Mali - Wikipedia (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.parsoid.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediaBadges.ulsV2%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skins.legacy%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022) (//upload.wikimedia.org) (Edit this page) (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit) (/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png) (/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico) (/w/rest.php/v1/search) (Wikipedia (en)) (//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en) (Wikipedia Atom feed) (/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom) (//meta.wikimedia.org)  (auth.wikimedia.org)   Jump to content (Main menu)  Main menu  Main menu move to sidebar hide  Navigation  (/wiki/Main_Page) (Visit the main page [z]) Main page   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents) (Guides to browsing Wikipedia) Contents   (/wiki/Portal:Current_events) (Articles related to current events) Current events   (/wiki/Special:Random) (Visit a randomly selected article [x]) Random article   (/wiki/Wikipedia:About) (Learn about Wikipedia and how it works) About Wikipedia   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us) (How to contact Wikipedia) Contact us      Contribute  (/wiki/Help:Contents) (Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia) Help   (/wiki/Help:Introduction) (Learn how to edit Wikipedia) Learn to edit   (/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal) (The hub for editors) Community portal   (/wiki/Special:RecentChanges) (A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]) Recent changes   (/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard) (Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia) Upload file   (/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) (A list of all special pages [q]) Special pages           (/wiki/Main_Page) () (Wikipedia) (The Free Encyclopedia)    (/wiki/Special:Search) (Search Wikipedia [f])  Search  (Search Wikipedia) (Search Wikipedia [f])   (Special:Search)  Search           (Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color)  Appearance         (https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) Donate   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mali) (You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory) Create account   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mali) (You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o])  Log in                  Contents move to sidebar hide  (Top)   1 Etymology     2 History    Toggle History subsection  2.1 Before colonization     2.2 French colonial rule and independence, 1905-1960     2.3 Keïta regime, 1960-1968     2.4 Traoré regime, 1968-1991     2.5 Multi-party democracy     2.6 Northern Mali conflict     2.7 Conflict in central Mali     2.8 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta       3 Geography    Toggle Geography subsection  3.1 Biodiversity       4 Politics and government    Toggle Politics and government subsection  4.1 Government     4.2 Foreign relations     4.3 Military     4.4 Territorial units       5 Economy    Toggle Economy subsection  5.1 Agriculture     5.2 Mining     5.3 Energy     5.4 Transportation       6 Demographics    Toggle Demographics subsection  6.1 Largest cities     6.2 Ethnic groups     6.3 Languages     6.4 Religion     6.5 Education     6.6 Health     6.7 Gender inequality       7 Culture    Toggle Culture subsection  7.1 Music     7.2 Literature     7.3 Sport     7.4 Cuisine     7.5 Media       8 See also     9 Notes     10 References     11 Bibliography     12 External links    Toggle External links subsection  12.1 Government     12.2 History     12.3 Tourism     12.4 Maps             (Table of Contents)  Toggle the table of contents      Mali    259 languages  (https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Abkhazian) Аԥсшәа   (https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Acehnese) Acèh   (https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Adyghe) Адыгабзэ   (https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Afrikaans) Afrikaans   (https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Alemannic) Alemannisch   (https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A) (ማሊ – Amharic) አማርኛ   (https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Amis) Pangcah   (https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Aragonese) Aragonés   (https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Old English) Ænglisc   (https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Obolo) Obolo   (https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Angika) अंगिका   (https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A) (مالي – Arabic) العربية   (https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%9D) (ܡܐܠܝ – Aramaic) ܐܪܡܝܐ   (https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A) (مالي – Moroccan Arabic) الدارجة   (https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89) (مالى – Egyptian Arabic) مصرى   (https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD) (Malí – Asturian) Asturianu   (https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Avaric) Авар   (https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia) (Malia – Kotava) Kotava   (https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Azerbaijani) Azərbaycanca   (https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – South Azerbaijani) تۆرکجه   (https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Bashkir) Башҡортса   (https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Balinese) Basa Bali   (https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Bavarian) Boarisch   (https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malis) (Malis – Samogitian) Žemaitėška   (https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Central Bikol) Bikol Central   (https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96) (Малі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)) Беларуская (тарашкевіца)   (https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96) (Малі – Belarusian) Беларуская   (https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Betawi) Betawi   (https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Bulgarian) Български   (https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8) (माली देस – Bhojpuri) भोजपुरी   (https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Bislama) Bislama   (https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Banjar) Banjar   (https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Bambara) Bamanankan   (https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF) (মালি – Bangla) বাংলা   (https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D) (མ་ལི། – Tibetan) བོད་ཡིག   (https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF) (মালি – Bishnupriya) বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী   (https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Breton) Brezhoneg   (https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Bosnian) Bosanski   (https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Russia Buriat) Буряад   (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Catalan) Català   (https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD) (Malí – Chavacano) Chavacano de Zamboanga   (https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Mindong) 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄   (https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Chechen) Нохчийн   (https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Cebuano) Cebuano   (https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Central Kurdish) کوردی   (https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Corsican) Corsu   (https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Crimean Tatar) Qırımtatarca   (https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Czech) Čeština   (https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Chuvash) Чӑвашла   (https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Welsh) Cymraeg   (recommended article) (https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Danish) Dansk   (https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Dagbani) Dagbanli   (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – German) Deutsch   (https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Southern Dagaare) Dagaare   (https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Dimli) Zazaki   (https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Lower Sorbian) Dolnoserbski   (https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Doteli) डोटेली   (https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%A9) (މާލީ – Divehi) ދިވެހިބަސް   (https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ewe) Eʋegbe   (https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9) (Μάλι – Greek) Ελληνικά   (https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malio) (Malio – Esperanto) Esperanto   (good article) (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Spanish) Español   (https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Estonian) Eesti   (https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Basque) Euskara   (https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Extremaduran) Estremeñu   (https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Persian) فارسی   (https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali) (Maali – Fula) Fulfulde   (recommended article) (https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Finnish) Suomi   (https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Võro) Võro   (https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Faroese) Føroyskt   (https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malit%C3%B2) (Malitò – Fon) Fɔ̀ngbè   (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – French) Français   (https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Arpitan) Arpetan   (https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali) (Maali – Northern Frisian) Nordfriisk   (https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maly) (Maly – Western Frisian) Frysk   (https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail%C3%AD) (Mailí – Irish) Gaeilge   (https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Gagauz) Gagauz   (https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Guianan Creole) Kriyòl gwiyannen   (https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0ili) (Màili – Scottish Gaelic) Gàidhlig   (https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD) (Malí – Galician) Galego   (https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A) (مالي – Gilaki) گیلکی   (https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Guarani) Avañe'ẽ   (https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ghanaian Pidgin) Ghanaian Pidgin   (https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80) (માલી – Gujarati) ગુજરાતી   (https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Frafra) Farefare   (https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malee) (Malee – Manx) Gaelg   (https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Hausa) Hausa   (https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Hakka Chinese) 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî   (https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99) (מאלי – Hebrew) עברית   (https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Hindi) हिन्दी   (https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Fiji Hindi) Fiji Hindi   (https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Croatian) Hrvatski   (https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Upper Sorbian) Hornjoserbsce   (https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Haitian Creole) Kreyòl ayisyen   (https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Hungarian) Magyar   (https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB) (Մալի – Armenian) Հայերեն   (https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Interlingua) Interlingua   (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Indonesian) Bahasa Indonesia   (https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Interlingue) Interlingue   (https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Igbo) Igbo   (https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Iloko) Ilokano   (https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ido) Ido   (https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AD) (Malí – Icelandic) Íslenska   (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Italian) Italiano   (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD) (マリ共和国 – Japanese) 日本語   (https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Jamaican Creole English) Patois   (https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Javanese) Jawa   (https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98) (მალი – Georgian) ქართული   (https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Kara-Kalpak) Qaraqalpaqsha   (https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Kabyle) Taqbaylit   (https://kai.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0li) (Màli – Karekare) Karai-karai   (https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Jju) Jju   (https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalii) (Maalii – Kabiye) Kabɩyɛ   (https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Tyap) Tyap   (https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Kongo) Kongo   (https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Komering) Kumoring   (https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Kikuyu) Gĩkũyũ   (https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Kazakh) Қазақша   (https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8) (ម៉ាលី – Khmer) ភាសាខ្មែរ   (https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF) (ಮಾಲಿ – Kannada) ಕನ್ನಡ   (https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Central Kanuri) Yerwa Kanuri   (https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC) (말리 – Korean) 한국어   (https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Karachay-Balkar) Къарачай-малкъар   (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Kashmiri) کٲشُر   (https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AE) (Malî – Kurdish) Kurdî   (https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Cornish) Kernowek   (https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Kyrgyz) Кыргызча   (https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia) (Malia – Latin) Latina   (https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ladino) Ladino   (https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Luxembourgish) Lëtzebuergesch   (https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Lezghian) Лезги   (https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Lingua Franca Nova) Lingua Franca Nova   (https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ganda) Luganda   (https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Limburgish) Limburgs   (https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ligurian) Ligure   (https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Ladin) Ladin   (https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Lombard) Lombard   (https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Lingala) Lingála   (https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5) (ປະເທດມາລີ – Lao) ລາວ   (https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malis) (Malis – Lithuanian) Lietuvių   (https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Latvian) Latviešu   (https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Maithili) मैथिली   (https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Moksha) Мокшень   (https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%E1%BB%B3) (Malỳ – Malagasy) Malagasy   (https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ri) (Māri – Māori) Māori   (https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Minangkabau) Minangkabau   (https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Macedonian) Македонски   (https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF) (മാലി – Malayalam) മലയാളം   (https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Mongolian) Монгол   (https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4) (ꯃꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri) ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ   (https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AC) (Malì – Mossi) Moore   (https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Marathi) मराठी   (https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Western Mari) Кырык мары   (https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Malay) Bahasa Melayu   (https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Maltese) Malti   (https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Mirandese) Mirandés   (https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6) (မာလီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese) မြန်မာဘာသာ   (https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Mazanderani) مازِرونی   (https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Low Saxon) Nedersaksies   (https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Low German) Plattdüütsch   (https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Nepali) नेपाली   (https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Newari) नेपाल भाषा   (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Dutch) Nederlands   (https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Norwegian Nynorsk) Norsk nynorsk   (https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Norwegian Bokmål) Norsk bokmål   (https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Novial) Novial   (https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%93%DF%8A) (ߡߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߓߊ – N’Ko) ߒߞߏ   (https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Northern Sotho) Sesotho sa Leboa   (https://nup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Nupe) Nupe   (https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1%C5%82k%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BCts%CA%BCin_Bitoo%CA%BC_Hahoodzo) (Táłkááʼtsʼin Bitooʼ Hahoodzo – Navajo) Diné bizaad   (https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Occitan) Occitan   (https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Livvi-Karelian) Livvinkarjala   (https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalii) (Maalii – Oromo) Oromoo   (https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Ossetic) Ирон   (https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80) (ਮਾਲੀ – Punjabi) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ   (https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Pampanga) Kapampangan   (https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Papiamento) Papiamentu   (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Polish) Polski   (https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Piedmontese) Piemontèis   (https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Western Punjabi) پنجابی   (https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A) (مالي – Pashto) پښتو   (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Portuguese) Português   (https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Quechua) Runa Simi   (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Romanian) Română   (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Russian) Русский   (https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96) (Малі – Rusyn) Русиньскый   (https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Kinyarwanda) Ikinyarwanda   (https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80) (माली – Sanskrit) संस्कृतम्   (https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Yakut) Саха тыла   (https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4) (ᱢᱟᱞᱤ – Santali) ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ   (https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Sardinian) Sardu   (https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Sicilian) Sicilianu   (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Scots) Scots   (https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A) (مالي – Sindhi) سنڌي   (https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Northern Sami) Davvisámegiella   (https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AFi) (Malïi – Sango) Sängö   (https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Serbo-Croatian) Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски   (https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Tachelhit) Taclḥit   (https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87) (မိူင်းမႃႇလီႇ – Shan) တႆး   (https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92) (මාලි – Sinhala) සිංහල   (https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Simple English) Simple English   (https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Slovak) Slovenčina   (https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Slovenian) Slovenščina   (https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Inari Sami) Anarâškielâ   (https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maari) (Maari – Shona) ChiShona   (https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali) (Maali – Somali) Soomaaliga   (https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Albanian) Shqip   (https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Serbian) Српски / srpski   (https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMali) (IMali – Swati) SiSwati   (https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Southern Sotho) Sesotho   (https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Saterland Frisian) Seeltersk   (https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Sundanese) Sunda   (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Swedish) Svenska   (https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Swahili) Kiswahili   (https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Silesian) Ślůnski   (https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Sakizaya) Sakizaya   (https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF) (மாலி – Tamil) தமிழ்   (https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Atayal) Tayal   (https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_(%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82)) (మాలి (దేశం) – Telugu) తెలుగు   (https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3) (Малӣ – Tajik) Тоҷикӣ   (https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5) (ประเทศมาลี – Thai) ไทย   (https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8A) (ማሊ – Tigrinya) ትግርኛ   (https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Turkmen) Türkmençe   (https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(bansa)) (Mali (bansa) – Tagalog) Tagalog   (https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Talysh) Tolışi   (https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Tswana) Setswana   (https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma_Mali) (ma Mali – Toki Pona) Toki pona   (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Turkish) Türkçe   (https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Taroko) Seediq   (https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(Tiko)) (Mali (Tiko) – Tsonga) Xitsonga   (https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Tatar) Татарча / tatarça   (https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Tumbuka) ChiTumbuka   (https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Twi) Twi   (https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8) (Мали – Udmurt) Удмурт   (https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89) (مالى – Uyghur) ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche   (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96) (Малі – Ukrainian) Українська   (https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C) (مالی – Urdu) اردو   (https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Uzbek) Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча   (https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82%C3%AC) (Małì – Venetian) Vèneto   (https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Veps) Vepsän kel’   (https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Vietnamese) Tiếng Việt   (https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – West Flemish) West-Vlams   (https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliy%C3%A4n) (Maliyän – Volapük) Volapük   (https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Walloon) Walon   (https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Waray) Winaray   (https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Wolof) Wolof   (https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C) (马里 – Wu) 吴语   (https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Xhosa) IsiXhosa   (https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98) (მალი – Mingrelian) მარგალური   (https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99) (מאלי – Yiddish) ייִדיש   (https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Yoruba) Yorùbá   (https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Zhuang) Vahcuengh   (https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Zeelandic) Zeêuws   (https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89) (ⵎⴰⵍⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight) ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   (https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C) (馬里 – Literary Chinese) 文言   (https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) (Mali – Minnan) 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí   (https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C) (馬里 – Cantonese) 粵語   (https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C) (马里 – Chinese) 中文   (https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMali) (IMali – Zulu) IsiZulu    (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912#sitelinks-wikipedia) (Edit interlanguage links) Edit links       (/wiki/Mali) (View the content page [c]) Article   (/wiki/Talk:Mali) (Discuss improvements to the content page [t]) Talk      English         (/wiki/Mali) Read   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit) (Edit this page [e]) Edit   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h]) View history        Tools  Tools move to sidebar hide  Actions  (/wiki/Mali)  Read   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit) (Edit this page [e])  Edit   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=history) (Past revisions of this page [h])  View history      General  (/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mali) (List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]) What links here   (/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mali) (Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]) Related changes   (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard) (Upload files [u]) Upload file   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&oldid=1369231034) (Permanent link to this revision of this page) Permanent link   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=info) (More information about this page) Page information   (/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mali&id=1369231034&wpFormIdentifier=titleform) (Information on how to cite this page) Cite this page   (/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMali) Get shortened URL   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&useparsoid=0) Switch to legacy parser      Print/export  (/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mali&action=show-download-screen) (Download this page as a PDF file) Download as PDF   (/w/index.php?title=Mali&printable=yes) (Printable version of this page [p]) Printable version      In other projects  (https://abstract.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q912) Abstract Wikipedia   (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mali) Wikimedia Commons   (https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mali) Wikinews   (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mali) Wikiquote   (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali) Wikivoyage   (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912) (Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]) Wikidata item                Appearance move to sidebar hide       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) (Geographic coordinate system) Coordinates : (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=17_N_4_W_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 17°N 4°W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 17°N 4°W  / 17; -4     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia    Country in West Africa (./Category:Articles_with_short_description)  (./Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)    This article is about the country. For other uses, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_(disambiguation)) (Mali (disambiguation)) Mali (disambiguation) . (./Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages#Mali)    (./Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2025)    Republic of Mali (in official languages)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara  (Bambara-language text) (Bambara-language text) ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)  [ 1]     (Bambara-language romanization) Mali ka Fasojamana    (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula  (Fula-language text) (Fula-language text) 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭  (./Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text)   (Fula-language romanization) Republik bu Maali    (./Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniyya_language) (Hassaniyya language) Hassaniyya  (Hassaniyya-language text) (Hassaniyya-language text) جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي  (./Category:Articles_containing_Hassaniyya-language_text)   (Hassaniyya-language romanization) Jumhūriyet Māli    (./Category:Articles_containing_Hassaniyya-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni_Songhai_language) (Koyraboro Senni Songhai language) Koyraboro Senni Songhai  (Koyraboro Senni Songhai-language text) (Koyraboro Senni Songhai-language text) Mali Laamaa  (./Category:Articles_containing_Koyraboro_Senni_Songhai-language_text)    (./Category:Articles_containing_Koyraboro_Senni_Songhai-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_language) (Soninke language) Soninke  (Soninke-language text) (Soninke-language text) Mali Jamaane  (./Category:Articles_containing_Soninke-language_text)    (./Category:Articles_containing_Soninke-language_text)    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq  (Tamasheq-language text) (Tamasheq-language text) ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Tamasheq-language_text)   (Tamasheq-language romanization) Tagduda n Mali    (./Category:Articles_containing_Tamasheq-language_text)           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mali.svg) (Flag of Mali) (Flag of Mali)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mali) (Flag of Mali) Flag   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_coat_of_arms_of_Mali.svg) (Emblem of Mali) (Emblem of Mali)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Mali) (Emblem of Mali) Emblem      Motto:  (French-language text) "Un peuple, un but, une foi"  (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (French)  (Bambara-language text) "Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"  (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara )  "One people, one goal, one faith"  Anthem:  (French-language text) "(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mali) (Le Mali) Le Mali "  (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)   (French)    (العربية ‪(ar)‬)  (bamanankan ‪(bm)‬)  (English ‪(en)‬)  (français ‪(fr)‬)  (Kreyòl ayisyen ‪(ht)‬)  (中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬)  (中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬)        (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_(orthographic_projection).svg)    Show globe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Mali_AU_Africa.svg)    Show map of Africa     Capitaland largest city  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako) (Bamako) Bamako  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=12_39_N_8_0_W_type:city) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12°39′N 8°0′W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 12.650°N 8.000°W  / 12.650; -8.000     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)     Official languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Mali) (Languages of Mali) 13 national languages  [ 2]    [ 3]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_language) (Bobo language) Bobo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic) (Hassaniya Arabic) Hassaniya Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Bozo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment_Dogon) (Escarpment Dogon) Dogon, Toro So  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maninka_language) (Maninka language) Maninke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanka_language) (Minyanka language) Minyanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senara_language) (Senara language) Senufo, Senara  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni) (Koyraboro Senni) Songhay, Koyraboro Senni  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_language) (Soninke language) Soninke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language) (Spoken language) Spoken languages   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara [ a]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_language) (Soninke language) Soninke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhay_languages) (Songhay languages) Songhay  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_language) (Mandinka language) Mandinka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanka_language) (Minyanka language) Minyanka  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_languages) (Senufo languages) Senufo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_language) (Bobo language) Bobo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Bozo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonke  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogo_languages) (Samogo languages) Samogo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_language) (Marka language) Dafing  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_languages) (Dogon languages) Dogon      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) Working language  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language) (French language) French ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto) (De facto) de facto  )[ 5]         (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (Ethnic group) Ethnic groups (2022 Census)[ 6]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   35.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people) (Bambara people) Bambara  12.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fula  9.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_people) (Senufo people) Senufo  8.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people) (Mandinka people) Malinke  8.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people) (Soninke people) Soninke  6.1% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people) (Dogon people) Dogon  4.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people) (Songhai people) Songhai  3.9% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg  2.2% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_people) (Bobo people) Bobo / (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwa_people) (Bwa people) Bwa  10.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali#Ethnic_groups) (Demographics of Mali) other      Religion (2022 Census)[ 6]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   96.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Mali) (Islam in Mali) Islam  2.3% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity  0.7% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion) (African Traditional Religion) traditional faiths  0.5% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_religion) (No religion) no religion  0.1% other religions     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) (Demonym) Demonym  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malians) (Malians) Malian   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mali) (Politics of Mali) Government  Unitary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) (Presidential republic) presidential republic under a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta) (Military junta) military junta [ 7]      (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali) (List of heads of state of Mali) President   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Assimi Goïta   • (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Mali) (List of heads of government of Mali) Prime Minister   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye_Maïga_(officer)) (Abdoulaye Maïga (officer)) Abdoulaye Maïga (interim)    Legislature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council_(Mali)) (National Transitional Council (Mali)) National Transitional Council   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali) (History of Mali) Formation   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1358620234)     • Establishment of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan) (French Sudan) Sudanese Republic   24 November 1958  • Merger with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal to create the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation) (Mali Federation) Mali Federation   4 April 1959  • Independence from France   20 June 1960  • Dissolution of the Mali Federation   20 August 1960  • Declaration of the Republic of Mali   22 September 1960    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mali) (Geography of Mali) Area    • Total  1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)[ 8]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) 23rd )  • Water (%)  1.6  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali) (Demographics of Mali) Population   • 2025 estimate  (Neutral increase) (Neutral increase)    25,200,000[ 9]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population) (List of countries and dependencies by population) 61st )  • 2022 census  22,395,489[ 6]      • Density  18/km2 (46.6/sq mi) ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density) (List of countries and dependencies by population density) 215th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity) (Purchasing power parity) PPP )  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $72.74 billion[ 10]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) 115th )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $2,930[ 10]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita) 173rd )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (Gross domestic product) GDP  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (nominal)  2025 estimate  • Total  (Increase) (Increase)    $23.21 billion[ 10]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) 121st )  • Per capita  (Increase) (Increase)    $936 [ 10]     ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita) (List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita) 175th )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (Gini coefficient) Gini  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2021)  (Positive decrease) (Positive decrease)     35.7[ 11]     medium inequality    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (Human Development Index) HDI  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)  (2023)  (Increase) (Increase)     0.419[ 12]     (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494)  low   ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index) (List of countries by Human Development Index) 188th )  Currency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc) (West African CFA franc) West African CFA franc ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217) (ISO 4217) XOF )  Time zone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time) (Coordinated Universal Time) UTC ±00:00 ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time) (Greenwich Mean Time) GMT )  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mali) (Telephone numbers in Mali) Calling code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+223) (+223) +223   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166) (ISO 3166) ISO 3166 code  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ML) (ISO 3166-2:ML) ML   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) (Country code top-level domain) Internet TLD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ml) (.ml) .ml     (./Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters#TMali)   Mali ,[ b]    officially the Republic of Mali ,[ c]    is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) (Landlocked country) landlocked country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West Africa . It is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area) (List of African countries by area) eighth-largest country in Africa and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area) (List of countries and dependencies by area) the 23rd largest country in the world , with an area of 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841  sq  mi) .[ 8]    It is bordered to the north by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria , to the east by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger , to the northwest by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania , to the south by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast , and to the west by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal . The population is about 25.20 million,[ 9]    47.19% of which are estimated to be under age 15 in 2024.[ 13]    Its capital and largest city is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako) (Bamako) Bamako . French was the official language until 2022, when it was replaced by 13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa) (Languages of Africa) African languages , with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara being the first language of the majority of the population.[ 4]     Mali's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara Desert . Southern Mali, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanian_savanna) (Sudanian savanna) Sudanian savanna and has the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River) (Senegal River) Senegal rivers running through it. The economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including gold (which represents 80% of its exports) and cotton. Mali is one of the poorest and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries in the world.[ 14]    [ 15]     Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade) (Trans-Saharan trade) trans-Saharan trade : the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire) (Ghana Empire) Ghana Empire , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire , and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire) (Songhai Empire) Songhai Empire . At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa[ 16]    with Emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_Musa) (Mansa Musa) Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history.[ 17]    [ 18]    [ 19]    Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam) (Islam) Islam , culture and knowledge, with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu) (Timbuktu) Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of education. The Songhai Empire absorbed the Mali Empire in 1468,(./Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements)  (./Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed) (Wikipedia:Citation needed) (This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (January 2024)) not verified in body   ]  followed by a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate) (Saadi Sultanate) Saadian army (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire) (Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire) which defeated the Songhai in 1591 . In the late 19th century, during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa) (Scramble for Africa) Scramble for Africa , France seized control of Mali, making it a part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan) (French Sudan) French Sudan ; as the Sudanese Republic, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation) (Mali Federation) a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d'état) (1991 Malian coup d'état) coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. From this, Mali experienced economic growth and increased civil liberties, though this began to reverse after 2012.[ 20]    Since independence, there have been four rebellions involving (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg people , which occurred from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1962–1964)) (Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)) 1962 to 1964 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990–1995)) (Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)) 1990 to 1995 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007–2009)) (Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)) 2007 to 2009 , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War) (Mali War) since 2012 .[ 21]     In January 2012, an (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)) (Tuareg rebellion (2012)) armed conflict broke out in northern Mali , in which (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad) (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad) Tuareg rebels took control of territory in the north, and in April declared the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession) (Secession) secession of a new state, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azawad) (Azawad) Azawad .[ 22]    The conflict was complicated by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d'état) (2012 Malian coup d'état) a military coup in March 2012[ 23]    and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Serval) (Operation Serval) Operation Serval in January 2013.[ 24]    A month later, Malian and French forces partially recaptured the north, though the conflict continued.[ 25]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Keïta) (Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta) Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election) (2013 Malian presidential election) elected president in 2013, but allegations of fraud during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_parliamentary_election) (2020 Malian parliamentary election) 2020 parliamentary election led to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_protests) (2020 Malian protests) mass protests . Keïta was removed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d'état) (2020 Malian coup d'état) a coup led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Assimi Goïta , who established himself as military ruler of Mali after (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d'état) (2021 Malian coup d'état) another coup in 2021 .[ 25]    In 2025, all political parties were dissolved, and Goïta was granted a five-year presidential term, renewable without elections.[ 26]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda) (Al-Qaeda) al-Qaeda affiliate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNIM) (JNIM) JNIM imposed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_fuel_blockade) (Mali fuel blockade) a fuel blockade on major cities, causing economic disruption[ 27]    and in 2026 launched a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Mali_offensives) (2026 Mali offensives) joint offensive with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azawad_Liberation_Front) (Azawad Liberation Front) Tuareg separatists .[ 28]       Etymology [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=1) (Edit section: Etymology) edit  ]   The name Mali is taken from the name of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire . It means "the place where the king lives"[ 29]    which is meant to show strength.[ 30]    Fourteenth-century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic) (Maghrebi Arabic) Maghrebi traveller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta) (Ibn Battuta) Ibn Battuta reported that the capital of the empire was called Mali.[ 31]    [ 32]    One (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people) (Mandinka people) Mandinka tradition tells that the legendary first emperor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiata_Keita) (Sundiata Keita) Sundiata Keita changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarani_River) (Sankarani River) Sankarani River and that it was possible to find villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A study of Malian proverbs notes that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means "New Mali", and that Mali could have formerly been the name of a city.[ 33]     Another theory suggests that Mali is a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fulani pronunciation of the name of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandé_peoples) (Mandé peoples) Mande peoples .[ 34]    [ 35]    It is suggested that a sound shift led to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar segment (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /nd/ (./Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  shifts to (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /l/ (./Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  and the terminal vowel denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to (Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)) /mali/ (./Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA)  .[ 33]      History [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=2) (Edit section: History) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali) (History of Mali) History of Mali  Before colonization [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=3) (Edit section: Before colonization) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MALI_empire_map.PNG)   The extent of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire 's peak  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg)   The pages above are from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts) (Timbuktu Manuscripts) Timbuktu Manuscripts written in Sudani script (a form of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic ) from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu) (Timbuktu) Timbuktu alone.  Rock art in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara) (Sahara) Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounjougou) (Ounjougou) Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in the region.[ 36]    Farming took place by 5000 BC, and iron was used by around 500 BC.
In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandé_peoples) (Mandé peoples) Mandé peoples related to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people) (Soninke people) Soninke people , along the middle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River , including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia,_Mali) (Dia, Mali) Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[ 37]    and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenné-Djenno) (Djenné-Djenno) Djenné-Djenno , which lasted from around 300 BC to 900 AD. Through approximately 6th century BC and 4th century BC, the lucrative (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade) (Trans-Saharan trade) trans-Saharan trade in pack animals, gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bakri) (Al-Bakri) al-Bakri in 1068,[ 38]    the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun) (Ibn Khaldun) Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[ 39]    and a few geographical details in the work of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Idrisi) (Al-Idrisi) al-Idrisi .[ 40]     Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, other precious commodities, and slaves majorly during the 14th century reign of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa_Musa) (Mansa Musa) Mansa Musa .[ 41]    These (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms) (Sahelian kingdoms) Sahelian kingdoms had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities.[ 41]    The earliest of these empires was the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire) (Ghana Empire) Ghana Empire , which was dominated by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people) (Soninke people) Soninke , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mande_languages) (Mande languages) Mande -speaking people.[ 41]    The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the 8th century until 1078, when it was conquered by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty) (Almoravid dynasty) Almoravids .[ 42]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GriotsSambala.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot) (Griot) Griots of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambala) (Sambala) Sambala , king of Médina ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fula people , Mali), 1890. Photo by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannès_Barbier) (Joannès Barbier) Joannès Barbier .  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kirina) (Battle of Kirina) Battle of Kirina in 1235 culminated in a victory for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people) (Mandinka people) Mandinka under the command of the exiled prince (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiata_Keita) (Sundiata Keita) Sundiata Keita , which led to the downfall of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosso_Empire) (Sosso Empire) Sosso Empire . The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire formed on the upper (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River) (Niger River) Niger River and reached its height of power in the 14th century.[ 42]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenné) (Djenné) Djenné and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu) (Timbuktu) Timbuktu were centers of both trade and Islamic learning.[ 42]    In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire.[ 42]    The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire) (Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire) Moroccan invasion of 1591 under the command of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judar_Pasha) (Judar Pasha) Judar Pasha .[ 42]    The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads.[ 42]    Following the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa) (European exploration of Africa) establishment of sea routes by the European powers , the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.[ 42]    At that time, the Mali Empire's abundance in wealth expanded its commercial assets of salt and gold. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TombouctouPachalik_4.png)   Map of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu) (Pashalik of Timbuktu) Pashalik of Timbuktu (yellow-striped) as part of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_dynasty) (Saadi dynasty) Saadi dynasty of Morocco (outlined black) within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire) (Songhai Empire) Songhai Empire (outlined red), (circa) c.  1591   Some of the worst famines in the region's recorded history occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries. According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)) (John Iliffe (historian)) John Iliffe , "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegambia) (Senegambia) Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of Timbuktu."[ 43]       French colonial rule and independence, 1905-1960 [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=4) (Edit section: French colonial rule and independence, 1905-1960) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa) (French West Africa) French West Africa  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa._French_West_Africa._Currently_the_most_important_efforts_of_the_Office_du_Niger_are_directed_toward_the..._-_NARA_-_541637.jpg)   Cotton being processed in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niono) (Niono) Niono into 180  kg (400  lb) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, c. 1950  Mali fell under the control of France during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa) (Scramble for Africa) Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century.[ 42]    By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan) (French Sudan) French Sudan .[ 42]    In November 1915 a large (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Bani_War) (Volta-Bani War) anti-French uprising broke out among the tribes.[ 44]    French colonial troops destroyed over 100 villages, and the last resistance was suppressed by September 1916.[ 45]    On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community) (French Community) French Community .[ 46]    In January 1959, Mali and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal united to become the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation) (Mali Federation) Mali Federation .[ 46]     The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960.[ 42]    Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, the country's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days) (List of national independence days) Independence Day .[ 47]       Keïta regime, 1960-1968 [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=5) (Edit section: Keïta regime, 1960-1968) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Keïta) (Modibo Keïta) Modibo Keïta was elected the first president.[ 42]    He quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources.[ 42]    The government announced a socialist plan for development,[ 48]    introducing socialist policies with a focus on economic development aimed at achieving social changes, especially transforming rural populations and communities. The only legal political party became the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Union_–_African_Democratic_Rally) (Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally) Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally (Union Soudanaise – Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, US-RDA). Those who tried to create a political opposition were arrested and sentenced.[ 49]    Prior to independence, Keïta and the US-RDA campaigned against colonial and authoritarian rule, advocating for a democratic system in its place.[ 50]    This, however, did not happen and rather it became a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism–Leninism) (Marxism–Leninism) Marxist-Leninist state. Keïta adapted the Marxist-Leninist ideology for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_socialism) (African socialism) African socialism , moving past the development of capitalism and instead opting for immediate strict control over foreign investments and involvement in the economy.[ 51]     The government introduced a national civil service programme, service civique rural , to help the development of Mali as a socialist and self-sustaining independent country.[ 52]    The service targeted men in rural Mali aged 18–21 and in the early 1960s—when almost 60% of Mali's population was under age 25—had assembled around 40,000 young men.[ 53]    The national civil service outlined a 2-year programme of education and training to prepare the men for the handling of their own duties in their communities as peasant farmers. As part of the programme, men were taught methods of modern agriculture while working on state owned farms, and they took lessons in literacy and were taught the socialist values that the Malian government expected from them.[ 54]    The programme saw the use of young people as labourers for the state which led to significant desertions and a declining number recruited. Some people saw comparisons between the national civil service and forced labour under colonial rule. A 1962 report from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization) (International Labour Organization) The International Labour Organization deems the national service scheme unlawful as it did not follow the Forced Labour Convention that had made it illegal in 1957.[ 55]    Another report from 1962 states that the Malian government had submitted only 1 of 11 annual reports to the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations regarding labour conventions that had been signed and ratified by Mali previously.[ 56]     Keïta viewed education as essential to the development of Mali as a socialist state. At the time of independence, 93% were illiterate in French, 90% illiterate in Arabic, and very few people were given a Western education.[ 57]    [ 58]    Those who did receive a Western education were part of the elites after independence. France used education in Mali to create an elite loyal to France and for the exploitation of people and resources.[ 59]    At the time of independence, there were 12 professors, 10 doctors, 3 pharmacists, and 3 veterinary doctors in Mali.[ 57]    In 1964 the government passed the Educational Reform Law which introduced 9 years of mandatory education across Mali.[ 60]    By 1964 the number of school-age Malians in education had more than tripled the pre-independence numbers with 24% in school and the number of people in secondary education had increased from 434 students in 1962-1963 to 1,325 by 1966-1967.[ 60]    Keïta had support from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) (Soviet Union) Soviet Union in improving education, founding the Higher Administrative School of Bamako, the first institution of higher education in Mali, and created education centres for agriculture and medicine.[ 61]    Education was used to promote socialist ideology and was adapted to fit the national aims of Keïta's economic and political policies.[ 62]    The education system was changed to focus on African history, culture, and needs rather than that of France. Teaching materials focused on African socialism were introduced in schools.[ 63]    Despite the increases in the number of people in education, numbers were still restricted due to the lack of teachers and resources.[ 64]     In 1962 Keïta created the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti) (Bank of the Republic of Haiti) Bank of the Republic of Mali (La Banque de la République de Mali ) which was responsible for minting its own currency, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_franc) (Malian franc) Malian franc . Keïta believed that Mali having its own currency was a sign of sovereignty, stating in a speech "political power is always and necessarily accompanied by the sovereign right of minting money, that monetary power is inseparable from national sovereignty".[ 65]    It was revealed that the Malian franc would be equal to the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA_franc) (CFA franc) CFA franc , the currency used in the Franc zone.[ 66]    The Franc zone was created by France for continued monetary influence over former French colonies. Nationalising the banking industry gave the Malian government more control, reducing economic dependence and influence from foreign countries including France. Protestors of the Malian franc were arrested and sent to prison.[ 67]    Throughout the 1960s, inflation increased, the economy declined, and so the Malian franc in 1967 was devalued by 50% against the CFA franc to prevent further inflation rates and further economic decline. In December 1967, Keïta announced an agreement between Mali and France that would later lead to Mali's re-entry into the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union) (West African Economic and Monetary Union) West African Economic and Monetary Union in 1984.[ 68]     Opposition and critics of President Keïta and the US-RDA government were met with violence and imprisonment. Political opponents of the government were arrested, and some were sent to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidal) (Kidal) Kidal , a desert town in northern Mali, and imprisoned there.[ 69]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fily_Dabo_Sissoko) (Fily Dabo Sissoko) Fily Dabo Sissoko , who founded the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Regroupment_Party) (Sudanese Regroupment Party) Sudanese Progressive Party (Parti Progressite Soudanais ) as a political opponent of the US-RDA, was imprisoned in Kidal and died there, supposedly under the orders of Keïta, though this is not confirmed.[ 67]     Keïta oversaw the nationalisation of various sectors of the economy to help the development of Mali as a socialist state.[ 70]    To further control the economy and the development of industrialisation, Keïta created state-owned enterprises. These enterprises spanned across different industries including textiles, food processing, tobacco, cotton, and radio manufacturing. On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Traoré) (Moussa Traoré) Moussa Traoré ,[ 71]    a day which is now commemorated as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day) (Liberation Day) Liberation Day .[ 72]       Traoré regime, 1968-1991 [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=6) (Edit section: Traoré regime, 1968-1991) edit  ]   The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughts_in_the_Sahel) (Droughts in the Sahel) drought from 1968 to 1974,[ 71]    in which famine killed thousands of people.[ 73]    The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.[ 71]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_de_la_liberté_-_Bamako.jpg)   WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire"  Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the people, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied.[ 71]    In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization in the late 1980s but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.[ 71]     In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuaregs who had migrated to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya during the drought.[ 71]    Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants.[ 74]    Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.[ 74]     In March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les évenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In response to mass demonstrations organized by university students that were later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected, and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of Traoré and the implementation of democratic policies.[ 75]     By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult. Military soldiers clashed with peaceful protesters, resulting in the massacre of dozens under the orders of Traoré. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Touré) (Amadou Toumani Touré) Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested Traoré. He and three associates were tried, convicted and received the death sentence for their role in this massacre. The date is now a national holiday in Mali.[ 76]    [ 77]    The coup is remembered as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d'état) (1991 Malian coup d'état) March Revolution of 1991 .[ 78]      Multi-party democracy [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=7) (Edit section: Multi-party democracy) edit  ]   Opposition parties were legalized, a transitional government was formed and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Constitution_of_Mali) (1992 Constitution of Mali) democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.[ 75]    [ 71]    In 1992, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konaré) (Alpha Oumar Konaré) Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, and he was re-elected in 1997. Touré was elected in 2002.[ 79]    During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa.[ 80]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa) (Slavery in contemporary Africa) Slavery persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master.[ 81]    In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)) (Tuareg rebellion (2012)) Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 , ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their former masters.[ 82]      Northern Mali conflict [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=8) (Edit section: Northern Mali conflict) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War) (Mali War) Mali War  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Mali) (International Criminal Court investigation in Mali) International Criminal Court investigation in Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Mali_confronté_aux_sanctions_et_à_lavancée_des_rebelles_islamistes_(6904946068).jpg)   Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012  In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in northern Mali, led by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad) (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad) National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA).[ 83]    In March, military officer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Sanogo) (Amadou Sanogo) Amadou Sanogo seized power in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d'état) (2012 Malian coup d'état) a coup d'état , citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS) (ECOWAS) ECOWAS ).[ 84]    The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring its independence as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azawad) (Azawad) Azawad .[ 85]    Islamist groups, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_Dine) (Ansar Dine) Ansar Dine and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb) (Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb , who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the north[ 86]    with the goal of implementing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia in Mali.[ 87]    [ 88]     On 11 January 2013, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Armed_Forces) (French Armed Forces) French Armed Forces (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Serval) (Operation Serval) intervened at the request of the interim government of President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioncounda_Traoré) (Dioncounda Traoré) Dioncounda Traoré . On 30 January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals.[ 89]    On 2 February, French President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Hollande) (François Hollande) François Hollande joined Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.[ 90]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg)   Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013  In August 2013, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Keita) (Ibrahim Boubacar Keita) Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was elected president of Mali in the second round of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election) (2013 Malian presidential election) the election .[ 91]      Conflict in central Mali [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=9) (Edit section: Conflict in central Mali) edit  ]   In (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti_Region) (Mopti Region) Mopti Region , conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people) (Dogon people) Dogon and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people) (Bambara people) Bambara , and the pastoral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people) (Fula people) Fula people .[ 92]    [ 93]    Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by climate change as the Fula move into new areas.[ 94]    The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed "self-defense groups"[ 93]    to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism) (Islamic terrorism) Islamists linked to al-Qaeda.[ 93]    While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunistic ends".[ 93]     Added a top Mali military commander: I've discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a cover.[ 93]      The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists in the northern Mali conflict.[ 95]    The government denies this.[ 95]    One such militia is the Dogon group (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Na_Ambassagou) (Dan Na Ambassagou) Dan Na Ambassagou , created in 2016.[ 93]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modibo_Sidibe_voting_in_Bamako,_2018_Malian_presidential_election.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Sidibe) (Modibo Sidibe) Modibo Sidibe voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election  In the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malian_presidential_election) (2018 Malian presidential election) 2018 Malian presidential election ,[ 96]    [ 97]    no candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the first round. A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Keïta) (Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta) Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Mali) (Rally for Mali) Rally for Mali and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumaïla_Cissé) (Soumaïla Cissé) Soumaïla Cissé of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_and_Democracy) (Union for the Republic and Democracy) Union for the Republic and Democracy , and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote.[ 98]     In September 2018, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Humanitarian_Dialogue) (Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue) Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in central Mali".[ 99]    The group was blamed for the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2019_attacks_against_Fulani_herders) (March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders) 24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula villagers ;[ 100]    the group denied the attack, but Keïta ordered the group to disband.[ 101]    The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama_Dieng) (Adama Dieng) Adama Dieng , warned of a growing ethnicization of the conflict.[ 102]    By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been displaced by the conflict.[ 103]    The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of attacks occurring around (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti) (Mopti) Mopti . It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children.[ 104]     In October 2019, two jihadist attacks in Boulikessi and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondoro) (Mondoro) Mondoro killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with Burkina Faso.[ 105]    Keïta declared "no military coup will prevail in Mali", saying he does not think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot worry us".[ 106]    On 1 November 2019, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara) (Islamic State in the Greater Sahara) IS-GS militants killed at least 50 soldiers in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indelimane_attack) (2019 Indelimane attack) 2019 Indelimane attack in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ménaka_Region) (Ménaka Region) Ménaka Region .[ 107]    In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November.[ 108]       2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=10) (Edit section: 2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main articles: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d'état) (2020 Malian coup d'état) 2020 Malian coup d'état and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d'état) (2021 Malian coup d'état) 2021 Malian coup d'état  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_attacks_in_Mali) (List of terrorist attacks in Mali) List of terrorist attacks in Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comité_national_pour_le_salut_du_Peuple_-_2020_Malian_coup_d'Etat_2.jpg)   Members of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People) (National Committee for the Salvation of the People) National Committee for the Salvation of the People , September 2020  Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumaïla_Cissé) (Soumaïla Cissé) Soumaïla Cissé .[ 109]    [ 110]    Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June.[ 111]    In July Keïta dissolved the constitutional court. Members of the military led by Colonel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Assimi Goïta and Colonel-Major (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaël_Wagué) (Ismaël Wagué) Ismaël Wagué in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati,_Mali) (Kati, Mali) Kati , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro_Region) (Koulikoro Region) Koulikoro Region , began a mutiny on 18 August 2020.[ 111]    Keïta and Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubou_Cissé) (Boubou Cissé) Boubou Cissé were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed.[ 111]    Wagué announced the formation of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People) (National Committee for the Salvation of the People) National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP) and promised elections in the future. A curfew was begun, and the streets of Bamako were quiet.[ 111]    ECOWAS condemned the coup and demanded that Keïta be reinstated as president.[ 112]     In September 2020, the CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah_Ndaw) (Bah Ndaw) Bah N'daw was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September. In January 2021 the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded.[ 113]    Tensions between the civilian transitional government and the military ran high after the handover of power. The tensions came to a head on 24 May 2021 after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup—(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadio_Camara) (Sadio Camara) Sadio Camara and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Kone) (Modibo Kone) Modibo Kone —were replaced by N'daw's administration.[ 114]    Later that day, journalists reported that three key civilian leaders—President N'daw, Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moctar_Ouane) (Moctar Ouane) Moctar Ouane and Defence Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Doucouré) (Souleymane Doucouré) Souleymane Doucouré —were being detained in a military base in Kati.[ 115]    On 7 June Goïta was sworn into office as interim president.[ 116]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaliWar.svg)   Military situation in Mali. For a detailed map, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mali_War_detailed_map) (Template:Mali War detailed map) here .  In 2022 and 2023, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara) (Islamic State in the Greater Sahara) Islamic State in the Greater Sahara saw major gains in the Mali War, occupying large swaths of territory in southeastern Mali. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansongo) (Ansongo) Ansongo and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidermène) (Tidermène) Tidermène were captured.[ 117]    By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous government and establishment of the junta.[ 118]     On 10 January 2022, Mali announced the closure of its borders and recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries in response to sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years.[ 119]    On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled.[ 120]    According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch) (Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch , Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Group) (Wagner Group) Wagner Group executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barkhane) (Operation Barkhane) Operation Barkhane .[ 121]    On 2 May, the military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting an additional step in the deterioration of Malian–French relations.[ 122]    This announcement was criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate".[ 123]    A UN panel reported that in the first three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing humanitarian assistance over the previous year.[ 124]     In June 2023, Mali removed French as an official language with the approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Malian_constitutional_referendum) (2023 Malian constitutional referendum) a referendum conducted by the junta.[ 125]    On 7 September 2023, al-Qaeda linked (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama'at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin) (Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin) JNIM militants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou_and_Bamba_attacks) (Tombouctou and Bamba attacks) attacked a vessel on the Niger River, killing at least 154 civilians.[ 126]    In July 2024, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Framework_for_the_Defense_of_the_People_of_Azawad) (Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad) CSP-DPA rebels and JNIM militants killed dozens of Russian mercenaries and Malian government forces during the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten_(2024)) (Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024)) Battle of Tinzaouaten .[ 127]    On 17 September 2024, al-Qaeda linked JNIM militants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bamako_attacks) (2024 Bamako attacks) attacked several locations across Bamako, killing at least 77 people and injuring 255 others.[ 128]     In 2025 JNIM began a strategy to blockade the government-controlled cities from foreign fuel imports and to cut them off from each other.[ 129]    Mali depends on foreign fuel imports, receiving 95% of its fuel from Senegal or Ivory Coast.[ 129]    [ 130]    JNIM attacks cut off connections to Mauritania and Senegal, and they were followed by similar attacks in the south near Ivory Coast and Guinea.[ 129]    JNIM imposed a blockade against cities in southern Mali, including Bamako, after the government had stopped fuel sales in rural areas.[ 27]    This increased fuel prices in the capital by 500% and led to economic disruption, lines at gas stations, school closures, and cancellations of flights from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_International_Airport) (Bamako International Airport) Bamako International Airport .[ 131]    In early September the Malian truckers' union stopped operations for two weeks due to the dangerous conditions along roads in southern Mali, leaving 1,000 fuel trucks waiting in Ivory Coast.[ 129]    In October the U.S. Embassy advised American citizens to leave the country immediately because of increasing instability, and to do so by plane, because of "terrorist attacks along national highways".[ 131]    In April 2026 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Mali_offensives) (2026 Mali offensives) widespread unrest was reported from locations across the country , apparently sponsored by a diverse range of rebel groups.[ 132]    [ 133]    [ 28]       Geography [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=11) (Edit section: Geography) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mali) (Geography of Mali) Geography of Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_sat.png)   Satellite image of Mali  Mali is a landlocked country in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa) (West Africa) West Africa . It lies between latitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_parallel_north) (10th parallel north) 10° and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_parallel_north) (25th parallel north) 25°N and longitudes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_meridian_west) (13th meridian west) 13°W and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_meridian_east) (5th meridian east) 5°E . Mali borders (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria–Mali_border) (Algeria–Mali border) the north-northeast , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali–Niger_border) (Mali–Niger border) the east , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso–Mali_border) (Burkina Faso–Mali border) the southeast , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast–Mali_border) (Ivory Coast–Mali border) the south , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea–Mali_border) (Guinea–Mali border) the south-west , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali–Senegal_border) (Mali–Senegal border) the west and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali–Mauritania_border) (Mali–Mauritania border) the north-west .[ 134]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand_der_Fatima.jpg)   Landscape in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombori) (Hombori) Hombori   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_MLI_present.svg)   Mali map of Köppen climate classification  At 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841  sq  mi) ,[ 135]    Mali is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area) (List of countries and outlying territories by total area) 24th-largest country in the world and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area) (List of African countries by area) eighth-largest country in Africa .[ 136]    Most of the country lies in the southern Sahara Desert, which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanian_savanna) (Sudanian savanna) Sudanian savanna zone.[ 137]    Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by sand. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrar_des_Ifoghas) (Adrar des Ifoghas) Adrar des Ifoghas massif lies in the northeast. Mali lies in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_zone#Torrid_Zone) (Geographical zone) torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equator) (Thermal equator) thermal equator (which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature) crosses the country.[ 137]    Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall, and droughts are very frequent.[ 137]    Late April to early October is the rainy season in the south. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta) (Inner Niger Delta) Inner Niger Delta .[ 137]    The vast northern desert has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate) (Hot desert climate) hot desert climate ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification) (Köppen climate classification) Köppen climate classification BWh ) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate) (Hot semi-arid climate) hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh ) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The southern areas have a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate) (Tropical wet and dry climate) tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw ). Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured + indicated + inferred).[ 138]    [ 139]    In 2012, additional uranium deposits were identified in the north.[ 140]    Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification) (Desertification) desertification , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation) (Deforestation) deforestation , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_erosion) (Soil erosion) soil erosion , and inadequate supplies of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potable_water) (Potable water) potable water .[ 137]     Biodiversity [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=12) (Edit section: Biodiversity) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali) (Wildlife of Mali) Wildlife of Mali  Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna) (Sahelian Acacia savanna) Sahelian Acacia savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna) (West Sudanian savanna) West Sudanian savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta_flooded_savanna) (Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna) Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands) (South Saharan steppe and woodlands) South Saharan steppe and woodlands , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands) (West Saharan montane xeric woodlands) West Saharan montane xeric woodlands .[ 141]    The country had a 2019 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) (Forest Landscape Integrity Index) Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries.[ 142]        Politics and government [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=13) (Edit section: Politics and government) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mali) (Politics of Mali) Politics of Mali  Government [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=14) (Edit section: Government) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assimi_Goita,_August_2021.png)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goita) (Assimi Goita) Assimi Goita , interim president of Mali since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d'état) (2021 Malian coup d'état) 2021 Malian coup d'état   Mali is led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mali) (President of Mali) transitional President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimi_Goïta) (Assimi Goïta) Assimi Goïta , who is assisted by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Mali) (List of prime ministers of Mali) Prime Minister (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye_Maïga_(officer)) (Abdoulaye Maïga (officer)) Abdoulaye Maïga ,[ 143]    and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transitional_Council_(Mali)) (National Transitional Council (Mali)) National Transitional Council that replaced the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)) (National Assembly (Mali)) National Assembly following the 2020 coup. However, in practice, Goïta and a military junta consisting of four other officers, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_for_the_Salvation_of_the_People) (National Committee for the Salvation of the People) National Committee for the Salvation of the People , have complete control over the political system.[ 25]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Constitution_of_Mali) (1992 Constitution of Mali) 1992 constitution [ 144]    established a Mali as a secular (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republic) (Constitutional republic) constitutional republic with a separation of powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and identifies eight state institutions.[ 145]    [ 144]    These included the presidency; the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Mali) (Council of Ministers of Mali) government ; the National Assembly; the Supreme, Constitutional, and High Courts; the High Council of Territorial Units; and the Economic, Social, and Cultural Council.[ 145]    The 1992 constitution was replaced by the junta with a new constitution on 22 July 2023.[ 25]     The president, who is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term that is renewable once,[ 146]    is the head of state that serves as the guardian of the constitution,[ 147]    the commander-in-chief of the armed forces,[ 148]    and appoints the prime minister and other government ministers.[ 149]    The prime minister is the head of government.[ 150]    The National Assembly of Mali was a unicameral legislature[ 151]    consisting of deputies elected by universal suffrage to a term of five years.[ 152]    It convened twice a year,[ 153]    or in extraordinary sessions called by the prime minister or the parliamentary majority.[ 154]    The transitional government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February 2022, to February 2024.[ 155]    In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States) (Economic Community of West African States) ECOWAS agreed to lift sanctions on the country.[ 156]    In July 2025 a law granted Goïta a five-year term that is renewable indefinitely, and there are no immediate plans to hold elections.[ 14]     The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, tasked with the application of the laws of the republic and the protection of civil liberties,[ 157]    which are guaranteed by both the 1992 and 2023 constitutions.[ 25]    Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers,[ 158]    and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter.[ 159]    Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.[ 160]    In practice, many of the freedoms that were gained during the development of democracy after 1991, and were relatively well respected, have been suppressed during the 2020s military junta.[ 25]    There is no real separation of powers, with the junta being dominant. Freedom of association, expression, and assembly are undermined by the transitional government, and members of the judiciary and civil service have been dismissed for criticizing the junta.[ 25]     According to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance) International IDEA 's Global State of Democracy Indices and Democracy Tracker, Mali performs in the low range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in political representation and rule of law.[ 161]    [ 162]    [ 163]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist) (The Economist) The Economist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index) (Democracy Index) Democracy Index  classified Mali as an "authoritarian regime" in 2024, ranking it 139 out of the 167 countries that were evaluated.[ 164]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House) (Freedom House) Freedom House describes Mali as "not free" in 2026.[ 165]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_States_Index) (Fragile States Index) Fragile States Index ranked Mali as the 14th most fragile country in the world, out of 179 countries, in 2024.[ 166]      Foreign relations [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=15) (Edit section: Foreign relations) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali) (Foreign relations of Mali) Foreign relations of Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assimi_Goïta_with_Russian_president_Vladimir_Putin_July_2023.jpg)   Assimi Goïta with Russian President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin) (Vladimir Putin) Vladimir Putin at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Russia–Africa_Summit) (2023 Russia–Africa Summit) Russia–Africa Summit in St. Petersburg, July 2023  Until 2012, foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time.[ 167]    Starting from the 1990s, Mali's successive governments worked with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF) (IMF) IMF to obtain debt relief, as well as to end the country's political and economic isolation.[ 25]    After the institution of a democratic form of government, relations with the West in general and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali–United_States_relations) (Mali–United States relations) with the United States in particular have improved significantly.[ 167]    Mali has a longstanding relationship with France.[ 167]    Mali was active in regional organizations such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union until its suspension over the 2012 coup d'état.[ 167]    [ 168]     After the coups in 2020 and 2021, Mali took a more belligerent stance towards the UN, ECOWAS, and France.[ 25]    At the request of the government, France withdrew its troops from Mali in 2022, and the UN followed in 2023.[ 25]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States) (Alliance of Sahel States) Alliance of Sahel States was formed in 2023 between Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso after they (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_Belt) (Coup Belt) experienced similar coups in the early 2020s .[ 25]    It is anti-French, anti-(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism) (Neocolonialism) neocolonialism and anti-ECOWAS, demonstrated with acts including the removal of French as an official language in all three states.[ 169]    [ 170]    [ 171]    [ 172]    [ 173]    Mali ended its membership in ECOWAS in 2025. The country expanded its relationship with Russia, acquiring military equipment and assistance.[ 25]     Working to control and resolve regional conflicts—such as in Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone—is one of its major foreign policy goals.[ 167]    Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy.[ 167]    General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.[ 167]      Military [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=16) (Edit section: Military) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malian_troops_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t104538.jpg)   Malian soldiers at the 2013 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day) (Bastille Day) Bastille Day parade in France  Mali has 41,000 troops in its military and paramilitary forces. These include the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces) (Malian Armed Forces) Malian Armed Forces which consist of an army and air force, numbering 19,000 and 2,000 personnel, respectively, as of 2025. The army is organized into nine motorized infantry battalions and several support and special forces units. There are also paramilitary forces with 20,000 personnel, including 6,000 in the Gendarmerie, 10,000 in the National Guard, 1,000 in the National Police, and 3,000 in the militia. The Gendarmerie includes eight paramilitary companies and an air transport group, while the National Guard has six camel cavalry companies and a special forces anti-terrorism unit. The military is under-equipped and has a limited capability for the manufacturing and maintenance of equipment.[ 174]     Russia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Corps_(Russia)) (Africa Corps (Russia)) Africa Corps has between 1,500[ 174]    and 3,500 troops across Mali.[ 175]      Territorial units [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=17) (Edit section: Territorial units) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartes_des_régions_du_Mali,depuis_2023.png) (A map of former regions of Mali)   Regions of Mali since 2023  The administrative structure is organized on four levels: 19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Mali) (Regions of Mali) regions , 159 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali) (Cercles of Mali) cercles , 466 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Mali) (Arrondissements of Mali) arrondissements , and 819 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Mali) (Communes of Mali) communes or 12,712 villages, along with the capital district of Bamako.[ 25]    Each region has a governor[ 176]    and is represented on the High Council of Territorial Units by indirectly elected national councilors.[ 144]    Many rural areas lack any state presence, with the administrative structure being distributed unevenly. This is because of the size of the country and the persistent insecurity. The government has used the phrase "return of the state and administrations to fragile areas" to describe its stabilization strategy.[ 25]     Mali has been implementing decentralization since 1993. There were eight regions and the district of Bamako from 1996,[ 144]    which became ten regions in 2006.[ 177]    Since 2023, Mali has added nine regions to its administrative structure, bringing the total to 19 regions plus the district of Bamako. This reorganization aims to improve governance and bring public services closer to local populations. This initiative continues the decentralization efforts that began with the creation of the Taoudénit and Ménaka regions in 2016.[ 178]    [ 179]     The regions and the capital district are:[ 180]    [ 181]     No Region name Area (km2 ) 2023 Population[ d]      00 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Capital_District) (Bamako Capital District) Bamako Capital District  252 4,227,569  01 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region) (Kayes Region) Kayes  62,914 1,840,329  02 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro_Region) (Koulikoro Region) Koulikoro  71,178 2,255,157  03 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso_Region) (Sikasso Region) Sikasso  21,378 1,533,123  04 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ségou_Region) (Ségou Region) Ségou  31,996 2,455,263  05 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti_Region) (Mopti Region) Mopti  49,077 935,579  06 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou_Region) (Tombouctou Region) Tombouctou  180,781 974,278  07 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Region) (Gao Region) Gao  89,532 727,517  08 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidal_Region) (Kidal Region) Kidal  151,430 83,192  09 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoudénit_Region) (Taoudénit Region) Taoudénit  323,326 100,358  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ménaka_Region) (Ménaka Region) Ménaka  81,040 318,876  11 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougouni_Region) (Bougouni Region) Bougouni  41,052 1,570,979  12 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioila_Region) (Dioila Region) Dioila  12,984 675,965  13 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_Region) (Nioro Region) Nioro  24,179 678,061  14 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutiala_Region) (Koutiala Region) Koutiala  14,739 1,169,882  15 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_Region) (Kita Region) Kita  44,175 681,671  16 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Region) (Nara Region) Nara  26,213 307,777  17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara_Region) (Bandiagara Region) Bandiagara  25,709 868,916  18 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Region) (San Region) San  15,516 820,807  19 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douentza_Region) (Douentza Region) Douentza  63,515 170,189  Total 1,240,192 22,395,489      Economy [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=18) (Edit section: Economy) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali) (Economy of Mali) Economy of Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djenne_market.jpg)   A market scene in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenné) (Djenné) Djenné   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalabougou_potters_(6392346).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabougou) (Kalabougou) Kalabougou potters  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usine_de_coton_CMDT.png)   Cotton processing at CMDT  As of 2024, the country had a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)) (List of countries by GDP (nominal)) nominal GDP of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar) (United States dollar) US$ 26.78 billion[ 182]    and a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of countries by GDP (PPP)) PPP-adjusted GDP of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_dollar) (International dollar) $ 81.45 billion.[ 183]    Mali remains one of the poorest and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_developed_countries) (Least developed countries) least developed countries in the world and has a large informal economy. It has heavily relied on assistance from foreign donors, which have reduced their activities during the instability of the 2020s. Since then the transitional government has used regional financial markets to finance its deficit.[ 14]    [ 15]    Most Malians (95%) have informal jobs,[ 25]    with 80% of the population involved in farming, fishing, or raising livestock.[ 14]    The agriculture sector is the largest, accounting for a third of the GDP.[ 14]    Mali's export economy is dominated by gold mining, which represented 80% of the country's exports in 2024. Though cotton is a distant second as an export commodity, one-fifth of the population works in that industry.[ 14]    Ivory Coast, Senegal, and China are Mali's top import partners, while South Africa, Switzerland, and Australia are top export partners.[ 14]     Economic development has been undermined by instability, limited infrastructure and electricity, and government corruption. There has been an economic recovery since the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali) (COVID-19 pandemic in Mali) COVID-19 pandemic in Mali and the ECOWAS sanctions in 2022.[ 25]    As a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union) (West African Economic and Monetary Union) West African Economic and Monetary Union , Mali uses the CFA franc that is issued by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States) (Central Bank of West African States) Central Bank of West African States . As a result, it experiences monetary stability and low inflation. However, businesses have struggled to get access to financing in recent years.[ 14]    Mali is also connected with the French government by agreement since the creation of the bank in 1962.[ 184]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mali.svg)   GDP per capita development of Mali up to 2018  Mali underwent economic reform beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund .[ 185]    During 1988 to 1996, the government largely reformed public enterprises.[ 185]    Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances(./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification)  (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2021)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness) (Wikipedia:Vagueness) (This information is too vague. (July 2021)) vague   ]  . The programme increased social and economic conditions(./Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification)  (./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2021)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness) (Wikipedia:Vagueness) (This information is too vague. (July 2021)) vague   ]  and led to Mali joining the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization) (World Trade Organization) World Trade Organization in 1995.[ 186]    Mali is a member of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa) (Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa) Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHADA) (OHADA) OHADA ).[ 187]    Mali was ranked 135th out of 139 in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index) (Global Innovation Index) Global Innovation Index in 2025.[ 188]    [ 189]     Agriculture [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=19) (Edit section: Agriculture) edit  ]   Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory Coast.[ 190]    [ 191]    During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced, but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003.[ 190]    [ 191]    In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice, millet, corn, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops.[ 185]    Agriculture is undermined by erratic rainfall, flooding, low usage of agricultural equipment, and a volatile security situation.[ 192]     Eighty percent of workers are employed in agriculture, and 15% are employed in the service sector.[ 191]    Seasonal variations lead to regular temporary unemployment of agricultural workers.[ 193]    Around 127,000 hectares of agricultural land are managed by the state-owned Niger River Authority (Office du Niger).[ 192]      Mining [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=20) (Edit section: Mining) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadiola_gold_melt.png)   Melted gold at (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiola_Gold_Mine) (Sadiola Gold Mine) Sadiola Gold Mine , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region) (Kayes Region) Kayes (Source: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamgold) (Iamgold) Iamgold )  Gold is mined in the southern region,[ 190]    and Mali was the second largest producer of gold in Africa as of 2024.[ 194]    In 2015, the country produced 41 metric tonnes of gold.[ 195]    The emergence of gold as its leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises.[ 196]    Other natural resources include kaolin, salt, phosphate, and limestone.[ 185]     In 1991, with the assistance of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association) (International Development Association) International Development Association , Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry.[ 197]    In 2023, Mali adopted a mining code that raises the requirement of state and local investor ownership of mining companies to 35% from the previous 20%, seeking to increase revenue. The code has led to disputes with established mining companies.[ 194]      Energy [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=21) (Edit section: Energy) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   See also: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Mali) (List of power stations in Mali) List of power stations in Mali  Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali (EDM).[ 185]    Outside the cities, the Malian Agency for Rural Electrification allows private companies to generate and distribute electricity to villages. EDM is heavily financed by the government and regional multinational banks. As of 2023, the majority (66%) of electricity was generated by diesel generators, followed by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity) (Hydroelectricity) hydroelectric generation. Solar represented 2.7% of generation capacity.[ 198]    In the cities, 55% of the population have access to EDM.[ 199]    Overall, the national accessibility to electricity is 40%, and it is just 20% in rural areas.[ 14]    Powers cuts are common,[ 198]    and as of 2024 Bamako and other areas experienced blackouts that lasted up to 18 hours.[ 25]      Transportation [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=22) (Edit section: Transportation) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Mali) (Transport in Mali) Transport in Mali  Mali has 89,000 kilometres (55,000  mi) of roads, which are in poor condition. The most significant highway is the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Sahelian_Highway) (Trans-Sahelian Highway) Trans-Sahelian Highway , which links three major cities—Bamako, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso) (Sikasso) Sikasso , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes) (Kayes) Kayes —with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar) (Dakar) Dakar and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Djamena) (N'Djamena) N'Djamena . The section from Bamako to the Senegalese border is called the Northern Bamako-Dakar Corridor, and is Mali's most important roadway, with the majority of its imports and exports passing on it. Domestically, the Northern Bamako-Dakar Corridor uses Malian National Routes 1 and 3. Another major highway is the Trans-Saharan Road Corridor, which uses National Routes 6, 16, and 17 to connect Bamako to Ségou, Mopti, Sévaré, and Gao; as well as to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers) (Algiers) Algiers and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos) (Lagos) Lagos via Niger.[ 200]     The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar–Niger_Railway) (Dakar–Niger Railway) Dakar–Bamako Railway runs parallel to part of the Northern Bamako-Dakar Corridor.[ 200]    The Malian section has 641 kilometres (398  mi) of track. The railway was managed by foreign companies until they ceased operations in 2010. In 2016, Mali and Senegal formed the joint company Dakar Bamako Ferroviaire to revive the line.[ 201]    Passenger service between Kayes and Bamako was restarted in June 2023 after five years of renovation.[ 202]    There are also approximately 29 airports, of which 8 have paved runways.[ 203]    Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white taxi cabs. A significant sum of the population is dependent on public transportation.   Demographics [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=23) (Edit section: Demographics) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali) (Demographics of Mali) Demographics of Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_-_Bozo_girl_in_Bamako.jpg)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_people) (Bozo people) Bozo girl in Bamako  Population of Mali[ 204]    [ 205]     Year Million  1950 4.7  2000 11  2021  21.9     In 2021 the population was an estimated 21.9  million ,[ 204]    [ 205]    which grew from 7.7 million in 1982.[ 206]    The population is predominantly rural (69.7% in 2022),[ 6]    and 5%–10% of Malians are nomadic.[ 4]    More than 90% live in southern Mali, especially in Bamako,[ 4]    which has over 4 million residents.[ 6]     In 2024, about 47% were 14 years old or younger, 50% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older.[ 135]    The median age was 16.4 years.[ 135]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate) (Birth rate) birth rate in 2024 was 40 births per 1,000, and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate) (Total fertility rate) total fertility rate in 2024 was 5.35 children per woman.[ 135]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate) (Death rate) death rate in 2024 was 8.1 deaths per 1,000.[ 135]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy) (Life expectancy) Life expectancy at birth was 63.2 years total (60.9 for males and 65.6 for females).[ 135]    Mali has one of the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate) (List of countries by infant mortality rate) world's highest rates of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality) (Infant mortality) infant mortality ,[ 4]    with 57.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024.[ 135]     Largest cities [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=24) (Edit section: Largest cities) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   For a more comprehensive list, see (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali) (List of cities in Mali) List of cities in Mali .    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mali) (Template:Largest cities of Mali) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Mali) (Template talk:Largest cities of Mali) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mali) (Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Mali) (Edit this template) e     Largest cities or towns in Mali  According to the 2009 Census[ 207]        Rank (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali) (List of cities in Mali) Name  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Mali) (Regions of Mali) Region  Pop.   1 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako) (Bamako) Bamako  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako_Capital_District) (Bamako Capital District) Bamako  1,810,366  2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso) (Sikasso) Sikasso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso_Region) (Sikasso Region) Sikasso  226,618  3 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutiala) (Koutiala) Koutiala  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikasso_Region) (Sikasso Region) Sikasso  141,444  4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ségou) (Ségou) Ségou  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ségou_Region) (Ségou Region) Ségou  133,501  5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes) (Kayes) Kayes  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes_Region) (Kayes Region) Kayes  126,319  6 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti) (Mopti) Mopti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti_Region) (Mopti Region) Mopti  120,786  7 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabancoro) (Kalabancoro) Kalabancoro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro_Region) (Koulikoro Region) Koulikoro  96,173  8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao) (Gao) Gao  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Region) (Gao Region) Gao  86,353  9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati,_Mali) (Kati, Mali) Kati  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulikoro_Region) (Koulikoro Region) Koulikoro  84,500  10 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San,_Mali) (San, Mali) San  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ségou_Region) (Ségou Region) Ségou  66,967      Ethnic groups [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=25) (Edit section: Ethnic groups) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traveller_at_Bambara_wedding,_Mali,_West_Africa.tiff)   A (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people) (Bambara people) Bambara wedding in Mali, observed by a tourist  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_family.jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani) (Fulani) Fulani children in Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg)   The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg are nomadic inhabitants of northern Mali.  Mali's population encompasses several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) sub-Saharan ethnic groups. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_people) (Bambara people) Bambara are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up over a third of the population, particularly concentrated around Bamako.[ 181]    According to the 2022 general population and housing census, the largest ethnic groups are the Bambara (35.9%), Fulani (Peuhl) (12.8%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_people) (Senufo people) Senufo /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people) (Mandinka people) Manianka (9.4%), Malinke (8.4%), Sarakole/(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_people) (Soninke people) Soninke /Marka (8.2%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people) (Dogon people) Dogon (6.1%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people) (Songhai people) Sonrai (4.8%), Tuareg (3.9%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_people) (Bobo people) Bobo /(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwa_people) (Bwa people) Bwa (2.2%), Bozo (1.9%), Arabs (1.7%), with smaller ethnic groups making up the rest.[ 6]    While some ethnicities, like the Bambara and Fula, are spread throughout southern Mali, others have particular concentrations. The Malinke and Soninke live in the west. The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara_Escarpment) (Bandiagara Escarpment) Bandiagara Escarpment is dominated by the Dogon, while the Songhai mainly inhabit the Niger River valley.[ 181]    The Sahara is dominated by the nomadic Arab and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg tribes. In Mali and in Niger, the Moors are also known as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azawagh_Arabs) (Azawagh Arabs) Azawagh Arabs , named after the Azawagh region of the Sahara. They speak mainly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic) (Hassaniya Arabic) Hassaniya Arabic , one of the regional (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic) (Varieties of Arabic) varieties of Arabic .[ 208]     In the far north, there is a division within the Tuareg between the free Tuareg and the darker-skinned Bella, who formed the historical slave caste of the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves.[ 81]    Slavery has persisted in Mali for centuries.[ 209]    The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships,[ 210]    [ 211]    and according to some estimates approximately 200,000 Malians are enslaved.[ 212]     Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of Spanish, as well as French, Irish, Italian and Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_people) (Arma people) Arma people (1% of the population).[ 213]     Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north.[ 4]    Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group.[ 214]    This conflict also plays a role in the continuing northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and Jihadist militias who are trying to establish sharia.[ 215]     There is a small (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali) (History of the Jews in Mali) Jewish community in Mali.[ 216]      Languages [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=26) (Edit section: Languages) edit  ]    Spoken languages in Mali (2022 census)[ 217]    [ 218]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara (57.83%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula (6.24%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinke) (Malinke) Malinke (5.91%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninké_language) (Soninké language) Maraka / Soninké (5.34%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhay_languages) (Songhay languages) Songhai (4.56%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon) (Dogon) Dogon (4.11%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg) (Tuareg) Tuareg (3.57%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minianka) (Minianka) Minianka (3.23%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_language) (Senufo language) Senufo (2.09%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_language) (Bobo language) Bobo (1.61%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Bozo (1.06%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonké (0.94%)   Other languages of Mali (2.07%)   Other African languages (0.43%)   Other foreign languages (1.01%)    (Bambara (57.83%))  (Bambara (57.83%))  (Fula (6.24%))  (Fula (6.24%))  (Malinke (5.91%))  (Malinke (5.91%))  (Maraka / Soninké (5.34%))  (Maraka / Soninké (5.34%))  (Songhai (4.56%))  (Dogon (4.11%))  (Tuareg (3.57%))  (Minianka (3.23%))  (Senufo (2.09%))  (Bobo (1.61%))  (Bozo (1.06%))  (Kassonké (0.94%))  (Other languages of Mali (2.07%))  (Other African languages (0.43%))  (Other foreign languages (1.01%))       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1290014865)   Mother tongues in Mali (2022 census)[ 217]      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara (49.90%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula (8.19%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maninka_language) (Maninka language) Malinke (7.10%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninké_language) (Soninké language) Maraka / Soninké (6.53%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_language) (Dogon language) Dogon (5.43%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhay_languages) (Songhay languages) Songhai (4.58%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minianka_language) (Minianka language) Minianka (4.08%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq (3.85%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_language) (Senufo language) Senufo (2.83%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_language) (Bobo language) Bobo (1.93%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Bozo (1.41%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonké (1.10%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic) (Hassaniya Arabic) Maure (0.92%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Mali) (Languages of Mali) Other Malian (1.85%)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa) (Languages of Africa) Other African (0.11%)   Other foreign (0.19%)    (Bambara (49.90%))  (Bambara (49.90%))  (Fula (8.19%))  (Fula (8.19%))  (Malinke (7.10%))  (Malinke (7.10%))  (Maraka / Soninké (6.53%))  (Maraka / Soninké (6.53%))  (Dogon (5.43%))  (Dogon (5.43%))  (Songhai (4.58%))  (Minianka (4.08%))  (Tamasheq (3.85%))  (Senufo (2.83%))  (Bobo (1.93%))  (Bozo (1.41%))  (Kassonké (1.10%))  (Maure (0.92%))  (Other Malian (1.85%))  (Other African (0.11%))  (Other foreign (0.19%))       (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Mali) (Languages of Mali) Languages of Mali  Malians speak a variety of languages, the most widely being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara spoken as mother tongue by nearly half the population. In January 2022 the government announced Bambara its official language;[ 219]    French was dropped as an official language, becoming instead a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_language) (Working language) working language .[ 2]    At the same time, the 13 national languages,[ 3]    namely Bambara, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobo_language) (Bobo language) Bobo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Bozo , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_languages) (Dogon languages) Dogon , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic) (Hassaniya Arabic) Hassaniya Arabic , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonke , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maninka_language) (Maninka language) Maninke , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanka_language) (Minyanka language) Minyanka , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senufo_languages) (Senufo languages) Senufo , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhay_languages) (Songhay languages) Songhai , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_language) (Soninke language) Soninke and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq , became official languages.[ 2]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  in Mali is mainly Bambara, which about 80 percent of the population can communicate in.[ 4]    Over 40 other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_languages) (African languages) African languages are spoken by the various ethnic groups of Mali.[ 4]     According to the 2022 census, the languages spoken natively were Bambara by 49.9%,[ 217]    Fula (8.2%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_language) (Mandinka language) Mandinka (7.1%), Soninké (6.5%), Dogon (6.0%), Songhai (4.6%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minianka_language) (Minianka language) Minianka (4.2%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasheq_language) (Tamasheq language) Tamasheq (3.9%), Sénoufo (2.8%), Bobo (1.9%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_language) (Bozo language) Tieyaxo Bozo (1.4%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassonke_language) (Kassonke language) Kassonké (1.1%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic) (Hassaniya Arabic) Maure or Hassaniya Arabic (0.9%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_language) (Marka language) Dafing (0.3%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogo_languages) (Samogo languages) Samogo (0.5%), (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic) (Arabic) Arabic (other dialects) (0.4%), other Malian languages (0.6%), French (0.1%), other African languages (0.1%), and other non-African languages (0.1%).[ 6]      Religion [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=27) (Edit section: Religion) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mali) (Religion in Mali) Religion in Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mali) (Religion in Mali) Religion in Mali ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center) (Pew Research Center) Pew 2024)[ 220]     Religion  Percent  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Mali) (Islam in Mali) Islam     90%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity) (Christianity) Christianity     8%  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion) (African Traditional Religion) Traditional faiths     1%  Other religions    1%     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque_entrance_(6862566).jpg)   An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque  Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century and remains the predominant religion in much of the region. The 2022 census reported that 96.4% of Malians are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Mali) (Islam in Mali) Muslim (mostly (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim) (Non-denominational Muslim) non-denominational and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni) (Sunni) Sunni [ 221]    ), approximately 2.3% are Christian (about 1.4% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mali) (Roman Catholicism in Mali) Roman Catholic and 0.8% (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism) (Protestantism) Protestant ), and the remaining 0.7% adhere to (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) (Traditional African religions) traditional African religions such as the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_religion) (Dogon religion) Dogon religion .[ 222]    [ 6]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism) (Atheism) Atheism and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism) (Agnosticism) agnosticism are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practise their religion daily,[ 223]    though the census found 0.5% of Malians identified with no religion.[ 6]     The constitution establishes a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state) (Secular state) secular state and provides for (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) (Freedom of religion) freedom of religion , and the government largely respects this right.[ 223]     Islam as historically practised in Mali has been malleable and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have generally been amicable.[ 223]    After the 2012 imposition of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia) (Sharia) sharia rule in northern parts of the country, however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Doors) (Open Doors) Open Doors , which described the persecution in the north as severe.[ 224]    [ 225]      Education [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=28) (Edit section: Education) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lycéens_kati.jpg)   High school students in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kati) (Kati) Kati   Public (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mali) (Education in Mali) education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen.[ 223]    The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age 7, followed by six years of secondary education.[ 223]    Primary school enrollment rate is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.[ 223]     In 2017, the primary school enrollment rate was 61% (65% of males and 58% of females).[ 226]    In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrollment rate was 15% (20% of males and 10% of females).[ 223]    The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.[ 223]     Estimates of literacy rates range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men.[ 223]    The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bamako) (University of Bamako) University of Bamako , which includes four constituent universities, is the largest university and enrolls approximately 60,000 undergraduate and graduate students.[ 227]      Health [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=29) (Edit section: Health) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Mali) (Health in Mali) Health in Mali  Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation.[ 223]    Health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world.[ 223]    Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 63.2 years in 2024.[ 135]    In 2000, 62–65% of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind.[ 223]    In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.[ 228]     Efforts have been made to improve nutrition and reduce associated health problems by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics) (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Foundation) (Aga Khan Foundation) Aga Khan Foundation trained women's groups to make equinut , a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.[ 229]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg)   Village in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel) (Sahel) Sahel region  Medical facilities are very limited, and medicines are in short supply.[ 228]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria) (Malaria) Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent, as are a number of infectious diseases such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera) (Cholera) cholera and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis) (Tuberculosis) tuberculosis .[ 228]    The population suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization.[ 228]    An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year,(./Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2019)  [ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify) (Wikipedia:Please clarify) (The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2019)) clarification needed   ]  among the lowest rates in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (Sub-Saharan Africa) Sub-Saharan Africa .[ 228]    An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation) (Female genital mutilation) female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).[ 230]    [ 231]     In 2024, approximately 7.1 million people, including over 3.8 million children, require urgent humanitarian assistance due to escalating conflict and climate crises. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) (UNICEF) UNICEF is amplifying its efforts to provide essential services like health, education, and protection, while appealing for $133.5 million to address these needs. The situation is dire, with over 522,000 children lacking access to education and millions at risk of malnutrition amid underfunded humanitarian responses.[ 232]      Gender inequality [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=30) (Edit section: Gender inequality) edit  ]   In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme .[ 233]    The constitution states that it protects women's rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women.[ 234]    Provisions in the laws limit women's decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife.[ 234]    Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men.[ 234]    The lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector.[ 234]    Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is seen as a better investment for the parents.[ 234]    As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based violence.[ 235]    The unstable government has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the country.[ 235]     Religion, the patriarchal norms, and gender-based violence are major negative factors shaping the lives of women.[ 236]    Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within the household.[ 236]    Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, and childcare at a young age and are expected to take the main responsibility of household chores throughout their life. This hampers women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls.[ 236]    Gender-based violence happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in the north increased cases of kidnappings and rapes.[ 235]    The conflict also reduced women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities.[ 235]    At the household level, women face gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape.[ 234]    The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband.[ 235]    In 2024, officials approved a bill criminalising (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mali) (LGBTQ rights in Mali) intimate relations between same-sex couples.[ 237]     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flip-flop_business.jpg)   Malian women in Djenné  After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls have lower enrollment rates and less access to formal education.[ 236]    Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to become educated.[ 236]    Technical and vocational education has less female participation and isinadequately distributed throughout the country, with the training centers focused in the urban cities.[ 236]    Higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science.[ 236]    Although women do not have the same access to education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing themselves in decision-making positions in the public administration sector, which has led to the promotion of women's rights in the political sphere..[ 236]    Out of 147 members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010.[ 236]     Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women's rights.[ 236]    Mali signed the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Platform_for_Action) (Beijing Platform for Action) Beijing Platform for Action , which suggests that women should participate in decision-making, and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which is the foundation to women's rights promotion.[ 236]    The constitution dictates equality to all citizens and discrimination is prohibited.[ 236]    The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme seek to improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country.[ 236]    The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law.[ 236]    Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality, the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to support the importance of women's rights.[ 236]    Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality.[ 236]    The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women's rights.[ 235]       Culture [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=31) (Edit section: Culture) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konoguel_Mosque_tower_(6439210).jpg)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoguel_Mosque?action=edit&redlink=1) (Konoguel Mosque (page does not exist)) Konoguel Mosque tower  The varied everyday (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mali) (Culture of Mali) culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity.[ 238]    Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) (Boubou (clothing)) boubous that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.[ 238]     Music [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=32) (Edit section: Music) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_Dogon_Dance.jpg)   Mali Dogon dance  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mali) (Music of Mali) Malian musical traditions are derived from the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot) (Griot) griots , who are known as "Keepers of Memories".[ 239]    Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some influences are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_(instrument)) (Kora (instrument)) kora virtuoso musician (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toumani_Diabaté) (Toumani Diabaté) Toumani Diabaté , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)) (Ngoni (instrument)) ngoni with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassekou_Kouyate) (Bassekou Kouyate) Bassekou Kouyate the virtuoso of the electric (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)) (Ngoni (instrument)) jeli ngoni , the late roots and blues guitarist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Farka_Touré) (Ali Farka Touré) Ali Farka Touré , the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people) (Tuareg people) Tuareg band (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinariwen) (Tinariwen) Tinariwen , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaira_Arby) (Khaira Arby) Khaira Arby , and several (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_pop_music) (Afro pop music) Afro-pop artists such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salif_Keita) (Salif Keita) Salif Keita , the duo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_et_Mariam) (Amadou et Mariam) Amadou et Mariam , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumou_Sangare) (Oumou Sangare) Oumou Sangare , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoumata_Diawara) (Fatoumata Diawara) Fatoumata Diawara , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokia_Traore) (Rokia Traore) Rokia Traore , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Koité) (Habib Koité) Habib Koité . Dance also plays a large role;[ 240]    parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.[ 240]      Literature [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=33) (Edit section: Literature) edit  ]   Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music,[ 241]    Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers.[ 242]    Literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with jalis reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart.[ 242]    [ 243]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Hampâté_Bâ) (Amadou Hampâté Bâ) Amadou Hampâté Bâ , Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember.[ 243]     The best-known novel by a Malian writer is (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambo_Ouologuem) (Yambo Ouologuem) Yambo Ouologuem 's Le devoir de violence , which won the 1968 (French-language text) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Renaudot) (Prix Renaudot) Prix Renaudot   (./Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text)  but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism.[ 242]    [ 243]    Other well-known writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_Makan_Diabaté) (Massa Makan Diabaté) Massa Makan Diabaté , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Konaté_(writer)) (Moussa Konaté (writer)) Moussa Konaté , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fily_Dabo_Sissoko) (Fily Dabo Sissoko) Fily Dabo Sissoko .[ 242]    [ 243]      Sport [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=34) (Edit section: Sport) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_football.jpg)   Malian children playing football in a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people) (Dogon people) Dogon village  The (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Mali) (Football in Mali) most popular sport in Mali is association football,[ 244]    [ 245]    which became more prominent after Mali hosted the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_African_Cup_of_Nations) (2002 African Cup of Nations) 2002 African Cup of Nations .[ 244]    [ 246]    Most towns and cities have regular games;[ 246]    the most popular teams nationally are (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoliba_AC) (Djoliba AC) Djoliba AC , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Malien) (Stade Malien) Stade Malien , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Bamako) (Real Bamako) Real Bamako , all based in the capital.[ 245]    Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball.[ 245]     Basketball is another major sport;[ 245]    [ 247]    the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_women's_national_basketball_team) (Mali women's national basketball team) Mali women's national basketball team , led by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamchetou_Maiga) (Hamchetou Maiga) Hamchetou Maiga , competed at the 2008 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics) (2008 Summer Olympics) Beijing Olympics .[ 248]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_Traditionnelle) (Lutte Traditionnelle) Traditional wrestling (la lutte ) is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years.[ 246]    The game (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oware) (Oware) wari , a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancala) (Mancala) mancala variant, is a common pastime.[ 245]    Mali featured a men's national team in (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball) (Beach volleyball) beach volleyball that competed at the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–2020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup) (2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup) 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup .[ 249]      Cuisine [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=35) (Edit section: Cuisine) edit  ]   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malian_Tea2.JPG)   Malian tea  Rice and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet) (Millet) millet are the staples of (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_cuisine) (Malian cuisine) Malian cuisine , which is heavily based on cereal grains.[ 250]    [ 251]    Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from edible leaves, such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach) (Spinach) spinach or (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia_digitata) (Adansonia digitata) baobab , with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton) (Mutton) mutton , beef, or goat).[ 250]    [ 251]    Malian cuisine varies regionally.[ 250]    [ 251]    Other popular dishes include (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufu) (Fufu) fufu , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollof_rice) (Jollof rice) jollof rice , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maafe) (Maafe) maafe .  Media [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=36) (Edit section: Media) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237)   Main article: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Mali) (Media of Mali) Media of Mali  There are several newspapers such as (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Échos_(Mali)) (Les Échos (Mali)) Les Echos  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Essor) (L'Essor) L'Essor  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info_Matin?action=edit&redlink=1) (Info Matin (page does not exist)) Info Matin  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvel_Horizon_(Mali)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Nouvel Horizon (Mali) (page does not exist)) Nouvel Horizon  , and (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Républicain_(Mali)?action=edit&redlink=1) (Le Républicain (Mali) (page does not exist)) Le Républicain  [ (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Républicain%20(Mali)) (fr:Le Républicain (Mali)) fr ]   .[ 252]    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion-Télévision_du_Mali) (Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali) Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali is the state-owned service. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali) (Telecommunications in Mali) Telecommunications in Mali include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users.[ 253]       See also [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=37) (Edit section: See also) edit  ]   (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mali) (Portal:Mali) Mali portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries portal   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa portal    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Mali) (Outline of Mali) Outline of Mali     Notes [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=38) (Edit section: Notes) edit  ]    ↑   Bambara serves as a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca) (Lingua franca) lingua franca  spoken by around 80% of the population.[ 4]      ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) (Help:IPA/English) /(/ˈ/: primary stress follows) ˈ ('m' in 'my') m (/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father') ɑː ('l' in 'lie') l (/i/: 'y' in 'happy') i  /   (//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/En-us-Mali.ogg/En-us-Mali.ogg.mp3) (Play audio)      (/wiki/File:En-us-Mali.ogg) (File:En-us-Mali.ogg) ⓘ    (./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations)  ; Bambara pronunciation: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA) (Help:IPA) [ ma.li]   (./Category:Pages_with_Bambara_IPA)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Ko_script) (N'Ko script) N'Ko script : (Bambara-language text) ߡߊߟߌ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula : 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (./Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : مالي (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)       ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambara_language) (Bambara language) Bambara : Mali ka Fasojamana (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)  , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N'Ko_script) (N'Ko script) N'Ko script : (Bambara-language text) ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ  (./Category:Articles_containing_Bambara-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_language) (Fula language) Fula : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 , romanized:  (Fula-language romanization) Renndaandi Maali  (./Category:Articles_containing_Fula-language_text)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language) (Arabic language) Arabic : جمهورية مالي , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) (Romanization of Arabic) romanized :  (Arabic-language romanization) Jumhūriyyāt Mālī  (./Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text)       ↑   According to the Census      References [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=39) (Edit section: References) edit  ]   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1327269900)   ↑   Académie N’Ko Mali. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel) "Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ" . Twitter.com . Archived from (https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel) the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter.com&rft.atitle=Acad%C3%A9mie+N%27Ko+Mali+%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%9F%DF%8C+%DF%92%DF%9E%DF%8F+%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8F%DF%AB+%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%B2%DF%93%DF%8E&rft.au=Acad%C3%A9mie+N%E2%80%99Ko+Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FNkoOfficiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf) "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF) . sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023 . Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. [ Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02023-0401%2FPT-RM+DU+22+JUILLET+2023+PORTANT+PROMULGATION+DE+LA+CONSTITUTION&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2023%2Fmali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf) "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE" (PDF) . sgg-mali.ml (in French). 21 August 2017. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023 . Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) [ According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02017-0735%2FP-RM+DU+21+AOUT+2017+FIXANT+L%27ORGANISATION+ET+LES+MODALITES+DE+FONCTIONNEMENT+DES+STRUCTURES+DE+L%27EDUCATION+NON+FORMELLE&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2017%2Fmali-jo-2017-39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   Mali country profile , p. 6.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf) "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF) . sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023 . Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. [ Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.]  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg-mali.ml&rft.atitle=JOURNAL+OFFICIEL+DE+LA+REPUBLIQUE+DU+MALI+SECRETARIAT+GENERAL+DU+GOUVERNEMENT+-+DECRET+N%C2%B02023-0401%2FPT-RM+DU+22+JUILLET+2023+PORTANT+PROMULGATION+DE+LA+CONSTITUTION&rft.date=2023-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgg-mali.ml%2FJO%2F2023%2Fmali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) (December 2024). (https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-etat-structure-population-rgph5-rgph.pdf) "CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT (RGPH5)" (PDF) . Retrieved 8 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CINQUIEME+RECENSEMENT+GENERAL+DE+LA+POPULATION+ET+DE+L%27HABITAT+%28RGPH5%29&rft.date=2024-12&rft.au=Institut+National+de+la+Statistique+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat-mali.org%2Flaravel-filemanager%2Ffiles%2Fshares%2Frgph%2Frapport-etat-structure-population-rgph5-rgph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417) "Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417) Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Assimi+Go%C3%AFta%3A+President+gets+sweeping+powers+in+new+Mali+constitution&rft.date=2023-07-23&rft.aulast=Booty&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft.au=Pivac%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-66282417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370) "Mali country profile" . BBC News . 19 October 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370) Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali+country+profile&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13881370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ML) "Mali Population" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund) (United Nations Population Fund) United Nations Population Fund  . 2025. (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.atitle=Mali+Population&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fdata%2Fworld-population%2FML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2  3  4   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLI) "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mali)" . IMF.org . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) (International Monetary Fund) International Monetary Fund . 10 October 2023. (https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1) Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2025+Edition.+%28Mali%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FMLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/) "Gini Index" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank) (World Bank) World Bank . (https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/) Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MLI) "Human Development Report 2023/2024" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme) (United Nations Development Programme) United Nations Development Programme . 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2025-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fspecific-country-data%23%2Fcountries%2FMLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html) "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019" . (https://web.archive.org/web/20201221011240/https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html) Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+Mundi+using+CIA+World+Factbook+statistics%2C+January+20%2C+2018%2C+retrieved+April+13%2C+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fmali%2Fage_structure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mali-market-overview) "Mali - Market Overview" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Administration) (International Trade Administration) International Trade Administration  . 17 February 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Mali+-+Market+Overview&rft.date=2026-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fmali-market-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://unctad.org/topic/least-developed-countries/list) "UN list of least developed countries" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development) (UN Trade and Development) UN Trade and Development  . December 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Trade+and+Development&rft.atitle=UN+list+of+least+developed+countries&rft.date=2024-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Ftopic%2Fleast-developed-countries%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/) "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)" . National Geographic Society . 14 April 2020. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220702005708/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/) Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Mansa+Musa+%28Musa+I+of+Mali%29&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fmansa-musa-musa-i-mali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (http://www.blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200) Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed (https://web.archive.org/web/20190105194944/https://blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200) Archived 5 January 2019 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458) "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?" . BBC News . 10 March 2019. (https://web.archive.org/web/20190310072937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458) Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Mansa+Musa+the+richest+man+who+ever+lived%3F&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47379458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time) "Who is the richest person of all time?" . The Week UK . December 2021. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time) Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week+UK&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+richest+person+of+all+time%3F&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2F954992%2Fwho-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Shankar, Priyanka (27 April 2026). (https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/timeline-how-mali-went-from-democracy-beacon-to-instability) "Timeline: How Mali went from democracy beacon to instability" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera) (Al Jazeera) Al Jazeera  . Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+How+Mali+went+from+democracy+beacon+to+instability&rft.date=2026-04-27&rft.aulast=Shankar&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2026%2F4%2F27%2Ftimeline-how-mali-went-from-democracy-beacon-to-instability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Stephanie, Pezard; Shurkin, Michael (2015). (http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15zc57q) "Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation) (RAND Corporation) RAND Corporation  . Retrieved 26 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=Achieving+Peace+in+Northern+Mali%3A+Past+Agreements%2C+Local+Conflicts%2C+and+the+Prospects+for+a+Durable+Settlement&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stephanie&rft.aufirst=Pezard&rft.au=Shurkin%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7249%2Fj.ctt15zc57q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182302/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w) Archived 28 July 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , The New York Times   ↑   (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html) UN Security Council condemns Mali coup (https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html) Archived 28 November 2020 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html) "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes" . Le Monde . 12 January 2013. (https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html) Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Mali+%E2%80%93+la+France+a+men%C3%A9+une+s%C3%A9rie+de+raids+contre+les+islamistes&rft.date=2013-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F12%2Fla-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/MLI) "BTI 2026 Mali Country Report" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index) (Bertelsmann Transformation Index) Bertelsmann Transformation Index  . 2026. Retrieved 26 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bertelsmann+Transformation+Index&rft.atitle=BTI+2026+Mali+Country+Report&rft.date=2026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbti-project.org%2Fen%2Freports%2Fcountry-report%2FMLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Ewokor, Chris (4 July 2025). (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qxnxxzde8o) "Assimi Goïta: Mali military leader granted five-year term in power" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News) (BBC News) BBC News  . Retrieved 17 August 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Assimi+Go%C3%AFta%3A+Mali+military+leader+granted+five-year+term+in+power&rft.date=2025-07-04&rft.aulast=Ewokor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc9qxnxxzde8o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DeAngelo, Michael; Charles, Miles; Ford, Yale; Karr, Liam (9 October 2025). (https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/mali-negotiates-jnim-blockade-drc-m23-numbers-swell-al-shabaab-mogadishu-somali-election-disputes-boko-haram-cameroon-nigeria-border-africa-file-october-9-2025) "Mali Negotiates Amid JNIM Blockade; M23 Numbers Swell: Africa File, October 9, 2025" . Critical Threats Project . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_War) (Institute for the Study of War) Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 2 November 2025 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Critical+Threats+Project&rft.atitle=Mali+Negotiates+Amid+JNIM+Blockade%3B+M23+Numbers+Swell%3A+Africa+File%2C+October+9%2C+2025&rft.date=2025-10-09&rft.aulast=DeAngelo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Charles%2C+Miles&rft.au=Ford%2C+Yale&rft.au=Karr%2C+Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criticalthreats.org%2Fanalysis%2Fmali-negotiates-jnim-blockade-drc-m23-numbers-swell-al-shabaab-mogadishu-somali-election-disputes-boko-haram-cameroon-nigeria-border-africa-file-october-9-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  BANCHEREAU, MARK (25 April 2026). (https://apnews.com/article/mali-gunfire-airport-96f93a72f4766d538e0c98d9e6afa912) "Islamic militants and separatists claim sweeping attacks across Mali" . AP News . Retrieved 26 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Islamic+militants+and+separatists+claim+sweeping+attacks+across+Mali&rft.date=2026-04-25&rft.aulast=BANCHEREAU&rft.aufirst=MARK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmali-gunfire-airport-96f93a72f4766d538e0c98d9e6afa912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). (https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7) Discovering the Empire of Mali  . The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477718896) (Special:BookSources/9781477718896) 9781477718896  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7) Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Empire+of+Mali&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.isbn=9781477718896&rft.aulast=Wolny&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5HnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Sasnett, Martena Tenney; Sepmeyer, Inez Hopkins (1 January 1967). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn) Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials   . University of California Press. pp. (https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673) 673 . 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043448/https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231) Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mali&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008-04-25&rft.isbn=9780810864023&rft.aulast=Imperato&rft.aufirst=Pascal+James&rft.au=Imperato%2C+Gavin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzf6xAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Tamsir_Niane) (Djibril Tamsir Niane) Niane, Djibril (1965). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali .  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). (http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf) "A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)" (PDF) . University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. (https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017 . 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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780933121034) (Special:BookSources/9780933121034) 9780933121034  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92) Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Glory%3A+The+Story+of+Vanished+Negro+Civilizations&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=9780933121034&rft.aulast=Graft-Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+Coleman+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLY5Lmc-To7cC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle) Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa   . University Press of America. pp. (https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11) 11 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761814566) (Special:BookSources/9780761814566) 9780761814566  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+African+Civilization%3A+Precolonial+Africa&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780761814566&rft.aulast=Fyle&rft.aufirst=C.+Magbaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0001fyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p. 906.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Arazi, Noemie. (http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444342/1/U591645.pdf) "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources" (PDF) . University College London . Institute of Archaeology. (https://web.archive.org/web/20220213144217/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444342/1/U591645.pdf) Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+College+London&rft.atitle=Tracing+History+in+Dia%2C+in+the+Inland+Niger+Delta+of+Mali+-Archaeology%2C+Oral+Traditions+and+Written+Sources&rft.aulast=Arazi&rft.aufirst=Noemie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1444342%2F1%2FU591645.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82–83.  ↑   ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl. Corpus , p. 333.  ↑   al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl, Corpus , p. 108.  1  2  3   Mali country profile , p. 1.  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12   Mali country profile . Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2.  ↑   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Iliffe_(historian)) (John Iliffe (historian)) John Iliffe (2007) (https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC) Africans: the history of a continent  (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906225011/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC&pg=&dq&hl=en) Archived 6 September 2015 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Mali+to+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Public+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaliembassy.us%2Findex.php%2F2012-02-27-16-59-35%2Fpublic-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Martin, Guy (1976). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/483923) "Socialism, Economic Development and Planning in Mali, 1960-1968"  . Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines . 10 (1): 25. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F483923) 10.2307/483923 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-3968) 0008-3968 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Democracy+in+early+Malian+postcolonial+history%3A+The+abuse+of+discourse&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Nathan, Robert (2013). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709402) "Democracy in early Malian postcolonial history: The abuse of discourse" . International Journal . 68 (3): 486– 489. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020) 0020-7020 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Democracy+in+early+Malian+postcolonial+history%3A+The+abuse+of+discourse&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=486-489&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Hazard, John N. (1969). (Paid subscription required) (https://www.jstor.org/stable/421479) "Marxian Socialism in Africa: The Case of Mali"  . Comparative Politics . 2 (1): 2– 3. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.2307%2F421479) 10.2307/421479 . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4159) 0010-4159 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Marxian+Socialism+in+Africa%3A+The+Case+of+Mali&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F421479&rft.issn=0010-4159&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F421479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tiquet, Romain (2020), (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27801-4_4) "Education Through Labor: From the deuxième portion du contingent to the Youth Civic Service in West Africa (Senegal/Mali, 1920s–1960s)" , in Matasci, Damiano; Jerónimo, Miguel Bandeira; Dores, Hugo Gonçalves (eds.), Education and Development in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa: Policies, Paradigms, and Entanglements, 1890s–1980s , Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 96, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) (Doi (identifier)) doi :(https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-27801-4_4) 10.1007/978-3-030-27801-4_4 , (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27801-4) (Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27801-4) 978-3-030-27801-4  , retrieved 23 March 2026  (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+Through+Labor%3A+From+the+deuxi%C3%A8me+portion+du+contingent+to+the+Youth+Civic+Service+in+West+Africa+%28Senegal%2FMali%2C+1920s%E2%80%931960s%29&rft.btitle=Education+and+Development+in+Colonial+and+Postcolonial+Africa%3A+Policies%2C+Paradigms%2C+and+Entanglements%2C+1890s%E2%80%931980s&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-27801-4_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-27801-4&rft.aulast=Tiquet&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-27801-4_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Tiquet, Romain (2020), (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27801-4_4) "Education Through Labor: From the deuxième portion du contingent to the Youth Civic Service in West Africa (Senegal/Mali, 1920s–1960s)" , in Matasci, Damiano; 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=Educational+Change+in+Francophone+Africa&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2295223&rft.issn=0022-2984&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2295223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Bleck, Jaimie; Guindo, Boubacar Mody (2013). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24565423) "Education for all, education for whom, education for what? Lessons from Mali" . Development in Practice . 23 (8): 1009. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-4524) 0961-4524 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+in+Practice&rft.atitle=Education+for+all%2C+education+for+whom%2C+education+for+what%3F+Lessons+from+Mali&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1009&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0961-4524&rft.aulast=Bleck&rft.aufirst=Jaimie&rft.au=Guindo%2C+Boubacar+Mody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24565423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Katsakioris, Constantin (2017). (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26613028) "Creating a Socialist Intelligentsia: Soviet Educational Aid and its Impact on Africa (1960-1991)" . Cahiers d'Études Africaines . 57 (226 (2)): 262. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) (ISSN (identifier)) ISSN  (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0055) 0008-0055 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+Golden+Hope&rft.date=1998-05-13&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Briony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F1945588.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2  3   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Cavendish, Marshall (2007). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse) World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa   . Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) 978-0-7614-7571-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1367&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mali-agricultural-sectors) "Mali - Agricultural Sectors" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Administration) (International Trade Administration) International Trade Administration  . 17 February 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Mali+-+Agricultural+Sectors&rft.date=2026-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fmali-agricultural-sectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  May, Jacques Meyer (1968). The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 291. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-848960-5) (Special:BookSources/978-0-02-848960-5) 978-0-02-848960-5  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Malnutrition+in+the+French+Speaking+Countries+of+West+Africa+and+Madagascar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-02-848960-5&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mali-mining) "Mali - Mining" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Administration) (International Trade Administration) International Trade Administration  . 17 February 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Mali+-+Mining&rft.date=2026-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fmali-mining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table) "Gold production" . Our World in Data . (https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table) Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Gold+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgold-production%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   African Development Bank, p. 186.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Campbell, Bonnie (2004). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplesm0000unse) Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit?   . Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic African Institute. p. 43. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) (Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2) 978-0-7614-7571-2  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+Mining+in+Africa%3A+For+Whose+Benefit%3F&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Nordic+African+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplesm0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mali-energy) "Mali - Energy" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Administration) (International Trade Administration) International Trade Administration  . 17 February 2026. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Trade+Administration&rft.atitle=Mali+-+Energy&rft.date=2026-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fcountry-commercial-guides%2Fmali-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine et al. (September 2007) (http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf) DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI — Challenges and Priorities (https://web.archive.org/web/20120916110947/http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp104_english.pdf) Archived 16 September 2012 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  . Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. World Bank  1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112724080023714/pdf/P50792114ab4f006189801b0d465d369e8.pdf) "Mali Connectivity and Road Resilience Program" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group) (World Bank Group) World Bank Group  . 27 November 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Group&rft.atitle=Mali+Connectivity+and+Road+Resilience+Program&rft.date=2024-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments1.worldbank.org%2Fcurated%2Fen%2F099112724080023714%2Fpdf%2FP50792114ab4f006189801b0d465d369e8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/knowledge-hub/organisation-categories/freight/dakar-bamako-ferroviaire-mali-dbf/) "Dakar Bamako Ferroviaire, Mali (DBF)" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International) (Railway Gazette International) Railway Gazette International  . 26 July 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Dakar+Bamako+Ferroviaire%2C+Mali+%28DBF%29&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fdata%2Fknowledge-hub%2Forganisation-categories%2Ffreight%2Fdakar-bamako-ferroviaire-mali-dbf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.africanews.com/2023/06/10/malis-sole-passenger-train-resumes-service-after-a-5-year-hiatus/) "Mali's sole passenger train resumes service after 5-year hiatus" . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanews) (Africanews) Africanews  . 9 June 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2026 . 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(ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    1  2   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx) "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs) (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950%E2%80%932100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982) "Population, total | Data" . data.worldbank.org . 2022. (https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181332/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2018&locations=ML&name_desc=true&start=1982) Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2023 . 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(mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28096-6) (Special:BookSources/0-415-28096-6) 0-415-28096-6    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). (http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280) "Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse" . International Business Times . (https://web.archive.org/web/20141208102058/http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280) Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2013 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Mali%27s+Other+Crisis%3A+Slavery+Still+Plagues+Mali%2C+And+Insurgency+Could+Make+It+Worse&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.aufirst=Jacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fmalis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   "(http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html) Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade (https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190141/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html) Archived 10 October 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". National Geographic News. 5 December 2002.  ↑   "(http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html) Kayaking to Timbuktu, Original National Geographic Adventure Article discussing Slavery in Mali (https://web.archive.org/web/20100922151608/http://www.kirasalak.com/Mali.html) Archived 22 September 2010 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  ". National Geographic Adventure. December 2002/January 2003.  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_MacInnes-Rae) (Rick MacInnes-Rae) MacInnes-Rae, Rick (26 November 2012). (http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057) "Al-Qaeda complicating anti-slavery drive in Mali" . CBC News. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140305175918/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/al-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057) Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+complicating+anti-slavery+drive+in+Mali&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=MacInnes-Rae&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fal-qaeda-complicating-anti-slavery-drive-in-mali-1.1150057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). (Free registration required) (https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage) The Cambridge History of Africa   . Cambridge University Press. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521204132) (Special:BookSources/9780521204132) 9780521204132  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780521204132&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Gray%2C+Richard&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)    ↑   Hall, Bruce S. (2011) A History of Race in Muslim West Africa , 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107002876) (Special:BookSources/9781107002876) 9781107002876  : "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.  ... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text)  ↑   Hirsch, Afua (6 July 2012) (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour) Mali's conflict and a 'war over skin colour' (https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081540/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/06/mali-war-over-skin-colour) Archived 11 February 2017 at the  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine) (Wayback Machine) Wayback Machine (./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)  , The Guardian .  ↑   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/mali-virtual-jewish-history-tour) "Mali Virtual Jewish History Tour" . 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(https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173621/http://www.best-country.com/africa/mali/traditions) Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best-Country.com&rft.atitle=Culture+of+Mali&rft.aulast=Batvina&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-country.com%2Fafrica%2Fmali%2Ftraditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)        Bibliography [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=40) (Edit section: Bibliography) edit  ]    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mali_1992) "Constitution of Mali 1992" . Comparative Constitutions Project . Translated by Anna, Daniel G. Retrieved 27 April 2026 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Constitutions+Project&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Mali+1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FMali_1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (see also in French: (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://web.archive.org/web/20180920144209/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf) "Constitution of Mali" (PDF) (in French). Archived from (http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN002746.pdf) the original (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2008 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Mali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpan1.un.org%2Fintradoc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2FCAFRAD%2FUNPAN002746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))  ) (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  (https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/copr/Mali.pdf) "Country profile: Mali" (PDF) . (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress) (Library of Congress) Library of Congress – (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division) (Federal Research Division) Federal Research Division . January 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2024 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+Mali&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftile.loc.gov%2Fstorage-services%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Fcopr%2FMali.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain) (Public domain) public domain .  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  DiPiazza, Francesca Davis (2006). (https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55) Mali in Pictures  . Minneapolis, Minnesota: Learner Publishing Group. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6591-8) (Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-6591-8) 978-0-8225-6591-8  . (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907193017/https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ovt7U_2IC&pg=PA55) Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015 . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali+in+Pictures&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Learner+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-6591-8&rft.aulast=DiPiazza&rft.aufirst=Francesca+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOR4Ovt7U_2IC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Milet, Eric & Manaud, Jean-Luc (2007). (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2) Mali  (in French). Editions Olizane. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7) (Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-351-7) 978-2-88086-351-7  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali&rft.pub=Editions+Olizane&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-351-7&rft.au=Milet%2C+Eric&rft.au=Manaud%2C+Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DC0Dj2if8DwC_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)  (./Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr))   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106)  Velton, Ross (2004). Mali . Bradt Travel Guides. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) (ISBN (identifier)) ISBN  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-077-0) (Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-077-0) 978-1-84162-077-0  . (ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-077-0&rft.aulast=Velton&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMali)      External links [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=41) (Edit section: External links) edit  ]    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library) (Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library) Library resources about  Mali   (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mali) Resources in your library  (https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Mali&library=0CHOOSE0) Resources in other libraries      (https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ML) Key Development Forecasts for Mali from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures) (International Futures) International Futures   Government [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=42) (Edit section: Government) edit  ]   (https://koulouba.ml) Presidency – official website of the president of Mali (https://primature.ml) Prime Minister – official website of the prime minister of Mali (https://assemblee-nationale.ml) National Assembly – official website of the National Assembly of Mali (https://www.instat-mali.org) Statistics – official website of National Institute of Statistics   History [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=43) (Edit section: History) edit  ]   (https://ambassademali.de/fr/histoire) "History" – Malian History at Embassy of the Republic of Mali in Berlin   Tourism [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=44) (Edit section: Tourism) edit  ]   (https://www.officetourismemali.com) Mali Tourisme – Mali's official tourism portal   Maps [ (/w/index.php?title=Mali&action=edit&section=45) (Edit section: Maps) edit  ]   ()     (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20of%20Mali) (commons:Atlas of Mali) Wikimedia Atlas of Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg) (icon)    Geographic data related to  (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192785) Mali at  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap) (OpenStreetMap) OpenStreetMap   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mali_topics) (Template:Mali topics) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mali_topics) (Template talk:Mali topics) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mali_topics) (Special:EditPage/Template:Mali topics) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) Mali  articles   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mali) (History of Mali) History   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire) (Ghana Empire) Ghana Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire) (Mali Empire) Mali Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mali_Empire) (History of the Mali Empire) History of the Mali Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire) (Songhai Empire) Songhai Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segou_Empire) (Segou Empire) Segou Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kénédougou_Kingdom) (Kénédougou Kingdom) Kénédougou Kingdom  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta) (Kaarta) Kaarta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire) (Massina Empire) Massina Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire) (Toucouleur Empire) Toucouleur Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire) (Wassoulou Empire) Wassoulou Empire  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan) (French Sudan) French Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation) (Mali Federation) Mali Federation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)) (Tuareg rebellion (2012)) 2012 Tuareg rebellion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d'état) (2012 Malian coup d'état) 2012 coup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War) (Mali War) Mali War  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali) (Ebola virus disease in Mali) Ebola disease event  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_protests) (2020 Malian protests) 2020 protests  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d'état) (2020 Malian coup d'état) 2020 coup  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d'état) (2021 Malian coup d'état) 2021 coup       (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mali) (Geography of Mali) Geography   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mali) (Template:Borders of Mali) Borders  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali) (Cercles of Mali) Cercles   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali) (List of cities in Mali) Cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Mali) (Communes of Mali) Communes  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in Mali) Human rights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mali) (LGBT rights in Mali) LGBT rights    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali) (Law enforcement in Mali) Law enforcement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Mali) (Military of Mali) Military  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)) (National Assembly (Mali)) National Assembly  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mali) (List of political parties in Mali) Political parties  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali) (List of heads of state of Mali) President  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mali) (List of Prime Ministers of Mali) Prime Minister  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali) (Vice President of Mali) Vice President           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali) (Economy of Mali) Economy   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Mali) (Foreign aid to Mali) Foreign aid  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali) (Telecommunications in Mali) Telecommunications  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mali) (Tourism in Mali) Tourism  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Mali) (Transport in Mali) Transport           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mali) (Category:Society of Mali) Society   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali) (Child marriage in Mali) Child marriage  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali) (Demographics of Mali) Demographics  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali) (Category:Ethnic groups in Mali) Ethnic groups  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mali) (Education in Mali) Education  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Mali) (Health in Mali) Health  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali) (Human trafficking in Mali) Human trafficking  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Mali) (Languages of Mali) Languages  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mali) (Prostitution in Mali) Prostitution  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mali) (Religion in Mali) Religion  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali) (Slavery in Mali) Slavery  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Mali) (Women in Mali) Women      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mali) (Culture of Mali) Culture  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_cuisine) (Malian cuisine) Cuisine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malian_films) (List of Malian films) Films  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mali) (Flag of Mali) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_literature) (Malian literature) Literature  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Mali) (Media of Mali) Media  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mali) (Music of Mali) Music  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali) (Polygamy in Mali) Polygamy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mali) (Public holidays in Mali) Public holidays           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Mali) (Outline of Mali) Outline     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mali) (Category:Mali) Category  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mali) (Portal:Mali) Portal         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    Links to related articles   (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa) (Template:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa) (Template talk:Sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa) 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African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Democratic Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo) (Republic of the Congo) Republic of the Congo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt (partly in Asia) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea) (Equatorial Guinea) Equatorial Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea) (Eritrea) Eritrea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini) (Eswatini) Eswatini  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia) (Ethiopia) Ethiopia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) The Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana) (Ghana) Ghana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) (Kenya) Kenya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho) (Lesotho) Lesotho  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia) (Liberia) Liberia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) (Madagascar) Madagascar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi) (Malawi) Malawi  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius) (Mauritius) Mauritius  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia) (Namibia) Namibia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  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(Zimbabwe) Zimbabwe      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition) (List of states with limited recognition) States with limited recognition   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic) (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_dispute) (Territorial dispute) unclear sovereignty ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) (Somaliland) Somaliland      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory) (Dependent territory) Dependent territories    France (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean) (Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) Îles Éparses      United Kingdom (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha) (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha         African territories fully part of non-African states  France 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Peoples' Rights) African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council) (Economic, Social and Cultural Council) ECOSOCC Committees  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation) (African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation) Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security) (African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security) Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy?action=edit&redlink=1) (African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy (page does not exist)) Department of Infrastructure and Energy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development) (African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development) Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee) (Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee) HR, Sciences and Technology  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture) (African Union Department of Agriculture) Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining) (African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining) Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee) (Cross-Cutting Programs Committee) Cross-Cutting Programs      Financial institutions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Central_Bank) (African Central Bank) African Central Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund) (African Monetary Fund) African Monetary Fund  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Investment_Bank) (African Investment Bank) African Investment Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Payment_and_Settlement_System) (Pan-African Payment and Settlement System) Pan-African Payment and Settlement System      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council) (Peace and Security Council) Peace and Security Council  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises) (African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises) ACIRC  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force) (African Standby Force) African Standby Force  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise) (Panel of the Wise) Panel of the Wise  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations–African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur) (United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur) UNAMID  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United States Africa Command ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases) (List of United States military bases) United States military bases ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union) (List of United States ambassadors to the African Union) United States ambassadors  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union–Ethiopia_relations) (African Union–Ethiopia relations) African Union–Ethiopia relations      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union) (Symbols of the African Union) Symbols  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together) (Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together) Anthem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union) (Emblem of the African Union) Emblem  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union) (Flag of the African Union) Flag  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Passport) (African Union Passport) Passport           (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Africa) (Economy of Africa) Economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa) (List of central banks of Africa) Currencies ((https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard) (Gold standard) Gold standard ) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank) (African Development Bank) Development Bank  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Economic_Community) (African Economic Community) African Economic Community  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa's_Development) (New Partnership for Africa's Development) NEPAD  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area) (African Continental Free Trade Area) African Continental Free Trade Area (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa–CARICOM_Summit) (Africa–CARICOM Summit) Africa–CARICOM Summit    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market) (Single African Air Transport Market) Single African Air Transport Market  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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/São_Tomé_and_Príncipe) (São Tomé and Príncipe) São Tomé and Príncipe  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles) (Seychelles) Seychelles  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (Switzerland) Switzerland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu) (Vanuatu) Vanuatu  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam) (Vietnam) Vietnam      National/regional members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium) (French Community of Belgium) French Community of Belgium  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick) (New Brunswick) New Brunswick  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec) (Quebec) Quebec      Associate members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo) (Kosovo) Kosovo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia) (New Caledonia) New Caledonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia) (Serbia) Serbia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates      Observers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola) (Angola) Angola  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) (Argentina) Argentina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) (Austria) Austria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile) (Chile) Chile  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica) (Costa Rica) Costa Rica  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia) (Croatia) Croatia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) (Czech Republic) Czechia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic) (Dominican Republic) Dominican Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia) (Estonia) Estonia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia) (French Polynesia) French Polynesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)) (Georgia (country)) Georgia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) (Hungary) Hungary  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland) (Republic of Ireland) Ireland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) (Latvia) Latvia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) (Lithuania) Lithuania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana) (Louisiana) Louisiana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta) (Malta) Malta  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico) (Mexico) Mexico  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro) (Montenegro) Montenegro  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia) (Nova Scotia) Nova Scotia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario) (Ontario) Ontario  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) (Poland) Poland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland) (Saarland) Saarland  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia) (Slovakia) Slovakia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) (Slovenia) Slovenia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea) (South Korea) South Korea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) (Ukraine) Ukraine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay) (Uruguay) Uruguay      Suspended members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger           Organization (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblée_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie) Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_de_Coopération_Culturelle_et_Technique) (Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique) Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie) (Agence 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rights in La Francophonie) LGBT rights      Related (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone_economy) (Francophone economy) Francophone economy  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghor_University) (Senghor University) Senghor University      (Category) ()    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie) (Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie) Category         (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517)    (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064)  (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (View this template) v   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Discuss this template) t   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) (Edit this template) e     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)   (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha) (Hissein Brahim Taha) Hissein Brahim Taha      (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Member states   Members (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan) (Afghanistan) Afghanistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania) (Albania) Albania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria) (Algeria) Algeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan) (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain) (Bahrain) Bahrain  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) Bangladesh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin) (Benin) Benin  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso) (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei) (Brunei) Brunei  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon) (Cameroon) Cameroon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad) (Chad) Chad  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros) (Comoros) Comoros  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti) (Djibouti) Djibouti  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt) (Egypt) Egypt  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon) (Gabon) Gabon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia) (The Gambia) Gambia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea) (Guinea) Guinea  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau) (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana) (Guyana) Guyana  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) (Indonesia) Indonesia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran) (Iran) Iran  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq) (Iraq) Iraq  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast) (Ivory Coast) Ivory Coast  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan) (Jordan) Jordan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan) (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait) (Kuwait) Kuwait  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan) (Kyrgyzstan) Kyrgyzstan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon) (Lebanon) Lebanon  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya) (Libya) Libya  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia) (Malaysia) Malaysia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives) (Maldives) Maldives  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania) (Mauritania) Mauritania  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) (Morocco) Morocco  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique) (Mozambique) Mozambique  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger) (Niger) Niger  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria) (Nigeria) Nigeria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman) (Oman) Oman  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) (Pakistan) Pakistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine) (Palestine) Palestine  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar) (Qatar) Qatar  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal) (Senegal) Senegal  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone) (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia) (Somalia) Somalia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan) (Sudan) Sudan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname) (Suriname) Suriname  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria) (Syria) Syria  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan) (Tajikistan) Tajikistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo) (Togo) Togo  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia) (Tunisia) Tunisia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey) (Turkey) Turkey  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan) (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda) (Uganda) Uganda  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan) (Uzbekistan) Uzbekistan  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) (United Arab Emirates) United Arab Emirates  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen) (Yemen) Yemen      Observers  Countries and territories  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnia and Herzegovina  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic) (Central African Republic) Central African Republic  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus) (Northern Cyprus) Northern Cyprus 1  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia) (Russia) Russia  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand) (Thailand) Thailand      Muslim communities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) (Moro National Liberation Front) Moro National Liberation Front      International organizations  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization) (Economic Cooperation Organization) Economic Cooperation Organization  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union) (African Union) African Union  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League) (Arab League) Arab League  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement) (Non-Aligned Movement) Non-Aligned Movement  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) (United Nations) United Nations                History  Declarations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)) (Abuja Declaration (1989)) Abuja Declaration (1989)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam) (Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11) (OIC Resolution 10/11) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37) (OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010)          Sessions  Extraordinary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) First  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Second  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Third  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fourth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Fifth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Sixth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Seventh  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Eighth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference) (Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference) Ninth  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2023)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit?action=edit&redlink=1) (2024 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit (page does not exist)) Arab–Islamic (2024)  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Arab–Islamic_extraordinary_summit) (2025 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit) Arab–Islamic (2025)           Demographics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Economy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)) GDP  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)) GDP per capita  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports) Exports  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports) Imports    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population) (List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population) Population  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries) (List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries) Largest cities  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) (Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Education      1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".               (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) (Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) Portals : (flag)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mali) (Portal:Mali) Mali  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg) (icon)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Countries) (Portal:Countries) Countries  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg) (map)     (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) (Portal:Africa) Africa     Mali at Wikipedia's (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) (Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects) sister projects  : (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) (Wikimedia Commons logo)    (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mali) (c:Mali) Media  from Commons  ()    (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mali) (q:Mali) Quotations  from Wikiquote  (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg) (Wikivoyage logo)    (https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mali) (voy:Mali) Travel 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IdRef   (Mali) (https://www.idref.fr/026392135) 2      (https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003455) Historical Dictionary of Switzerland   (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035750) NARA   (http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65843) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine   (https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mali) İslâm Ansiklopedisi   (https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/d7b06e03-8f0f-4e21-9bea-695881bdf21e) Yale LUX          (mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818)  (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mali&params=17_N_4_W_type:country) (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 17°N 4°W    /   (Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location) 17°N 4°W  / 17; -4     (./Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas)    (./Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)   (./Category:Mali#%20)  (./Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa)  (./Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language)  (./Category:Countries_in_Africa)  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