free" in 2024.[ 426]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollywood) (Lollywood) Lollywood , Punjabi, and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_cinema) (Pashto cinema) Pashto film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture.[ 612]    However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban.[ 613]    Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_dramas) (Pakistani dramas) televised dramas and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets.[ 614]    Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s.[ 615]    Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali) (Qawwali) Qawwali and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal) (Ghazal) Ghazal Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music.[ 616]    Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.[ 617]      Cuisine  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine) (Pakistani cuisine) Pakistani cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Chapati_warm_and_ready_to_be_eaten.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti) (Roti) Roti , served with various side dishes, is considered a staple food in Pakistan  Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_cuisine) (British cuisine) British , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine) (Indian cuisine) Indian , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine) (Central Asian cuisine) Central Asian , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine) (Middle Eastern cuisine) Middle Eastern culinary traditions.[ 618]    Unlike Middle Eastern fare, Pakistani dishes are heavily spiced with garlic, ginger, turmeric, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_powder) (Chili powder) chilli , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_masala) (Garam masala) garam masala . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti) (Roti) Roti , a wheat-based flatbread, accompanies most meals, alongside (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry) (Curry) curry , meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common, served plain, spiced, or in sweet dishes.[ 175]    [ 619]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassi) (Lassi) Lassi , a traditional drink from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region) (Punjab region) Punjab region , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture) (Pakistani tea culture) black tea with milk and sugar are popular beverages enjoyed nationwide.[ 586]    [ 620]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohan_halwa) (Sohan halwa) Sohan halwa , a beloved sweet dish from southern Punjab, is savoured across Pakistan.[ 621]      Sports  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan) (Sport in Pakistan) Sport in Pakistan  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakvaus.jpg)     A cricket match between Pakistan and Australia at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord's) (Lord's) Lord's .  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hockey_Nederland_tegen_Pakistan_3-1,_Amsterdam,_de_Wereldcup_die_Pakistan_onlan…,_Bestanddeelnr_925-0964.jpg)     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_men's_national_field_hockey_team) (Pakistan men's national field hockey team) Pakistan national hockey team with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Men's_Hockey_World_Cup) (1971 Men's Hockey World Cup) 1971 Hockey World Cup trophy      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket) (Cricket) Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) (Association football) football . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey) (Field hockey) Field hockey is the national sport. Other sports like (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(sport)) (Squash (sport)) squash , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo) (Polo) polo , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Pakistan) (Traditional games of Pakistan) traditional games are also enjoyed. In cricket, Pakistan holds victories in all major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council) (International Cricket Council) ICC tournaments, including the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup) (ICC Cricket World Cup) ICC Cricket World Cup , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20) (ICC World Twenty20) ICC World Twenty20 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy) (ICC Champions Trophy) ICC Champions Trophy . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Super_League) (Pakistan Super League) Pakistan Super League ranks among the top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_T20_cricket_competitions) (List of T20 cricket competitions) T20 leagues globally.[ 622]    [ 623]     In football, Pakistan established the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Football_Federation) (Pakistan Football Federation) Pakistan Football Federation soon after its creation, and it is known for producing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup) (FIFA World Cup) FIFA World Cup balls.[ 624]    [ 625]     In field hockey, Pakistan holds four (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_FIH_Hockey_World_Cup) (Men's FIH Hockey World Cup) Hockey World Cup wins, eight (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Asian_Games) (Field hockey at the Asian Games) Asian Games gold medals, and three (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Summer_Olympics) (Field hockey at the Summer Olympics) Olympic gold medals. Squash player (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir_Khan) (Jahangir Khan) Jahangir Khan holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches.[ 626]    [ 627]    Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.[ 628]       See also  (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) (Portal:Pakistan) Pakistan portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) (Portal:Asia) Asia portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan) (Outline of Pakistan) Outline of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) (Government of Pakistan) Government of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) Administrative units of Pakistan     Notes   ↑   Article 251 of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) Constitution of Pakistan [ 3]      ↑   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) Constitution designates Islam as the state religion.  ↑   "Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir) (Azad Kashmir) Azad Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit–Baltistan) (Gilgit–Baltistan) Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[ 5]    Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi)."  1  2   "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, which, according to 2017 Pakistani census, had a population of 4,045,367 and 1,492,924 respectively."  ↑   See (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Pakistan) (Date and time notation in Pakistan) Date and time notation in Pakistan .  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language) (Urdu language) Urdu : (Nastaliq) پَاکِسْتَان  (./Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text)  , Urdu pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu) (Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu) [ ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn]   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Ur-Pakistan.oga/Ur-Pakistan.oga.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:Ur-Pakistan.oga) (File:Ur-Pakistan.oga) ⓘ   (./Category:Pages_with_Urdu_IPA)  (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  ; Pronounced variably in English as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('p' in 'pie') p (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ ('s' in 'sigh') s ('t' in 'tie') t (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-us-Pakistan.ogg/En-us-Pakistan.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:En-us-Pakistan.ogg) (File:En-us-Pakistan.ogg) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('p' in 'pie') p (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ ('s' in 'sigh') s ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg/En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg) (File:En-us-Pakistan-2.ogg) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˌ/: secondary stress follows) ˌ ('p' in 'pie') p (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('s' in 'sigh') s ('t' in 'tie') t (/æ/: 'a' in 'bad') æ ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˌ/: secondary stress follows) ˌ ('p' in 'pie') p (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('k' in 'kind') k (/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit') ɪ (/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('s' in 'sigh') s ('t' in 'tie') t (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('n' in 'nigh') n  /   .  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15919) (ISO 15919) ISO : (Urdu-language text) (Nastaliq) اِسْلامی
جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان   (./Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text)  , (Urdu-language romanisation) Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān    ↑   The precise time span of the period is uncertain. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology) (Philology) Philological and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics) (Historical linguistics) linguistic evidence indicates that the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda) (Rigveda) Rigveda , the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. Oberlies gives an estimate of 1200–1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Other 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100.  ↑   The World Bank data lists the total area of Pakistan as 770,880 km², excluding Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and water areas.  ↑   In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey.  ↑   This number includes population of the Hindu (Jati) and the scheduled castes.     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)     References  ↑   Minahan 2009 .  ↑   Jaffrelot 2015 , p. 97.  ↑   Ayres 2009 .  ↑   Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2022 .  ↑   James 2022 .  ↑   Bhandari 2022 .  ↑   Wright (2009) "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."  ↑   Badian 1987 .  ↑   Wynbrandt 2009 .  ↑   Spuler 1969 .  ↑   Copland (2001) "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"  ↑   Metcalf & Metcalf (2006) "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."  ↑   Talbot 2016 .  ↑   Zia & Burton 2023 .  ↑   Rais 2017 .  ↑   Cornwall & Edwards 2014 .  ↑   Joseph 2016 .  ↑   Baqir 2018 .  ↑   SATP 2024 .  ↑   Aziz 1987 .  1  2   Saqib & Malik 2018 .  ↑   Lahiri 2023 .  ↑   Tummala 1996 .  ↑   Anand 1991 .  ↑   Parker 2017 .  ↑   Burrison 2017 .  ↑   Allchin & Petraglia 2007 .  ↑   Rendell & Dennell 1985 .  ↑   Coningham & Young (2015) "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)."  ↑   Fisher (2018) "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."  ↑   Dyson (2018) "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."  ↑   Allchin & Allchin (1982) "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."  ↑   Dales, Kenoyer & Alcock 1986 .  ↑   Consiglio 2015 .  ↑   Behrendt 2007 .  ↑   Flood 2022 .  ↑   Oberlies 2023 .  ↑   Stonard 2017 .  ↑   Dandamaev 2023 .  ↑   Sadasivan 2011 .  ↑   Khan 2022 , p. 114.  ↑   Cooke 2017 .  ↑   Pollitt 1986 .  ↑   Quintanilla 2007 .  ↑   Kubica 2023 .  ↑   Westmoreland 2019 .  ↑   Needham (1994) "When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BCE they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about CE 400."  ↑   Kulke & Rothermund (2016) "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."  ↑   Mookerji 1989 .  ↑   Banerjee 2022 .  ↑   Wink 2002 .  ↑   Mufti 2013 .  1  2   Hoodbhoy 2023 .  ↑   Cavendish 2006 , p. 318.  ↑   Stubbs & Thomson (2016) "Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage."  ↑   Malik 2006 , p. 47.  ↑   Lapidus 2014 .  ↑   Samad 2011 .  ↑   Faroqhi 2019 .  ↑   Junejo 2020 .  ↑   Canfield 2002 .  ↑   Chandra 2005 .  ↑   Malik 2006 , p. 79.  ↑   Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 .  ↑   Haleem 2013 .  ↑   MacDonald 2017 .  ↑   Qassem 2016 .  ↑   Simpson 2007 .  1  2   Wolpert (1984 , p.  17) "Barrister Jinnah of Bombay remained as remote from such feelings, as out of tune with such reasoning, as he had been in London in 1893, when Sir Sayyid first spoke of Hindus and Muslims as "different nationalities.""  1  2   Sengupta (2023) "Syed Ahmad Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), had declared in a speech in Meerut what would become famous as the "two nation theory.""......"Is it possible that under these circumstances two nations — the Mahomedans and the Hindus — could sit on the same throne and remain equal in power? Most certainly not."  1  2  3   Holt & Curta 2016 .  ↑   Wolpert 1984 .  ↑   Rustomji 1952 .  ↑   Walbridge 2012 .  ↑   Gayer 2014 .  ↑   Sharma, D'Angelo & Giri 2020 .  ↑   Pirbhai 2009 .  ↑   Harjani 2018 .  ↑   Cook 1975 .  ↑   Khan 2022 , p. 119.  ↑   Cavendish 2006 , p. 365.  ↑   Law 1999 .  ↑   Hussain 2015 .  ↑   Nyrop 1975 , p. 371.  ↑   Hali & Akhtar 1993 .  ↑   Hardy (1972) "Much has been made' of the failure of Congress and the Muslim parties to agree over the Nehru Report and of the rejection of Jinnah's 'Fourteen Points' as a significant milestone along the way to the partition of India. A great opportunity was lost, it is thought, for the abandonment of separate electorates by voluntary Muslim agreement."  ↑   Wuthnow (2013) "To satisfy Muslims' determination to have guaranteed rights in the future political system of India and to maintain territorial unity of the Indian state, by 1929 Jinnah produced the formula known as the Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah.
The Fourteen Points included separate electorates for Muslims in the provinces of India, parity of electoral representation in the Punjab and Bengal, and electoral considerations for Muslims in those provinces in which they were a minority, although they would retain clear majority in the Northwest Frontier Province, Baluchistan, and Sind."  1  2   Singh & Shani (2021) "Jinnah's famous 'fourteen points' as a condition for support for India's unity, with strong provinces within a weak Indian federation, marked the parting of ways between the Congress and the Muslim national leadership (Jalal 1994, 10–11). At the 1930 session of the All-Indian Muslim Conference, Sir Mohammed Iqbal proposed a Muslim homeland that would serve 'as a symbolic cultural expression of the common striving of Muslim fulfilment – a political manifestation of a common mission' (Gilmartin 1988, 167). The idea of self-determination for India's Muslims was constructed mainly in fear of the majoritarian 'secular' (Hindu) nationalism of the Congress."  ↑   Iqbal (two-nation theory): multiple sources: N. Khan (2012)  Basu & Miroshnik (2023) "Mohammed Iqbal was credited with coming up with the two-nation theory in his speech at Allahabad in 1930 to the Muslim League in a very formal way by saying: "I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Moslem State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Moslems, at least of NorthWest India" (Zaidi, 1993; Ahmed, 1970)." Hussain (2018) "After repeated demands for stronger constitutional safeguards to protect the rights of minorities, Iqbal eventually opted for a separate Islamic Republic instead. As opposed to putting the free and rational individual at the centre of his democratic theory, Iqbal's republic primarily required Muslims endowed with a specific character and smelted together by a peculiar vision of individuality. Like a number of his contemporaries, Iqbal warmed up to the two nation-theory. Unlike the mainstream view, however, which read an eternal struggle of Hindus and Muslims back into Indian history, Iqbal's concept of the Muslim nation was something to be striven towards, not something to be replanted from the past. Iqbal believed that the best way to actualize this national sentiment in the present, was through individual political action."    ↑   Pandeya 2003 .  ↑   Basu & Miroshnik 2017 .  ↑   M. H. Khan 2016 .  ↑   Tucker (2020) "Gandhi's decision played directly into the hands of Jinnah. Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war."  ↑   Chandra 2008 .  ↑   Mohiuddin (2007 , p.  70) "In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan."  ↑   Mohiuddin (2007 , p.  71) "Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center."  ↑   Wolpert 1984 , p. 309.  ↑   Markovits 2012 .  1  2   Wolpert 1984 , pp. 328–329.  ↑   Hakeem 2014 .  ↑   NDTV 2025 .  ↑   Cohen 2004 , p. 6.  ↑   Casualties/Genocide: multiple sources: Sikand (2004)  Butalia (2000)  Isaacs (1975) "2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of British-India and the creation of India and Pakistan" Basrur (2008) "An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ..." D'Costa (2011) "Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to 2 million (a subsequent Indian speculation). Today, however, it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition (Butalia, 1997)." Brass (2003) "In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder."    ↑   Rape figures: multiple sources: Visweswaran (2011)  Daiya (2011) "The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India." Abraham (2002) "In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them." Singh, Iyer & Gairola (2016) "The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered."    ↑   Hasan & Raza (2009 , p.  12) "When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan."  ↑   Riggs 2024 .  ↑   Bhaumik 1996 .  1  2   Kazmi 2003 .  1  2  3   Tucker 2017 .  ↑   Akbar 2018 .  ↑   Kumarasingham (2013) "Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively."  ↑   McGrath (1996) "Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them."  ↑   Ahmed (1997) "Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea."  ↑   Wolpert (2009) "Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself."  ↑   Lapierre & Collins (2015) "Not only was I not aware, but nobody was aware. Nobody had a clue. I'm glad I didn't because I just don't know what I would have done if I'd known that.
You see, Jinnah was so much of a one-man band. If somebody had told me he's going to be dead in x months would I then
-I am asking myself this question now-would I have said, Let's hold India together and not divide it? Would I have put back the clock, and held the position? Most probably. I have a feeling Jinnah may not have known himself he had tuberculosis. He was a very severe, cold and repressed person. Nothing would have surprised me about him. He was an extraordinary creature."  ↑   Wilson 2009 .  ↑   Hussain (2008) "Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan."  1  2   Hussain (2008) "The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973."  ↑   Wynbrandt 2009 , p. 190–197.  ↑   Chowdhury & Mahmud 2008 .  ↑   Kathpalia 1986 .  ↑   Koumar 2023 .  ↑   Lewis 2011 .  ↑   Bose 2005 .  ↑   Khan 2008 .  ↑   Sunkara, Walter & Rojas 2024 .  ↑   Hiro 2015 .  ↑   Rummel 1998 .  ↑   Beachler 2011 .  ↑   Totten 2000 .  ↑   Paxton 2016 .  ↑   Oldenburg 2010 .  ↑   Fitzpatrick 2007 .  1  2   Hoodbhoy 2011 .  ↑   Krasno & LaPides 2015 .  ↑   Khanna 2002 .  ↑   Hajari 2015 .  ↑   Coll 2004 .  ↑   Westad 2005 .  ↑   Haroon 2008 .  ↑   Tucker 2015 .  ↑   Chapman 2018 .  ↑   Husain 2010 .  ↑   Yap & Abeyratne 2023 , p. 68.  1  2   Khan 2012 .  ↑   Ahmad 2023 .  ↑   Mazari 2003 .  ↑   Chakma 2014 .  ↑   Yarbakhsh 2019 .  ↑   Khoja-Moolji 2021 .  ↑   Fair 2014 .  1  2   Kennedy 2021 .  ↑   Abid 2023 .  ↑   Mohiuddin 2007 , p. 219.  ↑   Martini, Ford & Jackson 2020 .  ↑   Mansbach, Pirro & Taylor 2017 .  ↑   United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 2008 .  ↑   Jaffrelot 2015 , p. 261.  ↑   Kapoor 2009 .  ↑   Waseem 2022 .  ↑   Dede & Sadioglu 2016 .  ↑   Ruhland 2019 .  ↑   Burnett 2020 .  ↑   Central Intelligence Agency 2023 .  ↑   Afzal 2024 .  ↑   Tariq & Stenson 2024 .  ↑   Cheng et al. 2022 .  ↑   Agarwal & Ahmad 2021 .  ↑   Mordi & Adisa 2022 .  ↑   Haque 2002 .  ↑   Britannica (Gulf of Oman) 2024 .  ↑   Dawn 2009a .  ↑   Karaman 2012 .  ↑   Banerjee 2019 .  1  2   Mohiuddin 2007 , p. 3, 317, 323–324.  ↑   Kreft 2007 .  ↑   Geology: multiple sources: Khan & Clyde (2013)  DeVivo et al. (2021)  Alisibramulisi et al. (2022)  Britannica (Azad Kashmir) (2024)     ↑   Descloitres 2002 .  ↑   Cavendish 2006 , p. 297.  ↑   Blood 1996 , p. 82.  ↑   Jiwani 2021 .  ↑   Bright 2017 .  ↑   Blood 1996 , p. 83.  ↑   Ahmad 2009 .  ↑   Hasan & Raza 2009 , p. 10.  ↑   Samuel 2016 .  1  2  3  4   Chandrappa, Gupta & Kulshrestha 2011 .  ↑   Blood 1996 , p. 87.  ↑   Lane, Norton & Ryan 2017 .  ↑   El-Esawi 2019 .  1  2   Abul-Soad 2011 .  ↑   Descals et al. 2023 .  ↑   Spate & Learmonth 2017 .  ↑   Sandhu 2010 .  ↑   UNEP-WCMC 2024 .  ↑   Akhtar & Mirza 2006 .  ↑   PEPA 2016 .  ↑   World Bank 2024 .  ↑   Fatima 2020 .  1  2   Faridah-Hanum et al. 2015 .  ↑   Grimmett & Inskipp 2021 .  ↑   Hunter 2018 .  ↑   San et al. 2021 .  ↑   Flux & Chapman 1990 .  1  2   Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2012 .  ↑   Waseem et al. 2020 .  ↑   Sunquist & Sunquist 2014 .  ↑   Sunquist & Sunquist 2017 .  ↑   Stoneman 2021 .  ↑   Tisdell 2013 .  ↑   Srinivasulu 2018 .  ↑   Roze 2012 .  ↑   Somerville 2021 .  ↑   Nyrop 1975 , p. 74.  ↑   CBD Report 2009 .  ↑   Mallon & Kingswood 2001 .  ↑   Woods, Mufti & Hasan 1997 .  ↑   WWF 2024 .  ↑   Grantham et al. 2020 .  ↑   Inter-Parliamentary Union 1973 .  1  2   Munir 1975 .  ↑   Cohen 2004 .  ↑   Cohen 2004 , p. 65.  ↑   DeVotta 2015 .  ↑   Tertrais & Sokolski 2013 .  ↑   He, Breen & Allison-Reumann 2023 .  ↑   Bloor 2023 .  ↑   B. Chakma 2014 .  ↑   Chengappa 2002 .  1  2   CRS 2023 .  ↑   Rafiq & Ahmad 2016 .  1  2   Aziz 2018 .  ↑   F. Hussain 2015 .  ↑   Mahmood 1965 .  ↑   Yap & Abeyratne 2023 , p. 272.  ↑   Dowding & Dumont 2014 .  ↑   Zierke, Stockmann & Meyer 2023 .  ↑   Establishment Division 2013 .  1  2   Mahmood 2007 .  1  2   IFES 2013 .  ↑   Establishment Division 2021 .  ↑   Ahmad & Asif 2007 .  ↑   Senate of Pakistan 2018 .  1  2   Wu, Bandyopadhyay & Lee 2021 .  ↑   Jha 2016 .  ↑   Oberst 2018 .  ↑   Ejaz 2022 .  ↑   Esposito 2003 .  ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  496) "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."  ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  497) "As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state."  ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  489) "But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb."……"Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies."  ↑   Haqqani (2010 , p.  16) "The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly."  ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  491) "Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved."  ↑   Haqqani (2010 , p.  18) "One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality."  ↑   Haqqani (2010 , p.  18) "Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory."  ↑   Haqqani (2010 , p.  19) "Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country."  ↑   Nazrul Islam & Saidul Islam 2018 .  ↑   Lintner 2002 .  ↑   Diamantides & Gearey (2011 , p.  196) "The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ..."  ↑   Iqbal 2009 .  ↑   Diamantides & Gearey (2011 , p.  198) "The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court."  ↑   Nasr 1996 .  1  2   Kepel 2006 .  ↑   Diamantides & Gearey (2011 , p.  198) "The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ..."  ↑   Haqqani 2010 , p. 400.  ↑   Asia Watch Committee (U.S.) 1992 .  ↑   Wynbrandt (2009 , pp.  216–217) "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society."  ↑   Syed et al. (2016 , p.  379) "... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ)."  ↑   Syed et al. (2016 , p.  346) "The grave impact of that legacy was compounded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization."  ↑   Ziegfeld 2016 .  ↑   PRC 2011 .  ↑   Nee 2013 .  ↑   Wasti 2009 .  ↑   Schuurmans 2023 , p. 63.  ↑   Fischer-Tahir & Naumann 2013 .  ↑   PBS 2023 .  ↑   Hussain 2020 .  ↑   Davis 2023 .  ↑   Adibelli et al. 2022 .  ↑   Jan 2015 .  ↑   Lansford & Muller 2012 .  ↑   Berman & Sabharwal 2017 .  ↑   Lodhi 2022 .  ↑   Hamid et al. 2023 .  1  2  3   Rizvi 2004 .  ↑   Picone 2020 .  ↑   Stewart-Ingersoll & Frazier 2012 .  ↑   Anwar 2006 .  ↑   Pande 2011 , p. 167.  ↑   Chakma 2012 .  ↑   Kmentt 2021 .  ↑   Izuyama & Ogawa 2003 .  ↑   Noor 2023 .  ↑   Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Malta 2022 .  ↑   Shah 1997 .  ↑   Wasi 2005 .  ↑   Zahra et al. 2022 .  ↑   Turner 2016 .  ↑   Kemal 2004 .  ↑   Hoekman & Kostecki 2009 .  ↑   Qingyan 2021 .  ↑   Clary 2022 .  ↑   Karat 2007 .  ↑   Mazzetti 2013 .  ↑   Zaidi & Ahmad 2021 .  ↑   Yousafzai 2021 .  ↑   Zelnick 2013 .  ↑   van Tonder 2018 .  ↑   Schuurmans 2023 , p. 73.  ↑   Cohen 2011 .  ↑   Schwinghammer 2018 .  1  2   Afridi & Bajoria 2010 .  ↑   Roos 2024 .  ↑   Lord et al. 2022 .  ↑   Raju 2021 .  ↑   Rimmer 2020 .  ↑   Zreik 2024 .  ↑   Dorsey 2018 .  ↑   Shih 2022 .  ↑   Pant 2011 .  ↑   Pasha (2005 , p.  225) "Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey."  ↑   Pasha (2005 , p.  226) "Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world."  ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  18) "As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'."  ↑   Haqqani (2013 , pp.  20–21) "Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations."  ↑   Haqqani (2013 , p.  22) "During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction."  ↑   Roberts (2003) "The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states."  ↑   Jafri, Sultana & Ijaz 2021 .  ↑   Arora & Grover 1995 .  ↑   Hunter (2010) "Since then, Pakistan's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian-Pakistan relations."  1  2   Pande (2011 , p.  159) "Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the 'hearts and minds' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan. The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan-Iran relations. Pakistan's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare."  ↑   Talbot 2020 .  ↑   Rose & Husain 1985 .  1  2   Halladay, Matei & Bruneau 2021 .  ↑   Panda 2019 .  ↑   Basharat 2023 .  ↑   Riedel 2010 .  ↑   Visoka & Richmond 2022 .  ↑   Maizland 2023 .  ↑   Pande (2011 , p.  178) "The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: "Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars." Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan."  ↑   Berg & Kursani 2021 .  ↑   Babayev, Schoch & Spanger 2019 .  ↑   Ahmed & Zahoor 2019 .  ↑   Pande 2011 .  ↑   Kahwaji 2025 .  ↑   CIA 1988 .  ↑   Kudaisya & Yong 2004 .  ↑   Zahoor & Rumi 2020 .  ↑   Bhattacharyya 2023 .  ↑   Raghavan 2012 .  ↑   Stone 2017 .  ↑   Endrst (1965) "Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri-put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because 'Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan, and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive.'"  ↑   Khurshid 2016 .  ↑   Oldenburg 2019 .  ↑   Middle power: multiple sources: Buzan (2004)  Solomon (1997)  Rajagopalan (2011)  Buzan & Waever (2003)  Paul (2012 , p. 11) "The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways." Vandamme (2014 , p. 14) "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers."    ↑   IISS 2024 .  ↑   Bartholomees 2008 .  ↑   DeRouen & Heo 2005 .  ↑   Blood 1996 , p. 287.  ↑   Military relations: multiple sources: Yadav (2024)  Lalwani (2023)  Kronstadt (2023)  Bruno & Bajoria (2008)     ↑   Wezeman et al. 2024 .  ↑   Gates & Roy 2016 .  ↑   Oetzel & Ting-Toomey 2006 .  ↑   Center for Preventive Action 2024 .  ↑   Busch 2014 .  ↑   Sprague 2020 .  ↑   Rupert 1989 .  ↑   Withington 2005 .  ↑   de Coning, Aoi & Karlsrud 2017 .  ↑   Stewart 2002 .  ↑   UN 2023 .  ↑   Cordesman 1987 .  ↑   Chengappa 2004 .  ↑   Faruqui 2019 .  ↑   Miller (2015) "Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam's holiest sanctuary, and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound."  ↑   Rizvi 1993 .  ↑   Wiebes (2003) "Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the Serbs."  ↑   Abbas (2015) "Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia."  ↑   ZA Khan 2012 .  ↑   Jaishankar 2019 .  ↑   Kureshi & Waseem 2024 .  ↑   Imam & Fatima 2021 .  ↑   Perito & Parvez 2024 .  ↑   Wolf 2019 .  ↑   Saeed 2021 .  ↑   GI-TOC 2025 .  ↑   Hussain 2025 .  ↑   CPI 2025 .  ↑   Gerber 2021 .  ↑   Baderin 2017 .  ↑   Tin 2008 .  ↑   Singh et al. 2024 .  ↑   Mubashar & Mir 2023 .  ↑   Aftab 2022 .  ↑   UN Women 2024 .  ↑   Walk Free 2025 .  1  2  3   IMF (PPP) 2026 .  1  2   IMF (PPP per capita) 2026 .  1  2  3   IMF (nom) 2025 .  1  2   IMF (nom per capita) 2025 .  1  2   IMF (datasets) 2026 .  1  2   IMF (datasets) 2025 .sfn error: no target: CITEREFIMF_(datasets)2025 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors) (Category:Harv and Sfn template errors) help ) (./Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors)    ↑   World Bank (LFPR) 2025 .  ↑   IMF 2023 .  ↑   UNDP 2025 .  ↑   World Bank (TED) 2024 .  ↑   Shorrocks et al. 2023 .  ↑   Maddison 2006 .  ↑   Pasillas, Brundin & Markowska 2017 .  ↑   Comim, Anand & Fennell 2021 .  ↑   Henneberry, Khan & Piewthongngam 2000 .  ↑   Burki, Teekah & Ziring 2026 .  ↑   OEC 2023 .  ↑   World Bank (WITS) 2025 .  1  2  3   Iqbal 2025 .  ↑   WEF 2025 .  ↑   Ahmad 2024 .  ↑   ADB 2025a .  ↑   Sharif et al. 2008 .  ↑   Conte 2025 .  ↑   Abbas 2026 .  ↑   SIFC 2025 .  ↑   The Global Economy 2023 .  ↑   MoF 2026 .  ↑   PBS 2026 .  ↑   ITU 2026 .  1  2   ISP 2026 .  ↑   Jahanzaib 2026 .  ↑   Khan 2025 .  ↑   Dawn 2026 .  ↑   Kader, Siddiq & Aleid 2013 .  ↑   Khan & Khan 2018 .  ↑   USDA 2026 .  ↑   Akın & Gürsoy 2024 .  ↑   Saeed et al. 2026 .  ↑   (https://ishrathusain.iba.edu.pk/speeches/New/AgricultureSector_Issues_n_Prospects.docx) "AGRICULTURE SECTOR: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS" . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finance.gov.pk%2Fsurvey%2Fchapter_10%2F03_Manufacturing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html) "All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data" . apcma.com . (https://web.archive.org/web/20241203231542/http://www.apcma.com/data_export.html) Archived from the original on 3 December 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apcma.com&rft.atitle=All+Pakistan+Cement+Manufacturers+Association+Export+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apcma.com%2Fdata_export.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bhutta, Zafar (21 May 2013). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aero+Space+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Launching+of+Badr-I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospaceguide.net%2Fworldspace%2Fpakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://tribune.com.pk/story/1183999/notch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report/) "Pakistani articles 'cited more than BRICs put together', says report" . Tribune . 19 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=Pakistani+articles+%27cited+more+than+BRICs+put+together%27%2C+says+report&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1183999%2Fnotch-pakistani-articles-cited-brics-put-together-says-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haqqani, Husain (2005). (https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq) "§Chapter 3" . Pakistan : between mosque and military (1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: United Book Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1) 978-0-87003-214-1  . The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived—a psychological setback, complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7Chapter+3&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%3A+between+mosque+and+military&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=1.+print.&rft.pub=United+Book+Press.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanbetweenm00haqq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20070220102255/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html) "Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" . Federation of American Scientists. Archived from (https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html) the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2007 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fpakistan%2Fnuke%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sayar, M.A. (April–June 1995). (https://web.archive.org/web/20160215200726/http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness) "Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness?" . The Fountain Magazine . Archived from (http://www.fountainmagazine.com/Issue/detail/Should-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness) the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica. Pakistan in 1992, established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fountain+Magazine&rft.atitle=Should+We+Exploit+The+Last+Wilderness%3F&rft.date=1995-04%2F1995-06&rft.aulast=Sayar&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fountainmagazine.com%2FIssue%2Fdetail%2FShould-We-Exploit-The-Last-Wilderness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=PMjsAAAAMAAJ) "Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast" . Economic Review . 22 . 1991. To a question Dr. Farah said, Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Huge+Oil+Deposits+Located+Near+Coast&rft.volume=22&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMjsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). (https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ) Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica  . National Institute of Oceanography. p. 15. Pakistan's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Scientific+Expeditions+to+Antarctica&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Oceanography&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Abul&rft.au=Rizvi%2C+S.H.+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx1AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Farah, Abul; Rizvi, S.H. Niaz (1995). (https://books.google.com/books?id=kx1AAAAAIAAJ) Pakistan's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica  . National Institute of Oceanography. p. 17. We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990–1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Scientific+Expeditions+to+Antarctica&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Oceanography&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Abul&rft.au=Rizvi%2C+S.H.+Niaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkx1AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0eAQAAIAAJ) "News Bulletin" . National Institute of Oceanography (Pakistan) . 7 : 1. 1992. This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Oceanography+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=News+Bulletin&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvK0eAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://tribune.com.pk/story/432124/govt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects/) "Govt to spend Rs4.6b on IT projects" . Express Tribune . 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Govt+to+spend+Rs4.6b+on+IT+projects&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F432124%2Fgovt-to-spend-rs4-6b-on-it-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20230814181311/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Pakistan.pdf) "Table 1 : Households, Population, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate" (PDF) . pbs.gov.pk . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_Statistics) (Pakistan Bureau Statistics) Pakistan Bureau Statistics . Archived from (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Pakistan.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 August 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Table+1+%3A+Households%2C+Population%2C+Household+Size+and+Annual+Growth+Rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/AJK%20At%20a%20Glance%202025.pdf) "AZAD JAMMU & KASHMIR AT A GLANCE - 2025" (PDF) . AJ&K Bureau of Statistics, Planning & Development Department, Azad Govt. of the State of Jammu & Kashmir. Retrieved 13 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZAD+JAMMU+%26+KASHMIR+AT+A+GLANCE+-+2025&rft.pub=AJ%26K+Bureau+of+Statistics%2C+Planning+%26+Development+Department%2C+Azad+Govt.+of+the+State+of+Jammu+%26+Kashmir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpndajk.gov.pk%2Fuploadfiles%2Fdownloads%2FAJK%2520At%2520a%2520Glance%25202025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://portal.pnd.gog.pk/Content/Files/Reports/GB%20at%20a%20Glance%202024_250354808.pdf) "Gilgit Baltistan at a Glance 2024" (PDF) . Planning & Development Department Statistical & Research Cell (SRC), Government of Gilgit-Baltistan . June 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planning+%26+Development+Department+Statistical+%26+Research+Cell+%28SRC%29%2C+Government+of+Gilgit-Baltistan.&rft.atitle=Gilgit+Baltistan+at+a+Glance+2024&rft.date=2025-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.pnd.gog.pk%2FContent%2FFiles%2FReports%2FGB%2520at%2520a%2520Glance%25202024_250354808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Pakistan.pdf) "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census' " (PDF) . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) . 5 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28www.pbs.gov.pk%29&rft.atitle=Announcement+of+Results+of+7th+Population+and+Housing+Census-2023+%27The+Digital+Census%27&rft.date=2023-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/) "World Population Prospects 2019" . World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations . United Nations. June 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+Population+Division+%E2%80%93+United+Nations&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects+2019&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Singh, Y P (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+second+largest+muslim+population+in+the+world&pg=PT5) Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History  . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385505638) (Special:BookSources/9789385505638) 9789385505638  . Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+India+and+Pakistan+%E2%80%93+A+Religious+History&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789385505638&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Y+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbqfCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpakistan%2Bhas%2Bsecond%2Blargest%2Bmuslim%2Bpopulation%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bworld%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Riazul Haq and Shahbaz Rana (27 May 2018). (https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%3famp=1) "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit" . Retrieved 11 June 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Headcount+finalised+sans+third-party+audit&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft.au=Riazul+Haq+and+Shahbaz+Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1719994%2Fheadcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%253famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211224053856/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table04n.pdf) "Table 4 – Population by Single Year Age, Sex and Rural/Urban" (PDF) . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Archived from (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table04n.pdf) the original (PDF) on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+4+%E2%80%93+Population+by+Single+Year+Age%2C+Sex+and+Rural%2FUrban&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable04n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20210927171509/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf) "Table – 1 Area, Population By Sex, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate" (PDF) . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 19 May 2021. Archived from (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/National.pdf) the original (PDF) on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+%E2%80%93+1+Area%2C+Population+By+Sex%2C+Sex+Ratio%2C+Population+Density%2C+Urban+Proportion%2C+Household+Size+and+Annual+Growth+Rate&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2FNational.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2025.pdf) Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). Insight Report. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum . June 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940631-89-6) (Special:BookSources/978-2-940631-89-6) 978-2-940631-89-6  . Retrieved 13 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Gender+Gap+Report+2025&rft.series=Insight+Report&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2025-06&rft.isbn=978-2-940631-89-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GGGR_2025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/) "Refugee Data Finder" . UNHCR – Refugee Statistics . UNHCR. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205655/https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/) Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR+%E2%80%93+Refugee+Statistics&rft.atitle=Refugee+Data+Finder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefugee-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91009748) "The Urban Frontier—Karachi" . NPR . National Public Radio. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Frontier%E2%80%94Karachi&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D91009748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Jason Burke (17 August 2008). (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan) "Pakistan looks to life without the general" . The Guardian . London. Retrieved 20 May 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pakistan+looks+to+life+without+the+general&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.au=Jason+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Faug%2F17%2Fpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Clark, David (2006). The Elgar Companion to Development Studies . Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 668. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-475-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-475-5) 978-1-84376-475-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elgar+Companion+to+Development+Studies&rft.pages=668&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-475-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Key_Findings_Report.pdf) "7th Population and Housing Census – 2023 | Key Findings Report" (PDF) . pbs.gov.pk . Islamabad: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics) (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) Pakistan Bureau of Statistics – (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_Development_and_Special_Initiatives) (Ministry of Planning Development and Special Initiatives) Ministry of Planning Development and Special Initiatives . p. 59. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.gov.pk&rft.atitle=7th+Population+and+Housing+Census+%E2%80%93+2023+%7C+Key+Findings+Report&rft.pages=59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2FKey_Findings_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). (https://web.archive.org/web/20170902143126/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/pk/languages) "Pakistan – Languages" . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th ed.). Archived from (https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/languages) the original on 2 September 2017. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPK%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28) "Languages of Pakistan" . Glottolog 4.5 – Languages . Glottolog. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220512205543/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=PK#4/33.01/73.28) Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.5+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fglottolog%2Flanguage.map.html%3Fcountry%3DPK%234%2F33.01%2F73.28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S.N. Sridhar (27 March 2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA138) Language in South Asia  . Cambridge University Press. pp. 36, 138. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46550-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46550-2) 978-1-139-46550-2  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Urdu+In+Contempt&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2Feditorials%2F31-Dec-2015%2Furdu-in-contempt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447) "CCI defers approval of census results until elections" . Dawn . Retrieved 26 April 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=CCI+defers+approval+of+census+results+until+elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rana, Shahbaz (19 July 2024). (https://tribune.com.pk/story/2480881/pakistan-27th-in-global-population-growth) "Pakistan 27th in global population growth" . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . One of the questions in the population census was about the mother-tongue. The number of Urdu speaking people have increased to 9.3% by 2023. But Punjabi-origin people have reduced to 37%. There is also a reduction in the Sindh language speaking people from 14.6% to 14.3%. the Pashto speaking people reduced from 18.3% to 18.2% but Balochi-language people increased from 3% to 3.4%. The number of Saraiki-language people was reduced from 12.2% to 12%.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pakistan+27th+in+global+population+growth&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Shahbaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2480881%2Fpakistan-27th-in-global-population-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20241220005033/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf) "POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS–2023" (PDF) . Archived from (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf) the original (PDF) on 20 December 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+SEX+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN%2C+CENSUS%E2%80%932023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fnational%2Ftable_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui) "Brahui" . Encyclopædia Britannica . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brahui&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBrahui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abbas, Zaffar (13 March 2002). (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1869876.stm) "Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive" . BBC News. Retrieved 26 December 2016 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=India+has+largest+diaspora+population+in+world%3A+UN&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Findia-has-largest-diaspora-population-in-world-un%2F183731.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rafi, Yumna (17 June 2015). (https://www.dawn.com/news/1188585) "Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Newspaper) (Dawn Newspaper) Dawn  . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=From+torrent+to+trickle%3A+Indian+Muslim+migration+to+Pakistan%2C+1947%E2%80%9397&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-352&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20837002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html) "Ten countries host half of world's refugees: report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English) (Al Jazeera English) Al Jazeera English  . 4 October 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=Ten+countries+host+half+of+world%27s+refugees%3A+report&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2Ften-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://tribune.com.pk/story/322325/five-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan/) "Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan" . Express Tribune . 16 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Five+million+illegal+immigrants+residing+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F322325%2Ffive-million-illegal-immigrants-residing-in-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees) " 'What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees" . Al Jazeera . 22 November 2023. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27What%27s+wrong%3F%27%3A+The+silence+of+Pakistanis+on+expulsion+of+Afghan+refugees&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F22%2Fwhats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rehman, Zia Ur (23 February 2015). (https://www.dawn.com/news/1165299) "Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population" . Dawn . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.  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Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit. The community is a mix of generations. Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949, while others are later arrivals. All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+Uighurs+keep+their+culture+alive+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.aulast=Jaffrey&rft.aufirst=Shumaila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-33775646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Istvan, Zoltan (13 March 2003). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100305173913/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html) "Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir" . National Geographic . Archived from (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/03/0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html) the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2017 . The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims, Pakistan appeared safer than Indian-held Kashmir ... "She was also raped by the soldiers," Ahmad said. "Many of the other female refugees were also raped."   (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Refugee+Crisis+Worsening+In+Western+Kashmir&rft.date=2003-03-13&rft.aulast=Istvan&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F03%2F0313_030313_tvpakirefugees_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dawn.com/news/955861/pride-and-the-pakistani-diaspora) "Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora" . Archives.dawn.com. 14 February 2009. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Demographics+of+Pakistan+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fnational%2Ftable_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/) "Constitution of Pakistan" . Story of Pakistan . Nazaria-e-Pakistan, Part IV. June 2003. (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002225754/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/) Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fthe-constitution-of-1973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20140123090234/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020) "Religions in Pakistan | PEW-GRF" . www.globalreligiousfutures.org . Archived from (http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/pakistan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2020) the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Pakistan+%7C+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (June 2018). (https://www.refworld.org/docid/5ba0ae0e7.html) "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Pakistan: Christians" . Refworld . Retrieved 14 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Pakistan%3A+Christians&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F5ba0ae0e7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://tribune.com.pk/story/1719994/headcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit?amp=1) "Headcount finalised sans third-party audit" . The Express Tribune . 26 May 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Headcount+finalised+sans+third-party+audit&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1719994%2Fheadcount-finalised-sans-third-party-audit%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html) "The Constitution of Pakistan, Part II: Chapter 1: Fundamental Rights" . Pakistani.org. Retrieved 22 August 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Pakistan%2C+Part+II%3A+Chapter+1%3A+Fundamental+Rights&rft.pub=Pakistani.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistani.org%2Fpakistan%2Fconstitution%2Fpart2.ch1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Husain, Irfan (27 August 2012). (https://www.dawn.com/news/744896/faith-in-decline) "Faith in decline" . Dawn, Irfan . (https://web.archive.org/web/20121204113125/http://dawn.com/2012/08/27/faith-in-decline/) Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Interestingly, and somewhat intriguingly, 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists, up from 1pc in 2005.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn%2C+Irfan&rft.atitle=Faith+in+decline&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F744896%2Ffaith-in-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Islam in Pakistan: A History (Princeton University Press, 2018) (http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53232) online review   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Singh, Dr. Y.P. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT5) Islam in India and Pakistan –  A Religious History  . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85505-63-8) (Special:BookSources/978-93-85505-63-8) 978-93-85505-63-8  . Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+India+and+Pakistan+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+A+Religious+History&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-85505-63-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Y.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbqfCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - see: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country) (Islam by country) Islam by country   ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/) "The Global Religious Landscape" . Pew Research Center. December 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2018 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khan, Nichola (2016). Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086978-6) 978-0-19-086978-6  . ... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cityscapes+of+Violence+in+Karachi%3A+Publics+and+Counterpublics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086978-6&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Nichola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf) "Country Profile: Pakistan" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies) (Library of Congress Country Studies) Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress . February 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.4 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni follows (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism) (Sufism) Sufism and 5 percent Shia.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk) "Religions: Muslim 96.4% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other" . Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) CIA . 2010. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk) the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Religions%3A+Muslim+96.4%25+%28Sunni+75%25%2C+Shia+20%25%29%2C+other&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DPakistan%26countryCode%3Dpk%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, Tracy, ed. (7 October 2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx) "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . Archived from (https://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx) the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2FMuslim%2FMapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%25286%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009). (https://web.archive.org/web/20100113140829/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population  (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew Research Center . Archived from (https://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf) the original (PDF) on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Global+Muslim+Population%3A+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Muslim+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm) "Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) United States Department of State . 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2008&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108505.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20211205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2008.zip) "Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2008 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20211205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2Fdownload%2Ffactbook-2008.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/) "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" . Pew Research Center . 9 August 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2016 . On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Muslims%3A+Unity+and+Diversity&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   - (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk) "Field Listing : Religions" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . 2010. Archived from (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk) the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A+Religions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2122.html%3FcountryName%3DPakistan%26countryCode%3Dpk%26regionCode%3Dsas%26%23pk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Qureshi, Ammar Ali (10 November 2019). (https://www.dawn.com/news/1515823) "Non-fiction: Pakistan's Shia dynamics" . Dawn . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Non-fiction%3A+Pakistan%27s+Shia+dynamics&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Ammar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1515823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/) "Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation" . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . 9 August 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 4 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See: over 2 million: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (4 December 2008). (http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html) "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)" . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+situation+of+Ahmadis%2C+including+legal+status+and+political%2C+education+and+employment+rights%3B+societal+attitudes+toward+Ahmadis+%282006+%E2%80%93+Nov.+2008%29&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.au=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F49913b5f2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, January 2005, S. 61 ((http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/pk408a-2.pdf) PDF ) 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130 (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0) "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan" . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Situation+of+members+of+the+Lahori+Ahmadiyya+Movement+in+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%3Fpage%3Dcountry%26category%3D%26publisher%3DIRBC%26type%3DQUERYRESPONSE%26coi%3DPAK%26rid%3D%26docid%3D45f1478f20%26skip%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)      1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm) "International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State) (United States Department of State) US State Department . 19 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2008%3A+Pakistan&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108505.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism: Online and Offline, p. 38, Rüdiger Lohlker –  2012  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143905/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/) "10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations, 2010 and 2050" . Pew Research Center . 2 April 2015. Archived from (https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables96/) the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2017 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=10+Countries+With+the+Largest+Hindu+Populations%2C+2010+and+2050&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fhindus%2Fpf_15-04-02_projectionstables96%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20240726222045/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf) "Population By Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban, Census - 2023 | Sindh" (PDF) . Pakistan Bureau Statistics. Archived from (https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/sindh/dcr/table_9.pdf) the original (PDF) on 26 July 2024. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+By+Sex%2C+Religion+and+Rural%2FUrban%2C+Census+-+2023+%7C+Sindh&rft.pub=Pakistan+Bureau+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2023%2Ftables%2Fsindh%2Fdcr%2Ftable_9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA72) The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories  . Columbia University Press. p. 72. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5) 978-0-231-13847-5  . The logic of the hostage theory tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13847-5&rft.aulast=Zamindar&rft.aufirst=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5c9ta97GeoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   Dhulipala (2015 , p.  19) "Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority."  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sohail, Riaz (2 March 2007). (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm) "Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan" . BBC News. Retrieved 22 February 2011 . But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindus+feel+the+heat+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Sohail&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F6367773.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD113BF93BA35751C1A964958260&sec=&spon=) "Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples" . The New York Times . 7 December 1992. Retrieved 15 April 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.T.+Kearney%2FForeign+Policy+Magazine+Globalization+Index+2006&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=A.T.+Kearney&rft.date=2006-11%2F2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucg.ac.me%2Fskladiste%2Fblog_2607%2Fobjava_31363%2Ffajlovi%2Fglobal06index.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Vidja Dehejia (February 2007). (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sasa/hd_sasa.htm) "South Asian Art and Culture" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=South+Asian+Art+and+Culture&rft.date=2007-02&rft.au=Vidja+Dehejia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fsasa%2Fhd_sasa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20061110014044/http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html) "PTDC page on mountaineering" . Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from (http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html) the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2006 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PTDC+page+on+mountaineering&rft.pub=Pakistan+Tourism+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.pk%2Fmountain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Maity, Sachindra Kumar (1983). (https://books.google.com/books?id=x8Iz5C5auqEC&pg=PA46) Cultural Heritage of Ancient India  . Abhinav Publications. p. 46. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02809-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-391-02809-8) 978-0-391-02809-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-391-02809-8&rft.aulast=Maity&rft.aufirst=Sachindra+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8Iz5C5auqEC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/140.pdf) "UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai" (PDF) . International Council on Monuments and Sites. 29 December 1979. pp. 1– 2. Retrieved 25 July 2010 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Advisory+Body+Evaluation+of+Takht+Bhai&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites&rft.date=1979-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Fadvisory_body_evaluation%2F140.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=MdRth02Q6nAC&pg=PA63) Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice  . Hurst & Company. p. 63. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-916-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-916-7) 978-1-85065-916-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Ahmadiyya+Jama%27at%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+Practice&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-916-7&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdRth02Q6nAC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kamil Khan Mumtaz (1985). Architecture in Pakistan . Concept Media Pte Ltd. pp. 32, 51, 160. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-84-141-6) (Special:BookSources/978-9971-84-141-6) 978-9971-84-141-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=32%2C+51%2C+160&rft.pub=Concept+Media+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9971-84-141-6&rft.au=Kamil+Khan+Mumtaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stephanie Koerner; Ian Russell (2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=7li2jpQgYvAC&pg=PA382) Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity  . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 382. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7548-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7548-8) 978-0-7546-7548-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unquiet+Pasts%3A+Risk+Society%2C+Lived+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Re-designing+Reflexivity&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7548-8&rft.au=Stephanie+Koerner&rft.au=Ian+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7li2jpQgYvAC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Michele Langevine Leiby (25 April 2012). (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-pakistan-fashion-weeks-thrive-beyond-the-style-capitals-of-the-world/2012/04/24/gIQAt3qcgT_story.html) "In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post) (The Washington Post) The Washington Post  . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+postcoloniality%3A+literatures+from+around+the+world&rft.pages=107-112&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28854-8&rft.au=Alamgir+Hashmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_uwA78YZDoC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   Official website in English (http://pal.gov.pk/home/) Pakistan Academy of Letters (https://web.archive.org/web/20130306135947/http://pal.gov.pk/home/) Archived 6 March 2013 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gilani Kamran (January 2002). (http://www.the-south-asian.com/Jan2002/Pakistani-Literature3-the-Novel.htm) "Pakistani Literature –  Evolution & trends" . The South Asian Magazine. Retrieved 24 December 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.H.+Ajwani&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1664-8&rft.au=Chetan+Karnani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdL5owdAV5TcC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Richard V. DeSemet; et al. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm) "Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961" . Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress . Archived from (http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm) the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013 . 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BBC News. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+profile+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Media&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12965785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   Marès 2025 .  ↑   Kumar 2023 .  ↑   Gabol & Ali 2025 .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Randhava, Naseem (11 October 2011). (http://sg.news.yahoo.com/bollywood-films-may-banned-pakistan-094000464.html) "Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News) (Yahoo! News) Yahoo! News . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+World+of+Pakistani+Dramas+Builds+Stronger+Relations+With+India&rft.pub=Brown+Girl&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Naila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.browngirlmagazine.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fevolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television) "Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television" . Daily Times . 25 December 2014. Archived from (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television) the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015 . 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Lucent Books. p. 79. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59018-218-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59018-218-5) 978-1-59018-218-5  . Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries.  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59018-218-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Deady, Kathleen W. (2001). Countries of the world: Pakistan . Capstone Press. pp. 13– 15. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-0815-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-0815-6) 978-0-7368-0815-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+world%3A+Pakistan&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-0815-6&rft.aulast=Deady&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tarla Dalal (2007). Punjabi Khana . Sanjay & Co. p. 8. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89491-54-3) (Special:BookSources/978-81-89491-54-3) 978-81-89491-54-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Khana&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Sanjay+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-89491-54-3&rft.au=Tarla+Dalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.dawn.com/news/1074194/sohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city) "Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city" . Dawn.com. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sohan+Halwa+a+gift+of+saints%27+city&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1074194%2Fsohan-halwa-a-gift-of-saints-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Narayanan, Deepu (19 June 2017). (https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95302/ct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns) "CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricbuzz) (Cricbuzz) Cricbuzz  . Retrieved 21 August 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cricbuzz&rft.atitle=CT17+final+stats%3A+Pakistan+become+fourth+team+to+win+all+three+ICC+crowns&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Deepu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cricbuzz.com%2Fcricket-news%2F95302%2Fct17-final-stats-pakistan-become-fourth-team-to-win-all-three-icc-crowns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/431453-n-a) "PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn" . The News International . 13 February 2019. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38173-5) 978-0-582-38173-5  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+1885%E2%80%931947%3A+The+Unmaking+of+an+Empire&rft.series=Seminar+Studies+in+History&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-38173-5&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cornwall, Andrea; Edwards, Jenny, eds. (13 March 2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=JOViDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT176) Feminisms, Empowerment and Development: Changing Women's Lives  . Zed Books. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-586-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78032-586-6) 978-1-78032-586-6  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminisms%2C+Empowerment+and+Development%3A+Changing+Women%27s+Lives&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78032-586-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOViDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). (https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065841/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/) "Pakistan" . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from (https://ethnologue.com/country/PK) the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haleem, Safia (May 2013). "1, 7". (https://books.google.com/books?id=AcA-AQAAQBAJ) Pakistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture  . Kuperard. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-678-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-678-8) 978-1-85733-678-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%2C+7&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2013-05&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-678-8&rft.aulast=Haleem&rft.aufirst=Safia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcA-AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  James, Orpha (22 December 2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=u2WkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14) Faith Restored: "A Pakistani Women's Journey from Land of Islam to a Nation Under God' a Christian Perspective  . WestBow Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6642-8702-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-6642-8702-0) 978-1-6642-8702-0  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Restored%3A+%22A+Pakistani+Women%27s+Journey+from+Land+of+Islam+to+a+Nation+Under+God%27+a+Christian+Perspective&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-6642-8702-0&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Orpha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du2WkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mathew Joseph C. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=6iUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337) Understanding Pakistan: Emerging Voices from India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . p. 337. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6) (Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99725-6) 978-1-351-99725-6  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) (OCLC (identifier)) OCLC  (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958566633) 958566633 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Pakistan%3A+Emerging+Voices+from+India&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958566633&rft.isbn=978-1-351-99725-6&rft.au=Mathew+Joseph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA221) A Concise History of Modern India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 221. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45887-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45887-0) 978-1-139-45887-0  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45887-0&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjIfqyY7jlsC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Minahan, James (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19) The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [ 2 volumes]   . ABC-CLIO. p. 141. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8) 978-0-313-34497-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34497-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7rOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rais, Rasul Bakhsh (30 August 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mXwzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191) Imagining Pakistan: Modernism, State, and the Politics of Islamic Revival  . Lexington Books. p. 191. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5396-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5396-4) 978-1-4985-5396-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Pakistan%3A+Modernism%2C+State%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Islamic+Revival&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-5396-4&rft.aulast=Rais&rft.aufirst=Rasul+Bakhsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXwzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  SATP (2024). (https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/pakistan) "Pakistan: Assessment-2024" . South Asian Terrorism Portal . Retrieved 25 April 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World%3A+a+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02104-4&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2DGzwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Talbot, Ian (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227) A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . pp. 227– 240. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21659-2) 978-0-300-21659-2  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pages=227-240&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21659-2&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXsmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wright, Rita P. (26 October 2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2ztAEACAAJ&pg=PA1) The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . pp. 1– 2. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4) 978-0-521-57219-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57219-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rita+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG2ztAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wynbrandt, James (2009). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb) A Brief History of Pakistan   . Infobase Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6184-6) 978-0-8160-6184-6  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofpa0000wynb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Zia, Nadeem; Burton, Bruce (24 October 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzTEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA2002) Corporate Governance Challenges in Pakistan: Perceptions and Potential Routes Forward  . De Gruyter. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077306-4) (Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077306-4) 978-3-11-077306-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Governance+Challenges+in+Pakistan%3A+Perceptions+and+Potential+Routes+Forward&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft.isbn=978-3-11-077306-4&rft.aulast=Zia&rft.aufirst=Nadeem&rft.au=Burton%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hzTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)      Etymology  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Anand, Sugam (1991). (https://books.google.com/books?id=aRgcAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178) Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad  . MG Publishers. p. 178. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85532-09-7) (Special:BookSources/978-81-85532-09-7) 978-81-85532-09-7  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+Historiography%3A+From+Pillai+to+Azad&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=MG+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-85532-09-7&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Sugam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRgcAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aziz, Khursheed Kamal (1987). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jB5uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA88) Rahmat Ali: A Biography  . Vanguard. p. 88. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05051-7) (Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05051-7) 978-3-515-05051-7  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rahmat+Ali%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Vanguard&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-515-05051-7&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Khursheed+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB5uAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lahiri, Ashok (23 January 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT74) India in Search of Glory: Political Calculus and Economy  . Penguin Random House India Private Limited. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-837-6) (Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-837-6) 978-93-5492-837-6  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Search+of+Glory%3A+Political+Calculus+and+Economy&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.isbn=978-93-5492-837-6&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNS6iEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saqib, Muhammad Amjad; Malik, Aneeqa (21 September 2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=mEBvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT100) Integral Finance – Akhuwat: A Case Study of the Solidarity Economy  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-72767-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-351-72767-9) 978-1-351-72767-9  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+Finance+%E2%80%93+Akhuwat%3A+A+Case+Study+of+the+Solidarity+Economy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.isbn=978-1-351-72767-9&rft.aulast=Saqib&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Amjad&rft.au=Malik%2C+Aneeqa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEBvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tummala, Krishna K. (1996). (https://books.google.com/books?id=HSQZj1_FrosC&pg=PA42) Public Administration in India  . Allied Publishers (P) Limited. p. 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-590-3) (Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-590-3) 978-81-7023-590-3  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Administration+in+India&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers+%28P%29+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-590-3&rft.aulast=Tummala&rft.aufirst=Krishna+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSQZj1_FrosC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)      History  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abid, Maryam (2023). (https://web.archive.org/web/20250824124329/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7f33623c-4beb-4cfc-aa42-1d183fa9f2d5/content) Jamaat-e-Islami's influence on the Muslim Identity of Pakistanis through legislative amendments and their social consequences  (Master of Arts thesis). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas) (Lawrence, Kansas) Lawrence, Kansas : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas) (University of Kansas) University of Kansas . Archived from (https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7f33623c-4beb-4cfc-aa42-1d183fa9f2d5/content) the original on 24 August 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Jamaat-e-Islami%27s+influence+on+the+Muslim+Identity+of+Pakistanis+through+legislative+amendments+and+their+social+consequences&rft.inst=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Abid&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F7f33623c-4beb-4cfc-aa42-1d183fa9f2d5%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Abraham, Taisha (2002). (https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131) Women and the Politics of Violence  . Har-Anand Publications. p. 131. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5) (Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0847-5) 978-81-241-0847-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Politics+of+Violence&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0847-5&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Taisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcm4PBNdaFjYC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Afzal, Madiha (29 February 2024). (https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pakistans-surprising-and-marred-2024-election-and-what-comes-next/) "Pakistan's surprising and marred 2024 election, and what comes next" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution) (Brookings Institution) Brookings Institution  . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Track+Two+Diplomacy+Between+India+and+Pakistan%3A+Peace+Negotiations+and+Initiatives&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-000-99914-3&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyHcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997). (https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC&pg=PA136) Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin  . Psychology Press. p. 136. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2) 978-0-415-14966-2  . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14966-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGdiqF6V8wYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Akbar, M. J. (8 February 2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=qaohEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT55) India: The Siege Within  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roli_Books) (Roli Books) Roli Books . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-936009-7-9) (Special:BookSources/978-81-936009-7-9) 978-81-936009-7-9  . Retrieved 26 May 2024 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28550-6) 978-0-521-28550-6  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Civilization+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28550-6&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft.au=Allchin%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4s-YsP6vcIC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Allchin, Bridget; Petraglia, Michael D., eds. (22 May 2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA5) The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis) (Taylor and Francis) Taylor and Francis : 81– 82. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520305657) 10.1080/14623520305657 . Archived from (http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf) the original (PDF) on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-82&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520305657&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Burnett, M. Troy, ed. (4 August 2020). 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(https://books.google.com/books?id=QtgyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110) Global Clay: Themes in World Ceramic Traditions  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press) (Indiana University Press) Indiana University Press . p. 110. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03189-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03189-1) 978-0-253-03189-1  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Clay%3A+Themes+in+World+Ceramic+Traditions&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-253-03189-1&rft.aulast=Burrison&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtgyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Busch, Nathan E. (17 October 2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=NZsfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184) No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear Proliferation  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky) (University Press of Kentucky) University Press of Kentucky . p. 184. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5662-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5662-0) 978-0-8131-5662-0  . Retrieved 19 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+End+in+Sight%3A+The+Continuing+Menace+of+Nuclear+Proliferation&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-5662-0&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Nathan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZsfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Butalia, Urvashi (2000). (https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html) The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of British India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press) (Duke University Press) Duke University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2494-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2494-2) 978-0-8223-2494-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side+of+Silence%3A+Voices+From+the+Partition+of+British+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2494-2&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbutalia-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Canfield, Robert L. (2002). 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-261-975-4) (Special:BookSources/978-981-261-975-4) 978-981-261-975-4  . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Condensed&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.isbn=978-981-261-975-4&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Anjana+Motihar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7-IAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chandra, Satish (2005). (https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA365) Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part II  . Har-Anand Publications. p. 365. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9) (Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9) 978-81-241-1066-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+II&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Chapman, Graham P. (6 February 2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=SvhKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239) The Geopolitics of South Asia: From Early Empires to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=720&rft.edition=23+February+2004&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostwarssecreth00coll%2Fpage%2F720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Coningham) (Robin Coningham) Coningham, Robin ; Young, Ruth (31 August 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138) The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 138. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84697-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84697-4) 978-0-521-84697-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+South+Asia%3A+From+the+Indus+to+Asoka%2C+c.+6500+BCE+%E2%80%93+200+CE&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84697-4&rft.aulast=Coningham&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Young%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB5TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Consiglio, Cyprian (7 January 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=s0_DCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27) Spirit, Soul, Body: Toward an Integral Christian Spirituality  . Liturgical Press. p. 27. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-164-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-164-1) 978-0-85052-164-1  . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Wars%3A+The+British+Army+in+the+Punjab%2C+1845-1849&rft.pub=L.+Cooper&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-164-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Hugh+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0RuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cooke, Tim (15 July 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=kHhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14) Human Rights  . Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 14. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-2824-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-2824-4) 978-1-5026-2824-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-2824-4&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHhmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Daiya, Kavita (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA75) Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University_Press) (Temple University Press) Temple University Press . p. 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2) 978-1-59213-744-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+Belongings%3A+Partition%2C+Gender%2C+and+National+Culture+in+Postcolonial+India&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-744-2&rft.aulast=Daiya&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7a-FuiMcTYC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dales, George; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Alcock, Leslie (1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4iew_THp8foC&pg=PA4) Excavations at Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan: The Pottery, with an Account of the Pottery from the 1950 Excavations of Sir Mortimer Wheeler  . UPenn Museum of Archaeology. p. 4. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-52-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-934718-52-3) 978-0-934718-52-3  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Excavations+at+Mohenjo+Daro%2C+Pakistan%3A+The+Pottery%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Pottery+from+the+1950+Excavations+of+Sir+Mortimer+Wheeler&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UPenn+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-934718-52-3&rft.aulast=Dales&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Kenoyer%2C+Jonathan+Mark&rft.au=Alcock%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iew_THp8foC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dandamaev, M. A. (20 October 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=INr7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147) A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire  . Brill. p. 147. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66763-1) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66763-1) 978-90-04-66763-1  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-66763-1&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINr7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  D'Costa, Bina (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ivzKjY5LncIC&pg=PA53) Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia  . Routledge. p. 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0) 978-0-415-56566-0  . Retrieved 9 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56566-0&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivzKjY5LncIC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dede, Kadir; Sadioglu, Ugur, eds. (20 June 2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=UVSiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270) Comparative Studies and Regionally-Focused Cases Examining Local Governments  . IGI Global. p. 270. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-0321-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-0321-7) 978-1-5225-0321-7  . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Studies+and+Regionally-Focused+Cases+Examining+Local+Governments&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-5225-0321-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVSiDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Dyson, Tim (2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29) A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 29. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8) 978-0-19-882905-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Christine_Fair) (C. Christine Fair) Fair, C. Christine (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jjaTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78) Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 78. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989270-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989270-9) 978-0-19-989270-9  . Retrieved 19 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+to+the+End%3A+The+Pakistan+Army%27s+Way+of+War&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989270-9&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=C.+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjjaTAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Faroqhi, Suraiya (8 August 2019). (https://books.google.com/books?id=CPalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18) The Ottoman and Mughal Empires Social History in the Early Modern World  . Bloomsbury Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-872-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-872-3) 978-1-78831-872-3  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+and+Mughal+Empires+Social+History+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-872-3&rft.aulast=Faroqhi&rft.aufirst=Suraiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPalDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fisher, Michael H. (2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33) An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 33. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2) (Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2) 978-1-107-11162-2  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11162-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZVuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fitzpatrick, Mark (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PbLddoNkxi4C&pg=PA115) Nuclear Black Markets: Pakistan, A.Q. Khan and the Rise of Proliferation Networks : a Net Assessment  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies) (International Institute for Strategic Studies) International Institute for Strategic Studies . pp. 115– 116. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86079-201-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-86079-201-7) 978-0-86079-201-7  . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Black+Markets%3A+Pakistan%2C+A.Q.+Khan+and+the+Rise+of+Proliferation+Networks+%3A+a+Net+Assessment&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86079-201-7&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbLddoNkxi4C%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Flood) (Gavin Flood) Flood, Gavin , ed. (23 May 2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=VWl6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421) The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)) (Wiley (publisher)) Wiley . p. 421. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14486-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14486-1) 978-1-119-14486-1  . Retrieved 14 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14486-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWl6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gayer, Laurent (2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=BklRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42) Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 42. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935444-3) 978-0-19-935444-3  . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%3A+Ordered+Disorder+and+the+Struggle+for+the+City&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935444-3&rft.aulast=Gayer&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBklRBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Gwillim Law (1999). (https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA276) Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 Through 1998  . McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 276. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3) 978-1-4766-0447-3  . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Subdivisions+of+Countries%3A+A+Comprehensive+World+Reference%2C+1900+Through+1998&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0447-3&rft.au=Gwillim+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXCeCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisid_Hajari) (Nisid Hajari) Hajari, Nisid (9 June 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=lrDqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT351) Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt) (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66924-3) (Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66924-3) 978-0-547-66924-3  . Retrieved 18 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight%27s+Furies%3A+The+Deadly+Legacy+of+India%27s+Partition&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-547-66924-3&rft.aulast=Hajari&rft.aufirst=Nisid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrDqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hakeem, Abdul (2 June 2014). (https://books.google.com/books?id=2BPFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1900) Paradise on Fire: Syed Ali Geelani and the Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir  . Kube Publishing Limited. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536768-6-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-9536768-6-6) 978-0-9536768-6-6  . Retrieved 10 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+on+Fire%3A+Syed+Ali+Geelani+and+the+Struggle+for+Freedom+in+Kashmir&rft.pub=Kube+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-9536768-6-6&rft.aulast=Hakeem&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BPFAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hali, Khvajah Altaf Husain; Akhtar, Saleem (1993). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1DAAAACAAJ) Ḥayāt-i jāved  . Lāhore: Sang-i Mīl Publications. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0186-5) (Special:BookSources/978-969-35-0186-5) 978-969-35-0186-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B8%A4ay%C4%81t-i+j%C4%81ved&rft.place=L%C4%81hore&rft.pub=Sang-i+M%C4%ABl+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-969-35-0186-5&rft.aulast=Hali&rft.aufirst=Khvajah+Altaf+Husain&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Saleem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhV1DAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hardy_(historian)) (Peter Hardy (historian)) Hardy, Peter (7 December 1972). (https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213) The Muslims of British India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 213. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08488-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08488-8) 978-0-521-08488-8  . Retrieved 6 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+British+India&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08488-8&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRDw4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Harjani, Dayal N. (19 July 2018). (https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT244) Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1  . Notion Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7) (Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7) 978-1-64249-289-7  . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Roots+%26+Rituals+-+Part+1&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-64249-289-7&rft.aulast=Harjani&rft.aufirst=Dayal+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4ZlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Haroon, Sana (2008). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/27755911) "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society) (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society) Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society  . 18 (1). 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Deobandi+Islam+in+the+North-West+Frontier+Province+and+Its+Implications+in+Colonial+India+and+Pakistan+1914%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-67&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154959326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186307007778&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Sana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27755911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arif_Hasan) (Arif Hasan) Hasan, Arif ; Raza, Mansoor (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=U7imPH4KVJUC&pg=PA10) Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan  . Human Settlements Programme, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Environment_and_Development) (International Institute for Environment and Development) International Institute for Environment and Development . pp. 10– 12. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3) 978-1-84369-734-3  . Retrieved 13 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Small+Towns+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Human+Settlements+Programme%2C+International+Institute+for+Environment+and+Development&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84369-734-3&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft.au=Raza%2C+Mansoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7imPH4KVJUC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hiro, Dilip (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216) The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan  . Nation Books. p. 216. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1) 978-1-56858-503-1  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+August%3A+The+Unflinching+Rivalry+Between+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-503-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpPCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Holt, Andrew; Curta, Florin, eds. (28 November 2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ouTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1339) Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [ 3 Volumes]   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) (Bloomsbury Publishing) Bloomsbury Publishing . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-09187-5) (Special:BookSources/979-8-216-09187-5) 979-8-216-09187-5  . Retrieved 6 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+in+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Pivotal+Events+in+Religious+History+%5B3+Volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.isbn=979-8-216-09187-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouTNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaiz_Hoodbhoy) (Pervaiz Hoodbhoy) Hoodbhoy, Pervez (23 January 2011). (https://www.dawn.com/news/606669/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet) "Pakistan's nuclear bayonet" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Pakistan)) (The Herald (Pakistan)) The Herald  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20110218212415/http://www.dawn.com/2011/02/16/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet.html) Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+nuclear+bayonet&rft.date=2011-01-23&rft.aulast=Hoodbhoy&rft.aufirst=Pervez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F606669%2Fherald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaiz_Hoodbhoy) (Pervaiz Hoodbhoy) Hoodbhoy, Pervez (2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=MgSqEAAAQBAJ) Pakistan: Origins, Identity and Future  . Taylor & Francis. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5) 978-1-000-85667-5  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Origins%2C+Identity+and+Future&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85667-5&rft.aulast=Hoodbhoy&rft.aufirst=Pervez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgSqEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Husain, Ishrat (25 March 2010). (https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/news/role-politics-pakistans-economy) "The Role of Politics in Pakistan's Economy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs) (Journal of International Affairs) Journal of International Affairs  . 63 (1). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University) (Columbia University) Columbia University : 1– 18. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-197X) 0022-197X . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24730580.2018.1544023) 10.1080/24730580.2018.1544023 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) (Hdl (identifier)) hdl :(Freely accessible) (https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F79342) 1887/79342  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2473-0599) 2473-0599 . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Iqbal%27s+constitutionalism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-158&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F79342&rft.issn=2473-0599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F24730580.2018.1544023&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Adeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F24730580.2018.1544023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hussain, Rizwan (2008). (https://web.archive.org/web/20081121052313/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616) "Pakistan" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Archived from (http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616) the original on 21 November 2008. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hussain, Shafqat (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=4PfOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112) Remoteness and Modernity: Transformation and Continuity in Northern Pakistan  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press) (Yale University Press) Yale University Press . p. 112. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20555-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20555-8) 978-0-300-20555-8  . Retrieved 4 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remoteness+and+Modernity%3A+Transformation+and+Continuity+in+Northern+Pakistan&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20555-8&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Shafqat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PfOBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Isaacs, Harold Robert (1975). (https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kne87aU7D0C&pg=PA3) Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press) (Harvard University Press) Harvard University Press . p. 3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44315-0) (Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44315-0) 978-0-674-44315-0  . Retrieved 9 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idols+of+the+Tribe%3A+Group+Identity+and+Political+Change&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44315-0&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Harold+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Kne87aU7D0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot) (Christophe Jaffrelot) Jaffrelot, Christophe (2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ) The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023518-5) 978-0-19-023518-5  . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+Paradox%3A+Instability+and+Resilience&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023518-5&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5GMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Junejo, Rabela (August 2020). (https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12625583/index.pdf) Architectural Encounters at Makli Necropolis (14th–18th Centuries)  (PDF) . History of Architecture ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy) (Doctor of Philosophy) Doctor of Philosophy thesis). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University) (Middle East Technical University) Middle East Technical University . pp. iv, 2. Retrieved 30 April 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Architectural+Encounters+at+Makli+Necropolis+%2814th%E2%80%9318th+Centuries%29&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=Middle+East+Technical+University&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Junejo&rft.aufirst=Rabela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.metu.edu.tr%2Fupload%2F12625583%2Findex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor) (Deepak Kapoor) Kapoor, Deepak (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlVXtIsXCxYC&pg=PA3) Pentagon's South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book 2009  . Pentagon Press. p. 3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8274-399-1) (Special:BookSources/978-81-8274-399-1) 978-81-8274-399-1  . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentagon%27s+South+Asia+Defence+and+Strategic+Year+Book+2009&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Pentagon+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8274-399-1&rft.aulast=Kapoor&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlVXtIsXCxYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kathpalia, Pran Nath (1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=c_MMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17) Mission with a Difference: The Exploits of 71 Mountain Brigade  . Lancer International. p. 17. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-069-3) (Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-069-3) 978-81-7062-069-3  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+with+a+Difference%3A+The+Exploits+of+71+Mountain+Brigade&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lancer+International&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-7062-069-3&rft.aulast=Kathpalia&rft.aufirst=Pran+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_MMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kazmi, Muhammad Raza (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=xBduAAAAMAAJ) Liaquat Ali Khan: His Life and Work  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579788-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579788-6) 978-0-19-579788-6  . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liaquat+Ali+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579788-6&rft.aulast=Kazmi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kennedy, Kerry J., ed. (22 July 2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=gxswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT37) Social Studies Education in South and South East Asian Contexts  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39426-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-39426-9) 978-1-000-39426-9  . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Studies+Education+in+South+and+South+East+Asian+Contexts&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-000-39426-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxswEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khan, Asghar (23 August 2022). (https://books.google.com/books?id=irSEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114) Mainstreaming the Tribal Areas (ex-FATA) of Pakistan Bordering Afghanistan: Challenges and Prospects  . Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 114, 119. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-1794-3) (Special:BookSources/978-981-19-1794-3) 978-981-19-1794-3  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mainstreaming+the+Tribal+Areas+%28ex-FATA%29+of+Pakistan+Bordering+Afghanistan%3A+Challenges+and+Prospects&rft.pages=114%2C+119&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.isbn=978-981-19-1794-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Asghar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirSEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC) Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press) (Stanford University Press) Stanford University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8480-1) 978-0-8047-8480-1  . Retrieved 19 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Grass%3A+The+Making+of+the+Pakistani+Bomb&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGgrNAsKZjEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan) (Gohar Ayub Khan) Khan, Gohar Ayub (29 August 2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=xQduAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA184) Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 184. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547354-4) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547354-4) 978-0-19-547354-4  . Retrieved 15 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+Into+the+Corridors+of+Power&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547354-4&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Gohar+Ayub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQduAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khan, M. H. (September 2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp-QDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17) Memoir of M. H. Khan: Turbulence in the Indian Subcontinent  . Mereo Books. p. 17. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86151-569-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-86151-569-8) 978-1-86151-569-8  . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+M.+H.+Khan%3A+Turbulence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Mereo+Books&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-86151-569-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDp-QDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khanna, Sushil (April 2002). (http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm) "The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy" . Revolutionary Democracy . 8 (1). Retrieved 16 November 2011 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Becoming%3A+Aspiration+and+Skepticism+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5231-0&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Naveeda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcevbpt3SQqQC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenila_Khoja-Moolji) (Shenila Khoja-Moolji) Khoja-Moolji, Shenila (15 June 2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=LXEnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32) Sovereign Attachments: Masculinity, Muslimness, and Affective Politics in Pakistan  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press) (University of California Press) University of California Press . p. 32. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-86852-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-86852-4) 978-1-000-86852-4  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greco-Buddhist+Relations+in+the+Hellenistic+Far+East%3A+Sources+and+Contexts&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.isbn=978-1-000-86852-4&rft.aulast=Kubica&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8M-vEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (27 May 2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT196) A History of India  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-259-8601-5) (Special:BookSources/978-93-259-8601-5) 978-93-259-8601-5  . Retrieved 13 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountbatten+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Wide+Canvas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-259-8601-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxjdjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Law, Gwillim (1999). (https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA276) Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 Through 1998  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_&_Company) (McFarland & Company) McFarland & Company . p. 276. 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71377-1) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71377-1) 978-0-521-71377-1  . Retrieved 15 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71377-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  MacDonald, Myra (2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=LxgxDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85) Defeat is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Hurst_&_Co.) (C. Hurst & Co.) C. Hurst & Co. p. 85. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-858-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-858-3) 978-1-84904-858-3  . Retrieved 2 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+is+an+Orphan%3A+How+Pakistan+Lost+the+Great+South+Asian+War&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-858-3&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxgxDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC) Culture and Customs of Pakistan  . Greenwood Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8) 978-0-313-33126-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33126-8&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar+Haider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQTABKAGaVgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_W._Mansbach) (Richard W. Mansbach) Mansbach, Richard W. ; Pirro, Ellen B.; Taylor, Kirsten L. (10 November 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=644-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT298) Introduction to Global Politics  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-16517-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-316-16517-1) 978-1-316-16517-1  . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-316-16517-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAybHBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Martini, Alice; Ford, Kieran; Jackson, Richard, eds. (18 August 2020). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ge_3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT390) Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press) (Manchester University Press) Manchester University Press . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-3663-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-3663-3) 978-1-5261-3663-3  . Retrieved 20 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+Extremism%3A+Theoretical+Issues+and+Local+Challenges&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-3663-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dge_3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shireen_Mazari) (Shireen Mazari) Mazari, Shireen M. (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OwFvAAAAMAAJ) The Kargil Conflict, 1999: Separating Fact from Fiction  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press) (Oxford University Press) Oxford University Press . p. 38. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9) 978-0-19-577583-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Pakistan%27s+Democracy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577583-9&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0FuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC) Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook  . ABC-CLIO. 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Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Education%3A+Brahmanical+and+Buddhist&rft.pages=478-479&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0423-4&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjFfqpq7HhkC%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Mufti, Shahan (2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb9vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134) The Faithful Scribe: A Story of Islam, Pakistan, Family and War  . Other Press. p. 124. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59051-505-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-59051-505-1) 978-1-59051-505-1  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faithful+Scribe%3A+A+Story+of+Islam%2C+Pakistan%2C+Family+and+War&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Other+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59051-505-1&rft.aulast=Mufti&rft.aufirst=Shahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJb9vDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Muniapan, Balakrishnan; Shaikh, Junaid M. (February 2007). (https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130?journalCode=wremsd#) "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India" . World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development . 3 (1): 50. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1504%2FWREMSD.2007.012130) 10.1504/WREMSD.2007.012130 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Review+of+Entrepreneurship%2C+Management+and+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Lessons+in+corporate+governance+from+Kautilya%27s+Arthashastra+in+ancient+India&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FWREMSD.2007.012130&rft.aulast=Muniapan&rft.aufirst=Balakrishnan&rft.au=Shaikh%2C+Junaid+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inderscienceonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1504%2FWREMSD.2007.012130%3FjournalCode%3Dwremsd%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/independence-day-2025-why-pakistans-independence-day-is-before-indias-story-behind-the-dates-9075124) "Why Pakistan's Independence Day Is Before India's: Story Behind The Dates" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV) (NDTV) NDTV . 14 August 2025. Retrieved 10 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Pakistan%27s+Independence+Day+Is+Before+India%27s%3A+Story+Behind+The+Dates&rft.date=2025-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Findependence-day-2025-why-pakistans-independence-day-is-before-indias-story-behind-the-dates-9075124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Needham, Joseph (1994). (https://books.google.com/books?id=taweAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA24) A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham  . McFarland & Company. p. 24. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-903-7) (Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-903-7) 978-0-89950-903-7  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+selection+from+the+writings+of+Joseph+Needham&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89950-903-7&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaweAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nyrop, Richard F. (1975). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C) Area Handbook for Pakistan  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office) (U.S. Government Printing Office) U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 13 September 2025 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Rigveda&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-269432-4&rft.aulast=Oberlies&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6zpEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oldenburg, Philip (13 September 2010). (https://books.google.com/books?id=oLsuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226) India, Pakistan, and Democracy: Solving the Puzzle of Divergent Paths  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . p. 226. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93930-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-136-93930-3) 978-1-136-93930-3  . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Democracy%3A+Solving+the+Puzzle+of+Divergent+Paths&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-136-93930-3&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoLsuCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pandeya, Visva Mohana (2003). (https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC&pg=PA37) Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings  . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 37. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0314-6) (Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0314-6) 978-81-269-0314-6  . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography+of+India%27s+Partition%3A+An+Analysis+of+Imperialist+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0314-6&rft.aulast=Pandeya&rft.aufirst=Visva+Mohana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu2lu-ZI-vQC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Parker, Philip (3 October 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=ObbjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75) World History: From the Ancient World to the Information Age  . DK. p. 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-3345-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7440-3345-8) 978-0-7440-3345-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Information+Age&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7440-3345-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObbjDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Paxton, John, ed. (22 December 2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QunIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA949) The Statesman's Year-Book 1986-87  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan) (Palgrave Macmillan) Palgrave Macmillan . p. 949. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27115-9) (Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27115-9) 978-0-230-27115-9  . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book+1986-87&rft.pages=949&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27115-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQunIDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pirbhai, M. Reza (2009). (https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOCeD7ntzUC&pg=PR21) Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers) (Brill Publishers) Brill Publishers . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17758-1) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17758-1) 978-90-04-17758-1  . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconsidering+Islam+in+a+South+Asian+Context&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17758-1&rft.aulast=Pirbhai&rft.aufirst=M.+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEOCeD7ntzUC%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Pollitt, Jerome Jordan (12 June 1986). (https://books.google.com/books?id=vt9JwsNcKzwC&pg=PA285) Art in the Hellenistic Age  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 285. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27672-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27672-6) 978-0-521-27672-6  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Early+Stone+Sculpture+at+Mathura%2C+Ca.+150+BCE+-+100+CE&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1930-3&rft.aulast=Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=Sonya+Rhie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtqvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Rendell, H. M.; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Dennell) (Robin Dennell) Dennell, Robin W. (June 1985). (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/203287) "Dated Lower Palaeolithic Artefacts From Northern Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Anthropology) (Current Anthropology) Current Anthropology  . 26 (3). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press_Journals) (The University of Chicago Press Journals) The University of Chicago Press Journals : 495– 498. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Dated+Lower+Palaeolithic+Artefacts+From+Northern+Pakistan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=495-498&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203287&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2743470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985CurrA..26..393R&rft.aulast=Rendell&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft.au=Dennell%2C+Robin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F203287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Riggs, Erin P. (2024). (https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ1Z0AEACAAJ) A Contemporary Archaeology of Post-Displacement Resettlement: Delhi's 1947 Partition Refugee Homescapes  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge) (Routledge) Routledge . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karachi%2C+1839-1947+%28a+Short+History+of+the+Foundation+and+Growth+of+Karachi%29&rft.pub=Excelsior+Electric+Printing+Works&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Rustomji&rft.aufirst=Behram+Sohrab+H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-wprhxyyPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sadasivan, Balaji (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&pg=PT55) The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India  . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-67-0) (Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-67-0) 978-981-4311-67-0  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4311-67-0&rft.aulast=Sadasivan&rft.aufirst=Balaji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D980SAvbmpUkC%26pg%3DPT55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Samad, Rafi U. (2011). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA275) The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys  . Algora Pib. p. 275. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-860-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-860-8) 978-0-87586-860-8  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grandeur+of+Gandhara%3A+The+Ancient+Buddhist+Civilization+of+the+Swat%2C+Peshawar%2C+Kabul+and+Indus+Valleys&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Algora+Pib.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-860-8&rft.aulast=Samad&rft.aufirst=Rafi+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMEd8Cqh-YQC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sengupta, Hindol (December 2023). (https://books.google.com/books?id=RcT3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53) Soul and Sword: The Endless Battle Over Political Hinduism  . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 53. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2684-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2684-4) 978-1-5381-2684-4  . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+and+Sword%3A+The+Endless+Battle+Over+Political+Hinduism&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2023-12&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2684-4&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Hindol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcT3EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sharma, Anamika; D'Angelo, James; Giri, Ram Ashish, eds. (14 September 2020). (https://books.google.com/books?id=FRP9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130) Functional Variations in English: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Challenges  . Springer International Publishing. p. 130. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-52225-4) (Special:BookSources/978-3-030-52225-4) 978-3-030-52225-4  . Retrieved 3 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Variations+in+English%3A+Theoretical+Considerations+and+Practical+Challenges&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.isbn=978-3-030-52225-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRP9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sikand, Yoginder (2004). (https://books.google.com/books?id=yf5aJi2loLcC&pg=PA5) Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations  . Routledge. p. 5. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37825-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37825-8) 978-1-134-37825-8  . Retrieved 9 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India+Since+1947%3A+Islamic+Perspectives+on+Inter-Faith+Relations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37825-8&rft.aulast=Sikand&rft.aufirst=Yoginder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyf5aJi2loLcC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). (https://books.google.com/books?id=F3XvBbdWCKYC&pg=PA102) Language and National Identity in Asia  . OUP Oxford. p. 102. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-153308-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-153308-2) 978-0-19-153308-2  . Retrieved 2 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+National+Identity+in+Asia&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-153308-2&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3XvBbdWCKYC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Singh, Amritjit; Iyer, Nalini; Gairola, Rahul K. (2016). (https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14) Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books) (Lexington Books) Lexington Books . p. 14. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-3105-4) 978-1-4985-3105-4  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+India%27s+Partition%3A+New+Essays+on+Memory%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amritjit&rft.au=Iyer%2C+Nalini&rft.au=Gairola%2C+Rahul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmA0DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Singh, Gurharpal; Shani, Giorgio (25 November 2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=IctVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75) Sikh Nationalism  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press) (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge University Press . p. 75. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-21344-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-009-21344-8) 978-1-009-21344-8  . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.isbn=978-1-009-21344-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurharpal&rft.au=Shani%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIctVEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stonard, John-Paul (16 October 2017). (https://books.google.com/books?id=hvAuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143) Creation: A Fully Illustrated, Panoramic World History of Art from Ancient Civilisation to the Present Day  . Bloomsbury Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-7966-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-7966-5) 978-1-4088-7966-5  . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Conservation+in+Asia%3A+National+Experiences+and+Practice&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40619-8&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzCQlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sunkara, Bhaskar; Walter, Jonah; Rojas, René, eds. (17 January 2024). (https://books.google.com/books?id=K9DmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113) The Good Die Young: The Verdict on Henry Kissinger  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books) (Verso Books) Verso Books . p. 113. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-030-3) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-030-3) 978-1-78873-030-3  . Retrieved 15 May 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+about+Genocide%3A+Issues%2C+Approaches%2C+and+Resources&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Information+Age+Publishing&rft.date=2000-09&rft.isbn=978-1-60752-968-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfwnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker) (Spencer C. Tucker) Tucker, Spencer C. , ed. (14 December 2015). (https://books.google.com/books?id=9OTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1087) U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror [ 3 Volumes]   . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing) (Bloomsbury Publishing) Bloomsbury Publishing . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+%5B5+volumes%5D%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B5+volumes%5D&rft.pages=1567&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8-216-06249-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZX3EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations) (United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations) United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (2008). (https://books.google.com/books?id=PeLWpvGZYXYC&pg=PA54) U.S. Policy Options in Post-election Pakistan: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session, February 28, 2008 · Volume 4  . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21202-2) (Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21202-2) 978-90-04-21202-2  . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispute+Resolution+in+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21202-2&rft.aulast=Karaman&rft.aufirst=Igor+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgVEeXzCJEGYC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Khan, Intizar H.; Clyde, William C. (29 July 2013). (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgeosciences3030466) "Lower Paleogene Tectonostratigraphy of Balochistan: Evidence for Time-Transgressive Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Uplift" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosciences_(journal)) (Geosciences (journal)) Geosciences  . 3 (3). 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6163-8) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6163-8) 978-1-4522-6163-8  . Retrieved 9 November 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Conflict+Communication%3A+Integrating+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishers&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6163-8&rft.aulast=Oetzel&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Ting-Toomey%2C+Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXutyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Oldenburg, Philip, ed. (8 April 2019). (https://books.google.com/books?id=y3ekDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48) India Briefing, 1991  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+regional+power%2C+global+problem%3F&rft.btitle=Regional+Orders+and+Regional+Powers&rft.pages=193-208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-71891-5&rft.aulast=Rajagopalan&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2WrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Raju, Adluri Subramanyam, ed. (5 October 2021). (https://books.google.com/books?id=y1dBEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA30) South Asia and China: Engagement in the Twenty-First Century  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_&_Francis) (Taylor & Francis) Taylor & Francis . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45953-1) (Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45953-1) 978-1-000-45953-1  . Retrieved 17 August 2024 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Economics&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+industrial%E2%80%93agricultural+interactions%3A+A+case+study+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-5150%2899%2900041-9&rft.issn=0169-5150&rft.aulast=Henneberry&rft.aufirst=Shida+Rastegari&rft.au=Khan%2C+Muhhamad+Ehsan&rft.au=Piewthongngam%2C+Kullapapruk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F175305%2Ffiles%2Fagec2000v022i001a002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)  {{(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) (Template:Cite journal) cite journal }} :  CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2026) (Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026) link ) (./Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2026)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://books.google.com/books?id=0pbMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54) Pakistan: Request for a Stand-by Arrangement-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Pakistan  . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Employment+Trend+Report+2025&rft.date=2026-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2FEmployment-Trend-Report-2025-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_FitzGerald_Runde) (Daniel FitzGerald Runde) Runde, Daniel (1 March 2016). (https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrunde/2016/02/29/us-higher-education-partnership-development-pakistan/) "How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes) (Forbes) Forbes  . Retrieved 24 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+U.S.+Higher+Education+Partnerships+Can+Promote+Development+In+Pakistan&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Runde&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdanielrunde%2F2016%2F02%2F29%2Fus-higher-education-partnership-development-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Saeed, Farhan; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Bader Ul Ain, Huma; Tufail, Tabussam, eds. (2026). (https://books.google.com/books?id=1H-lEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289) Importance of Plant Based Byproducts: Nutritional and Functional Properties  . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature) (Springer Nature) Springer Nature . p. 289. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-032-03503-5) (Special:BookSources/978-3-032-03503-5) 978-3-032-03503-5  . Retrieved 29 July 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importance+of+Plant+Based+Byproducts%3A+Nutritional+and+Functional+Properties&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2026&rft.isbn=978-3-032-03503-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1H-lEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sharif, Shahzad; Javed, M. Siddique; Abbas, Azhar; Hassan, Sarfraz (Winter 2008). (https://file.pide.org.pk/pdfpdr/2008/547-563.pdf) "Impact of WTO's Trade Liberalisation on Selected Food Crops in Pakistan" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pakistan_Development_Review) (The Pakistan Development Review) The Pakistan Development Review  . 47 (4, Part II). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad) (Islamabad) Islamabad : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Development_Economics) (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) Pakistan Institute of Development Economics : 547– 563. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.30541%2Fv47i4IIpp.547-563) 10.30541/v47i4IIpp.547-563 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-9729) 0030-9729 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41261240) 41261240 . Retrieved 27 February 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pakistan+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Impact+of+WTO%27s+Trade+Liberalisation+on+Selected+Food+Crops+in+Pakistan&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4%2C+Part+II&rft.pages=547-563&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0030-9729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41261240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30541%2Fv47i4IIpp.547-563&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Shahzad&rft.au=Javed%2C+M.+Siddique&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Azhar&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Sarfraz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffile.pide.org.pk%2Fpdfpdr%2F2008%2F547-563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Shorrocks) (Anthony Shorrocks) Shorrocks, Anthony ; Davies, James B.; Lluberas, Rodrigo; (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Waldenström) (Daniel Waldenström) Waldenström, Daniel (2023). (https://bibbase.org/network/publication/shorrocks-davies-lluberas-waldenstrm-globalwealthdatabook2023-2023) Global Wealth Databook 2023 (Report). Credit Suisse Research Institute. p. 23. Retrieved 15 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Wealth+Databook+2023&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Credit+Suisse+Research+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Shorrocks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Davies%2C+James+B.&rft.au=Lluberas%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Waldenstr%C3%B6m%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibbase.org%2Fnetwork%2Fpublication%2Fshorrocks-davies-lluberas-waldenstrm-globalwealthdatabook2023-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sifc.gov.pk/news/641) "PM pleased as remittances rise by 26.6pc to hit record $38.3bn in FY25" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investment_Facilitation_Council) (Special Investment Facilitation Council) Special Investment Facilitation Council  . 9 July 2025. Retrieved 2 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Investment+Facilitation+Council&rft.atitle=PM+pleased+as+remittances+rise+by+26.6pc+to+hit+record+%2438.3bn+in+FY25&rft.date=2025-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsifc.gov.pk%2Fnews%2F641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)  (./Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links)  (./Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2026)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) (Wikipedia:Link rot) (Dead link tagged June 2026) dead link   ]    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  The Global Economy (2023). (https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Pakistan/share_world_exports) "Pakistan: Percent of world exports" . The Global Economy. Retrieved 4 March 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Percent+of+world+exports&rft.pub=The+Global+Economy&rft.date=2023&rft.au=The+Global+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobaleconomy.com%2FPakistan%2Fshare_world_exports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PAK) "Human Development Insights" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Insights&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fspecific-country-data%23%2Fcountries%2FPAK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/production/0410000) "Production - Wheat" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) (United States Department of Agriculture) United States Department of Agriculture , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service) (Foreign Agricultural Service) Foreign Agricultural Service . 2026. Retrieved 28 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+-+Wheat&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fdata%2Fproduction%2F0410000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2025.pdf) Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). Insight Report. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum) (World Economic Forum) World Economic Forum . June 2025. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940631-89-6) (Special:BookSources/978-2-940631-89-6) 978-2-940631-89-6  . Retrieved 13 December 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Gender+Gap+Report+2025&rft.series=Insight+Report&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2025-06&rft.isbn=978-2-940631-89-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GGGR_2025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS?locations=PK) "Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) - Pakistan" . World Bank Data . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Data&rft.atitle=Labor+force+participation+rate%2C+total+%28%25+of+total+population+ages+15%2B%29+%28modeled+ILO+estimate%29+-+Pakistan&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.TLF.CACT.ZS%3Flocations%3DPK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://datatopics.worldbank.org/debt/ids/country/PAK) "International Debt Statistics" . World Bank Data . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Data&rft.atitle=International+Debt+Statistics&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatopics.worldbank.org%2Fdebt%2Fids%2Fcountry%2FPAK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/PAK/Year/LTST/Summary) "Pakistan Trade Summary 2023 Data" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . 2025. Retrieved 24 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Trade+Summary+2023+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwits.worldbank.org%2FCountryProfile%2Fen%2FCountry%2FPAK%2FYear%2FLTST%2FSummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)       Further reading  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1365158831)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Allchin) (Raymond Allchin) Allchin, F. Raymond (1993). "The Urban Position of Taxila and Its Place in Northwest India-Pakistan". Studies in the History of Art . 31 : 69– 81. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) (JSTOR (identifier)) JSTOR  (https://www.jstor.org/stable/42620473) 42620473 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Position+of+Taxila+and+Its+Place+in+Northwest+India-Pakistan&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42620473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country . PublicAffairs. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-145-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-145-0) 978-1-61039-145-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Hard+Country&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-145-0&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597735-6) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597735-6) 978-0-19-597735-6  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597735-6&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia) . Greenwood. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8) 978-0-313-33126-8  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Pakistan+%28Culture+and+Customs+of+Asia%29&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33126-8&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009 . Routledge. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57747-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57747-2) 978-0-415-57747-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Growth%2C+Stagnation+and+the+State%2C+1951%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57747-2&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja) (Masood Ashraf Raja) Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010). Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity . Oxford University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2) 978-0-19-547811-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Pakistan%3A+Foundational+Texts+and+the+Rise+of+Muslim+National+Identity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547811-2&rft.aulast=Raja&rft.aufirst=Masood+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Spear) (Percival Spear) Spear, Percival (2007). India, Pakistan and the West . Read Books Publishers. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-1215-5) (Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-1215-5) 978-1-4067-1215-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+West&rft.pub=Read+Books+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-1215-5&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012). (https://books.google.com/books?id=QgiDiR1QQHQC&pg=PA44) Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues  . Edward Elgar Publishing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9) (Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-796-9) 978-1-78100-796-9  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Applied+Geography+and+Spatial+Analysis%3A+Addressing+Real+World+Issues&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-796-9&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Kingsley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgiDiR1QQHQC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)      External links  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314755338)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   Pakistan at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg) (Wiktionary logo)    (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan) (wikt:Special:Search/Pakistan) Definitions from Wiktionary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/پاکستان%20/%20Pakistan) (c:پاکستان / Pakistan) Media from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pakistan) (q:Pakistan) Quotations from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) (Wikisource logo)    (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan) (s:Special:Search/Pakistan) Texts from Wikisource  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) (Wikibooks logo)    (https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistan) (b:Special:Search/Pakistan) Textbooks from Wikibooks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg) (Wikiversity logo)    (https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pakistan) (v:Pakistan) Resources from Wikiversity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pakistan) (voy:Pakistan) Travel information from Wikivoyage  ()    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843) (d:Q843) Data from Wikidata      (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata#d)  (./Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search#b)   Government  (http://www.pakistan.gov.pk) Official website   (./Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)   (https://pid.gov.pk/) Press Information Department –  Ministry of Information and Broadcasting   General information  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20251205000000/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan) "Pakistan" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook) (The World Factbook) The World Factbook  (2025 ed.). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency) (Central Intelligence Agency) Central Intelligence Agency . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20251205000000%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan)   (https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212601/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/pakistan.htm) Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs  (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12965779) Pakistan from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Pakistan) (commons:Atlas of Pakistan) Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan  (https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/PK) Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg) (icon)    Geographic data related to  (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/307573) Pakistan at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap) (OpenStreetMap) OpenStreetMap   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pakistan_topics) (Template:Pakistan topics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_topics) (Template talk:Pakistan topics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_topics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan topics) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan) (Outline of Pakistan) topics     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan) (History of Pakistan) History     Ancient (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age) (South Asian Stone Age) Stone age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soanian) (Soanian) Soanian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh) (Mehrgarh) Mehrgarh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation) (Indus Valley Civilisation) Indus Valley  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranians) (Indo-Iranians) Indo-Iranics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period) (Vedic period) Indo-Aryan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire) (Achaemenid Empire) Achaemenid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire) (Seleucid Empire) Seleucid Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom) (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom) Greco-Bactrian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire) (Maurya Empire) Maurya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom) (Indo-Greek Kingdom) Indo-Greek  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara) (Gandhara) Gandhara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Scythians) (Indo-Scythians) Indo-Scythians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom) (Indo-Parthian Kingdom) Indo-Parthian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire) (Kushan Empire) Kushan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom) (Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom) Indo-Sassanid      Medieval (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites) (Hephthalites) Indo-Hephthalite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambojas) (Kambojas) Kambojas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_dynasty) (Rai dynasty) Rai dynasty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_Shahis) (Turk Shahis) Shahi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire) (Pala Empire) Pala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty) (Chaulukya dynasty) Solanki  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim) (Muhammad ibn al-Qasim) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids) (Ghaznavids) Ghaznavid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty) (Ghurid dynasty) Ghurid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)) (Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)) Mamluk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalji_dynasty) (Khalji dynasty) Khalji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty) (Tughlaq dynasty) Tughlaq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty) (Sayyid dynasty) Sayyid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty) (Lodi dynasty) Lodi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire) (Timurid Empire) Timurid      Modern  Pre-colonial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire) (Mughal Empire) Mughal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India) (Company rule in India) East India Company  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire) (Durrani Empire) Durrani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl) (Misl) Sikh Confederacy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire) (Sikh Empire) Sikh Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War) (First Anglo-Afghan War) First Anglo-Afghan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War) (First Anglo-Sikh War) First Anglo-Sikh War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War) (Second Anglo-Sikh War) Second Anglo-Sikh War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857) (Indian Rebellion of 1857) Rebellion      Colonial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj) (History of the British Raj) British Raj  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War) (Second Anglo-Afghan War) Second Anglo-Afghan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line) (Durand Line) Durand Line  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War) (Third Anglo-Afghan War) Third Anglo-Afghan War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh_Movement) (Aligarh Movement) Aligarh Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi–Urdu_controversy) (Hindi–Urdu controversy) Hindi–Urdu controversy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement) (Pakistan Movement) Pakistan Movement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League) (All-India Muslim League) Muslim League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory_(Pakistan)) (Two-nation theory (Pakistan)) Two nation theory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah) (Fourteen Points of Jinnah) Jinnah's 14 Points  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution) (Lahore Resolution) Lahore Resolution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day) (Direct Action Day) Direct Action Day    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India) (Partition of India) Partition  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947) (Indian Independence Act 1947) Independence      Dominion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan) (Dominion of Pakistan) Dominion of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan) (Monarchy of Pakistan) Monarchy of Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan) (Governor-General of Pakistan) Governor-General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan) (Princely states of Pakistan) Princely states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947–1948) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948) 1947 War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat–Nehru_Pact) (Liaquat–Nehru Pact) Liaquat–Nehru Pact  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Pact) (Baghdad Pact) Baghdad Pact      Republic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pakistan_(1947–present)) (History of Pakistan (1947–present)) 1947–present  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty) (Indus Waters Treaty) Indus Treaty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965) (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) 1965 War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)) (Non-cooperation movement (1971)) 1971 Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War) (Bangladesh Liberation War) 1971 War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project-706) (Project-706) Project-706  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamisation_in_Pakistan) (Islamisation in Pakistan) Islamisation  Insurgencies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan) (Insurgency in Balochistan) Balochistan insurgency  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) KPK insurgency    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War) (Kargil War) Kargil War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d'état) (1999 Pakistani coup d'état) Liberalization                      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Pakistan) (Geography of Pakistan) Geography     Features (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Pakistan) (List of beaches in Pakistan) Beaches  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deserts_of_Pakistan) (List of deserts of Pakistan) Deserts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_Pakistan) (List of glaciers of Pakistan) Glaciers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Pakistan) (List of islands of Pakistan) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Pakistan) (List of lakes of Pakistan) Lakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Pakistan) (List of mountain ranges of Pakistan) Mountains  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes#Pakistan) (List of mountain passes) Passes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Pakistan) (List of rivers of Pakistan) Rivers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography_of_Pakistan) (Topography of Pakistan) Topography  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_Pakistan) (List of valleys in Pakistan) Valleys  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Pakistan) (List of waterfalls of Pakistan) Waterfalls  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan) (List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan) Wetlands      Areas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea) (Arabian Sea) Arabian Sea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwatar_Bay) (Gwatar Bay) Gwatar Bay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain) (Indo-Gangetic Plain) Indus Plain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau) (Pothohar Plateau) Pothohar Plateau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Range) (Salt Range) Salt Range  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_Basin) (Sistan Basin) Sistan Basin      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan) (Geology of Pakistan) Geology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_Pakistan) (Category:Coal mines in Pakistan) Coal fields  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_Pakistan) (Category:Natural gas fields in Pakistan) Gas fields  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_of_Pakistan) (List of minerals of Pakistan) Minerals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_Pakistan) (Category:Oil fields of Pakistan) Oil fields  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Pakistan) (List of volcanoes in Pakistan) Volcanoes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods_in_Pakistan) (List of floods in Pakistan) Floods      Environment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan) (List of botanical gardens in Pakistan) Botanical gardens  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Pakistan) (List of ecoregions in Pakistan) Ecoregions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan) (Climate change in Pakistan) Climate change  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Pakistan) (Environmental issues in Pakistan) Environmental issues  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan) (Forestry in Pakistan) Forests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Pakistan) (Protected areas of Pakistan) Protected areas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Pakistan) (List of national parks of Pakistan) national parks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_game_reserves_of_Pakistan) (List of game reserves of Pakistan) game reserves  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_in_Pakistan) (List of wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan) sanctuaries    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Pakistan) (Wildlife of Pakistan) Wildlife (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Pakistan) (Flora of Pakistan) flora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Pakistan) (Fauna of Pakistan) fauna    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan) (List of zoos in Pakistan) Zoos      Other topics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_sites_in_Pakistan) (Archaeological sites in Pakistan) Archaeological sites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Pakistan) (Template:Borders of Pakistan) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan) (Climate of Pakistan) Climate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_weather_records_in_Pakistan) (List of extreme weather records in Pakistan) weather records    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Pakistan) (Category:Borders of Pakistan) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_Pakistan) (List of natural disasters in Pakistan) Natural disasters (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Pakistan) (List of earthquakes in Pakistan) earthquakes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods#Pakistan) (List of floods) floods    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) Subdivisions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) provinces  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan) (Districts of Pakistan) districts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan) (List of cities in Pakistan) cities    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan) (List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan) World Heritage Sites                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) (Government of Pakistan) Governance     State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan) (President of Pakistan) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)) (National Security Council (Pakistan)) National Security Council (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)) (Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)) C2 NS    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)) (National Command Authority (Pakistan)) NCA      Government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) (Government of Pakistan) National government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan) (Cabinet of Pakistan) Cabinet  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan) (Government of Pakistan) Ministries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan) (Prime Minister of Pakistan) Prime Minister    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan) (List of provincial governments of Pakistan) Provincial governments (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors) (List of current Pakistani governors) Governors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_chief_ministers) (List of current Pakistani chief ministers) Chief Ministers    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan) (Local government in Pakistan) Local government (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan) (Union councils of Pakistan) Union councils        Legislative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan) (Parliament of Pakistan) Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan) (Senate of Pakistan) Senate (upper house)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan) (Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan) Chairman    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (National Assembly of Pakistan) National Assembly (lower house)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan) (Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan) Speaker      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provincial_Assemblies_of_Pakistan) (Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan) Provincial assemblies      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan) (Judiciary of Pakistan) Judicial  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan) (Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan) Supreme Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan) (Supreme Court of Pakistan) Supreme Court (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan) (Chief Justice of Pakistan) Chief Justice    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court) (Federal Shariat Court) Federal Shariat Court  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_Pakistan) (High Courts of Pakistan) High Courts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Courts_of_Pakistan) (District Courts of Pakistan) District Courts      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan) (Politics of Pakistan) Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan) (Elections in Pakistan) Elections  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan) (Foreign relations of Pakistan) Foreign relations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan) (Feudalism in Pakistan) Feudalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan) (List of political parties in Pakistan) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan) (Military coups in Pakistan) Martial law      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan) (Law of Pakistan) Law  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan) (Constitution of Pakistan) Constitution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Framework_Order,_2002) (Legal Framework Order, 2002) LFO  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code) (Pakistan Penal Code) PPC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_Protection_Bill) (Women's Protection Bill) WPB  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitutional_Order) (Provisional Constitutional Order) PCO    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan) (Human rights in Pakistan) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Pakistan) (Enforced disappearances in Pakistan) Enforced disappearance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan) (LGBT rights in Pakistan) LGBT    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan) (Law enforcement in Pakistan) Law enforcement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan) (Law enforcement in Pakistan) Police  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Department_(Pakistan)) (Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)) Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community) (Pakistani Intelligence community) Pakistani Intelligence community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan) (Capital punishment in Pakistan) Capital punishment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan) (Terrorism in Pakistan) Terrorism        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces) (Pakistan Armed Forces) Military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan) (Military history of Pakistan) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army) (Pakistan Army) Army  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy) (Pakistan Navy) Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Marines) (Pakistan Marines) Marines    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force) (Pakistan Air Force) Air force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces) (Civil Armed Forces) Civil Armed Forces                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan) (Economy of Pakistan) Economy     Infrastructure (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan) (Electricity sector in Pakistan) Electricity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Thermal) (List of power stations in Pakistan) Thermal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Pakistan#Hydroelectricity) (List of power stations in Pakistan) Hydro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan) (Nuclear power in Pakistan) Nuclear  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan) (Solar power in Pakistan) Solar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan) (Wind power in Pakistan) Wind    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan) (Foreign aid to Pakistan) Foreign aid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Pakistan) (Petroleum industry in Pakistan) Fuel extraction  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_in_Pakistan) (Housing in Pakistan) Housing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)) (Planning Commission (Pakistan)) Planning Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Post) (Pakistan Post) Post  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan) (Poverty in Pakistan) Poverty  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Pakistan) (List of tallest buildings in Pakistan) Tallest buildings  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan) (Telecommunications in Pakistan) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan) (Transport in Pakistan) Transportation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Pakistan) (List of bridges in Pakistan) Bridges    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Pakistan) (Water resources management in Pakistan) Water management (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan) (Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan) Water supply and sanitation        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan) (Industry of Pakistan) Industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex) (Pakistan Aeronautical Complex) Aerospace  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan) (Agriculture in Pakistan) Agriculture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan) (Defence industry of Pakistan) Defence  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan) (Automotive industry in Pakistan) Automotive  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan) (Fishing in Pakistan) Fishery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_manufacturing_in_Pakistan?action=edit&redlink=1) (Football manufacturing in Pakistan (page does not exist)) Football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan) (Forestry in Pakistan) Forestry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan) (Animal husbandry in Pakistan) Husbandry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan) (Labour in Pakistan) Labour (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan) (Child labour in Pakistan) Child    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan) (Mass media in Pakistan) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan) (Mining in Pakistan) Mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan) (Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan) Pharmaceuticals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan) (Textile industry in Pakistan) Textiles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) (Silk in the Indian subcontinent) Silk    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan) (Tourism in Pakistan) Tourism      Commerce (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan) (Banking in Pakistan) Banking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan) (List of banks in Pakistan) Banks    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan) (List of companies of Pakistan) Companies  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Investment_(Pakistan)) (Board of Investment (Pakistan)) Investment board  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_rupee) (Pakistani rupee) Rupee (currency)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_&_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan) (Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan) Securities & Exchange Commission  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges#Pakistan) (List of stock exchanges) Stock markets  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Corporation_of_Pakistan) (Trading Corporation of Pakistan) Trading Corporation      Policy programmes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan) (Corporate sector of Pakistan) Corporatisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan) (Economy of Pakistan) Directive investment  Industrialisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauji_Foundation) (Fauji Foundation) Military economisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan) (Nationalisation in Pakistan) Nationalisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan) (Privatisation in Pakistan) Privatisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani#Financial_and_economic_policy) (Yousaf Raza Gillani) Public-private partnering  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world#Contemporary_economics) (Islamic economics in the world) Redundant Islamic economisation                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Pakistan) (Society of Pakistan) Society     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Pakistan) (Category:Society of Pakistan) Society  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurat_March) (Aurat March) Aurat March  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan) (British heritage of Pakistan) British heritage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan) (Censorship in Pakistan) Censorship (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Pakistan) (Internet censorship in Pakistan) Internet    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Pakistan) (Crime in Pakistan) Crime  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan) (Culture of Pakistan) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce_in_Pakistan) (Divorce in Pakistan) Divorce  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan) (Education in Pakistan) Education (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_educational_institutions_in_Pakistan) (Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan) Institutions    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan) (Feudalism in Pakistan) Feudalism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan) (Feminism in Pakistan) Feminism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan) (Women in Pakistan) Gender discrimination  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan) (Healthcare in Pakistan) Healthcare (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan) (List of hospitals in Pakistan) Hospitals    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan) (Human rights in Pakistan) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan) (LGBT rights in Pakistan) LGBT    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan) (Marriage in Pakistan) Marriage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Pakistan) (Mass media in Pakistan) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_movement_(Pakistan)) (Me Too movement (Pakistan)) Me Too  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_name) (Pakistani name) Naming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis) (Pakistanis) Pakistanis ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis) (List of Pakistanis) list ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Pakistan) (Prostitution in Pakistan) Prostitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan) (Religion in Pakistan) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Pakistan) (Time in Pakistan) Time  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation_in_Pakistan) (Urbanisation in Pakistan) Urbanisation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan) (Women in Pakistan) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan) (Demographics of Pakistan) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Pakistani) (Overseas Pakistani) Diaspora  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan) (Ethnic groups in Pakistan) Ethnicity  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan) (Immigration to Pakistan) Immigration  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan) (Languages of Pakistan) Languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu) (Urdu) Urdu    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_in_Pakistan) (Youth in Pakistan) Youth      Arts (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_architecture) (Pakistani architecture) Architecture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan) (Cinema of Pakistan) Cinema (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Pakistani_films) (Lists of Pakistani films) Films    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Pakistan) (Category:Dance in Pakistan) Dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan) (List of festivals in Pakistan) Festivals  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_folklore) (Pakistani folklore) Folklore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_literature) (Pakistani literature) Literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushaira) (Mushaira) Mushaira     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan) (Music of Pakistan) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy) (Pakistani philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_of_Pakistan) (Textiles of Pakistan) Textiles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Pakistan) (Theatre of Pakistan) Theatre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games_in_Pakistan) (Video games in Pakistan) Video games      Lifestyle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) (Pakistani clothing) Clothing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) (Shalwar kameez) Shalwar kameez   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehndi) (Mehndi) Mehndi     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine) (Pakistani cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiquette_in_Pakistan) (Etiquette in Pakistan) Etiquette  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_law_in_Pakistan) (Gun law in Pakistan) Gun culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism) (Pakistani nationalism) Nationalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags) (List of Pakistani flags) Flags  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan) (Public holidays in Pakistan) Public holidays  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Pakistan) (List of songs about Pakistan) Songs  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan) (National symbols of Pakistan) Symbols        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan) (Sport in Pakistan) Sports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Athletics_in_Pakistan) (Category:Athletics in Pakistan) Athletics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Baseball_in_Pakistan) (Category:Baseball in Pakistan) Baseball  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Boxing_in_Pakistan) (Category:Boxing in Pakistan) Boxing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Pakistan) (Cricket in Pakistan) Cricket  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cycle_racing_in_Pakistan) (Category:Cycle racing in Pakistan) Cycling  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Hockey_Federation) (Pakistan Hockey Federation) Field hockey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Pakistan) (Football in Pakistan) Football  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillidanda) (Gillidanda) Gillidanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Golf_in_Pakistan) (Category:Golf in Pakistan) Golf  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi) (Kabaddi) Kabaddi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Motorsport_in_Pakistan) (Category:Motorsport in Pakistan) Motorsport  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Marathon) (Lahore Marathon) Marathon (Lahore)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Olympics) (Pakistan at the Olympics) Olympics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_at_the_Paralympics) (Pakistan at the Paralympics) Paralympics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polo_in_Pakistan) (Category:Polo in Pakistan) Polo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_Pakistan) (Category:Rugby union in Pakistan) Rugby  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_in_Pakistan) (Squash in Pakistan) Squash  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swimming_in_Pakistan) (Category:Swimming in Pakistan) Swimming  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis_in_Pakistan) (Category:Tennis in Pakistan) Tennis      Places (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Pakistan) (List of botanical gardens in Pakistan) Botanical gardens  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Pakistan) (List of cemeteries in Pakistan) Cemeteries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Pakistan) (List of churches in Pakistan) Churches  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Pakistan) (List of forts in Pakistan) Forts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gurdwaras#Pakistan) (List of Gurdwaras) Gurdwaras  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Pakistan) (List of Hindu temples in Pakistan) Hindu temples  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Pakistan) (List of libraries in Pakistan) Libraries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mausolea_and_shrines_in_Pakistan) (List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan) Mausolea and shrines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Pakistan) (List of mosques in Pakistan) Mosques  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pakistan) (List of museums in Pakistan) Museums  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan) (List of parks and gardens in Pakistan) Parks  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums#Pakistan) (List of stadiums) Stadiums  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan) (List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan) World Heritage Sites  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Pakistan) (List of zoos in Pakistan) Zoos                (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Pakistan) (Outline of Pakistan) Basic topics  (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pakistan) (Category:Pakistan) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) (Portal:Pakistan) Portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Links to related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan) (Template:List of districts of Pakistan) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan) (Template talk:List of districts of Pakistan) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_districts_of_Pakistan) (Special:EditPage/Template:List of districts of Pakistan) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan) (Districts of Pakistan) List of Districts of Pakistan     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_units_of_Pakistan_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index) Districts by Human Development Index        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Balochistan) (List of districts in Balochistan) List of districts in Balochistan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalat_Division) (Qalat Division) Qalat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaran_District) (Awaran District) Awaran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalat_District) (Kalat District) Kalat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzdar_District) (Khuzdar District) Khuzdar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District) (Lasbela District) Lasbela  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastung_District) (Mastung District) Mastung  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Sikandarabad_District) (Shaheed Sikandarabad District) Shaheed Sikandarabad     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balochistan_Districts.svg) (Districts of Balochistan) (Districts of Balochistan)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran_Division) (Makran Division) Makran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadar_District) (Gwadar District) Gwadar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kech_District) (Kech District) Kech  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjgur_District) (Panjgur District) Panjgur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand_District?action=edit&redlink=1) (Mand District (page does not exist)) Mand      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasirabad_Division) (Nasirabad Division) Nasirabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarabad_District) (Jafarabad District) Jafarabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District) (Jhal Magsi District) Jhal Magsi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachhi_District) (Kachhi District) Kachhi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasirabad_District) (Nasirabad District) Nasirabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohbatpur_District) (Sohbatpur District) Sohbatpur      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Division) (Quetta Division) Quetta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killa_Abdullah_District) (Killa Abdullah District) Killa Abdullah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishin_District) (Pishin District) Pishin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_District) (Quetta District) Quetta      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi_Division) (Sibi Division) Sibi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Bugti_District) (Dera Bugti District) Dera Bugti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harnai_District) (Harnai District) Harnai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlu_District) (Kohlu District) Kohlu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehri_District) (Lehri District) Lehri  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi_District) (Sibi District) Sibi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziarat_District) (Ziarat District) Ziarat      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhob_Division) (Zhob Division) Zhob  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killa_Saifullah_District) (Killa Saifullah District) Killa Saifullah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherani_District) (Sherani District) Sherani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhob_District) (Zhob District) Zhob      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhshan_Division) (Rakhshan Division) Rakhshan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagai_District) (Chagai District) Chagai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharan_District) (Kharan District) Kharan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushki_District) (Nushki District) Nushki  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washuk_District) (Washuk District) Washuk  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaman_District) (Chaman District) Chaman      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loralai_Division) (Loralai Division) Loralai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkhan_District) (Barkhan District) Barkhan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duki_District) (Duki District) Duki  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loralai_District) (Loralai District) Loralai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musakhel_District,_Pakistan) (Musakhel District, Pakistan) Musakhel                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa) (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannu_Division) (Bannu Division) Bannu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannu_District) (Bannu District) Bannu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakki_Marwat_District) (Lakki Marwat District) Lakki Marwat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waziristan_District) (North Waziristan District) North Waziristan     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Districts.svg) (Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_Division) (Dera Ismail Khan Division) Dera Ismail Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District) (Dera Ismail Khan District) Dera Ismail Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_South_Waziristan_District) (Upper South Waziristan District) Upper South Waziristan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_South_Waziristan_District) (Lower South Waziristan District) Lower South Waziristan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_District) (Tank District) Tank      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_Division) (Hazara Division) Hazara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad_District) (Abbottabad District) Abbottabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battagram_District) (Battagram District) Battagram  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur_District) (Haripur District) Haripur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolai-Palas_District) (Kolai-Palas District) Kolai-Palas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Kohistan_District) (Lower Kohistan District) Lower Kohistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansehra_District) (Mansehra District) Mansehra  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torghar_District) (Torghar District) Torghar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Kohistan_District) (Upper Kohistan District) Upper Kohistan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohat_Division) (Kohat Division) Kohat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_District,_Pakistan) (Hangu District, Pakistan) Hangu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak_District) (Karak District) Karak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohat_District) (Kohat District) Kohat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurram_District) (Kurram District) Kurram  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_District) (Orakzai District) Orakzai      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakand_Division) (Malakand Division) Malakand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaur_District) (Bajaur District) Bajaur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buner_District) (Buner District) Buner  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Chitral_District) (Lower Chitral District) Lower Chitral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Dir_District) (Lower Dir District) Lower Dir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakand_District) (Malakand District) Malakand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangla_District) (Shangla District) Shangla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_District) (Swat District) Swat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Chitral_District) (Upper Chitral District) Upper Chitral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Dir_District) (Upper Dir District) Upper Dir      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardan_Division) (Mardan Division) Mardan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardan_District) (Mardan District) Mardan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi_District) (Swabi District) Swabi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_Division) (Peshawar Division) Peshawar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charsadda_District,_Pakistan) (Charsadda District, Pakistan) Charsadda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_District) (Khyber District) Khyber  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_District) (Mohmand District) Mohmand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowshera_District) (Nowshera District) Nowshera  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_District) (Peshawar District) Peshawar                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)) (Punjab (Pakistan)) Districts of Punjab      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_Division) (Bahawalpur Division) Bahawalpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District) (Bahawalnagar District) Bahawalnagar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_District) (Bahawalpur District) Bahawalpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District) (Rahim Yar Khan District) Rahim Yar Khan     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punjab_(Pakistan)_Districts.svg) (Districts of Punjab) (Districts of Punjab)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_Division) (Dera Ghazi Khan Division) Dera Ghazi Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District) (Dera Ghazi Khan District) Dera Ghazi Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layyah_District) (Layyah District) Layyah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District) (Muzaffargarh District) Muzaffargarh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajanpur_District) (Rajanpur District) Rajanpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunsa_District) (Taunsa District) Taunsa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Addu_District) (Kot Addu District) Kot Addu      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad_Division) (Faisalabad Division) Faisalabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniot_District) (Chiniot District) Chiniot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisalabad_District) (Faisalabad District) Faisalabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhang_District) (Jhang District) Jhang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District) (Toba Tek Singh District) Toba Tek Singh      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_Division) (Gujranwala Division) Gujranwala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujranwala_District) (Gujranwala District) Gujranwala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narowal_District) (Narowal District) Narowal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialkot_District) (Sialkot District) Sialkot      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat_Division) (Gujrat Division) Gujrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrat_District) (Gujrat District) Gujrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizabad_District) (Hafizabad District) Hafizabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District) (Mandi Bahauddin District) Mandi Bahauddin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazirabad_District) (Wazirabad District) Wazirabad      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Division) (Lahore Division) Lahore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasur_District) (Kasur District) Kasur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_District) (Lahore District) Lahore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District) (Nankana Sahib District) Nankana Sahib  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikhupura_District) (Sheikhupura District) Sheikhupura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_District?action=edit&redlink=1) (Ravi District (page does not exist)) Ravi      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan_Division) (Multan Division) Multan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanewal_District) (Khanewal District) Khanewal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodhran_District) (Lodhran District) Lodhran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan_District) (Multan District) Multan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehari_District) (Vehari District) Vehari      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Division) (Rawalpindi Division) Rawalpindi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attock_District) (Attock District) Attock  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakwal_District) (Chakwal District) Chakwal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_District) (Jhelum District) Jhelum  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree_District) (Murree District) Murree  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_District) (Rawalpindi District) Rawalpindi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talagang_District) (Talagang District) Talagang      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahiwal_Division) (Sahiwal Division) Sahiwal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okara_District) (Okara District) Okara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakpattan_District) (Pakpattan District) Pakpattan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahiwal_District) (Sahiwal District) Sahiwal      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha_Division) (Sargodha Division) Sargodha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakkar_District) (Bhakkar District) Bhakkar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushab_District) (Khushab District) Khushab  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianwali_District) (Mianwali District) Mianwali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargodha_District) (Sargodha District) Sargodha                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh) (Sindh) Districts of Sindh      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Division) (Hyderabad Division) Hyderabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badin_District) (Badin District) Badin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatta_District) (Thatta District) Thatta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujawal_District) (Sujawal District) Sujawal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadu_District) (Dadu District) Dadu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh) (Hyderabad District, Sindh) Hyderabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshoro_District) (Jamshoro District) Jamshoro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matiari_District) (Matiari District) Matiari  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tando_Allahyar_District) (Tando Allahyar District) Tando Allahyar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan_District) (Tando Muhammad Khan District) Tando Muhammad Khan     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sindh_Districts.svg) (Districts of Sindh) (Districts of Sindh)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Division) (Karachi Division) Karachi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Central_District) (Karachi Central District) Karachi Central  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_East_District) (Karachi East District) Karachi East  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_South_District) (Karachi South District) Karachi South  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_West_District) (Karachi West District) Karachi West  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korangi_District) (Korangi District) Korangi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_District) (Malir District) Malir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keamari_District) (Keamari District) Keamari      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana_Division) (Larkana Division) Larkana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobabad_District) (Jacobabad District) Jacobabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmore_District) (Kashmore District) Kashmore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkana_District) (Larkana District) Larkana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qambar_Shahdadkot_District) (Qambar Shahdadkot District) Qambar Shahdadkot  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikarpur_District) (Shikarpur District) Shikarpur      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_Division) (Mirpur Khas Division) Mirpur Khas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_Khas_District) (Mirpur Khas District) Mirpur Khas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharparkar_District) (Tharparkar District) Tharparkar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umerkot_District) (Umerkot District) Umerkot      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur_Division) (Sukkur Division) Sukkur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghotki_District) (Ghotki District) Ghotki  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairpur_District) (Khairpur District) Khairpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur_District) (Sukkur District) Sukkur      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_Division) (Shaheed Benazir Abad Division) Shaheed Benazir Abad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naushahro_Feroze_District) (Naushahro Feroze District) Naushahro Feroze  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghar_District) (Sanghar District) Sanghar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheed_Benazir_Abad_District) (Shaheed Benazir Abad District) Shaheed Benazir Abad                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir) (Azad Jammu and Kashmir) Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_Division) (Mirpur Division) Mirpur  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhimber_District) (Bhimber District) Bhimber  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotli_District) (Kotli District) Kotli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_District) (Mirpur District) Mirpur     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AJK_Districts_Names.svg) (Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir) (Districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_Division) (Muzaffarabad Division) Muzaffarabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattian_Bala_District) (Hattian Bala District) Hattian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_District) (Muzaffarabad District) Muzaffarabad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_District) (Neelam District) Neelam      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_Division) (Poonch Division) Poonch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh_District) (Bagh District) Bagh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveli_District) (Haveli District) Haveli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_District,_Pakistan) (Poonch District, Pakistan) Poonch  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhanoti_District) (Sudhanoti District) Sudhanoti                 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit–Baltistan) (Gilgit–Baltistan) Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltistan_Division) (Baltistan Division) Baltistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanche_District) (Ghanche District) Ghanche  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharmang_District) (Kharmang District) Kharmang  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondu_District) (Rondu District) Rondu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigar_District) (Shigar District) Shigar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu_District) (Skardu District) Skardu     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilgit-Baltistan_Districts.svg) (Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan) (Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan)       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_Division) (Gilgit Division) Gilgit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghizer_District_(2019-)) (Ghizer District (2019-)) Ghizer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit_District) (Gilgit District) Gilgit  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupis-Yasin_District) (Gupis-Yasin District) Gupis-Yasin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_District) (Hunza District) Hunza  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_District) (Nagar District) Nagar      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer_Division) (Diamer Division) Diamer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astore_District) (Astore District) Astore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darel_District) (Darel District) Darel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer_District) (Diamer District) Diamer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangir_District) (Tangir District) Tangir                (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Pakistan) (Category:Districts of Pakistan) Category   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg) (Portal) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan) (Portal:Pakistan) Portal          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Template:Administrative units of Pakistan) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Template 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Asia) South Asian topics    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_South_Asia) (Category:Countries in South Asia) Countries and regions  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan (sometimes not included) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan) (Bhutan) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_India) (Regions of India) Regions    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan) (Administrative units of Pakistan) Regions    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia#Regions) (South Asia) South Asian regions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_South_Asia) (Northern South Asia) Northern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia) (Eastern South Asia) Eastern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_South_Asia) (Southern South Asia) Southern    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia) (Template:GeoSouthAsia) General geography      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamanese_peoples) (Andamanese peoples) Andamanese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_peoples_of_South_Asia) (Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia) Austroasiatic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#Austronesian_people) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Austronesian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_peoples) (Dravidian peoples) Dravidian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples) (Indo-Aryan peoples) Indo-Aryan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#Iranic_people) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Iranic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuristanis) (Nuristanis) Nuristani  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#Tibeto-Burman_people) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Tibeto-Burman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples) (Turkic peoples) Turkic  Other groups (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia) (Afro-Asians in South Asia) Afro-Asians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#Chinese) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#European_and_Eurasian_people) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) European and Eurasian  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia#Semitic_people) (Ethnic groups in South Asia) Semitic    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora) (South Asian diaspora) Diaspora      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia) (Culture of South Asia) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_South_Asia) (Category:Architecture in South Asia) Architecture‎  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_art) (Indian art) Art  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_cinema) (South Asian cinema) Cinema  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine) (South Asian cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India) (Greater India) Cultural sphere  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia) (Template:Clothing in South Asia) Fashion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia) (Languages of South Asia) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_literature) (South Asian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia) (Category:Music of South Asia) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology) (Category:South Asian mythology) Mythology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy) (Category:South Asian philosophy) Philosophy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts) (Brahmic scripts) Scripts  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin) (Category:Surnames of South Asian origin) Surnames      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia) (Category:Environment of South Asia) Environment  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia) (Monsoon of South Asia) Monsoon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia) (Climate change in South Asia) Climate change      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia) (Economy of South Asia) Economy and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia) (Category:Politics of South Asia) Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia) (Human rights in South Asia) Human rights in South Asia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_nationalism) (Religious nationalism) Religious nationalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva) (Hindutva) Hindu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia) (Muslim nationalism in South Asia) Muslim  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_movement) (Khalistan movement) Sikh    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia) (List of Asian stock exchanges) Stock exchanges  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia) (Caste) Caste system      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Asia) (History of South Asia) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia) (Category:Archaeology of South Asia) Archaeology (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia) (Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia) Archaeological cultures    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age) (South Asian Bronze Age) Bronze Age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period) (Vedic period) Iron Age  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India) (Middle kingdoms of India) Middle kingdoms  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India) (Medieval India) Medieval  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Early_modern_India) (India) Early modern  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_India) (Colonial India) Colonial era  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era) (South Asia) Contemporary era  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia) (Category:Former countries in South Asia) Former countries      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia) (Religion in South Asia) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmic_religions) (Dharmic religions) Dharmic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia) (Buddhism in South Asia) Buddhism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia) (Hinduism in South Asia) Hinduism  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border dispute  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan–Pakistan_border_skirmishes) (Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes) Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent) (History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent) Science and technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology) (Indian Institutes of Technology) Indian Institutes of Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries) (List of Indian inventions and discoveries) Inventions and discoveries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent) (History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent) History  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords) (Category:South Asian swords) Swords  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine) (Category:South Asian traditional 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Template:Economic Cooperation Organization) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)   Politics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement) (Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement) ECOTA  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat) (Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat) Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Secretaries-General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Izmir?action=edit&redlink=1) (Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)) Treaty of Izmir  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Declaration?action=edit&redlink=1) (Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)) Islamabad Declaration      Symbols (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization?action=edit&redlink=1) (Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization?action=edit&redlink=1) (Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)) Flag           Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit) (1st ECO Summit) Tehran 1992  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit) (2nd ECO Summit) Istanbul 1993  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit) (3rd ECO Summit) Islamabad 1995  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit) (4th ECO Summit) Ashgabat 1996  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Almaty 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tehran 2000  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Istanbul 2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Dushanbe 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Baku 2006  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tehran 2009  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Istanbul 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit) (12th ECO Summit) Baku 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit) (13th ECO Summit) Islamabad 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (14th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) 2021 (virtual) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (15th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Ashgabat 2021  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_ECO_Summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (16th ECO Summit (page does not exist)) Tashkent 2023  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_ECO_Summit) (17th ECO Summit) Khankendi 2025      Member  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observers ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Beijing_SCO_summit) (2012 Beijing SCO summit) Beijing 2012  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Dushanbe_SCO_summit) (2014 Dushanbe SCO summit) Dushanbe 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Astana_SCO_summit) (2017 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2017  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Qingdao_SCO_summit) (2018 Qingdao SCO summit) Qingdao 2018  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Samarkand_SCO_summit) (2022 Samarkand SCO summit) Samarkand 2022  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Astana_SCO_summit) (2024 Astana SCO summit) Astana 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Islamabad_SCO_summit) (2024 Islamabad SCO summit) Islamabad 2024  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Tianjin_SCO_summit) (2025 Tianjin SCO summit) Tianjin 2025      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus) (Belarus) Belarus  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan      Observer states ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) (Mongolia) Mongolia      Dialogue partners ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia) (Armenia) Armenia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia) (Cambodia) Cambodia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos) (Laos) Laos  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN) (ASEAN) ASEAN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States) (Commonwealth of Independent States) Commonwealth of Independent States  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations      Applicants ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel) (Israel) Israel  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria      See also (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) (Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) Member states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure) (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Evils) (Three Evils) Three Evils  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium) (SCO Interbank Consortium) SCO Interbank Consortium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) (Eurasian Land Bridge) Eurasian Land Bridge  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language) (Chinese language) Chinese  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language) (Russian language) Russian           (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha) (Hissein Brahim Taha) Hissein Brahim Taha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".        (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Template talk:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation) (D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation) D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Council of Ministers of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Council of Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_of_the_D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation?action=edit&redlink=1) (Summit of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (page does not exist)) Summit      Members ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran   ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  ()      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (Template talk:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)   Agreements (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area) (South Asian Free Trade Area) South Asian Free Trade Area    Summits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Dhaka 1985  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Bangalore 1986  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Kathmandu 1987  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Islamabad 1988  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Malé 1990  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Colombo 1991  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Dhaka 1993  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) New Delhi 1995  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Malé 1997  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Colombo 1998  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Kathmandu 2002  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Islamabad 2004  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Dhaka 2005  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) New Delhi 2007  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Colombo 2008  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SAARC_summits) (List of SAARC summits) Thimphu 2010  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_SAARC_summit) (17th SAARC summit) Addu 2011  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_SAARC_summit) (18th SAARC summit) Kathmandu 2014  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_SAARC_summit) (19th SAARC summit) Islamabad 2016 (Cancelled)      Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan) (Bhutan) Bhutan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal) (Nepal) Nepal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) (China) China  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) (European Union) European Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) Japan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar) (Myanmar) Myanmar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (United States) United States      Guests (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia      Specialised agencies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Consortium_on_Open_and_Distance_Learning) (SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning) SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Documentation_Centre) (SAARC Documentation Centre) SAARC Documentation Centre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Co-operative_Environment_Programme) (South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme) South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_of_SAARC_Writers_and_Literature) (Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature) Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry) (SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry) SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Federation_of_Accountants) (South Asian Federation of Accountants) South Asian Federation of Accountants  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund) (SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund) SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund      Related Articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Secretary_General) (SAARC Secretary General) SAARC Secretary General  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation_Secretariat) (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat) SAARC Secretariat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite) (South Asia Satellite) SAARC satellite  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_University) (South Asian University) South Asian University  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Games) (South Asian Games) South Asian Games  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Literary_Award) (SAARC Literary Award) SAARC Literary Award  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH48) (AH48) SAARC Road  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAARC_Fountain) (SAARC Fountain) SAARC Fountain         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth) (Template:The Commonwealth) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth) (Template talk:The Commonwealth) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth) (Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations) Members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) (Commonwealth of Nations) Commonwealth of Nations    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states) (List of sovereign states) Sovereign states  (members) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda) (Antigua and Barbuda) Antigua and Barbuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas) (The Bahamas) Bahamas  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados) (Barbados) Barbados  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize) (Belize) Belize  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana) (Botswana) Botswana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada) (Canada) Canada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus) (Cyprus) Cyprus  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica) (Dominica) Dominica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini (Swaziland)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji) (Fiji) Fiji  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada) (Grenada) Grenada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) India  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica) (Jamaica) Jamaica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati) (Kiribati) Kiribati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho) (Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi) (Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia) (Namibia) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru) (Nauru) Nauru  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand) (New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea) (Papua New Guinea) Papua New Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) (Rwanda) Rwanda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis) (Saint Kitts and Nevis) Saint Kitts and Nevis  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa) (Samoa) Samoa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore) (Singapore) Singapore  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands) (Solomon Islands) Solomon Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa) (South Africa) South Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka) (Sri Lanka) Sri Lanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga) (Tonga) Tonga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago) (Trinidad and Tobago) Trinidad and Tobago  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu) (Tuvalu) Tuvalu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia) (Zambia) Zambia      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_state) (Associated state) Associated states  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands) (Cook Islands) Cook Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue) (Niue) Niue      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) (Australia) Australia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands) (Ashmore and Cartier Islands) Ashmore and Cartier Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory) (Australian Antarctic Territory) Australian Antarctic Territory   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island) (Christmas Island) Christmas Island  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands) (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) Cocos (Keeling) Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands) (Coral Sea Islands) Coral Sea Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands) (Heard Island and McDonald Islands) Heard Island and McDonald Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island) (Norfolk Island) Norfolk Island      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand) (Realm of New Zealand) New Zealand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dependency) (Ross Dependency) Ross Dependency   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokelau) (Tokelau) Tokelau      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown) (The Crown) United Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia) (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Akrotiri and Dhekelia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla) (Anguilla) Anguilla  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda) (Bermuda) Bermuda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory) (British Antarctic Territory) British Antarctic Territory   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory) (British Indian Ocean Territory) British Indian Ocean Territory  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands) (British Virgin Islands) British Virgin Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayman_Islands) (Cayman Islands) Cayman Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands) (Falkland Islands) Falkland Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar) (Gibraltar) Gibraltar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Guernsey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man) (Isle of Man) Isle of Man  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey) (Jersey) Jersey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat) (Montserrat) Montserrat  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands) (Pitcairn Islands) Pitcairn Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha) (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands) (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands) (Turks and Caicos Islands) Turks and Caicos Islands           Source: (https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries) Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories) (Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories) (Template talk:World Constitutional Convention call signatories) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories) (Special:EditPage/Template:World Constitutional Convention call signatories) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention) (World Constitutional Convention) World Constitutional Convention (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Constitutional_Convention_call) (World Constitutional Convention call) call signatories   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth) (Constitution for the Federation of Earth) Constitution for the Federation of Earth       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Constitution_Coordinating_Committee) (World Constitution Coordinating Committee) World Constitution Coordinating Committee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thane_Read) (Thane Read) Thane Read  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Isely) (Philip Isely) Philip Isely  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Isely) (Margaret Isely) Margaret Isely  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd) (Georgia Lloyd) Georgia Lloyd      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries) (List of countries) Countries  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) Costa Rica  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) Pakistan  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) Tanzania      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government) (Head of government) Heads of government   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)) (President (government title)) Presidents  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) (France)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure) (Edgar Faure) Edgar Faure  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) (Costa Rica)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich) (Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich) Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) (Costa Rica)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Figueres_Ferrer) (José Figueres Ferrer) José Figueres Ferrer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) (Tanzania) (Tanzania)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere) (Julius Nyerere) Julius Nyerere  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) (Senegal)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léopold_Sédar_Senghor) (Léopold Sédar Senghor) Léopold Sédar Senghor  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) (Pakistan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Khan) (Ayub Khan) Muhammad Ayub Khan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) (Costa Rica)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco) (Otilio Ulate Blanco) Otilio Ulate Blanco      Vice-presidents (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) (Kenya)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga) (Jaramogi Oginga Odinga) Jaramogi Oginga Odinga      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministers) (Prime Ministers) Prime Ministers  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee) (Clement Attlee) Clement Attlee  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) (Sierra Leone)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Margai) (Milton Margai) Milton Margai  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama) (Tetsu Katayama) Tetsu Katayama      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors) (Governors) Governors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California) (California) (California)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culbert_Olson) (Culbert Olson) Culbert Olson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroo_Ōhara) (Hiroo Ōhara) Hiroo Ōhara      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors) (Mayors) Mayors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region) (Greater Accra Region) (Greater Accra Region)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.C._Quaye) (E.C. Quaye) E.C. Quaye  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada) (Setsuo Yamada) Setsuo Yamada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture) (Hiroshima Prefecture)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai) (Shinzo Hamai) Shinzo Hamai           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicians) (Politicians) Politicians   International ()     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer) (Cornelis Berkhouwer) Cornelis Berkhouwer      National (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) (Pakistan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer) (Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer) Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kazami) (Akira Kazami) Akira Kazami  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy) (B. Satya Narayan Reddy) B. Satya Narayan Reddy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara) (Chiyo Sakakibara) Chiyo Sakakibara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall) (Diwan Chaman Lall) Diwan Chaman Lall  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) (Mexico)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Peñaloza) (Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza) Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (Germany) (Germany)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn) (Gerhard Jahn) Gerhard Jahn  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada) (Hisato Ichimada) Hisato Ichimada  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Usborne) (Henry Usborne) Henry Usborne  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichirō_Kiyose) (Ichirō Kiyose) Ichirō Kiyose  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral) (Inder Kumar Gujral) Inder Kumar Gujral  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) (France) (France)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irène_de_Lipkowski) (Irène de Lipkowski) Irène de Lipkowski  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)) (John Foster (MP for Northwich)) John Foster  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi) (Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi) Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan) (Japan) (Japan)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzō_Matsumura) (Kenzō Matsumura) Kenzō Matsumura  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) (Ghana)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah) (Komla Agbeli Gbedemah) Komla Agbeli Gbedemah  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin) (Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin) Lewis Silkin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India) (India) (India)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._Ranga) (N. G. Ranga) N. G. Ranga  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil) (Brazil) (Brazil)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli) (Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli) Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland) (Scotland) (Scotland)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon) (Patrick Wolrige-Gordon) Patrick Wolrige-Gordon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) (United Kingdom) (United Kingdom)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beveridge) (William Beveridge) William Beveridge           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_leader) (Religious leader) Religious leaders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbé_Pierre) (Abbé Pierre) Abbé Pierre  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley) (Dana McLean Greeley) Dana McLean Greeley  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_MacLeod) (George MacLeod) George MacLeod  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)) (John Collins (priest)) John Collins  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Niemöller) (Martin Niemöller) Martin Niemöller  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)) (Michael Scott (priest)) Michael Scott      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates) (List of Nobel laureates) Nobel laureates   Physics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kastler) (Alfred Kastler) Alfred Kastler  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Powell) (C. F. Powell) C. F. Powell  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa) (Hideki Yukawa) Hideki Yukawa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born) (Max Born) Max Born      Chemistry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Sanger) (Frederick Sanger) Frederick Sanger (twice)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahn) (Otto Hahn) Otto Hahn      Physiology or Medicine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Szent-Györgyi) (Albert Szent-Györgyi) Albert Szent-Györgyi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards) (Dickinson W. Richards) Dickinson W. Richards  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller) (Hermann Joseph Muller) Hermann Joseph Muller  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet) (Macfarlane Burnet) Macfarlane Burnet      Literature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell) (Bertrand Russell) Bertrand Russell  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo) (Salvatore Quasimodo) Salvatore Quasimodo      Peace (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr) (John Boyd Orr) John Boyd Orr  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat) (Joseph Rotblat) Joseph Rotblat      Multiple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling) (Linus Pauling) Linus Pauling (Chemistry & Peace)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists) (Scientists) Scientists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Price) (Charles C. Price) Charles C. Price  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Condon) (Edward Condon) Edward Condon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson) (Edris Rice-Wray Carson) Edris Rice-Wray Carson  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Shapley) (Harlow Shapley) Harlow Shapley  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Orcel) (Jean Orcel) Jean Orcel  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin) (Pitirim Sorokin) Pitirim Sorokin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray) (Priyadaranjan Ray) Priyadaranjan Ray  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Dumont) (René Dumont) René Dumont  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield) (Wilder Penfield) Wilder Penfield      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_activists) (Human rights activists) Human rights activists  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.) (Martin Luther King Jr.) Martin Luther King Jr.      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarians) (Humanitarians) Humanitarians  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_and_Magda_Trocmé) (André and Magda Trocmé) André and Magda Trocmé (Righteous Among the Nations)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Chisholm) (Brock Chisholm) Brock Chisholm      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans) (Veterans) Veterans  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester) (Hugh B. 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Schonfield (scholar & pacifist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Ōta) (Kaoru Ōta) Kaoru Ōta (union leader)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Boyle) (Kay Boyle) Kay Boyle (writer)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Morain) (Lloyd Morain) Lloyd Morain (humanist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren) (Mark Van Doren) Mark Van Doren (writer & scholar)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurício_Campos_de_Medeiros) (Maurício Campos de Medeiros) Maurício Campos de Medeiros (teacher)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer) (Oscar Niemeyer) Oscar Niemeyer (architect)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ōuchi_Hyōei) (Ōuchi Hyōei) Ōuchi Hyōei (economist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru) (Rameshwari Nehru) Rameshwari Nehru (social worker)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Gujral) (Satish Gujral) Satish Gujral (artist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka) (Shigeri Yamataka) Shigeri Yamataka (feminist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Wadia) (Sophia Wadia) Sophia Wadia (theosophist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin) (Stanley Slotkin) Stanley Slotkin (businessman)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)) (Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)) Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura) (Tamaki Uemura) Tamaki Uemura ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA) (YWCA) YWCA executive)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano_Jōdai) (Tano Jōdai) Tano Jōdai (teacher & pacifist)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa) (Toyohiko Kagawa) Toyohiko Kagawa (pacifist)      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention) (World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention) World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament) (Provisional World Parliament) Provisional World Parliament      Other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_constitution) (World constitution) World constitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government) (World government) World government  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_federalism) (World federalism) World federalism      Source: (https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4)  (https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3)  (https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8)  (https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ)   (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories) (Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories) Category               (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) (Help:Authority control) Authority control databases (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843#identifiers) (Edit this at Wikidata) (Edit this at Wikidata)       International (https://isni.org/isni/0000000121800806) ISNI   (https://viaf.org/viaf/268930849) VIAF   (https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075812-6) GND   (https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210275) FAST   (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRHpcQwVgFhwHTVf9hpP) WorldCat       National (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125947) United States   (Pakistan) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424488) France   (Pakistan) (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15351376q) 2    (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865248p) 3     (Pakistan) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424488) BnF data   (Pakistan) (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15351376q) 2    (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865248p) 3     (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569020) Japan   (Pákistán) (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130559&CON_LNG=ENG) Czech Republic    (https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX452213) Spain   (https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=9637) Greece   (https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559777905171) Israel       Geographic (https://musicbrainz.org/area/7c87112d-504d-31f1-8147-11ff45fc3bfd) MusicBrainz area       Artists (http://kulturnav.org/254fd5ab-f477-4bee-ba8b-f483455003a5) KulturNav       People (https://id.parliament.uk/tEctvtMz) UK Parliament       Other (Pakistan) (https://www.idref.fr/026397404) IdRef   (Pakistan) (https://www.idref.fr/027367436) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003423) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035763) NARA   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pakistan) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/e9ff2f8b-bb01-4d09-a809-ba29983ddb8c) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pakistan&params=30_N_70_E_type:country_region:PK) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30°N 70°E    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 30°N 70°E  / 30; 70     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:Pakistan#%20)  (./Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations)  (./Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states)  (./Category:Federal_republics)  (./Category:Islamic_republics)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation)  (./Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations)  (./Category:Countries_in_South_Asia)  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